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Email updates
Keep up to date with the latest news and content from BMC Genetics and BioMed Central.
Research article
A simple method for estimating genetic diversity in large populations from finite sample sizes
Stanislav Bashalkhanov, Madhav Pandey and Om P Rajora*
Author Affiliations
Canada Research Chair in Forest and Conservation Genomics and Biotechnology, Canadian Genomics and Conservation Genetics Institute, University of New Brunswick, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 6C2, Canada
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Genetics 2009, 10:84 doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-84
Published: 16 December 2009
Abstract
Background
Sample size is one of the critical factors affecting the accuracy of the estimation of population genetic diversity parameters. Small sample sizes often lead to significant errors in determining the allelic richness, which is one of the most important and commonly used estimators of genetic diversity in populations. Correct estimation of allelic richness in natural populations is challenging since they often do not conform to model assumptions. Here, we introduce a simple and robust approach to estimate the genetic diversity in large natural populations based on the empirical data for finite sample sizes.
Results
We developed a non-linear regression model to infer genetic diversity estimates in large natural populations from finite sample sizes. The allelic richness values predicted by our model were in good agreement with those observed in the simulated data sets and the true allelic richness observed in the source populations. The model has been validated using simulated population genetic data sets with different evolutionary scenarios implied in the simulated populations, as well as large microsatellite and allozyme experimental data sets for four conifer species with contrasting patterns of inherent genetic diversity and mating systems. Our model was a better predictor for allelic richness in natural populations than the widely-used Ewens sampling formula, coalescent approach, and rarefaction algorithm.
Conclusions
Our regression model was capable of accurately estimating allelic richness in natural populations regardless of the species and marker system. This regression modeling approach is free from assumptions and can be widely used for population genetic and conservation applications.
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Email updates
Keep up to date with the latest news and content from BMC Medical Education and BioMed Central.
Download references
Why not just Google it? An assessment of information literacy skills in a biomedical science curriculum
Karl Kingsley*, Gillian M Galbraith, Matthew Herring, Eva Stowers, Tanis Stewart and Karla V Kingsley
BMC Medical Education 2011, 11:17 doi:10.1186/1472-6920-11-17
Include
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Email updates
Keep up to date with the latest news and content from BMC Proceedings and BioMed Central.
This article is part of the supplement: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal Genomics for Animal Health (AGAH 2010)
Proceedings
Report from the Second International Symposium on Animal Genomics for Animal Health: Critical Needs, Challenges and Potential Solutions
Steve C Bishop1, Joan K Lunney2, Marie-Hélène Pinard-van der Laan3 and Cyril G Gay4*
Author affiliations
1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
2 Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
3 INRA/AgroParisTech, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
4 Office of National Programs, ARS, REE, USDA, 5601 Sunnyside Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
BMC Proceedings 2011, 5(Suppl 4):S1 doi:10.1186/1753-6561-5-S4-S1
Published: 3 June 2011
Abstract
The second International Symposium on Animal Genomics for Animal Health held in Paris, France 31 May-2 June, 2010, assembled more than 140 participants representing research organizations from 40 countries. The symposium included a roundtable discussion on critical needs, challenges and opportunities, and a forward look at the potential applications of animal genomics in animal health research. The aim of the roundtable discussion was to foster a dialogue between scientists working at the cutting edge of animal genomics research and animal health scientists. Importantly, stakeholders were included to provide input on priorities and the potential value of animal genomics to the animal health community. In an effort to facilitate the roundtable discussion, the organizers identified four priority areas to advance the use of genome-enabled technologies in animal health research. Contributions were obtained through open discussions and a questionnaire distributed at the start of the symposium. This report provides the outcome of the roundtable discussion for each of the four priority areas. For each priority, problems are identified, including potential solutions and recommendations. This report captures key points made by symposium participants during the roundtable discussion and serves as a roadmap to steer future research priorities in animal genomics research.
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< Pictures Pictures
The Double Standard >
(3) Brown Signs: California's pretty stingy with its brown highway signs, the ones designating an Official Government Attraction. Even zoos and wildlife preserves don't generally have brown signs. So it was a surprise when I went out to the Midwest and started seeing brown signs everywhere, some on ridiculous things not worthy of a brown sign, like the National Pontiac Corvette Museum and the Maker's Mark Distillery. (There's also the My Old Kentucky Home State Park featuring "Steven Foster: The Musical", none of which should even exist, much less have multiple brown signs. The state that MAMMOTH CAVE calls home put Steven Foster on their state quarter!)
The point of this entry is that there are three brown signs we saw that point to things that should exist, and that we would have visited had we had more time. The first is the Abraham Lincoln birthplace in Kentucky. It apparently has a Lincoln Memorial type marble building which protects from deterioration a log cabin in which Lincoln was not born.
The second thing is the Agriculture Hall of Fame near the Kansas/Missouri border. Untrue to its name, the Agriculture Hall of Fame is not the destination for which the state fair is merely the semifinal. It does not house the World's Largest Grape. It does have inductees, who are pretty much who you'd expect. It has a lot of old farming implements. It has tours. It has a large collection of barbed wire and Harry Truman's boyhood plow. Speaking of which...
The third thing is the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, where it turns out Truman is buried. A little weird. The online-but-not-really gift shop lets you buy "The Buck Stops Here" desk sign replicas.
Filed under: ,
Comments:
Posted by Brendan at Sat Feb 28 2004 00:31
Er, National Corvette Museum. I find it a pretty meaningless distinction, myself, but I know people who would kill over it.
Posted by Frances at Sat Feb 28 2004 12:48
Isn't Richard Nixon buried at his Presidential Library too?
Posted by pedro at Sun Feb 29 2004 02:55
Are presidential libraries federally funded? Or private trust? What kind of books do they have? Just politics? Or everything? I'm fascinated by this.
[Main] [Edit]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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442: xkcd Loves the Discovery Channel
Explain xkcd: It's 'cause you're dumb.
Revision as of 22:58, 17 October 2013 by 161.28.15.12 (Talk)
Jump to: navigation, search
xkcd Loves the Discovery Channel
Title text: I love the title-text!
Explanation
This comic is a parody of the Discovery Channel commercial showing various clips of people singing a song with the chorus line 'Boom De Yada'. The comic is divided into a grid of 4 by 6 panels, each depicting a character or situation from a previous XKCD strip. In each panel is written a part of a song similar to the song from the Discovery Channel commercial."
The campaign from the Discovery Channel was not called "Boom De Yada", but I Love The World. It's possible that the title "xkcd Loves the Discovery Channel" is in reference to that.
Most of the panels are references to previous xkcd strips. However, some are not:
• The 6th panel is a reference to the /b/ ("Random") forum on 4chan, which is in fact home to plenty of "messed-up folks".
• The 8th panel is a reference to this (nsfw).
• The 17th panel is a pun on the song Rock Me Amadeus and US president Barack Obama.
• The 18th panel has Cueball's crotch replaced with the (similar-looking) icon used for a transistor in a circuit diagram.
Transcript
[The comic is in parody of the Discovery Channel commercial showing various clips of people singing a song with the chorus line "Boom De Yada."]
[The comic is divided into a grid of 4 by 6 panels, each depicting a character or situation from a previous XKCD strip.]
[In each panel is written a part of a song similar to the song from the Discovery Channel commercial.]
Panel 1: (Reference Comic 162)
[Megan spinning around.]
I love momentum.
Panel 2: (Reference Comic 413)
[Megan laying on floor tinkering with EEE PC hamster ball robot.]
I love to engineer.
Panel 3: (Reference Comic 434)
[Beret Guy standing in bakery holding a loaf of bread in each hand, sign with "PIE!" in background.]
I love this bakery!
Panel 4: (Reference Comic 239)
[Cory Doctorow in goggles and red cape flying superman-style.]
I love the blogosphere!
Panel 5: (Reference Comic 152)
[Cueball running in large hamster ball.]
I love the whole world
Panel 6:
[Depiction of 4chan's /b/-Random.]
And all its messed-up folks.
Panel 7: (Reference Comic 150)
[Cueball and Megan immersed in playpen balls.]
Boom De Yada
Boom De Yada
Panel 8:
[Mass of playpen balls with speech "I put on my robe and wizard hat" originating from it.]
Boom De Yada
Boom De Yada
Panel 9: (Reference Comic 72)
[Black Hat taking gift away from kid with party hat.]
[Or, alternatively, bringing a shaking box wrapped in a ribbon that likely contains something dangerous, possibly a bobcat.]
I love your suffering.
Panel 10: (Reference Comic 153)
[Diagram showing RSA fingerprint authentication between two people.]
I love cryptography.
Panel 11: (Reference Comic 230)
[Cueball and Megan in bed covered by red sheet.]
I love entangled sheets.
Panel 12: (Blag or Reference Comic 235)
[Cueball hanging from kite string holding camera.]
And kite photography.
Panel 13: (Reference Comic 256)
[Map of the internet.]
I love the whole world
Panel 14: (Reference Comic 8)
[Cube with red spider on top.]
And all its mysteries.
Panel 15: (Reference Comic 303)
[Two people sword-fighting on rolling office chairs.]
Boom De Yada
Boom De Yada
Panel 16: (Reference Comic 263)
[Classroom with two students and Mrs. Lenhart.]
Boom De Yada
Boom De Yada
Panel 17:
[Cueball saying "Barack me Obamadeus!" to another man speaking energetically at a podium.]
I love elections.
Panel 18:
[Cueball holding schematic diagram of a transistor in front of his crotch.]
I love transistors.
Panel 19: (Reference Comic 69, 214)
[Cueball and Megan in bed, Cueball saying "There must be taft slash fiction."]
I love weird pillow talk.
Panel 20: (Reference Comic 49, 279, 317)
[Cueball speaking to Megan.]
I love your sister.
Panel 21: (Reference Comic 249)
[Roller coaster with Cueball in front car holding chess board and thinking about a move.]
I love the whole world.
Panel 22: (Reference Comic 167)
[Beret Guy standing in the midst of leafless trees.]
The future's pretty cool!
Panel 23: (Reference Comic 108)
[Megan doing the MC Hammer slide towards Cueball.]
Boom De Yada
Boom De Yada
Panel 24: (Reference Comic 409)
[Cueball and Megan on an electric skateboard.]
Boom De Yada
Boom De Yada
Trivia
• This comic was enacted by Olga Nunes and various famous people as We Love xkcd.
add a comment!
Discussion
I think that panel 9 actually is meant to be Black Hat giving the child a present and the lines around the gift suggesting that there is something moving around inside (likely alive and agitated) for the child to open and be mauled/harmed by.
• The transcript comes from Randall himself, and it says he's taking the present away. Blaisepascal (talk) 10:14, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
I was hoping it was a bobcat. 76.106.251.87 19:05, 10 May 2013 (UTC)
Great! Now I have a targeted list of comics to add explanations for! Blaisepascal (talk) 10:14, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
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"url": "www.fides.org/en/news/34564-ASIA_SYRIA_Christian_book_burning_in_Raqqa",
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http://www.fides.org
News
2013-10-25
ASIA/SYRIA - Christian book burning in Raqqa
Raqqa (Agenzia Fides) - The militia of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the faction that in several regions of Syria monopolized the armed insurrection against the regime in Damascus in recent days have organized a book burning of Bibles and Christian books in front of the Greek - Catholic church of Our Lady of the Annunciation in Raqqa, the Syrian city which has been for months under the control of anti-Assad militias. This information was reported by the indipendent Kurdish Agency - AraNews, known for its critical stance against the Syrian regime and in contact with activists and informers that from Raqqa have leaked the news via social networks.
The region of Raqqa was the scene of clashes between the army of Assad and the militias of the opposition in March. After the withdrawal of the government army, internal clashes between the anti-regime Free Syrian Army battalions and groups of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant began. The stated purpose of this faction is the creation of an Islamic caliphate in the areas which have fallen under its control. To do this, civilians are subjected to campaigns of indoctrination and fanaticization - based on jiahdist ideology. Already in September several videos circulating online had documented the vandalism committed against the two churches in the city of Raqqa by militants of ISIL, with the destruction of crosses, statues and sacred images.
In Raqqa, in late July, the Roman Jesuit Paolo Dall'Oglio was kidnapped. As reconstructed by Fides Agency (08/26/2013) the main suspects in the kidnapping of father Paolo are the affiliates of ISIL. (GV) (Agenzia Fides25/10/2013)
Share: Facebook Twitter Google Blogger Altri Social Network
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Toxicology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 413279, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/413279
Research Article
Protective Effect of Scutellaria litwinowii Extract on Serum/Glucose-Deprived Cultured PC12 Cells and Determining the Role of Reactive Oxygen Species
1Pharmacological Research Centre of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
3Research Center of Natural Products Safety and Medicinal Plants, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, 01830-49504, Iran
4Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
Received 1 May 2012; Accepted 24 June 2012
Academic Editor: P. J. O'Brien
Copyright © 2012 Maryam Afsharzadeh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Considering the wide, positive reporting of the role of reactive oxygen species in ischemic brain injury, searching for antioxidant drugs within herbal remedies is logical. In this study, the protective effects of Scutellaria litwinowii Bornm. & Sint. on cell viability and reactive oxygen species production in cultured PC12 cells were investigated under serum/glucose-deprivation-induced cell death. After cells were seeded overnight, they were then deprived of serum/glucose for 24 h. Cells were treated with different concentrations of S. litwinowii extract (7.75–250 μg/mL). Cell viability was quantitated by MTT assay, and intracellular reactive oxygen species production was measured by flow cytometry. Serum/glucose-deprivation induced significant cell death after 24 h ( < 0.001). Treatment with S. litwinowii (7.75–250 μg/mL) reduced serum/glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells after 24 h. A significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species production was seen following serum/glucose deprivation ( < 0.001). S. litwinowii (62 and 125 μg/mL, < 0.01) treatment reversed the increased reactive oxygen species production following ischemic insult. This demonstrates that S. litwinowii extract protects PC12 cells against serum/glucose-deprivation-induced cell death by antioxidant mechanisms, which indicates the potential therapeutic application of S. litwinowii in managing cerebral ischemic and neurodegenerative disorders.
1. Introduction
Despite considerable progress in stroke pharmacotherapy, ischemic and neurodegenerative cell death is still a major concern. As the underlying patho-physiology is decrementation of glucose, O2 and other micronutrients toward neurons, serum/glucose deprivation (SGD) can be used as a suitable model to evaluate stroke process and the effects of pharmacological remedies as discussed by Moley and Mueckler [1]. The PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cell line has been widely used as a representative in vitro model to analyze the different biochemical alterations in neural tissue as discussed elsewhere [2], thus making it a good model to analyze SGD conditions according to Woronowicz et al. [3].
Scutellaria is a subset of Lamiaceae, which has antioxidant effects as described previously by Martin and Dušek [4].
Millions of patients suffer yearly from ischemic insults to different organs, and it has been discovered that nearly all of them suffer from the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, there are specific substances called antioxidants capable of scavenging and neutralizing these ROS; the most important of which are enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathion peroxidase). There are also other nonfree radical substances, which possess plenty of reactivitymainly due to high-energy oxygen bonds (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, lipoperoxides and hydroperoxides and epoxides of endogen lipids, and hypochloric acid) so that the term ROS embraces several categories of substances other than free radicals. ROS production is particularly massive after reperfusion due to uncontrolled internal mitochondrial metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and the resulting eicosanoid production by the lipoxygenase pathway. Cyclooxygenase is a major player of these detrimental cascades as well. There are also other peroxide compounds released by inflammatory leukocytes that add to the chaos after reperfusion. Large amounts of oxygen and the resulting increase of ATP production is followed by its rapid degradation and production of reactive oxygen metabolites by the xanthine oxidase pathway. This pathway gains much more importance during ischemia due to the conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase. There is also activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) after increased intracellular Ca2+, which produces NO and is responsible for the subsequent conversion of it into a highly reactive metabolite ONOO that adds to its complexity during reperfusion injury [5, 6]. ONOO damages proteins, nucleic acids, and membrane phospholipids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) within cell membranes are particularly sensitive to free radical oxidation mainly because of their highly reactive covalent bonds.
The lipid peroxidation cascade results in the production of alcoholic peroxide and hydroperoxide analogues of such fatty acids after reaction with Fe2+, which then produces toxic aldehye metabolites such as a crolein. These reactions ultimately result in decreased membrane liquidity, altered transmembrane enzyme and receptor systems, and finally the rupture of membranes. Effects upon proteins are even more important and include increased carbonyl groups, decreased sulfhydryl groups, increased disulfide bonds, reduced covalent amine bonds nitrolation of tyrosines, tryptophan breakdown, and the ultimately destruction of the 4th and 3rd configurations of proteins. Gene expression is altered after oxidative stress as large quantities of mRNAs are transcribed and subsequently translated to make nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B), which itself will alter numerous other genes (e.g., cyclooxygenase, inducible nitric oxide and metalloproteinase, intercellular connection molecules and cytokines). Overall there is a proportional increase of neuronal death either by necrosis or apoptosis after the generation of ROS.
Neurons are much more sensitive to glucose deprivation than other tissues because they lack glycogen stores. The type of sensor motor deficit depends on the anatomical location of the insult and so displays vast diversity due to the complexity of the neuroanatomy of the region [7]. Today there is an increasing interest toward investigating the possibilities of herbal remedies in the prevention and treatment of ischemic and neurodegenerative cell death. S. litwinowii root is a traditional herb, reported to have antioxidant effects [4]. This study has attempted to elucidate the protective effects of S. litwinowii root extract and the antioxidant benefits of this root in reversing ROS increment and cell toxicity and to study the role of ROS production in GSD-induced PC12 cell toxicity.
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Reagents
4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl, 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT), 2, 7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), and Dulbecco's Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). Glucose-high Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), Glucose-free DMEM, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and penicillin streptomycin were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY). Dimethyl sulfooxide (DMSO) was purchased from Merck. The root of S. litwinowii was collected in its natural habitat in Hosseinabad valley (2100 m height) in Pivejan, a village 65 km southwest of Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran, and was authenticated by the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Herbarium. Voucher specimen was deposited in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mashhad Medical Sciences.
2.2. Preparation of S. litwinowii Methanolic Root Extract
S. litwinowii methanolic root extract was prepared as described previously by Tayarani-Najaran et al. [8]. Dry powdered roots (100 g) of S. litwinowii were extracted using methanol ( L) and were then concentrated at 50°C under reduced pressure to dryness.
2.3. Cell Culture
PC12 cells were obtained from Pasteur Institute (Tehran, Iran). Cells were maintained at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere (90%) containing 5% CO2. Cells were cultured in high glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (4.5 g/L Glucose) with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum, 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin.
For the experiments, PC12 cells were seeded overnight and then were subjected to serum/glucose deprivation for 24 h by replacing the culture medium with the glucose-free DMEM supplemented with 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 U/mL streptomycin. PC-12 cells were then pretreated (2 h) with S. litwinowii extract (7.75–250 μg/mL) and subjected to serum/glucose deprivation (SDG) for 24 h. For MTT assay, cells were seeded at 5000/well onto 96-well culture plates. For assay of ROS production, cells were seeded at 100’000/well onto a 24-well plate. For each concentration and time course study, there was a control sample remained untreated and received the equal volume of medium.
2.4. Cell Viability
The cell viability was determined using a modified 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay [9]. Briefly, they were seeded (104 cell/well) onto flat-bottomed 96-well culture plates. After removing the medium, MTT solution (5 mg/mL in PBS) was added for 1.5 h resulting formazan, which was solubilized with DMSO (100 μL). The absorption was measured at 570 nm (620 nm as a reference).
2.5. Measurement of Intracellular Radical Oxygen Species
The determination of intracellular radical oxygen species (ROS) levels was accomplished as described previously with minor modifications [10, 11]. In brief, at 18 h after ischemic insult, the PC12 cells were incubated with 10 μM DCFH-DA at 37°C for 30 min in the dark. The fluorescence of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), the oxidation product of DCFH-DA, was excited at 480 nm and detected at 530 nm by flow cytometry. Temperature was maintained at 37°C throughout the experiment.
2.6. Statistics
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis. All results were expressed as mean SEM. was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. S. litwinowii Extract Protected PC12 Cells against Serum/Glucose Deprivation-Induced Cytotoxicity
The result showed that serum/glucose deprivation could decrease cell viability of cultured PC12 cells in a time-dependent manner compared to control (Figure 1). Exposure to serum/glucose deprivation for 6, 18, and 24 h decreased cell viability to 41.7 ± 2.37%, 33.5 ± 1.53%, and 18.8 ± 3.52%, respectively (). 24 h serum/glucose deprivation was then selected to induce PC12 cell injury in all subsequent experiments. The results of this study show that SGD had a destructive effect upon cells, which was shown both morphologically and by MTT assay. This resulted in a cell viability of less than 20%; however, by adding S. liwinowii root extract, this destructive process was significantly reversed at 62.5 and 125 μg/mL (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Protective effects of S. litwinowii on serum/glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. PC12 cells were pretreated with S. litwinowii (7.75–250 μg/mL) for 2 h and then were exposed to serum/glucose deprivation for an additional 24 h with respective original concentrations of S. litwinowii. The incubation in the high-glucose medium during the whole treatment period served as control group, and the treatment only with serum/glucose-free medium for 24 h served as serum/glucose deprivation alone group. The cell viability was expressed as the percent (%) of the control value by using MTT assay. The data presented are means SEM of three independent experiments (). *: P value <0.001 relative to control group; ††: P value <0.01 relative to SGD; †††: P value <0.001 relative to SGD.
Pretreatment with S. litwinowii extract (7.75–250 μg/mL) at different concentrations significantly attenuated SGD-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. Consequently, concentrations at around 62.5 and 125 μg/mL can be considered as protective (Figure 2). There were no significant toxic effects when PC12 cells were incubated with S. litwinowii extract (7.75–250 μg/mL) (Data were not shown).
Figure 2: Flow cytometry with DCFH-DA staining for measuring ROS production for cultured PC12 cells in control group, serum/glucose deprivation alone group, and pretreatment with S. litwinowii (15–250 μg/mL) plus exposure to serum/glucose deprivation. In the pretreatment groups, the PC12 cells were exposed to serum/glucose deprivation in the presence of S. litwinowii (15–250 μg/mL) for only 24 h. The ROS production was assessed according to changes in the fluorescence intensity of DCF, the oxidation product of DCFH-DA. The data presented are means SEM of three independent experiments (). *: P value <0.001 relative to control group; : P value <0.05 relative to SGD.
As shown in Figure 2, the less toxicity was seen following pretreatment of PC12 cells with 125 μg/mL S. litwinowii extract. There was also a detrimental effect at 250 μg/mL, which reveals initiation of cell toxicity at such a concentration.
3.2. Effects of S. litwinowii Extract on Serum/Glucose Deprivation-Induced Elevation of ROS Production in PC12 Cells
Molecular probe DCFH-DA was used to monitor alterations in intracellular ROS levels with flow cytometry. To elucidate the antioxidant effects of the extract, cells were exposed to stressful conditions after being treated with S. litwinowii extract (31–250 μg/mL) and fluorescence intensity was measured.
ROS production was measured following the exposure of PC12 cells to serum/glucose deprivation for 24 h with or without the pretreatment with S. litwinowii extract (31–250 μg/mL). As shown in Figure 2, serum/glucose deprivation for 24 h could significantly increase the number of DCF-positive cells illustrating an elevation of ROS production compared to control. Flow cytometry Analysis was performed by WinMDI software. The vertical axis is the fluorescence intensity, which is proportional to the cells ROS content, while the horizontal axis distinguishes the cell count. Figure 2 shows that pretreatment with same concentrations, which increased cell viability of S. litwinowii extract (62.5 and 125 μg/mL), resulted in a significant attenuation of ROS production following SGD (Figure 2).
4. Discussion
Considering the high economic and social burden of ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases, research into their causes and prevention is vital. In modern medicine, the most important means of halting ischemic injury is through pharmacotherapy, either in synthetic or herbal forms. Clearly, studies into the means of herbal remedies in treating and preventing diseases and of their behavior can lead to positive outcomes. S. litwinowii is an endemic herb of Iran. In a study by Tayarani-Najaran et al., its apoptogenic properties on cancer cell lines have been recently demonstrated [8]; however, studies to examine its antioxidant effects and its effect upon a neural cell line have yet to be undertaken. PC12 cell lines have been studied previously as a neural ischemic model, but those studies were conducted on synthetic drugs or other herbal remedies. There was a study on ROS production after hyperglycemic stress upon PC12 cell lines, but the study used saffron extract as a potential beneficial agent [11, 12]. The effect of ROS production in oxidative damage and the role of antioxidant therapy were assessed by several studies [13, 14]. Antioxidant pharmacotherapy has been vastly utilized in patients with ischemic brain injury and has been successful to a large extent as discussed by Gilgun-Sherki et al. [15]. This is the first study on the protective effects of S. litwinowii on PC12 cell lines.
In this study, initially the positive and negative effects of total S. litwinowii root extract by MTT assay were shown. There was a reduction of cell death after treatment with specific amounts of concentrations of the extract in cultured and conditioned PC12 cells. This indicates that there is an active substance with protective potential present in S. litwinowii root extract.
Acute occlusion of an intracranial vessel restricts blood flow to the brain region it supplies. The magnitude of flow reduction is a function of collateral blood flow, and this, depends on individual vascular anatomy and the site of occlusion. A fall in cerebral blood flow to zero causes death of brain tissue within 4–10 min; values <16–18 mL/100 g tissue per min cause infarction within an hour; and values <20 mL/100 g tissue per min cause ischemia without infarction unless prolonged for several hours or days. If blood flow is restored prior to a significant amount of cell death, the patient may experience only transient symptoms, that is, a transient ischemic attack. Tissue surrounding the core region of infarction is ischemic but reversibly dysfunctional and is referred to as ischemic penumbra. The penumbra may be imaged by using perfusion-diffusion imaging with MRI. The ischemic penumbra wills eventually infarct if there is no change in flow, and hence saving the ischemic penumbra is the goal of revascularization therapies. This penumbra is optimistically responsive to pharmacotherapy, including antioxidants treatment. Pharmacotherapy also provides opportunity for the patient to be prepared for revascularization surgery, thus, relenting on time.
According to Liu, the increase in ROS production may also be responsible for SGD-induced cytotoxicity [16]. In agreement with these findings, we found that intracellular ROS production was significantly increased following SGD. Love has mentioned that ROS are found to mediate much of the damage that occurs after transient brain ischemia and in the penumbral region of infarcts caused by permanent ischemia [17] and are considered possible candidates for elucidating the pathogenesis of acute CNS injury, becoming an important therapeutic target as discussed elsewhere [1820]. In this study, treatment with S. litwinowii was shown to effectively block SGD-induced ROS production, indicating that an inhibition of intracellular ROS generation might be involved in the neuroprotective effects of S. litwinowii thereby confirming its antioxidant role in ischemic cell injury.
To date, two major researches have been performed on S. litwinowii, which assessed its antitumor effects and its antioxidant properties. In the study by Tayarani-Najaran et al. the dichloromethane total extract of S. litwinowii was reported to have cytotoxic effects against human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS), human cervix carcinoma cell lines (HeLa), and the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) [8]. In another study, the CH2Cl2 fraction of methanolic S. litwinowii root extract was found to induce apoptosis through apoptotic pathways in human promyelocytic leukemia cells [21]. Smaller studies on the individual extract ingredients of S. litwinowii (e.g., wogonin and neobaicalein) were shown to be apoptogenic upon HeLa cells [22]. Neobaicalein, a flavonoid isolated from S. litwinowii was also found to target mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in leukemic cell lines. In this current study, the antioxidant properties of this plant were evaluated and it has been shown that S. litwinowii has both antitumoral and antioxidant properties.
There are multiple ingredients within a total extract so that a serial segregation of compounds and individual assay of each can ultimately determine the exact chemical substance responsible for such effects. Wogonin and baicalein are two of many ingredients of this plant, which have been segregated so far. Analysis of each may pave the way toward a clear discovery of the true effective component. Thereafter, there will be a need to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of the drug followed by pharmacokinetic analysis, ultimately leading to drug development.
Wogonin, Baicalein, and Baicalin from Scutellaria genus were all shown to possess ROS scavenging activity. These compounds also cause depletion of GSH content in human hepatoma cell lines, and therefore it is thought that the anticancer activity of these compounds may also involve a prooxidant mechanism [23]. The number of hydroxyl substitutions in the backbone structure of a flavonoid affects the antioxidant and the copper-initiated prooxidant activities. Generally, the more hydroxyl substitutions in the backbone structure of a flavonoid, the stronger the antioxidant and prooxidant activities. Flavonoids with multiple hydroxyl substitutions showed antiperoxyl radical activities even stronger than Trolox, an -tocopherol analogue [24]. The possible reason why higher concentrations of S. liwinowii lose its protective effect against serum/glucose deprived PC12 cells may be due to the higher concentration of prooxidant compounds presented in the extract.
To conclude, the present study indicates that S. litwinowii treatment ameliorates SGD-induced cell toxicity in cultured PC12 cells, and its protective effects might be mediated by the inhibition of the intracellular ROS production. This study on the neuroprotective effects of S. litwinowii may suggest its possible application in the clinical setting to prevent and treat common neurological insults.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. H. Nasirli for her assistance in flow cytometry. This work was supported by Grant (no. 88406) from Research Affairs of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences as a part of M.D. thesis.
References
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17. S. Love, “Oxidative stress in brain ischemia,” Brain Pathology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 119–131, 1999. View at Scopus
18. C. Bromont, C. Marie, and J. Bralet, “Increased lipid peroxidation in vulnerable brain regions after transient forebrain ischemia in rats,” Stroke, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 918–924, 1989. View at Scopus
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20. C. N. Oliver, P. E. Starke-Reed, E. R. Stadtman, G. J. Liu, J. M. Carney, and R. A. Floyd, “Oxidative damage to brain proteins, loss of glutamine synthetase activity, and production of free radicals during ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury to gerbil brain,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 87, no. 13, pp. 5144–5147, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. Z. Tayarani-Najaran, S. H. Mousavi, N. Vahdati-Mashhadian, S. A. Emami, and H. Parsaee, “Scutellaria litwinowii induces apoptosis through both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in human promyelocytic leukemia cells,” Nutrition and Cancer, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 80–88, 2012.
22. Z. Tayarani-Najaran, J. Asili, H. Parsaee et al., “Wogonin and neobaicalein from Scutellaria litwinowii roots are apoptotic for HeLa cells,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 268–276, 2012.
23. M. Li-Weber, “New therapeutic aspects of flavones: the anticancer properties of Scutellaria and its main active constituents Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin,” Cancer Treatment Reviews, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 57–68, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
24. G. Cao, E. Sofic, and R. L. Prior, “Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: structure-activity relationships,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 749–760, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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Robotics » Robotics Navigation » "Serial and Parallel Robot Manipulators - Kinematics, Dynamics, Control and Optimization", book edited by Serdar Kucuk, ISBN 978-953-51-0437-7, Published: March 30, 2012 under CC BY 3.0 license
Chapter 16
Heuristic Optimization Algorithms in Robotics
By Pakize Erdogmus and Metin Toz
DOI: 10.5772/30110
How to link
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Beauchamp:Lab Notebook
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 10:39, 25 October 2010 by Sarah Baum (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Beauchamp Lab
Contents
General Important Notes
1. How To Install Software and set up new computers
2. How To order things for the lab
3. Information for Subjects and Experimenters, such as Human Subjects Training
MRI: Cortical Surface Models
1. Preparation for Creating Cortical Surface Models
2. Creating Cortical Surface Models
3. Using Cortical Surface Models
4. What If a Cortical Surface Model Exists Already
5. What If Cortical Surface Model Looks Bad
6. Creating Standardized Surface Models
7. FreeSurfer Standard Surface Models
8. Finding Distances on the Surface
9. Finding Closest node on the Surface
10. SUMA
11. Free Surfer
12. Caret
MRI: fMRI Experimental Design and Analysis
1. Creating Random Stimulus Orderings For Rapid Event-Related Designs
2. Overview of fMRI Analysis
3. Motion and Distortion Correction
4. Creating AFNI BRIKs from MR Data
5. Creating Volume Average Datasets with AFNI
6. MVPA Notes
7. RealTimefMRI
MRI: DTI Analysis
1. Processing Diffusion Tensor Imaging Data
2. Automatic VOI Initialization for Interactive Tractography
3. Deterministic Tractography Constrained by Image Masks
TMS/TMS+MRI
1. Notes on TMS
NIRS
1. Eswen Fava's NIRS Manual
Electrophysiology/Electrophysiology+MRI
1. Electrode Localization and Naming
2. Electrophysiology Protocols
3. Analyzing ECoG data (by Adam Burch)
4. Beauchamp:Making Resting State Correlation Maps
Psychophysics
1. New Auditory Tactile Experiment
2. d' (d-prime) Analysis
3. Race Model Analysis
Misc. Experiment Notes
1. McGurk Stimuli
2. Autism Data
3. Scanner Stimulus and Eye Tracker Setup
4. Retinotopic Mapping
5. AFNI Atlas Values
6. Tactile Experiment Notes
7. Notes on analyzing MRI data (old)
Personal tools
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Google Search Parameters Explained
Jun 12, 2012 • 8:18 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine
I spotted this post via HackerNews named Google search parameters in 2012.
It is one of the most comprehensive posts explaining what all the various URL parameters in Google's search URL strings mean.
This post goes through about 75 different URL parameters that either change the search query, refinement, set of results or mean something in terms of tracking or other metrics.
It is broken down by:
• Normal Search Query
• Advanced Search Operators
• Country and Language
• Advanced Search Tools
• Other Parameters
• Unknown Parameters
Matt Cutts of Google replied to the HackerNews thread saying:
You can also make a custom setting in Chrome to send only the parameters to Google that you want. In the Settings panel, click on Manage Search Engines. Make a "new" search engine but make the query go to Google (or YouTube, or whatever) with only the parameters you want. You can start with the url for Google and prune down the input encoding or the sourceid or whatever you want, or just make the path be "/search?q=%s" if you want to go really minimal.
The response was pretty classic where one HackerNews user said:
that's a great solution. it would be also quite great if you would tell us what these (to us) unknown parameters mean :)
Check out the post at RankPanel.com.
Forum discussion at HackerNews.
Image credit to Big Stock Photo for www
Previous story: Daily Search Forum Recap: June 11, 2012
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Sound Advice 157: Sean Vegezzi
We are pleased to announce our 157th installment of Sound Advice featuring Sean Vegezzi. Sean is a NY-based photographer whose book I Don’t Warna Grow Up was just published. There’s a signing event for it tonight (7/28) at The Hole Shop.
Sound Advice 157
01. I’m A Cokeboy by Chinx Drugz
02. I’m Waiting for the Man by The Velvet Underground
03. Smalltown by Lou Reed
04. Heroes by David Bowie
05. White Gurl by E-40
06. Get Ready (French Style) by Jack & Basil
07. Dum Dum Boys by Iggy Pop
08. Lolita, Ya Ya by Nelson Riddle
09. Wrekonize by Smif-N-Wessun
10. Next Hype (Mosca Remix) by Tempa T
11. Comment Voulez-Vous by Jean Constantin
Download Sound Advice 157 Now!
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Email updates
Keep up to date with the latest news and content from Arthritis Research & Therapy and BioMed Central.
Research article
Passage and reversal effects on gene expression of bovine meniscal fibrochondrocytes
Najmuddin J Gunja and Kyriacos A Athanasiou*
Author Affiliations
Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, PO Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2007, 9:R93 doi:10.1186/ar2293
Published: 13 September 2007
Abstract
The knee meniscus contains a mixed population of cells that exhibit fibroblastic as well as chondrocytic characteristics. Tissue engineering studies and future therapies for the meniscus require a large population of cells that are seeded on scaffolds. To achieve this, monolayer expansion is often used as a technique to increase cell number. However, the phenotype of these cells may be significantly different from that of the primary population. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in meniscal fibrochondrocytes at the gene expression level over four passages using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Cells from the inner two-thirds of bovine medial menisci were used. Four extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, commonly found in the meniscus, were investigated, namely collagen I, collagen II, aggrecan and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). In addition, primary and passaged meniscus fibrochondrocytes were placed on surfaces coated with collagen I or aggrecan protein to investigate whether any gene expression changes resulting from passage could be reversed. Collagen I expression was found to increase with the number of passages, whereas collagen II and COMP expression decreased. Collagen I and aggrecan surface coatings were shown to downregulate and upregulate collagen I and COMP expression levels, respectively, in passaged cells. However, decreases in collagen II expression could not be reversed by either protein coating. These results indicate that although monolayer expansion results in significant changes in gene expression in meniscal fibrochondrocytes, protein coatings may be used to regain the primary cell expression of several ECM molecules.
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Difference between revisions of "KR:BeagleBone"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
(Cases)
(Ubuntu)
Line 142: Line 142:
=== Ubuntu ===
=== Ubuntu ===
* See [[BeagleBoardUbuntu]]
+
* [[BeagleBoardUbuntu]] 참조
* Home site: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ARM
+
* 홈페이지: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ARM
* IRC channel: irc://irc.freenode.net/#ubuntu-arm
+
* IRC 채널: irc://irc.freenode.net/#ubuntu-arm
The vision for Ubuntu is part social and part economic: free software, available free of charge to everybody on the same terms, and funded through a portfolio of services provided by Canonical.
The vision for Ubuntu is part social and part economic: free software, available free of charge to everybody on the same terms, and funded through a portfolio of services provided by Canonical.
The first version of Ubuntu was based on the GNOME desktop, but has since added a KDE edition, Kubuntu, and a server edition. All of the editions of Ubuntu share common infrastructure and software. In recent years, special emphasis has been placed on netbooks for lightweight, connected, mobile computing, and on the cloud as a new architecture for data centres.
+
Ubuntu의 첫번째 버전은 GNOME 데스크탑을 기반으로 했지만 KED, Kubuntu와 server버전이 추가되었다. 우분투의 모든 에디션은 공통 인프라구조와 소프트웨어를 공유하고 있다. 특별한 부분은 넷북, 모바일 컴퓨팅, 데이터 센터용으로 새로운 구조를 가지는 클라우드 버전이다.
=== Fedora ===
=== Fedora ===
Revision as of 20:53, 6 August 2012
BeagleBone
이 페이지는 BeagleBoard.orgTI AM335x ARM을 기반으로 하는 BeagleBone의 정보를 모았다.
이벤트[edit]
설명[edit]
비글본(BeagleBone)BeagleBoard 제품 라인으로 저렴하며 높은 확장성을 가진다. ARM Cortex-A8 프로세서 코어를 기반으로 TI AM3358/9 SoC를 사용한다. ARMv7-A 구조를 기반으로 한다. 초기 비글보드의 목적과 유사해서 독립적으로 사용하거나 비글보드나 다른 시스템에 이더넷 연결 확장하여 사용할 수 있다. 비글본은 표준 비글보드도 작으면서도 상당한 성능과 용량을 제공한다.
비글본은 4GB 마이크로 SD카드에 Angstrom ARM Linux 배포판과 함께 제공된다.
입력 전력이 가변적이더라도 안정적인 전압을 생성할 수 있도록 TI TPS65217B PMIC를 사용한다. +5V DC는 배럴 커넥터(barrel connector)나 미니-USB를 통해 공급된다. 이 둘은 모두 RJ45 이더넷 커넥터 근처에 위치하고 있다.
mini-USB type-A OTG 장치 클라이언트 모드 소켓은 다양한 기능이 있다. 선택 가능한 전원을 제공하며 온보드 프론트 엔드 2포트 USB 클라이언트 사이드 허브에 접근할 수 있게 한다.(나중에 소개할 독립된 호스트 모드 USB 소켓과는 관련이 없다.) 허브 중 하나는 TI AM3358/9 SoC의 USB0 포트에 직접적으로 연결되지만 다른 포트는 듀얼-포트 FTDI FT2232H USB-to-시리얼 컨버터에 연결되며 이는 보드에서 외부 호스트와 시리얼 통신이나 JTAG 디버깅에 이용된다. 비글본의 리눅스 시리얼 콘솔은 이 USB 시리얼 연결을 통해 가능하다.
프론트 엔드 허브에 SoC의 USB0 연결은 2가지 모드 중에 하나로 동작한다. 언제든 이 2모드 사이에서 토글이 가능하다. 호스트에 마운팅 가능한 USB 저장장치처럼 SD카드나 혹은 Ethernet-over-USB 네트워킹 인터페이스를 제공한다. Ethernet-over-USB 기능은 비글본의 기본 10/100 이더넷 인터페이스에 추가되어 있으며 이는 직접 SoC에 구현되어 있다. 제공한 리눅스 시스템에서 완전한 IPv4와 IPv6 네트워킹을 제공한다.
이미 설명한 USB OTG 장치나 클라이언트 모드 기능 이외에, 비글본은 보드의 다른 가장자리에 호스트 모드 USB type-A 소켓도 제공한다. AM3358/9 SoC에 있는 USB1 연결이며 마우스나 키보드, 저장장치, wifi, 블루투스 동글, USB 허브 등과 같은 USB 호스트 주변장치에 연결을 제공한다.
스펙[edit]
• 최대 720-MHz superscalar ARM Cortex-A8
• 256-MB DDR2 RAM
• 10/100 이더넷 RJ45 소켓, IPv4 and IPv6 네트워킹
• 마이크로SD 슬롯과 4GB 마이크로SD 카드 제공
• Angstrom ARM 리눅스 배포판
• 단일 USB 2.0 타입 A 호스트 포트
• 듀얼 USB 허브 USB 2.0 타입 mini-A OTG 장치 포트
• On-board USB-to-serial/JTAG 하나의 공유 USB 장치 포트
• Storage-over-USB or Ethernet-over-USB on other USB device port
• Extensive I/O: 2 I2C, 5 UART, SPI, CAN, 66 GPIO, 8 PWM, 8 ADC
• +5V DC power (배럴 커넥터 or USB 장치 포트)
• 2개 46-pin 3.3-V peripheral headers with multiplexed LCD signals
• 보드 크기 : 86.4mm x 53.3mm(3.4" × 2.1") -- Altoid tin에 적합
확장 커넥터[edit]
비글본은 2개의 46핀 2열 확장 커넥트인 "Expansion A"와 "Expansion B"로 알려진 "P9"와 "P8" 를 제공한다. 이 커넥터의 위치와 핀아웃은 아래에 나와 있다.(크게 볼려면 테이블을 클릭하라). 다른 표시가 없으면 확장 헤더에 모든 신호는 3.3V이다.
P9과 P8 - 각 2x23 pins[edit]
위에 2개의 넓은 허더에 추가로 작은 10-pin 2줄 커넥터는 "P6"과 "PMIC Expansion"를 제공한다. 다음 핀아웃을 이용해서 TPS65217B Power Management IC로부터 추가 신호를 끌어낸다.
P6 - 2x5 pins[edit]
중요
P6 다이어그램은 아랫부분 PINOUT을 보여준다.
It is therefore laterally inverted relative to the photograph.
To obtain the top-side pinout that corresponds to the physical orientation shown in the photograph, swap the two rows of pins so that odd-numbered pins are on the left of even-numbered pins.
확장 보드와 악세사리[edit]
케이프(Capes)[edit]
A BeagleBone Cape is an expansion board which can be plugged into the BeagleBone's two 46-pin dual-row Expansion Headers and which in turns provides similar headers onto which further capes can be stacked. Up to four capes at a time can be stacked on top of a BeagleBone. An expansion board which can be fitted only at the top of a stack of capes (usually for physical reasons) is a special case of "cape", but this usage is common for display expansion boards such as LCDs (see next section).
Capes are required to provide a 32Kbyte I2C-addressed EEPROM which holds board information such as board name, serial number and revision, although this is typically omitted on simple prototyping capes. Capes are also expected to provide a 2-position DIP switch to select their address in the stack, although this too is often omitted in prototyping capes.
The Capes Registry seeks to index all existing capes and cape concepts, including private projects. A registration page is available to help add capes to the list.
This section lists only those capes which are available commercially or which are close to a production release, as well as open hardware designs.
LCD 디스플레이와 확장[edit]
비글본에서 LCD 디스플레이는 일반적으로 케이프로 구현되어 있다. 쉽게 볼 수 있도록 하기 위해 케이프의 위에 "탑 보드(top board)" 형태로 연결시킨다.이런 디스플레이는 비글본 보다 더 큰 경우가 많다. 물리적인 관계로 봤을 때 연결된 보드가 본체 보드보다 더 커지는 현상이 생긴다. 비글본을 물리적으로 지원하는 확장 보드이다.
Expanded Hardware Features:
• 7" 800x480 TFT LCD screen
• PWM Backlight control
• Resistive touch panel
• Plastic frame
• 256MB Nand flash(K9F2G08)
• RS232 serial ports(UART1 w/ CTS&RTS)
• Stereo audio out
• Micro-phone in
• 6 x USER buttons
• PWM Beeper
• RTC with Battery(DS1302)
3.5" TFT LCD 화면, 해상도 320x240, 4-wire resistive 터치 스크린, 손가락 위치에 잘 맞는 7개 버튼.
7" TFT LCD 화면, 해상도 800x480, 4-wire resistive 터치 스크린, 비글본과 케이프에 rear mount
케이스[edit]
BeagleBone Operating Systems[edit]
BeagleBone's default operating system is Angstrom, which ships with the board. This section provides basic information on Angstrom and other operating systems commonly used on BeagleBone. This information may help in making a preliminary choice, but full details should be obtained from the home sites.
Angstrom[edit]
Ångström was started by a small group of people who worked on the OpenEmbedded, OpenZaurus and OpenSimpad projects to unify their effort to make a stable and user-friendly distribution for embedded devices like handhelds, set top boxes and network-attached storage devices. Ångström can scale down to devices with only 4MB of flash storage.
The Angstrom community does not provide a forum, intentionally.
Angstrom uses Busybox for many key utilities, which has both pros and cons. Advantages include requiring less storage space and a smaller memory footprint for many common utilities, which also improves system startup time and performance. The main disadvantages stem from those utilities not mirroring exactly their full-size counterparts. These differences can be annoying if one is used to standard behavior, and may also break shell scripts that rely on portable functionality.
Angstrom uses connman for network connection management, but no documentation is available for this currently. Also, man(1) and man pages are not provided by default, nor debugging utilities like strace(1) and tcpdump(1). Getting started may therefore present difficulties, depending on experience.
Debian[edit]
The ARM EABI port is the default port of the standard Debian distribution of Linux for the ARM architecture ("armel"). EABI ("Embedded ABI") is actually a family of ABIs, and one of the "subABIs" is the GNU EABI for Linux which is used for this port. A newer port targeted at newer hardware with another ABI ("armhf") is currently under development and is expected to ship with Debian 7.0 (Wheezy).
The Debian Project is strongly committed to software freedom, and has a long pedigree and a good reputation.
Ubuntu[edit]
The vision for Ubuntu is part social and part economic: free software, available free of charge to everybody on the same terms, and funded through a portfolio of services provided by Canonical.
Ubuntu의 첫번째 버전은 GNOME 데스크탑을 기반으로 했지만 KED, Kubuntu와 server버전이 추가되었다. 우분투의 모든 에디션은 공통 인프라구조와 소프트웨어를 공유하고 있다. 특별한 부분은 넷북, 모바일 컴퓨팅, 데이터 센터용으로 새로운 구조를 가지는 클라우드 버전이다.
Fedora[edit]
The Fedora Project is sponsored by Red Hat, which invests in its infrastructure and resources to encourage collaboration and incubate innovative new technologies. Some of these technologies may later be integrated into Red Hat products. They are developed in Fedora and produced under a free and open source license from inception, so other free software communities and projects are free to study, adopt, and modify them.
Red Hat has been a major player since the earliest days of Linux distributions, and has earned a good reputation for solidity which continues in Fedora. The Fedora ARM initiative is very active (see mailing list).
ArchLinux[edit]
Arch Linux for BeagleBone is a version of the Arch Linux ARM distribution. This carries forward the Arch Linux philosophy of simplicity and user-centrism, targeting and accommodating competent Linux users by giving them complete control and responsibility over the system. Instructions are provided to assist in navigating the nuances of installation on the varied ARM platforms; however, the system itself will offer little assistance to the user.
The entire distribution is on a rolling-release cycle that can be updated daily through small packages instead of huge updates on a defined release schedule. Most packages are unmodified from what the upstream developer originally released.
Gentoo[edit]
Gentoo is a source-based meta-distribution of Linux. Instead of distributing a standard system image built with predefined options, Gentoo gives each user the means to create their own customized system that doesn't contain unused bloat and with minimum dependencies. Upgrades are incremental and under user control, so a Gentoo system is normally always up-to-date and wholesale upgrades are avoided.
Being a source-based system, the downside of Gentoo for low-power ARM systems is very long install times for large applications. Cross-compilation on x86 machines and distcc can overcome this problem, but they add complexity.
Sabayon[edit]
Sabayon Linux uses the mechanisms of Gentoo to create a pre-configured Linux distribution that can be installed as rapidly as a normal binary distribution, but still retains the benefits of Gentoo's source-based package management. Sabayon on Intel/AMD also provides the Entropy binary package management system, which could in principle greatly ease installation of packages on resource-constrained embedded Linux devices, but this is not yet available for ARM.
Although it is still early days for Sabayon on ARM (and hence on BeagleBone), there is regular progress reported on lxnay's blog, and contributions from the community would probably accelerate the work.
Buildroot[edit]
Buildroot is a set of Makefiles and patches that makes it easy to generate a complete embedded Linux system. Buildroot can generate any or all of a cross-compilation toolchain, a root filesystem, a kernel image and a bootloader image. Buildroot is useful mainly for people working with small or embedded systems, using various CPU architectures (x86, ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, etc.) : it automates the building process of your embedded system and eases the cross-compilation process.
The resulting root filesystem is mounted read-only, but other filesystems can be mounted read/write for persistence. Although user accounts can be created, in practice almost everything is done as root. Buildroot uses no package manager. Instead, package selection is managed through make menuconfig.
Nerves Erlang/OTP[edit]
Erlang is a programming language used to build massively scalable soft realtime systems with high availability requirements (5-9’s). Some of its uses are in telecoms, banking, e-commerce, computer telephony and instant messaging. Erlang’s runtime system has built-in support for concurrency, distribution and fault tolerance.
OTP is a set of Erlang libraries and design principles providing middle-ware to develop these systems. It includes its own distributed database, applications to interface towards other languages, debugging and release handling tools.
The Nerves project provides an embedded Linux-based environment for running Erlang and an easy-to-use API to access common I/O interfaces, based on Buildroot (see above). If you are interested in running an Erlang node on a low power ARM-based board such as BeagleBone, this project can get you started.
Board recovery[edit]
Software Development[edit]
Software development on the BeagleBone is normally no different to any other Linux platform, and typically varies with language and with the IDE used, if any. This section deals only with development issues that are specific to BeagleBone, or mostly so.
Cloud9 IDE and Bonescript[edit]
..... description here .....
BeagleBone JTAG Debugging[edit]
..... description here .....
FAQ[edit]
For BeagleBoard frequently asked questions (FAQ) see community FAQ and "official" BeagleBoard.org FAQ.
Links[edit]
Home page and Community[edit]
Tutorials and Videos[edit]
Manuals and resources[edit]
Errata[edit]
Subpages[edit]
"" has no sub pages.
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"warc_date": "2014-01-03T03:19:29.000Z",
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NOTE: If you are a developer, please use a private wiki based on foswiki/trunk on a daily base ...or use trunk.foswiki.org to view this page for some minimal testing.
Use Item9693 for docu changes for 1.2 and 2.0.
Item8194: it was not able to cache a single topic during afterSaveHandler
Priority: CurrentState: AppliesTo: Component: WaitingFor:
Urgent Closed Extension DBCacheContrib
allthough the code states it so it was not able to cache a single topic during afterSaveHandler. Here's a patch to add the appropriate api to DBCacheContrib.pm.
It basically takes out the per topic loop code and puts it into a _updateTopic() method which can be called by a separate loadTopic() public api. The names of these new functions should be in line with their big sisters.
-- MichaelDaum - 30 Jun 2009
ItemTemplate edit
Summary it was not able to cache a single topic during afterSaveHandler
ReportedBy Foswiki:Main.MichaelDaum
Codebase
SVN Range SVN 4323: Foswiki-1.1.0-dev, Wed, 17 Jun 2009, build 4184
AppliesTo Extension
Component DBCacheContrib
Priority Urgent
CurrentState Closed
WaitingFor
Checkins Foswikirev:4324
ReleasedIn
Topic revision: r3 - 02 Jul 2009, MichaelDaum
The copyright of the content on this website is held by the contributing authors, except where stated elsewhere. see CopyrightStatement.
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"url": "my.pagenation.com/kul/Hospital%20Sungai%20Buloh%20New_101.5838_3.2186.map",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:9a606e9b-d8ab-416d-a01e-dc3e975d53e1>",
"warc_url": "http://my.pagenation.com/kul/Hospital%20Sungai%20Buloh%20New_101.5838_3.2186.map"
}
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Hospital Sungai Buloh New is near Hospital, J; is near E1 Nse (city); is near E1 Nse (north); is near Sierramas Barat, J; is near Sierramas Utama, J; is near 54 Kuala Selangor, J; is near Exit To Sg Buloh; is near Ts 5, J; Hospital Sungai Buloh New is geographically located at latitude(3.2186 degrees) 3° 13' 6" North of the Equator and longitude (101.5838 degrees) 101° 35' 1" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to Hospital Sungai Buloh New are represented by the path the bullet takes from the muzzle of the gun to the target and may not be nearest by road. For example, Hospital Sungai Buloh New is located 665 metres from Budhist Temple Sungai Buloh. Hospital Sungai Buloh New is located 729 metres from SJK Sungai Buloh. Hospital Sungai Buloh New is located 733 metres from Sungai Buloh Nurseries. Hospital Sungai Buloh New is located 750 metres from Police Beat Sungai Buloh. Hospital Sungai Buloh New is located 821 metres from Community Hall Sungai Buloh.
Royale Bintang Damansara 7.4km, Tropicana Country Resort 9.7km, Crystal Crown Hotel Kuala Lumpur Kepong 9.7km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near Hospital Sungai Buloh New.
Wet Market Bandar Sungai Buloh 2.1km, The Store Rahman Putra 2.4km, Shops Bukit Rahman Putra 2.7km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near Hospital Sungai Buloh New.
Batu Caves Gopuram 11.3km, Cave Villa 11.3km, Sri Perdana Galleria 13.1km, are places of interest (attraction) located near Hospital Sungai Buloh New.
SJK Sungai Buloh 0.7km, SJK (t) Saraswathy 1.4km, SMK Sri Damasara 2 3.7km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near Hospital Sungai Buloh New.
Park Sungai Buloh 1.9km, Field Jalan D A1 2.1km, Park Damar 15 2 4.8km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near Hospital Sungai Buloh New.
Hospital Sungai Buloh New
Budhist Temple Sungai Buloh
SJK Sungai Buloh
Sungai Buloh Nurseries
Police Beat Sungai Buloh
Community Hall Sungai Buloh
Hindu Temple Sungai Buloh
Valencia
Sierramas West
SJK (t) Saraswathy
KTM Sungai Buloh
Sme Aerospace
Malaysia Sheet Glass Factory
Sierramas
Park Sungai Buloh
Toll Sungai Buloh
Field Jalan D A1
Wet Market Bandar Sungai Buloh
JRD
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
Hospital Sungai Buloh New
Npng Futsal is about 2.2 km away.
Esso Bandar Sungai Buloh is about 2.2 km away.
7-11 Bukit Rahman Putra is about 2.2 km away.
KFC Bandar Rahman Putra is about 2.3 km away.
The Store Rahman Putra is about 2.4 km away.
BHP Jalan Sungai Buloh is about 2.4 km away.
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Lidstrom
From OpenWetWare
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Revision as of 19:12, 28 May 2013
This page is currently under construction. The official Lidstrom Lab website is found here
Home Contact Internal Lab Members Kalyuzhnaya Group Equipment Strains Protocols Links
Our lab is in Benjamin Hall (gray & blue) on the 4th floor.
Personal tools
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Added by staff
He that is taken and put into prison or chains is not conquered, though overcome; for he is still an enemy.
This quote is about prison. Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Hobbes, Thomas ...
We don't have a biography.
These people bookmarked this quote:
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CAIRO. - Native woman with her baby.
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Files Size Format View Description
EgyV6_09_25r.jpg 114.1Kb image/jpeg Front
EgyV6_09_25v.jpg 43.32Kb image/jpeg Back
About this item
Dublin Core Field Metadata
coverage.spatial Egypt
creator Unknown
date.accessioned 2006-10-31T23:36:23Z
date.available 2006-10-31T23:36:23Z
date.issued n.d.
identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/1911/7116
description front: "CAIRO. - Native woman with her baby" ; back: "L. C. - 198. : LE CAIRE. Femme indigène avec son bebé."
description.abstract Portrait of a woman, covered, with a baby over her shoulders
format postcard albums
language.iso en
language.iso fr
publisher Electronic version published by Rice University, Houston, Texas.
relation.ispartof
relation.ispartofseries Forms part of the Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA)
relation.isreferencedby Locate TIMEA places on a GIS map
relation.isreferencedby Browse more TIMEA resources related to this location
relation.isreferencedby Find more information on sites that appear in TIMEA
rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/
subject.lcsh Women & children.
subject.lcsh Egyptians
subject.other People
title CAIRO. - Native woman with her baby.
type Still Image
digitization.specifications 600dpi; 24 bit color; tiff
source.original Original postcard album: "CAIRO. - Native woman with her baby." 5.25" x 3.25". From the collection of Dr. Paula Sanders, Rice University.
contributor.funder Funded by the Institute for Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and Rice University's Computer and Information Technology Institute (CITI).
date.digital 2006
identifier.citation Unknown. (n.d.). "CAIRO. - Native woman with her baby.."
Citation
Unknown CAIRO. - Native woman with her baby. (n.d.).
From Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA). http://hdl.handle.net/1911/7116
For more on properly formatting citations, see Citing TIMEA Resources.
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
• TIMEA Visual Materials [1769]
This collection contains book illustrations, postcards, stereocards, photographs, and ephemera related to travel in the Middle East, primarily Egypt.
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Difference between revisions of "Mirzapur"
From Wikitravel
Purvanchal : Mirzapur
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(updated listing)
(updated listing The stone carving at Pakka Ghat and Budhenath Temple)
Line 18: Line 18:
'''Chunar Fort''' is another attraction to watch in Chunar; at 30 km from Mirzapur city. It is connected by trains as well as buses.
'''Chunar Fort''' is another attraction to watch in Chunar; at 30 km from Mirzapur city. It is connected by trains as well as buses.
*<see name="The stone carving at Pakka Ghat and Budhenaath Temple" alt="" address="" directions="" phone="" url="" hours="" price="" lat="" long=""></see>
+
*<see name="The stone carving at Pakka Ghat and Budhenath Temple" alt="" address="" directions="" phone="" url="" hours="" price="" lat="" long=""></see>
*<see name="Scenic beauty of The Vindhyas from Aashbujha Temple" alt="" address="" directions="" phone="" url="" hours="" price="" lat="" long=""></see>
*<see name="Scenic beauty of The Vindhyas from Aashbujha Temple" alt="" address="" directions="" phone="" url="" hours="" price="" lat="" long=""></see>
Latest revision as of 01:19, 11 May 2013
Mirzapur [1] (Hindi: मिर्ज़ापुर, Urdu: مرزا پور) is a city in the heart of North India, nearly 650 km between Delhi and Kolkata and also equidistant from Allahabad and Varanasi. Located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, Mirzapur has a population of a little over 205,264 (2001 census) and is renowned for its famous carpet and brassware industry. It is a city with several spots around it including many hills such as Rajdari, Devdari, Lakhaniyadari, and Windom fall range and Sirshi. It is the headquarter of Mirzapur District. Indian Standard Time is calculated from the clock tower in Mirzapur which is nearly exactly on the reference longitude of Indian Standard Time at 82.5°, within 4 angular minutes, a property shared by Tuni, a town in Andhra Pradesh. India investigates different time zones (BBC)
[edit] Get in
Best time to visit Mirzapur is during monsoons (July-August) or Navratris (in april, Oct-Nov).Mirzapur is situated at midway of New Delhi-Kolkata railway route; and if you are coming from outside India, it is best to land at New Delhi or Kolkata and take a train. You can catch New Delhi-Puri Purushottam Express, Kalka Mail, Brahmaputra Mail from New Delhi or Howrah-Jodhpur Express, Kalka Mail from Howrah railway station. Nearest airports are Babatpur Airport, Varanasi (80 km) and Bamrauli Airport, Allahabad (110 km). Direct flights from New Delhi are available to both the airports.
Mirzapur is well connected from most of the major Indian cities through railways. You can get direct trains to Mirzapur from Agra, Varanasi, Allahabad, Lucknow, Jammu, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Gaya, Surat, Mumbai, Chennai and Bangalore.
[edit] Get around
Handrikshaw is the best mode of transport inside the city. Autorikshaw is available for Vindhyachal temple. Mirzapur is a place to watch for its scenic and natural beauty, since it is situated at the feet of [Vindhyan Mountain Range]. The best season to enjoy it is during monsoon rains (July-August). Private taxis are the best way to visit various water falls(Vindham Fall, Sirsi Fall, Rajdari, Lakhiniya Dari) which are situated at 15 to 45 kms from City Headquarter. Hire a private taxi from Varanasi (if you are coming from Varanasi) or Allahabad(if you are coming from Allahabad). In Mirzapur, it might be a bit difficult to get a private cab/taxi as the sector is not organized that much. Meanwhile, the hotel, where you stay can arrange a taxi for you.
[edit][add listing] See
Vindhyachal temple is a must visit place. It is a temple of Goddess Vindhyavasini. Near to it, there are two other temples; one of Goddess Kaali (called Kaali Khoh) and other is Goddess Ashtbujha (called Ashtbhuja Devi Temple). All the three temples are situated in Vindhya Mountain and the "Darshan" (visit) to all the three temples completes the "Maha Trikon" (Great Triangle). The view of scenic beauty from the top of Ashtbujha Temple is awesome. Autorikshaws are readily available from Mirzapur Railway Station or other places of cities to complete the "Trikone". They might charge around INR 100-150 Rs., if you reserve a single auto. At the time of Navratris(April and Oct-Nov) and Durga Puja festival, the temple attracts a great number of devotees from around the country.
The "Dargah of Kantit Shareef" (The mausoleum of Khavaja Esmile Chisti) is in the way to Vindhyavasini Temple and is a holy place for Hindus and Muslims both.
Mirzapur is situated at the bank of Ganges. You can enjoy a serene evening at one of the Ganges Gahts. The ghats in Mirzapur are relatively calm and quiet compare to Ganges Ghats of Varanasi and Allahabad. Visit Pakka Ghat to watch some rare and beautiful stone carving. It is situated in middle of the city and you can get Handrikshaw from any of the place in city. Try some boating in the serene Ganges.
Chunar Fort is another attraction to watch in Chunar; at 30 km from Mirzapur city. It is connected by trains as well as buses.
• The stone carving at Pakka Ghat and Budhenath Temple. edit
• Scenic beauty of The Vindhyas from Aashbujha Temple. edit
• Vindham, Sirsi and other water falls. There are various water falls surrounding the city.Vindham, Sirsi, Sidhnath ki dari being most famous in them edit
• The Clock Tower, Ghantaghar. It is one of its own kind.The stone carving of the tower will make mesmerize you. The clock is very old and is one of the sisters in Big Ben family. edit
[edit][add listing] Do
Try to be dressed as simple and Indian as possible. Mirzapur is a small city and you may attract various eyes if you are dressed western or other ways. Spend some time at Ganges Ghat (specially at Nar Ghat and Pakka Ghat). Watch age old stone carving at Budhenaath Temple(It is near to Pakka Ghat) and Pakka Ghat. Beware of Pandas (priests) at Vindyachal and other temples.Don't be trapped with them. They might tell you that they would provide you easy "Darshan" to Goddess idol; but try to avoid them and follow the queue for Darshans. Hindi is essential to communicate with natives. Avoid unnecessary interactions with people and enjoy the trip. Try to complete the "Holy Trikone" in the daytime only (Except the time of Navratri. In Navratri you can enjoy it whole night.).
[edit][add listing] Buy
• Carpets & Durries. edit
• Earthen Pots from Chunar. edit
[edit][add listing] Eat
• Milk and curd. edit
• Lassi. edit
• Aao (in winters). edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
A lot of water (in summer).
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Hotel Jahanvi. It is the hotel of Indian Tourism Department. Situated at 4 km from Railway Station. Direct autorikshaw or handrikshaws are available from railway station. edit
• Hotel The Galaxy, Laldiggi, 0-8081816200, 05442-222747, 266060, 220828, [2]. member of FHRAI and HRANI is fully air-conditioned hotel situated at 1.5 km from Railway Station. You might be charged around 10-15 Rs. by handrikshawpuller or auto rikshaw to reach here. Airport (Babatpur, Varanasi) is 60 km and taxis are easily available. Hotel also has a pick up facility on demand. edit
HOTEL PALACE, Near Teliar Ganj, near OBC Bank.
[edit] Get out
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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9303.0 - Motor Vehicle Registrations, Australia, Nov 1994
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NATSTATS CONFERENCE 2008
The ABS will be hosting the NatStats Conference in November 2008. The Conference aims to help connect users and producers of statistics from across government, public sector and academia, providing an opportunity to discuss strategies for measuring progress in Australian society and improving statistics for the nation.
Broadly the conference theme is: "Working together for a better informed and performed Australian Society"
Professionals, researchers, policy makers, practitioners and academics will be invited to speak on topics relevant to the conference theme. The conference program will consist of keynote and invited speakers – significant contributors to national statistics, valued and recognised in their particular field of work, and able to provide insight into measuring the progress of Australian society and the future development of national statistics.
Preliminary planning is underway and the themes and topics for the conference are being considered. We are interested in hearing your suggestions on topics for the conference program or perhaps you have an interesting or innovative case study which you would like to share with the statistical community. If you would like to share your ideas with us please email Mark Lound at [email protected] or phone (02) 6252 6325.
Details of the conference will be included in future editions of Statistics News NSW and posted on the National Statistical Service (NSS) website www.nss.gov.au.
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6401.0 - Consumer Price Index, Australia, Mar 2005
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INTRODUCTION OF THE 15TH SERIES AUSTRALIAN CPI
BACKGROUND
The CPI measures the change over time in the total price of a fixed basket of goods and services acquired by household consumers. The quantities underlying the base period expenditures remain fixed over the life of the basket, with the expenditures being updated by the movements in the price relatives in each period. It is important to update the basket and item weights periodically to reflect changes in the range of available goods and services and changes in household spending patterns.
The basket of goods and services at the expenditure class level in the Australian CPI is updated at approximately five yearly intervals. The current basket (14th series) was introduced in the September quarter 2000. The 15th series will be linked into the CPI in the September quarter 2005 issue of Consumer Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6401.0).
EXPECTED CHANGES TO THE CPI
When new expenditure weights are introduced, the ABS typically undertakes a review of the CPI to ensure that it continues to serve its purpose as the best measure of household inflation. The 15th series is a minor review and accordingly, will not involve formal user consultation. The expected outcomes of the review are:
• update of the CPI basket and weighting patterns
• introduction of financial services into the CPI in a new group for Financial and insurance services
• introduction of a hedonic price index for computers.
The most significant change to the structure of the CPI will be the introduction of a new group for Financial and insurance services. The existing insurance services price index will be moved from the Miscellaneous group into the Financial and insurance services group. Some other groups may also be affected by this restructure. Full details of changes in the structure of the CPI Groups will be presented in Information Paper: Introduction of the 15th Series Australian Consumer Price Index, 2005 (cat. no. 6462.0) which will be released in mid September 2005. In addition to providing details of the new structure, the Information Paper will also present the new weights to be used in the 15th series Australian CPI.
An Information Paper: Experimental Price Indexes for Financial Services 1998 to 2003 (cat. no. 6413.0) was released in July 2004 and the experimental series has since been published quarterly in Experimental Price Indexes for Financial Services (cat. no. 6413.0.55.001). The coverage of the financial services price index is restricted to deposit and loan facilities provided to households by deposit-taking institutions, and services provided by stockbrokers and real estate agencies in respect of the acquisition and disposal of equities (shares) and real estate.
Details of the ABS approach to producing hedonic price indexes for computers are presented in Information Paper: The Introduction of Hedonic Price Indexes for Personal Computers, 2005 (cat. no. 6458.0), released in February 2005.
15TH SERIES SOURCES AND METHODS
The main data source for the 15th series weighting pattern will be the 2003-04 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). The HIES data will be supplemented or adjusted to allow for the following factors:
• underreporting of alcohol and tobacco expenditures in the HIES;
• use of other data sources where HIES data are inadequate for CPI purposes, for example expenditure on net house purchase excluding land and the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS);
• HIES expenditures that are not recorded on an acquisitions basis, for example insurance
• HIES expenditures that appear "abnormal" (excessively high or low); and
• price movements between time of purchase and reporting in the HIES for those items collected in HIES with a recall period of more than one quarter;
Significant changes in expenditure patterns between the time the HIES was undertaken and the link period for the CPI will also be taken into account.
The link period for the 15th series will be the June quarter 2005. HIES expenditures in 2003-04 will be revalued to CPI link period prices to maintain the underlying 2003-04 quantities.
When a new series is introduced it is linked to the previous series without affecting the index numbers in the link (or overlap) period.
Initially, 1989-90 will continue as the reference base year when the 15th series based on 2003-04 weights is introduced in September quarter 2005. The CPI will be re-referenced to a 2003-04 base year during 2006.
OTHER INDEXES
The weights for the special and analytical indexes will also be updated with the introduction of the 15th series. The most significant change to the classification of items within the special series will result from the introduction of the new Financial services and insurance group.
PUBLICATION DATES
The release dates for 15th series publications will be:
Mid September 2005
Information paper: Introduction of the 15th Series Australian Consumer Price Index (cat. no. 6462.0)
Late October 2005
A Guide to the Consumer Price Index, 15th Series (cat. no. 6440.0);
Concordance with Household Expenditure Classification (cat. no. 6446.0.55.001);
26th October 2005
Consumer Price Index, Australia (cat. no. 6401.0).
FURTHER INFORMATION
Readers requiring further information about the introduction of the 15th series Australian CPI should contact Steve Whennan on Canberra (02) 6252 6251, or email <[email protected]>.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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1379.0.55.001 - National Regional Profile, 2005 to 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 25/03/2011
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25/03/2011 This data cube has been updated to include state/territory and Australia level data for Family Tax Benefit data items.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1367.0 - State and Territory Statistical Indicators, 2011
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 26/07/2011
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YOUNG PEOPLE NOT FULLY ENGAGED IN EDUCATION OR WORK
• In 2010, an estimated 18.1% of the SA population aged 15-19 years were not fully engaged in education or work. Over the past decade, this estimate has ranged from a low of 12.2% in 2000 to 20.0% in 2004.
• Nationally, the proportion of 15-19 year olds not fully engaged in education or work was 14.8% in 2010, with Queensland having the highest proportion (19.8%) and ACT the lowest (9.4%).
Footnote(s): (a) Proportion of persons aged 15-19 years not fully-engaged in education and/or work.
Source(s): Australian Social Trends (cat. no. 4102.0)
Useful Links
Young People Not Fully Engaged in Education or Work
People who are not fully engaged in education or work fall into three main categories: those who are neither studying nor working; those who are studying part-time and not working; and those who are working part-time and not studying. Many of these people are in the 15-19 year age group, experiencing the often difficult transition from school to work, who may be at risk of remaining unskilled or joining the ranks of the long-term unemployed. The proportion of 15 -19 year olds who are not fully engaged in education or work is an important indicator of the social and economic well-being of the nation and the strength of state and national economies.
The above estimates are calculated using data from the ABS Survey of Education and Work (cat. no. 6227.0), conducted annually throughout Australia. See the link above for more information about this survey.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > News & Media > Media Releases by Release Date
2001 Census Data for Universities, Jun 2002
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MEDIA RELEASE
June 28, 2002
Embargoed: 11:30 AM (AEST)
90/2002
2001 Census Data for Universities
CANBERRA. - The Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee (AVCC) and the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) have signed a new agreement to enable the widespread use of 2001 Census data within the Australian university sector.
The ABS/AVCC CDATA 2001 Agreement enables universities to take advantage of substantial discounts for multiple purchases of CDATA 2001.
CDATA 2001 is an information solution developed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and MapInfo Australia. The CD-ROM product combines the credibility of 2001 Census data with powerful mapping software. It allows access to the latest figures on Australian society - age, education, housing, income, transport, ethnicity, occupation, making up a series of community profiles. This valuable information is available for small areas (Collection Districts) through to complete States and total Australia.
CDATA 2001 is a valuable tool for academics and students, which can be accessed via libraries, used for teaching in classrooms and libraries and for research projects.
The ABS/AVCC CDATA 2001 Agreement builds on the very successful ABS/AVCC CURF and AusStats Agreements, which have increased the use of ABS data by Australian universities.
The Chief Executive Officer of the AVCC, John Mullarvey, said he was very happy to be signing a third agreement with the ABS.
"The CDATA 2001 Agreement consolidates our relationship with the ABS, which can only benefit students and staff of Australian universities into the future. Through this Agreement, the university sector isuniversities are receiving the most recent and accurate social and economic data available as well as great value for money."
For more information on the ABS/AVCC CDATA Agreement, see www.avcc.edu.au/news
For more information on CDATA 2001, see www.abs.gov.au/census
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Is overexpression of HER-2 a predictor of prognosis in colorectal cancer?
Dara O Kavanagh*, Gillian Chambers, Liam O' Grady, Kevin M Barry, Ronan P Waldron, Fadel Bennani, Paul W Eustace and Iqdam Tobbia
BMC Cancer 2009, 9:1 doi:10.1186/1471-2407-9-1
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Research article
Clinical validity of outcome pain measures in naturally occurring canine osteoarthritis
Pascale Rialland12, Sylvain Bichot1, Maxim Moreau12, Martin Guillot12, Bertrand Lussier23, Dominique Gauvin12, Johanne Martel-Pelletier2, Jean-Pierre Pelletier2 and Eric Troncy12*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, GREPAQ (Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec), St.-Hyacinthe (QC), J2S 7C6, Canada
2 Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal (QC), H2L 4 M1, Canada
3 The Companion Animal Research Group; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St.-Hyacinthe (QC), J2S 7C6, Canada
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Veterinary Research 2012, 8:162 doi:10.1186/1746-6148-8-162
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/8/162
Received:3 January 2012
Accepted:29 August 2012
Published:10 September 2012
© 2012 Rialland et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The conceptual validity of kinetic gait analysis and disability outcome assessment methods has guided their use in the assessment of pain caused by osteoarthritis (OA). No consensus on the best clinical methods for pain evaluation in canine OA exists, particularly, when evaluating treatments where a smaller treatment effect is anticipated than with pharmacological pain killers. This study thus aimed at determining the technical validity of some clinical endpoints on OA pain in dogs using the green-lipped mussel (GLM)-enriched diet.
Twenty-three adult dogs with clinical OA completed the prospective controlled study. All the dogs were fed a balanced diet over a 30-day control period followed by a GLM-enriched diet over a 60-day period. The kinetic gait analysis parameter (PVFBW, peak vertical force adjusted for body weight change), electrodermal activity (EDA), and a standardized multifactorial pain questionnaire (MFQ) were performed on day (D) 0 (inclusion), D30 (start) and D90 (end). The owners completed a client-specific outcome measures (CSOM) instrument twice a week. Motor activity (MA) was continuously recorded in seven dogs using telemetered accelerometric counts. We hypothesized that these methods would produce convergent results related to diet changes. A Type I error of 0.05 was adjusted to correct for the multiplicity of the primary clinical endpoints.
Results
Neither the EDA nor the MFQ were found reliable or could be validated. Changes in the PVFBW (Padj = 0.0004), the CSOM (Padj = 0.006) and the MA intensity (Padj = 0.02) from D0 to D90 suggested an effect of diet(s). Only the PVFBW clearly increased after the GLM-diet (Padj = 0.003). The CSOM exhibited a negative relationship with the PVFBW (P = 0.02) and MA duration (P = 0.02).
Conclusions
The PVFBW exhibited the best technical validity for the characterization of the beneficial effect of a GLM-enriched diet. The CSOM and MA appeared less responsive following a GLM-diet, but these measures appeared complementary to gait analysis. Apparently, the CSOM provides the capacity to rely on pain OA assessment influenced by both lameness quantification (PVFBW) and physical functioning (MA).
Keywords:
Psychometrics; Dog osteoarthritis; Pain; Metrology; Kinetics; Accelerometry; Behavioral scales; Skin conductance
Background
The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) in the canine population (20% of adult and 80% of the geriatric (> 8 years old) dogs in North America [1]) makes the disease a major cause of concern. The distortion between clinical and radiographic finding in dog OA is well recognized [2]. The symptomatic signs of OA are highly variable, related to pain and physical functioning, and translated into limb impairment, activities limitations and restricted participation [3-5]. This situation led to the use of multiple methods to assess the efficacy of OA treatment [6]. However, interpretations are not always clear, the results are often inconsistent and clinical validation of these methods is often missing.
The conceptual validitya of the canine pain scales designed for OA and chronic pain has evolved over time [7-11]. These scales have demonstrated their sensitivity to detect response to OA treatment where pain was reduced following nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) [11-13], nutraceutical [14] or other nontraditional [13,15] treatment for OA. However, divergent interpretations were addressed when comparing subjective pain scores to an objective evaluation of lameness [13,14], emphasizing the limited information on the relationship between pain scales and OA severity. The majority of standardized multifactorial pain questionnaires (MFQ) are guided by the traditional notion of an inevitably progressive and degenerative disease process; greater behavioral changes indicate higher OA severity and pain in dogs. However, OA is a heterogeneous group of painful conditions [16,17]. The variety of OA signs suggests the need for the implementation of a clinical assessment that includes a broader variable profile than the current standardized OA profile. For this purpose, the client-specific outcome measures (CSOM) require the owner to report pain behavioral changes and/or impaired activities in their OA-afflicted dogs [18,19]. However, the promising CSOM have not met the technical validityb criteria [19]. These data suggest that psychometricc support for the CSOM instrument is required.
The enhancement of a measurement’s interpretability requires the referencing of its value to another measurement with established conceptual validity and interpretability. A surrogate to pain evaluation, vertical ground reaction forces, such as PVF and vertical impulse, measured through objective kinetic analysis have prevailed over pain measurements to quantify limb impairment [20,21]. Interestingly, the PVF variable showed sensitivityd and responsivenesse for the efficacy of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and structural effects of NSAID [22-25] and nontraditional [13] treatments, which supports a regulatory claim for these treatments for osteoarthritic dogs.
Physical activity represents a distinct dimension of physical functioning [26], and as such, telemetered motor activity (MA) is an objective behavioral method for the clinical assessment of physical function and overall well-being for canine OA [27,28]. However, more data are required to confirm its validity for pain evaluation in OA clinical trials.
Clinicians must be able to interpret the literature to implement the best evidence-based practices. Therefore, here we performed a preliminary analysis to determine the reliabilityf, responsiveness and criterion validitiesg for canine pain assessment in a one-way crossover clinical trial in naturally occurring OA in dogs that were fed with two successive diets (control and therapeutic) during a 90-day period. We further hypothesized, first, that changes in measurements of the clinical endpoints (dependent variables) would arise from the diets (independent variable) with every other possible factor controlled and, second, that validated outcomes would correlate strongly to PVF as the primary outcome and MA as an exploratory outcome. This study determined the clinical utility of selected methods regardless of some technical validities.
Results
Animals
A total of 30 dogs were initially recruited. Seven dogs were excluded for the following reasons: three due to a sudden deterioration of their condition (one dog at D21 and two dogs at D45 and D52), three for a lack of owner follow-up, and one for NSAID use (at D40). The sample included 14 males and 9 females, and the most frequent breeds were Labrador (n = 7) and Golden Retrievers (n = 4). The remainder of the dogs were mixed-breeds (n = 3) and various pure-breeds (n = 9). The dogs were 2.5 to 11.5 years old (6 years, median) at the time of inclusion and weighed 25.2 to 68.4 kg [40.4 ± 1.8 kg]. The joint that caused the most lameness in each animal during the orthopedic examination was the hip (34.8%) followed by the stifle (30.4%), shoulder and elbow (13.0%, each), and carpus and tarsus (4.4% each). Joint pathologies included hip dysplasia (39.1%), cranial cruciate ligament rupture (26.1%), elbow dysplasia (13.1%), shoulder osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) (13.0%), tarsus OCD, and carpus OA with no obvious origin (4.4% each).
Primary endpoints
Kinetic force platform gait analysis (PVFBW)
The mean CV for PVFBW was not different over time (P = 0.82) (Table 1). A significant effect of the anatomical location of the most affected limb on the PVFBW was observed (P < 0.001). Moreover, the PVFBW was significantly higher on D90 than on D0 (Padj = 0.0004) and D30 (Padj = 0.003) (Figure 1A). No differences between D0 and D30 were observed (Padj = 0.06).
Table 1. Mean dog coefficient of variationaon the primary clinical endpointsb
Figure 1. Evolution of primary clinical endpoints in osteoarthritic dogs fed subsequentially with control and green-lipped mussel-enriched diets.A) PVFBW: Peak vertical ground reaction force adjusted to change in body weight (%BW). B) CSOMMed: Box plot of the median-value of client-specific outcome measures (score). C) EDA: electrodermal activity. Data are represented as mean ± SEM for PVFBW and EDA, and as median + 75th percentile for CSOMMed at day(D)0, D30, and D90. General linear mixed model for repeated measures: (a) and (b) were significant difference of Least Squares Means when compared with D0 and D30, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression for repeated measures: *significant odds ratio (when compared to D0). Significance was reached at P-value lower than 0.017 with Bonferroni’s adjustment.
Client-specific outcome measures (CSOM)
The mean CV for CSOM was not different over time (P = 0.34) (Table 1). The CSOMMed was higher on D0 than on D30 [odds ratio (OR): 3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4 to 9.8, Padj = 0.03] and on D90 [OR: 6.7, CI: 2.0 – 22.6, Padj = 0.006] in the dogs with OA (Figure 1B). No difference between D30 and D90 was noted [OR: 1.8, CI: 0.7 – 5.0, Padj = 1.00]. The ranked activities (Table 2) revealed that the second ranked activity (Act(2)) was significantly different between D0 and D30 [OR: 3.5, CI:1.3 – 9.2, Padj = 0.04] and D90 [OR: 8.7, CI: 2.2 – 34.1, Padj = 0.006]. No differences over time were observed for the other ranked activities, which suggested that the ranking of the activities had no/poor influence.
Table 2. Client-specific outcome measures (CSOM)
The selected activities were categorized as follows: 41 activities were Ctg(1) (reduced mobility), 16 activities were Ctg(2) (reduced mobility after exercise), 12 activities were Ctg(3) (reduced ability to change posture), 10 activities were Ctg(4) (reduced ability to change posture after rest or in the morning), 4 activities were Ctg(5) (resistance to manipulations), and one activity was Ctg(6) (mood change). The Ctg(1) was higher on D0 than on D30 [OR: 2.7, CI: 1.4 – 5.3, Padj = 0.02], but no difference was found between the other time points (Table 2). The Ctg(2) was higher on D0 than on D30 [OR: 10.5, CI: 1.5 – 72.0, Padj = 0.05] and on D90 [OR: 32.7, CI: 2.3 – 457.0, Padj = 0.03] (Table 2). The Ctg(4) revealed a significantly higher score on D0 than on D90 (Row Mean Score Difference, RMSD = 13.0, df = 1, Padj = 0.04) (Table 2). No differences over time were observed for Ctg(3) and Ctg(5) (Table 2).
Electrodermal activity (EDA)
The mean CV for EDA was different over time (P < 0.001) (Table 1), which suggested EDA was variable on repeated measurement throughout the study. This poor technical reliability precludes any interest in the use of the measurement for the assessment of treatment responsiveness. The EDA was not different on D0 compared with D30 (Padj = 0.99) and D90 (Padj = 0.90). No difference was observed between D30 and D90 (Padj = 0.07) (Figure 1C).
Criterion validities
The pairwise correlation coefficients between the PVFBW and the CSOMMed were low (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rhoS) = −0.03, 0.10 and −0.37 on D0, D30 and D90, respectively) (Table 3). Some relationship between the PVFBW and the CSOMMed appeared between D30 and D90 using the descriptive pairwise correlation coefficient (rhoS = −0.71) (Table 3). The regression estimate between the PVFBW and the CSOMMed was significant (estimate (SE) = −0.01 (0.003), P = 0.02). These results indicate that both variables are convergent and that the CSOMMed change is predictive, in some part, of the PVFBW change. The CSOM categories were presented as exploratory endpoints because they were a posteriori measures with interesting information (Table 3). Descriptive correlations revealed that the CSOM categories reflected the CSOMMed.
Table 3. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of PVFBWin comparison with measuresa
The pairwise correlation coefficient between the PVFBW and the EDA indicated no linear relationship on D0, D30, and D90 or differences between D0 and D30 and D30 and D90 (Table 3). Regression analyses demonstrated no relationship between the PVFBW and the EDA (estimate (SE) = 0.001 (0.001), P = 0.91), which implies that EDA had no empirical association with PVFBW.
Exploratory endpoints
Motor activity (MA)
The mixed model of MA recordings in the seven randomized dogs revealed a significant main effect for time (P = 0.04), age (P < 0.001) and daily period (P < 0.001). A significant effect of age was observed between dogs older than 6 years and younger dogs (minus 6 years) (P < 0.001) (Figure 2). A significant effect of the daily period on MA intensity was noted because the dogs were less active at night than during the morning (P = 0.002) or the afternoon (P < 0.001). The planned comparisons showed that MA intensity was lower at P1 compared to P6 (Padj = 0.02) (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Evolution of motor activity in osteoarthritic dogs fed subsequentially with control and green-lipped mussel-enriched diets. Motor activity (MA) is represented as box plot (median and 25th to 75th percentile) per two consecutive weeks (periods P(i)) for n = 7 dogs. General linear mixed model for repeated measures: asignificant difference of Least Squares Means when compared with P1. Significance was reached at P-value lower than 0.003 with Bonferroni’s adjustment. As descriptive statistics, MA was presented by age category, and represented as median (25th to 75th percentile) for dogs under 6-y (black circle and short dashed lines) and dogs older than 6-y (black triangle and long dashed line).
There was no pairwise correlation (Table 3) and no relationship between the MA intensity and the PVFBW (P = 0.36). No relationship between the MA intensity and the CSOMMed (P = 0.79) was noted on the regression analysis. However, there was a significant negative relationship between the MA duration and the CSOMMed (P = 0.02).
Multifactorial pain questionnaire (MFQ)
The internal consistency of the MFQ-S (nij = 69, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.59) and the MFQ-D (nij = 69, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.69) were lower than expected, which suggested that the selected items were not related to the same constructj.
Figure 3 illustrates that the MFQ-NRS score was 3.0 times (OR) higher on D30 than on D0 (Padj = 0.04), which indicates deterioration in the dogs’ condition. However, this score was unchanged from D0 to D90 (Padj = 0.60) and from D30 to D90 (Padj = 0.27). Moreover, the MFQ-S was lower on D30 (Padj = 0.003) compared to on D0. No differences on D90 compared with D0 (Padj = 0.21) or D30 (Padj = 0.75) were noted for MFQ-S. Finally, the MFQ-D and the MFQ-RTx did not change over time (P > 0.05) (Figure 3). The divergent scoring of the MFQ subscales did not validate this standardized scale in the study.
Figure 3. Evolution of a multifactorial questionnaire (MFQ) in osteoarthritic dogs fed subsequentially with control and green-lipped mussel-enriched diets. MFQ-NRS: MFQ-Numerical Rating Scale, MFQ-S: MFQ-Static, MFQ-D: MFQ-Dynamic, MFQ-RTx: MFQ-Response to Treatment. Data are represented as median, 25th to 75th percentile at day(D)0, D30, and D90. General linear mixed model for repeated measures: (a) was significant difference of Least Squares Means when compared with D0. Multinomial logistic regression for repeated measures: *significant odds ratio (D0 vs D30). Significance was reached at P-value lower than 0.017 with Bonferroni’s adjustment.
Discussion
The present study represents the continued interest in the conceptual and technical validities of multiple methods for pain assessment in canine OA. The PVF, CSOM, and MA demonstrated convergent results for the detection of diet-induced changes. The PVF exhibited the best technical validity, and the CSOM and MA demonstrated moderate technical validity. However, the CSOM evaluating the dogs’ day-to-day health status was found as related to the PVF and was primarily influenced by MA duration. The differences in the conceptual and technical validities suggested PVF, CSOM, and MA did not provide the same information on OA pain and physical function, but importantly they should be used and interpreted as a whole.
This study demonstrated that the PVF showed responsiveness to a GLM-enriched diet effect on canine OA. The study confirmed that the kinetic force platform gait analysis is a useful outcome because of the relative ease of data acquisition and technical validity [21,22,24,25,29-31]. Interestingly, age, sex and radiographically estimated OA severity were not affecting PVF, and the value of PVF representing the most affected limb was an accurate outcome measure for OA. But it might only partially represent the consequences of the entire disease on the physical function in these selected dogs, with regards to the absence of relationship between PVF and MA.
Clinical owner-oriented outcomes would be conceptually preferred, in general, because they are expected to reflect a dog’s quality of life. The questioning of the patient/owner about the quality of life has opened a wider panel of OA physical function and pain assessments. The CSOM is a subjective instrument that satisfied some psychometric qualities in this clinical trial. The owner-described behaviors in the CSOM were similar to previously described behaviors in canine studies of OA symptoms and pain [7,19]. These similarities suggest the face validityk of the CSOM, which indicates that this measurement assesses the appropriate outcome [32]. Reliability testing revealed that the owner’s assessment was not variable over a one-week period. This is suggestive that CSOM scores were stable at the condition the dog’s status did not change between these two successive CSOM assessments (when facing a change, it was expected the owner to alert the investigators). With the conditions of the study, it was not possible to judge on a memory effect (the owner is influenced by the souvenir of the previous scoring) and the potential effect of a random error in CSOM owner assessment. Moreover, regression analyses demonstrated that both CSOM and PVF methods were related, supporting our second hypothesis. But, CSOM measurements were not strictly parallel to PVF (confirming our first hypothesis) as only the PVF detected a strict beneficial effect of the GLM diet. Divergent results between CSOM and PVF for the responsiveness analysis and the criterion validity analysis might be explained by the technical features of the CSOM. Indeed, the quantification scale of the CSOM is limited, likely decreasing its responsiveness. In addition, it was difficult to demonstrate a further decrease in the CSOM beyond D30 suggesting a possible floor effect. The sample size of 23 dogs was based on the power of the trial to detect a specified clinical benefit on the PVF. According to previous work done in similar conditions [25], a sample size of 20 dogs ensured a difference of 4.2%BW in the PVF consistent with an effect size of 0.9 could be detected assuming 80% power, a SD of 4.5 and a 5% significance threshold. This sample size might be too weak to fully support GLM diet efficacy using CSOM. This result suggests that the CSOM would decrease the likelihood of false clinical benefits. In contrast, PVF was responsive to GLM effect. Whereas PVF demonstrated significant change between D30 and D90, the primary endpoint CSOM has not demonstrated a statistically significant change for the same interval time. This could look as controversial for the validity of the methods. Therefore, we applied a correction for multiplicity of endpoints that adjusted the Type I error when a significant result was required for more than one but not all multiple primary outcomes after correction of multiplicity [33]. With the correction for multiplicity, PVF was significantly different between D30 and D90. This method provided stronger evidence to fully characterize the metrological feature of the methods when a small treatment effect is anticipated. In addition, the study suggests the two methods complementary relationship in pain assessment in which the CSOM assessed pain-induced changes in behavior and locomotion, and the PVF analyzed kinetic gait changes.
Previous studies have not indicated the details of the construction of the CSOM [19]. As previously noted, owners easily report on their dog’s activities, but the number (from 5 to 3 activities) and the nature of the selected activities in the CSOM differed between users [19,34]. This result suggests that OA has a variable impact on the daily life of dogs or that some owners missed behavioral changes that are caused by chronic pain [35]. In this study, an analysis of the influence of each activity revealed that the ranking of activity was neither valid nor informative. However, the categorization of the activities demonstrated significant behavioral changes. The owners detected higher limitations in activity in their dogs after exercise (Ctg(2)) or after a certain period of inactivity, including stiffness at night/after activity/in the morning (Ctg(4)). These behaviors are events that concur with suggestions of pain signs in previous studies. Hence, the selection of the same number of activities (we suggest 2 to 3 activities) that are worded by the owner but selected from the present categories would allow more precise and sensitive comparisons between dogs in future studies.
Our findings reported a significant difference in MA from P1 to P6 (Figure 2). However, the graph clearly suggests the possibility to detect more frequent differences while taking account individual variability of these data (cf. the actual difference with age on this limited sample) and required sample size to avoid Type II error. In addition, according to the small sample inference of the linear mixed model [36], our result needs to be verified on larger sample size. Despite limitation about the statistical inference, the present result about MA opens new insight in the field of pain evaluation for osteoarthritic dogs. Interestingly, MA did not significantly rely on PVF but to CSOM. These results emphasized that MA provided an aspect of spontaneous physical activity that was not detected by the conditioned gait evaluation, i.e. PVF. In addition, MA may be influenced by the proper ability of the dog to move freely and reflect its quality of life as defined by CSOM. Therefore, MA and CSOM are attractive outcome measures of pain and physical function in OA dogs because they are interrelated but different; one measurement is objective and the other is subjective.
The observed divergence in the results of the constitutive MFQ subscales (e.g., MFQ-NRS and MFQ-S from D0 to D30), the lack of responsiveness (for MFQ-RTx and MFQ-D) and the weak internal consistency (particularly for MFQ-S) lead to poor technical validity and question the construct validityl of this method. Although the CSOM and the MFQ were designed for clinical use to evaluate similar aspects of OA, the current results suggest that both pain scales partially reflect the same construct or that the MFQ did not satisfy adequate psychometric features. The standardized MFQ scale looked less potent to reflect the variability in limb impairment, activity limitations and other pain syndromes in canine OA.
The EDA measurement did not provide conclusive results in this clinical study. Invalidated outcome measures were observed in experimental conditions in rodents with a higher sympathetic tonus [37], but our own group has reported positive results with its use in the experimental (Pond-Nuki) canine OA model [31].
The GLM-enriched diet and the GLM extracts although not a reference treatment for OA were shown to exert a positive therapeutic effect on the clinical signs of dog OA [14,38]. Although a placebo-controlled trial would have been favored, ethical issues precluded a parallel comparison over 60 days between GLM- and placebo-treated dogs. Therefore, only a longitudinal one-way crossover design was included in the experimental design using the dogs as their own control. The anticipated effect of the GLM-diet was weak [14,38]. We did not know how much difference should be seen after two months of giving GLM. In addition, we observed slight improvement from D0 to D30 for CSOM, and MA seemed to be better during P2 (D16 to D29) two weeks after changing the home food for the control diet. Previous studies reported better owner-assessed pain in OA dogs with diet change [39,40]. Altogether, it is possible that the changes were not resulting from the GLM-diet but might be representing a trend over time caused by the diet changes [39]. Some might argue that PVF was not a good indicator of pain (or, at least claim that PVF is less sensitive than vertical impulse for hip dysplasia condition). As other critic in the present study, we could mention the fact that the other methods, i.e. MFQ and EDA, did not detect any treatment effect over the GLM-diet period. However, the sensitivity of MFQ and EDA was not previously investigated in other OA related-pain study in clinical condition, whereas the vertical ground reaction forces, such as PVF, have already proven their ability to detect change with NSAIDs treatment [22-25].
Conclusions
This study investigated outcome measures that assessed signs in naturally occurring OA in dogs. The data from this study demonstrated that the limitation in activities (CSOM) and physical function, including limb impairment (PVF) and physical activity (MA), acted as complementary measures. Further developments on CSOM and MA would optimize their use in clinical trials.
Methods
Animals
The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved the experimental protocol (Rech-1297) following the Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines.
Thirty dogs were selected at the University teaching hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada). The selection criteria were the following: 1) chronic and stable lameness, as reported by the owner; 2) no pregnancy and obesity; 3) weight greater than 20 kg (44 lb) and age greater than 12 months; 4) freedom from non-OA orthopedic, neurological and other abnormalities; 5) lack of orthopedic surgical treatments in the past year; and 6) no treatment with OA prescription-type diets, fatty acid supplements, continuous oral or injectable anti-inflammatory drugs that were prescribed by a veterinarian (including both steroid and NSAID), or polysulfated glycosaminoglycans therapy. Dogs that were receiving an oral nutraceutical or sporadic NSAID administration underwent a 4-week withdrawal period to establish eligibility.
When expressed as a percentage of their body weight (%BW), a PVF lower than 99.1% BW for forelimb lameness or lower than 62.2% BW for the lameness of one or more hindlimbs was required for inclusion, as previously performed [41]. An experienced veterinary surgeon performed an orthopedic exam and reviewed the digital radiographs of hips, stifles, and elbows for signs of OA. Physical examination, biochemical and hematological analyses (CBC, chemistry panel, and urine analysis) were performed on each dog. These were done to exclude non-healthy animals that presented non-OA orthopedic, neurological or other abnormalities. Dogs were removed from the study if either of the following conditions occurred: 1) the administration of a recognized treatment for OA, 2) medical problems or a sudden deterioration in orthopedic condition, 3) decision by the owner or 4) a change in housing style.
Study design
All the dogs were fed a standard balanced diet of adult dry food (Dog Chow®, Nestlé Purina, St.-Louis, MO, USA) from D0 to D30 to standardize the food regimen for use as a placebo-control. This dog chow did not include any proclaimed active ingredients for the treatment or alleviation of OA. Subsequently, all the dogs were fed an experimental therapeutic food that was enriched in green-lipped mussel (GLM) from D31 to D90 (Mobility Support JS®, Medi-Cal/Royal Canin, Guelph, ON, Canada). The latter diet was chosen for its potent pain relief activity [14,42] without the side effects that are induced by the long-term administration of NSAIDs [43,44]. The packaging of both diets was identical. The pet owners and the investigators in the field had no knowledge of the food identity and in what order the diets were fed. The food composition and the daily food needs all met the recommendations of the Association of American Feed Control Officials for the maintenance of adult dogs [45]. The pet owners were instructed to transition their dogs to the assigned foods as following: a 14 transition day period at D0-D14 and at D30-D44.
The dogs remained at home throughout the study. The pain CSOM questionnaire and MA were recorded within the dog’s environment. The others methods were performed on D0, D30 and D90 at the University teaching hospital.
Primary endpoints
Kinetic force platform gait analysis (PVFBW)
Data acquisition for the PVF was obtained for a trot at a constant velocity between 1.9 and 2.2 m/sec on a biomechanical force platform (Model OR6-6®; Advanced Medical Technology Inc., Watertown, MS, USA) coupled to software (Vetforce®; Sharon Software, Dewitt, MI, USA) as described previously [41]. The lowest PVF determined the most severely affected limb, which was selected for evaluation and used throughout the entire study. Five valid trials were recorded for the selected limb and averaged for further analyses. As recently reported by our group, PVF adjusted for individual BW changes (PVFBW) was used for the analyses [41].
Client-specific outcome measures (CSOM)
The CSOM scale is an owner-specific instrument to assess the influence of OA on the dog’s behavior [18]. A veterinarian assisted the owners at baseline, and the owners determined the five most difficult/OA-affected activities [Act(i) for their dog. The evaluation of fewer than five activities was permitted. The owners ranked the activities by the level of importance from Act(1) to Act(5). Each activity was scored from 0 (no problem) to 4 (greatest difficulty) on a five-point Likert-rating scale. The median value of all the activity scores (CSOMMed = Median [Act(i)) ranged from 0 (no problem/pain) to 4 (greatest difficulty/pain). Each owner completed the CSOM twice per week. The activities were also subjectively clustered into six categories [Ctg(i) to provide a description of the activity limitations induced by OA: Ctg(1) = Reduced mobility; Ctg(2) = Reduced mobility after exercise; Ctg(3) = Reduced ability to change posture; Ctg(4) = Reduced ability to change posture after rest or in the morning; Ctg(5) = Resistance to manipulations; and Ctg(6) = Mood change. If more than one selected activity was included in the same category, a median value of these scored activities was used to score the category.
Electrodermal activity (EDA)
An EDA measurement was performed using the Pain Gauge system® (PHIS Inc., Dublin, OH, USA) to reflect sympathetic responses related to stress and pain. Both electrodes of the device were applied on a dry right hind paw for two seconds. The instrument displays a numeric level of skin conductance that ranged from 0.1 (no pain, no stress) to 9.9 (worst pain and stress). The measurements were performed in triplicate on D0, D30 and D90. The data were averaged at each time point for the statistical analyses.
Exploratory endpoints
Motor activity (MA)
Accelerometer microchips (Actical® Mini Mitter, Bio-Lynx Scientific Equipment, Inc., Laval, QC, Canada) continuously recorded MA for 12 weeks on seven randomly selected dogs. These microchips are recent introductions in clinical studies, and we were interested in an a priori assessment of the technical validity of this tool in a limited sample. The sensor was placed on a neck collar. The epoch length of the count acquisition was set at 2 min. The intensity of the MA for each count was recorded and translated to numerical values (no unit). The data recorded at D0, D30 and D90 were externally excluded from analyses because they did not represent the true MA as the dogs were handled at the clinic. To reach the same interval of time for analysis, we excluded too D15, D45, D60 and D75. Therefore, data are represented in six consecutive periods (P(i)) of 14-day average total intensities. Three daily time periods (night from 20:00 to 07:00 h; morning from 07:02 to 13:00 h; and afternoon from 13:02 to 19:58 h) were established to stabilize data variability in further analyses. Moreover, the duration of MA was assessed over each 14-day period as the number of nonzero intensity counts.
Multifactorial pain questionnaire (MFQ)
An MFQ scale supporting OA disease-specific measures was designed, based on the content validity of previous reports [7-10]. Item selection and scale construction produced four subscales. The MFQ-Numerical Rating Scale (MFQ-NRS) is a five-point Likert scale (0–4) with 0 representing no pain and 4 the most excruciating pain perceived in dogs. The MFQ-Static (MFQ-S) scale was expected to measure the retrospective emotional functioning of the owner toward his/her OA-afflicted dog (Table 4). The MFQ-Dynamic (MFQ-D) scale measured prospective physical functioning (Table 5). Finally, the MFQ-Response to Treatment (MFQ-RTx) scale reported the satisfaction of treatment through a simple descriptive scale ranging from really better (−2); lightly better (−1); no change (0); lightly worse (1); to really worse (2).
Table 4. Presenting the static component of the multifactoral questionnaire (MFQ-S) used in the study
Table 5. Presenting the dynamic component of the multifactorial questionnaire (MFQ-D) used in the study
Statistical analyses
Reliability
Variability in data outcome for the repeated measures was determined at each time-point, for each dog by calculating the mean coefficient of variation (CV), as previously performed [21]. The CV was calculated as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean of the repeated measurements for the PVF (n = 5 at each time-point), the CSOM (n = 2 per week) and the EDA (n = 3 at each time point). For the CSOM, two values of the Act(i) sum in the same week were considered as duplicates, and these values were used for the dispersion analysis. This analysis was compulsory for the CSOMMed value distribution to approximate zero, which might mislead the CV. A mixed model analysis was used to compare changes in mean CV over time to estimate if the dispersion of the repeated measures was not different at each time point. The later was considered as good when time did not exert a significant effect in the model, finally, the internal consistency of the MFQ-S and the MFQ-D was assessed by the calculation of Cronbach's alpha. The threshold for good interrelatedness among items was set at > 0.7 [32].
Responsiveness
Our analyses examined the responsiveness of the PVF and MA methods using a mixed-model method for repeated measures with time as fixed effect and subject as random effect, and provided fixed effect estimates by restricted likelihood modeling. The homogeneity of the variance assumption using the probabilities of Levene’s test was provided for each time. Normality distribution was confirmed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Log-transformation was performed to fit normality when required. For covariance structure selection, we used goodness-of-fit statistics to compare models with the same fixed effects but different covariance structure. Also, normality and homogeneity of the variance of the models’ residuals were checked to assess the model validity [46,47]. A multinomial logistic regression for repeated measures analyzed the CSOMMed, Act(i), Ctg(i), and MFQ subscales as discrete dependent variables. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was applied when the statistical model did not fit the assumptions of the multinomial logistic regression approach. A Poisson regression assessed EDA and the duration of activity (i.e., the number of active MA counts). We addressed missing data using pairwise deletion. When required, factors such as age at inclusion (plus or minus 6 years), sex (male or female), the anatomical location of the most affected limb (cranial or caudal leg), and the severity of the OA lesion based on the number of joints diagnosed by radiography, were tested in the statistical models. Another factor as the daily time periods (night, morning, afternoon) was also tested for MA. Only the significant factors were included in the final statistical models.
Criterion validities
The descriptive statistics of the Spearman Rank correlation coefficient and their 95% interval confidence at the CSOM, EDA, MA endpoints were summarized by referencing their values to the PVFBW at D0, D30 and D90 to assess concurrent validityh. The estimated 95% confidence limits represented the 25th and 975th rank-ordered values from the 1000 bootstrap resampling of 23 dogs [48]. For predictive validityi, we first described the magnitude of the systematic differences of the same outcomes between D0 and D30 and D30 and D90. Hence, the inferential statistics using regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship of the PVFBW to the CSOM, the EDA and MA at the three time points. A regression analysis of the CSOM and MA was also performed on the continuous recordings of the seven dogs.
Statistical analyses were performed using the GLIMMIX and MIXED procedures in the SAS software (version 9.1, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). The α-level of significance was set at 5%. For the correction of the multiplicity of the clinical endpoints (PVF, CSOM, and EDA), the significant level of the statistical models was set at the α/(k) level, where an α of 5% is the original Type I error, and k is the number of primary endpoints to be performed [33]. As a result, the corrected Type I error probability was set at 0.05/3 = 0.017 for the Type 3 tests, which tested for the significance of each of the fixed effects specified in each model. When the statistical model result yielded significant main effect for time, Bonferroni’s adjustment was applied at the 5% α-threshold for post-hoc repeated measures of the same method (adjusted P-value cited as Padj). Descriptive statistics of the measured outcomes at each time are presented as the mean ± SEM and the median (25th to 75th rank-ordered values) for the ordinal data.
Endnotes
aConceptual validity is the a priori acceptation that the attribute (or scientific construct, i.e. canine osteoarthritic pain in our case) to be measured produces variations in the measurement outcomes (i.e. pain scales in the actual context). It refers to an ideal outcome that directly measures an important change in the patients' health status that is the result of the study intervention.
bTechnical validity is the evidence base for technical properties of the methods including intra- and inter-reliability, and (a number of different forms of) validity.
cPsychometrics is the field of study consisting in a single psychological attribute (i.e. animal pain) measurement (metrology) with one or multiple items (i.e. behavioral characteristics as part of pain expression) and establishing the validation of the developed measurement method by referencing to its technical validity (also cited as psychometric features).
dSensitivity is the ability to detect differences between subjects (or subjects between groups).
eResponsiveness is the ability to detect a change when a subject improves or deteriorates.
fReliability concerns the random variability associated with the measurements. Reliability testing consists in determining that results are consistent across repeated measures over time and by different observers. Internal consistency is part of the assessment of the reliability in multi-item scales as it tests the homogeneity of the content of a composite scale.
gCriterion validities assess an instrument against a criterion measure known to be valid (also called “true value” or “gold standard”).
Criterion validity could be hconcurrent validity, which involves a parallel comparison of the new instrument against a well-established method, or ipredictive validity, which usually makes a prediction of future test results.
A jconstruct is an explanatory variable, which is not directly observable and is constructed from a theoretical concept (see a).
kFace validity refers to the degree of symptomatic resemblance between the developed instrument or outcome measurement and the intended topic or clinical condition.
lConstruct validity refers to the degree to which a developed instrument measures the scientific construct that is designed to measure.
Abbreviations
Act(i): Activity “i”; BW: Body weight; Ctg(i): Category “i”; CSOM: Client-specific outcome measures; GLM: Green-lipped mussel; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PVFBW: Body weight change-adjusted peak vertical force; MA: Motor activity.
Competing interests
All authors declare no competing interest in this publication.
Authors’ contributions
Conception and design: MM, BL, JPP, JMP, ET. Acquisition and interpretation of the data: SB, PR, MM, BL, JPP, ET. Collection and assembly of data: PR, SB, MM, BL, JPP, ET. Provision of study materials or patients: SB, MM, BL. Statistical expertise: PR, MG, ET. Drafting the article: PR, SB, ET. Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: All authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acquisition of funding: ET, BL. Administrative, technical, or logistic support: PR, SB, MM, MG, ET. ET takes the responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole.
Authors’ information
ET is actual Chair of the Non-Human Species – Special Interest Group of the International Association for the Study of Pain ( http://www.iasp-pain.org/SIGs/NonHuman/ webcite), member of the Research and Education Committee of the International Veterinary Academy of Pain Management ( http://www.ivapm.org/ webcite) as well as founding member and secretary of the 4AVET association ( http://www.4avet.org webcite).
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Mrs. Anne-Andrée Mignault and Katherine Bernier, for clinical assistance and technical expertise, Guy Beauchamp for the statistical analyses. This study was supported by an unrestricted operating grant (BL, ET) from Medi-Cal/Royal Canin Canada, Inc.; an ongoing New Opportunities Fund grant (ET) from the Canada Foundation for Innovation (#9483); and a Discovery grant (ET) from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (#327158-2008).
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48. Haukoos JS, Lewis RJ: Advanced Statistics: Bootstrapping Confidence Intervals for Statistics with “Difficult” Distributions.
Acad Emerg Med 2005, 12(4):360-365. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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The rfk game boards.
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Email updates
Keep up to date with the latest news and content from Diagnostic Pathology and BioMed Central.
Debate
Parapharyngeal liposarcoma: a case report
Hong Li1*, Xueqin Zhou1, Qian Ran2 and Liuqian Wang1
Author affiliations
1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR, 400037, China
2 Department of Radiology, Xinqiao Hospital, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR, 400037, China
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Citation and License
Diagnostic Pathology 2013, 8:42 doi:10.1186/1746-1596-8-42
Published: 7 March 2013
Abstract
Background
Parapharyngeal liposarcoma is a very rare malignant tumor that often causes nonspecific clinical symptoms, such as progressive dysphagia, globus sensation and/or respiratory disturbances. The combination of radiological imaging techniques and histopathological analysis provides information for diagnosis; however, the pathogenesis is still uncertain.
Case presentation
A 30-year-old male patient presented with a pharyngeal cavity mass, which had been present for 2 years. The clinical syndrome included obstructive sleep apnea symptoms (i.e., respiratory disturbances, excessive daytime somnolence, and headache) and difficulty swallowing. The radiological examination (CT) demonstrated that there was a low-density irregular solid lesion on the posterior wall of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx, which descended to the superior mediastinum and extended to the left parapharyngeal space and sternocleidomastoid muscle. The boundaries of the lesion were clear, and the lesion’s density was nonuniform. Several septations inside the lesion were observed. The CT values of the lesion at the epiglottis and the vocal folds were 11 HU and minus 30 HU, respectively. After enhanced scanning, there was no apparent enhancement of the lesion: the surrounding tissue and blood vessels were squeezed and shifted, but the neighboring sclerotin of the cervical vertebrae was not invaded. The mass was removed via a transcervical approach, resulting in a complete amelioration of the patient’s symptoms. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells expressed members of the B7 superfamily, including B7-H1, B7-DC and B7-H3. In addition, the expression of TIM-containing molecules, including TIM-3 and TIM-4, was observed.
Conclusions
CT and MRI demonstrated that the mass was a parapharyngeal liposarcoma. Furthermore, carcinoma-associated B7 and TIM-containing molecules were observed in the tissue, indicating that these molecules are most likely active in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Virtual Slides
The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1907794973876202 webcite
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Gadgets Review & Analysis
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posting tabbed code
Go4Expert Member
hey...i tried to tab code in a post given http://www.go4expert.com/showthread....ed=1#post32928
...but it just removed the spaces. So....ive seen it done, how?
thanks,
-silcrome
Go4Expert Founder
You need to put the code in the code blocks
Just check the following - http://www.go4expert.com/misc.php?do=bbcode for formatting your posts.
I hope it helps.
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Difference between revisions of "Johnny Klebitz"
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Line 59: Line 59:
===Grand Theft Auto V===
===Grand Theft Auto V===
[[File:JohnnyKlebitz-GTAV.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Johnny Klebitz in [[Grand Theft Auto V]].]]
Sometime after the events of [[The Lost and Damned]], Johnny Klebitz, Ashley and the Alderney Chapter of the [[The Lost Brotherhood|Lost MC]] move to the desert of [[Blaine County]], [[San Andreas in GTA V|San Andreas]]. Either before leaving Liberty City, or after arriving in San Andreas, Johnny and Ashley become close again, and become addicted to meth. After some time in the area, Johnny catches [[Trevor Phillips]] having sex with Ashley, (which was not the first time). [[Ron]] and [[Wade]] attempt to stop Johnny as he approaches Trevor's trailer and yells at him as he exits. Johnny continues to threaten and call on Trevor as he walks away, only to have Trevor stop, intimidate and embarrass him.
Sometime after the events of [[The Lost and Damned]], Johnny Klebitz, Ashley and the Alderney Chapter of the [[The Lost Brotherhood|Lost MC]] move to the desert of [[Blaine County]], [[San Andreas in GTA V|San Andreas]]. Either before leaving Liberty City, or after arriving in San Andreas, Johnny and Ashley become close again, and become addicted to meth. After some time in the area, Johnny catches [[Trevor Phillips]] having sex with Ashley, (which was not the first time). [[Ron]] and [[Wade]] attempt to stop Johnny as he approaches Trevor's trailer and yells at him as he exits. Johnny continues to threaten and call on Trevor as he walks away, only to have Trevor stop, intimidate and embarrass him.
Line 167: Line 166:
<gallery widths="120" captionalign="left">
<gallery widths="120" captionalign="left">
File:JohnnyKlebitz-GTAIV.jpg|Johnny's different appearance in GTA IV.
File:JohnnyKlebitz-GTAIV.jpg|Johnny's different appearance in GTA IV.
+
File:JohnnyKlebitz-GTAV.jpg|Johnny Klebitz in [[Grand Theft Auto V|GTA V]].
File:JohnnyKlebitz-Artwork.jpg|Concept artwork of Johnny Klebitz.
File:JohnnyKlebitz-Artwork.jpg|Concept artwork of Johnny Klebitz.
File:JohnnyKlebitz-Artwork2.jpg|Concept artwork of Johnny Klebitz on a Hexer with a backrest and a different exhaust pipe design.
File:JohnnyKlebitz-Artwork2.jpg|Concept artwork of Johnny Klebitz on a Hexer with a backrest and a different exhaust pipe design.
Revision as of 00:21, 25 September 2013
Character
Johnny Klebitz
Appearances GTA IV
The Lost and Damned
The Ballad of Gay Tony
GTA V
Full Name Johnny Klebitz
Status
Deceased
Gender Male
Date of Birth 1974
Place of Birth Acter, Alderney
Date of Death 2013
Age at Death 39
Nationality American
Home Acter, Alderney
Family Michael Klebitz (brother)
Main Affiliations The Lost Brotherhood
Elizabeta Torres (? - 2008)
Ray Boccino (2008)
Thomas Stubbs (2008)
Uptown Riders (2008)
Dave Grossman (2008)
Russian Mafia (2008)
Niko Bellic (2008)
Trevor Philips (2013)
Vehicles White-blue custom Hexer
Hellfury (in GTA IV)
Businesses Drug Dealing
Motorcycle hijacking
Motorcycle racing
Contract Killing
Voiced by Scott Hill
Jonathan "Johnny" Klebitz is a 34-year old character in the HD Universe, appearing in Grand Theft Auto IV, The Lost and Damned, The Ballad of Gay Tony and Grand Theft Auto V, the second of which he is the protagonist for. In 2008, Johnny is the acting president of The Lost Brotherhood motorcycle gang, while the gang's leader, Billy Grey, was incarcerated. While he is the leader, Klebitz maintains a relative peace between The Lost Brotherhood and the gang's rival, The Angels of Death.
Description
Childhood
Johnny Klebitz was born in 1974, and at age 34, he is the oldest of the three GTA IV protagonists, with Niko being behind Johnny at 30 and Luis being the youngest at 25. He was born in Acter, Alderney (likely grew up there, as he still lives in Alderney) to a Jewish family. It is implied that his parents always thought he would not amount to much (in Off Route, Johnny steals a bus and sometimes says, "Mom always told me I'd be a bus driver."). He has a brother, Michael Klebitz, who introduced him to Billy Grey as children in 1984 when Johnny was 10 and Michael/Billy were both 15. Ironically, Michael is a soldier serving in Iraq, is a law-abiding citizen, and criticizes Johnny's biker lifestyle and criminal association with Billy.
Adulthood
Johnny's criminal record shows rigorous activity between 1991 and 1994, when Johnny would have been between 17 and 20. He was put in prison soon after, and had a parole violation in 2000, meaning he did up to six years. (However this is unlikely as he was in Los Santos in 2004). Klebitz tells a friend of Thomas Stubbs that he has not had a job since he was released from prison. One of the patches on Johnny's jacket reads 'I Rode Mine Los Santos 2004’. Among his many scars, it has also been implied that he is blind in one eye, when talking to Clay Simons, he says "Oh. I should use my good eye." Also, during a conversation with Billy Grey early on in The Lost and Damned, Johnny states that he weighs 230 lbs.
Johnny, unlike Billy, actually cares about the future of The Lost Brotherhood and its members, but is quick to shut down anyone who is wrong or disobeys him. Before Jim was murdered, he seemed to care more about The Lost than many of his friends. Johnny is also much more headstrong and sensible than the other bikers.
Additionally, Johnny and Ashley Butler used to date, but he ended the relationship with her due to her affair with Billy Grey, as well as her drug addiction. He still cares for her, but believes the drugs have completely taken over her life. He will still do anything to protect her, as shown when he receives a phone call from her and drops what he was doing to give her aid. Like with Ashley, Johnny also sympathizes with Roman Bellic, a stranger to him, later on in the mission "Roman's Holiday," even asking the Russians to go easy on him, though Johnny had no choice in the kidnapping.
The Lost and Damned
Immediately, when Billy Grey gets out of rehab, he became angry with Johnny for not having his bike ready for him. Grey then proceeded to start a fight with The Angels of Death (A.o.D.) just so he could reunite with his bike. This created tension, not only between the two gangs, but also between Billy and Johnny. This quickly escalated into a war between the Lost and the A.o.D.
Billy Grey threw several parties at the Lost clubhouse to celebrate his release from prison. While being visited by part-time lawyer, part-time biker, Dave Grossman, Klebitz had a sit-down with Billy and the two discussed the tension between them. When they began to start agreeing with each others' point of view, Grey was sent a text message from someone, informing of some members of The Lost being jumped by members of The Angels of Death. After rescuing the attacked Lost members, Grey was informed of the death of Jason Michaels, who was killed by an unknown hired gun (which was actually Niko Bellic).
Grey manipulated the situation by blaming the Angels of Death in order to rally the gang to attack their clubhouse, even after he informed other members of The Lost Brotherhood that it was a "Pole" or "Serb" hitman. During the attack, Grey found two duffel bags full of heroin, and planned to steal and sell them. This created even more tension between Klebitz and Grey.
Billy later called Klebitz and told him to speak with Elizabeta Torres, who had found a buyer for the stolen heroin. Torres informed Klebitz about the deal and sent Niko Bellic (who Klebitz obviously did not recognize as Jason's killer) and Playboy X to accompany him. The deal, however, was an undercover LCPD sting operation. After some commotion, Klebitz escaped with the heroin.
Billy then called Klebitz again and told him to meet up with Congressmen Thomas Stubbs III to help him with some "dirty laundry" and other sensitive situations.
The Lost Brotherhood later found out that the heroin they stole from The Angels of Death originally belonged to the Triads. Grey and Jeremy thought that they should keep the heroin, but Klebitz and Fitzgerald convinced the gang to get rid of it, due to the LCPD being onto them. The four of them went to the deal, but only Klebitz and Fitzgerald went in to speak to the Triads, who immediately attacked them and stole the heroin. As Johnny and Jim escaped to a rooftop, they saw Billy crash his bike. He was then surrounded by LCPD officers, angered and screaming out that Klebitz had set him up. This eventually split the Lost into two factions, one led by Klebitz and one by Jeremy (after this event, Johnny's jacket changed from reading Vice President to Loyal President).
Jim Fitzgerald later introduced Klebitz to Malc and DeSean of the Uptown Riders. Once again, Johnny spoke with Elizabeta Torres and she said that she needed a job done, pairing him with his new allies Malc and DeSean. Fitzgerald later introduced Klebitz to Ray Boccino, a Capo of the Pegorino Family, who directed Klebitz to Brian's hideout (because Boccino believed the Lost civil war is bad for business), which resulted in the possible death of Brian.
Ashley Butler, an ex-girlfriend, pleaded for his help, saying that she was being held hostage for her debts to Dimitri Rascalov. As payment, Dimitri demanded that Klebitz kidnap a man named Roman Bellic for him.
Later, Ray Boccino had Klebitz accompany Niko Bellic to a diamond deal with the Jewish Mob. Klebitz, however, took off with the money after Luis Fernando Lopez ambushed the deal. Ray then kidnapped Fitzgerald in retaliation and tortured him in the basement of Drusilla's to try to get his money back, until Klebitz showed up to rescue Jim. The two later escaped and Johnny called Ashley Butler to meet her at the clubhouse. Ashley told him that Boccino had her convince Johnny to work with him in the first place so Ray could use The Lost, while neglecting their pay. She also revealed that Jim Fitzgerald has been killed by one of Boccino's hitmen (who, unknown to Klebitz, was actually Niko Bellic again).
Upon this loss, Thomas Stubbs III met with Johnny at the clubhouse, and informed him that Boccino will either be in jail or dead in a month, as well as of Billy Grey's plans to rat out Johnny and Angus Martin, fellow member of The Lost, in order to be released from prison. Johnny got everyone left in the Alderney Chapter of The Lost to break into the Alderney State Correctional Facility, in order for Klebitz to personally silence Billy. After escaping the prison, Klebitz and the remaining members of The Lost discovered that their clubhouse had been ransacked and destroyed by Ray's goons. After reflecting on the stupidity of it all, Johnny ordered the remains of the clubhouse burned down, and the surviving members of The Lost Brotherhood - Alderney Chapter (he, Terry, Clay and Angus) watched the clubhouse burn as they prepare for an unknown and unexpected future.
Grand Theft Auto V
Sometime after the events of The Lost and Damned, Johnny Klebitz, Ashley and the Alderney Chapter of the Lost MC move to the desert of Blaine County, San Andreas. Either before leaving Liberty City, or after arriving in San Andreas, Johnny and Ashley become close again, and become addicted to meth. After some time in the area, Johnny catches Trevor Phillips having sex with Ashley, (which was not the first time). Ron and Wade attempt to stop Johnny as he approaches Trevor's trailer and yells at him as he exits. Johnny continues to threaten and call on Trevor as he walks away, only to have Trevor stop, intimidate and embarrass him.
At the moment Trevor is enraged at the confrontation and just discovering that Michael Townley was still alive via news about the jewelery store robbery. Johnny and Trevor seem to be ready to talk things over, but suddenly Trevor slams Johnny into the ground, smashes a bottle into his face, then stomps on him, killing him instantly. Trevor goes on to kill the rest of the Lost MC in Blaine County including Terry Thorpe and Clay Simmons.
Personality
Johnny's personality can be sometimes questionable, he acts calm and laid back when not mad, but his temper (just like some of the other protagonist) can quickly change if he is angry, he is always ready to protect and defend his other brothers in a tight situation. It can be noted that Johnny might be scared of Niko Bellic, as during the mission Collector's Item, he will run into bodies of mafia men that Niko Bellic killed and will say something like "Shit, you don't want to get in that Slav's way!".
Mission Appearances
Grand Theft Auto IV
The Lost and Damned
• As the protagonist, he appears in every mission.
The Ballad of Gay Tony
Grand Theft Auto V
Murders committed by Johnny
• Ed McCornish - Killed for blackmailing Jim Fitzgerald
• Jimmy Matthews - Killed for blackmailing Jim Fitzgerald.
• Arthur Stubbs - Killed on orders of Thomas Stubbs III and makes it look like a terrorist act.
• Brian Jeremy - Killed for betraying him.
• Evan Moss - Killed for having the diamonds for the trade.
• Billy Grey - Killed for attempting to rat out The Lost Brotherhood.
LCPD Database record
Surname: Klebitz
First Name: Johnny
Age: 34
Place of Birth: Acter, Alderney
Affiliations: Member of the Alderney Chapter of the Lost MC
Criminal Record:
• 1991 - Grand Theft Auto
• 1993 - Assault
• 1994 - Manslaughter
• 2000 - Parole Violation
Notes:
• Believed to be the second in command of the Alderney Chapter of the Lost Outlaw Motorcycle Gang.
• Assumed control of the gang when its head, Billy Grey, was been incarcerated.
• Exact nature of the relationship between Grey and Klebitz is unknown.
• Under his command, the Lost MC has been able to co-exist with their rivals the Angels of Death in relative peace.
• Ties to known South Bohan drug dealer, Elizabeta Torres.
Johnny's patches
Gang Insignia and name
Johnny's main patch may not be consistent with that of a real biker gang. Johnny has the main logo, however he only has one rocker (crescent shaped patch surrounding the logo) above this stating the gangs name. This would represent that this biker gang is a ride-only gang (a two piece patch). A three piece patch would represent an outlaw motorcycle gang, which The Lost clearly is either way.
Colored wings
The colored wing patches on the jackets of motorcycle gangs are represented sexual acts, all of which had to be witnessed. According to Johnny's jacket, the red wings means he has preformed oral on a menstruating female, the yellow wings means one of two things, one being he has drank female urine and the other being he has urinated onto a female, the white wings means he has given a female a facial, (the act of ejaculating onto ones face at the end of the intercourse) and the black wings mean he has had sex with a colored woman.
Others
• Johnny has a patch with TLMC, obviously just an abbreviation of the gangs name.
• Johnny, Terry Thorpe, and Brian Jeremy all have an "I Rode Mine Los Santos 2004" patch.
• Johnny has a skull and an 8-Ball patch on his collar. The skull represents that the specific member has killed for their gang, and the 8-Ball means that the specific member preformed homosexual sodomy with another member. However, the skull and 8-Ball may just be a reference to the Rampage and Car Bomb icons from the 3rd era of GTA. Also, if Johnny had preformed sodomy (male or female) he would also have a patch with brown wings.
Trivia
• Johnny has a strong resemblance to professional basketball player Jason Kidd.
• Johnny shares the same age as Dan Houser, founder of Rockstar and writer of the Grand Theft Auto games. Both are born in 1974.
• One of Johnny's patches says: "I Rode Mine Los Santos 2004". This means, that Johnny was in San Andreas in 2004 along with Brian Jeremy and Terry Thorpe, who have the same patch. Also, this could be a reference to the year that Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas was released, which was 2004.
• Two of Johnny's buttons on his jacket collar are an 8-Ball and a skull. The buttons may possibly be homages to the Car Bomb and Rampage icons of the Grand Theft Auto III series.
• If you move quickly, you can see Johnny fleeing down the staircase and out the back of the museum, when playing as Niko in the mission Museum Piece. According to the storyline in the The Lost and the Damned however, Niko escaped first, with Johnny following behind on the stairs, commenting on the amount of corpses left behind by Niko.
• Johnny's physical appearance from GTA IV to The Lost and Damned had slightly changed. In the original GTA IV, he wore a beige vest with The Lost Brotherhood logo on the back. Many of his tattoos were also shown. Some of his scars were more visible too. This is seemingly a retcon.
• Players will eventually notice that Johnny walks, runs, and sprints slightly slower than Niko and Luis. It is implied this is from a motorcycle crash as he exclaims "Oh not again!" or "Not another crash!" when crashing into things during gameplay.
• Johnny's nose is slightly bent, implying it was broken at one point.
• Johnny has another "pair of pants". It appears that the texture files include another texture for the pants model, but it was never used in-game.
• Whenever players go to save the game, Johnny has an unusual way of sleeping. Instead of lying down on the mattress like Niko and Luis, he simply sits down, puts his elbows on his knees, and nods off. The reason for this behavior is unknown, but it might be because both beds offered at either safehouse are incredibly filthy and he chooses not to lie down on them.
• After becoming Chapter President of The Lost in the mission This Shit's Cursed, his patch on his jacket changes from "Vice President" to "President". That explains the 2 texture files for his jacket in the game files.
• The Vice President one is: upper_diff_000_a_uni.wtd
• The President one is: upper_diff_000_b_uni.wtd
• During the mission Off Route, Johnny mentions driving the prison bus is, "just like driving an eighteen wheeler," insinuating he has experience with semi-trailer trucks.
• Johnny, like all other GTA IV-era protagonists, have Grand Theft Auto on their criminal records.
• His white and blue Hexer may be a reference to the fact that Johnny is of Jewish descent, as white and blue are the national colors of Israel.
• Johnny has different colored wings on his vest. In the outlaw biker world, each color stands for a different sexual act.
• In the Lost Clubhouse, above the bar and in the room before the computer and TV, on the left wall are pictures of Johnny, with his old GTA IV clothes on, but with his new face texture. There is also a large picture of what looks like Johnny's back showing the patch, however it is a close up and the head cannot be seen.
• Johnny is similar to John Marston, the main protagonist from another Rockstar game, Red Dead Redemption. Both have a rough voice and background, both rode in a gang, both of their significant others (Ashley Butler and Abigail Marston) had slept with one or more of their gang members, and both were betrayed by their gang's leader (Billy Grey and Bill Williamson) after they had gone insane and lost their ways. Both are also seen wielding a Sawn off shotgun on their covers. It is possible one character is based on the other.
• There is dialouge that suggests Johnny may be somewhat suicidal. During gun battles Johnny will shout things such as "I don't care if I die!" and "Kill me already!"
• Johnny and Brian Jeremy have the exact same tattoo on the back right side of their necks of a demonic face, suggesting that at one point Johnny and Brian were actually close brothers.
• Johnny is the only protagonist of the GTA IV era to speak one language: English. Niko speaks Serbian, Luis speaks Spanish, and Huang speaks Mandarin Chinese.
• Although not directly, it is implied Johnny has little to no experience in aviation. Niko was a pilot during the war and Luis has a Pilots License Certificate in his apartment.
• Johnny, Carl Johnson, Franklin Clinton, and Michael De Santa are the only protagonists confirmed to smoke marijuana.
• Johnny and The Lost MC do not have the cresent shaped rocker that states there home which real outlaw biker gangs with more than one Chapter will have. There should be a rocker with ALDERNEY on the bottom, as should the Broker Chapter have LIBERTY CITY. Strangely the Angels of Death sport their home town rocker, so it's strange the Lost was overlooked in this feature.
• Johnny states that during one of his prison stints he punched out license plates for a year.
• Johnny is the only protagonist to act as a boss in his own game, paying Malc to help him kidnap Roman Bellic.
• Johnny and Victor Vance are the only protagonists known to be killed.
• In his appearance in Grand Theft Auto V, Johnny is wearing a Vice President patch instead of President patch. This would mean that between 2008 and 2013 Johnny was demoted to Vice President with an unknown stepping in as Chapter President, or it was just an overlooked detail.
Gallery
External link
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
ISRN Gastroenterology
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 352718, 12 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/352718
Review Article
Microscopic Colitis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Current Management—An Update 2013
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
Received 10 March 2013; Accepted 28 March 2013
Academic Editors: J. M. Pajares, L. Rodrigo, and C. Sperti
Copyright © 2013 Martin Alexander Storr. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Microscopic colitis is a common cause of chronic diarrhea. Over the last years the incidence and the prevalence of microscopic colitis are rising and this rise is largely attributed to a rising awareness, and concomitantly an increasing number of diagnoses are made. Patients with microscopic colitis report watery, nonbloody diarrhea of chronic, intermittent, or chronic recurrent course. Following an unremarkable physical examination the diagnosis of microscopic colitis is made by colonoscopy, which shows essentially a normal colonic mucosa. Biopsies taken during the colonoscopy procedure will then finally establish the correct diagnosis. Histological workup can then confirm a diagnosis of microscopic colitis and can distinguish the two distinct histological forms, namely, collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. Presently both forms are diagnosed and treated in the same way; thus the description of the two forms is not of clinical value, though this may change in future. Depending on the patients age and gender 10–30% of patients investigated for chronic diarrhea will be diagnosed with microscopic colitis if biopsies are taken. Microscopic colitis is most common in older patients, especially in female patients and is frequently associated with autoimmune disorders and the consumption of several drugs. This review summarizes the present knowledge of the epidemiology, the pathophysiology, and the diagnosis of microscopic colitis and discusses the former and the present treatment options.
1. Introduction
Microscopic colitis is a relatively recent term used for a group of gastrointestinal diseases where chronic watery diarrhea is the leading symptom. The term was coined approximately 30 years ago in a journal case report on a patient with chronic diarrhea. In this specific case report, where the diagnostic workup and the clinical context as well as therapeutic decisions were discussed, the mild inflammatory changes seen by the pathologist in the colonic mucosa where judged as being not-related [1]. The term collagenous colitis is actually a few years older and collagenous colitis now stands for one major form of microscopic colitis [2]. The more recent term, namely, lymphocytic colitis, stands for the other defined major form of microscopic colitis [1]. It is an ongoing matter of debate whether lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis really are one disease and should be discussed together as microscopic colitis or whether they are two different diseases that just share some features like clinical presentation and are presently treated in the same way [36]. From pathophysiological models these two entities in fact may present two different disorders, and from epidemiological date, where female to male ratio is differently distributed in collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis, there are strong arguments that the two diseases are incorrectly grouped together. Additionally from published clinical case reports there is no change of histology from one disease to the other, forming another strong argument that collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis may be two distinct diseases. To complicate the matter, just recently a limited number of the so-called paucicellular lymphocytic colitis papers tried to add a third entity under the umbrella of microscopic colitis. Though there seems to be some evidence that paucicellular lymphocytic colitis may exist, there is recent immunohistochemical evidence that it may not be regarded as a member of the microscopic colitis family as some key features of paucicellular lymphocytic colitis, like negative CD25 and FOXP3 immunostaining, clearly distinguishe paucicellular colitis from microscopic colitis [7, 8]. Very recently the term incomplete microscopic colitis (MCi) was introduced, for patients with diarrhea and an increase of cellular infiltrates, that do not fulfill the histological criteria of collagenous colitis or lymphocytic colitis. Whether this selection of patients has to be considered as patients with microscopic colitis or as patients where microscopic colitis is ruled out has to be clarified in future clinical studies [9]. Pathological workup has to rule out the least common of the colitides, namely, eosinophilic colitis. This rare disease has gained increasing awareness during the last years and may still be underestimated but is clearly distinct from microscopic colitis [1012].
Nowadays we know that the inflammatory changes are closely related to the symptom chronic diarrhea though there are still plenty of unanswered questions like what causes the specific microscopic changes, are the microscopic changes primary pathogenetic changes or secondary changes, and the burning question: what is the exact mechanism that causes diarrhea, when the mucosa is inflamed [13]? We do know that microscopic colitis is an inflammatory disease of the intestine and thus it is regarded as being a new member of the group of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [14].
The pathophysiology of microscopic colitis is still unknown but there is strong evidence that microscopic colitis is frequently associated with the use of certain medications and certain systemic disorders (such as autoimmune and rheumatic disease). An invasive endoscopic examination will show a normal colon with macroscopically not inflamed mucosa, and since the typical histological changes in microscopic colitis can be patchy, it is crucial to take biopsies from all colon regions to allow the pathologist to make the diagnosis of microscopic colitis. Presently it is recommended to harvest at least two biopsies from the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum, in order to have a sensitivity greater than 95%.
Treatment has evolved over the last years and whereas up to 10 years ago antidiarrheal and anti-inflammatory drugs where the mainstay of microscopic colitis treatment, newer clinical trials and meta-analyses have established budesonide as the treatment of first choice of both, collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis in the acute and in the long-term treatment.
2. Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Associated Diseases of Microscopic Colitis
Following its first description in the early 80, microscopic colitis was felt to be a rare disease [1, 2, 1518]. Over the last thirty years we have learned the opposite, that microscopic colitis is a common disease with high incidences and very high prevalence. Early epidemiologic data extracted mainly from retrospective studies that were performed in Sweden showed rising incidences from the years 1983–1998, whereas in the early years of the analyses only scattered and sporadic cases of collagenous colitis and 10 years later also lymphocytic colitis were reported, in the latter years incidences of collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis ranged from 3–5 per 10000 [1922]. What we learned from these studies is that microscopic colitis is a disease of mainly older people, especially of older female patients and this holds true for collagenous colitis and for lymphocytic colitis [23]. Newer epidemiologic studies done in this century confirmed these high incidence numbers showing that actual incidence and prevalence numbers are higher than initially thought and are still able to show rising incidences, though the rise is far less pronounced than before. Most recent north American studies show incidence rates of 7.1 per 100,000 person-years for collagenous colitis and 12.6 per 100,000 person-years for lymphocytic colitis, respectively [24]. The overall prevalence for microscopic colitis was reported being 103.0 per 100,000 persons and splits up into 39.3 per 100,000 persons for collagenous colitis and 63.7 per 100,000 persons for lymphocytic colitis. Both incidence and prevalence rates of microscopic colitis approach those of the classical inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease [21, 25]. Newer epidemiological studies confirm these high incidences and prevalences also in the European population and in the Asian population and the incidence rates and the prevalence rates for collagenous colitis in the western world seem to level out, whereas the incidence rates for lymphocytic colitis are still rising [2631].
For a long time it was a matter of debate what drives the rising incidence and a recent study identified that clearly awareness of the disease and practice style of the endoscopists and the pathologists involved are the major drivers for the still rising incidence [32]. The study identified that especially endoscopists with an academic practice style, compared to a private practice setting, were more likely to make a diagnosis of microscopic colitis. Interestingly it was the endoscopists with lower annual endoscopy volumes and physicians with a gastroenterology, compared to an internal medicine or surgery background, performing the colonoscopies who had the highest diagnostic yield for microscopic colitis [32].
The newest clinical studies suggest that at least for collagenous colitis the incidence rates have now leveled out whereas the incidence rates for lymphocytic colitis are still rising [31]. Whether this is just an epiphenomenon of an awareness-detection bias or whether this indicates a still rising true incidence, maybe driven by an increase of a pathological factor (e.g., drug use, environmental factor, and nutritional factor), is a matter of debate and has to be clarified in prospective clinical trials rather than in retrospective or observational studies. With awareness being a recognized driver for the rising incidence rates, recent and forthcoming awareness initiatives may help to increase microscopic detection rates even further [13, 33, 34].
Established risk factors for microscopic colitis are female gender [21, 35, 36], higher age [21, 35, 36], concomitant autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease or celiac disease [3739], a past or current diagnosis of malignancy [40, 41], and a history of solid organ transplant [42].
Female gender is a major risk factor and this gender preference is somewhat more pronounced in collagenous colitis [21, 24, 35, 36, 43, 44]. The reasons for this gender distribution are unknown and possible contributions of hormonal alterations or an ascertainment bias in women remain speculative. In population-based studies the female to male ratio ranges from 4.4–7.9 to one for collagenous colitis and only from 1.8–5.0 to one for lymphocytic colitis [20, 21, 24, 35, 36, 40]. Whether this gender difference is due to a reporting bias in epidemiological studies of small numbers yet has to be determined. Talking about gender differences, it is worth mentioning that, in one report, patients that got pregnant after a diagnosis of microscopic colitis lost their clinical symptoms of the microscopic colitis. This loss of symptoms was sustainable and was also evident after child birth. Though other features were not tested, this observation suggests that hormone status may play a role in the pathophysiology of microscopic colitis and warrants further investigation [19].
Numerous studies established that the incidence of microscopic colitis increases substantially with advancing age [21, 35, 36] and the mean age when a diagnosis of microscopic colitis is made lies in the fifth and sixth decades. The reasons for this age distribution are unknown. It has to be kept in mind that this age distribution may be biased, since we are less likely to perform colonoscopies with or without biopsies in younger adults or pediatric patients, and may thus underestimate incidences in younger populations [45]. Prospective clinical trials are needed to establish incidences in younger populations.
30–50% of patients with microscopic colitis have at least one concomitant autoimmune disease. In 10–20% there is an association with thyroid disease and this was shown in early smaller and latter larger cohorts in different populations [21, 37, 38, 40]. Celiac disease is reported to be associated in 5–25% of patients with microscopic colitis and the association with autoimmune disease is stronger with collagenous colitis [22, 38, 40, 44]. Association with malignant disease is less pronounced, but still up to 10% of patients with microscopic colitis have been diagnosed with some form of malignant disease [40]. In patients that received solid organ transplantation, incidence rate of microscopic colitis is approximately 50-fold higher than in the general population [42]. Whether this is due to the disease that led to organ failure and transplantation or more likely due to the immunosuppressant or concomitant medication is not studied yet. Frequently rheumatic disease is listed in the list of associations but it remains unclear whether the disease or the medication or both contribute to this association
Recent casuistic report found juvenile spondylarthritis or the SAPHO syndrome to be associated with microscopic colitis, but other than this, little is known about disease associations in the pediatric population [46, 47].
Strong associations were furthermore reported for microscopic colitis and certain drugs, and the possible causative nature of these associations is a matter of ongoing discussions and study activity. Whereas retrospective data show strong associations, prospective data is still missing and will be soon available. Strong associations were reported for specific NSAIDs, PPIs, SSRIs, beta blockers, statins, and bisphosphonates [19, 4850]. Interestingly in patients with collagenous colitis, NSAIDs and SSRIs are more commonly used, while in patients with lymphocytic colitis, SSRIs, beta blockers, statins, and bisphosphonates are more commonly used [49, 5153]. Whether these are just random discrepancies or true differences with different pathophysiologies is unclear, but due to the major impact and consequences such differences would have, further research on these associations seems imperative. For NSAIDs there are good reports that symptoms and histological changes improve with cessation and return with reintroduction giving strong arguments to the notion that these drugs are of major relevance in the pathophysiology of microscopic colitis [54]. A very recent study identified that PPI use increases the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes even without causing diarrhea. This is inasmuch of importance as many authors discuss the association of PPIs and microscopic colitis as being irrelevant since diarrhea is a possible side effect of PPIs and thus may lead to increased diagnostic and in consequence to increased diagnosis of microscopic colitis. Whether this means that intraepithelial lymphocytes are increased before symptom onset or that increased lymphocytes do not cause symptoms in some patients is not clear yet and awaits to be clarified in prospective studies [55]. From present literature it has to be assumed that PPIs are associated with microscopic colitis and this holds true for all known PPIs, though the evidence for such an association seems to be best established for lansoprazole. Though drug disease association plays a strong role in patients with microscopic colitis, considering the large group of drug users and the relatively low incidence of microscopic colitis, drug-induced cases of microscopic colitis are most likely the result of a idiosyncratic reaction [56].
There are numerous reports on other drug uses being associated with microscopic colitis and these associations were reported in individual patients or in small uncontrolled case series. These associations show up for microscopic colitis or the different entities collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. It is presently unclear what these sporadic associations mean and whether these associations mean anything at all or whether they are just random associations. From a 2013 perspective it seems unlikely that these associations are just random since the numbers of patients on which these observations are made are reportedly high. For all the drugs that seem to be associated with microscopic colitis it is always worth to pause these medications if possible and see whether symptoms of the patients improve. If symptoms improve the association may be regarded as relevant, and termination of the harmful medication and replacement with alternative drugs should be recommended. Therefore this review gives a comprehensive list of drugs, even the rare ones implicated to be involved in microscopic colitis (Table 1). Overall it is worth noticing that lymphocytic colitis seems to be associated with drug use more often compared to collagenous colitis and this observation is worth being studied further as it may be one confounder why the incidence of lymphocytic colitis is still rising. Recently duloxetine was reported to induce lymphocytic colitis [57]. In this context it is worth mentioning that not every drug that is associated with a colitis results in microscopic colitis as, for example, for mycophenolate associated colitis, histological changes are clearly distinct from changes seen in microscopic colitis [58].
Table 1: Drugs frequently associated with microscopic colitis.
3. Etiology
The etiology of microscopic is most likely multifactorial with a mucosal inflammatory response to yet not specified noxious luminal agent occurring in a predisposed host. The noxious luminal agent may be a single one, or multiple ones summing up to an individual threshold.
Technically microscopic colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the disease shares a number of etiological aspects with the so-called classical inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Amongst the possible predisposing and/or contributing factors for microscopic colitis, genetic factors and intraluminal noxious factors are best studied.
Though a limited number of familial clusters of microscopic colitis have been reported, there is only minimal evidence of a genetic component within the etiology of microscopic colitis. And this holds true for collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. All reported so-called family clusters are very small and comprise a maximum of 2 reported family members. In contrast there is evidence of a predisposition of sensitivity to gastrointestinal inflammatory insults in patients with microscopic colitis since up to 12% of patients with microscopic colitis have a family history of celiac disease or even inflammatory bowel disease [22]. The meaning of the association between HLA-DQ2, DQ1, DQ3, and microscopic colitis and the high prevalence of a TNFα gene polymorphisms in patients with microscopic colitis deserves further attention as it may lead to a discovery of a hereditary component of microscopic colitis of presently unknown penetration [59]. Furthermore metalloproteinase-9 gene variations have been reported to be associated with collagenous colitis [60] but the meaning of all the presently reported genetic associations is poorly understood and the respective research is presently not driven by hypotheses rather than by incidental observations or genetic screening.
Very strong evidence exists for an autoimmune basis to the development of both collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. The association of microscopic colitis with autoimmune-based disorders such as celiac, thyroid disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as the female preponderance, supports the notion that both forms of microscopic colitis have a strong association with autoimmune diseases and may well be an autoimmune disorder themselves. But to date no specific autoantibody has been identified as being diagnostic for or being associated with collagenous colitis or lymphocytic colitis [37]. It is though known that microscopic colitis can be found together with various autoantibodies and phenotypes like HLA DR3 phenotype, though these associations are not strong enough to be regarded as being diagnostically relevant or useful, nor do we know what these associations mean.
Luminal factors of whatever kind seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of microscopic colitis. Numerous drugs were reported to have a high or at least intermediate probability of causality in microscopic colitis and the drugs found to have high or intermediate associations with microscopic colitis are listed in Table 1. Interestingly, drug association profiles for collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis are different, and for lymphocytic colitis the association with certain drugs seem to be stronger than that for collagenous colitis. This once again suggests that collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis may be two distinct diseases and do not share a common pathophysiology. The drugs listed as being associated with microscopic colitis should be discontinued when microscopic colitis is diagnosed and drug use is confirmed as this may result in an immediate resolution of the symptoms reported by the respective patient [54]. Especially for NSAIDs, PPIs, and antidepressant or antipsychotic drugs, where the probability is high that symptoms may be caused or at least promoted by the respective drug, the drug should be timely discontinued.
Other luminal factors like infectious or even toxic agents are supported by studies that found either onset of microscopic colitis following a gastrointestinal infection or improvement of symptoms with the initiation of antibiotics in the context of a proven or suspected gastrointestinal infection [19]. Yesinia species [61], Clostridium difficile [62], and Campylobacter species [63] were suggested in published case reports to cause microscopic colitis, though interpreting these observations in the context of current knowledge, it is most likely that these cases are of sporadic nature. In some small retrospective case series, bile acid malabsorption has been found in up to 60% of patients with lymphocytic and up to 44% of patients with collagenous colitis supporting the notion that microscopic colitis may at least in some patients be caused by bile acid malabsorption. Whether bile acid malabsorption is causative or not remains questionable as later studies were unable to confirm these observations [64]. Still, this may direct therapeutic decisions and especially in patients with a cholecystectomy, a bile acid directed treatment should be considered.
Basic science is still in its infancy, when it comes to studying microscopic colitis and possible causes, drivers, mechanisms, or even pathophysiological models. A recent benchside study employing sigmoid tissues from patients with collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis was able to identify that sodium transport and epithelial barrier function are disturbed in patients with microscopic colitis [65]. Unfortunately it remains unclear whether these reported changes are of causal nature, of transient nature, or a consequence of the underlying microscopic colitis. But even though these descriptive studies at least initiate a scientific discussion on what may be mechanisms underlying or involved in the development and the resolution of microscopic colitis, these small mechanistic studies have to be carefully taken since such studies are highly artificial in the techniques they use and therefore the results are most likely influenced not only by numerous circumstances like laboratory procedures and protocols but also by patients drug use, patients age, and even patients nutritional status. Thus such information has to be considered as hypotheses generating information that hopefully guides future prospective studies that help us to understand the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis, maintenance, and resolution of microscopic colitis and symptoms associated with the histological changes.
Using molecular techniques it was reported that in patients with microscopic colitis increased IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels suggest a Th1 cytokine profile being involved in the inflammatory process [65]. It is presently not fully understood what the differences in mucosal lymphocyte subsets, seen in patients with collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis, mean [66]. This information may help us to understand the inflammatory mechanisms involved and it may be useful for future therapeutic approaches.
Environmental factors may play a crucial role in the etiology of microscopic colitis, though other than cigarette smoking presently no other such factor is confirmed. For both collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis cigarette smoking is more prevalent compared to subjects without microscopic colitis and first reports suggest that lung cancer is associated with microscopic colitis [41, 6769]. The odds ratio for lymphocytic colitis and smoking (OR, 3.8) is higher than for collagenous colitis and smoking (OR, 2.4), though this difference was presently calculated on a small cohort of 120 patients with collagenous colitis, 70 patients with lymphocytic colitis, and 128 controls and thus has to be verified in larger groups of patients [70]. Interestingly, it was additionally shown that microscopic colitis occurs roughly 10 years earlier when the respective person is an active smoker, stressing the relevance of cigarette smoking to the pathophysiology of microscopic colitis [68]. Beyond the strong results from association studies it would be of great impact to learn whether cessation of smoking would cure microscopic colitis or at least be beneficial to the patients symptoms, and a prospective clinical trial answering this seems worthwhile.
In addition to the inflammatory component in the pathophysiology of microscopic colitis, there may be an additional neuronal component to pathophysiology. A recent study identified increased chromogranin A, chromogranin B, and secretoneurin levels in feces of patients with collagenous colitis compared to relevant control groups. These observations may point to a neurogenic involvement in microscopic colitis and additionally these stool markers are suggested to be helpful in discriminating microscopic colitis from irritable bowel syndrome or classical inflammatory bowel disease [71].
4. Clinical Presentation
Collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis present with very similar symptoms and from a clinical perspective there is no specific symptom or clinical feature that allows discriminating one or the other. Thus the differentiation between the two entities is made by histology only.
The typical clinical presentation involves chronic (either recurrent or intermittent) relapsing watery, nonbloody diarrhea [72, 73]. Only a minority of patients present with an acute onset of their symptoms. Though diarrhea can be moderate to severe in some patients, complications such as changes in electrolyte levels or dehydration are extremely rare.
In contrast to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms in patients with microscopic colitis can include nocturnal bowel motions, arthralgias, and fecal incontinence. Other associated symptoms like mild abdominal pain, fatigue, and slight weight loss are similar to the symptoms of patients with IBS and make the diseases difficult to be diagnosed clinically [74]. A recent prospective study on 120 patients identified that clinical symptomatology is inefficient in distinguishing patients with IBS from patients with microscopic colitis and suggested that a colonoscopy is imperative, latest when antibiotic treatment does not relieve the patients symptoms [6, 75]. Similarly to the symptomatic overlap between IBS and microscopic colitis, there is substantial symptom overlap between patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and microscopic colitis. A recent prospective study performed in patients previously diagnosed with IBS suggested that a colonoscopy with biopsies is imperative in these patients and even a routine glucose H2 breath test should be considered, at least when microscopic colitis is ruled out [74]. The majority of patients with microscopic colitis but not all would fulfill the diagnostic criteria for IBS. Following a study from Sweden recruiting patients from 2002 to 2010, 55% of patients with microscopic colitis fulfilled ROME III criteria of IBS. It is worth mentioning, that this study identified that if patients with microscopic colitis fulfill ROME III criteria, they are according to this study more likely to have severe symptoms and have worse psychological well-being, compared to patients with microscopic colitis that do not fulfill ROME III criteria [76].
Most cases of microscopic colitis are self-limiting, with symptoms of an episode lasting for a few months. Other patients are symptomatic for numerous years with either a relapsing or a continuous pattern. For affected patients it is important to know that there is no increased risk of colorectal cancer [41, 72, 77] or development of other inflammatory bowel disease like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis [69]. There are case reports on spontaneous and colonoscopy induced colonic perforations in patients with microscopic colitis [78, 79]. Due to the scattered number of reports it remains unknown whether this is a true or a random association. More recent endoscopic reports suggest that mucosal tears that can be found variably in patients with microscopic colitis may be the reason for such perforations [8084].
5. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of MC is made based on normal or minimally nonspecific endoscopic findings with biopsies showing histopathologic findings consistent with a diagnosis of either collagenous colitis or lymphocytic colitis.
When making a diagnosis of microscopic colitis, the first step includes a thorough history with particular attention to the differential diagnoses like IBS, IBD, and infectious colitis as well as to risk factors and diseases associated with microscopic colitis. Radiographic and laboratory tests may be helpful to rule out differential diagnoses but are typically unremarkable with microscopic colitis. There is no increased risk in patients with microscopic colitis undergoing diagnostic procedures and talking about risks; complicated cases like spontaneous perforations are rarely reported [85].
The next step includes a colonoscopy that usually shows a macroscopically normal mucosa. Recent publications list non-specific changes such as abnormal vascular markings, erythema, or mucosal edema but their meanings in the context of the disease remain unclear. It is important that biopsies are taken throughout the colon, as they are needed to make a diagnosis of microscopic colitis. Both collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis show a lymphocytic infiltration of the lamina propria and the colonic epithelium [86]. Collagenous can be clearly differentiated from lymphocytic colitis by the presence of a typical, marked thickening of the subepithelial collagen layer [1, 16, 8688]. The typical histopathological features of collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis are listed in Table 2.
Table 2: Histopathological features of collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis.
One important question is how many biopsies need to be taken and how many biopsies are needed to confirm or rule out microscopic colitis. Numerous studies showed that the microscopic lesions can be skipped, and therefore random colonic biopsies should be taken [89]. Most recent studies show that biopsies of the rectosigmoid colon alone are insufficient to rule out microscopic colitis [90, 91]. Since up to 40% of cases will be missed with biopsies taken from the rectosigmoid region alone, a full colonoscopy with biopsies taken from every region is recommended [23, 32, 92]. It is well accepted that expertise is needed to make a histological diagnosis of microscopic colitis and thus sending the biopsies to a specially trained pathologist is recommended [32].
Novel tools may help us with making the diagnosis of microscopic colitis in future and a recent report on confocal laser endomicroscopy guiding the diagnosis of microscopic colitis is such an attempt [93]. It is presently not clear whether such new diagnostic tools may change the approach and/or the detection rates of the disease as these new tools are not widely used.
6. Treatment
Prior to any drug treatment a medication history should be taken and potentially precipitating medications should be stopped. Furthermore associated conditions like celiac disease should be appropriately managed. In some patients dietary restrictions (e.g., avoiding caffeine or lactose) might be helpful, especially if symptoms are triggered by these foods. As studies provide evidence that microscopic colitis is associated with cigarette smoking it is worth advising to stop smoking prior to any drug treatment. When making the decision to suggest a drug treatment to the patient, the individual clinical course of the disease and the severity of diarrhea has to be considered. Present clinical trials report short- and long-term improvement of clinical symptoms like diarrhea and improvement of histological changes. It is not clear what the improvement of histological changes means to the natural course of the disease and whether histological improvement or remission should be treatment goals. Future clinical trials will have to clarify the relevance of histological improvement [94].
Randomized controlled trials have shown that the steroid budesonide is an effective treatment for moderate to severe collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. This was confirmed by a recent meta-analysis [95]. Antidiarrheal agents such as loperamide may be used in patients with mild or transient symptoms. Older recommendations for patients with microscopic colitis are based on case reports and, if at all, uncontrolled studies and may be of value if budesonide treatment fails or cannot be tolerated for whatsoever reason. Table 3 shows an algorithm that may be used in the treatment of patients with microscopic colitis [33].
Table 3: Treatment algorithm.
To date budesonide is the standard treatment for collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. It is advantageous over other steroids like prednisolone due to the high hepatic first pass elimination, which results in the absence of the steroid side effects [95]. Two meta-analyses now confirm that budesonide is highly effective in patients with collagenous an lymphocytic colitis and should be the preferred treatment [95, 96]. A recent retrospective population-based study performed in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA, identified 80 out of a group of 315 patients with microscopic colitis treated with any steroid between 1986 and 2010. 17 (21%) were treated with prednisone, the remainder patients with budesonide. Chart reviews identified that prednisone-treated patients had a lower response rate of 53% compared to the 83% response rate in the budesonide treatment group. Relapse rate was high for both treatment groups and it was higher in the prednisone treatment group, emphasizing that budesonide is the steroid treatment of first choice in patients with microscopic colitis [75].
Randomized, controlled trials have shown that budesonide therapy (9 mg daily for 6–8 weeks) resulted in a significant improvement in clinical symptoms and significant improvement of histological inflammatory changes [97101]. The 9 mg daily dose can be given once daily or may be divided up in 3 mg doses and was shown to be effective in the induction of a remission for patients with collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. The overall clinical improvement reported is substantial and rapid and according to the available meta-analyses the overall response is around 80% and the number needed to treat is 2 for collagenous colitis and 3 for lymphocytic colitis [95, 102]. Therefore budesonide is presently the standard treatment of patients with microscopic colitis.
All trials that followed patients after the trial showed a very high rate of relapse within about 2 weeks of budesonide cessation. Relapse can be seen in up to 80% of patients and thus a maintenance therapy is advised. Maintenance therapy in microscopic colitis was studied for up to 26 weeks and a daily dose of 6 mg was able to maintain remission in these patients [95, 103]. Maintenance with budesonide is as high as 80% and the number needed to treat is again 2 for collagenous colitis and not yet studied for lymphocytic colitis, though it would not be expected to be different from the one seen for collagenous colitis [102].
Presently it is unclear how to continue or withdraw treatment following a 26-week period. No studies tested a tapering course of budesonide, but many clinicians employ this over a termination of budesonide in an effort to minimize the likelihood of relapse. Though having limited side effects, long-term use may be associated with steroid side effect and patients on long-term budesonide should be monitored for electrolyte imbalance and high blood sugar, and even a calcium and vitamin D supplementation should be considered.
Other steroids like prednisolone were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of oral prednisolone 50 mg daily for 2 weeks in patients with collagenous colitis. Due to the small number of patients included and the short duration of the followup, the results of this trial were inconclusive and of limited value. Presently, steroids other than budesonide in the treatment of microscopic colitis are not supported by evidence from clinical trials [104].
For patients with mild to moderate or just occasional symptoms antidiarrheal drugs can be tried though no controlled clinical trials support this treatment. Retrospective trials found some clinical benefit for loperamide treatment with doses ranging from 2 to 16 mg per day [19, 105]. Due to the safety of this agent and the possibility of spontaneous remission of microscopic colitis, loperamide is frequently used for first-line therapy for patients with mild symptoms. But it has to be considered that loperamide was not tested in prospective state-of-the-art clinical trials and thus has to be considered off label. It is furthermore unknown whether loperamide is helpful in long-term treatment of microscopic colitis, and respective trials seem imperative. Whether loperamide has any effect on histological changes remains questionable but from the mode of action it seems unlikely and clinical trials are needed to clarify this point.
Prior to budesonide availability, aminosalicylates were the mainstay in microscopic colitis treatment. Aminosalicylate treatment is presently not supported by randomized, plazebo controlled clinical trials. Retrospective case series have suggested symptomatic improvement in up to 50% of patients treated with mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA) [19, 22, 106]. These studies included patients with both subforms, collagenous colitis, and lymphocytic colitis and observation periods ranged up to 6 months. There is only one randomized trial on aminosalicylate use in microscopic colitis and this trial compared mesalamine (800 mg tid) to a combination of mesalamine (800 mg tid) and cholestyramine (4 g/day) in patients with microscopic colitis. Based on clinical and histological outcomes, the combination of mesalamine with cholestyramine was slightly superior [107]. Since response rates in this unfortunately not placebo-controlled trial compare well to the response seen with budesonide treatment, trials comparing budesonide and mesalamine in induction and maintenance of remission are wanted. According to the information given on http://clinicaltrials.gov/, such three armed clinical trials are close to completion [108].
Other therapies were either tested in small uncontrolled trials or suggested from retrospective analyses and individual case reports. These approaches include immunosuppressants like azathioprine and methotrexate [109111], biological anti-TNF treatments [112, 113], Boswellia serrata extract, probiotics, pentoxifylline [114], verapamil [115], octreotide, and empirical antibiotic treatment [23, 54, 116, 117]. For probiotics, E. coli Nissle 1917 improved stool consistency and stool frequency in an open label study on 14 patients with collagenous colitis, E. coli Nissle 1917 was not tested in patients with lymphocytic colitis [118]. Other probiotics like Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subspp. Lactis B12 failed to be superior to placebo treatment, in a 12-week clinical trial in patients with collagenous colitis [119]. A placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial testing bismuth subsalicylate in patients with microscopic colitis reported a 100% clinical and histological remission rate in the verum group, compared to 0% in the placebo group [104]. Though reporting a promising approach, due to the limited number of patients included, the study seems to be too preliminary to draw strong conclusions. Though some treatments look promising they cannot be suggested as standard treatments outside of clinical trials. In some patients these medications may be of use due to intolerance or ineffectiveness of the standard medication.
If at any stage drug treatment with budesonide is not sufficient, microscopic colitis should be reconfirmed and differentials should be considered. If this confirms microscopic colitis, the above mentioned drugs may be tried. Newer publications suggest that immunosuppressants like azathioprine or biological anti-TNF treatments should be used but as of present there are no clinical trials testing such an approach [33]. From older publications there are reports of surgical approaches to patients with microscopic colitis but these reports date back into the prebudesonide time and it remains unclear whether this is still needed with powerful drugs being available. Surgical approaches found in literature include subtotal colectomy and diverting ileostomy and in the respective reports these were helpful in individual cases [120, 121].
One important aspect of the treatment of microscopic colitis is the natural course of the disease. There is only limited information available and most of the information dates back to the time before budesonide treatment being available. Thus there is no information on the natural course of untreated patients and therefore our information on the long-term course of the disease is very limited. From the newer budesonide trials it seems that relapse rates are high when medication is stopped. Whether this indicates that most of the patients need life-long medications or whether this indicates that budesonide treatment results in withdrawal symptoms needs to be addressed in future studies. There is presently no such information available from drug trials with other medications and it has to be considered that the trials on other medications were mostly small and uncontrolled studies. One study followed 81 patients with microscopic colitis (44 with lymphocytic colitis and 37 with collagenous colitis) for an average of 7 months. In this observational study patients received different drugs including budesonide and NSAIDs in an uncontrolled fashion. Interestingly the study showed that overall symptom relapse was 30% which is lower than the relapse rate seen in the budesonide trial [122]. The study was too small to observe differences between the drugs used and it is also unclear inasmuch treatment duration drives relapse rates, as the high relapse rates in budesonide relapsers were reported in the short-term clinical trials. What can be taken from this report is that whatever treatment you choose overall response seems to be high and ranges up to 70%. In addition to our lack of knowledge of the clinical long-term course in patients with microscopic colitis we furthermore do not know whether and how the histological changes develop over the course of the disease and whether they fully disappear or whether they can be found lifelong. Thus treatment strategies should follow the information that we have from the controlled clinical trials but should also take into account that the natural course of the disease is unknown ant that careful individual decisions based on the individual patients disease should be made.
For microscopic colitis refractory, intolerant or dependent to steroids, azathioprine was used in an uncontrolled fashion in 9 patients. 7 of these patients went into a remission of symptoms and 1 additional patient had at least a significant improvement of symptoms [110]. The patients reported in this retrospective chart analysis were treated with steroids other than budesonide thus it remains unclear whether azathioprine is effective in failures to budesonide. Controlled clinical trials are wanted and seem imperative as with rising incidences of microscopic colitis the number of treatment failures to budesonide are likely to rise as well. Data on methotrexate treatment is conflicting with one uncontrolled trial showing improvement of symptoms in patient with collagenous colitis when given orally and another study showing no symptomatic benefit following s.c. methotrexate in patients that did not respond to oral budesonide [33, 123].
More recently anti-TNF drugs were tested in patients refractory to budesonide treatment [112, 113]. One study tested the anti-TNF drug adalimumab in 3 patients who developed side effects or were refractory to methotrexate and budesonide. 2 patients tolerated adalimumab treatment well and were in remission after 6 weeks whereas 1 patient had to stop the medication due to severe side effects [113]. The other study was interested in long-term treatment effects of anti-TNF treatments and reported that within a cohort of 372 patients with microscopic colitis 4 patients received anti-TNF treatment due to failure of success of other medication tried. All 4 received initially infliximab; 3 were later switched to adalimumab due to allergic response or loss of effect. After 1 year 3 patients were still in symptomatic remission documenting that anti-TNF treatment may be an option for patients not responding to other medication [112].
Historical evidence ranging back into the prebudesonide time suggests surgical interventions as an ultima ratio for patients with severe symptoms not responding to the at that time available medication [124]. Subtotal colectomy, sigmoidostomy, or diversion ileostomy was reported in individual cases and it remains doubtful that with budesonide being available, such surgeries still being necessary [33, 121, 125, 126]. Most reports are single reports on ileostomies with largest series reporting less than 10 patients. Interestingly, some reports suggest that the colonic collagenous band can resolve following an ileostomy [121].
7. Summary
Microscopic colitis is a common cause of chronic diarrhea especially in older female patients. When other causes of diarrhea like IBS, IBD, or infectious diarrhea are ruled out, a colonoscopy with random biopsies from all regions of the colon and the rectum allows for the diagnosis of either lymphocytic or collagenous colitis. Based on symptom severity and disease duration, a stepwise approach to the treatment is suggested.
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Nano Express
Ionic liquid-stabilized non-spherical gold nanofluids synthesized using a one-step method
Hao Zhang*, Hua Cui, Shiwei Yao, Kelong Zhang, Haikun Tao and Haibo Meng
Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:583 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-583
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User:Aaron Glierberman/Notebook
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Contents
Laboratory Notebook
How to Pipette
1/30/08
Pipettes in the lab are available in sizes of 0.5-10 μL, 1-20 μL, 20-200 μL, and 200-1000 μL.
After selecting a pipette with the appropriate volume range for a given application, be sure to sterilize it by applying ethanol to a Kimwipe and rubbing the moist Kimwipe along the length of the pipette.
One can use the dial to set the desired volume to be taken up by the pipette. Note that the uppermost digit usually corresponds to the highest digit of the highest volume in the range. For example, the highest digit on a 20-200 μL pipette indicates hundreds of microliters; setting this digit to “2” using the dial should then indicate 200 μL.
Choose a box of tips that is compatible with the pipette you have selected. In general, the clear tips can be used by the smallest pipettes, the yellow tips can be used by the 20-200 μL pipette, and the blue tips can be used by the 200-1000 μL pipette.
There are two stops on each pipette:
• When collecting liquid, be sure to go down to the first stop only
• The level of the first stop depends upon the volume that has been set using the dial
• When dispensing liquid that has already been collected, push down all the way until the second stop
While collecting liquid, attempt to hold the pipette as vertically as possible
While dispending a liquid, it may help to do so by touching the pipette tip along the side of a tube to make use of surface tension. One should also be sure to dispense slowly unless otherwise directed by a specific protocol.
When a homogeneous mixture is preferred, one can also mix a solution by placing the pipette tip inside the solution and pipetting up and down.
After dispensing liquid, one should usually eject the tip of the pipette into a proper receptacle. Reuse of tips is only merited when the tip touches a single solution during its use.
According to sterile technique, should the pipette tip touch anything other than the liquid one is trying to manipulate, one should eject the tip and replace it with a new one.
In this particular lab, mixed 2 μL blue solution with 5 μL clear solution in an eppendorf tube. Set dial to 7 μL and, upon collecting the mixture, discovered that there was air at the tip end of the pipette tip,. This finding indicates either that the mixture was actually less than 7 μL or that the specific pipette used was improperly calibrated.
How to Make Solutions
1/30/08
Note: always use distilled water if water is required in the protocol
Basic strategy: Fill container halfway with water, add the predetermined amount of salt, and then fill to the necessary volume to achieve a particular concentration of salt solution.
Three salts:
• Potassium Chloride (KCl)
• Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)
• Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
When weighing on the balance, be sure to close both doors on the side of the balance before pressing “tare”
Chemicals used during this lab:
• KCl: Molecular weight = 74.56 g/mol, Fisher Scientific, CAS 7447-40-7
• MgCl2: Molecular weight = 203.31 g/mol, Fisher Scientific, CAS 7791-18-6
• NaCl: Molecular weight = 74.56 g/mol, Fisher Scientific, CAS 7647-14-5
In general,
and
So, for the preparation of a 0.5 M solution of MgCl2 in 200 mL:
For MgCl2, the molecular weight is 203.31 g/mol, thus:
One should add 20.33 g of MgCl2 to 200 mL of water in order to create a solution with a concentration of 0.5M.
When the solution has been made, it should be labeled with the following information:
• identity of the solution, including concentration
• date of preparation
• name or initials of preparer
How to Make LB Agar Plates
1/30/08
To grow, bacteria need glucose, biotin, and salts, amongst other things
A protocol for making LB Agar plates does already exist as a handout. However, this is another version with unique annotations.
(In the iGEM lab) Weigh out 20 g Bactoagar and 20 g LB mix. Alternatively, one may use 15 g Bactoagar and 25 g LB. DO NOT USE Agarose instead of Bactoagar.
There is a large gray bin on a cart in the lab. The practice of the team has been to fill this bin about one quarter full of water so as to place the flask inside the water during autoclaving. However, some people feel that this is not necessary.
When going to the autoclave, be sure to bring autoclave tape and tin foil as well as a 2 L flask for mixing the ingredients. The 2 L flask ensures that there is extra volume to allow the liquid to boil.
(In the MDL office) Fill a large graduated cylinder with about 800 mL of distilled water. Add the LB to this water, making sure to mix it in slowly so as to allow it to dissolve. A spatula may be useful for adding the LB a more controlled fashion. Bring the final volume up to 1 L with additional distilled water. Transfer this solution into the 2 L flask, while also adding the Bactoagar. It might be helpful to alternate between pouring the liquid LB/water solution and adding the Bactoagar to allow for good mixing between the two. Swirl the flask until all of the solid has been dissolved.
When ready to place the final mixture into the autoclave, cover the top of the flask with tin foil and tape the bottom of the tin foil to the flask using autoclave tape. This tape should produce either black letters or black stripes to indicate successful autoclaving. Tape that has such black markings indicates that the container or substance is considered sterile.
Place in autoclave for about 20 minutes on the “sterile” setting using slow exhaust. Refer to the guide for autoclaving for more detailed instructions on using the autoclave.
Immediately after autoclaving is complete, avoid touching the flask for protracted periods of time. It goes without saying that this mixture should still be quite hot.
(In the iGEM lab) Drop a magnetic stir bar into the mixture and place the flask on a hotplate that can generate magnetic stirring. The tin foil covering should remain on the flask during this time. One should monitor the temperature using a thermometer. At around 50°C, the mixture should be ready for pouring into plates.
If you desire to make LB/AMP plates, you should add 100 mg of ampicillin (ampicillin trihydrate, which is stored in the door of the fridge) to the stirring mixture and allow it to dissolve. Ampicillin is heat-sensitive, so it makes sense to add the ampicillin close to the 50°C mark rather than when the mixture is hotter.
Clear a level space on the lab bench that will fit about 40 plates, unstacked. The plates should be labeled according to the contents (e.g. either “LB agar” or “LB agar + AMP”), the date of their preparation, and the name or initials of the preparer. Make sure to distinguish whether the plates have ampicillin or not. Labeling can be done while waiting for the mixture to cool on the hotplate, which can take some time.
When the agar mixture is ready, pour to a depth of about 3 mm into the bottom of each plate. The bottom of a plate is the smaller disk of the two composing the plate, while the lid is the larger one. At the very least, make sure that the entire surface of the bottom is uniformly covered in agar mixture. While pouring, lift each lid individually just high enough to allow pouring. This is generally done by tilting the lid while lifting so that one side is higher than the other. Do not allow anything to touch the inside of the lid.
Once the mixture has been poured, leave the plates sitting to allow it to congeal. This should take a roughly a couple of hours. After confirmation of agar solidification, one should stack up the plates and pull the bag in which they came over this stack, enclosing them in that formation. One should then tape the open end of the bag with regular tape. On this tape, one should again write the identity of the plates and the date of their preparation. This bag can then be placed in the fridge.
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Place:Rayne, Acadia, Louisiana, United States
Watchers
NameRayne
Alt namesPauppenvillesource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS22013658
Poupevillesource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS22013658
Pouppevillesource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS22013658
Queue Tortuesource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS22013658
TypeCity
Coordinates30.238°N 92.268°W
Located inAcadia, Louisiana, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Rayne is a city in Acadia Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 8,552 at the 2000 census. It is nicknamed the "Frog Capital of the World", as well as the "Louisiana City of Murals".
Rayne is part of the Crowley Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Roland Boudreaux, a Democrat, was elected mayor of Rayne in the general election held on December 8, 2012. He defeated his Republican opponent, Chuck Robichaux by a 13-vote margin, 1,355 (50.2 percent) to 1,342 (49.8 percent).
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Rayne, Louisiana. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/20494/20494/
Iceland’s Meltdown: A Prologue to the Debt Crisis in the U.S. and Europe?
January 16, 2012 by
Gunnar Tomasson is an Icelandic economist now living in the U.S. and a former senior staff member of the IMF from 1966 to 1989. Mr Tomasson is a refreshingly unorthodox thinker, although by no means an Austrian. In a February 2009 Mises blog, I posted a television interview with Mr. Tomasson in which he questioned the equilibrium foundations of modern econmic theory and its usefulness for solving real-world economic problems. Partly as a result of my blog, Mr. Tomasson was recently interviewed on television on the causes of the Icelandic financial meltdown and its implications for the current U.S. and Euroland debt crises. In his latest interview he again challenges the relevance of general equilibrium theorizing and takes a strong position against continuing deficit financing and central bank fiat money creation as a solution to these problems. He even hints that nothing short of sovereign debt repudiation will finally resolve the global crisis. You can view the two segments of this interview here and here.
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Creative Commons » mike linksvayer http://creativecommons.org Share, reuse, and remix — legally. Thu, 05 Dec 2013 19:01:16 +0000 en-US hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.5.1 A big thanks to Mike Linksvayer http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/32601 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/32601#comments Tue, 22 May 2012 14:32:31 +0000 Cathy Casserly http://creativecommons.org/?p=32601 The following post is by Cathy Casserly (CEO) and Joi Ito (Board Chair).
Mike Linksvayer / Joi / CC BY
Many of you know Mike Linksvayer, the first CTO and then Vice President of Creative Commons. Mike started at Creative Commons back in 2003 (almost a decade ago!), and since then has shepherded CC through a period of great expansion, providing leadership and support for efforts across various initiatives and around the world. He has also been a great help to all of us this past year, during the transition from part-time to full-time CEO. We can not begin to name everything that Mike has done, not only for Creative Commons, but for free and open culture generally, so we’ll just name a few, with the caveat that, if ever there was a jack of all trades, he is Mike Linksvayer.
Since 2003, Mike has helped to:
• forward RDFa to a W3C Recommendation,
• migrate Wikipedia to BY-SA,
• build scalable tools and processes to support translation and localization,
• deploy constituent management tools to support fundraising and development,
• provide a great place for technical interns to come and develop their skills,
• improve scalability and responsiveness of the CC website,
• build visionary legal tools that enhance access to and grow our valuable public domain
• test, test and re-test new ideas and experimental projects,
• support the continued development and well-being of staff,
• develop our global network, providing guidance, support and encouragement for our affiliates worldwide,
• bridge communities including F/LOSS and Wikimedia, and
• implement compliant, employee-friendly operations and procedures to scale with staff size and program complexity, and
• bring exaggerated skepticism, rigorous logic and thorough analysis to all of CC’s program activities.
Finally, the board and staff would like to acknowledge that Mike has served as the primary voice of reason and forward thinking that has kept Creative Commons on a track that balances idealism with resource realism. We are grateful for Mike Linksvayer’s exceptional role in building the Creative Commons organization.
His contributions to CC make it all the more difficult to announce Mike’s transition from Vice President to Senior Fellow at Creative Commons. In his new role, he will continue to advise on CC-related research and tech projects, in addition to overarching strategy. We fully expect Mike will continue to bring passion and opinion and reason to all of our work in his new role.
Please join us in thanking Mike for all of his hard work! Mike, we wish you the very best in your future endeavors.
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Web 2.0 Expo: Creating a Culture of Sharing http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/21842 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/21842#comments Mon, 03 May 2010 04:48:10 +0000 Mike Linksvayer http://creativecommons.org/?p=21842 Thursday a panel at Web 2.0 Expo in San Francisco explores an important question for anyone building or participating in a website premised on collaboration among users — Creating a Culture of Sharing — maximizing collaboration and minimizing conflict and other costs.
This is an important question not only for entrepreneurs and communities, but for the commons generally — the success of which depends significantly on the vibrancy of sites where the commons is built. So I’m happy to participate on this panel with representatives of two such sites — Jack Herrick of wikiHow and Emily Richards of ArtisTech Media (which has run ccMixter since last year). The panel will be moderated by Josh Crandall of Netpop Research, which conducted a study on noncommercial use with Creative Commons last year.
Previewing the panel, the Web 2.0 Expo blog has published an excellent interview with Jack Herrick, worth reading in its entirety. Excerpt:
Kaitlin: So, out with it – how do you create a “Culture of Sharing”? Or at least, what would your 1 minute elevator pitch be?
Jack: We like to call wikiHow “built to share“. And we do it three ways:
1. Build trust with your community. At wikiHow we do this via open content licensing and building and distributing our open source software.
2. Build software which enables sharing and collaboration. A common example of this is to have tools to allow others to easily republish content on other sites.
3. Walk the walk. Be accessible to your community and practice the behavior of sharing, openness that you want your community to adopt.
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Collaborative² Futures http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/21374 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/21374#comments Thu, 25 Mar 2010 23:52:51 +0000 Mike Linksvayer http://creativecommons.org/?p=21374 FLOSS Manuals, true to its name, produces manuals for free software applications. The manuals themselves are freely licensed and often written in book sprints. This January, as part of the Transmediale festival in Berlin, FLOSS Manuals attempted its first non-manual booksprint — a considerably harder task, as no structure is implied. Only the book title, Collaborative Futures, was given — a collaborative experiment about the future of collaboration.
The initial collaborators each had considerable experience with free software or free culture collaborations — Michael Mandiberg, Marta Peirano, Alan Toner, Mushon Zer-Aviv, me, and FLOSS Manuals’ honcho Adam Hyde and programmer Aleksandar Erkalovic.
Initially we thought we’d write much about licenses and other topics much debated by those in the free software and free culture community. After a day of intense discussion of book content and structure, those debates were left in the background as we tackled explaining what kinds of collaboration we intended to write about and speculating about what the future of collaboration holds. As appropriate, we did use licenses — the book is released under the CC Attribution-ShareAlike license and incorporates a fair amount of previously existing material under the same or compatible licenses (surprisingly enough, none from Wikipedia).
A one minute video was made for the book’s New York launch, available at the Internet Archive and Vimeo.
There’s also a licensing (and collaboration?) story behind the video. Producer Bennett Williamson wanted to use “Rolands Vegners” by Ergo Phizmiz & Margita Zalite as the soundtrack. Bennett writes on his Free Music Archive blog:
This was a problem, because Collaborative Futures (and all its related materials) already had a different type of CC license than Ergo’s track; Attribution-ShareAlike and Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike respectively.
I really liked the song and wanted to keep it in the video, so I contacted Ergo and asked him if he’d be willing to change the license type of his track… and he agreed! Score one for copyright alternatives!
So remember kids, when syncing up these jams to your sweet vids, make sure that your derivitive has a license that jives with that of the original work. And sometimes all you have to do is ask.
With that, here’s ten more instrumentals from the Archives ready for you to slap into your timeline. Thanks to those of you who made suggestions of tracks to include; please keep them coming!
All well worth keeping in mind for future collaborations. Check out the book, and more importantly, FLOSS Manuals and the Free Music Archive, excellent free culture projects covering a broad range of tastes.
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Creative Commons VP Mike Linksvayer on NBC’s “Press:Here” http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/15939 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/15939#comments Tue, 21 Jul 2009 00:38:41 +0000 Eric Steuer http://creativecommons.org/?p=15939
Yesterday morning, “Press:Here” – a new technology news TV show produced by NBC in the San Francisco Bay Area – aired an interview with Creative Commons Vice President Mike Linksvayer. The episode serves as a nice primer to CC; in it, Mike gives some of our backstory and talks about how people and organizations are using CC’s copyright licenses to make sharing and collaboration easier. Mozilla CEO John Lilly is one of the episode’s other featured guests. Watch it online.
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FSCONS 2009: Call for Participation http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/14616 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/14616#comments Wed, 20 May 2009 15:04:07 +0000 Michelle Thorne http://creativecommons.org/?p=14616
Free Culture, Free Software, and Free Content will again join forces under the banner of “Free Society” at FSCONS 2009 in Gothenburg, Sweden, 13-15th November. The organizers, Creative Commons Sweden, Free Software Foundation Europe, and Wikimedia Sverige, have just announced the conference’s Call for Participation.
Last year’s conference featured a host of workshops and speakers, including CC’s Mike Linksvayer on “How far is free culture behind free software?” and Victor Stone on ccMixter‘s solution to online attribution via Sample Pool API.
We’re looking forward to what this year’s FSCONS has in store. Submissions close on June 21, so send in your proposal soon!
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Creative Commons wins the 2008 Free Software Foundation Award for Project of Social Benefit! http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/13568 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/13568#comments Tue, 24 Mar 2009 23:22:16 +0000 Mike Linksvayer http://creativecommons.org/?p=13568 Saturday at Libre Planet, the Free Software Foundation’s annual conference, Creative Commons was honored to receive the FSF’s Award for Projects of Social Benefit:
The FSF Award for Projects of Social Benefit is presented annually to a project that intentionally and significantly benefits society by applying free software, or the ideas of the free software movement, in a project that intentionally and significantly benefits society in other aspects of life.
Since its launch in 2001, Creative Commons has worked to foster a growing body of creative, educational and scientific works that can be shared and built upon by others. Creative Commons has also worked to raise awareness of the harm inflicted by increasingly restrictive copyright regimes.
Creative Commons vice president Mike Linksvayer accepted the award saying, “It’s an incredible honor. Creative Commons should be giving an award to the Free Software Foundation and Richard Stallman, because what Creative Commons is doing would not be possible without them.”
Congratulations also to Wietse Venema, honored with the Award for the Advancement of Free Software for his “significant and wide-ranging technical contributions to network security, and his creation of the Postfix email server.”
FSF president Stallman presented a plaque by artist Lincoln Read commemorating the award to Creative Commons.
It is worth noting that the FSF Social Benefit Award’s 2005 and 2007 winners are Wikipedia and Groklaw both because it is tremendous to be in their company and as the former is in the process of migrating to a CC BY-SA license (thanks in large part to the FSF) and the latter publishes under a CC BY-NC-ND license.
Only last December CC was honored to receive an award from another of computing’s most significant pioneers, Doug Engelbart.
Thanks again to the Free Software Foundation and Richard Stallman. Please join us in continuing to celebrate the 25th anniversary of his founding of the free software movement. As Stallman would say, “Happy Hacking!”
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CC on BeyondTheBook podcast and at UGCX conference http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/12635 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/12635#comments Tue, 03 Feb 2009 02:05:20 +0000 Mike Linksvayer http://creativecommons.org/?p=12635 The latest Beyond The Book podcast (mp3) features an interview with CC staff Mike Linksvayer and Melissa Reeder. The two main themes discussed are the intersection of public sharing under CC licenses and alternative private arrangements (see our post on Ozmo, a service that enables both, discussed on the podcast) and the upcoming UGCX conference.
Melissa Reeder will speak on a panel titled Sharing, Selling and Defending Photos Online at the conference, February 10 in San Jose, California.
Conference attendees intrigued by what Melissa has to say can make the trip up to San Francisco the next evening (February 11) for our CC Salon SF!
Addendum: Those in San Jose looking for even more CC info, and soon, you’re in luck. Thursday evening (February 5) Mike is presenting Open Licensing 101: How to Get the Most Out of Your Copyrights in the Information Age, hosted by California Lawyers for the Arts.
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Update: CC Salon SF venue announced http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/12554 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/12554#comments Thu, 29 Jan 2009 21:59:49 +0000 Allison Domicone http://creativecommons.org/?p=12554
We’re delighted to announce that the next CC Salon SF (Wednesday, February 11, from 7-9pm) will be held at PariSoMa, located at 1436 Howard Street, San Francisco (map and directions). We extend our sincerest thanks to the generous folks at PariSoMa for offering up their lovely space! We hope you’ll join us in making our first evening in these new surroundings a warm and lively one. Light refreshments will be served.
We’ll have the entire CC staff under one roof, and the evening’s program includes brief presentations from:
Mike Linksvayer, Vice President
Eric Steuer, Creative Director
Catharina Maracke, Director, Creative Commons International
John Wilbanks, Vice President, Science Commons
Ahrash Bissell, Executive Director, ccLearn
Joi Ito, CEO
Following the presentations, we’ll open the floor to questions and discussion. Whether you’ve been a fan of CC from the start or you’re new to the world of free culture, this salon is not to be missed!
You can also check it out on Upcoming!
We rely on the generosity of our community to keep us afloat, so we’ll be accepting donations for CC at the door. If you didn’t get a chance to support us during our fundraising campaign, now is your chance.
CC Salons are global events, and anyone can start one, no matter where you live. We encourage you to check out our resources for starting your own salon in your area.
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CC Salon SF 2/11/09 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/12332 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/12332#comments Thu, 22 Jan 2009 19:42:01 +0000 Allison Domicone http://creativecommons.org/?p=12332
For February’s salon, we’re thrilled to have the entire CC staff under one roof, coming from as far as Los Angeles, Dubai, Boston, and Berlin, and as near as SF’s SOMA district, to speak about what they’ve been up to internationally and in the realms of science, culture, and education. Whether you’ve been a fan of CC from the start or you’re new to the world of free culture, this salon is not to be missed.
The salon will be held on Wednesday, February 11, from 7-9pm. Location TBD. For location info, please check back at http://wiki.creativecommons.org/San_Francisco_Salon
From 7-8:15pm, we’ll have brief presentations from:
Mike Linksvayer, Vice President
Eric Steuer, Creative Director
Catharina Maracke, Director, Creative Commons International
John Wilbanks, Vice President, Science Commons
Ahrash Bissell, Executive Director, ccLearn
Joi Ito, CEO
At 8:15pm, we will open the floor for questions and discussion.
Come meet the members of CC’s fabulous staff for a fun-filled evening of presentations, conversations, and mingling. We hope to see you there!
Check it out on Upcoming!
CC Salons are global events, and anyone can start one, no matter where you live. We encourage you to check out our resources for starting your own salon in your area.
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Nordic Cultural Commons Conference http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/9987 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/9987#comments Tue, 14 Oct 2008 17:23:41 +0000 Michelle Thorne http://creativecommons.org/?p=9987
In the wave of free culture gatherings this October, don’t miss out on the Nordic Cultural Commons Conference 2008, in Stockholm on October 22-23, organized by the Creative Commons Nordic network.
How is business created around open licensing? What benefits does the Creative Commons model provide for public broadcasting and archiving? How open licensing changes the production of cultural works? How does the common Nordic legal environment affect re-use of cultural works?
Nordic Cultural Commons Conference provides insight into these questions. Bringing together all Nordic Creative Commons scholars and practitioners, it is also a great opportunity to meet and discuss the latest open content practices and ideas.
Speakers include Mike Linksvayer (Creative Commons), John Buckman (Magnatune), Nicklas Lundblad (Google) and Paul Gerhardt (BBC Creative Archive), as well as Creative Commons Project Leads Henrik Moltke (CC Denmark), Prodromos Tsiavos (CC England & Wales), and Herkko Hietanen (CC Finland).
For more information, please visit the conference web site: http://www.hiit.fi/nccc/.
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Sam I am!
Boo! Nice to meet you! This is an old photo This is a NEW photo, April 2006. Clearly, I am a CHAMELEON! These are my cats Dante and Frankie, as taken by Paul. Aren't they precious?! My year-and-four-month-old corn snake, Yoma, is the love of my life. You can see more pictures of him, including his growth, here Me and my lovely roommate, Ro, at the best bar in Davis, LP.
I graduated from UC Davis in 2004 with a BA in Anthropology and a minor in English. I stayed in Davis for two years after that (work and play...you know), but recently moved to Portland, OR. to live the big city life. I used to live in The 230 with the hottest bunch of women in Davis. It was probably the best year of all six, and to say that I miss the girls very much would be an understatement. Davis, you are loved.
SamanthaWagner's Statistics
Edits Pages Created Files Contributed First Edit Date Last Edit Last Page Edited
1318212004-11-11 18:50:132006-11-09 13:40:08Davis Groupies
Comments:
Note: You must be logged in to add comments
Samantha cannot snap her fingers or whistle. - KenjiYamada
Samantha is hella hot and yet very cool. Sexiest paradox ever. - NxTx
2005-03-24 13:27:03 Hey, Samantha. If you upload your pictures to the Wiki rather than linking them, you can be sure that they will always display. —JabberWokky
2005-03-25 10:06:10 Thanks for letting me know! I will fix them all as soon as I get home, where I have access to my pics. =) —SamanthaWagner
2005-03-25 14:17:32 Sam, remember to preview before you save — saving too much ties up the server. Also, be sure and tell us what you change with the comment box. —ArlenAbraham
2005-03-25 17:24:29 Thanks Arlen, I will. Sorry about that! —SamanthaWagner
2005-03-30 18:02:00 I loved the cisco pic. I also love your beautiful face. —KennyOrtiz
2005-09-24 16:31:23 You need to learn how to whistle! Humming through puckered lips does not count! The only other person I know who can't whistle does that.. please tell me you have never... —RobertHester
2008-10-21 22:07:37 Hi Samantha...just completely new to Davis Wiki and wikis in general except for Wikipedia....stumbled accidentally on your page and thought you might enjoy checking out my website (I'm not spamming, I swear!) and I'm not sure if it's okay even to put in a live link here but go to handsonsnakes dot com. I'm over in Sonoma County and helping my friend Julie get her wiki up for her massage school. (massage therapy institute) I have a few snake good stories on my site...I like yoma, reverse okatees are my fave corn...we have a reptile bazaar over in petaluma and I know you guys have BARS over here....I saw a great herp lecture about 15 years ago in Davis with a couple of great big northern pines....pines and bulls and milks/large kings and rats are my favorite. Just putting together my profile now here. cheers! —DouglasHall
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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From FamilySearch Wiki
United States U.S. Former Territories Panama Canal Zone
The Canal Zone was not a "territory" of the United States in the typical sense. From 1903-1936 the Panama Canal Zone was controlled by the U.S. government under the terms of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty. The 1936 Hull-Alfaro Treaty, ratified by the US Senate in 1939, indicated the Canal Zone was the "territory of the Republic of Panama under the jurisdiction of the United States of America."[1] From 1979-1999, after the Torrijos-Carter treaties were signed, it was jointly administered by the United States and Panama.[2] At least two United States federal censuses were taken in the Panama Canal Zone.[3] See Panama Canal Zone Census. For more in-depth research in Panama, see the Panama article.
Records
Related Content
Sources
1. "Controlling the Canal," PBS Online NewsHour (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/december99/panama_canal1.html: accessed 2 May 2010).
2. "Panama Canal Zone," Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone: accessed 18 August 2008).
3. "Panama Canal Zone Records," FamilySearch Wiki (https://wiki.familysearch.org/en/Panama_Canal_Zone_Records#U.S._Census_Records : accessed 18 August 2008).
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• This page was last modified on 23 May 2012, at 01:58.
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online since 2005. Not affiliated with Google.
Send your tips to [email protected].
July 29, 2007
Google's Intranet Search Engine
Google Enterprise Blog shows a screenshot of MOMA Next, an experimental front-end for Google's intranet search. Google uses its own search appliance to index more than 100 million internal documents.
The familiar interface gives Google employees easy access to all kinds of data: contacts, shared bookmarks, refinements. Unfortunately, the design is kind of cluttered and the search takes a lot of time.
MOMA is the name of Google's intranet. An ex-Googler tells its story:
"MOMA was designed by and for engineers and for the first couple of years, its home page was devoid of any aesthetic enhancements that didn't serve to provide information essential to the operation of Google. It was dense and messy and full of numbers that were hard to parse for the uninitiated, but high in nutritional value for the data hungry. MOMA displayed latency times, popular search terms, traffic stats for Google-owned properties and, at the center of it all, a large graph with colored lines labeled with the names of Muppet characters. (...)
I came to take it for granted that any information I needed about Google could be found on the intranet, from the status of products in development to the number of employees at any point in the company's history. (...)
Google eventually clamped down on who had access the complete state of the business; ostensibly because such information needed to be restricted unless everyone was going to be registered as an insider and restricted from freely buying and selling the company's stock."
Here's another screenshot from a MOMA search for Googlers (credit: The Back Pack Zac Attak).
This blog is not affiliated with Google.
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17 October 2011
Office Suites: LibreOffice or OpenOffice.org?
The office suite has occupied a very strange position in the world of open source. As a key software tool used by practically everyone on a daily basis, it was vital for free software to be able to offer one. And yet what came to be the leading office suite - OpenOffice.org - was widely recognised as deeply unsatisfactory. Its early versions were barely usable, and even in its later incarnations it was hard to get enthusiastic about it.
On Open Enterprise blog.
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User:Bhagirath Gopinath
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Bhagirath Gopinath (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from http://www.broadinstitute.org/, and I've joined because Creating a partnership to help one and others.....
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
Personal tools
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User:Etienne Robillard/Notebook/Paliperidone/2013/06/21
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(add a quote)
(Did you know?)
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===Did you know?===
===Did you know?===
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
-
The secret of education lies in respecting the pupil - Ralph Waldo Emerson
+
The secret of education lies in respecting the pupil. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
Revision as of 15:55, 21 August 2013
Contents
Synopsis
So you have been forced by a foolish human-android to acknowledge the insanity of this so-called society ? Don't worry, bud, we'll work something out as always :)
Objectives
The purposes and aims of this experiment are two folds: First, we want you to avoid being mentally harmed while being forced to take antipsychotics drugs. Second, we want you to find a way to functionalize the degradation of the psychoactive compound into a non-psychoactive, and safe racemase.
Starting Material
• paliperidone: an atypical antipsychotic derived from Risperidone. see Risperidone.
• clozanpine: another atypical antipsychotic
• citric acid : refer to "Citric acid cycle"
Glossary
• racemate:
• racemase:
• racemization:
• ketoacidosis:
• reagent:
• methylation:
• glucoronide:
• amide:
• ester:
• transaminase:
• transaldimination:
Notes
References
1. Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of Paliperidone, a New Monoaminergic Antagonist, in Humans
2. Wikipedia page on Beta-glucuronidase (ec 3.2.1.31)
Did you know?
The secret of education lies in respecting the pupil. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
Personal tools
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Associate reverently, as much as you can, with your loftiest thoughts. Thoreau, Henry David
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
You perceive I generalize with intrepidity from single instances. It is the tourist's custom. Twain, Mark
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Difference between revisions of "Mexico City/Santa Fe"
From Wikitravel
Mexico City : Santa Fe
Jump to: navigation, search
(Sleep)
(Eat)
Line 26: Line 26:
* '''La Buena Tierra''' Healthy food
* '''La Buena Tierra''' Healthy food
* '''La Pergola di Roma''' International cuisine
* '''La Pergola di Roma''' International cuisine
* '''Fisher's''' Sea food, refined ambiance.
+
* '''Fisher's''' Sea food, refined ambiance.
+
* '''Chili's'''
+
* '''Starbuck's Cafe''' Just across Universidad Iberoamericana in Av. Vasco de Quiroga
==Drink==
==Drink==
Revision as of 02:45, 29 January 2007
Calakmul building also known as La Lavadora (The wash machine)
Santa Fe is in the northwest part of Mexico City. It is the most modern part of the city where most of multinationals and Mexican companies have their offices. Without doubt is the most contrasting district of Mexico City because of the multi-million dollar buildings that rise the nearby shanty towns.
Contents
Get in
By Car or Taxi is the fastest way. By Bus using the city's RTP bus network.
See
High rise buildings seen from Vasco de Quiroga Ave.
Lots of skyscraper buildings. Take a stroll in the Alameda, the central park of Santa Fe.
Do
Not much, Santa Fe is mainly a business district and at nights and weekends looks like a ghost town.
Buy
• Centro Santa Fe [1] Located in avenida Vasco de Quiroga, it is the country's largest shopping center with more than 300 stores. Buy the unimaginable, from a t-shirt to a yacht. Anchor stores include Liverpool, El Palacio de Hierro and Sears. Other remarkable stores: French Connection, Mango, Zara, Massimo Dutti, Armani, Hugo Boss, Tous and many others.
Eat
• Los Canarios Haute Mexican cuisine. Refined ambiance.
• Guadiana Haute Mexican cuisine, refined ambiance.
• Oaxa-K Oaxacan food
• Ruben's Hamburgers
• El Buen Bife Argentinian food
• Taco Inn Tacos and Mexican food
• La Buena Tierra Healthy food
• La Pergola di Roma International cuisine
• Fisher's Sea food, refined ambiance.
• Chili's
• Starbuck's Cafe Just across Universidad Iberoamericana in Av. Vasco de Quiroga
Drink
• La Cantina
• Celtics Irish Pub
Sleep
• Sheraton Santa Fe
• Novotel Santa Fe
• Vesta Suites
• Fiesta Americana Santa Fe
• Estadia Suites
• Haus Suites
• NH Hotel Santa Fe
Contact
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation
Feeds
Destination Docents
Toolbox
In other languages
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Email updates
Keep up to date with the latest news and content from BMC Bioinformatics and BioMed Central.
Software
XSTREAM: A practical algorithm for identification and architecture modeling of tandem repeats in protein sequences
Aaron M Newman1 and James B Cooper12*
Author Affiliations
1 Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
2 Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Bioinformatics 2007, 8:382 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-382
Published: 11 October 2007
Abstract
Background
Biological sequence repeats arranged in tandem patterns are widespread in DNA and proteins. While many software tools have been designed to detect DNA tandem repeats (TRs), useful algorithms for identifying protein TRs with varied levels of degeneracy are still needed.
Results
To address limitations of current repeat identification methods, and to provide an efficient and flexible algorithm for the detection and analysis of TRs in protein sequences, we designed and implemented a new computational method called XSTREAM. Running time tests confirm the practicality of XSTREAM for analyses of multi-genome datasets. Each of the key capabilities of XSTREAM (e.g., merging, nesting, long-period detection, and TR architecture modeling) are demonstrated using anecdotal examples, and the utility of XSTREAM for identifying TR proteins was validated using data from a recently published paper.
Conclusion
We show that XSTREAM is a practical and valuable tool for TR detection in protein and nucleotide sequences at the multi-genome scale, and an effective tool for modeling TR domains with diverse architectures and varied levels of degeneracy. Because of these useful features, XSTREAM has significant potential for the discovery of naturally-evolved modular proteins with applications for engineering novel biostructural and biomimetic materials, and identifying new vaccine and diagnostic targets.
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"warc_url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2466/9/24/email"
}
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Email updates
Keep up to date with the latest news and content from BMC Pulmonary Medicine and BioMed Central.
Email this article to a friend
Economic burden of asthma: a systematic review
Katayoun Bahadori, Mary M Doyle-Waters, Carlo Marra, Larry Lynd, Kadria Alasaly, John Swiston and J Mark FitzGerald*
BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2009, 9:24 doi:10.1186/1471-2466-9-24
Fields marked * are required
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Heavy Metals in Leaf, Stem Bark of Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica) and Roadside Dust in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria
Joseph Clement Akan, Lawan Bukar Inuwa, Zaynab Muhammad Chellube, Babagana Lawan
Abstract
Street dust and neem tree samples (Azadirachta indica) from Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria were collected for the determination of trace elements. The highest concentrations of metals were found to be higher at the seven sampling points, while the lowest levels were observed in the street dust samples from the control sites. The concentrations of all the metals in plant samples were significantly highest in the leaves of Azadirachta indica, while the stem bark shows the least values. Levels of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in plant samples exceeded the world health organization standard limits for medicinal plants. At the same time, the traffic situation in the area of study might be regarded as a source of heavy metal content in the roadside dust and plant samples.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ep.v2n1p88
Refbacks
• There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Environment and Pollution ISSN 1927-0909 (Print) ISSN 1927-0917 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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(November 2012)
Marvel, 2012 Series
< Previous Issue |
| Next Issue >
Price:
2.99 USD
Pages:
32
Indicia frequency:
monthly, except in April, June, July, and September
On-sale date:
2012-09-05
Indicia Publisher:
Marvel Worldwide, Inc.
Brand:
Marvel
Barcode:
75960605602618011
Editing:
Tom Brennan
Color:
color
Dimensions:
standard Modern Age US
Binding:
saddle-stitched
Publishing Format:
was ongoing series
[no title indexed] (Table of Contents)
Dark Avengers; Thunderbolts / cover / 1 page (report information)
Credits
Pencils:
John Tyler Christopher (signed)
Inks:
John Tyler Christopher
Colors:
John Tyler Christopher
Content Information
Genre:
superhero
Characters:
Ragnarok; Songbird; Mach V
Change Is Good (Table of Contents)
Dark Avengers; Thunderbolts / comic story / 20 pages (report information)
Credits
Script:
Jeff Parker
Pencils:
Neil Edwards
Inks:
Terry Pallot
Colors:
Chris Sotomayor
Letters:
Joe Caramagna
Content Information
Genre:
superhero
Characters:
Dark Avengers [Toxie Doxie; Ragnarok; Dark Spider-Man [Ai Apaec]; Trickshot] Thunderbolts [Luke Cage; Songbird; Mach V; Moonstone; Mr. Hyde; Satana; Ghost; Centurius; Troll [Gunna; Boomerang; Man-Thing] Skaar; Sultan Magus; Boss Cage; Danielle Cage (adult version); Danny Cage; Warden John Walker; Erik Wender; F.A.C.T.
Synopsis:
Cage and Skaar continue their battle with the Sultan Magus, but the Dark Avengers pursue their own agenda. The time-lost Thunderbolts aid in the revolt against the Bosses. Back in the present, Songbird and Mach V uncover the secret mission of the F.A.C.T. agents.
Reprints:
Editing
Table of Contents
1. 0. [no title indexed]
Dark Avengers; Thunderbolts
2. 1. Change Is Good
Dark Avengers; Thunderbolts
This issue was most recently modified by:
• Dwayne Best
• Gregory Fischer
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Origins of the Environmental Protection Agency
Source: EPA
Predecessor: The Conservation Movement
While Earth Day launched the idea of environmentalism in its present sense, the realization of the value of wilderness and an appreciation of the consequences of its destruction dates back several centuries in America. For example, as early as 1652, the city of Boston established a public water supply, a step followed in the next century by several towns in Pennsylvania. By 1800, 17 municipalities had taken similar measures to protect their citizens against unfit drinking sources. Still, anyone living in the great cities of New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, and Boston just after the American revolution could not escape the ill-effects of expanding urbanization: the stench of sewage in near-by rivers; the unwholesome presence of animal and human wastes underfoot; the odors of rotting food; the jangling shouts of vendors in narrow lanes; and the constant grinding of hooves and iron wagon wheels on unpaved streets.
Industrialism in the nineteenth century widened the impact of environmental degradation. Literary people were the first to sense the meaning of this trend. Herman Melville's epic novel Moby Dick (1851) and Henry David Thoreau's Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854) emphasized, respectively, the power and the tranquility of nature. A second generation of writers, perhaps sobered by the final settlement of the American West, wrote without fictional guise. John Burroughs published 27 volumes of intimate, experiential nature essays. John Muir, the Scottish prophet of the rugged outdoors, set down his observations in a series of books, beginning with The Mountains of California in 1894.
President Theodore Roosevelt, who undertook a western camping trip with Muir in 1903, came to symbolize the campaign for conservation, which gained steadily in political popularity. During and after his Administration, the use and retention of natural resources became a preoccupation of government.
President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal enacted a number of natural resource measures. The Soil Conservation Service, founded in 1935, applied scientific practices to reduce the erosion of agricultural land. The depletion of animal life received recognition in the passage of the 1937 Pittman-Robertson Act, establishing a fund for state fish and wildlife programs from the proceeds of federal taxes on hunting and fishing equipment. Most ambitious of all, the Tennessee Valley Authority erected nine dams and a string of massive generating stations.
From Ecology To Environmentalism
The definition of wilderness as an immense natural storehouse, subject to human management, changed after the Second World War. Life on the battle front, as well as the home front, curbed the country's appetite for colossal federal projects. Moreover, the almost immediate demobilization of the armed forces in 1945 and 1946 resulted in an unprecedented national birthrate. Cheap home loans for veterans pushed suburban settlement far beyond the city skylines. As the middle class found itself living on the edges of open lands, political questions surfaced about the preservation of the landscape just over the back fence. The concept of ecology—which valued esthetics and biology over efficiency and commerce—began to penetrate the public mind.
The growth of the cities also made plain the evils of pollution. Media stories covered radioactive fallout and its effect on the food chain, dangerous impurities in urban water supplies, and the deterioration of city air. The subtle metaphor of a "web of life," in which all creatures depended upon one another for their mutual perpetuation, gained common currency. Hence, the powerful reaction to Rachel Carson's 1962 classic Silent Spring, a quietly shocking tale about the widespread pesticide poisoning of man and nature. Her book elicited a public outcry for direct government action to protect the wild; not for its future exploitation, but for its own innate value.
In the process of transforming ecology from dispassionate science to activist creed, Carson unwittingly launched the modern idea of environmentalism: a political movement which demanded the state not only preserve the Earth, but act to regulate and punish those who polluted it. Sensing the electoral advantage from such advocacy, Presidents Kennedy and Johnson added the environment to their speeches and legislative programs. In his 1964 and 1965 messages to Congress, Lyndon Johnson spoke forcefully about safeguarding wilderness and repairing damaged environments.
Richard Nixon showed as much eagerness as his predecessors to profit from the issue, and he invoked it during the bitter presidential election of 1968. As President, however, he acted with ambivalence, moving in two directions at once. On one hand, he raised eyebrows by appointing a National Pollution Control Council, a Commerce Department body comprised solely of corporate executives. He also vetoed the second Clean Water Act. At the same time, in 1969 and 1970, he approved and directed a succession of sweeping measures which vastly expanded the federal regulatory protections afforded the environment.
An Environmental Revolution
Just four months after his January 1969 inauguration, President Nixon established in his cabinet the Environmental Quality Council, as well as a complementary Citizens' Advisory Committee on Environmental QuaIity. Opponents denounced both as ceremonial and Nixon, ever sensitive to criticism, rose to the challenge. He had already asked Roy L. Ash, the founder of Litton Industries, to lead an Advisory Council on Executive Organization and submit recommendations for structural reform. In November, the President's Domestic Council instructed Ash to study whether all federal environmental activities should be unified in one agency. During meetings in spring 1970, Ash at first expressed a preference for a single department to oversee both environmental and natural resource management. But by April he had changed his mind; in a memorandum to the President he advocated a separate regulatory agency devoted solely to the pursuit of anti-pollution programs.
Forging such an institution actually represented the final step in a quick march towards national environmental consciousness. Congress recognized the potency of the issue in late 1969 by passing the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). This statute recast the government's role: formerly the conservator of wilderness, it now became the protector of earth, air, land, and water. The law declared Congressional intent to "create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive harmony," and to "assure for all Americans safe, healthful, productive, esthetically and culturally pleasing surroundings." Henceforth, all federal agencies planning projects bearing on the environment were compelled to submit reports accounting for the likely consequences—the now famous Environmental Impact Statements (EISs). Secondly, NEPA directed the President to assemble in his Cabinet a Council on Environmental Quality. Undersecretary of the Interior Russell E. Train agreed to be its first chairman. The Council's three members and staff would assist the President by preparing an annual Environmental Quality Report to Congress, gathering data, and advising on policy. Signing the Act with fanfare on New Year's Day 1970, Nixon observed that he had "become further convinced that the 1970s absolutely must be the years when America pays its debt to the past by reclaiming the purity of its air, its waters, and our living environment. It is," he said, "literally now or never."
Pressing the initiative in his State of the Union Address three weeks later, the President proclaimed the new decade a period of environmental transformation. On February 10, he presented the House and Senate an unprecedented 37-point message on the environment, requesting four billion dollars for the improvement of water treatment facilities; asking for national air quality standards and stringent guidelines to lower motor vehicle emissions; and launching federally-funded research to reduce automobile pollution. Nixon also ordered a clean-up of federal facilities which had fouled air and water, sought legislation to end the dumping of wastes into the Great Lakes, proposed a tax on lead additives in gasoline, forwarded to Congress a plan to tighten safeguards on the seaborne transportation of oil, and approved a National Contingency Plan for the treatment of oil spills.
An Agency For The Environment
Having dispatched these initiatives in spring, by early July the Administration could concentrate its full attention on the capstone of its program. Acting on Roy Ash's advice, the President decided to establish an autonomous regulatory body to oversee the enforcement of environmental policy. In a message to the House and Senate, he declared his intention to establish the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and left no doubts about its far-reaching powers. Nixon declared that its mission would center on:
1. The establishment and enforcement of environmental protection standards consistent with national environmental goals.
2. The conduct of research on the adverse effects of pollution and on methods and equipment for controlling it; the gathering of information on pollution; and the use of this information in strengthening environmental protection programs and recommending policy changes.
3. Assisting others, through grants, technical assistance and other means, in arresting pollution of the environment.
4. Assisting the Council on Environmental Quality in developing and recommending to the President new policies for the protection of the environment.
The President accompanied his statement with Reorganization Plan Number 3, dated July 9, 1970, in which he informed Congress of his wish to assemble the EPA from the sinews of three federal Departments, three Bureaus, three Administrations, two Councils, one Commission, one Service, and many diverse offices. The Interior Department would yield the Federal Water Quality Administration, as well as all of its pesticides work. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare would contribute the National Air Pollution Control Administration, the Food and Drug Administration's pesticides research, and the Bureaus of Solid Waste Management, Water Hygiene, and (portions of) the Bureau of Radiological Health. The Agriculture Department would cede the pesticides activities undertaken by the Agricultural Research Service, while the Atomic Energy Commission and the Federal Radiation Council would vest radiation criteria and standards in the proposed agency. Finally, the Council on Environmental Quality's ecological research would be transferred to EPA.
The hearings on EPA, held in summer 1970, essentially supported the President. The House Government Operations Subcommittee on Executive and Legislative Reorganization, chaired by Congressman Chet Holifield of California, convened on July 22, 23, and August 4, to take testimony on Reorganization Plan Number 3. Lead witness Russell Train gave it unqualified support, predicting that its "vision of clean air and water...will provide us with the unity and the leadership necessary to protect the environment." Roy Ash testified the following day about the fragmented state of pollution control, the continuation of which "will seriously limit our solving the problem even as we expand our commitment to preserve and restore the quality of our environment." Meanwhile, witnesses appeared on July 28 and 29 before the Senate Government Operations Subcommittee on Executive Reorganization and Government Research, chaired by Senator Abraham Ribicoff of Connecticut. During these hearings, Senator Jacob Javits of New York perhaps expressed the prevailing mood of the Congress when he described the new organization as a "very strong and overdue effort to arrest and prevent the erosion of the priceless resources of all mankind and also to preserve that most priceless asset, the human being himself, who, in a singularly polluted atmosphere, may find it impossible to exist."
Congressman John Dingell of Michigan presented the only serious alternatives to Reorganization Plan Number 3. A strongwilled conservationist, Dingell wondered why the EPA encompassed neither water and sewer programs in the Departments of Agriculture and Housing and Urban Development, nor the environmental operations of the Defense and Transportation Departments. He proposed that instead of erecting EPA, the House consider a more comprehensive, cabinet-level Department of Environmental Quality. Despite his suggestion, both subcommittees approved the President's proposal and issued reports: the Holifield Committee on September 23, the Ribicoff panel six days later. Having cleared all its statutory hurdles, on December 2, 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency would at last open its doors.
The First Administrator
While the EPA plan underwent Congressional scrutiny, practical preparations proceeded at the Office of Management and Budget. A nine-man Task Force on EPA Organization met through summer and fall 1970 to design the structure of the new institution. By early October, the participating government Departments informed their employees of the transfer of functions and personnel entailed in establishing the new agency. Finally, on November 6, 1970, President Nixon amounted his intention to nominate William D. Ruckelshaus to be the first Administrator. A graduate of Princeton University and Harvard Law School, the 38-year-old Indianan had already compiled an impressive record of government service. At the age of 28 he was appointed a Deputy State Attorney General and in that capacity drafted the Indiana Air Pollution Control Act of 1963. In 1967, Ruckelshaus sought elective office and not only won a Republican seat in the state House of Representatives, but also became the first person to be named Majority Leader during his initial term. A rising political star, he was nominated to run for the U.S. Senate, but lost in the general election. At the time of his selection to head EPA, Ruckelshaus was serving in the Department of Justice as Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division.
During his confirmation hearings on December 1 and 2, Ruckelshaus received a warm reception from the Senate Committee on Public Works. His first words to the Senators not only laid the basis for his term as Administrator, but for the future of the Agency itself:
"I think that enforcement is a very important function of this new Agency. Obviously, if we are to make progress in pollution abatement, we must have a firm enforcement policy at the federal level. That does not mean that this policy will be unfair, that it will not be evenhanded, but it does mean that it will be firm.... [A]s far as I view the mission of this Agency and my mission as its proposed Administrator, it is to be as forceful as the laws that Congress has provided, and to present...firm support [for] enforcement [by] the States."
After taking the Oath of Office on December 4, 1970, the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency officially welcomed his staff, transferred just two days before from their former agencies and departments. William Ruckelshaus appealed to their zeal and sense of mission as they joined the newest independent federal agency, asking them to "keep moving ahead with the valuable work which is already underway [and] give us your ideas, your hard work and support in building a new and effective organization."
Further Reading
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Homepage
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the Environmental Protection Agency. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the Environmental Protection Agency should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
Glossary
Citation
(2009). Origins of the Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/155068
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http://www.fides.org
News
2013-06-06
ASIA/PAKISTAN - Extremists who burned the Christian area have been released; the man accused of blasphemy on trial
Lahore (Agenzia Fides) - Hundreds of men who in March set fire to the Christian area of Lahore "Joseph Colony" were released by the police and out of 83 men identified and arrested, 31 have obtained bail. On the other hand Sawan Masih, the faithful Christian falsely accused of insulting the Prophet Mohammed - the incident that provided the pretext to unleash mass violence on Joseph Colony - will instead be tried in prison for blasphemy. This is a sensational court case that for months has occupied public opinion in Pakistan, raising anger and protests of the Church, civil society, sectors of politics. Sawan Masih was accused of blasphemy and, following accusations, on March 9, 2013 a crowd of about three thousand Muslims attacked the entire neighborhood where they lived, burning two churches and about 178 Christian homes (see Fides 9, 11 and 13/3/2103).
In recent months, the government of Punjab has pledged to compensate the families and to rebuild the houses, but the issue of impunity remains an open wound.
"Most of the people who were stopped after the attack were declared innocent by the police and immediately released, for corruption or political pressure. Investigations continue and 31 of those who were arrested have been released on bail," explains to Fides Naeem Shakir, a Christian lawyer in Lahore. Meanwhile an appeal has been lodged against the decision of "provisional liberty", ordered by the High Court of Lahore.
Shakir is in the defense college of Sawan Masih who will be tried in jail for safety reasons: there are fears of an extrajudicial execution, as in many other cases of alleged blasphemy in Pakistan. "Masih is completely innocent. The trial has just begun and we will have the next hearing on June 12," says the lawyer. The college of defenders withdrew the request for bail for threats received against Masih. "They are two different cases: the first is based on the anti-terrorism law, the other on blasphemy. But they are a sign of bad and discriminatory functioning of the judicial system in Pakistan," notes Shakir’s lawyer.
According to the complaint registered, the Muslim Shahid Imran heard Sawan use derogatory language towards the Prophet Muhammad. For this reason Masih is accused on the basis of Article 295c of the Pakistan Penal Code (one of the articles called "blasphemy law"), which also provides for the death penalty. (PA) (Agenzia Fides 06/06/2013)
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Very Low Activity
Contributors : lanurmi
Analyzed 3 days ago based on code collected 3 days ago.
Activity on eFTE by lanurmi
All-time Commits: 125
12-Month Commits: 4
30-Day Commits: 0
Overall Kudo Rank:
First Commit: 17-Jan-2008
Last Commit: 16-Jul-2013
Names in SCM: lanurmi
Commit history:
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Project Commits
Approximately one year of commit activity shown
Project Languages
Language Aggregate Coding Time Total Commits Total Lines Changed Comment Ratio
C++ 1y 6m 50 3,464 9.3%
C 11m 15 1,285 -
Make 7m 12 91 -
Objective-C 3m 4 122 23.9%
XML 2m 3 66 -
Perl 1m 1 171 -
All Languages 1y 8m 125 5,199 11.2%
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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User:Mohamed Ali Ali-Benali
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Mohamed Ali Ali-Benali (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from web, and I've joined because Share experience and methods.
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
Personal tools
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Gmail Contest #6 - Win a Gmail Invite
Jul 12, 2004 • 7:26 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Blog Administration
CONTEST OVER
Please email your answers to [email protected], the first THREE CORRECT responses will win a free gmail invite. Good luck!
What month and year (format should look like Month Year) did Excite go online?
Feel free to provide a link to your source.
Previous story: Advanced Link Building Tool
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Apache w/ PHP and MySQL Support (MIPSel)
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 09:03, 16 June 2006 by 81.151.210.88 (Talk)
Jump to: navigation, search
Installing Apache w/ PHP and MySQL Support.
Contents
Opening Comments
Apache, along with PHP and MySQL, is very straight forward to install on a stock LinkStation 2 with the OpenLink firmware installed. If you have experience with building these packages, or compiling in general, it is a snap. If you have little or no experience in such matter, just follow the guide -- everything is reversible.
If you have not already done so, visit the [| OpenLink Firmware] section and follow the instructions for installing the telnet enabled firmware. You will also need to download and install the [| MIPSel Tools] before continuing.
A Remark on "--prefix"
The prefix argument, which you will see in every section below, allows you to install Unix packages to alternate locations. This is very important is the case of the LinkStation since all three packages take over 75 megs to install. You will not be able to install these packages to your root partition and doing so would be very bad.
I chose to create an "opt" directory under "/mnt/hda" to install each of these packages too, using a separate directory for each. This was done to keep the packages separated and easy to manage in the future. You may, of course, alter your install locations in any way but, if you are new to this, I suggest following my example.
MySQL
Begin with MySQL. If you do not wish to compile MySQL support into your system, please skip to the next section.
1. Download the latest recommended release of MySQL from http://www.mysql.com (4.1.13, at the time of this writing).
2. Copy the archive to your LinkStation as you would any other file, into your share folder.
3. Log into your LinkStation and 'cd /mnt/hda/share'
4. Execute 'tar -zxvf mysql-xxx' (replacing xxx with your MySQL version number)
5. Execute 'cd mysql-xxx' (replacing xxx with your MySQL version number)
6. Execute 'groupadd mysql' (Not sure if this is necessary, just following instructions from dev.mysql.com) ([Ralf] without this MySQL will try to run as root, but you need several special settings for this - better stick to the extra mysql user)
7. Execute 'useradd -g mysql mysql' (ditto)
8. Execute './configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/mysql --with-readline'
9. Execute 'make'
10. Execute 'make install'
11. Execute 'cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf' ([Ralf] there are more sample configuration files which you can try, e.g. my-small.cfg. Read the beginning of the files for a description)
12. Execute 'cd /mnt/hda/opt/mysql'
13. Execute 'bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql' (creates databases)
14. Execute 'chown -R root .'
15. Execute 'chown -R mysql var'
16. Execute 'chgrp -R mysql .'
[Ralf] MySQL 5 seems to require the following extra actions:
1. Create a MySQL password file: 'libexec/mysqlmanager --passwd --user mysql >> /etc/mysqlmanager.passwd'
2. At the following prompt enter 'mysql'
You should now have a fully functioning version of MySQL on your LinkStation. Now we can set up the server to start like any other service.
• Go back to where you have build MySQL (also see above): '/mnt/hda/share/mysql-xxx'
• Execute 'cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d'
• Execute 'chmod 755 /etc/init.d/mysql.server'
You can now start your MySQL daemon as follows: '/etc/init.d/mysql.server start'
Important Memory Usage Note: MySQL takes just under 25% of the LinkStation's total available memory when running. This should be taken into serious consideration if you choose to install MySQL support with your web server.
• TODO: Need to get the server running automatically at boot.
[Ralf] Here is how to start MySQL 5 automatically at boot. I guess it works quite similar with MySQL 4.X.
1. Execute 'cd /etc/rc.d'
2. Execute 'ln -s ../init.d/mysql.server rc2.d/S99mysql'
3. Execute 'ln -s ../init.d/mysql.server rc2.d/K99mysql'
Apache 1.3.xx
Apache itself is the next install. If you are not planning on installing PHP, you may ignore the "--enable-module=so" attribute below.
I decided to install Apache 1.3 because that is what my web host uses. Installing Apache 2 would be very similar and the following instructions can be easily adapted by reading the INSTALL document in the Apache 2 tarball.
1. Download the latest version of Apache 1.3 from http://www.apache.org (1.3.33, at the time of this writing).
2. Copy the archive to your LinkStation as you would any other file, into your share folder.
3. Log into your LinkStation and 'cd /mnt/hda/share'
4. Execute 'tar -zxvf apache-xxx' (replacing xxx with your Apache version number)
5. Execute 'cd apache-xxx' (replacing xxx with your Apache version number)
6. ./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/apache --enable-module=so
7. make
8. make install
You will, at the very least, need to change your port to 81 (or some other port). Open '/mnt/hda/opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf' and search for '80' -- change it to '81' (or some other port).
I also suggest changing the root directory to the files to "/mnt/hda/share/www" so you can have easy access to them over the Samba share. Search for 'DocumentRoot' and change the first reference (roughly line 288) to the above path. Search again and you will find another reference to change (around line 313).
Finally, run '/mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apachectl start' to start the server.
* TODO: Flush out the config file editing instructions.
* TODO: Need to get the server running automatically at boot.
PHP
Last we will set up PHP. I decided to install the latest version of PHP4 because, again, this is what my web host uses. You may decide to install PHP5, which would requires only 1 slightly different step below.
Pay special attention to the 'configure' (step 6) command below. If you installed the above packages to an alternate location you will need to update the paths in the proper attribute.
1. Download the latest version of PHP4 from http://www.php.net (4.4.0, at the time of this writing).
2. Copy the archive to your LinkStation as you would any other file, into your share folder.
3. Log into your LinkStation and 'cd /mnt/hda/share'
4. Execute 'tar -zxvf php-xxx' (replacing xxx with your PHP version number)
5. Execute 'cd php-xxx' (replacing xxx with your PHP version number)
6. ./configure --prefix=/mnt/hda/opt/php4 --with-mysql=/mnt/hda/opt/mysql --with-apxs=/mnt/hda/opt/apache/bin/apxs --with-config-file-path=/mnt/hda/opt/php4/lib
7. make
8. make install
Copy over the default config file. If you altered the "--with-config-file-path" attribute, in step 6, you will need to change the below command to copy to the appropriate path.
* cp php.ini-dist /mnt/hda/opt/php4/lib
Open up '/mnt/hda/opt/apache/conf/httpd.conf' and verify that the following line is included:
* LoadModule php4_module libexec/libphp4.so (for PHP4)
* LoadModule php4_module libexec/libphp5.so (for PHP5)
If it is not, add it. Also add the following two lines just below the LoadModule command:
1. AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .phtml
2. AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps
Restart Apache and PHP should now be working.
* TODO: More information on configuration of PHP
* TODO: Information on adding additional modules to PHP
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The Stock Market/Unemployment Relationship in USA, China and Japan
Farzad Farsio, Shokoofeh Fazel
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between unemployment rate and stock prices in USA, China and Japan; the top three world economies. Recently, there have been some articles by financial analysts asserting that unemployment rate is a strong predictor of stock prices. They refer to certain short-term periods and posit a negative causal relation from unemployment rate to stock prices. They argue that declining (rising) unemployment would display an upturn (a downturn) in the economy, an increase (a decrease) in demand for goods and services, and would therefore lead to higher (lower) profits and stock prices. In this paper, using logical analysis, we argue that these views are misleading to potential investors. We hypothesize that there is no stable long-term causal relationship from unemployment rate to stock prices. Furthermore, using quarterly data in US, China and Japan over the 1970-2011 period, we provide empirical support for our hypothesis. The empirical analysis of this paper is based on cointegration and Granger Causality tests. Our findings have one important implication: it would be a mistake to rely on unemployment rate data to make investment decisions in the stock market.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijef.v5n3p24
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Evaluation of Heterosis and Combining Ability of Yield Components in Chillies
Sarujpisit Payakhapaab, Danai Boonyakiat, Maneechat Nikornpun
Abstract
Nine F1 hybrids were obtained from crossing between three maintainer lines, CA1445, CA1449 and CA1450 and three restorer lines, CA683, CA1447 and CA1448. The hybrids were significantly different in yield and agronomic performance by using DMRT. The F1 hybrids CA1450 × CA1447 and CA1450 × CA1448 gave the highest yield while different statistically significant from each other in terms of yield levels differed at statistically significant level in this productivity performance when compared with their female parents, male parents and YokSiam variety but not differ statistically significant when compared with JomThong 2 and Jakkrapat varieties. The F1 hybrid CA1450 × CA1448 showed positive heterosis in terms of fruit weight per plant, the number of fruit per plant, fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length and pericarp thickness while F1 hybrid CA1450 × CA1447 expressed positive heterosis in fruit weight per plant, the number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit length and pericarp thickness. The general combining ability of the female parent, CA1450, was good for five characteristics. The male parent, CA1447 was good for five characteristics.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/jas.v4n11p154
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN 1916-9752 (Print) ISSN 1916-9760 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Vol 6, No 12 (2012)
Modern Applied Science, Vol. 6, No. 12, December 2012
Table of Contents
Articles
Two Vehicular Headways Time Dichotomic Models PDF
Raffaele Mauro, Federico Branco p1
Effect of Organic Fertilizer on CO2, CH4 and N2O Emissions in a Paddy Field PDF
Pantawat Sampanpanish p13
Type II Sensitivity Analysis in Solid Assignment Problems PDF
Kavitha K., Pandian ponnaiah p22
Impact of WTO Reforms on Trade Agreements on Cotton and Clothing in Pakistan PDF
Faraz Abid Lakhani, Anwar Ali shah G. Syed, Naveed Shaikh, Faiz. M. Shaikh p27
IT & Mobile Tower Infrastructure Industry Collaboration - Leap towards Green, Smart & Sustainable Future PDF
Vikas Dua p37
Advancement of CMOS Schmitt Trigger Circuits PDF
Wassan M. Kader, Haroon Rashid, Md. Mamun, Mohammad Arif Sobhan Bhuiyan p51
Optimization of Lobed Perforated Panel Diffuser: Numerical Study of Orifice Geometry PDF
Amina Meslem, Florin Bode, Ilinca Nastase, Olivier Martin p59
A Review of Optimal Designs in Relation to Supply Chains and Sustainable Chemical Processes PDF
Mohammed Saleh Al.Ansari p74
Analysis of Contact Stress between Cylindrical Roller and Outer Ring Raceway with Taper Error Using ANSYS PDF
Xia Xintao, Zhu Shichao, Jia Chenhui, Niu Rongjun p86
Correlation Network Analysis of International Postgraduate Students’ Satisfaction in Top Malaysian Universities: A Robust Approach PDF
Shamshuritawati Sharif p91
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Modern Applied Science ISSN 1913-1844 (Print) ISSN 1913-1852 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Saturday, September 02, 2006
Ten Places to Visit for Birding
Birding is NOT a crime!!!! is running a survey on Ten Places Every Birder Should Go Before They Die, with the provision that the sites are limited to the lower 48 United States and Canada (excluding Alaska, Hawaii, and everywhere south, east, or west of there). I am not sure how long he intends to keep this survey running, but if you would like to suggest some sites, you can do so at that link. Eventually the survey will become a poll with about 25-30 contenders.
Now I cannot contribute much to this question, since I am not well-travelled and know only a handful of sites in my region. However, I am going to change the question a little bit, and list the top ten sites I would like to visit for birding. As with the poll, I am limiting this in scope to the lower 48 and Canada.
1. Machias Seal Island (Maine) - I have always wanted to see Atlantic Puffins, and this is one place to do it. Plus, there is the likelihood of seeing many other alcids, most of which would be lifers for me.
2. High Island (Texas) - As I understand it, this is the place for major migration fallouts in the spring.
3. Santa Ana NWR (Texas) - The Rio Grande Valley is full of bird life, including many birds from Mexico that cross the border into Texas and many other specialties like Green Jay, Great Kiskadee, and Plain Chacalaca.
4. Everglades National Park (Florida) - Lots of tropical or subtropical species at the northernmost limit of their breeding range.
5. Crane Meadows Nature Center (Nebraska) - Sandhill Crane and Greater Prairie-Chicken
6. Churchill (Manitoba) - premier site for gulls and shorebirds
7. Point Reyes National Seashore (California) - Great for west coast shorebirds and landbirds, like Tricolored Blackbird.
8. Madera Canyon (Arizona) - Great for many species of hummingbirds, sparrows, and warblers, plus some Mexican vagrants.
9. Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming) - Known for geysers but good for birds, too. Great Gray Owl, Trumpeter Swan, Barrow's Goldeneye, plus woodpecker specialties.
10. Sequoia National Forest (California) - Spotted Owls, plus other specialties in fabulous surroundings.
So there are 10 places I would like to visit eventually. Any better spots out there?
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User talk:Legacytree1Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Welcome...
Hello Legacytree1!
Welcome to the FamilySearch Research Wiki! We thank you for your contributions! Please continue editing and consider joining one of the Projects Seeking Contributors or participate in a live Community Meeting where you will meet other experienced contributors.
This message is posted on your talk page which is associated with your personal user page. We invite you to create your User Page so that others in the community can get to know you better and what you are working on in the Wiki. Learn more about creating your user page.
Your user page is also a great place to practice new skills and lets others know something about you and your genealogical interests. We hope you like this place and decide to join in.
Here are a few pages you may find helpful:
Please sign your name only on discussion/talk pages. If you need personal assistance, feel free to contact a member of the Welcoming Committee.
Again, welcome! Parrisl 20:27, 6 May 2013 (UTC)
• This page was last modified on 6 May 2013, at 20:28.
• This page has been accessed 58 times.
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FamilySearch Wiki:Using the Wiki in FamilySearch CentersEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 22:57, 4 February 2013 by Fritty (Talk | contribs)
Contents
Using the FamilySearch Wiki in FamilySearch Centers
The Research Wiki is an incredible resource for you as you help in a FamilySearch Center. As a director or consultant, you know a great deal about family history. But you can't know how to research everywhere - and as a consultant, you could get a question about research anywhere in the world.
The Research Wiki will help you with that. It can:
· Guide you as you help patrons with researching in any area.
· Let others know about the resources available at your center.
· Capture your knowledge so that consultants across the world can benefit from your own experience.
· Serves as an excellent training tool for FamilySearch Center Missionaries and Volunteers, so they are all giving patrons the same information
· The Wiki allows a Center to have access to a large amount of information on how to research, records in cities, counties, states and countries without having to have the information on site physically.
Advantages to Using the FamilySearch Wiki
· Easy to use · Invites collaboration
· A great place to get free Family History Research advice
· Using Place Search - learn more about the place your ancestors lived
· Accessible from anywhere with a web connection
· Contains Instructions on how to find, use and analyze records that are genealogically useful. ·
· It has Historical definitions of legal terms, occupations and other terms that are useful to genealogists.
· It is instantaneous so there is no need to wait for a publisher to create a new edition or update information.
Research Assistance
Wiki Case Studies
The following case studies show how researchers used the Wiki to lead them to further information about their ancestors. Click on the case you would like to view.
Each of these cases involved different research needs, methods of searching, and results. They are good examples of how the Wiki can be used to help find information that would lead to the desired results.
Build your FamilySearch Center page
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• If you would like more help, please send us an email at [email protected] with Wiki in the title.
About the FamilySearch Wiki
Looking for an ancestor? The FamilySearch Wiki has 75,704 pages about records, localities, subjects and methods that can help you find your ancestors. Articles are written by community members like you, working together to create an online-library of information which will eventually enable all members of the community to discover precious details about their families. From the novice to the professional, everyone knows something that can help someone else. As we work together, we will find our ancestors!
To add your knowledge and help expand the wiki click here:
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Review: Noam Chomsky’s “Occupy”
Noam Chomsky has seen a lot of social movements. He cut his teeth on the civil rights and anti-war movements of the 1960s and 1970s. He participated in the anti-intervention struggles of the 1980s as well as in the World Social Forums that began in the 1990s. Now in his 80s, Chomsky has hardly slowed down with his schedule of writing and speaking and agitating. And he is certainly not one to watch the new Occupy movement from the sidelines.
The latest publication from the new Occupied Media Pamphlet Series brings together several of Chomsky’s intersections with the Occupy movement. There’s a lecture he gave at Occupy Boston in October 2011, an interview in January 2012 with a student about the meaning of Occupy, a conference call with hundreds of Occupiers later that same month, a subsequent speech on “occupying foreign policy” at the University of Maryland, and a brief tribute to his friend and co-agitator Howard Zinn.
Having spent so much time thinking about and engaging with social movements, Chomsky is both optimistic about the energy of Occupy and realistic about the challenges it faces. He appreciates the “just do it” ethos and embraces its radical approach to participatory democracy. But he reminds his audiences that all social movements reach further than they can grasp. The influence of money on U.S. politics, the huge weight of the military-industrial complex, the rapaciousness of financial speculation: these are forces not easily dislodged by people gathering together in public spaces and voicing their opinions. And yet, as Chomsky points out, the mostly non-violent, non-funded, and non-partisan set of actions radiating out from Zuccotti Park in Manhattan managed to change the national discussion about economic inequality.
This inequality, he argues, is the result of a 30-year-long class war that has hollowed out the middle class and put great pressure on the poor in the United States. The neoliberal push for privatization and lower trade barriers has carried that war to every corner of the globe. The Occupy movement is pushing back against the actors, the actions, and most importantly the consequences of this class warfare. Not surprisingly, given the vested interests being challenged, the pushback of the 99 percent has generated pushback in turn from the 1 percent.
What makes Chomsky’s perspective so interesting, aside from the wealth of his political experience, is the range of his interests. He draws from examples around the world to demonstrate his points. When talking about community-based media, for instance, he describes a scene from a Brazilian slum where media professionals set up a truck in a public square – to show skits and plays written by people in the community – and then walked around to interview people for their reactions. Why can’t we do something similar in the United States, Chomsky wonders.
It’s a big agenda that Occupy has identified, nothing less than a complete renewal of U.S. society and the U.S. role in the world. Chomsky sees not only the radical agenda but also the radical practice of the Occupiers. “Part of what functioning, free communities like the Occupy communities can be working for and spreading to others is just a different way of living, which is not based on maximizing consumer goods, but on maximizing values that are important for life,” he concludes in this valuable set of remarks and interviews.
John Feffer is co-director of Foreign Policy in Focus.
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Ghost Orchid by D. K. Christi released in Mobipocket.com and Kindle at Amazon.com print to follow
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D. K. Christi's obsession with the ghost orchid of Corkscrew swamp was the inspiration for a story of one family's love, lies and redemption, a mystery unfolding one coincidence at a time under the ghost orchid, high in the cypress canopy.
Contact: D. K. Christi [email protected] P.O.Box 367061, Bonita Springs, FL 34136 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE – time sensitive September 26, 2009
Florida’s own Everglades are featured in the press and television this weekend. Talent abounds locally as Clyde Butcher’s phenomenal black and white Everglades photography is front and center in a PBS special.
D. K. Christi, another local talent and novelist, celebrates her just released fiction novel, GHOST ORCHID, first released in ebook format to Mobipocket and Kindle at Amazon.com with the print book soon to be available online and through distribution to all book sellers.
GHOST ORCHID was inspired by D. K. Christi’s own obsession with the ghost orchid that first bloomed in Corkscrew Swamp Audubon Sanctuary on her birthday in 2007 and continued to bloom in successive years 2008 and 2009. She wore out the boardwalk as she stalked every change in the exquisite and rare orchid, high in the canopy, over three months each summer.
Inspiration from these walks is reflected in the descriptions of the changing swamp’s flora and fauna as well as her fascination with the ever-changing “ghost.”
One fictional family’s loves, lies and redemption are wrapped in the magic of the ghost orchid; and a mystery unfolds, one coincidence at a time, under the watchful eyes of photographers seeking the perfect subject in the perfect light and finding themselves. The beautiful Irish girl, Neev, uncovers secrets that haunt her very existence and also reveal the answer to the question: Is love eternal?
D. K. Christi is Amazon.com’s “Author to Watch whose debut novel Arirang, a romantic adventure that spans seven continents, conveys an underlying theme that "life happens when you are planning something else." In Christi's shorter works such as Chalk, The Magic Box, and The Valentine , exclusive to Amazon Shorts , themes of friendship surviving tragedy, love conquering adversity, and the triumph of the human spirit over the hardships of life serve to uplift and inspire. Discover a new voice in fiction and through her stories, perhaps discover something new about yourself. “
D. K. Christi is the pen name for Diane Christianson, currently a School Director in Lee County and formerly an administrator for the Collier County School District. A local community advocate with a history of helping those overcoming barriers to education and work, she is a world-traveled adventurer ready to regale audiences with tales of blue water sailing and foreign ports. She will be signing books at the Barnes and Noble Waterside Local Author’s event Saturday, October 31. www.dkchristi.com [email protected]
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स्वाआत्माभिमुखता' म्हणजे स्वतःच्या कल्याणाविषयीची अथवा उन्नतिविषयीची तीव्र लालसा असणे. ती निर्माण होण्यासाठी माणसास आपल्या जीवनाचे महत्व पटवून घेतले पाहिजे.
This quote is about poornavad. Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Dr. R.P. Parnerkar ...
He get the PhD from Kashi Vishwavidyalay in 1948 on his eassey named as "Poornavad". He was a living at Parner, Dist. Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra. He was a philosophical Guru of so many peoples all over the world.
These people bookmarked this quote:
vidyasagarjoshi
I'm male, say nothing
Dammam
I'm male, say nothing
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Quotes about force
These are quotes tagged with "force".
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The great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority decisions but by iron and blood.
Force is not a remedy.
• 2
The use of force alone is but temporary. It may subdue for a moment; but it does not remove the necessity of subduing again: and a nation is not governed, which is perpetually to be conquered.
Force is legitimate where gentleness avails not.
The direct use of force is such a poor solution to any problem, it is generally employed only by small children and large nations.
Civilization is nothing more than the effort to reduce the use of force to the last resort.
• 1
Why slap them on the wrist with feather when you can belt them over the head with a sledgehammer.
• 3
Coercion may prevent many transgressions; but it robs even actions which are legal of a part of their beauty. Freedom may lead to many transgressions, but it lends even to vices a less ignoble form.
Force works on servile natures, not the free.
• 1
Be careful: they have arms, and no alternatives.
• 5
Some people draw a comforting distinction between force and violence. I refuse to cloud the issue by such word-play. The power which establishes a state is violence; the power which maintains it is violence; the power which eventually overthrows it is violence. Call an elephant a rabbit only if it gives you comfort to feel that you are about to be trampled to death by a rabbit.
• 1
Whatever needs to be maintained through force is doomed.
• 2
Force without forecast is to little avail.
Force is that which rules the actions without regulating the will.
Where force is necessary, there it must be applied boldly, decisively and completely. But one must know the limitations of force; one must know when to blend force with a maneuver, a blow with an agreement.
Not believing in force is the same as not believing in gravitation.
A man convinced against his will; is of the same opinion still.
Force is as pitiless to the man who possesses it, or thinks he does, as it is to its victims; the second it crushes, the first it intoxicates. The truth is, nobody really possesses it.
Who were the fools who spread the story that brute force cannot kill ideas? Nothing is easier. And once they are dead they are no more than corpses.
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PC/104 Design Contest Winners Announced
Posted 10 Apr 2006 at 00:18 UTC by steve
The PC/104 Consortium has announced the winners of their 2006 design contest. The one we're interested in is the Category III Research Project winner. It's a small mobile robot, apparently named "Type 1", built around the PC/104 form factor as a series of modules. The modules can be added or removed as needed for the research applications. There's a camera module, compass module, gyroscope module, even a module with an integrated 3 DOF arm. The PC/104 news release does not provide the name of the organization that built this entry but it looks like it was designed by a University. The description indicates students have used the robot for several research projects.
More info about Philippe's Robot, posted 11 Apr 2006 at 14:18 UTC by Rog-a-matic » (Master)
PC104 Design Contest 2006 winner for category 3 was presented by Jeff Child of the PC104 Consortium to Philippe Lucidarme who came all the way from France to accept the award. The ceremony was held at the Hyatt hotel across the street from the San Jose convention center during the Embedded Systems Conference.
Philippe gave a nice presentation of his PC104-based mobile robot. The unit shows excellent craftsmanship including circular machined body components, circular circuit board that includes sensors and carries the PC104 CPU module, real DC gear motors with encoders, etc.
Pictures taken by Roger Arrick:
Picture of Philippe and Robot
Up Close of the Robot
Philippe's website: http://www.istia.univ-angers.fr/LISA/LUCIDARME/
See more of the latest robot news!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
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Email updates
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Systematic review of information and support interventions for caregivers of people with dementia
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Vol 2, No 5 (2008)
Modern Applied Science, Vol. 2, No. 5, September 2008
Table of Contents
Articles
Modern Applied Science, Vol. 2, No. 5, September 2008, all in one file PDF
Editor MAS P0
Decolorization of Cibacron Yellow S-3R Using Coriolus Versicolor (MTCC 138) PDF
Sivakumar Venkatachalam, Chitradevi Venkatachalam P3
Redevelopment of ANSYS in Mechanics Analysis of Railway-highway Combined Bridge PDF
Yiping Yin, Weishi Liu P9
An Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Spiral Plate Heat Exchanger PDF
Kaliannan Saravanan, Rangasamy Rajavel P14
Several Theorems for the Trace of Self-conjugate Quaternion Matrix PDF
Qinglong Hu, Limin Zou P21
The Malaysian Construction Industry’s Risk Management in Design and Build PDF
Hamimah Adnan, Kamaruzaman Jusoff, Mohd Khairi Salim P27
Exact Solutions for a Class of Variable Coefficients Nonlinear Evolution Equations PDF
Haiming Fu P34
Removal of Adsorbable Organic Halides (AOX) from Recycled Pulp and Paper (P&P) Mill Effluent Using Granular Activated Carbon–Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (GAC-SBBR) PDF
Abu Bakar Mohamad, Rakmi Abd Rahman, Abdul Amir Hassan Kadhum, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, Zakiah Wan Sudin, Safura Shaari P37
A Wide Passband SAW Notch Filter PDF
Zhiqun Lin, Jiuling Liu, Wenhui Ren, Shitang He P46
A Note on Two Theorems of C. Dong and J. Wang Concerning Combinatorial Identities PDF
Arnold R. Kräuter P50
A Development of Real-Time-Piecewise Meter for Three-Phase Power PDF
Baida Qu P53
Measurement of Relative Efficiency of State Owned Electric Utilities in INDIA Using Data Envelopment Analysis PDF
R. Meenakumari, N. Kamaraj P61
The Design of Automatic Temperature Control System for the Dyeing Machine PDF
Jing Dai P72
Experimental Investigation on Relationship between Sedimentation Rate Constants of Solid Materials PDF
K. Senthilkumar, V. Sivakumar, T. Kannadasan P80
A New Algorithm in Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Generalized Linear Models PDF
Yufang Wen, Xiangdong Song, Haisen Zhang P86
Refractive Indices, Ultrasonic Velocities Surface Tension and Thermo Acoustical Parameters of Anisaldehyde+ Benzene at 323.15K PDF
R. Baskaran, T.R Kubendran P91
A New Way to Determine the Multinomial Divisibility in the Rational Coefficient Field PDF
Xingxiang Liu P96
Study and Design of Impellers for Multiphase Reactors PDF
D. Devakumar, K. Saravanan P99
Adaptive Multicut Aggregation Method for Solving Two-stage Stochastic Convex Programming with Recourse PDF
Jingsheng Liu, Changyin Zhou, Xiuping Zhang P122
Research Progress in Prevention and Cure of Fibrosis by Traditional Chinese Medicine PDF
Yiwen Ma, Ruixia Kang, Xiaoli Liu P127
Study on Sirospunning System to Reduce the Hairiness of Yarn PDF
Liang Huo P133
Image Denoising through Self-Organizing Feature Map Based on Wavelet-Domain HMMs PDF
Jianxin Dai, Yaqin Jiang P139
Study on the Service Quality Evaluation and Improvement for Medium and Small Sized Hotels PDF
Fan Chen P145
A Study of a New Shaped Mechanism of a Ring Spinning Machine Based on Eccentric Cam System PDF
Wei Wang, Jiancheng Yang, Zhe Liu P148
Steady-state Analysis of the GI/M/1 Queue with Multiple Vacations and Set-up Time PDF
Guohui Zhao, Xinxin Du, Naishuo Tian, Xiaohua Zhao, Dongmei Zhao P157
The Application of BP Artificial Neural Network in Fabric Warmth Retention Test PDF
Gaoyang Zhang, Guangli Song P163
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< The Real Recipe
Next >
(3) A Refreshing Splash of Lemon-Lyme: For a Valentine's Day dinner I made Lemon Lime Risotto with Asparagus, which was very tasty. I love odd little risottos; it's a good medium for experimentation. Lately I've also been thinking of ways to make desserts with buttermilk.
Filed under:
Comments:
Posted by Susie at Thu Feb 17 2005 10:33
That sounds yummy! Maybe we will try it. I love risotto, but I've never made it.
Posted by anonymous at Fri Feb 18 2005 11:42
I'm totally afraid of making risotto. Never have tried. You are adventurous, Leonard. And inspiring.
Posted by Leonard at Fri Feb 18 2005 12:34
You both should try it! It's not hard. The only reason it takes 45 minutes to cook is you have to keep pouring broth into the rice-sponges. It's not 45 minutes of precisely timed maneuvers.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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Talk:Tommy Vercetti
From Grand Theft Wiki
Revision as of 06:33, 24 April 2012 by Originalusername (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
Tommy Vercetti not a Gangster?
I would like to object to Tommy Vercetti not being considerd a Gangster, because i believe that he is very much a Gangster, first off he is a Drug Lord, he has murderd god knows how many people, he is involved in Organized Crime, AND he once had ties to the Mafia. I think with all that and more he should be considerd a Gangster. George 04:52, 22 May 2007 (BST)
We're not saying he isn't a gangster, we just said that protagonists didnt need to be in Category:Gangsters - mainly because they aren't loyal to one gang, and they don't do everything as part of their gangs - they tend to work on their own. Do you think it would be useful to have them listed there? If you do, then go for it. Xenon (?) 09:56, 22 May 2007 (BST)
Year of Birth
Is there anything to indicate that he was born in 1951? I can't ever remember seeing this information. A-Dust 17:40, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
It's an assumption made by the fact that he spent 15 years in prison, which began in 1971. For some reason, there is the assumption that he was 20 years old when sent to prison, based on some rudimentary discussion of his mentioning that he didn't go to Vietnam as a result of his incarceration...not sure where that came from, but it's probably from one of the fan sites. EganioTalk 22:04, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
So surely, unless it is a game guide or something like that, the information should be removed from the article. Has anyone got the GTA Vice City game guide? A-Dust 22:08, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
I've got the original packaging back at home (PS2). Is it in there? EganioTalk 22:12, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
I mean the walkthrough book, otherwise known as the strategy guide, which I've only just thought of. I don't remember anything about any character in the VC game guide, just about the city itself. A-Dust 22:21, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
I have the Vice City Game Guide, and it states under the Characters section that Tommy Vercetti is 35 years old as of Vice City, so logically he would be born in 1951. Add on 35 years, and boom, 1986. MasterChief117 22:55, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
Colt17 has stated that he read it on Wikipedia. That may be so, but that doesn't make it correct. Clever estimates are also out of the question. Unless we get some form of proof from in-game (saying the year of birth, or an age at a particular time) then we can't display it as factual information. If it is REALLY important, you COULD have a section discussing what his age MIGHT be, but I don't recommend we do that. Gboyers talk 14:10, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
DanceWithLance provided this as "proof" of Tommy's age/D.O.B., but it's just from another wiki article on another wiki website, so can it really be a reliable source? Peronally I don't think it is. - Hardrock182 14:44, 28 June 2009 (UTC)
Can someone prove Tommy's birth date before removing the "verify" template?--Spaceeinstein 03:34, November 26, 2009 (UTC)
Sheesh, I'll do the proving then:
Tommy's a 35-year-old punk just out of the slammer, who served 15 years and is now back on the streets. He's connected with the Forelli family in Liberty City, and has been spotted in town with Ken Rosenberg at Escobar International. Something big is going down.
-Bradygames Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Official Strategy Guide
--spaceeinstein 20:32, 5 March 2012 (UTC)
Snarkiness
Just after the screen fades to black after certain missions, Tommy will chime in with his opinion on the matter, usually citing how crazy his boss is. He tends to be sarcastic, snarky, etc...yet this is never noted. Why not? --Maxaxle (talk) 03:13, 18 November 2011 (UTC)
I never really thought of that, but I think Rockstar Games did that so the players can have a good laugh. Originalusername (talk) 06:32, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Dermatology Research and Practice
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 561232, 3 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/561232
Clinical Study
Comparison of Periodontal Status in Gingival Oral Lichen Planus Patients and Healthy Subjects
Oral Medicine Department, Islamic Azad University, Dental Branch, Tehran 1668637161, Iran
Received 5 December 2011; Accepted 5 March 2012
Academic Editor: Philippe Humbert
Copyright © 2012 Arash Azizi and Massoud Rezaee. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background and Objective. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common chronic mucocutaneous disease. OLP can occur in different oral sites such as gingiva. The purpose of study was to evaluate the periodontal status of OLP patients with desquamative gingivitis (DG) and compare it with that of healthy control. Methods. This study was case-control. 32 patients with gingival OLP as a case group and 32 healthy subjects as a control group were selected. The periodontal status of all subjects including plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and clinical attachment level (CAL) was evaluated in both groups. Finally data were analyzed by t-test. Results. The mean values of periodontal parameters were observed to be higher in case group compared with control group, and this was significant (). Conclusion. Our results showed that periodontal status is worse in gingival OLP if compared with healthy controls.
1. Introduction
Oral lichen (OLP) is a common chronic mucocutaneous disease [1]. The prevalence of OLP varies from 0.1% to about 4% depending on the population sampled [24]. OLP is mostly found in middle-aged and elderly patients, the female- to male- ratio is nearly 3 : 2 [5]. OLP is characterized histopathologically by variable epithelial thickness, basal cell destruction, and a band-like infiltrate of mononuclear cells in the lamina propria. In the oral cavity gingival tissues are one of the most common sites for OLP [6].
Gingival OLP is characterized by erythematous lesions, erosions, and ulcers, mainly located on the attached gingival. The presence of epithelial desquamation, erythema, and erosive lesions on the gingival tissue is described as desquamative gingivitis [79]. It has been suggested that DG could play a role in increasing the long risk for periodontal tissue breakdown at specific sites [10, 11]. Arduino et al. demonstrated that periodontal status is worse in mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) patients with DG [10]. Schellinck et al. explained that patients with MMP have higher index compared to control groups [11]. Results of Lo Russo et al. study indicated that sites where DG lesions are present are not significantly different from sites where DG lesion are absent [8]. This is not the first study about the periodontal involvement and lichen planus, but it is one of the the first investigation about this title.
The purpose of this study was to examine the periodontal status of subjects with gingival oral lichen planus compared to control.
2. Methods
This study was a case-control. Sixty-four patients referred to the Department of Oral Medicine at the Azad University in Iran between 2006 and 2009 were selected. Thirty-two patients with diagnosis gingival oral lichen planus as case group and thirty-two subjects with no oral lichen planus and no history of desquamative gingivitis related to OLP as control group were enrolled in this study. Diagnosis of gingival OLP was made by clinical evaluation and confirmed by histological examination.
Exclusion criteria included (i) history of previous and/or current treatment for desquamative gingivitis and periodontal therapy (surgical and nonsurgical), (ii) less than 20 teeth, and (iii) systemic disease and pregnancy. The case and control subjects were between 30 to 65 years old and did not take any medication or supplement.
An informed consent was taken from each participant (case and control). This study was approved by ethics committee at the Ahwaz Dental School, University of Jundishapur. The oral clinical examination was performed by a single calibrated investigator. Periodontal examination including the following criteria was done. Plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were assessed in both groups.
All periodontal measurements were performed at six sites per tooth. All measurements were performed with a periodontal probe (PCPUNC 15: HU-Fridy Chicago, IL, USA) and the reading was recorded to the nearest 1 mm. PI was used for evaluating the state of dental plaque adhesion and GI was used for evaluating the spread and severity of gingival margin inflammation. CAL measured the distance from the periodontal pocket depth to the cementoenamel junction.
PI and GI were evaluated based on Silness and Loe’s method [12]. PD was measured from the gingival margin to the base of the probable pocket. BOP was evaluated based on the presence or absence of gingival bleeding on probing [12]. We do not have any pictures about this patients, because we did not evaluate any treatment about desquamative gingivitis. The mean values of the individual subjects were analyzed by t-test. P values ≤0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. For analyzing of data, we used Spss 17 statistical software.
3. Results
The mean and standard deviation age of the case was and that of the control group was . There was no significant difference in both groups. The mean values of periodontal parameters are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Mean values of clinical periodontal parameters in each group.
All PI, GI, PD, BOP, and CAL parameters were significantly higher in the case group compared with the control group, and the difference was significant ().
4. Discussion
The purpose of the study was to compare periodontal parameters in case and control groups. Our results showed that periodontal parameters were higher in case group compared to the control group. This increase may be due to several factors. It seems reasonable to believe that patients with desquamative gingivitis resulting from OLP may have impaired capacity to perform efficient oral hygiene practices hence the increased gingival inflammation levels and periodontal break down. In addition, discomfort caused by gingival lesions could predispose patients to visit less their dentists on a regular basis. OLP gingival lesions are usually persistent and painful, thus limiting efficient teeth brushing, this leads to plaque accumulation and could increase the possibility of long-term periodontal diseases [11].
Our results are in agreement with those of Arduino et al. [10], and Newman et al. [13]. Newman et al. found that periodontal status in pemphigus vulgaris patients might contribute to development and progression of periodontitis [13].
Arduino et al. showed that periodontal status is worse in mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) patients with desquamative gingivitis if compared with healthy controls due to a substantial difference in oral hygiene [10]. They demonstrated that oral health should be promoted in mucous membrane pemphigoid [10].
There is no enough study about correlation of gingival oral lichen planus and periodontal parameters, but there is some study about periodontal parameters in mucous membrane pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris with desquamative gingivitis such as Arduino et al. [10], Schellinck et al. [11], and Akman et al. [12] studies, with those of Lo Russo et al. [8] that found no correlation between desquamative gingivitis (DG) and periodontal status [8]. This difference may be due to the fact that in their studies number of patients with desquamative gingivitis was little. They evaluated only 12 patients with DG, but we evaluate 64 patients with DG oral lichen planus and healthy control subjects. Schellinck et al. and Tricomo et al. demonstrated that patients with MMP exhibited a statistically significant higher gingival index and amount of lingual gingival recession compared to controls but they appear to be no more at risk in developing of periodontal disease [11, 14].
At the end, we recommend further studies using larger samples to investigate other periodontal statues in oral lichen planus with desquamative gingivitis.
5. Conclusion
Our results showed that periodontal status is worse in OLP patients with DG if compared with healthy controls.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
References
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3. J. Bánóczy and O. Rigó, “Prevalence study of oral precancerous lesions within a complex screening system in Hungary,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 265–267, 1991. View at Scopus
4. M. Albrecht, J. Banoczy, E. Dinya, and G. Tamas, “Occurrence of oral leukoplakia and lichen planus in diabetes mellitus,” Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 364–366, 1992. View at Scopus
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Criminology
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 137583, 13 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/137583
Research Article
Demographic, Psychological, and School Environment Correlates of Bullying Victimization and School Hassles in Rural Youth
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Social Work, CB No. 3550, 325 Pittsboro Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3550, USA
Received 25 February 2013; Revised 26 April 2013; Accepted 20 May 2013
Academic Editor: John McCluskey
Copyright © 2013 Paul R. Smokowski et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Little is known about bullying in rural areas. The participants in this study included 3,610 racially diverse youth (average age = 12.8) from 28 rural schools who completed the School Success Profile-Plus. Binary logistic regression models were created to predict bullying victimization in the past 12 months, and ordered logistic regression was used to predict school hassles in the past 12 months. Overall, 22.71% of the sample experienced bullying victimization and school victimization rates ranged from 11% to 38%. Risk factors for bullying victimization included younger students and students experiencing depression and anxiety. Being female, Hispanic/Latino or African American, was associated with lower bullying victimization. Thirty-nine percent of the sample reported a high level of school hassles. Younger students and students with higher levels of anxiety and depression were at increased risk for school hassles. Students from larger schools reported high levels of school hassles, while students from schools with more teachers with advanced degrees reported fewer school hassles.
1. Introduction
According to The National School Safety Center, bullying is the most enduring and underrated problem in US schools [1, 2]. In a nationally representative sample, nearly 30% of students surveyed reported being involved in bullying in the current term, either as a perpetrator or a victim [3]. A more recent study found that prevalence rates for the past two months varied by type of bullying: 20.8% of students surveyed were involved in physical bullying, 53.6% in verbal bullying, 51.4% in relational bullying, and 13.6% in cyber bullying [4].
Bullying is a form of aggression in which one or more children intend to harm another child who is perceived as being unable to defend himself or herself [5]. Many researchers define bullying by four central features [6, 7]: intention (i.e., the perpetrator intentionally uses bullying to establish dominance or maintain social status) [8, 9], power imbalance (i.e., the bully is physically and/or psychologically more powerful than the victim) [3], repetition (i.e., the bullying occurs repeatedly over time) [3], and provocation (i.e., the victim does not provoke the bully). Bullying behaviors include name-calling, physical assault, threatening, stealing, defacing personal property, writing harmful statements, spreading rumors, intentional exclusion, extortion, and taunting [1]. Regardless of the chosen behavior, bullying is characterized by intense intimidation that creates a pattern of humiliation, abuse, and fear for the victim [9].
While research on bullying has burgeoned in recent years, little is known about bullying in rural areas. The significant emotional, academic, and physical consequences associated with bullying in general [10], coupled with risk factors unique to rural youth [11], underscore the importance of garnering an increased understanding of bullying in rural populations. Several researchers have applied an ecological framework to study the multiple contexts of bullying and victimization (e.g., [1214]).
Ecological Theory organizes the environment in terms of micro-, meso-, macro-, and chronosystems [15]. In the current study, the micro- and macrosystems are particularly salient. The microsystem refers to an individual’s immediate environment; for adolescents, the microsystem often consists of family, peer group, and school [15]. Interactions across these microsystems (i.e., proximal processes) influence one another reciprocally [15, 16]. This suggests that an adolescent’s bullying victimization and school hassles are likely impacted by other proximal processes in the microsystem (i.e., family, peer group, and school). An ecological framework underscores the need to consider the overarching macrosystem, which refers to the social beliefs and norms of a given environment [17]. In the current study, the macrosystem is the rural environment.
Little research has been conducted on health-related risk and protective factors for youth in rural settings [1822], especially regarding the correlates of bullying. The bullying research base has been dominantly devoted to urban youth [23, 24]. There is a common misperception that rural living is “tranquil” and “peaceful” [25], when in reality, rural life has many complications (e.g., geographic isolation, minimal community resources, and lack of public transportation) absent in urban environments [26]. Rural youth are significantly more likely than urban and suburban youth to smoke, drink alcohol, use drugs, bring a weapon to school, and have sexual intercourse [11]. And one study found that rural youth had significantly more externalizing and internalizing behaviors than urban youth [27]. These additional stressors and risk factors may impact the school and bullying experiences of rural youth.
Although prevalence rates of bullying in rural, urban, town, and suburban areas are equal, 3% to 5% more rural youth reported ever bullying than youth in urban, town, and suburban areas [3], indicating that rural youth may be at an increased risk for involvement in bullying. Carlson found that rural youth reported witnessing the most violence and experiencing the highest level of victimization at school compared to their home and neighborhood [18]. Based on past research, it seems that rural schools may have unique risk factors that impact bullying. We must expand our research focus to develop our understanding of the correlates of bullying in rural settings. The extant literature focuses on urban and suburban youth and is synthesized below.
Although victims, bullies, bully/victims, and bystanders are all affected by bullying interactions, the negative effects for victims are quite noteworthy [28], especially in regard to mental health outcomes. Victims have reported feeling ugly, worthless, lonely, and unhappy [10], which might explain why many victims reported low self-esteem [29, 30]. Various studies have also suggested that victimization was correlated with internalizing disorders [3134], such as anxiety and depression [35, 36]. Although bully/victims and bullies are typically more aggressive than victims, victims scored higher than noninvolved youth on a measure of reactive aggression [37], suggesting that victimized youth are also at an increased risk of displaying aggressive behaviors. These mental health outcomes indicate the importance of social support for victims of bullying.
Social support facilitates coping with stressful situations [38]. For example, one study found that the relationship between victimization and poor quality of life was moderated by peer support (i.e., increased levels of peer support decreased the impact of victimization on poor quality of life) [39]. This suggests that social support serves as a protective factor for victims of bullying. However, extant research indicates that victims of bullying tend to report lower social support, including lower teacher support [40], peer support [4042], and maternal support [42] than their nonvictimized counterparts. In addition to social support in the microsystem, in line with ecological theory, the macrosystem (e.g., school context) must be considered.
Bullying often occurs at school [1, 5]. One study found that 7% of American eighth graders missed school at least one day per month due to bullying [43]. For those students who regularly attend school, at least 20% of them reported being scared [44] or avoiding restrooms due to bullying [5]. It follows that victims would report a more negative sense of school climate, bonding, and engagement. Indeed, victims in elementary, middle, and high school reported lower school connectedness [45] and higher school dissatisfaction [46] than youth not involved in bullying. However, in another study of 11,033 sixth through tenth graders, there were no significant differences between victims of traditional bullying and non-involved youth in terms of school satisfaction [47], indicating the need for further research. Additionally, researchers must understand how the school environment impacts bullying victimization.
Little is known about the school characteristics associated with bullying, especially for rural schools. Although one study found that victimization varied primarily by individual characteristics rather than by school characteristics [48], further investigation of the relationship between school characteristics and bullying victimization is warranted. School size may be an important factor in the frequency of bullying victimization, and, generally, students felt less safe in larger schools [49]. Some studies have suggested that larger schools have higher levels of violence [50], crime [51], and vandalism [52]. Perhaps these findings can be explained by the fact that increasing school size was related to decreasing student attachment to school, teachers, and extracurricular activities [53]. In line with the above research, researchers have also found that larger schools have higher rates of bullying [54]; however, other studies have suggested no significant relationship between school size and the prevalence of bullying [55, 56].
In addition to school size, there are a number of other important school characteristics that may impact victimization and bullying. For example, Wynne and Joo found that academic achievement is an important predictor of criminal victimization and every one unit increase in grades (e.g., B to A) reduced the likelihood of criminal victimization by 17%; thus, high academic achievement may also be related to bullying victimization [57]. However, other researchers found that academic performance had no significant impact on the level of nonphysical bullying [58]. Socioeconomic status might also impact bullying, as researchers have found that elementary schools with a high number of low-income students (as measured by free/reduced price lunch) had higher rates of bullying [59, 60].
The overarching research question for the current study was what demographic, psychological, social, and school factors are associated with bullying victimization and experiencing school hassles. Based on ecological theory we hypothesized the following. Proximal microsystem influences (i.e., social support and school satisfaction) will be inversely associated with bullying and school hassles. Distal microsystem influences (i.e., school characteristics) will have less impact on bullying and school hassles than the proximal microsystem influences; however, these school characteristics will form cross-level interactions with individual characteristics. Student psychological factors (i.e., depression, anxiety, and aggression) will be positively associated with bullying and school hassles, while self-esteem will be inversely associated with bullying and school hassles.
2. Methods
2.1. Current Study
The current study was funded by a cooperative agreement between the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the North Carolina Academic Center for Excellence in Youth Violence Prevention (NC-ACE). The current sample came from the Rural Adaptation Project (RAP), a five-year longitudinal panel study of more than 4,000 middle school students from 28 public schools in two rural, economically disadvantaged counties within the Southeastern United States. The aim of the larger longitudinal study is to reduce rates of youth violence. The data for the current study were baseline data collected in spring of 2011. The sample from one county included all middle school students enrolled in the 11 public schools in the county. The second county was geographically bigger than the first county and had a much larger student population; thus a random sample of 40% of 6th through 8th graders from the 19 public middle schools was included in this study. Parents from County 2 received a letter explaining the study. If they did not want their child(ren) to participate, they sent a letter requesting nonparticipation and their child was removed from the study roster. Three parents sent letters of refusal. Students assented to participate by reading and electronically signing an assent screen prior to completing the online assessment. In both counties, students were given the opportunity to decline participation; 35 students declined to participate in the study. Participants completed the online assessment in school computer labs with close supervision by research staff, and every student had an identification number that was attached to his or her assessment in order to maintain confidentiality.
2.2. An Impoverished Rural Context
Examining the current rural macrosystem illuminates the environmental stressors present in participants’ lives. Both counties have limited public transportation services, which is problematic given the wide dispersion of people (i.e., average population density per square mile of the two counties is 101.65) [61] and resources. Additionally, the nearest large city is about 100 miles from both counties, making it difficult for residents to access metropolitan resources (e.g., a large hospital). Infant mortality is often used to gauge the overall health of a community [62], and in 2011 the average infant mortality rate of the two counties was 9.65 per 1,000 live births [63], which is above the national average of 6.61 [64]. Unemployment in the two counties is also higher than the national average, with an average unemployment of 12% [65]. Finally, the racial and ethnic composition of these counties is quite rare for a rural community [66]. Both counties in this study are minority-majority [61].
2.3. Participants
The participants () for this study were from two rural counties in a Southeastern state. Fifty-three percent () of the sample was female. Participants were racially diverse: 28% () identified as American Indian/Native American, 22.5% () identified as non-Hispanic White, 22% () identified as non-Hispanic African American, 12% () identified as Hispanic/Latino, and 11% () identified as mixed race or other. The mean age was 12.8 years. Participants were in middle school (6th–8th grade) and roughly 33% came from each grade. Sixty-six percent of the participants received a free/reduced price lunch. Additional information about the sample is provided in Table 1.
Table 1: Sample descriptive statistics and model-estimated odds ratios for bullying victimization.
2.4. Independent Measures
The School Success Profile (SSP) [67] is a 220-item youth self-report survey that measures attitudes and perceptions about school, friends, family, neighborhood, self, and health/wellbeing. Since its creation in 1993, the SSP has been administered to tens of thousands of students, and its reliability and validity are well documented [68]. The current study used a modified version of the SSP, the School Success Profile Plus (SSP+), which included 152 of the original SSP items and two additional subscales: a modified version of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale [69] was used to measure self-esteem, and two subscales from the Youth Self-Report (i.e., child version of the Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]) [70] were used to measure anxiety and aggression. Each measure is described in detail below.
2.4.1. Demographics
Receiving free or reduced lunch at school was a proxy for socioeconomic status. Race and ethnicity were coded as four dichotomous variables: Hispanic, non-Hispanic African American, American Indian, and mixed race or other. Non-Hispanic White students were the reference group. Gender was a dummy variable and male was the reference group.
2.4.2. Psychological Factors
Depression was measured using four items taken from the SSP [67]. Example items included “I often feel sad” and “I often feel all alone in the world.” The Cronbach’s alpha reliability for this scale was in this sample. The rigorously tested Youth SelfReport has been used extensively with a variety of different communities [71], and two modified subscales were used to measure anxiety and aggression. Anxiety was measured with three items from the original Anxiety subscale from the YSR [70]. The scale items were “I often worry about my future,” “I often feel nervous or tense,” and “I often feel fearful or anxious.” This scale had a Cronbach’s alpha reliability of in this sample. The 12-item Aggression scale [70] assessed a variety of aggressive and noncompliant behaviors. Example items included “I get in many fights” and “I break rules at home, school, or elsewhere.” The Cronbach’s alpha reliability for this scale was in this sample. The 5-item self-esteem scale was an adapted version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [69], and example items included “I feel good about myself” and “I am able to do things as well as most other people.” Five of the original items from Rosenberg were deleted for brevity on a long assessment, and items were worded to decrease confusion for a low-literacy middle school population. Cronbach’s alpha reliability for this scale was in the current sample. The seven-item School Satisfaction scale [67] measured each student’s overall satisfaction with his/her school experience. Example items included “I enjoy going to this school” and “I am getting a good education at this school.” The Cronbach’s alpha reliability for this scale was . Items from each of these scales used the same three-point Likert response options (Not Like Me, A Little Like Me, and A Lot Like Me).
2.4.3. Social Support
The five-item Friend Support scale [67] was measured on a three-point Likert scale (Not Like Me, A Little Like Me, or A Lot Like Me). Example items included “I can count on my friends for support” and “I feel close to my friends.” The Cronbach’s alpha reliability for this scale was for this sample.
The eight-item Teacher Support scale [67] measured students’ perceptions of their teachers’ supportive behavior. Example items included “My teachers care about me” and “My teachers give me a lot of encouragement.” Each item was rated on a four-point Likert scale (Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Agree, or Strongly Agree), and the Cronbach’s alpha reliability was for this sample.
The five-item Parent Support scale [67] measured the frequency over the past 30 days that an adult in the child’s home provided emotional support. Example items included “How often did the adults in your home tell you that you did a good job?” and “How often did the adults in your home make you feel special?” Each item was rated on a three-point Likert scale (Never, Once or Twice, or More than Twice), and the Cronbach’s alpha reliability for this scale was in this sample.
The five-item Neighborhood Support scale [67] measured the child’s perception of the degree to which adults in the neighborhood are interested in and offer help to young people. Example items included “Adults in my neighborhood are interested in what young people in the neighborhood are doing” and “People in my neighborhood really help one another out.” Each item was rated on a four-point Likert scale (Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Agree, or Strongly Agree), and the Cronbach’s alpha reliability was in this sample.
2.4.4. School Aggregated Characteristics
Publicly available administrative data was used to measure the following school characteristics. School size was a measure of the number of children attending each school. Student achievement was assessed as the percentage of students scoring at or above grade level on End of Grade (EOG) tests in reading and in math at the end of sixth grade. Teacher turnover rate was the percentage of teachers who left during the school year. Teacher quality was assessed as the percentage of teachers with advanced degrees. Racial and ethnic composition was measured by four variables: the percentage of White, African American, Hispanic, and American Indian students in a school. School poverty was assessed by the percentage of students receiving free or reduced lunches. Finally, teacher experience was measured by two variables: the percentage of teachers with four to ten years of teaching and the percentage of teachers with more than ten years of teaching experience; the percentage of teachers with zero to three years of experience was the reference group. All of these variables were administrative indicators not psychosocial scales, and, as such, they did not have internal consistency reliabilities.
2.5. Dependent Measures
The 13-item school hassles scale [67] measured the frequency with which students have endured peer harassment over the past 30 days. Example items included “Someone treated you in a disrespectful way,” “Someone at school hassled you for no reason,” and “Someone at school pushed, shoved, or hit you.” The frequency of these events was measured on a three-point Likert scale (Never, Once or Twice, or More than Twice), and the Cronbach’s alpha reliability was in this sample.
Bullying victimization was measured with one item that asked each student if she or he had been the victim of bullying in the past twelve months. This was a dichotomous variable with 1 coded as “yes, victimized by a bully” and 0 for “no, not bullied in the past twelve months.” Correlations among the dichotomous bullying victimization variable and 13 school hassles items are displayed in Table 2.
Table 2: Correlations among dependent variable indicators ().
2.6. Data Analyses
By design, students coming from the same school may share common characteristics on an outcome variable compared to students from other schools, indicating the potential for clustering effects. The presence of clustering effects violates the independent-observation assumption embedded in a regression model and leads to an incorrect test about statistical significance of predictor variables. Using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), we tested the clustering effects on both school hassles and bullying victimization variables. We first evaluated the ICC of the original school hassles scale (i.e., the ordinal variable) using the following equation [72]: where is the between-group variance and is the within-group variance. Results showed that the ICC for the school hassles scale was 0.019, indicating that 1.9% of the variation on the school hassles was between schools. We then evaluated the ICC of bullying victimization using the following equation [73]: where is the variance of the random effect from the following multilevel logistic regression, and . The estimated ICC for bullying victimization was 0.011, indicating that 1.1% of variation in bullying victimization was between schools. Given the low ICC measures for both outcomes, we concluded that clustering effects were not present, and analysis based on the independent-observation assumption was valid.
The school hassles variable had a positively skewed distribution (results are available by request). Since linear models assume a normal distribution of the dependent variable, we did not analyze the variable in its original scale. Therefore, the current study employed an ordered logistic regression (Long, 1997). After rounding (i.e., recoding the values from 1 to 1.4 of into value 1, the values from 1.5 to 2.4 of into value 2, and the values from 2.5 to 3 of into value 3), the dependent variable had three ordinal levels, ranging from 1 to 3. Ordered logistic regression assumes that each ordinal category is determined by the change of a latent continuous variable: with ordinal levels, the model assumes threshold or cutoff values of the continuous latent variable at which the observed category makes changes. For the current study, is 3 and the number of threshold values is 2. The ordered logistic regression models the probability of having each of the three ordinal categories as a function of the independent variables and the two threshold values. Denoting school hassles as , the independent variables as vector , and the regression parameters as vector , the probability of having an ordinal category may be expressed as respectively, where and are the threshold values. In the above equation, each element in the estimated vector is a regression coefficient, and an exponent of the coefficient is an odds ratio. We employed the Stata ologit program (i.e., an estimator of maximum likelihood) to estimate the ordered logistic regression.
The bullying victimization variable was a dummy variable, coded 1 if the student reported being bullied and 0 otherwise, and, therefore, logistic regression was used. The model is expressed by the following equation: where is the probability of for the outcome variable, is the matrix of independent variables, and is the vector of regression coefficients showing effects of the independent variables. Taking the exponent of each element in estimating (i.e., exp()), we obtained the odds ratio for each independent variable, which is the final statistic presented in the findings section. To make the statistical inference more accurate, we further employed the Huber and White correction to obtain robust estimation of standard errors [74].
2.7. Cross-Level Interactions
Research hypotheses about a cross-level interaction may be represented by the following diagram depicting a multilevel proposition [73]: (5) where is the outcome variable, is a student-level independent variable, and is a school-level independent variable. Based on the literature, we hypothesized that a school-level variable affects the relationship between a student-level variable and the outcome; that is, other things being equal, the impact of a student-level variable on the outcome varies by the level of school-level variable. Under this conceptualization, the school-level variable served as a moderator, and informed us of school settings that were important predictors to students’ bullying experiences and school hassles.
We tested various cross-level interactions using individual and school characteristics. The student characteristics used in this analysis included anxiety, depression, and aggression. The school characteristics included teacher turnover rate, percentage of students at or above grade-level in reading and math, percentage of students using free or reduced lunch, and percentage of teachers with 10 or more years of experience. We began with an analysis including one cross-level interaction in a model at a time. If multiple individual models showed statistically significant interactions, we then combined all significant interactions in one model.
2.8. Handling Missing Data
To handle missing data, we followed Allison [75] and employed listwise deletion. Consequently, the sample analyzed for the school hassles outcome is comprised of 3,602 students (i.e., 83.36% of the original sample), and the sample analyzed for the bullying victimization is comprised of 3,610 students (i.e., 83.54% of the original sample). A series of bivariate analyses were performed to discern differences on key demographic variables between the sample analyzed and the sample not analyzed. Results showed that the sample analyzed was slightly older (i.e., 0.15 years older on average, ), had a higher proportion of females (i.e., 11.5 percentage points higher, ), a lower proportion of students using free and reduced lunch (i.e., 9.5 percentage points lower, ), a lower proportion of African American students (i.e., 13.9 percentage points lower, ), a higher proportion of American Indian students (i.e., 9.4 percentage points higher, ), and a slightly lower proportion of students with a mixed or other race (i.e., 2.8 percentage points lower, ) than the sample not analyzed. Based on these results, it is clear that the data was not “Missing At Random” (MAR), and, according to Allison, “[…] listwise deletion is the method that is most robust to violations of MAR […]” [75, p. 6].
3. Results
Sample descriptive statistics and final model-estimated odds ratios of bullying victimization are shown in Table 1.
3.1. Correlates of Bullying Victimization
The overall model had an acceptable fit to the data, as reflected by the model chi-square of 336.03 (with 28 degrees of freedom, ). This model had a pseudo -square of 0.0956, indicating that 9.56% of the variation in bullying victimization can be attributed to the variables included in the model. Overall, there were 820 students (or 22.71% of the analyzed sample) who experienced bullying victimization. Among the 28 schools, the prevalence of bullying victimization in the past 12 months ranged from 11% to 38%.
Younger students were more likely to experience bullying victimization (); every one-year increase in age decreased the probability of bullying victimization by 28%. Hispanic students were less likely to experience bullying victimization than their White counterparts by 27.8% (); African American students were less likely to experience bullying victimization than their White counterparts by 41.5% ().
Students reporting higher anxiety were more likely to experience bullying victimization (); every increase in anxiety increased the probability of bullying victimization by 51.4%. Similarly, depressed students were more likely to experience bullying victimization (); every one-unit increase in depression increased the probability of bullying victimization by 76.4%. Having higher school satisfaction decreased the likelihood of experiencing bullying victimization (); every one-unit increase in school satisfaction decreased the probability of bullying victimization by 51.7%.
Social support from friends, but not from teachers, parents, or neighbors decreased the likelihood of experiencing bullying victimization (): other things being equal, every one-unit increase in social support from friends was related to a 22.6% decrease in the probability of bullying victimization.
After a series of tests of cross-level interactions, we found no interactions between school characteristics and individual factors that were statistically significant in the model of bullying victimization.
3.2. School Hassles Model
Model-predicted probabilities are presented in Table 3. Overall, 61.47% of the analyzed sample reported low levels of school hassles and 2.61% reported high levels of school hassles. The school hassles model has an acceptable fit to the data, as reflected by the chi-square of 846.21 (with 29 degrees of freedom) that was statistically significant at a level. This model had a pseudo -square of 0.1446, indicating that 14.46% of the variation in school hassles can be attributed to the variables included in the model.
Table 3: Model predicted probabilities of school hassles.
Results indicated that younger adolescents have a higher probability of reporting high school hassles than older adolescents (e.g., the probability of adolescents at age 11 reporting high school hassles was 3.72%, compared to a probability of 1.40% for 16 year olds, ). Males (3.08%) have a significantly higher probability of reporting high school hassles than females (2.25%; ). Students who receive free or reduced price lunch (2.81%) have a higher probability of reporting high school hassles than those not receiving free or reduced lunch (2.26%; ). In terms of race, White adolescents (2.77%) had a significantly higher probability of reporting high school hassles than Hispanic adolescents (2.21%; ).
Students who reported low levels of school satisfaction (7.48%) had a higher probability of reporting high school hassles than those who reported high school satisfaction (1.59%; ). Teacher, parent, friend, and neighborhood supports were not significantly related to school hassles.
Students who reported high levels of anxiety had a significantly higher probability of reporting high levels of school hassles (6.75%) than students who reported low levels of school anxiety (1.93%; ). Students who reported high levels of depression (7.58%) had a significantly higher probability of reporting high levels of school hassles than those who reported low levels of depression (1.90%; ).
Adolescents attending larger schools (i.e., those with 950 students; 3.17%) had a higher probability of reporting high school hassles than those attending smaller schools (i.e., 150 students; 2.22%, ). Students attending schools that had a high percentage (i.e., 80%) of students at or above grade level in reading (4.26%) had a higher probability of reporting high school hassles than students attending schools with a low percentage (i.e., 40%) of students at or above grade level in reading (1.74%; ). On the other hand, students attending schools that had a low percentage (i.e., 60%) of students at or above grade level in math had a higher probability (7.39%) of reporting high school hassles than students attending schools with a high percentage (i.e., 90%) of students at or above grade level in math (0.93%; ). Adolescents attending schools with a low percentage (i.e., 10%) of teachers with advanced degrees had a significantly higher probability (3.11%) of reporting high school hassles than students attending schools with a high percentage (i.e., 40%) of teachers with advanced degrees (2.09%; ). Students attending schools with a higher percentage (i.e., 80%) of teachers with 10 or more years of experience had a significantly higher probability (3.22%) of reporting high school hassles than students attending schools with a low percentage (i.e., 30%) of teachers with 10 or more years of experience (2.23%; ).
After testing a series of cross-level interactions, we found only one interaction (i.e., the percentage of students at or above grade level in math by student’s aggression) that was statistically significant. Due to the complexity of interpreting model-predicted probabilities of interaction terms, the results of aggression by students at or above grade level in math interaction are displayed graphically in Figure 1. For adolescents reporting high levels of aggression (i.e., aggression = 3), as the percentage of students at or above grade level in math increases, the probability of reporting high school hassles also increases. However, the opposite trend is true for students reporting medium and low levels of aggression (i.e., aggression = 2 or 1). For these students, as the percentage of students at or above grade level in math increases, the probability of reporting high school hassles decreases.
Figure 1: Model-predicted probability of reporting a high level of school hassles.
4. Discussion
This study contributed to our knowledge of school hassles and bullying victimization by illuminating individual and school environment risk factors in a large sample of rural youth. Considering the dearth of extant information on rural youth, it is noteworthy that these youth experienced school hassles and bullying at rates comparable to urban and suburban youth. Overall, 23% of rural youth reported being bullied in the past twelve months, with a range of 11% in the least violent school to 38% in the most violent school. This overall prevalence rate is higher than a previous study on extreme victimization (10%) [76] and a national survey that included both bullies and victims (13.6%) [4]. This underscores the need to more fully understand bullying dynamics in rural areas. The prevalence of bullying in the rural areas we assessed was not only higher than the national rate, it was over 25% in nine out of the 25 schools assessed. Further, this rate is only for victimization, and adding the bullies who perpetrated the aggression would potentially double the rate of children involved in the bullying dynamic.
Our model identified important demographic risk factors for bullying victimization and experiencing school hassles. Reports of victimization and school hassles decreased with age and were more common for males than females. This finding was in line with previous research that found bullying to be most common in lower grades [3]. The elevated risk for males in these rural areas contrasted with higher rates for females in national data [77] but were consistent with other research showing that males were bullying perpetrators and victims more often than females [3, 36]. This gender effect was more relevant to reported school hassles than bullying. These school hassles centered on physical aggression, harassment, and overt disrespectful encounters more than subtle social ostracism that females reported when they were victimized [78]. Another possible explanation for this gender difference is the fact that some rural communities in the United States follow prescribed gender roles, where men are supposed to be masculine and dominant and women are expected to be subservient [79]. It is well documented that male victims of bullying often do not fit this “masculine ideal”, and, it is possible that, in this rural setting, they are therefore at an increased risk for bullying victimization as compared to their urban counterparts.
African American and Hispanic students reported significantly less victimization compared to their Caucasian classmates. American Indian students also reported lower rates, but the difference was not statistically significant relative to Caucasian students. These racial differences placing Caucasian students at higher risk were also found in previous studies [60, 77] but have garnered little discussion in the research literature. It appears that children are victimized for a variety of reasons (e.g., lacking power and relationships, being insecure, physically weak or different), but coming from a racial or ethnic minority group may not be a strong rationale for being bullied. In this sample, there were almost equal percentages of the various racial groups. This suggests that minority children are not isolated and the high number of same minority peers may provide safety from being singled out or segregated. It is also possible that Hispanic and African American victims labeled their victimization experiences as discrimination rather than bullying. This is not clear without further qualitative investigation. Alternately, bullies may have understood that race was an exceptionally sensitive topic that may quickly bring remediation (e.g., bullying by race can be translated into a hate crime with severe penalties). It then becomes safer to victimize a weak Caucasian child instead of a minority student, especially in the diverse environment in this study. All of these explanations warrant future research.
Socioeconomically disadvantaged students who received free or reduced school lunches reported more school hassles, but were not at significantly higher risk for bullying victimization. Given that the current measure of school hassles included many behaviors identified in the literature as bullying, it is interesting that this discrepancy exists. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is a difference between students’ definition of bullying and adults/researchers’ definition [7, 80]. These students endorsed suffering from school hassles but may not have labeled these experiences as bullying. This is a mixed finding that requires additional research to hypothesize a substantive interpretation of this relationship.
In partial support of Hypothesis 3 and in line with previous research [35], students who reported high levels of anxiety and depression were significantly more likely to experience bullying victimization and school hassles. In light of the symptoms associated with anxiety and depression (e.g., excessive worry, constant sadness, irritability, reduced interest in activities) [81], it is possible that these adolescents may stand out from their peers and be targeted by bullies. Another possibility is that the increased levels of anxiety and depression may be a consequence of the bullying victimization. Cross-sectional data will not support assertions about causality; however, it is likely that there is a strong feedback loop between victimization and mental health symptoms. This finding points to the importance of teachers paying close attention both to students who are bullied and to students who appear depressed or anxious. Teachers should be cognizant of sudden or gradual changes in mood as this could be indicative of victimization. Contrary to hypothesis 3, aggression and self-esteem were not significantly related to bullying victimization or school hassles.
As expected, few school level characteristics were directly associated with bullying and school hassles. Current findings mirror past literature, suggesting higher rates of hassles in larger schools [54]. It is likely that in larger schools teachers are less able to monitor students’ behaviors, leading to increased rates of problem behaviors. Teacher characteristics were also important. Schools with more teachers who have advanced degrees had a lower probability for their students to experience school hassles; however, schools with more teachers who had taught for more than 10 years tended to have a higher probability for their students to experience school hassles. Together, these effects suggest that students’ perceptions of school hassles may be decreased by having knowledgeable teachers who are well prepared in their fields but who have not taught long enough to be “burned out.” Perhaps teachers who have taught more than 10 years have continually attempted to interrupt students hassling one another without success and have therefore given up trying to intervene. A potential point of intervention could be to provide teachers with effective behavior management and intervention strategies. Contrary to our expectations, there was only one significant cross-level interaction: the interaction of percentage of students at or above grade level in math and aggression on school hassles. For adolescents who reported high levels of aggression, as percentage of students at or above grade level in math increased, the probability of reporting high school hassles also increased. High levels of aggression often coincide with low academic success [82]. It is possible that, in this sample, students reporting high levels of aggression were also unsuccessful academically and therefore did not fit in with their high achieving peers making them targets for peer ridicule.
In line with hypothesis 1, microsystem factors were more important predictors than school level factors, confirming previous reports [48]. The protective effect of school satisfaction was one of our most noteworthy effects related to both bullying and school hassles. Enhancing school satisfaction is an appropriate target for prevention scientists who seek to reduce bullying. In terms of social support, our hypothesis was partially supported. Peer support was the only significant source of support that predicted lower bullying victimization. This finding points to the importance that the peer group has for adolescents, perhaps suggesting the utility of an intervention focused on peer mediation and strengthening the quality of peer relationships. It is possible that parent, teacher, and neighbor supports were not significantly associated with school hassles and bullying victimization because these adult figures might not be aware that bullying and school hassles are occurring. Peers might be able to intervene and support victims more easily than these adults as peers are more likely to witness the bullying and school hassles than parents, teachers, and neighbors.
5. Limitations
A significant limitation in this study was the way that bullying was measured. A dichotomous variable does not allow for an evaluation of frequency of bullying incidents, so therefore a child who has been bullied once or twice is treated synonymously with a child who was chronically bullied. In addition, the bullying question does not define bullying, leaving interpretation up to the reader, which could be problematic based on the known discrepancy between students’ and researchers’ definitions of bullying [7, 80]. However, other researchers [8385] have used dichotomous bullying variables in conjunction with other scales. The present study employed a similar approach and used a dichotomous bullying variable in conjunction with the school hassles scale. As seen in Table 2, correlations between bullying victimization and items from the school hassles scale are statistically significant and substantively important. Thus, although the bullying variable on its own is flawed, we considered the two measures complimentary and informative. While it would have been preferable to have a more comprehensive measure of bullying, this was not feasible in the current study due to time constraints in filling out the survey.
The generalizability of the current study is limited as participants were middle school students in two low-income, ethnically diverse, rural counties. Caution is warranted when applying these results to other groups of youth. Additionally, students completed the surveys at school, in the presence of other students and it is possible that they did not answer truthfully or were influenced by the presence of their peers. However, researchers made the setting as private as possible and reinforced the confidential nature of the surveys.
6. Conclusion
This study assessed correlates of bullying victimization and school hassles in a large sample of rural, low-income youth. In general, these rural youth suffered from both bullying victimization and school hassles at a surprisingly high rate. Given the well-documented consequences of bullying victimization, these findings point to the importance of prevention and intervention programming in rural schools, especially for male adolescents and for students coping with anxiety and depression. Additional research is needed to fully understand the influence of socioeconomic status on bullying victimization and school hassles. Due to the lack of significant findings, additional research on school-level variables is also warranted. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on risk factors for rural youth and augments the existing literature on bullying victimization.
Acknowledgment
This study was funded through a cooperative agreement with the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (5 U01 CE001948).
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84. J. W. Patchin and S. Hinduja, “Traditional and nontraditional bullying among youth: a test of general strain theory,” Youth & Society, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 727–751, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
85. C. Salmivalli, A. Kaukiainen, M. Voeten, and M. Sinisammal, “Targeting the group as a whole: the Finish ant-bullying intervention,” in Bullying in Schools: How Successful Can Interventions Be? P. K. Smith, D. Pepler, and K. Rigby, Eds., pp. 251–274, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA, 2004.
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Future Internet 2010, 2(3), 417-430; doi:10.3390/fi2030417
Article
Anticipation of Traffic Demands to Guarantee QoS in IP/Optical Networks
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 7, 08860, Castelldefels, Spain
Received: 21 August 2010; in revised form: 2 September 2010 / Accepted: 2 September 2010 / Published: 21 September 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue QoS in Wired and Wireless IP Networks)
Download PDF Full-Text [423 KB, uploaded 21 September 2010 16:05 CEST]
Abstract: Traffic in the Internet backbone is expected to grow above a few Tbit/s in 2020. To cope with this, operators are moving to IP/optical network architectures, where IP is the convergence layer for all services. On the other hand, the quality of service (QoS) requirements of future applications encompasses the individualization of services and the assurance of stricter quality parameters such as latency, jitter or capacity. In other words, future optical networks will not only transport more IP data, but they will also have to offer differentiated QoS requirements to services. Finally, some emerging applications, e.g., grid computing, need greater flexibility in the usage of network resources, which involves establishing and releasing connections as if they were virtualized resources controlled by other elements or layers. In this context, traffic-driven lightpath provisioning and service-plane approaches arise as very interesting candidate solutions to solve the main challenges described above. This work reviews the concepts of service-oriented and self-managed networks and relates them to propose an integrated approach to assure QoS by offering flow-aware networking in the sense that traffic demands will be anticipated in a suitable way, lightpaths will be established taking into account QoS information (i.e., impairments) and complex services will be decomposed into optical connections so that the above techniques can be employed to assure QoS for any service.
Keywords: IP convergence; QoS; optical networking; service plane
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Pinart, C. Anticipation of Traffic Demands to Guarantee QoS in IP/Optical Networks. Future Internet 2010, 2, 417-430.
AMA Style
Pinart C. Anticipation of Traffic Demands to Guarantee QoS in IP/Optical Networks. Future Internet. 2010; 2(3):417-430.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Pinart, Carolina. 2010. "Anticipation of Traffic Demands to Guarantee QoS in IP/Optical Networks." Future Internet 2, no. 3: 417-430.
Future Internet EISSN 1999-5903 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Li Lab:Collaborations
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 22:16, 9 November 2009 by Li Miao (Talk | contribs)
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Home People Publications Collaborations Software Positions Contact
• Bert W. O'Malley (Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine)
transcription regulation of SRC coactivators
• Arthur L. Beaudet (Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine)
DNA methylation and disease eipgenome
• Huda Y. Zoghbi (Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine)
epigenetic and transcription regulation in neural development and diseases
• Peggy Goodell (Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine)
DNA methylation in normal and malignant hematopoiesis
• Sharon Y. Dent (Center for Cancer Epigenetics, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center)
nucleosome remodeling in the yeast genome
epigenetics in aging
epigenetic regulation of mammalian SIRT factors
• Or Gozani (Dept. of Biological Science, Stanford University)
mechanisms of histone methyltransfersase
• William Pu (Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School)
RNA-seq on iPS cells
• Xuewen Pan (Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine)
Variomics
• Steffi Oesterreich (Departments of Medicine, Baylor Breast Center and Molecular & Cellular Biology)
Nuclear Receptors and Corepressors - Mechanism of Action and Role in Breast Cancer
• Laising Yen (Department of Pathology, Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine)
RNA-seq on prostate cancer clinical samples
• Xiangwei He (Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine)
fragile nucleosomes and chromatin structures
• Rui Chen (Genome Sequencing Center and Departments of Molecular and Human Genetic)
RNA-seq on the fly tissues
• Orla M. Conneely (Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine)
target genes of NR4A family nuclear receptors in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells
• Dean P. Edwards (Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Pathology; Associate Director for Research Infrastructure, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center)
Progesterone receptor binding to specific DNA sequences
• Carolyn L. Smith (Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine)
Interaction of a coregulator with genes
Epigenomics Data Analysis and Coordination Center at BCM
• Myles Brown (Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute )
Nuclear Receptors and Corepressors - Mechanism of Action and Role in Breast Cancer
Genome-Wide Analysis of Transcription Factor Function in Prostate Cancer
• X. Shirley Liu (Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute)
next-gen sequencing data analysis
Personal tools
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Person:Joseph Culton (1)
Browse
Joseph Culton
b.about 1710 Ireland
d.before 17 August 1773 Augusta County, Virginia
• F. Culton (add)
m. Bef. 1710
1. Joseph Cultonabout 1710 - before 1773
2. Robert CultonEst 1720 -
• HJoseph Cultonabout 1710 - before 1773
• WMaryabout 1714 - before 1770
m. about 1732
1. Margaret Cultonabout 1730 -
2. James Cultonabout 1736 -
3. Jane Cultonabout 1741 -
Facts and Events
Name Joseph Culton
Gender Male
Birth? about 1710 Ireland
Marriage about 1732 to Mary
Death? before 17 August 1773 Augusta County, Virginia
Joseph Culton was one of the Early Settlers of Augusta County, Virginia
Contents
Welcome to
Old Augusta
Early Settlers
Beverley Manor
Borden's Grant
Register
Data
Maps
Places
Library
History
Index
……………………..The Tapestry
Families Old Chester OldAugusta Germanna
New River SWVP Cumberland Carolina Cradle
The Smokies Old Kentucky
__________________________
Overview
Joseph Culton was among the early settlers of Borden's Grant. He and his presumed brother Robert Culton probably arrived on the grant in the late 1730's but the earliest he can be placed there is 27 September 1741 when his daughter Jane was baptized. He was a planter, active with the Augusta County militia and obtained a level of success and respect sufficient enough to be known as "Gentleman" in his later years.
Joseph's whereabouts prior to settling in Orange County (now Rockbridge) are unknown. He is not among those who record a proof of importation with the Orange County Court nor does he appear in a recognizable form in the early Chester County, Pennsylvania, records where several of the families he was associated with oiginated, most notably the Pattersons and Walkers. Multiple spelling variations and misinterpretations of these variations as Cullen, Cotton/Cotten, and Colter/Coulter/Culter, among others, in printed documents complicate the identification of records pertaining to him.
Land
Joseph Culton's land (Borden Tract NW, 553 acres, 1742) as shown on the map meticulously drawn by J.R. Hildebrand, cartographer. This map is copyrighted©, used by permission of John Hildebrand, son of J.R. Hildebrand, April, 2009.
Jospeh purchased 553 and 1/2 acres on Moffett's Creek by deeds of lease and release dated the 6th and 7th of May 1742. His brother Robert and neighbors John Hart, James Buchanan, George Moffett and Charles Donechey purchased land at the same time and served as witnesses for one another.[1] In addition to this property Joseph made one other land purchase during his lifetime. On 21 May 1755 as "Joseph Coulton, Gent." he purchased 400 acres on Littles Run in northeastern Augusta County from John and Elizabeth Campbell.[2] He owned this tract for a little less than a year before he and his wife Mary sold it back to John and Elizabeth Campbell in March 1756.[3]
Joseph's property on Moffet's Creek was eventually divided up among his children. On 29 August 1752 he sold 100 acres to John Walker, husband of his daughter Margaret.[4] This was followed by the sale of 300 acres to his son James on 17 August 1770.[5] The remainder was left to his daughter Jane (Culton) Patterson in his will.[6]
Military
The August Militia was formed in 1742 and the roll of Captain John Buchanan's company includes a Joseph Cotton as company ensign, who was probably identical with Joseph. He attained the rank of captain of foot by 21 September 1744 and qualified as captain of troop of horses on 20 August 1752. He partcipated in the Council of War held at Augusta Court House on 27 July 1756, held in response to the Virginia General Assembly's authorization of the construction of a series of forts in southwestern Virginia. Subsequent documentation of his service in the militia has not been discovered.
Will
Joseph's will was written on 1 December 1770 and recorded 17 August 1773. The will is fairly straight forward though some of the terminology Joseph uses is unusual. He bequeathed his daughter "Jane Culton alias Petterson" his land on Moffet's Creek and household furnishings. To his daughter "Margaret Culton alias Walker" he left his bed and furniture. Finally to his son James Culton he left his best suite of clothes. The residue of his estate was to be divided equally between his three children.[7] His wife Mary is not named in the will and probably predeceased him.
Children
A number of websites and printed genealogies attribute Joseph with sons not mentioned in his will including an Alexander, Joseph, and another James. It seems more likely these men were the sons of Joseph's brother Robert, named in the latter's 1781 will. The known primary evidence at this time indicates he had only one son, James, who moved to Montgomery County, Virginia, and died there.
Processioning
"Processioning" was the periodic review and agreement of property lines between settler's lands. Processioning Lists are useful in determining the general area of a settlers lands and their neighbors at specific time periods:
• Vol. 2 - Page 178.--1756: Processioned by Andrew hays and Jacob Anderson, viz: For Capt. Joseph Culton, for John Stuart, for Robert Stuart, for Alex. McCroskey, for Alex. Miller, for James Moor, for James Robson, for Wm. Reach, for Robert Roech, for James Ritherfoard, for Jno. Bounton, for Wm. Givin, for Robert Culton, for Wm. Porter, for John McCroskey, for Wm. Buchanan, for Charles Hays, for Alex. Walker, Jr., for Alex. Walker, Sr., for James Walker, for John Walker, for John Wallis, for Andrew Hays, for Jacob Anderson.
• Page 287.--1760: Processioned by Reagh and Huston: For James Walker, for James Robison, for James Moore, for Charles Hays, for Andrew Hays, for Samuel Dunlap, for Wm. Porter, for Robert Ealson, for James Anderson, for Jacob Anderson, for Wm. Young, for Alex. Walker, for Alex. Walker, Sr., for Robert Hurt, for John Edmiston, for James Buchanan, for William and Robert Buchanan, for Samuel Hayes, for John Robertson, for Mathew Robertson, for Widow Bell, for James Coulter, for John Buntin, for Wm. Buchanan, for Andrew Buchanan, for Alex. Miller, for John Wallace, for Samuel Buchanan, for Wm. Reaoh, for Joseph Culton, for John Walker, for Wm. Porter, for Robert Catton (Cotton), for John Hurt (Hart).
Needs
1. Sources need to be completed.
2. Images of land plats need to be embedded.
References
1. Orange County, Virginia, Deed Book 8:32-25, "Benjamin Burdon to Joseph Culton."
2. Augusta County, Virginia, Deed Book 7:139-141,"John and Elizabeth Campbell to Joseph Coulton, Gent."
3. Augusta County, Virginia, Deed Book 7:286, "Joseph Culton, gent., and wife Mary to John and Elizabeth Campbell."
4. Augusta County, VIrginia, Deed Book 4:410-412, "Joseph Culton to John Walker." A deed of lease for the property, dated 28 August 1752, is recorded on pages 409 and 410 of this same volume.
5. Augusta County, Virginia, Deed Book 16:506-609, "Joseph Culton to James Culton."
6. Augusta County, Virginia, Will Book 5:117-118, "Will of Joseph Culton."
7. Augusta County, Virginia, Will Book 5:117-118, "Will of Joseph Culton."
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Place:Stowmarket, Suffolk, England
Watchers
NameStowmarket
TypeTown
Coordinates52.183°N 1.0°E
Located inSuffolk, England
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Stowmarket is a small market town situated in Suffolk, England, on the busy A14 trunk road between Bury St Edmunds to the west and Ipswich to the southeast. The town is on the main railway line between London and Norwich, and lies on the River Gipping, which is joined by its tributary, the River Rat, to the south of the town.
The town takes its name from the Old English word stōw meaning ‘principal place’, and was granted a market charter in 1347 by Edward III. A bi-weekly market is still held there today on Thursday and Saturday.
The population of the town has rapidly increased from around 6,000 in 1981 to its current level of around 16,000, with considerable further development planned for the town and surrounding villages as part of an area action plan. It is the largest town in the Mid Suffolk district and is represented in parliament by the MP for Bury St Edmunds, currently David Ruffley.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Stowmarket. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/10254/richard-epstein-on-happiness/
Richard Epstein on Happiness
July 9, 2009 by
Econtalk hosts Richard Esptein on burgeoning happiness studies literature (see link for example).
The findings of this research have formed the basis of an attack on conventional economic thinking, namely that people prefer more wealth to less, and that people are to some degree rational (though there are differing views on what that means) in their pursuit of material ends. Advocates have suggested that the goal of public policy should be to maximize national happiness rather than GDP or other measures of wealth.
Since the concept of “national happiness” implies that it is possible to make interpersonal happiness comparisons and to aggregate happiness across a population, it also implies the legitimacy of wealth redistribution to increase aggregate happiness because, as science has shown, the losers won’t miss it very much any way.
I will summarize Esptein’s points and present a few additional observations.
Epstein discusses the finding of some research that more money does not make people happy. This can be restated as, people earning more money maybe not any happier or perhaps less happy. If you think about it for a moment, this is a perfectly reasonable conclusion because the higher pay of certain jobs is required to compensate the employee for high stress, frequent travel, long hours, and other factors that might make the employee less happy.
Esptein points out that many people willingly take these jobs because they are trading off less happiness for more money. Does this prove the point that money doesn’t make you happy but people go for the money, anyway? Are people systematically delusional? Not exactly. Epstein points out that people are willing to make different trade-offs of happiness for money at different periods of their life. Someone might take a higher paying stressful job either to gain valuable experience that they hope will lead to a job doing what they really want to do a few years down the road, or, to increase their savings because they plan to do something else later in life, say, start a family. Epstein argues that people should not be required to make the same tradeoff between money and other values at all times in their life — rather, they should be free to make this trade-off differently at different times in their life.
The discussion then moves on to the concept of “demonstrated preference”. People have many choices in modern American life. Every day people move from one state to another, quite their job, change careers, go back to school, get married, get divorced, take time off work to raise children, and all kinds of other significant life choices. If, as this research suggests, people are making choices that do not lead to happiness, are people systematically delusional? When presented with this information, why don’t people make different choices?
Epstein also points out that the willingness of some people to work very hard especially in jobs that require a lot of international travel, makes the rest of us better off because of the benefits of international trade. I might add that, to the extent that people are working hard to make money, the additional capital accumulation enables the remainder of the population to work less hard for the same standard of living because overall labor productivity is higher. If some people want to sacrifice their happiness for the betterment of society, should they be prevented from doing so?
Epstein makes a number of good points on the envy issue. Some of the research shows that happiness derives from relative position, which is to say that envious people are unhappy with their relative position. I won’t summarize all of Epstein’s points here. I will add, is envy a legitimate type of preference to base public policy on? If some people drive happiness from the misfortune of others, should government policy treat that as a legitimate preference to be traded off against the property rights of people who have acquired their wealth through labor or commerce?
The last part of their discussion deals with the point that some research has shown that having children brings less happiness than you might expect, or, as Epstein points out, less happiness than the people doing the research might expect.
Epstein argues on the basis of evolutionary psychology that a lot of our innate needs are based on the drive to reproduce our genetic material and that our emtions must be understood in relation to this. That is why people have evolved to care about our offspring. And caring means experiencing a whole range of negative emotions including fear, sadness, worry, regret, which motivate us to keep our offspring safe to avoid harm, and to avoid experiencing these most negative states. Esptein points out that the happiness literature presumes a hedonistic bias, while our emotions are much more complex than this.
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Tuesday, February 20, 2007
Breaking - Al Sadr's Office Attacked
This is fresh from KUNA, the Kuwaiti News Agency:
POL-IRAQ-SADR-OFFICE
Muqtada Sadr office bombarded
BAGHDAD, Feb 20 (KUNA) -- A joint force of the Iraqi Army and US troops Tuesday bombarded the office of Shiite leader Muqtada Al-Sadr in Al-Shula area, west of Baghdad, a security source told KUNA.
The source said some 14 military vehicles are now surrounding the office and Iraqi and US soldiers could be seen confiscating material and documents.
Muqtada Al-Sadr himself is out of the country over fears for his safety.
This could easily backfire, turning Sadrists who have so far hidden from "surge" forces over into attack mode. It could also be a cusp moment for the surge and for the Iraqi government, enabling at long last a beginning of a move towards peace.
My gut feeling says the former, pro-war commentators are sure to say the latter. Time will tell.
I also find myself wondering whether we will see new claims of Iranian meddling after this. The report talks about the confiscation of documents.
Update: It looks like either Maliki has decided to become a strongman or is doing a creditable impersonation of one.
BAGHDAD (Reuters) - Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al- Maliki told his security forces on Tuesday to show no mercy toward insurgents in a security crackdown in Baghdad.
Making a rare foray into Baghdad's violent streets, Maliki called for an end to sectarian divisions that threaten to tip the country into full-scale civil war. A suicide bomber and two car bombs killed at least 17 people in the capital on Tuesday.
Iraqiya state television showed Maliki, a Shi'ite Islamist leader, talking to an Iraqi soldier near an armored vehicle in central Baghdad. The soldier pointed to an area from where he said insurgents had been firing at security forces.
"Don't just fire back, crush the place where the fire came from," Maliki replied. "Don't treat them with leniency. This is an armored vehicle here, use it."
The use of the word "insurgents" suggests Sunni militants were doing the shooting. Would he have been as bloodthirsty if the shooters had been Shiite? Has he finally decided it's either the militants from both camps or his own ass?
Update More breaking news about Iraq. The UK government has said that PM Tony Blair will announce a timetable for the pullout of British troops tomorrow.
Tony Blair is expected to announce a timetable for the withdrawal of UK troops from Iraq.
The prime minister is due to make an announcement in the House of Commons on Wednesday in which he is expected clarify the details. Mr Blair is expected to say hundreds of troops will return from Basra within weeks with more to follow later. Some 7,000 UK troops are currently serving in Iraq and about 1,500 are expected to return within weeks.
BBC political correspondent James Landale said: "We have been expecting an announcement for some time on this."
He said by Christmas a total of 3,000 troops were expected to have returned to the UK from Iraq. However, he said reports that all troops will have returned home by the end of 2008 was "not a fair representation of what is true at the moment".
Did someone forget to give the Poodle the GOP talking points about how setting timetables emboldens the enemy, who can now just wait it out until the Brits leave in southern Iraq, and is tantamount to treason?
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » An Agile Approach to Managing Open Educational Resources
About: An Agile Approach to Managing Open Educational Resources
Module by: Patrick Masson, Ken Udas. E-mail the authors
View the content: An Agile Approach to Managing Open Educational Resources
Metadata
Name: An Agile Approach to Managing Open Educational Resources
ID: m32419
Language: English (en)
Summary: Purpose: Pointing to patterns of change in the adoption and institutionalization of educational resources, the appropriateness of traditional heavy and front-loaded planning and management regimes is challenged in favor of alternative Agile Methods. This article was originally published in Volume 17, Issue 3 of the journal "On the Horizon."
Subject: Social Sciences
Keywords: Agility, Centralization, Decentralization, Decision-making, Distributed Learning Environments, Distribution, Governance, Management, Open Educational Resources, Openness, Open Source Software
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0
Authors: Patrick Masson ([email protected]), Ken Udas ([email protected])
Copyright Holders: Patrick Masson ([email protected]), Ken Udas ([email protected])
Maintainers: Patrick Masson ([email protected]), Ken Udas ([email protected]), Michael Feldstein ([email protected])
Latest version: 1.1 (history)
First publication date: Oct 7, 2009 5:45 am -0500
Last revision to module: Oct 9, 2009 5:31 pm -0500
Downloads
PDF: m32419_1.1.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
EPUB: m32419_1.1.epub Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more.
XML: m32419_1.1.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m32419_1.1.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Offline ZIP: m32419_1.1_offline.zip An offline HTML copy of the content. Also includes XML, included media files, and other support files. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.1 Oct 9, 2009 5:31 pm -0500 by Michael Feldstein
Changes:
Initial publication.
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
If you derive a copy of this content using a Connexions account and publish your version, proper attribution of the original work will be automatically done for you.
If you reuse this work elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license (CC-BY 3.0), you must include
• the authors' names: Patrick Masson, Ken Udas
• the title of the work: An Agile Approach to Managing Open Educational Resources
• the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/m32419/1.1/
See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
How to Cite and Attribute This Content
The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 3.0) of this work:
American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide:
Masson, P.; Udas, K. An Agile Approach to Managing Open Educational Resources, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m32419/1.1/, Oct 9, 2009.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Masson P, Udas K. An Agile Approach to Managing Open Educational Resources [Connexions Web site]. October 9, 2009. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m32419/1.1/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
Masson, P., & Udas, K. (2009, October 9). An Agile Approach to Managing Open Educational Resources. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m32419/1.1/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Masson, Patrick, and Ken Udas. "An Agile Approach to Managing Open Educational Resources." Connexions. October 9, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/m32419/1.1/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
Patrick Masson and Ken Udas, "An Agile Approach to Managing Open Educational Resources," Connexions, October 9, 2009, http://cnx.org/content/m32419/1.1/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Masson, P., & Udas, K. 2009. An Agile Approach to Managing Open Educational Resources. Connexions, October 9, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/m32419/1.1/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Masson, Patrick, and Ken Udas. An Agile Approach to Managing Open Educational Resources. Connexions. 9 Oct. 2009 <http://cnx.org/content/m32419/1.1/>.
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Busybox replacement
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 19:47, 11 January 2012 by Tim Bird (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This page has information about the commands and features desired for a busybox replacement program.
See Busybox replacement project for the project proposal for this work.
Command List[edit]
[Rob - can you massage this list?]
The first release of a busybox replacement should include the following commands: [insert candidate list here]
Toybox currently implements[edit]
The triaged toybox is currently implementing usable versions of:
bzcat cat catv chroot chvt cksum count cp df dmesg echo false help
mdev mkswap nc netcat nice oneit patch pwd rmdir seq setsid sh
sha1sum sleep sort sync tee toysh true uname which yes
See http://landley.net/code/toybox/todo.txt
Toolbox commands[edit]
Toolbox in Android (what version?) implements the following commands:
date id uptime schedtop ifconfig start newfs_msdos
ls route netstat ioctl reboot getprop cmp insmod chmod
r cat lsmod chown log df top printenv ionice setprop rmmod setconsole
sleep watchprops notify wipe smd iftop rmdir dd vmstat hd rm mount
ln lsof getevent ps dmesg renice kill mkdir sendevent nandread mv
sync stop umount
The following are unique to Android:
• schedtop
• newfs_msdos
• getprop
• log
• setprop
• watchprops
• notify
• wipe
• iftop
• getevent
• sendevent
• nandread
• stop
• smd
Ones I;m not sure about:
• r?
• ioctl?
Random Notes[edit]
Can implement incrementally[edit]
Rob wrote:
One nice thing about busybox/toybox/toolbox is you can install multiple implementations side by side, and have what symlinks you create (or what comes first in the $PATH) determine who is implementing what.
This allows gradual transitions. Each release, we replace a couple more commands from the old one, until the old one finally isn't being used for anything anymore and we can uninstall it...
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FamilySearch Wiki:AdministratorsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
See also Moderators
Contents
Policies of FamilySearch Wiki
Reasons to Contact an Administrator
• Report a page that needs immediate deletion
• Submit a page that might need protecting or unprotecting
How to Contact Administrators
Sysops are system Administrators
The Administrators help manage the development and content in the Wiki. Some tasks the Administrators keep busy with include:
Maintenance Flag Monitoring
Examples of all current: Maintenance Templates. Monitor each flag by clicking on the links below:
• This page was last modified on 10 February 2012, at 18:14.
• This page has been accessed 2,182 times.
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As in most other Central Asian countries, the portraits of the president are everywhere in Tajikistan. Blogger Rustam Gulov (aka Teocrat) believes [ru] that these portraits serve a political purpose:
[The portraits] are all parts of a giant machine designed to convince the people in Tajikistan that this person [the president] is irreplaceable. As a result, people develop a conviction that there are no other persons in the country who could be in a position to challenge ‘His Highness’ at the polls.
A giant portrait of the president mounted on the building of the Ministry of Agriculture in central Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan. Image by Alexander Sodiqov, July 2013.
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From NeuroLex
Revision as of 17:28, 7 September 2009 by Memartone (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Assay
Contributors
Admin, Memartone, Nifbot2
Facts about AssayRDF feed
Created5 October 2007 +
CurationStatusuncurated +
EditorialNoteThis is a proxy class to be replaced by its OBI equivalent, once there is an official release built off BFO v1.1 that can be successfully classified using Pellet v1.5.0 in Protege.
Idbirnlex_11025 +
LabelAssay +
ModifiedDate8 September 2009 +
SuperCategoryPlanned process +
Synonymtract tracing +
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Todd:News
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(One intermediate revision not shown.)
Line 7: Line 7:
'''Apr 22nd 2013''': Congratulations to Nilupa as she [http://openwetware.org/wiki/Image:Nilupa_PhD_Submission.JPG hands in her corrected PhD thesis], to become Dr Amarasinghe.
'''Apr 22nd 2013''': Congratulations to Nilupa as she [http://openwetware.org/wiki/Image:Nilupa_PhD_Submission.JPG hands in her corrected PhD thesis], to become Dr Amarasinghe.
+
+
'''Apr 18th 2013''': Congratulations to Mingfeng as he [http://openwetware.org/wiki/Image:Mingfeng_PhD_Submission.jpg hands in his corrected PhD thesis], to become Dr Yu.
'''Mar 28th 2013''': Mat's [https://theconversation.com/open-publishing-is-happening-the-only-question-is-how-13100 piece about open access and open science comes out in The Conversation] in response to number of Nature articles on the subject.
'''Mar 28th 2013''': Mat's [https://theconversation.com/open-publishing-is-happening-the-only-question-is-how-13100 piece about open access and open science comes out in The Conversation] in response to number of Nature articles on the subject.
Revision as of 07:16, 2 May 2013
Home Contact Internal People Papers Research Teaching Links News Construction
May 1 2013: The OSDD Malaria project is mentioned as one of the top innovations worldwide in malaria by The Guardian newspaper.
Apr 22nd 2013: Congratulations to Nilupa as she hands in her corrected PhD thesis, to become Dr Amarasinghe.
Apr 18th 2013: Congratulations to Mingfeng as he hands in his corrected PhD thesis, to become Dr Yu.
Mar 28th 2013: Mat's piece about open access and open science comes out in The Conversation in response to number of Nature articles on the subject.
Feb 15th 2013: Congratulations to new Honours student Kat Badiola for winning a University of Sydney Academic Merit Prize.
Jan 30th 2013: Congratulations to Althea on submitting her PhD thesis.
Jan 30th 2013: The OSDDMalaria team is featured in an article on crowdsourcing in the RSC's Chemistry World magazine.
Jan 25th 2013: Mat is interviewed in the Nature Chemistry blog The Sceptical Chymist.
Jan 17th 2013: Mat publishes an opinion piece on open access on the ABC News site, The Drum.
Nov 7th 2012: The group's open source research featured on SciDev.Net in a story on science networks. This follows an earlier story covering the case study (below) analysing The Synaptic Leap's achievements.
Sept 20th 2012: Study published comparing The Synaptic Leap and Indian OSDD Projects.
Sept 20th 2012: Open letter to the new CEO of the Australian Research Council about the value of open data is published in The Conversation with a link to the Google Doc that can be signed. Please feel free to add your name. Stephen Matchett comments on it in The Australian.
Sept 19th 2012: Mat delivers keynote about open source drug discovery at the 1st Open Knowledge Festival in Helsinki.
Sept 13th 2012: Interview with Mat on open science published by the Results for Development Institute.
August 31 2012: Congratulations to Mingfeng, Nilupa and Soo for submitting their PhD theses.
May 4th 2012: Mat presents some of the group's research at the University of Sydney Integration in Biology and Medicine Conference.
May 3rd 2012: Althea is awarded a RJW Le Fevre Research Travelling Scholarship from the School of Chemistry to present her research at an overseas conference later this year.
February 24th 2012: We play host to the first Open Source Drug Discovery for Malaria meeting. An account of the meeting is here, and the current playlist of talks is here. A Sydney Uni news feature on the meeting is here and here.
February 18th 2012: Mat talks at a session on "Innovating Innovation" at the AAAS meeting in Vancouver.
January 27th 2012: Mat's blog post on open access is republished on the LSE blog.
November 23rd 2011: Mat wins a NSW Science and Engineering Award in the "Emerging Research" category for open science. Story is here and here.
November 1st 2011: Two Australian Research Council grants awarded. ARC Discovery (DP120104035): Charting Intercellular Space, M. H. Todd, P. J. Rutledge and P. J. Smith ($348K) and ARC Linkage (LP120100552): Open Source Drug Discovery for Malaria, M. H. Todd and T. N. C. Wells ($320K).
October 28th 2011: Mat talks at Sydney University's Open Access Week - recording here and on Youtube.
October 20th 2011: Mat's article entitled "We eat what we are – let's detoxify the word 'chemical'" appears in The Conversation.
September 23rd 2011: Our second open science paper is published, describing how Open Science is a Research Accelerator.
September 21st 2011: Our first open science paper is published, on the Resolution of Praziquantel.
August 19th 2011: Ahamed submits his corrected PhD thesis today, and we welcome two new postdocs to the group, Paul Ylioja and Murray Robertson.
April 8th 2011: Mat talks about the future of web-based chemical collaboration at the Cyberchemistry meeting at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington State.
February 21st 2011: Congratulations to Swapnil on his award of a Henry Bertie and Florence Mabel Gritton Research Scholarship. Drinks are on him...
February 15th 2011: A new industry-sponsored PhD position in medicinal chemistry is available. If you're interested, please contact Mat. Only Australian residents are eligible for this opening.
February 15th 2011: The awesome and long-awaited Treasure Hunt paper comes out in J. Chem. Ed. - this turns a campus map into a play area for a Chemistry-themed treasure hunt.
January 27th 2011: Mat is named as one of the University's top 10 lecturers for 2010 in a nationwide poll.
November 3rd 2010: Congratulations to Ahamed for being selected as one of the three Sydney University Chemical Society Le Fevre Lecturers for 2010.
October 6th 2010: Mat talks about open science and electronic lab notebooks at USyd's eResearch showcase.
September 23rd 2010: Yu Heng's first paper is accepted into Chem. Eur. J. And he's off to start his PhD with Dave Spring. Paper available here
September 20th 2010: Ahamed, Thiru and lots of other peoples' paper on how dihydroisoquinoline reacts with nitromethane is published.
September 6th 2010: Ahamed's review on catalytic asymmetric additions of C-nucleophiles to N-heterocycles is published.
August 6th 2010: Mat speaks on Open Science at Ignite Sydney. Mat's talk's currently the most watched from the night.
June 2010: Our lab's open science approach featured in Chemistry in Australia
May 11th 2010: Mat is awarded a Citation for Excellence in Teaching from the Faculty of Science at The University of Sydney.
April 6th 2010: Mat talks about open science at Google. The talk is picked up here.
February 4th 2010: Our open science project is the subject of a feature article in Nature
Personal tools
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Added by staff
The American character looks always as if it had just had a rather bad haircut, which gives it, in our eyes at any rate, a greater humanity than the European, which even among its beggars has an all too professional air.
This quote is about america. Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Mccarthy, Mary ...
Mary Therese McCarthy (June 21, 1912 - October 25, 1989) was an American author and critic. She was politically active in left-wing politics for many years.
These people bookmarked this quote:
Nobody has bookmarked this quote yet.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Daily life is governed by an economic system in which the production and consumption of insults tends to balance out. Vaneigem, Raoul
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User:JamesR
From the Wikimedia Foundation
Revision as of 11:01, 3 January 2010 by JamesR (talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
Hello, I'm JamesR.
I've been active on Wikimedia projects since October 2006 and an English Wikipedia administrator since December 2007.
Feel free to leave a message on my talk page or email me.
You can view my interwiki matrix on Meta or visit me:
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Trans-Siberian Railway
From Wikitravel
Revision as of 12:00, 18 June 2010 by Vidimian (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is an itinerary.
Trans-Siberian train, Moscow to Vladivostok route
The Trans-Siberian Railway (Russian: Транссиби́рская магистраль trahns-see-BEER-skuh-yuh mah-gee-STRAHL’ or Трансси́б trahns-SEEB), or Transsib is the name given to the three rail routes that traverse Siberia from Moscow.
The Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest railway in the world. It was built between 1891 and 1916 to connect Moscow with the Far-East city of Vladivostok. En route it passes through the cities of Perm, Yekaterinburg, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Chita and Khabarovsk.
Prepare
Packing the following items is recommended for any lengthy journey on the Trans-Siberian railway
• Pocket knife For slicing up bread and vegetables you can buy from the sellers at major stops
• Cutlery Instant noodles, or its Russian version - instant potatoes, become essential snacks for most Westeners, since each carriage is equipped with boiling water from the Samovar, unfortunantly they often come without the usual plastic fork or spoon.
• Perfumed wet tissues/baby wipes/wet wipes These little things can do wonders for your personal hygiene.
• Head lamp On these long journeys (through 8 time zones), it often turns out that Einstein indeed was right - time does become relative. So bring a headlamp for reading when others want to slumber.
• Flip-flops or other slip on footwear, for your days on the train
• Deck of cards or other easily explained games are great for socializing with your fellow travelers, and making the long hours spent on the train immensely more enjoyable. Bring a deck of 5 Crowns for this is a favourite in Russia.
• Pictures of your home, country and family and a phrasebook with a conversation section (Lonely Planet's phrasebook is a good one) can work surprisingly well, since you'll have nothing but time to overcome the language gap. Many Russians tend to be curious about westerners once the initial suspicion dies down, since they don't normally meet many - even these days.
Get in
Vladivostok station
The three termini of the Trans-Siberian are Moscow, Beijing and Vladivostok. There's also a weekly connection from Moscow to Pyongyang.
Moscow can be reached by train from anywhere in Europe. Fares from London (one-way) start at around £200. Eurolines operate the European coach system, and fares from London start from around £60. Aeroflot is the principal airline operating into and out of Moscow.
Ferries run throughout the year between Vladivostok and Fushiki, Japan. The trip takes about two days. Arrangements can be made through Business Intour Service, who have offices in Tokyo and Vladivostok.
Ferries also run from Sokcho[1] and Donghae[2], South Korea to Vladivostok. Aeroflot and Vladivostok Air [3] serve Vladivostok, amongst others.
Beijing is served by numerous international airlines. It can also be reached by train from as far south as Lhasa (Tibet) or Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), but there are no rail connections to Thailand, Myanmar or India.
Visa information
Most travelers will need visas for all three countries.
China and Mongolia are fairly straightforward. The best way to obtain a visa is through your own embassy or consulate or in Hong Kong. Visas for British citizens cost £30. However, Mongolian visas can easily be obtained from the Mongolian consulate in Irkutsk (Russia), and Chinese visas in Ulaanbaatar(Note: For the moment it is not recommended to apply for Chinese visas in Mongolia, due to tightened regulations.) Americans (90 days) and Israelis (30 days) do not need Mongolian visas.
Russia is more problematic. Invitations are generally required, and they must be registered in the country within 72 hours of arrival. However, Russian transit visas issued in Beijing or Harbin last 10 days and require no invitation. This would be enough time to make the trip with no stops along the way and spend a couple of days in Moscow. The Beijing consulate is open from 9:00 to 11:00 but remember that many Chinese nationals are also trying to acquire visas with you, so show up early. The cost varies for each nationality, but Americans can expect to pay $250 for same-day service or $150 for the five-day service. Upon arrival in Moscow you have four nights valid on your transit visa, which allows for one or two nights in Moscow, an overnight train and one or two nights in St. Petersburg respectively, but you must be across the border before midnight on the final day of your visa. There are many exits from St. Petersburg, including buses to Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga, Kiev and various other places in Europe, but be wary that nearly all nationalities need a transit visa (or tourist visa) for Belarus (see here if unsure) so be sure to be prepared with a visa if your plans take you through Belarus. It is generally assumed that border police stationed at bus routes that exit the country are less likely to make a fuss versus the police on trains. A Russian transit visa cannot be extended under any circumstances. If you arrive from Beijing you can register your visa after arriving in Moscow. If you have a 10 day Transit Visa and do not stay in one place (i.e. go to Saint Petersburg) you do not have to register your visa, though it is recommended that you register your visa, if possible, within three days of entry into Russia. Unfortunately, if you encounter police officers they might not have the same opinion and you could be faced with a "fine." Have your ticket ready as proof that you've been unable to register sooner and keep all receipts from hotels and/or hostels from places where you haven't registered. Israelis do not need Russian visas (90 days).
Tickets
Kupe-class passenger cabin on the Trans-Siberian
The Russian train system is different from European systems. The train tickets are bought for fixed dates and all the stops must be planned in advance. If you have a ticket from Moscow to Vladivostok and step off the train in Irkutsk, you can’t use your ticket for a next train going to Vladivostok. If your stop is not planned in advance and not revealed in your tickets, your ticket will be canceled and you’ll get stuck in Irkutsk. It’s somewhat similar to a plane going from New York to Moscow with a connection in Amsterdam – if you decide to go out in Amsterdam and lose your flight you can’t use your ticket for a next flight to Moscow.
The rules state that a passenger is actually allowed to make one stop on his journey (for no additional charge), but this requires a little paperwork while on the train and will be difficult to arrange with the attendant without knowledge of Russian.
There are three ways of buying tickets for the trip. You can purchase them from a travel agent in your own country (or online), a travel agent in the country from which you will start the journey or turn up and buy tickets yourself. The first option is the safest but the most expensive, the last the cheapest but riskiest. Popular trains can be sold out well in advance, particularly in peak season.
Normally it is possible to buy the tickets in any Russian station, not necessarily one on the route of the train. Russia, Ukraine and Belarus have a common ticketing network, so it is possible to buy a ticket for a Russian train in those two countries (eg. Brest), and it will probably be even cheaper than in Moscow. The difference occurs for several reasons, including whether additional insurance is present or not. All tickets include a small mandatory insurance, but cashiers will try to sell you additional insurance (150-200 RUB) by default. Selling it by default is prohibited and you always have the option to opt-in or opt-out: just say bez strakhovkee (без страховки, without the insurance) or so strakhovkoy (со страховкой, with the insurance). The ticket itself is issued on two layers of orange paper, insurance (if included) is a pink/green paper of the same size.
In some stations there are still special windows for selling tickets only for foreigners, although the price of tickets should now be the same for foreigners and local people.
Tickets are normally individual, with name and passport number written on them, so you may need to show passports for all travelers when you pay (although usually a passport photocopy is enough.) Also, if you plan to buy tickets on more than one occasion, it may be useful to keep handy a piece of paper with the travelers names written in the Cyrillic alphabet instead of transcribing them each time.
In Beijing you must buy tickets in person from a hotel travel agency nearby Beijing's main train station.
Tickets online
Map of the Trans-siberian railway (red)
Tickets can be purchased online, but you have to receive a paper ticket at the station anyway. You cannot board a train with just a printed copy of your order confirmation.
Arrive to your station of departure at least 30 minutes in advance (queues may be long!) and go to the same cash desks where you would normally buy tickets. Hand over your passport and order confirmation (or just the order number). The cashier will issue you a paper ticket for no additional fee.
Besides this, railway stations in Moscow have self check-in counters where you have to enter your order number and surname, and the ticket will be printed automatically.
Buying tickets at the official Russian Railways website at http://ticket.rzd.ru is a bit cheaper than at the stations because there will be no processing fee. You can also select the railway car and your seat/place. However, not all foreign credit cards are accepted. Tickets to international trains cannot be purchased online (trains to Belarus and Ukraine are not considered international for this purpose).
http://ufs-online.ru (Russian language only) is another popular website that will accept all credit cards after a verification process. However, a service fee of 150-250 RUB is charged for each ticket.
Station numbers
Station numbers are used internally in the Russian railway computer system, but they are usually printed on the tickets as well. Knowing them may help when making the reservation in smaller stations (you could bring this page and use it for pointing), or when buying the tickets abroad.
Train Talk
• I would like to buy a ticket - Ya hachu kupit bilyet - Я хочу купить билет
From - iz - из
To - vf - в
• One, two, three persons - adeen, dva, tree chelavyeka - один, два, три человека
• Today - sevodnya - сегодня
• Tomorrow - zaftra - завтра
• Monday - panedyelnik - понедельник
• Tuesday - ftornik - вторник
• Wednesday - sreda - среда
• Thursday - chetvyerk - четверг
• Friday - pyatnitsa - пятница
• Saturday - subota - суббота
• Sunday - vaskresyene - воскресенье
• Leaving at - vy-ezd - выезд
Morning - ootram - утром
Noon - dnyom - днем
Evening - vyecherom - вечером
• Carriage class - vagon - вагон
Platzkart (3rd) - platskart - плацкарт
Kupe (2nd) - kupe - купе
SV (1st) - es ve - СВ
• Could I have... - mne pozhaluista... - мне, пожалуйста...
upper berth - vyerhnyuyu polku - верхнюю полку
lower berth - nizhnyuyu polku - нижнюю полку
• Passport number - nomer pasporta - номер паспорта
International
Stations are listed in order from west to east
Russia
List of major stations listed in order from west to east
2004001 St Petersburg - Glavnyi Station (Санкт-Петербург (Главный вокзал))
2004004 St Petersburg - Finliandskii Station (Санкт-Петербург (Финляндский вокзал))
• 2000000 Moscow (Москва)
2000002 Moscow - Yaroslavskij Station (Москва (Ярославский Вокзал))
2000003 Moscow - Kazanskij Station (Москва (Казанский Вокзал))
2000006 Moscow - Bieloruskij Station (Москва (Белорусский Вокзал))
• 2060001 Nizhny Novgorod (Нижний Новгород) - often listed as Gorki (Горький)
• 2060500 Kazan (Казань)
• 2030000 Ekaterinburg (Екатеринбу́рг) - often listed as Sverdlovsk (Свердловск)
• 2044001 Novosibirsk (Новосибирск)
• 2028170 Tomsk (Томск)
• 2038001 Krasnoyarsk (Красноярск)
• 2054052 Severobaikalsk (Северобайкальск)
• 2054001 Irkutsk (Иркутск)
• 2054785 Ulan Ude (Улан-Удэ)
• 2034001 Khabarovsk (Хабаровск)
• 2034130 Vladivostok (Владивосток)
Fares
Fares are widely variable, but difficult to predict exactly. Fares for Russian trains are subject to seasonal changes, with mark-up for high season being up to 40%. The prices also change with the quality of the trains. Low numbered trains (001, 008, etc) are more expensive and more comfortable. High numbered trains (032, 133, etc) are less expensive and less comfortable. Rough ideas would be:
• Beijing - Moscow about $881 (soft sleeper)/$608 (hard sleeper)/$450 (2nd class) from China Travel Service (CITS) in Beijing
• Travelling the opposite direction, Moscow to Beijing can be considerably cheaper, depending on the season.
• St Petersburg - Kazan about $150 (2nd class, one way)
• Kazan - Ekaterinburg about $80 (2nd class, one way)
• Ekaterinburg - Novosibirsk about $125 (2nd class, one way)
• Novosibirsk - Irkutsk about $150 (2nd class, one way)
• Irkutsk - Vladivostok about $260 (2nd class, one way)
Reports show that the government has raised prices recently. Prices will be cheaper if you deal directly with them instead of resale agents, but that rules out English help and visa sponsorship, so be confident in your Russian if you deal directly with the government agency.
Timetables
The Trans-Siberian trains have varied schedules - some trains are daily while some go on even dates, some on odd dates and some trains depart only on a couple of days during a week. There are also passing-by trains (проходящие поезда), which are actually legs of longer train itineraries. E.g. a Ekaterinburg-Irkutsk leg of a Moscow-Vladivostok train. In this case not only schedule, but also availability is affected - such tickets become available for sale 72 hours before departure.
All trains in Russia run in Moscow time. Departure and arrival times given in the timetables or on the tickets are always Moscow time (except stations outside Russia). There are 10 times zones in Russia.
Russian Railways has all Russian train schedules[4], as well as some of the international trains departing from Russian destinations (e.g. Moscow - Beijing train). Only actual availability is shown, which is released 45 days prior to departure for all Russian trains except for the passing-by ones and 30 days for most international trains. You will need to use alternate spellings for some destinations. Beijing is called Pekin, Moscow is Moskva, Saint Petersburg is Sankt-Peterburg, Yekaterinburg is Ekaterinburg or Sverdlovsk (old name of the city), Ulan Ude is Ulan-ude, Ulaanbaatar is Ulan-Bator, and Khabarovsk is Habarovsk.
• Russian Railways International Ticket Office (495) 266-8300 (Russian)
Other good options for doing your own planning includes the Deutsche Bahn travelplanner [5]. It's available in many languages including English, French and Spanish, and it has less transliteration issues that the Russian websites, but on the flip-side it only includes the limited firmeny "fast" trains. Another good option is the 'Poezda railway table' (search Google) one of few online scheduling tools in English that doesn't try to sell you tickets, and it has a nice simple interface to boot.
Buy
Coming from Beijing or Harbin, the last stop in China is Manzhouli. The food being sold there is quite expensive, but many Russians stock up on provisions (i.e. spirits and beer). Be aware that you can take a maximum of five beers (Harbin Beer, 0.3l) per person into Russia or you will have to pay a penalty (read: bakshish) to the customs. Get rid of all your Chinese Yuan here as they become virtually worthless once abroad, unless you want to take them as a souvenir. There are a couple of black market money changers in front of the station that change RMB to Roubles at rip-off rates. To get Roubles you have plenty of time on the Russian side of the border (Zhabaikalsk). Walk to the ATM located at the bank in town. Allow 30 minutes to go and come back. The train stops for several hours while the carriages are being changed, so you can do some shopping at the local food markets (bread, cheese, etc.).
Coming from Beijing via Mongolia into Russia there are still the same rip-off exchange touts, but most if not all platform vendors in Mongolia and Russia take US Dollars or Euros. However, they only take bills (or notes), so know the exchange rate and buy a lot if you are using a five Euro note. Always ask the attendant how much time is available before you rush off into a station to find a Bankomat (ATM) because the train will not wait for you. If you are not spending time in Mongolia, don't worry about acquiring Mongolian tögrög. They are worthless virtually everywhere else, and the export of tögrög is technically forbidden. Therefore, spend Dollars or Euro, but get Roubles ASAP because Russian vendors are more likely to fabricate exchange rates than Mongolian or Chinese platform vendors. Dont forget to buy a lot of vodka while in Russia!
Eat
Samovar aboard the train
On the Moscow- Vladivostok route) the train stops for 20-30 minutes every 3-4 hours. Everybody can get out of the train, and there are always people on the platform that offer a variety of fresh food (eggs, fish, cheese, bread, fruits, meat or cheese in a cake ...) and often some drinks for passengers. Prices are low; only Russian Roubles are accepted. A highlight is the smoked fish (Omul) being sold on the shore of Lake Baikal (Station: Slyudyanka - quick stop, so be ready). Some of the larger stations will have food marts with snacks and alcohol.
Many of the trains have dining cars (with extremely overpriced food and drinks), although if you do not speak any Russian, ordering the food will be an experience, to say the least. Food and drinks are also sold in kiosks at the platforms, but normally twice as expensive. To get a reasonable price, wait for a station with a 20-30 minutes stop, and just exit the train station, there is usually a plenty of kiosks or small shops just outside, offering a wider choice.
Since there is a samovar (hot water dispenser) in every carriage, your best bet is to have a stack of dried noodle soups and Nescafe ready. Just bring your own cup. The carriage attendants (Provodnitsa, Provodnik if male) will often have cold drinks, snacks and even freeze-dried meals available for sale at slightly inflated prices.
Drink
In every train car there is a pot with boiling water available for making hot drinks (bring your own tea, but the water is free). Carriage attendants also sell tea and coffee, and it's usually possible to buy soft drinks, beer and vodka in the restaurant carriage to bring back to your carriage.
It's worth having a basic phrasebook as attendants are unlikely to speak English and the drinks provided won't come with milk or sugar unless you specifically ask for them.
Sleep
All tickets for long journey trains are for sleeping places. Trains between Moscow and St. Petersburg have seating places. Most trains in Russia have 3 classes of cabins to choose from;
• 1st Class (SV) Is the most comfortable, but also doubles the cost of the journey compared to a kupe. Each cabin consists of two sofas flanking each side of the compartment, which convert into beds for sleeping. On some trains - e.g. the Trans-Mongolian, the 1st class compartments has private bathrooms. Service on 1st class, actually somewhat resembles the service you would expect in Europe and North America, which is worth considering since the Russian Railways is notoriously bureaucratic, and not very service minded to say the least.
• 2nd Class (Kupe) Somewhat compares to the standard on Western European sleeper trains, although with the Russian sense of knick-knack decoration. These carriages are compartmentalized, with each compartment holding 4 beds. One thing of note when buying tickets for 2nd class, is that you will have to share the two lower bunks during the day. There is one shared bathroom on each carriage, that is locked during stops at stations. Kupe is a good compromise between relative comfort, and the ability to meet and mingle with the Russians, in a situation where they are notably more open minded than what is usual in Russia.
• 3rd Class (Platzkart) Bears some resemblance to the 'Hard sleeper' class on Chinese trains, many travelers find this class to be much better than its reputation. These carriages are in an open layout with two lower and two upper berths, and small, narrow corridor and another two berths that are located on the opposite side below and above the window. There is little in the way of privacy here, but women travelers might prefer this option - as the open layout means you won't get stuck with 3 men and a closed door. The provodnitizas - or carriage attendants are notorious for running the place as a boot camp. On the other hand it's a taste of real Russia, and the price is usually 40-50 percent lower than kupe.
Note that sometimes there is no shower in the train. Even in the 1st class on K19 (Trans-Manchurian). You can have an Asian-style hot shower though, if you bring along 2 jars. Fill one up at the hot water dispenser, go to the washroom and mix the water you get there in the second one.
Stay safe
The journey on the Moscow-Vladivostok route seems to be very safe, especially if you travel in groups of four (or multiples); then you will get a separate four-bed cabin (Of cource, this only applies to kupe seats). Every train car has one or two staff (provodniks/provodnitsas) that check tickets, do cleaning, take care of boiling water, etc.
Cabins can be locked from the inside with two locks. One can be opened from outside with a special key, the other cannot be opened from outside, and when locked allows the door to open no more than 5 cm (2 inches).
This is a guide itinerary. It has good, detailed information covering the entire route. Plunge forward and help us make it a star!
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