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f815cac3-7f47-4232-ba70-2de3cc906504
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Vision or hearing problems. Smaller than average head and brain size. Changes with how the heart, kidneys and bones develop. Poor coordination or balance. Being jittery or hyperactive. Learning and thinking issues Learning and thinking may include: Intellectual disability and learning disorders, including trouble with memory, learning new things, focusing and thinking. Not understanding the results of choices made. Poor judgment skills, such as having a hard time thinking through issues, problem-solving, reasoning and making decisions that affect everyday life. Short attention span that affects staying with a task and finishing. Poor concept of time, that impacts following schedules, knowing what time to leave in order to arrive on time and understanding how long a task will take. Trouble with organizing and planning or working toward a goal, including trouble understanding and following directions. Social and behavioral issues Functioning in everyday life, coping and interacting with others may include: Challenges in school with attendance, learning, behavior and interacting with others. Trouble getting along with others, including struggling with communication and social skills. Trouble adapting to change or switching from one task to another. Issues with behavior and with controlling emotions and actions. Problems managing life skills, such as telling time, self care, managing money and staying safe. Being easily influenced by others or taken advantage of. Quickly changing moods. When to see a doctor If you are pregnant and can't stop drinking alcohol, ask your obstetrician, primary care doctor or other healthcare professional for help. You also may choose to talk to a mental health professional. A social worker can direct you to community programs that offer help, for example, Alcoholics Anonymous. Because early diagnosis may help lessen the risk of some challenges for children with fetal alcohol syndrome, let your child's healthcare professional know if you drank alcohol while you were pregnant. Don't wait for your child to have issues before seeking help.
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2025-05-14
| 373 |
030b160b-3141-4cd7-9590-56bb5558b4e2
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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You also may choose to talk to a mental health professional. A social worker can direct you to community programs that offer help, for example, Alcoholics Anonymous. Because early diagnosis may help lessen the risk of some challenges for children with fetal alcohol syndrome, let your child's healthcare professional know if you drank alcohol while you were pregnant. Don't wait for your child to have issues before seeking help. If you adopted a child or are providing foster care, you may not know if the biological mother drank alcohol while pregnant. International adoption from some countries may have a higher rate of alcohol use by pregnant mothers. If you have concerns about your child's learning or behavior, talk with your child's healthcare professional to find out what might be causing these problems. Causes When you're pregnant and you drink alcohol: Alcohol goes into your bloodstream. Inside the womb, the placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to a developing baby. The alcohol reaches your baby by passing through the placenta. Alcohol causes a higher blood alcohol level in your developing baby than in your body. That's because a baby breaks down and gets rid of alcohol slower than an adult does. Alcohol is toxic to the baby's cells. Exposure to alcohol before birth can harm how the body develops and cause permanent brain damage in the developing baby. The more you drink while pregnant, the greater the risk to your unborn baby. But any amount of alcohol puts your baby at risk. Your baby's brain, heart and blood vessels begin to develop in the early weeks of pregnancy, before you may know you're pregnant. During the first three months of pregnancy, important stages of development happen with the face and organs such as the heart, bones, brain and nerves. Drinking alcohol during this time can cause damage to how body parts develop. And as the baby continues to develop in the womb, it's damaging to drink at any time during pregnancy.
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2025-05-14
| 376 |
1cff2d4b-41af-4f99-afa9-0fd050c3d9fd
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
|
Your baby's brain, heart and blood vessels begin to develop in the early weeks of pregnancy, before you may know you're pregnant. During the first three months of pregnancy, important stages of development happen with the face and organs such as the heart, bones, brain and nerves. Drinking alcohol during this time can cause damage to how body parts develop. And as the baby continues to develop in the womb, it's damaging to drink at any time during pregnancy. Risk factors The more alcohol you drink during pregnancy, the greater the chance of problems in your baby. There's no known safe amount of alcohol to drink during pregnancy, and there's no type of alcohol that is safe. You could put your baby at risk even before you realize you're pregnant. Don't drink alcohol if: You're pregnant. You think you might be pregnant. You're trying to become pregnant. Complications Behavior issues after your child is born can result from having fetal alcohol syndrome. These are called secondary disabilities and may include: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Aggression, improper social behavior, and breaking rules and laws. Alcohol or recreational drug misuse. Mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety or eating disorders. Challenges staying in or completing school. Not being able to get along with others. Challenges with independent living and getting and keeping jobs. Sexual behaviors that are not proper. Early death by accident, homicide or suicide. Prevention To prevent fetal alcohol syndrome, don't drink alcohol during pregnancy. Here are some steps to help: Don't drink alcohol if you're trying to get pregnant. If you haven't already stopped drinking, stop as soon as you know you're pregnant or if you even think you might be pregnant. It's never too late to stop drinking during your pregnancy. The sooner you stop, the better it is for your baby. Don't drink alcohol at any time during your pregnancy.
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2025-05-14
| 382 |
d301d36f-9b7d-4f19-bd1f-1ded9d681c85
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901
|
Fetal alcohol syndrome
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symptoms-causes
|
mayo
|
Prevention To prevent fetal alcohol syndrome, don't drink alcohol during pregnancy. Here are some steps to help: Don't drink alcohol if you're trying to get pregnant. If you haven't already stopped drinking, stop as soon as you know you're pregnant or if you even think you might be pregnant. It's never too late to stop drinking during your pregnancy. The sooner you stop, the better it is for your baby. Don't drink alcohol at any time during your pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome is completely preventable in children whose mothers don't drink at all during pregnancy. Consider giving up alcohol during your childbearing years if you're sexually active and you're having unprotected sex. Many pregnancies are unplanned, and damage from alcohol can happen in the earliest weeks of pregnancy. If you have an alcohol problem, get help before you get pregnant. Talk to your healthcare professional or a mental health professional about your drinking. Review how much and how often you drink alcohol so that together you can create a treatment plan to help you quit.
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2025-05-14
| 208 |
e59c7a17-a878-4be9-8470-af4da931a905
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/symptoms-causes/syc-20372549
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Female sexual dysfunction
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
|
Overview Female sexual dysfunction is a medical term for ongoing sexual problems that upset you or your partner. Problems may involve sexual response, desire, orgasm or pain during sex. Many people have sexual problems at some point. Some have them throughout their lives. Female sexual dysfunction can happen at any stage of life. It can happen only sometimes or all the time during sex. Sexual response is complex. It involves how your body works, your feelings, things that happen in your life, your beliefs, your lifestyle and how you relate to your partner. A problem in any one of these areas can affect sexual desire, arousal or satisfaction. Treatment often involves more than one approach. Symptoms Symptoms vary depending on the type of sexual dysfunction. Symptoms may include: Low sexual desire. This most common of female sexual dysfunctions involves a lack of interest in sex and not wanting to have sex. Sexual arousal disorder. Even if you want sex, sometimes it may be hard to get or stay aroused during sex. Orgasmic disorder. You have ongoing trouble having an orgasm even with enough sexual arousal. Sexual pain disorder. You have pain when having sex. When to see a doctor If sexual problems affect your relationship or worry you, make an appointment with a member of your healthcare team. Causes Sexual dysfunction problems often start when hormones change. This might be after having a baby or during menopause. Major illness, such as cancer, diabetes or heart disease, also can add to sexual dysfunction. Factors that add to sex problems include the following: Physical. Medical conditions can lead to sexual dysfunction. These may include cancer, diabetes, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and bladder problems. Certain medicines can decrease your sexual desire and make it harder for you to have an orgasm. These include some medicines to treat depression, high blood pressure, allergies and cancers. Hormonal. Lower estrogen levels after menopause may lead to changes in your genital tissues and how you respond to sex.
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2025-05-14
| 389 |
0d9b5fbc-5891-4171-8ef4-a7a630ed4fb1
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/symptoms-causes/syc-20372549
|
Female sexual dysfunction
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
|
Factors that add to sex problems include the following: Physical. Medical conditions can lead to sexual dysfunction. These may include cancer, diabetes, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and bladder problems. Certain medicines can decrease your sexual desire and make it harder for you to have an orgasm. These include some medicines to treat depression, high blood pressure, allergies and cancers. Hormonal. Lower estrogen levels after menopause may lead to changes in your genital tissues and how you respond to sex. Lower estrogen leads to less blood flow to the pelvis. This can cause you to have less feeling in your genitals and to need more time to become aroused and reach orgasm. The vaginal lining also becomes thinner and less stretchy. Not being sexually active can make this worse. These factors can lead to painful intercourse, called dyspareunia. Sexual desire also lessens when hormone levels drop. Your body's hormone levels shift after giving birth and during breastfeeding. This can lead to vaginal dryness and affect your desire for sex. Psychological and social. Anxiety or depression that isn't treated can cause sexual dysfunction or add to it. So can long-term stress, a history of sexual abuse, worries of pregnancy and the demands of having an infant. Problems with your partner can affect your sex life. So can cultural and religious issues and problems with body image. Risk factors Factors that may increase your risk of sexual dysfunction: Depression, anxiety and other mental health conditions. Heart disease, diabetes, cancer. Conditions of the spine and brain, called neurological. Examples are spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis. Gynecological conditions, including infections. Certain medicines, such as those taken for depression or high blood pressure. Emotional or psychological stress, especially stress in your relationship with your partner. A history of sexual abuse. Lack of privacy. Oct. 30, 2024
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2025-05-14
| 369 |
bc2e5c1f-544a-4a79-b90c-05efb5e4d166
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20354308
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Female infertility
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Infertility is defined as trying to get pregnant with frequent, unprotected sex for at least a year with no success. Infertility results from female factors about one-third of the time and both female and male factors about one-third of the time. The cause is either unknown or a combination of male and female factors in the remaining cases. Female infertility causes can be difficult to diagnose. There are many treatments, depending on the infertility cause. Many infertile couples will go on to conceive a child without treatment.
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2025-05-14
| 101 |
46c331eb-2884-4e5a-968b-65f4e04a4803
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fuchs-dystrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352727
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Fuchs dystrophy
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Fuchs dystrophy Fuchs dystrophy Fuchs dystrophy With Fuchs dystrophy, the body of the cornea begins to thicken, and the cornea becomes cloudy. The body of the cornea also is called stroma. Fuchs dystrophy is a condition in which fluid builds up in the clear tissue at the front of the eye, called the cornea. This causes your cornea to swell and thicken, leading to glare, blurred or cloudy vision, and eye discomfort. Fuchs (fewks) dystrophy usually affects both eyes. It may cause your vision to get worse over time. The disease often starts in the 30s and 40s, but many people with Fuchs dystrophy don't develop symptoms until they reach their 50s or 60s. Some medicines and self-care steps may help relieve symptoms of Fuchs dystrophy. When advanced disease causes more-serious vision problems, cornea transplant surgery is the best way to restore vision. Symptoms As Fuchs dystrophy gets worse, symptoms often affect both eyes. Symptoms may include: Blurred or cloudy vision, sometimes described as a lack of clear vision. Changes in vision throughout the day. Symptoms are worse in the morning when you wake up and slowly get better during the day. As the disease gets worse, blurred vision may take longer to get better or does not get better at all. Glare, which can decrease your vision in dim and bright light. Seeing halos around lights. Pain or grittiness from tiny blisters on the surface of your cornea. When to see a doctor If you have some of these symptoms, and especially if they get worse over time, see an eye care professional. The eye care professional may refer you to a corneal specialist. If symptoms develop suddenly, call for an urgent appointment. Other eye conditions that cause the same symptoms as Fuchs dystrophy also require treatment right away.
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2025-05-14
| 391 |
14875573-e1c6-4453-b68c-166510d3b6d3
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fuchs-dystrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352727
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Fuchs dystrophy
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Seeing halos around lights. Pain or grittiness from tiny blisters on the surface of your cornea. When to see a doctor If you have some of these symptoms, and especially if they get worse over time, see an eye care professional. The eye care professional may refer you to a corneal specialist. If symptoms develop suddenly, call for an urgent appointment. Other eye conditions that cause the same symptoms as Fuchs dystrophy also require treatment right away. Causes The cells lining the inside of the cornea are called endothelial cells. Those cells help maintain a healthy balance of fluid within the cornea and keep the cornea from swelling. In Fuchs dystrophy, the endothelial cells slowly die or do not work well, causing fluid buildup within the cornea. The fluid buildup, called edema, causes thickening of the cornea and blurred vision. Fuchs dystrophy tends to run in families. The genetic basis of the disease is complex. Family members can be affected to different degrees or not at all. Risk factors Some factors make it more likely that you'll develop Fuchs dystrophy They include: Sex. Fuchs dystrophy is more common in women than in men. Genetics. Having a family history of Fuchs dystrophy increases your risk. Age. There is a rare early-onset type of Fuchs dystrophy that starts in childhood. Most cases start in the 30s and 40s, but many people with Fuchs dystrophy don't develop symptoms until their 50s or 60s.
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2025-05-14
| 313 |
3acac7d2-39cb-420e-851a-90c61f3837c7
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/febrile-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20372522
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Febrile seizure
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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A febrile seizure is a convulsion in a child that's caused by a fever. The fever is often from an infection. Febrile seizures occur in young, healthy children who have normal development and haven't had any neurological symptoms before. It can be frightening when your child has a febrile seizure. Fortunately, febrile seizures are usually harmless, only last a few minutes, and typically don't indicate a serious health problem. You can help by keeping your child safe during a febrile seizure and by offering comfort afterward. Call your doctor to have your child evaluated as soon as possible after a febrile seizure.
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2025-05-14
| 129 |
2642e7c4-ee03-44a5-a7e8-e61a8eda8db8
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-mediterranean-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20372470
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Familial Mediterranean fever
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Signs and symptoms of familial Mediterranean fever usually begin during childhood. They occur in bouts called attacks that last 1-3 days. Arthritic attacks may last for weeks or months. Signs and symptoms of FMF attacks vary, but can include: Fever Abdominal pain Chest pain, which can make it hard to breathe deeply Painful, swollen joints, usually in the knees, ankles and hips A red rash on your legs, especially below your knees Muscle aches A swollen, tender scrotum The attacks generally resolve spontaneously after a few days. Between attacks, you'll likely feel back to your typical health. Symptom-free periods may be as short as a few days or as long as several years. In some people, the first sign of FMF is amyloidosis. With amyloidosis, the protein amyloid A, which is not typically found in the body, builds up in organs — especially the kidneys — causing inflammation and interfering with their function.
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2025-05-14
| 196 |
c034d574-cf8a-445a-ba02-669223506419
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372443
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Familial adenomatous polyposis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a rare, inherited condition caused by a defect in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Most people inherit the gene from a parent. But for 25 to 30 percent of people, the genetic mutation occurs spontaneously. FAP causes extra tissue (polyps) to form in your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Polyps can also occur in the upper gastrointestinal tract, especially the upper part of your small intestine (duodenum). If untreated, the polyps in the colon and rectum are likely to become cancerous when you are in your 40s. Most people with familial adenomatous polyposis eventually need surgery to remove the large intestine to prevent cancer. The polyps in the duodenum also can develop cancer, but they can usually be managed by careful monitoring and by removing polyps regularly. Some people have a milder form of the condition, called attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP). People with AFAP usually have fewer colon polyps (an average of 30) and develop cancer later in life. Symptoms The main sign of FAP is hundreds or even thousands of polyps growing in your colon and rectum, usually starting by your mid-teens. The polyps are nearly 100 percent certain to develop into colon cancer or rectal cancer by the time you're in your 40s. Causes Familial adenomatous polyposis is caused by a defect in a gene that's usually inherited from a parent. But some people develop the abnormal gene that causes the condition. Risk factors Your risk of familial adenomatous polyposis is higher if you have a parent, child, brother, or sister with the condition. Complications In addition to colon cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis can cause other complications: Duodenal polyps.
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2025-05-14
| 390 |
a9e3507f-1055-4cdd-803a-4586a998da77
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372443
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Familial adenomatous polyposis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Causes Familial adenomatous polyposis is caused by a defect in a gene that's usually inherited from a parent. But some people develop the abnormal gene that causes the condition. Risk factors Your risk of familial adenomatous polyposis is higher if you have a parent, child, brother, or sister with the condition. Complications In addition to colon cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis can cause other complications: Duodenal polyps. These polyps grow in the upper part of your small intestine and may become cancerous. But with careful monitoring, duodenal polyps can often be detected and removed before cancer develops. Periampullary polyps. These polyps occur where the bile and pancreas ducts enter the duodenum (ampulla). Periampullary polyps might become cancerous but can often be detected and removed before cancer develops. Gastric fundic polyps. These polyps grow in the lining of your stomach. Desmoids. These noncancerous masses can arise anywhere in the body but often develop in the stomach area (abdomen). Desmoids can cause serious problems if they grow into nerves or blood vessels or exert pressure on other organs in your body. Other cancers. Rarely, FAP can cause cancer to develop in your thyroid gland, central nervous system, adrenal glands, liver or other organs. Noncancerous (benign) skin tumors. Benign bone growths (osteomas). Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE). These are benign pigment changes in the retina of your eye. Dental abnormalities. These include extra teeth or teeth that don't come in. Low numbers of red blood cells (anemia). Prevention Preventing FAP is not possible, since it is an inherited genetic condition.
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2025-05-14
| 376 |
d6fe4049-d43f-4134-a819-a3b4e40c9375
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372443
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Familial adenomatous polyposis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Noncancerous (benign) skin tumors. Benign bone growths (osteomas). Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE). These are benign pigment changes in the retina of your eye. Dental abnormalities. These include extra teeth or teeth that don't come in. Low numbers of red blood cells (anemia). Prevention Preventing FAP is not possible, since it is an inherited genetic condition. However, if you or your child is at risk of FAP because of a family member with the condition, you will need genetic testing and counseling. If you have FAP, you will need regular screening, followed by surgery if needed. Surgery can help prevent the development of colorectal cancer or other complications.
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2025-05-14
| 153 |
df4b6b4d-642a-417b-a7c5-ba38132dafcb
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/symptoms-causes/syc-20353477
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Joseph Dearani, M.D., Chair, Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic: My name is Joseph Dearani, and I'm the chair of Cardiovascular Surgery at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and my area of expertise is in pediatric and congenital heart disease. Today we are going to talk about tetralogy of Fallot, which is one of the most common congenital heart defects. In many ways, this lesion is viewed as the benchmark against which other treatment strategies for congenital heart defects are compared. There is no other lesion that offers the breadth of treatment history, and modifications to further improve results, that continue to the present day. The optimum treatment approach remains controversial, but in general, complete repair is advised in the first three to six months of life. Importantly, the application of the modified Blalock–Taussig shunt as a palliative procedure is performed much less commonly in the current era. The surgical goal is complete repair, which consists of ventricular septal defect closure and relief of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, which is ideally performed with preservation of pulmonary valve function. The most common congenital heart operation performed in adulthood is pulmonary valve replacement following tetralogy of Fallot repair in infancy or childhood. There are two standard approaches for complete repair. The first is the transatrial-transpulmonary approach and the second is the transventricular approach. The transatrial-transpulmonary approach has the distinct advantage of preserving pulmonary valve function but may be better approached, and a little bit easier, beyond four months of age. Selective use of a small infundibular incision may be helpful to completely relieve right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and/or improve visualization of the ventricular septal defect in some situations.
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2025-05-14
| 361 |
a2589e26-c312-46c3-8f1f-93d4cbb8c899
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/symptoms-causes/syc-20353477
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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The first is the transatrial-transpulmonary approach and the second is the transventricular approach. The transatrial-transpulmonary approach has the distinct advantage of preserving pulmonary valve function but may be better approached, and a little bit easier, beyond four months of age. Selective use of a small infundibular incision may be helpful to completely relieve right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and/or improve visualization of the ventricular septal defect in some situations. A concerted effort is made to stay below the pulmonary annulus, and preserve the pulmonary valve when this is performed, particularly if the size of the pulmonary valve annulus is acceptable, thus requiring pulmonary valvotomy alone. The transventricular approach can be applied at any age. While it has stood the test of time, we have learned that many patients ultimately require pulmonary valve replacement later on in life because of pulmonary regurgitation. Consequently, if the transventricular approach is being applied, extensive transannular patching is avoided in order to minimize late right ventricular dilatation and right ventricular dysfunction, severe pulmonary regurgitation, and avoiding ventricular arrhythmias. While it is important to adequately relieve right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, leaving some residual obstruction behind is considered acceptable, particularly if preservation and function of the pulmonary valve
can be maintained. In general, a residual gradient of 20 to 30 millimeters of mercury across the pulmonary valve is usually well tolerated and permissible. The presence of an anomalous left anterior descending coronary artery is usually not a contraindication to complete repair in the current era. A short transannular incision can be performed that avoids the anomalous left anterior descending coronary artery and can be utilized to further relieve right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, if needed. The decision to the patent foramen ovale is largely determined by patient age and whether a transannular repair was applied.
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2025-05-14
| 391 |
f23ed35e-5de5-44ed-824e-4df981cc6947
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/symptoms-causes/syc-20353477
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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The presence of an anomalous left anterior descending coronary artery is usually not a contraindication to complete repair in the current era. A short transannular incision can be performed that avoids the anomalous left anterior descending coronary artery and can be utilized to further relieve right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, if needed. The decision to the patent foramen ovale is largely determined by patient age and whether a transannular repair was applied. In general, the patent foramen ovale is left open when complete repair is performed in the neonate or when a transannular repair has been performed and severe pulmonary regurgitation is present. The application of a monocusp repair to improve competence of the pulmonary valve can be helpful in this situation and can smooth out the early post-operative period. In the modern era, repair of tetrology of Fallot can be performed with very low mortality, in the neighborhood of 1%, and the late survival and quality of life are excellent for the majority of patients. In general, children attend school and can participate in most childhood sport activities without restrictions. Early repair in the first six months of life is the rule, and preservation of the pulmonary valve and minimizing pulmonary regurgitation is the goal. The need for diligent lifelong surveillance cannot be overemphasized, so that proper timing of any potential subsequent interventions can be optimized. Mayo Clinic has a long-standing history in the surgical care of tetrology of Fallot since the earliest days of cardiac surgery in the mid 1950s. The number of patients in our practice that have undergone complete repair, or palliative procedures, or re-operations later on in life, in childhood and adulthood, with tetrology of Fallot are now in the thousands. Thank you very much for listening on tetrology of Fallot.
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2025-05-14
| 369 |
497036b3-03ed-4967-bdd1-7000def87d01
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/symptoms-causes/syc-20372604
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Flatfeet
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Flatfeet Flatfeet Flatfeet In typical feet, the arch leaves a footprint similar to the one depicted on the left, while flatfeet typically produce a footprint such as the one pictured on the right. Flatfeet is a common condition, also known as flatfoot, in which the arches on the inside of the feet flatten when pressure is put on them. When people with flatfeet stand up, the feet point outward, and the entire soles of the feet fall and touch the floor. Flatfeet can occur when the arches don't develop during childhood. It can also develop later in life after an injury or from the simple wear-and-tear stresses of age. Flatfeet is usually painless. If you aren't having pain, no treatment is necessary. However, if flatfeet is causing you pain and limiting what you want to do, then an evaluation from a specialist may be warranted. Symptoms Most people have no symptoms associated with flatfeet. But some people with flatfeet experience foot pain, particularly in the heel or arch area. Pain may worsen with activity. Swelling may occur along the inside of the ankle. When to see a doctor Talk to your health care provider if you or your child has foot pain, particularly if it is limiting what you want to do. Causes Flatfeet is not unusual in infants and toddlers, because the foot's arch hasn't yet developed. Most people's arches develop throughout childhood, but some people never develop arches. People without arches may or may not have problems. Some children have flexible flatfeet, often called flexible flatfoot, in which the arch is visible when the child is sitting or standing on tiptoes but disappears when the child stands. Most children outgrow flexible flatfeet without problems. People without flatfeet can also develop the condition. Arches can collapse abruptly after an injury.
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2025-05-14
| 390 |
fef71d36-0919-4dfb-a4b9-d8146ba57fd5
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/symptoms-causes/syc-20372604
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Flatfeet
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Most people's arches develop throughout childhood, but some people never develop arches. People without arches may or may not have problems. Some children have flexible flatfeet, often called flexible flatfoot, in which the arch is visible when the child is sitting or standing on tiptoes but disappears when the child stands. Most children outgrow flexible flatfeet without problems. People without flatfeet can also develop the condition. Arches can collapse abruptly after an injury. Or the collapse can happen over years of wear and tear. Over time, the tendon that runs along the inside of the ankle and helps support the arch can get weakened or tear. As the severity increases, arthritis may develop in the foot. Risk factors Factors that can increase the risk of flatfeet include: Obesity Injury to the foot or ankle Rheumatoid arthritis Aging Diabetes Aug. 16, 2022
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2025-05-14
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cdc465ce-e349-4885-b306-0c55ad8c69ba
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352907
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis Diagnosing fetal alcohol syndrome involves an exam from a healthcare professional with expertise in the condition. Early diagnosis and services can help improve your child's ability to function. Making a diagnosis involves: Talking about your drinking during pregnancy. Be honest with your healthcare professional about your alcohol use during pregnancy. This can help your obstetrician or other healthcare professional figure out the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome. Although fetal alcohol syndrome can't be diagnosed before birth, the health of the baby and mother can be assessed and watched during pregnancy. Watching for symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome in your child's early weeks, months and years of life. Your child's healthcare professional looks at your child's physical appearance for changes typical of fetal alcohol syndrome. The health professional also watches your child's physical and brain growth and development. Over time the healthcare professional watches for issues with: Physical growth and development. Thinking, learning and language development. Health. Social interaction and behavior. Many features seen with fetal alcohol syndrome also may occur in children with other conditions. If fetal alcohol syndrome is suspected, your pediatrician or other healthcare professional will likely refer your child to an expert with special training in fetal alcohol syndrome. This may be a developmental pediatrician, a neurologist or another expert. The expert does an evaluation to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms to help make a diagnosis. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders describes the range of conditions in children caused when the mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. Symptoms vary greatly among children and can include all or a mix of physical, behavioral, and learning and thinking problems. The range of conditions caused by alcohol exposure before birth includes: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS is the severe end of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Fetal alcohol syndrome includes problems with behavior, learning and thinking. It also involves physical and growth changes that can affect any part of the body. Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND).
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2025-05-14
| 391 |
450204a3-cb01-4ed7-b499-5eea62880939
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352907
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Symptoms vary greatly among children and can include all or a mix of physical, behavioral, and learning and thinking problems. The range of conditions caused by alcohol exposure before birth includes: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS is the severe end of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Fetal alcohol syndrome includes problems with behavior, learning and thinking. It also involves physical and growth changes that can affect any part of the body. Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND). ARND includes intellectual disabilities or behavioral and learning problems but doesn't include physical and growth changes. Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD). ARBD includes changes in physical development that are present at birth, such as problems with hearing, vision, and the heart, kidneys and bones. It does not include problems with learning and behavior. Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE). ND-PAE includes challenges functioning in everyday life. There may be issues with thinking and remembering, behavior concerns, and challenges with day-to-day activities and social interactions. Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (PFAS). Also called fetal alcohol effects, this condition includes some symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome. But the extent of symptoms doesn't meet the guidelines for a diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome. PFAS is not common. If one child in a family is diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome, it may be important to evaluate siblings for fetal alcohol syndrome if the mother drank alcohol during these pregnancies. Treatment There's no cure or specific treatment for fetal alcohol syndrome. The physical and mental conditions caused by alcohol exposure before birth are lifelong. But early intervention services may help lessen some of the challenges of fetal alcohol syndrome and may help prevent some secondary disabilities. Intervention services may include: Healthcare professionals who can provide care for vision, hearing or heart conditions. Medicines may help with some symptoms. Early intervention specialists, such as a speech therapist, physical therapist and occupational therapist, to help with walking, talking and social skills.
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2025-05-14
| 394 |
75e35af4-9982-4f8e-9838-adf0268a8d62
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352907
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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The physical and mental conditions caused by alcohol exposure before birth are lifelong. But early intervention services may help lessen some of the challenges of fetal alcohol syndrome and may help prevent some secondary disabilities. Intervention services may include: Healthcare professionals who can provide care for vision, hearing or heart conditions. Medicines may help with some symptoms. Early intervention specialists, such as a speech therapist, physical therapist and occupational therapist, to help with walking, talking and social skills. Special services, such as a special education teacher and a psychologist or other mental health professional, to help with learning and behavioral issues. Vocational rehabilitation services to help with getting and keeping a job. Life skills training professionals to help with independence, such as social skills, coping, communication, problem-solving and decision-making. Mental health professionals for parents and the family members to help them cope with a child's behavioral problems. Counselors who deal with substance misuse to address alcohol and recreational drug misuse, if needed. Treatment for alcohol misuse Treatment for the mother's alcohol misuse can help with better parenting and prevent future pregnancies from being affected. If you know or think you have a problem with alcohol or recreational drugs, ask a healthcare professional or mental health professional for help. Substance misuse counseling and treatment programs can help with overcoming alcohol or recreational drug use. Joining a support group or 12-step program such as Alcoholics Anonymous also may help. Coping and support The challenges that occur along with fetal alcohol syndrome can be difficult to manage for the person with the condition and for the family. Family support Children with fetal alcohol syndrome and their families may benefit from the support of professionals and other families who have experience with this condition. Ask your healthcare professional or a social worker or mental health professional for local sources of support for children with fetal alcohol syndrome and their families. Dealing with behavioral issues Challenges with behavior often happen in children with fetal alcohol syndrome.
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2025-05-14
| 376 |
90c01efa-4074-453e-9ff6-dcb7d73e6f86
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352907
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Coping and support The challenges that occur along with fetal alcohol syndrome can be difficult to manage for the person with the condition and for the family. Family support Children with fetal alcohol syndrome and their families may benefit from the support of professionals and other families who have experience with this condition. Ask your healthcare professional or a social worker or mental health professional for local sources of support for children with fetal alcohol syndrome and their families. Dealing with behavioral issues Challenges with behavior often happen in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. To help your child, use these parenting skills: Recognize your child's strengths and limitations. Set up and keep daily routines. Create and enforce simple rules and limits. Keep things simple by using clear, specific language. Repeat things to reinforce learning. Point out acceptable behavior and use rewards to reinforce the behavior. Teach skills for daily living and social interaction with others. Guard against your child being taken advantage of by others. Early intervention and a stable, nurturing home are important to protect children with fetal alcohol syndrome from some of the other issues they're at risk of later in life. Preparing for your appointment Call your child's doctor or other healthcare professional for an appointment if you have any concerns about your child's growth and development. You may want to ask a family member or friend to come with you to help remember all the information provided. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do Before your appointment, make a list of: Any symptoms you've noticed in your child. Include any that may seem unrelated to the reason for the appointment, and when the symptoms began. All medicines, vitamins, herbs or other supplements that you took during pregnancy, and their doses. Also, if you drank alcohol during your pregnancy, tell your child's healthcare professional how much you drank and when. Questions to ask your child's healthcare professional. Questions to ask may include: What's the most likely cause of my child's symptoms? Are there other possible causes?
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2025-05-14
| 397 |
aeebff94-5c63-44be-8c45-6733cc81e527
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352907
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Include any that may seem unrelated to the reason for the appointment, and when the symptoms began. All medicines, vitamins, herbs or other supplements that you took during pregnancy, and their doses. Also, if you drank alcohol during your pregnancy, tell your child's healthcare professional how much you drank and when. Questions to ask your child's healthcare professional. Questions to ask may include: What's the most likely cause of my child's symptoms? Are there other possible causes? Should my child see a specialist? Will my child's condition get better over time? Will it get worse? What treatments are available, and which do you recommend? Are there medicines that can help? Are there medicines that should be avoided? How can I prevent this from happening in future pregnancies? Do you have any material that can help me learn more? What websites do you suggest? Feel free to ask other questions during your appointment. What to expect from your doctor Your healthcare professional is likely to ask you questions, such as: Did you drink alcohol while you were pregnant? If yes, how much and how often? Did you use any recreational drugs during your pregnancy? Did you have any problems with your pregnancy? When did you first notice your child's symptoms? Have these symptoms been ongoing, or do they come and go? Does anything seem to make the symptoms better? What, if anything, seems to make the symptoms worse? Be ready to answer questions so that you have time to talk about what's most important to you.
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2025-05-14
| 301 |
eff39082-8a4d-4d46-9986-129a9a35c4ea
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372556
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Female sexual dysfunction
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis To diagnose female sexual dysfunction, your healthcare professional may: Discuss your sexual and medical history and your gender identity. You might be uneasy talking about such personal matters. But your sexuality is a key part of your well-being. Being open about your sexual history and current problems raises your chances of finding a way to treat them. Do a pelvic exam. During the exam, your healthcare professional checks for physical changes that can affect how much you enjoy sex. These include thinning of your genital tissues, scarring or pain. Order blood tests. Blood tests can check for health conditions that might be part of sexual dysfunction. Your healthcare professional also may suggest that you see a counselor or therapist who treats sexual and couples' problems. Treatment Sexual dysfunction is a problem only if it bothers you. If it doesn't bother you, you don't need treatment. But if your sexual dysfunction hurts your relationship with your partner, then seeing a counselor or therapist together may be helpful. Female sexual dysfunction has many possible symptoms and causes, so treatment varies. You need to tell your healthcare professional your concerns. You also need to know how your body responds to sex and what you want from sex. These will help with choosing a treatment and knowing whether it works for you. Most often, a mix of treatments that includes medical, relationship and emotional issues works best. Nonmedical treatment for female sexual dysfunction To treat sexual dysfunction, your healthcare professional might suggest the following: Talk and listen. You need to talk openly with your partner to have a good sex life. Maybe you're not used to talking about what you want. But learning to do so and giving feedback in a way that doesn't threaten can strengthen your bond as a couple. Live healthy. Lifestyle changes that improve health and well-being also can help improve sex life. Limit alcohol. Drinking too much can blunt your response to sex. Be physically active. Physical activity can give you more energy and put you in a better mood. Learn ways to lower stress.
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2025-05-14
| 398 |
95e4f256-6b46-492d-819d-4c6f2eacd637
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372556
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Female sexual dysfunction
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Maybe you're not used to talking about what you want. But learning to do so and giving feedback in a way that doesn't threaten can strengthen your bond as a couple. Live healthy. Lifestyle changes that improve health and well-being also can help improve sex life. Limit alcohol. Drinking too much can blunt your response to sex. Be physically active. Physical activity can give you more energy and put you in a better mood. Learn ways to lower stress. This will help you focus on sex and enjoy it. Seek counseling. Talk with a counselor or therapist who works with sexual problems. Therapy often includes learning about your body and ways to be closer to your partner. Use a lubricant. A vaginal lubricant may help during intercourse if you have vaginal dryness or pain during sex. Use a vaginal moisturizer. You can use this anytime to ease vaginal dryness. Stay sexually active. Do this by yourself or with a partner. This also can ease vaginal discomfort by increasing blood flow to the vagina. Use a device. Devices such as vibrators help with orgasm by increasing blood flow to the clitoris. Medical treatment for female sexual dysfunction Treatment for sexual dysfunction often involves dealing with a medical condition or hormonal change. Your healthcare professional may suggest changing a medicine you take or lowering the dose. Treatments for female sexual dysfunction might include: Vaginal estrogen. To relieve vaginal dryness, you can apply estrogen to the vagina using a vaginal cream, tablet or ring. This treatment gives you a small amount of estrogen, which the vaginal tissues take in. It can help ease vaginal dryness, pain with intercourse and some urinary symptoms. Ospemifene (Osphena). Taken by mouth, this selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) medicine treats painful intercourse linked to the thinning of vaginal tissue. This medicine isn't for people who have had breast cancer or who are at high risk of breast cancer. Testosterone therapy.
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2025-05-14
| 389 |
67c54682-0cf8-4229-8a53-c3a2d8719769
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372556
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Female sexual dysfunction
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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This treatment gives you a small amount of estrogen, which the vaginal tissues take in. It can help ease vaginal dryness, pain with intercourse and some urinary symptoms. Ospemifene (Osphena). Taken by mouth, this selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) medicine treats painful intercourse linked to the thinning of vaginal tissue. This medicine isn't for people who have had breast cancer or who are at high risk of breast cancer. Testosterone therapy. Testosterone plays a role in healthy sexual function in women as well as men. But there are no testosterone treatments approved for use in females for sexual dysfunction. That's because of concerns about how well it works and how safe it is. If you want testosterone therapy, talk with a member of your healthcare team about the risks and benefits. Flibanserin (Addyi). This was first used as an antidepressant. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved it for use before menopause to treat low sexual desire. This daily pill may boost sex drive. You take it once a day at bedtime. Possible serious side effects include having low blood pressure, getting sleepy, tired and dizzy. It also can cause nausea and fainting. Mixing this medicine with alcohol can make side effects worse. Experts suggest stopping the medicine if your sex drive hasn't improved after eight weeks. Bremelanotide (Vyleesi). Bremelanotide is another FDA -approved treatment for low sexual desire in premenopausal people. This medicine is a shot you give yourself just under the skin in the belly or thigh before having sex. Some people have nausea. This is more common after the first shot. It tends to get better with the second shot. Other side effects include vomiting, flushing, headache and a skin reaction at the site of the shot. Prasterone (Intrarosa).
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2025-05-14
| 375 |
5ad95dfc-3437-44a9-a470-ce3fa98bc756
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372556
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Female sexual dysfunction
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Bremelanotide is another FDA -approved treatment for low sexual desire in premenopausal people. This medicine is a shot you give yourself just under the skin in the belly or thigh before having sex. Some people have nausea. This is more common after the first shot. It tends to get better with the second shot. Other side effects include vomiting, flushing, headache and a skin reaction at the site of the shot. Prasterone (Intrarosa). You put this insert or suppository of human-made hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) into the vagina. It helps ease vaginal dryness and pain with intercourse. Potential treatments that need more research Researchers are studying these treatments for female sexual dysfunction: Tibolone. People in Europe use this medicine that has female and male hormone actions. Because of worry that it might increase the risk of breast cancer and stroke, the FDA hasn't approved it for use in the U.S. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. This group of medicines has had success in treating not being able to get and keep an erection, called erectile dysfunction. But the medicines don't work as well for female sexual dysfunction. Results of studies of women taking these medicines have been mixed. One medicine, sildenafil (Revatio, Viagra), may prove useful for some people who have sexual dysfunction from taking a class of medicines used to treat depression. These are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Don't take sildenafil if you use nitroglycerin for a type of chest pain caused by lower blood flow to the heart, called angina. Because female sexual dysfunction is complex, even the best medicines aren't likely to work if other emotional or social factors are not resolved. Lifestyle and home remedies To boost your sexual health, find ways to be OK with your sexuality, improve your self-esteem and accept your body. Try these healthy lifestyle habits: Don't drink too much alcohol.
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2025-05-14
| 391 |
69092387-cdb3-485c-aceb-4bc30ceb1e66
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372556
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Female sexual dysfunction
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Don't take sildenafil if you use nitroglycerin for a type of chest pain caused by lower blood flow to the heart, called angina. Because female sexual dysfunction is complex, even the best medicines aren't likely to work if other emotional or social factors are not resolved. Lifestyle and home remedies To boost your sexual health, find ways to be OK with your sexuality, improve your self-esteem and accept your body. Try these healthy lifestyle habits: Don't drink too much alcohol. Drinking too much gets in the way of sexual response. Don't smoke. Cigarette smoking restricts blood flow. Less blood reaches your sexual organs. This could lower your sexual arousal and keep you from having an orgasm. Regular aerobic exercise can give you more energy, help you feel better about your body and put you in a better mood. This can help you feel more romantic more often. Learn to relax. Learn ways to lower stress and let yourself relax. Being relaxed can help you focus during sex. And it may help improve arousal and help you have an orgasm. Alternative medicine More research is needed, but therapies that may help improve sex include: Cognitive behavior therapy. This type of therapy can help you change thoughts, feelings and behaviors that aren't healthy. It's been shown to reduce how much menopause symptoms bother you. Mindfulness. This is a type of meditation used to increase awareness and help you accept the present. You focus on one thing during meditation, such as the flow of your breath. You let your thoughts and emotions pass without judging them. Yoga. During yoga, you do a series of postures and controlled breathing exercises. This helps you move your body better and calms your mind. Some types of yoga aim to improve sex. There are also some herbal supplements and topical oils sold to increase sex drive and sexual pleasure. But these products haven't been studied well. One product with estrogen-like action may spur the growth of breast tumors that feed on estrogen.
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2025-05-14
| 395 |
8cffe7d6-5e52-43cc-92a5-16047d5e50a5
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372556
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Female sexual dysfunction
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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You let your thoughts and emotions pass without judging them. Yoga. During yoga, you do a series of postures and controlled breathing exercises. This helps you move your body better and calms your mind. Some types of yoga aim to improve sex. There are also some herbal supplements and topical oils sold to increase sex drive and sexual pleasure. But these products haven't been studied well. One product with estrogen-like action may spur the growth of breast tumors that feed on estrogen. Talk to your healthcare professional before trying any herbal or topical oil products. Preparing for your appointment If you have sex problems that upset you, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. Don't be shy talking about sex with your healthcare professional. You might have a condition that can be treated. Or lifestyle changes, therapy or a mix of treatments might help. Your main healthcare professional will either diagnose and treat the problem or refer you to a specialist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do Make a list of the following: Your symptoms. Take note of any sexual problems you're having, including when and how often they occur. Your sexual history. Write about your relationships and the sex you've had since you started having sex. Be ready to talk about any history of sexual trauma or abuse. Your medical history. Write down medical conditions you have, including mental health conditions. Make a list of the medicines you take or have taken recently, including doses. Questions to ask your healthcare professional. Make a list of questions to make the most of your appointment time. Some basic questions to ask about your sexual concerns include: What might be causing my sexual problems? Do I need medical tests? What treatment do you suggest? What can I expect from treatment? Do you think my partner and I should talk to a sex therapist? Are there printed materials I can have? What websites do you suggest? Be sure to ask all the questions you have.
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2025-05-14
| 391 |
e4d53893-f0d1-4366-8a93-bb401457484d
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-sexual-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372556
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Female sexual dysfunction
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Questions to ask your healthcare professional. Make a list of questions to make the most of your appointment time. Some basic questions to ask about your sexual concerns include: What might be causing my sexual problems? Do I need medical tests? What treatment do you suggest? What can I expect from treatment? Do you think my partner and I should talk to a sex therapist? Are there printed materials I can have? What websites do you suggest? Be sure to ask all the questions you have. What to expect from your doctor Your healthcare professional might ask personal questions and might want to include your partner in the interview. Questions might include: How much do your sexual problems bother you? How is your relationship? Do you become aroused during sex with your partner? Do you have orgasms? Have you had orgasms in the past but no longer can? Do you have pain with intercourse? What form of birth control or hormones, if any, do you use? Do you use alcohol or recreational drugs? How much? Have you ever had surgery that involved your reproductive system? What you can do in the meantime Talk with your partner. Be honest about the problem you have. Think about other ways to be to each other. Make time to be intimate. Oct. 30, 2024
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2025-05-14
| 256 |
7df7d551-4fb9-4917-98f4-2218eef567d4
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313
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Female infertility
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Infertility treatment depends on the cause, your age, how long you've been infertile and personal preferences. Because infertility is a complex disorder, treatment involves significant financial, physical, psychological and time commitments. Treatments can either attempt to restore fertility through medication or surgery, or help you get pregnant with sophisticated techniques.
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2025-05-14
| 64 |
94ea12da-ac13-4fa3-9884-19d61b3c2ed9
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fuchs-dystrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352731
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Fuchs dystrophy
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis An eye care professional will test your vision. You also may have tests to help diagnose Fuchs dystrophy. Those tests may include: Cornea examination and grading. A member of your eye care team will use a special eye microscope called a slit lamp to look for drop-shaped bumps called guttae on the back surface of the cornea. This eye care professional will then check your cornea for swelling and stage your Fuchs dystrophy. Corneal thickness. An eye care professional may use a test called corneal pachymetry to measure the thickness of the cornea. Corneal tomography. Taking a special picture of your cornea helps an eye care professional look for swelling in your cornea. This test is called corneal tomography. Corneal cell count. Sometimes an eye care professional uses a special instrument to record the number, shape and size of the cells that line the back of the cornea. This test is not required. Treatment Some nonsurgical treatments may help relieve symptoms of Fuchs dystrophy. If you have advanced disease, an eye care professional may suggest surgery. Medicines and other therapies Eye medicine. Saline (5% sodium chloride) eye drops or ointments can help reduce the amount of fluid in your cornea. Soft contact lenses. These act as a covering to relieve pain. Surgery People who have surgery for advanced Fuchs dystrophy can have much better vision and remain symptom-free for years. Surgical options include: Transplanting the inner layer of the cornea. This is called Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty, also known as DMEK. In this procedure, the back layer of the cornea is replaced with healthy endothelial cells from a donor. It is usually done with local anesthesia in an outpatient setting. Transplanting the cornea. If you have another eye condition or already had eye surgery, DMEK may not be an option.
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2025-05-14
| 395 |
26783120-3dcb-4b7c-9609-98ed3b366a6b
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fuchs-dystrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352731
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Fuchs dystrophy
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Surgical options include: Transplanting the inner layer of the cornea. This is called Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty, also known as DMEK. In this procedure, the back layer of the cornea is replaced with healthy endothelial cells from a donor. It is usually done with local anesthesia in an outpatient setting. Transplanting the cornea. If you have another eye condition or already had eye surgery, DMEK may not be an option. An eye care professional may recommend a partial-thickness cornea transplant. This is called Descemet-stripping endothelial keratoplasty, also known as DSEK. In rare cases, a full-thickness cornea transplant may be done. This type of transplant is called penetrating keratoplasty, also known as PK. Potential future treatments A variety of new treatments are being investigated that could change how Fuchs dystrophy is managed in the future. Since the discovery of the genetic mutation associated with most cases of Fuchs dystrophy, there is a better understanding of how the disease might develop. This offers the potential for nonsurgical therapies in the future. Various eye drop treatments are being developed and may enter clinical trials in the future. Novel surgical treatments also are being studied to find if they might be helpful. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Lifestyle and home remedies Follow instructions from your eye care team to take care of your eyes. You also can try other things to help reduce glare and soothe your eyes. Use nonprescription salt solution (5% sodium chloride) eye drops or ointment. Dry your eyes with a hair dryer. Hold it at arm's length and direct warm — not hot — air across your face, especially in the morning when swelling is worse. This helps remove extra fluid in the cornea, which reduces swelling.
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2025-05-14
| 392 |
89e87db4-ec6b-4e77-a847-f3a9862f1b75
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fuchs-dystrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352731
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Fuchs dystrophy
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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You also can try other things to help reduce glare and soothe your eyes. Use nonprescription salt solution (5% sodium chloride) eye drops or ointment. Dry your eyes with a hair dryer. Hold it at arm's length and direct warm — not hot — air across your face, especially in the morning when swelling is worse. This helps remove extra fluid in the cornea, which reduces swelling. Preparing for your appointment You may start by seeing an eye care professional called an optometrist or ophthalmologist. Or you may be referred immediately to an ophthalmologist who specializes in corneal disease. Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do When you make the appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do in advance. Make a list of: Your symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to the reason for your appointment. Key personal information, including major stresses, recent life changes and family history of eye conditions. All medicines, vitamins or other supplements you take, including the doses. Questions to ask your doctor. Take a family member or a friend along, if possible, to help you remember the information you're given. In addition, you might not want to drive yourself home if your pupils have been dilated for the exam. For Fuchs dystrophy, questions to ask include: What's likely causing my symptoms? Other than the most likely cause, what are other possible causes for my symptoms? How will my vision be affected? What tests do I need? What's the best course of action? What are the alternatives to the primary approach you're suggesting? I have these other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Are there restrictions I need to follow? Should I see a specialist? Are there brochures or other printed material I can have? What websites do you recommend? Don't hesitate to ask other questions.
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2025-05-14
| 386 |
bb56c8d8-2a52-4ba8-b008-2c613843aea1
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fuchs-dystrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352731
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Fuchs dystrophy
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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How will my vision be affected? What tests do I need? What's the best course of action? What are the alternatives to the primary approach you're suggesting? I have these other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Are there restrictions I need to follow? Should I see a specialist? Are there brochures or other printed material I can have? What websites do you recommend? Don't hesitate to ask other questions. What to expect from your doctor You'll likely be asked a few questions, such as: When did your symptoms begin? Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional? How severe are your symptoms? What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms? What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms? Do your symptoms change throughout the day? Have you noticed changes in your vision? Does your vision seem worse in the morning and improve during the day?
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2025-05-14
| 180 |
17fd6e20-39ef-44d7-ba33-ed8aa524291d
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/febrile-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372527
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Febrile seizure
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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2025-05-14
| 136 |
0a0c271b-132b-4f0c-89ee-c16595e7e2db
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-mediterranean-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372475
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Familial Mediterranean fever
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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There's no cure for familial Mediterranean fever. However, treatment can help relieve symptoms, prevent attacks and prevent complications caused by inflammation. Medications used to relieve symptoms and prevent attacks of FMF include: Colchicine. Colchicine (Colcrys), taken in pill form, reduces inflammation in your body and helps prevent attacks and the development of amyloidosis. Work with your doctor to determine the best dosing strategy for you. Some people take one dose a day, while others need smaller, more-frequent doses. Common side effects include abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhea. Treatment is generally lifelong. Other drugs to prevent inflammation. For people whose signs and symptoms aren't controlled with colchicine, medications that block a protein called interleukin-1, which is involved in inflammation, may be prescribed. Canakinumab (Ilaris) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for FMF . Although not Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved specifically for FMF , other options include rilonacept (Arcalyst) and anakinra (Kineret). Colchicine is effective in preventing attacks for most people. To lessen the severity of symptoms during an attack, your health care provider may recommend intravenous fluids and medications to reduce fever and inflammation and control pain. Regular appointments with your health care provider are important to monitor your medications and your health.
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2025-05-14
| 285 |
37d02bb6-6c2f-4444-ba99-10540bfea0ff
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372446
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Familial adenomatous polyposis
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis You're at risk of familial adenomatous polyposis if you have a parent, child, brother or sister with the condition. If you're at risk, it's important to be screened frequently, starting in childhood. Annual exams can detect the growth of polyps before they become cancerous. Screening Sigmoidoscopy. A flexible tube is inserted into your rectum to inspect the rectum and sigmoid — the last two feet of the colon. For people with a genetic diagnosis of FAP or family members at risk who haven't had genetic testing, the American College of Gastroenterology recommends annual sigmoidoscopy, beginning at ages 10 to12 years. Colonoscopy. A flexible tube is inserted into your rectum to inspect the entire colon. Once polyps are found in your colon, you need to have an annual colonoscopy until you have surgery to remove your colon. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and side-viewing duodenoscopy. Two types of scopes are used to inspect your esophagus, stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenum and ampulla). The doctor may remove a small tissue sample (biopsy) for further study. CT or MRI. Imaging of the abdomen and pelvis may be used, especially to evaluate desmoid tumors. Genetic testing A simple blood test can determine if you carry the abnormal gene that causes FAP. Genetic testing may also detect whether you're at risk of complications of FAP. Your doctor may suggest genetic testing if: You have family members with FAP You have some, but not all, of the signs of FAP Ruling out FAP spares at-risk children years of screening and emotional distress. For children who do carry the gene, appropriate screening and treatment greatly reduce the risk of cancer. Additional tests Your doctor may recommend thyroid exams and other tests to detect other medical problems that can occur if you have FAP.
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2025-05-14
| 396 |
1a0b89a7-2f2c-4ca2-aecd-c7b8695a51e6
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372446
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Familial adenomatous polyposis
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Your doctor may suggest genetic testing if: You have family members with FAP You have some, but not all, of the signs of FAP Ruling out FAP spares at-risk children years of screening and emotional distress. For children who do carry the gene, appropriate screening and treatment greatly reduce the risk of cancer. Additional tests Your doctor may recommend thyroid exams and other tests to detect other medical problems that can occur if you have FAP. Treatment At first, your doctor will remove any small polyps found during your colonoscopy exam. Eventually, though, the polyps will become too numerous to remove individually, usually by your late teens or early 20s. Then you will need surgery to prevent colon cancer. You will also need surgery if a polyp is cancerous. You may not need surgery for AFAP. Minimally invasive colorectal surgery Your surgeon may decide to perform your surgery laparoscopically, through several small incisions that require just a stitch or two to . This minimally invasive surgery usually shortens your hospital stay and allows you to recover more quickly. Depending on your situation, you may have one of the following types of surgery to remove part or all of the colon: Subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis, in which the rectum is left in place Total proctocolectomy with a continent ileostomy, in which the colon and rectum are removed and an opening (ileostomy) is created, usually on the right side of your abdomen Total proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis (also called J-pouch surgery), in which the colon and rectum are removed and a part of the small intestine is attached to the rectum Follow-up treatment Surgery doesn't cure FAP. Polyps can continue to form in the remaining or reconstructed parts of your colon, stomach and small intestine.
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2025-05-14
| 385 |
11790373-14c3-433d-b53a-07fbea637688
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372446
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Familial adenomatous polyposis
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Polyps can continue to form in the remaining or reconstructed parts of your colon, stomach and small intestine. Depending on the number and size of the polyps, having them removed endoscopically may not be enough to reduce your risk of cancer. You may need additional surgery. You will need regular screening — and treatment if needed — for the complications of familial adenomatous polyposis that can develop after colorectal surgery. Depending on your history and the type of surgery you had, screening may include: Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy Upper endoscopy Thyroid ultrasound CT or MRI to screen for desmoid tumors Depending on your screening results, your doctor may additional treatments for the following issues: Duodenal polyps and periampullary polyps . Your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum and ampulla) because these types of polyps can progress to cancer. Desmoid tumors. You may be given a combination of medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-estrogen and chemotherapy. In some cases, you may need surgery. Osteomas. Doctors may remove these noncancerous bone tumors for pain relief or cosmetic reasons. Potential future treatments Researchers continue to evaluate additional treatments for FAP. In particular, the use of pain relievers such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as well as a chemotherapy drug, are being investigated. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Coping and support Some people find it helpful to talk with others who share similar experiences. Consider joining an online support group, or ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Preparing for your appointment What you can do Your time with your doctor may be limited, so try to prepare a list of questions.
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2025-05-14
| 385 |
93c39da9-ba4b-4346-a6bf-c2b7dfb1d230
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372446
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Familial adenomatous polyposis
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Coping and support Some people find it helpful to talk with others who share similar experiences. Consider joining an online support group, or ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Preparing for your appointment What you can do Your time with your doctor may be limited, so try to prepare a list of questions. For FAP, some basic questions to ask your doctor may include: What are the chances that I will pass the condition on to my children? How often will I need to have screening? What kind of tests will my screening involve? Will I need surgery? If I need surgery, when will I need it? What kind of surgery will I need? Will surgery cure my FAP? If not, what follow-up and treatment will I need? How accurate is genetic testing?
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2025-05-14
| 186 |
f66fba75-5ef3-47a1-8987-287512c1ddbb
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353482
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis Tetralogy of Fallot is often diagnosed soon after birth. Your baby's skin may look blue or gray. A whooshing sound may be heard when listening to the baby's heart with a stethoscope. This is called a heart murmur. Tests Tests to diagnose tetralogy of Fallot include: Oxygen level measurement. A small sensor placed on a finger or toe quickly checks the amount of oxygen in the blood. This is called a pulse oximetry test. Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart in motion. It shows the heart and heart valves and how well they are working. Electrocardiogram, also called ECG or EKG. This test records the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how the heart is beating. Sticky patches called electrodes go on the chest and sometimes the arms or legs. Wires connect the patches to a computer. The computer prints or displays results. An electrocardiogram can help diagnose an irregular heartbeat. Changes in the heart signals also may be due to an enlarged heart. Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the shape and condition of the heart and lungs. A common sign of tetralogy of Fallot on an X-ray is a boot-shaped heart. That means the right lower chamber is too big. Cardiac catheterization. This test helps to diagnose or treat certain heart conditions. It may be done to plan surgery. The doctor inserts one or more thin, flexible tubes into a blood vessel, usually in the groin. The tubes are called catheters. The doctor guides the tubes to the heart. During the test, doctors can do different heart tests or treatments. Treatment All babies who have tetralogy of Fallot need surgery to fix the heart and improve blood flow. A heart surgeon, called a cardiovascular surgeon, does the surgery. The timing and type of surgery depends on the baby's overall health and specific heart problems.
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2025-05-14
| 397 |
5e398aee-02e5-453b-ba6f-1cacec7516aa
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353482
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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The tubes are called catheters. The doctor guides the tubes to the heart. During the test, doctors can do different heart tests or treatments. Treatment All babies who have tetralogy of Fallot need surgery to fix the heart and improve blood flow. A heart surgeon, called a cardiovascular surgeon, does the surgery. The timing and type of surgery depends on the baby's overall health and specific heart problems. Some babies or young children are given medicine while waiting for surgery to keep blood flowing from the heart to the lungs. Surgery or other procedures Surgery used to treat tetralogy of Fallot may include: Temporary surgery, also called temporary repair. Some babies with tetralogy of Fallot need a temporary surgery to improve blood flow to the lungs while waiting for open-heart surgery. This type of treatment is called palliative surgery. A surgeon places a tube called a shunt between a large artery that comes off from the aorta and the lung artery. The tube creates a new path for blood to go to the lungs. This surgery may be done if a baby is born early or if the lung arteries aren't fully developed. The shunt is removed during open-heart surgery to treat tetralogy of Fallot. Open-heart surgery, called complete repair. People with tetralogy of Fallot need open-heart surgery to completely fix the heart. A complete repair is usually done in the first year of life. Rarely, a person may not have surgery in childhood if tetralogy of Fallot goes undiagnosed or if surgery is not available. These adults may still benefit from surgery. A complete repair is done in several steps, The surgeon patches the hole between the lower heart chambers and repairs or replaces the pulmonary valve. The surgeon may remove thickened muscle below the pulmonary valve or widen the smaller lung arteries. After complete repair, the right lower chamber won't need to work as hard to pump blood.
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2025-05-14
| 386 |
0270e3f1-4749-40ca-abc8-4ebb9855d17b
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353482
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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These adults may still benefit from surgery. A complete repair is done in several steps, The surgeon patches the hole between the lower heart chambers and repairs or replaces the pulmonary valve. The surgeon may remove thickened muscle below the pulmonary valve or widen the smaller lung arteries. After complete repair, the right lower chamber won't need to work as hard to pump blood. As a result, the right chamber wall should go back to its usual thickness. The oxygen level in the blood goes up. Symptoms typically get better. Outlook The long-term survival rates for people who've had tetralogy of Fallot surgery continue to improve. People with tetralogy of Fallot need lifelong care, preferably from a healthcare team that specializes in heart diseases. The health checkups often include imaging tests to see how well the heart is working. Tests also are done to check for surgery complications. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Lifestyle and home remedies After treatment for tetralogy of Fallot, your healthcare team may suggest some steps to keep the heart healthy. These may include: Sports and activity restrictions. Some people born with a serious heart problem such as tetralogy of Fallot may need to limit exercise or sports activities. But many others can participate in such activities. Ask your or your child's healthcare team which sports and types of activities are safe. Antibiotics to prevent heart infection. Sometimes, severe heart problems can increase the risk of infection in the lining of the heart or heart valves. This infection is called endocarditis. Antibiotics may be recommended before dental procedures, especially for people who have a mechanical heart valve. Ask your child's healthcare professional if preventive antibiotics are necessary for your child. Good oral care and regular dental checkups also are important ways to help prevent infection.
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2025-05-14
| 375 |
532eeb7a-aa6d-4779-80ee-453a1c1d9401
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353482
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Antibiotics to prevent heart infection. Sometimes, severe heart problems can increase the risk of infection in the lining of the heart or heart valves. This infection is called endocarditis. Antibiotics may be recommended before dental procedures, especially for people who have a mechanical heart valve. Ask your child's healthcare professional if preventive antibiotics are necessary for your child. Good oral care and regular dental checkups also are important ways to help prevent infection. Coping and support You may find that talking with other people who've experienced the same situation brings you comfort and encouragement. Ask your healthcare team if there are any support groups in your area. Living with a congenital heart problem can make some people feel stressed or anxious. Talking to a therapist or counselor also may help you and your child learn new ways to manage stress and anxiety. Your care team can suggest therapists who may be helpful to you or your child. Preparing for your appointment Serious congenital heart problems such as tetralogy of Fallot are typically diagnosed during pregnancy or soon after birth. If you think your child has a heart problem that wasn't noticed at birth, talk to your child's healthcare team. Be prepared to describe your child's symptoms. Ask family members if anyone was born with a heart problem, called a congenital heart defect. Some congenital heart defects may occur in families. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do If you have time to prepare for the medical visit, consider taking these steps. Make a list of your or your baby's symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to tetralogy of Fallot. Write down your or your child's family history, including details from both the mother's and father's family. Note any medicines, vitamins or other supplements taken during pregnancy if possible. Ask a family member or friend to come with you, if possible. Sometimes it can be difficult to remember all of the information provided to you during an appointment.
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2025-05-14
| 395 |
ab19773c-2a03-4164-b2b3-1c083500d6ae
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353482
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Make a list of your or your baby's symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to tetralogy of Fallot. Write down your or your child's family history, including details from both the mother's and father's family. Note any medicines, vitamins or other supplements taken during pregnancy if possible. Ask a family member or friend to come with you, if possible. Sometimes it can be difficult to remember all of the information provided to you during an appointment. Write down questions to ask the healthcare team. For tetralogy of Fallot, some basic questions to ask your or your child's doctor include: What's the most likely cause of this condition? Are there other possible causes of these symptoms? What kinds of tests do I or my child need? Do these tests require special preparation? What treatments are available, and which do you recommend? What are the possible complications of treatment? What is the outlook after surgery? Are there any activity restrictions? Will my child be able to play sports? Can my child participate in gym class? Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take home with me? What websites do you recommend? Don't hesitate to ask other questions. What to expect from your doctor You'll usually be asked many questions, such as: When did you first notice your child's symptoms? Can you describe your child's symptoms? When do these symptoms occur? Do the symptoms come and go, or does your child always have them? Do the symptoms seem to be getting worse? Do you have a family history of congenital heart defects? Does anything make your child's symptoms better? Has your child been growing and meeting developmental milestones as expected? ( Ask your child's pediatrician if you're not sure.) Oct. 28, 2023
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2025-05-14
| 359 |
06f7a89e-7df6-44d9-a56d-7eb0af4b7819
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372609
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Flatfeet
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis To view the mechanics of your feet, a health care provider will observe your feet from the front and back and ask you to stand on your toes. The provider will test strength in the ankles and locate the main area of your pain. The wear pattern on your shoes also may reveal information about your feet. Tests Imaging tests that can be helpful in diagnosing the cause of foot pain may include: X-rays. A simple X-ray uses a small amount of radiation to produce images of the bones and joints in the feet. It's particularly useful in evaluating alignment and detecting arthritis. CT scan. This test takes X-rays of the foot from different angles and provides much more detail than a standard X-ray. Ultrasound may be used when a tendon injury is suspected. Ultrasound uses sound waves to produce detailed images of soft tissues within the body. MRI . Using radio waves and a strong magnet, MRI s provide excellent detail of both bone and soft tissues. Treatment No treatment is necessary for flatfeet if it doesn't cause pain. Therapies For painful flatfeet, a health care provider might suggest: Arch supports (orthotic devices). Nonprescription arch supports can help relieve the pain caused by flatfeet. Sometimes custom-designed arch supports that are molded to the contours of the feet are recommended. Arch supports won't cure flatfeet, but they often reduce symptoms. Stretching exercises. Some people with flatfeet also have a shortened Achilles tendon. Exercises to stretch this tendon may help. Physical therapy. Flatfeet may contribute to overuse injuries in some runners. A physical therapist can provide exercises to strengthen the muscles and tendons in the feet and guidance to improve gait. Surgery Surgery isn't done solely to correct flatfeet. Surgery may be an option when patients have pain that still limits their activities after they have tried nonsurgical treatments. Surgery can repair the bone and tendon problems that are causing the pain.
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2025-05-14
| 391 |
4dacc594-93ac-404f-bce2-fa19af064fb6
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372609
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Flatfeet
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Exercises to stretch this tendon may help. Physical therapy. Flatfeet may contribute to overuse injuries in some runners. A physical therapist can provide exercises to strengthen the muscles and tendons in the feet and guidance to improve gait. Surgery Surgery isn't done solely to correct flatfeet. Surgery may be an option when patients have pain that still limits their activities after they have tried nonsurgical treatments. Surgery can repair the bone and tendon problems that are causing the pain. Lifestyle and home remedies If flatfeet causes you minor pain, you might want to try: Rest. Avoid activities that aggravate the condition. Participate in low-impact activities — such as walking, biking or swimming — rather than jumping and running activities. Arch supports that are available without a prescription might increase your comfort. Medications. Pain relievers that are available without a prescription, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) might help. Weight loss. Losing weight can reduce stress on the feet. Preparing for your appointment If your feet cause you significant pain, your health care provider may refer you to a doctor specializing in foot disorders, such as an orthopedic surgeon or a podiatrist. What you can do Wear your everyday shoes to your appointment so your health care provider can look at the wear patterns on the soles. Before the appointment, you might want to write answers to the following questions: When did you first notice problems with your feet? What other medical problems, if any, do you have? Do your parents or siblings have flatfeet? Have you ever injured your foot or ankle? What medications and supplements do you take regularly? What to expect from your doctor Your health care provider may ask some of the following questions: Where exactly does it hurt? How would you describe the pain — dull, sharp, burning? What makes the pain worse?
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2025-05-14
| 389 |
2fac8a04-f62e-4ba6-ba15-5ea1a0aa06e6
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372609
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Flatfeet
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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What other medical problems, if any, do you have? Do your parents or siblings have flatfeet? Have you ever injured your foot or ankle? What medications and supplements do you take regularly? What to expect from your doctor Your health care provider may ask some of the following questions: Where exactly does it hurt? How would you describe the pain — dull, sharp, burning? What makes the pain worse? What makes the pain better? Does the type of shoe you wear affect the pain? Have you tried arch supports? How does the pain affect your life? Aug. 16, 2022
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2025-05-14
| 122 |
1088d36b-4250-4a52-ab2c-26a8f8071844
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factor-v-leiden/symptoms-causes/syc-20372423
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Factor V Leiden
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Factor V Leiden (FAK-tur five LIDE-n) is a mutation of one of the clotting factors in the blood. This mutation can increase your chance of developing abnormal blood clots, most commonly in your legs or lungs. Most people with factor V Leiden never develop abnormal clots. But in people who do, these abnormal clots can lead to long-term health problems or become life-threatening. Both men and women can have factor V Leiden. Women who carry the factor V Leiden mutation may have an increased tendency to develop blood clots during pregnancy or when taking the hormone estrogen. If you have factor V Leiden and have developed blood clots, anticoagulant medications can lessen your risk of developing additional blood clots and help you avoid potentially serious complications. Symptoms The factor V Leiden mutation does not itself cause any symptoms. Since factor V Leiden is a risk for developing blood clots in the leg or lungs, the first indication that you have the disorder may be the development of an abnormal blood clot. Some clots do no damage and disappear on their own. Others can be life-threatening. Symptoms of a blood clot depend on what part of your body is affected. A clot in a deep vein This is known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which most commonly occurs in the legs. A DVT may not cause any symptoms. If signs and symptoms do occur, they can include: Pain Swelling Redness Warmth A clot that travels to your lungs Known as a pulmonary embolism, this occurs when a portion of a DVT breaks free and travels through the right side of your heart to your lung, where it blocks blood flow. This can be a life-threatening situation.
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2025-05-14
| 352 |
1e49dbd2-9b2d-4d52-a5ba-418a4c43e92f
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factor-v-leiden/symptoms-causes/syc-20372423
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Factor V Leiden
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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A DVT may not cause any symptoms. If signs and symptoms do occur, they can include: Pain Swelling Redness Warmth A clot that travels to your lungs Known as a pulmonary embolism, this occurs when a portion of a DVT breaks free and travels through the right side of your heart to your lung, where it blocks blood flow. This can be a life-threatening situation. Signs and symptoms may include: Sudden shortness of breath Chest pain when breathing in A cough that produces bloody or blood-streaked sputum Rapid heartbeat When to see a doctor Seek medical attention immediately if you have signs or symptoms of either a DVT or a pulmonary embolism. Causes If you have factor V Leiden, you inherited either one copy or, rarely, two copies of the defective gene. Inheriting one copy slightly increases your risk of developing blood clots. Inheriting two copies — one from each parent — significantly increases your risk of developing blood clots. Risk factors A family history of factor V Leiden increases your risk of inheriting the disorder. The disorder is most common in people who are white and of European descent. People who have inherited factor V Leiden from only one parent have a 5 percent chance of developing an abnormal blood clot by age 65. Factors that increase this risk include: Two faulty genes. Inheriting the genetic mutation from both parents instead of just one can significantly increase your risk of abnormal blood clots. Immobility. Extended periods of immobility, such as sitting during a long airplane flight, can increase the risk of leg clots. Estrogens. Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy and pregnancy can make you more likely to develop blood clots. Surgeries or injuries such as broken bones can increase your risk of abnormal blood clots. Non-O blood type.
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2025-05-14
| 375 |
7f67b3ce-f6d9-48c0-b4ca-4d3f7d2f84ba
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factor-v-leiden/symptoms-causes/syc-20372423
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Factor V Leiden
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Immobility. Extended periods of immobility, such as sitting during a long airplane flight, can increase the risk of leg clots. Estrogens. Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy and pregnancy can make you more likely to develop blood clots. Surgeries or injuries such as broken bones can increase your risk of abnormal blood clots. Non-O blood type. Abnormal blood clots are more common in people who have blood types of A, B or AB compared with those with blood type O. Complications Factor V Leiden can cause blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and lungs (pulmonary embolism). These blood clots can be life-threatening. Aug. 23, 2022
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2025-05-14
| 153 |
fe5f64c0-45b7-42d2-9251-da46e167a59b
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028
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Factitious disorder
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Factitious disorder, previously called Munchausen syndrome, is a serious mental health condition in which people deceive others by pretending to be sick. They do this by faking symptoms, getting sick on purpose or hurting themselves. Factitious disorder also can happen when family members or caregivers falsely present others, such as children, as being ill, hurt or having a hard time functioning. Factitious disorder symptoms can range from mild to severe. People may make up symptoms or even tamper with medical tests to convince others that they need treatment, such as high-risk surgery. Factitious disorder isn't the same as making up medical issues for a benefit or reward, such as getting out of work or winning a lawsuit. Although people with factitious disorder know they are causing their symptoms or illnesses, they may not know why they do what they do or see themselves as having mental health issues. Factitious disorder is a rare condition that can be hard to diagnose and treat. Help from medical and mental health professionals is critical to prevent serious injury and even death when people with factitious disorder hurt themselves. Symptoms Factitious disorder symptoms involve people trying to look ill, making themselves ill or hurting themselves. They also may fake symptoms, make symptoms seem worse than they are or pretend they can't do certain things because of their symptoms so they can deceive others. People with the condition work hard to hide their lies. It may be hard to know that their symptoms are part of a serious mental health condition. People with this condition continue with the lies, even without any benefit or reward, or when faced with evidence that doesn't support their claims. Factitious disorder symptoms may include: Clever and convincing medical or mental health problems. Deep knowledge of medical terms and diseases. Vague symptoms or symptoms that aren't consistent. Conditions that get worse for no clear reason. Conditions that don't respond as expected to standard treatments. Seeking treatment from many healthcare professionals or hospitals, which may include using a fake name.
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2025-05-14
| 397 |
09c285ea-8cc4-44cd-9505-ef0d6e6d3095
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028
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Factitious disorder
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Factitious disorder symptoms may include: Clever and convincing medical or mental health problems. Deep knowledge of medical terms and diseases. Vague symptoms or symptoms that aren't consistent. Conditions that get worse for no clear reason. Conditions that don't respond as expected to standard treatments. Seeking treatment from many healthcare professionals or hospitals, which may include using a fake name. Not wanting healthcare professionals to talk to family or friends or other healthcare professionals. Staying in the hospital a lot. Desire for frequent testing or risky surgeries and procedures. Many surgical scars or evidence of many procedures. Having few visitors when in the hospital. Arguing with healthcare professionals and staff. Factious disorder imposed on another Factitious disorder imposed on another, previously called Munchausen syndrome by proxy, is when someone falsely claims that another person has physical or mental symptoms of illness or causes injury or disease in another person to deceive others. People with this condition present another person as sick, hurt or having a hard time functioning, claiming they need medical help. Usually this involves a parent harming a child. This form of abuse can put a child in danger of being hurt or getting medical care that isn't needed. How those with factitious disorder fake illness Because people with factitious disorder become experts at faking symptoms and diseases or hurting themselves, it may be hard for healthcare professionals and loved ones to know whether symptoms and illnesses are real. People with factitious disorder make up symptoms or cause illnesses in several ways. For example, they may: Make symptoms seem worse than they are. Even when there is an actual medical or mental health condition, they may exaggerate symptoms. They may try to look sicker or make themselves look like they're having a harder time functioning than they actually are. Make up histories. They may give loved ones, healthcare professionals or support groups false medical histories, such as claiming to have had cancer or AIDS . Or they may create false health records to make it look like they're ill.
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2025-05-14
| 396 |
77b9e957-261c-4d17-8adc-980aca377c83
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028
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Factitious disorder
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Even when there is an actual medical or mental health condition, they may exaggerate symptoms. They may try to look sicker or make themselves look like they're having a harder time functioning than they actually are. Make up histories. They may give loved ones, healthcare professionals or support groups false medical histories, such as claiming to have had cancer or AIDS . Or they may create false health records to make it look like they're ill. Fake symptoms. They may fake symptoms, such as stomach pain, seizures or passing out. Hurt themselves. They may make themselves sick. For example, they may inject themselves with bacteria, milk, gasoline or feces. They may hurt, cut or burn themselves. They may take medicines, such as blood thinners or medicines for diabetes, to mimic diseases. They also may hinder wound healing, such as by reopening or infecting cuts. Tamper. They may tamper with medical instruments so results aren't correct. For example, they may heat up thermometers. Or they may tamper with lab tests, such as spoiling their urine samples with blood or other substances. When to see a doctor People with factitious disorder may know the risk of injury or even death when they hurt themselves or seek treatment that's not needed. But they have a hard time managing their behaviors. They also aren't likely to seek help. Even when they see proof that they're causing their illness, such as a video, they often deny it and refuse mental health help. If you think that a loved one may be exaggerating or faking health problems, it may help to try to talk to that person about your concerns. Try not to be angry or to judge or confront the person. Also try to reinforce and urge healthier, more productive activities rather than focus on beliefs and behaviors that aren't healthy. Offer support and care. If possible, help find treatment for the person. If your loved one causes self-harm or attempts suicide, contact a suicide hotline.
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2025-05-14
| 399 |
39a6531a-c68d-46ff-8da8-1002654dec45
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028
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Factitious disorder
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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If you think that a loved one may be exaggerating or faking health problems, it may help to try to talk to that person about your concerns. Try not to be angry or to judge or confront the person. Also try to reinforce and urge healthier, more productive activities rather than focus on beliefs and behaviors that aren't healthy. Offer support and care. If possible, help find treatment for the person. If your loved one causes self-harm or attempts suicide, contact a suicide hotline. In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline , available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use the Lifeline Chat . Services are free and confidential. The Suicide & Crisis Lifeline in the U.S. has a Spanish language phone line at 1-888-628-9454 (toll-free). If you suspect that a child is being harmed or abused by a caregiver as part of factitious disorder, you can contact the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline at 1-800-422-4453 (toll-free). This hotline is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. There also may be local and state child protective services agencies in your area. Causes The cause of factitious disorder isn't known. But a mix of mental health issues and stressful life experiences may cause the condition. Risk factors Several factors may raise the risk of developing factitious disorder, including: Childhood trauma, such as emotional, physical or sexual abuse. A serious illness during childhood. Loss of a loved one through death or illness, or feeling abandoned. Past experiences while sick and the attention it brought. A poor sense of identity or low self-esteem. Personality disorders. Depression. Desire to be linked with healthcare professionals or medical centers. Working in the healthcare field. Factitious disorder is thought to be rare, but it isn't known how many people have the condition.
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2025-05-14
| 392 |
d0a8e7d2-105b-4d8f-bc12-605f776e9e3a
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028
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Factitious disorder
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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A serious illness during childhood. Loss of a loved one through death or illness, or feeling abandoned. Past experiences while sick and the attention it brought. A poor sense of identity or low self-esteem. Personality disorders. Depression. Desire to be linked with healthcare professionals or medical centers. Working in the healthcare field. Factitious disorder is thought to be rare, but it isn't known how many people have the condition. Some people use fake names. Some visit many hospitals and healthcare professionals. And some are never identified. This makes it hard to get a reliable estimate. Complications People with factitious disorder are willing to risk their lives to be seen as sick. They often have other mental health conditions as well. As a result, they face many possible complications, including: Injury or death from medical conditions that they cause themselves. Severe health issues from infections or from surgeries or other procedures that aren't needed. Loss of organs or limbs from surgeries that aren't needed. Misuse of alcohol or other substances. Major problems in daily life, including having trouble getting along with others and working. Abuse, when the behavior is imposed on another. Prevention Because the cause of factitious disorder isn't known, there's no way to prevent it. Recognizing and treating factitious disorder may help avoid potentially dangerous tests and treatments that aren't needed. Dec. 18, 2024
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2025-05-14
| 276 |
0e5e5ceb-05bb-44c6-aa86-67e89027d8ff
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-floaters/symptoms-causes/syc-20372346
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Eye floaters
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Jason Howland: Having vision problems? Do you see black or gray specks, strings or cobwebs that drift about when you move your eyes? It could be eye floaters. Amir Khan, M.D., Consultant, Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic: In the back of our eyes, we have a substance called "the vitreous." When we're young, it's a firm clump of jelly. As we age, this firm clump of jelly can liquefy and break up into smaller pieces. Those smaller pieces are what you may notice as floater. Mr. Howland: Eye floaters are more common as you get older and if you're nearsighted. The biggest concern – they can cause retinal tears. Dr. Khan: If a tear develops in the retina, fluid can get in underneath that tear and just lift the retina off like wallpaper off a wall and that's a retinal detachment. Howland: And that can cause blindness, which is why it's especially important to have a dilated eye exam within days of noticing new floaters or changes in vision. Most eye floaters don't require treatment, but your eye doctor likely will recommend regular eye exams to ensure the condition doesn't worsen. For the Mayo Clinic Newsnetwork, I'm Jason Howland.
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2025-05-14
| 264 |
55eec124-36dc-4b12-a194-0ac0c7e8cc43
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ewing-sarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351071
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Ewing sarcoma
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Ewing sarcoma is a type of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the bones and the soft tissue around the bones. Ewing (Yoo-ing) sarcoma mostly happens in children and young adults, although it can happen at any age. Ewing sarcoma most often begins in the leg bones and in the pelvis, but it can happen in any bone. Less often, it starts in the soft tissues of the chest, abdomen, arms or other locations. Major advances in the treatment of Ewing sarcoma have improved the outlook for this cancer. Young people diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma are living longer. They sometimes face late effects from the strong treatments. Healthcare professionals often suggest long-term monitoring for side effects after treatment. Symptoms Ewing sarcoma signs and symptoms typically start in and around a bone. This cancer most often affects bones in the legs and the pelvis. When symptoms happen in and around a bone, they might include: A lump in the arm, leg, chest or pelvis. Bone pain. Break in a bone, also called a fracture. Pain, swelling or tenderness near the affected area. Sometimes Ewing sarcoma causes symptoms that affect the whole body. These can include: Fever. Losing weight without trying. Tiredness. When to see a doctor Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you or your child has ongoing signs and symptoms that worry you. Causes It is not clear what causes Ewing sarcoma. Ewing sarcoma happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die.
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2025-05-14
| 389 |
2e65d20f-6309-4c49-ae8b-7916b94671ce
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ewing-sarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351071
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Ewing sarcoma
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Ewing sarcoma happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it is called metastatic cancer. In Ewing sarcoma, the DNA changes most often affect a gene called EWSR1 . If your healthcare professional suspects that you or your child has Ewing sarcoma, the cancer cells may be tested to look for changes in this gene. Risk factors Risk factors for Ewing sarcoma include: Young age. Ewing sarcoma can happen at any age. But it is more likely to happen in children and young adults. European ancestry. Ewing sarcoma is more common in people of European ancestry. It's much less common in people of African and East Asian ancestry. There's no way to prevent Ewing sarcoma. Complications Complications of Ewing sarcoma and its treatment include the following. Cancer that spreads Ewing sarcoma can spread from where it started to other areas. Ewing sarcoma most often spreads to the lungs and to other bones. Long-term treatment side effects The strong treatments needed to control Ewing sarcoma can cause major side effects, both in the short and long term. Your healthcare team can help you manage the side effects that happen during treatment. The team also can give you a list of side effects to watch for in the years after treatment. Dec. 05, 2024
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2025-05-14
| 391 |
3bd55cc9-6557-4d73-a430-e3bfef989146
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esthesioneuroblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351075
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Esthesioneuroblastoma
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Esthesioneuroblastoma (es-thee-zee-o-noo-row-blas-TOE-muh) is a rare type of cancer that starts in the upper part of the inside of the nose, known as the nasal cavity. Esthesioneuroblastoma also is called olfactory neuroblastoma. This cancer usually affects adults. But it can occur at any age. Esthesioneuroblastoma usually begins as a growth of cells, called a tumor, inside the nose. It might grow and go into the sinuses, eyes and brain. It also can spread to other parts of the body. People with esthesioneuroblastoma can lose their sense of smell. They might get nosebleeds. And they might have trouble breathing through their nose as the tumor grows. Esthesioneuroblastoma treatment usually includes surgery. Often, radiation and chemotherapy are part of the treatment as well. Symptoms Esthesioneuroblastoma symptoms include: Loss of the sense of smell. Frequent nosebleeds. Difficulty breathing through the nose. As the cancer grows, it might cause eye pain, loss of vision, ear pain and headaches. When to see a doctor Make an appointment with your healthcare team if you have lasting symptoms that worry you. Causes Experts haven't found the exact cause of esthesioneuroblastoma. In general, cancer happens when cells get changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to make many more cells quickly. The changes give the cells the ability to keep living when healthy cells would naturally die. This causes too many cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors Healthcare professionals haven't found many risk factors for esthesioneuroblastoma.
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2025-05-14
| 391 |
d94afe78-4351-4e61-8ead-d3dc06fd6470
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esthesioneuroblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351075
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Esthesioneuroblastoma
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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The changes tell the cells to make many more cells quickly. The changes give the cells the ability to keep living when healthy cells would naturally die. This causes too many cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors Healthcare professionals haven't found many risk factors for esthesioneuroblastoma. This cancer can happen at any age. But it's more common in adults. Complications Complications of esthesioneuroblastoma may include: Cancer that grows into nearby organs and tissues. Esthesioneuroblastoma can grow and get into the sinuses, eyes and brain. Spread of the cancer, known as metastasis. Esthesioneuroblastoma can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, bone marrow, lungs, liver, skin and bones.
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2025-05-14
| 191 |
bb54a6e1-9459-42f6-8642-b8b69b4719e4
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/essential-tremor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350534
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Essential tremor
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Essential tremor is a nervous system condition, also known as a neurological condition. It causes rhythmic shaking that you can't control. Essential tremor can affect almost any part of the body, but the trembling happens most often in the hands. The trembling occurs especially when doing simple tasks, such as drinking from a glass or tying shoelaces. Essential tremor usually is not a dangerous condition. However, it typically worsens over time and can be severe for some people. Other conditions don't cause essential tremor, but essential tremor sometimes is confused with Parkinson's disease. Essential tremor can happen at any age but is most common in people age 40 and older. Symptoms Essential tremor symptoms: Begin gradually. They usually are more noticeable on one side of the body. Worsen with movement. Usually happen in the hands first, affecting one hand or both hands. Can include a "yes-yes" or "no-no" double nodding or shaking motion of the head. May worsen with emotional stress, fatigue, caffeine or extreme temperatures. Essential tremor vs. Parkinson's disease Many people link tremors with Parkinson's disease. But the two conditions differ in important ways, including: Timing of tremors. Essential tremor of the hands usually happens when using the hands. Tremors from Parkinson's disease are most noticeable when the hands are resting at the sides of the body or in the lap. Related conditions. Essential tremor doesn't cause other health problems. However, people with essential tremor sometimes develop other neurological symptoms, such as an unsteady walk. Parkinson's disease is linked to stooped posture, slow movement and dragging the feet when walking. Parts of the body affected. Essential tremor mainly involves the hands, head and voice. Parkinson's disease tremors usually start in the hands and can affect the legs, chin and other parts of the body.
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2025-05-14
| 382 |
ac045458-1ba3-4668-8658-a57802d81e79
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/essential-tremor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350534
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Essential tremor
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Related conditions. Essential tremor doesn't cause other health problems. However, people with essential tremor sometimes develop other neurological symptoms, such as an unsteady walk. Parkinson's disease is linked to stooped posture, slow movement and dragging the feet when walking. Parts of the body affected. Essential tremor mainly involves the hands, head and voice. Parkinson's disease tremors usually start in the hands and can affect the legs, chin and other parts of the body. Causes About half the people with essential tremor appear to have an altered gene. This form of the condition is referred to as familial tremor. It isn't clear what causes essential tremor in people who don't have familial tremor. Risk factors Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern In an autosomal dominant disorder, the changed gene is a dominant gene. It's located on one of the nonsex chromosomes, called autosomes. Only one changed gene is needed for someone to be affected by this type of condition. A person with an autosomal dominant condition — in this example, the father — has a 50% chance of having an affected child with one changed gene and a 50% chance of having an unaffected child. Known risk factors for essential tremor include: Altered gene. The inherited variety of essential tremor, known as familial tremor, is an autosomal dominant disorder. That means an altered gene from just one parent is needed to pass on the condition. Anyone who has a parent with an altered gene for essential tremor has a 50% chance of developing the condition. Age. Essential tremor is more common in people age 40 and older. Complications Essential tremor isn't life-threatening, but symptoms often worsen over time. If the tremors become severe, it might be difficult to: Hold a cup or glass without spilling. Eat without shaking. Put on makeup or shave.
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2025-05-14
| 390 |
67f58ba3-6125-42ca-8427-1b8657475933
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/essential-tremor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350534
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Essential tremor
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Anyone who has a parent with an altered gene for essential tremor has a 50% chance of developing the condition. Age. Essential tremor is more common in people age 40 and older. Complications Essential tremor isn't life-threatening, but symptoms often worsen over time. If the tremors become severe, it might be difficult to: Hold a cup or glass without spilling. Eat without shaking. Put on makeup or shave. Talk, if the voice box or tongue is affected. Write legibly. Prevention There is no known way to prevent essential tremor. March 15, 2025
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2025-05-14
| 124 |
35c699d5-2992-4df3-8053-eb1525d04668
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophagitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20361224
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Esophagitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Esophagitis is swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the tissues that line the esophagus. The esophagus is the muscular tube that carries food and drink from the mouth to the stomach. Esophagitis (uh-sof-uh-JIE-tis) can cause painful, difficult swallowing. It also can lead to chest pain. Various things can cause esophagitis. Some common causes include stomach acids backing up into the esophagus, infection, medicines taken by mouth and allergies. Treatment for esophagitis depends on its exact cause and how badly the tissue that lines the esophagus is damaged. Without treatment, esophagitis can damage this lining. The esophagus may start to have trouble moving food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. Esophagitis also can lead to other serious health issues. These include scarring or narrowing of the esophagus, unhealthy weight loss, and dehydration. Symptoms Common symptoms of esophagitis include: Trouble swallowing. Painful swallowing. Swallowed food becoming stuck in the esophagus, also known as food impaction. Burning pain in the chest called heartburn. It's common to feel this pain behind the breastbone while eating. Stomach acid that backs up into the esophagus, also called acid reflux. Babies and some children with esophagitis are too young to explain their discomfort or pain. Their symptoms can include: Feeding troubles, such as getting easily upset, arching of the back and not wanting to eat. Failure to thrive. Chest or belly pain in older children. When to see a doctor Most symptoms of esophagitis can be caused by a few different conditions that affect the digestive system. See your healthcare professional if the symptoms: Last more than a few days. Don't get better after using medicines called antacids that are available without a prescription.
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2025-05-14
| 386 |
9f8ee8d1-973f-45bc-905a-812c535d49c7
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophagitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20361224
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Esophagitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Their symptoms can include: Feeding troubles, such as getting easily upset, arching of the back and not wanting to eat. Failure to thrive. Chest or belly pain in older children. When to see a doctor Most symptoms of esophagitis can be caused by a few different conditions that affect the digestive system. See your healthcare professional if the symptoms: Last more than a few days. Don't get better after using medicines called antacids that are available without a prescription. Are bad enough to make it hard for you to eat or cause you to lose weight. Happen along with flu symptoms such as headache, fever and muscle aches. Get emergency care if you: Have pain in your chest that lasts more than a few minutes. Think you have food stuck in your esophagus. Have a history of heart disease and feel chest pain. Feel pain in your mouth or throat when you eat. Have shortness of breath or chest pain that happens soon after eating. Vomit large amounts, often have forceful vomiting or have trouble breathing after vomiting. Notice that your vomit is yellow or green, looks like coffee grounds, or has blood in it. Causes Healthcare professionals tend to label esophagitis by the condition that causes it. Sometimes, esophagitis may have more than one cause. Some of the most common types include the following: Reflux esophagitis A valve called the lower esophageal sphincter usually keeps stomach acid out of the esophagus. But sometimes this valve doesn't properly. Or it opens when it shouldn't. In some people, the upper part of the stomach bulges through the large muscle that separates the stomach and the chest. This is known as a hiatal hernia. It also can cause stomach acid to back up into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which this backflow of acid is a frequent or ongoing problem.
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2025-05-14
| 396 |
602355fc-d844-436f-8013-c19c4b276754
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophagitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20361224
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Esophagitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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But sometimes this valve doesn't properly. Or it opens when it shouldn't. In some people, the upper part of the stomach bulges through the large muscle that separates the stomach and the chest. This is known as a hiatal hernia. It also can cause stomach acid to back up into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which this backflow of acid is a frequent or ongoing problem. GERD can lead to ongoing swelling and tissue damage in the esophagus. Eosinophilic esophagitis Eosinophilic esophagitis Eosinophilic esophagitis Eosinophilic esophagitis Esophagitis is swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the tissues that line the esophagus. A long, flexible tube that’s tipped with a camera, called an endoscope, can be used to see inside the esophagus. This endoscopic image of eosinophilic esophagitis shows irritated rings of irregular tissue that stem from ongoing inflammation. These are known as esophageal rings. Eosinophils (e-o-SIN-o-fils) are white blood cells that play a key role in allergic reactions. Eosinophilic esophagitis can happen if lots of these white blood cells build up in the esophagus. This most likely happens in response to a substance that causes an allergy, acid reflux or both. Certain foods may trigger this type of esophagitis, including: Milk. Eggs. Wheat. Soy. Peanuts. Seafood. Typical allergy testing often is not able to spot these foods as being triggers. People with eosinophilic esophagitis may have other allergies that aren't caused by food. For example, sometimes allergens in the air, such as pollen, may be the cause.
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2025-05-14
| 384 |
cf6eebd8-4cf7-461c-bfae-3b0c3449462f
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophagitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20361224
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Esophagitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Certain foods may trigger this type of esophagitis, including: Milk. Eggs. Wheat. Soy. Peanuts. Seafood. Typical allergy testing often is not able to spot these foods as being triggers. People with eosinophilic esophagitis may have other allergies that aren't caused by food. For example, sometimes allergens in the air, such as pollen, may be the cause. One common symptom of eosinophilic esophagitis is food getting stuck in the esophagus after swallowing. This is called food impaction. Another common symptom is trouble swallowing, also called dysphagia. Lymphocytic esophagitis Lymphocytic esophagitis (LE) isn't a common condition of the esophagus. With LE, a higher than typical number of white blood cells called lymphocytes build up in the lining of the esophagus. LE may be related to eosinophilic esophagitis or to GERD. Medicine-induced esophagitis Also called drug-induced esophagitis, this type happens when some medicines taken by mouth cause tissue damage in the esophagus. The damage happens if the medicines stay in contact with the lining of the esophagus for too long. For example, you might swallow a pill with little or no water. If you do that, the pill itself or residue from the pill may stay in the esophagus. Medicines that have been linked to esophagitis include: Pain-relieving medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Antibiotics such as tetracycline and doxycycline. Medicine called potassium chloride that is used to treat low levels of the mineral potassium. Medicines called bisphosphonates that treat bone conditions such as osteoporosis.
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2025-05-14
| 384 |
0e1c9871-ad9f-4565-bae4-3908a5545ad0
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophagitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20361224
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Esophagitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Medicines that have been linked to esophagitis include: Pain-relieving medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Antibiotics such as tetracycline and doxycycline. Medicine called potassium chloride that is used to treat low levels of the mineral potassium. Medicines called bisphosphonates that treat bone conditions such as osteoporosis. These medicines include alendronate (Binosto, Fosamax). A treatment for heart conditions called quinidine. Infectious esophagitis An infection in tissues of the esophagus may cause esophagitis. The infection could be due to bacteria, viruses or funguses. Infectious esophagitis is fairly rare. It happens most often in people with weakened immune systems, such as people with HIV/AIDS or cancer. A fungus usually present in the mouth called Candida albicans is a common cause of infectious esophagitis. This type of fungal infection often is linked with a weakened immune system, diabetes, cancer, or use of steroid or antibiotic medicines. Risk factors Risk factors for esophagitis vary depending on the cause of the condition. Reflux esophagitis Factors that raise the risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) also are factors in reflux esophagitis. These risk factors include the following: Eating right before going to bed. Eating meals that are too large and fatty. Smoking. Gaining extra weight, including from pregnancy. Foods that can make symptoms of GERD or reflux esophagitis worse include: Caffeine. Alcohol. Fatty foods. Chocolate. Peppermint. Eosinophilic esophagitis Risk factors for this allergy-related esophagitis may include: A history of certain allergic reactions.
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2025-05-14
| 379 |
2687e061-bf1b-4766-b0ea-c6ffc1cddc54
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophagitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20361224
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Esophagitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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These risk factors include the following: Eating right before going to bed. Eating meals that are too large and fatty. Smoking. Gaining extra weight, including from pregnancy. Foods that can make symptoms of GERD or reflux esophagitis worse include: Caffeine. Alcohol. Fatty foods. Chocolate. Peppermint. Eosinophilic esophagitis Risk factors for this allergy-related esophagitis may include: A history of certain allergic reactions. These include asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever. A family history of eosinophilic esophagitis. Medicine-induced esophagitis Risk factors for this type of esophagitis often are linked with issues that prevent quick and complete passage of a pill into the stomach. These factors include: Swallowing a pill with little or no water. Taking medicines while lying down. Taking medicines right before sleep. This risk factor likely is due in part to less saliva being made and less swallowing happening during sleep. Being older in age. This may be a factor because of age-related changes to the muscles of the esophagus or to glands making less saliva. Taking large or oddly shaped pills. Infectious esophagitis Risk factors for infectious esophagitis often relate to medicines such as steroids or antibiotics. People with diabetes also have a higher risk of esophagitis caused by a fungal candida infection in particular. Other causes of infectious esophagitis may relate to poor immune system function. This may be due to an immune system condition, such as HIV/AIDS, or certain cancers. Also, certain cancer treatments may raise the risk of infectious esophagitis. So might medicines called immunosuppressants that block immune system reactions to transplanted organs. Complications Without treatment, esophagitis can lead to changes in the structure of the esophagus.
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2025-05-14
| 387 |
97eb74b1-ee31-45c6-9304-fd2a52475955
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophagitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20361224
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Esophagitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Other causes of infectious esophagitis may relate to poor immune system function. This may be due to an immune system condition, such as HIV/AIDS, or certain cancers. Also, certain cancer treatments may raise the risk of infectious esophagitis. So might medicines called immunosuppressants that block immune system reactions to transplanted organs. Complications Without treatment, esophagitis can lead to changes in the structure of the esophagus. Complications can include: Scarring or narrowing of the esophagus, known as a stricture. Tearing of the lining of the esophagus. This can be due to retching or to healthcare professionals passing medical tools through an inflamed esophagus during endoscopy. Endoscopy is a way for healthcare professionals to check the digestive system. A condition called Barrett esophagus in which the cells lining the esophagus are damaged from acid reflux. This raises the risk of cancer that starts in the esophagus, also called esophageal cancer. Oct. 29, 2024
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2025-05-14
| 217 |
ef840433-0800-4cf9-90fd-f79f143f2211
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-varices/symptoms-causes/syc-20351538
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Esophageal varices
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Esophageal varices Esophageal varices Esophageal varices Esophageal varices are enlarged veins in the esophagus. They're often due to blocked blood flow through the portal vein. The portal vein carries blood from the intestine, pancreas and spleen to the liver. Esophageal varices are enlarged veins in the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat and stomach. Esophageal varices most often happen in people with serious liver diseases. Esophageal varices form when regular blood flow to the liver is blocked by a clot or scar tissue in the liver. To go around the blockages, blood flows into smaller blood vessels that aren't designed to carry large volumes of blood. The vessels can leak blood or even burst, causing life-threatening bleeding. A few medicines and medical procedures are available to help prevent or stop bleeding from esophageal varices. Symptoms Esophageal varices usually don't cause symptoms unless they bleed. Symptoms of bleeding esophageal varices include: Vomiting large amounts of blood. Black, tarry or bloody stools. Lightheadedness due to blood loss. Loss of consciousness in severe cases. A healthcare professional might suspect esophageal varices if someone has signs of liver disease or has been diagnosed with liver cirrhosis, including: Yellow coloration of your skin and eyes, known as jaundice. Easy bleeding or bruising. Fluid buildup in your belly, called ascites (uh-SAHY-teez). When to see a doctor Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. If you've been diagnosed with liver disease, ask a care professional about your risk of esophageal varices and what you can do to reduce your risk. Also ask whether you should get a procedure to check for esophageal varices.
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2025-05-14
| 378 |
91669e93-456b-496a-965e-9f36d04d1536
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-varices/symptoms-causes/syc-20351538
|
Esophageal varices
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Easy bleeding or bruising. Fluid buildup in your belly, called ascites (uh-SAHY-teez). When to see a doctor Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. If you've been diagnosed with liver disease, ask a care professional about your risk of esophageal varices and what you can do to reduce your risk. Also ask whether you should get a procedure to check for esophageal varices. If you've been diagnosed with esophageal varices, a care professional will likely tell you to watch for signs of bleeding. Bleeding esophageal varices are an emergency. Call 911 or your local emergency services right away if you have black or bloody stools, or bloody vomit. Causes Esophageal varices sometimes form when blood flow to the liver is blocked. This is most often caused by scar tissue in the liver due to liver disease, also known as cirrhosis of the liver. The blood flow begins to back up. This increases pressure within the large vein, known as the portal vein, that carries blood to the liver. This is known as portal hypertension. Portal hypertension forces the blood to seek other pathways through smaller veins, such as those in the lowest part of the esophagus. These thin-walled veins balloon with the added blood. Sometimes they rupture and bleed. Causes of esophageal varices include: Severe liver scarring, called cirrhosis. Several liver diseases — including hepatitis infection, alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver disease and a bile duct disorder called primary biliary cholangitis — can result in cirrhosis. A blood clot, also called thrombosis. A blood clot in the portal vein or in a vein that feeds into the portal vein, known as the splenic vein, can cause esophageal varices. Parasitic infection.
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2025-05-14
| 377 |
875402ba-f37d-4c49-ac25-1b3feb507cdd
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-varices/symptoms-causes/syc-20351538
|
Esophageal varices
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
|
Several liver diseases — including hepatitis infection, alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver disease and a bile duct disorder called primary biliary cholangitis — can result in cirrhosis. A blood clot, also called thrombosis. A blood clot in the portal vein or in a vein that feeds into the portal vein, known as the splenic vein, can cause esophageal varices. Parasitic infection. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection found in parts of Africa, South America, the Caribbean, the Middle East and East Asia. The parasite can damage the liver, as well as the lungs, intestine, bladder and other organs. Risk factors Although many people with advanced liver disease develop esophageal varices, most won't have bleeding. Esophageal varices are more likely to bleed if you have: High portal vein pressure. The risk of bleeding increases as the pressure in the portal vein increases. Large varices. The larger the esophageal varices, the more likely they are to bleed. Red marks on the varices. Some esophageal varices show long red streaks or red spots. A medical professional can see them through a thin, flexible tube, called an endoscope, passed down the throat. These marks suggest a high risk of bleeding. Severe cirrhosis or liver failure. Most often, the more serious the liver disease, the more likely esophageal varices are to bleed. Continued alcohol use. The risk of variceal bleeding is far greater for people who continue to drink, especially if the disease is alcohol related. If someone had bleeding from esophageal varices before, they're more likely to have varices that bleed again. Complications The most serious complication of esophageal varices is bleeding. If a person has a bleeding episode, the risk of another bleeding episode greatly increases. If a person loses enough blood, they can go into shock, which can lead to death.
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2025-05-14
| 397 |
90941e76-b2e5-4220-b3b3-8c864e73e654
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-varices/symptoms-causes/syc-20351538
|
Esophageal varices
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
|
The risk of variceal bleeding is far greater for people who continue to drink, especially if the disease is alcohol related. If someone had bleeding from esophageal varices before, they're more likely to have varices that bleed again. Complications The most serious complication of esophageal varices is bleeding. If a person has a bleeding episode, the risk of another bleeding episode greatly increases. If a person loses enough blood, they can go into shock, which can lead to death. Prevention Currently, no treatment can prevent the development of esophageal varices in people with cirrhosis. While beta blocker drugs are effective in preventing bleeding in many people who have esophageal varices, they don't stop esophageal varices from forming. If you've been diagnosed with liver disease, ask a healthcare professional about strategies to avoid liver disease complications. To keep your liver healthy: Don't drink alcohol. People with liver disease are often advised to stop drinking alcohol, since the liver processes alcohol. Drinking alcohol may stress an already vulnerable liver. Eat a healthy diet. Choose a diet that's full of fruits and vegetables. Select whole grains and lean sources of protein. Reduce the amount of fatty and fried foods you eat. Maintain a healthy weight. An excess amount of body fat can damage your liver. Obesity is associated with a greater risk of complications of cirrhosis. Lose weight if you are obese or overweight. Use chemicals sparingly and carefully. Follow the directions on household chemicals, such as cleaning supplies and insect sprays. If you work around chemicals, follow all safety precautions. Your liver removes toxins from your body, so give it a break by limiting the amount of toxins it must process. Reduce your risk of hepatitis. Sharing needles and having unprotected sex can increase your risk of hepatitis B and C. Protect yourself by abstaining from sex or using a condom if you choose to have sex.
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2025-05-14
| 385 |
5033f13e-5c1a-4eaa-b1cd-e99c6ad783df
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-varices/symptoms-causes/syc-20351538
|
Esophageal varices
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
|
Use chemicals sparingly and carefully. Follow the directions on household chemicals, such as cleaning supplies and insect sprays. If you work around chemicals, follow all safety precautions. Your liver removes toxins from your body, so give it a break by limiting the amount of toxins it must process. Reduce your risk of hepatitis. Sharing needles and having unprotected sex can increase your risk of hepatitis B and C. Protect yourself by abstaining from sex or using a condom if you choose to have sex. Get tested for exposure to hepatitis A, B and C, since infection can make your liver disease worse. Also ask your healthcare professional whether you should be vaccinated for hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
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2025-05-14
| 135 |
69f32f51-6817-431f-beb7-14e3f2e5a7b2
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-spasms/symptoms-causes/syc-20372250
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Esophageal spasms
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Esophageal spasms are painful contractions in the muscular tube connecting the mouth and stomach, called the esophagus. Esophageal spasms can feel like sudden, bad chest pain that lasts from a few minutes to hours. Some people may mistake it for heart pain, also called angina. Esophageal spasms usually happen only now and then, and they might not need treatment. But sometimes the spasms happen a lot and can prevent food and liquids from traveling through the esophagus. If esophageal spasms affect the ability to eat or drink, treatments are available. Symptoms Esophagus Esophagus Esophagus The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the mouth and the stomach. Rings of muscle contract and relax to allow food and liquids to pass through the upper and lower portions. Symptoms of esophageal spasms include: Squeezing pain in the chest. The pain is often intense and might be mistaken for heart pain or heartburn. Difficulty swallowing solids and liquids, sometimes related to swallowing specific substances. Red wine or extremely hot or cold liquids are more common culprits. The feeling that an object is stuck in the throat. The return of food and liquids back up the esophagus, also called regurgitation. When to see a doctor The squeezing chest pain that happens with esophageal spasms also can be caused by a heart attack. If you have squeezing chest pain, seek medical care right away. Causes It's not clear what causes esophageal spasms. However, they appear to be related to abnormal functioning of nerves that control the muscles used when swallowing. A healthy esophagus moves food into the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle contractions. Esophageal spasms make it difficult for the muscles in the walls of the lower esophagus to coordinate. This makes it harder for the muscles to move food to the stomach.
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2025-05-14
| 387 |
84715264-c171-4d8f-a578-31470dec3572
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-spasms/symptoms-causes/syc-20372250
|
Esophageal spasms
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symptoms-causes
|
mayo
|
Causes It's not clear what causes esophageal spasms. However, they appear to be related to abnormal functioning of nerves that control the muscles used when swallowing. A healthy esophagus moves food into the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle contractions. Esophageal spasms make it difficult for the muscles in the walls of the lower esophagus to coordinate. This makes it harder for the muscles to move food to the stomach. There are two types of esophageal spasms — distal esophageal spasm and hypercontractile esophagus, also known as nutcracker esophagus. Risk factors Risk factors for esophageal spasms include: Sex. Women are more likely to have esophageal spasms than men. Age. Esophageal spasms tend to happen around age 60. Nov. 09, 2024
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2025-05-14
| 177 |
4f63ea7b-30fc-49e0-b5a8-6d61745b0889
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factor-v-leiden/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372428
|
Factor V Leiden
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
|
Diagnosis Your doctor may suspect factor V Leiden if you've had one or more episodes of abnormal blood clotting or if you have a strong family history of abnormal blood clots. Your doctor can confirm that you have factor V Leiden with a blood test. Treatment Doctors generally prescribe blood-thinning medications to treat people who develop abnormal blood clots. This type of medicine usually isn't needed for people who have the factor V Leiden mutation but who have not experienced abnormal blood clots. However, your doctor might suggest that you take extra precautions to prevent blood clots if you have the factor V Leiden mutation and are going to have surgery. These precautions might include: A short course of blood thinners Leg wraps that inflate and deflate to keep blood moving in your legs Compression stockings Going for walks soon after surgery Lifestyle and home remedies Some precautions to help reduce your risk of blood clots include: Keep your legs moving. When your legs remain still for hours, your calf muscles don't contract, which normally helps blood circulate. If you're on a long plane trip, raise your toes up and down and rotate your ankles every hour or so. Drink extra water to prevent dehydration, and avoid alcohol. On a car trip, take periodic breaks and walk around. Consider compression stockings. These types of socks, which usually come up to the knees, help improve blood circulation in your legs. Ask your doctor if they might be a good option for your situation. Be cautious with estrogen. Oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy can increase the risk of blood clots on their own, so be sure to discuss the risks and the benefits of estrogen-containing medications with your doctor if you have factor V Leiden. Prevent excessive bleeding If your factor V Leiden requires you to take anticoagulant medication, here are some steps that might help you prevent injury and avoid excessive bleeding: Avoid playing contact sports or engaging in other activities that could result in physical injury.
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2025-05-14
| 394 |
91f4edb0-88e7-4af9-afb8-854748455ee0
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factor-v-leiden/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372428
|
Factor V Leiden
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
|
Oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy can increase the risk of blood clots on their own, so be sure to discuss the risks and the benefits of estrogen-containing medications with your doctor if you have factor V Leiden. Prevent excessive bleeding If your factor V Leiden requires you to take anticoagulant medication, here are some steps that might help you prevent injury and avoid excessive bleeding: Avoid playing contact sports or engaging in other activities that could result in physical injury. Regular noncontact exercise, such as walking or swimming, is still recommended for good health. Use a soft toothbrush and waxed floss. Avoid shaving cuts by using an electric razor. Be cautious with household tasks involving knives, scissors and other sharp tools. Preparing for your appointment Your doctor may refer you to a specialist in genetic disorders (geneticist) or a specialist in blood disorders (hematologist) for testing to determine whether the cause of your blood clots is genetic and, specifically, whether you have factor V Leiden. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment. List any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment. List your health history, including your history of blood clots. Include any family history of blood clots or known family members with factor V Leiden. Make a list of all medications, vitamins or supplements you're taking, along with the dose for each. List questions to ask your doctor. For factor V Leiden, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: What kinds of tests do I need? Do I need to see a specialist? Does my factor V Leiden need to be treated? Do I need to take medication to prevent additional blood clots? What types of side effects can I expect from the medication? Do I need to limit my activity in any way? If I have children, do they need to be tested?
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2025-05-14
| 390 |
34b38797-9c7b-4550-b670-cee5b28a2eca
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factor-v-leiden/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372428
|
Factor V Leiden
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
|
List questions to ask your doctor. For factor V Leiden, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: What kinds of tests do I need? Do I need to see a specialist? Does my factor V Leiden need to be treated? Do I need to take medication to prevent additional blood clots? What types of side effects can I expect from the medication? Do I need to limit my activity in any way? If I have children, do they need to be tested? Do you have any brochures or other printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend? If your doctor recommends genetic testing, some questions you might want to ask the genetic specialist include: How accurate is this test? What are the risks of the test? What information will come out of the test? What will a positive or negative result tell me? Can the results of the test affect my ability to obtain health insurance? Is an uncertain result possible, and what would that mean? What are my treatment options if a mutation is found? Could other family members be affected? Should my children be tested? What measures are in place to protect my privacy? How experienced is the lab at performing this test? How long will it take to get results back? Aug. 23, 2022
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2025-05-14
| 261 |
778bafe6-a5f2-4734-825c-ec6912c585e7
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356034
|
Factitious disorder
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis Diagnosing factitious disorder is often very hard. People with factitious disorder are experts at faking many diseases and conditions. And while these people often look like they have real and even life-threatening medical conditions, they may have brought those conditions on themselves. The use of many healthcare professionals and hospitals, the use of fake names, and privacy and confidentiality laws may make it hard or even impossible to gather information about previous medical experiences. Diagnosis is based on objectively identifying symptoms that are made up, rather than the person's intent or motivation for doing so. A healthcare professional may suspect that people have factitious disorder when: Their medical history doesn't make sense. No believable reason exists for an illness or injury. The illness doesn't follow the usual course. There's no clear reason why they're not getting better, despite the right treatment. There are contradictory or inconsistent symptoms or lab test results. They don't want to give information from previous health records, other healthcare professionals or family members. They're caught lying or harming themselves. To help figure out if a person has factitious disorder, healthcare professionals: Do a detailed interview. Require past health records. Work with family members to get more information — if the person being examined gives permission. Run only tests needed to look at possible physical issues. Treatment Treatment of factitious disorder is often hard, and there are no standard therapies. Because people with factitious disorder want to be in the sick role, they often aren't willing to seek or accept treatment for the condition. But if approached in a way that doesn't judge, people with factitious disorder may agree to have a mental health professional assess and treat them. An approach without judgment Directly accusing people of having factitious disorder usually makes them angry and defensive. This can cause them to suddenly end a relationship with a healthcare professional or hospital and seek treatment elsewhere.
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2025-05-14
| 375 |
e61df39e-cb70-4235-a93f-869b66992c32
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356034
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Factitious disorder
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
|
Because people with factitious disorder want to be in the sick role, they often aren't willing to seek or accept treatment for the condition. But if approached in a way that doesn't judge, people with factitious disorder may agree to have a mental health professional assess and treat them. An approach without judgment Directly accusing people of having factitious disorder usually makes them angry and defensive. This can cause them to suddenly end a relationship with a healthcare professional or hospital and seek treatment elsewhere. So healthcare professionals may try to create an "out" that spares people the humiliation of admitting to faking symptoms and instead offer information and help. For example, healthcare professionals may reassure people that not having an explanation for medical symptoms is stressful and suggest that the stress may be responsible for some physical complaints. Or the healthcare professional may ask people with factitious order to agree that if the next medical treatment doesn't work, they'll explore together the idea of a possible mental health reason for the illness. The healthcare professional also may suggest that the focus of treatment be on making them better able to function and making their quality of life better rather than treating symptoms. Either way, the healthcare professionals try to steer people with factitious disorder toward care with a mental health professional. And both healthcare professionals and loved ones can reinforce healthy, productive behaviors and not give too much attention to symptoms. Treatment options Treatment often focuses on managing the condition and making people better able to function, rather than trying to cure it. Treatment generally includes: Having a primary healthcare professional. Using one healthcare professional to oversee medical care can help manage needed care and the treatment plan. This can reduce or stop visits to many healthcare professionals that aren't needed. Talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy, and behavior therapy may help control stress and build coping skills. Family therapy also may be suggested. Other mental health conditions, such as depression, also may be addressed. Medicine.
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2025-05-14
| 383 |
f96e913e-2c97-4b7b-8e61-c5b9931e12dd
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356034
|
Factitious disorder
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
|
Treatment generally includes: Having a primary healthcare professional. Using one healthcare professional to oversee medical care can help manage needed care and the treatment plan. This can reduce or stop visits to many healthcare professionals that aren't needed. Talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy, and behavior therapy may help control stress and build coping skills. Family therapy also may be suggested. Other mental health conditions, such as depression, also may be addressed. Medicine. Medicines may be used to treat other mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety. In-hospital treatment. If factitious disorder symptoms are severe, a short stay in a mental health hospital may be needed for safety and to create a treatment plan. Treatment may not be accepted or may not help, especially for people with severe factitious disorder. In these cases, the goal may be to stop further invasive or risky treatments. When factitious disorder is imposed on others, healthcare professionals assess for abuse and need to report the abuse to authorities. Lifestyle and home remedies Along with professional treatment, these tips may help people who have factitious disorder: Stay with your treatment plan. Attend therapy appointments and take any medicines as directed. If you feel an urge to hurt yourself or cause yourself to become ill, talk honestly to your therapist or primary healthcare professional about better ways to cope with emotions. Have a medical gatekeeper. Rather than visiting many healthcare professionals, specialists and surgeons, have one trusted primary health professional to manage your medical care. Remember the risks. Remind yourself that you could be hurt for life or even die when you have a risky test or surgery that isn't needed. Don't run. Resist urges to find a new healthcare professional or flee to a new town where medical professionals don't know your background. Your therapist can help you overcome these powerful urges. Connect with someone. Many people with factitious disorder have no friends or relationships.
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2025-05-14
| 376 |
7021bf60-a27d-4f49-9a2d-586b76119dcf
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356034
|
Factitious disorder
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
|
Remember the risks. Remind yourself that you could be hurt for life or even die when you have a risky test or surgery that isn't needed. Don't run. Resist urges to find a new healthcare professional or flee to a new town where medical professionals don't know your background. Your therapist can help you overcome these powerful urges. Connect with someone. Many people with factitious disorder have no friends or relationships. Try to find someone you can confide in, share enjoyable times with and offer your own support to. Preparing for your appointment People with factitious disorder are likely to first get care for this condition when healthcare professionals raise concerns that mental health issues may play a part in an illness. If people have symptoms of factitious disorder, healthcare professionals may get permission to contact family members in advance to talk about their loved one's health history. Here's some information to help you get ready for that talk. What you can do To get prepared, make a list of: Your loved one's health history in as much detail as possible. Include health complaints, diagnoses, medical treatments and procedures. If possible, bring the names and contact information of healthcare professionals or facilities that provided care. Help your loved one sign releases of information to get records and allow for talks with other healthcare professionals. Any current behaviors or things you observe that make you think that your loved one may have factitious disorder. Note anything your loved one has been avoiding because of symptoms. Key points from your loved one's personal history, including childhood abuse or other trauma and any recent major losses. Medicines your loved one takes, including supplements, medicines bought without a prescription and prescription medicines, and the doses. Misuse of substances, including alcohol, drugs and prescription medicines. Questions for the healthcare professional to make the most of your discussion. For factitious disorder, some questions to ask the healthcare professional include: What is likely causing my loved one's symptoms or condition? Are there other possible causes?
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2025-05-14
| 394 |
1e30616c-e695-46de-a6cd-70c3590d1cee
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356034
|
Factitious disorder
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
|
Medicines your loved one takes, including supplements, medicines bought without a prescription and prescription medicines, and the doses. Misuse of substances, including alcohol, drugs and prescription medicines. Questions for the healthcare professional to make the most of your discussion. For factitious disorder, some questions to ask the healthcare professional include: What is likely causing my loved one's symptoms or condition? Are there other possible causes? How will you make the diagnosis? Is this condition likely to last for a short time or a long time? What treatments do you recommend for this disorder? How much do you expect treatment could improve the symptoms? How will you monitor my loved one's well-being over time? Do you think family therapy will help? What next steps should be taken? What to expect from the doctor The doctor or other healthcare professional will likely ask you several questions, including: What injuries or illnesses has your loved one recently complained of or been treated for in the past? Has your loved one ever been diagnosed with any specific medical issue? What treatments has your loved one had, including medicines and surgery? How often has your loved one changed healthcare professionals or hospitals in the past? Have any healthcare professionals, friends or family members had concerns that your loved one may be causing or contributing to an illness? Have any healthcare professionals, friends or family members had concerns that your loved one may be causing or contributing to illness in another person? How have your loved one's symptoms affected work, school and personal relationships? Do you know if your loved one has caused self-harm or hurt others, or attempted suicide? Did your loved one experience any trauma during childhood, such as a serious illness, loss of a parent or abuse? Have you talked with your loved one about your concerns? Dec. 18, 2024
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2025-05-14
| 360 |
ec32c37f-c5cb-4424-84f3-a3026ce73d1e
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-floaters/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372350
|
Eye floaters
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis Your eye care specialist conducts a complete eye exam to determine the cause of your eye floaters. Your exam usually includes eye dilation. Eye drops widen (dilate) the dark center of your eye. This allows your specialist to better see the back of your eyes and the vitreous. Treatment Most eye floaters don't require treatment. However, any medical condition that is the cause of eye floaters, such as bleeding from diabetes or inflammation, should be treated. Eye floaters can be frustrating and adjusting to them can take time. Once you know the floaters will not cause any more problems, over time you may be able to ignore them or notice them less often. If your eye floaters get in the way of your vision, which happens rarely, you and your eye care specialist may consider treatment. Options may include surgery to remove the vitreous or a laser to disrupt the floaters, although both procedures are rarely done. Surgery to remove the vitreous. An ophthalmologist who is a specialist in retina and vitreous surgery removes the vitreous through a small incision (vitrectomy). The vitreous is replaced with a solution to help your eye maintain its shape. Surgery may not remove all the floaters, and new floaters can develop after surgery. Risks of a vitrectomy include infection, bleeding and retinal tears. Using a laser to disrupt the floaters. An ophthalmologist aims a special laser at the floaters in the vitreous (vitreolysis). This may break up the floaters and make them less noticeable. Some people who have this treatment report improved vision; others notice little or no difference. Risks of laser therapy include damage to your retina if the laser is aimed incorrectly. Preparing for your appointment If you're concerned about eye floaters, make an appointment with a specialist in eye disorders (optometrist or ophthalmologist) for an eye exam.
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2025-05-14
| 396 |
d66ad8e1-5084-42ee-91ec-53201e155017
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-floaters/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372350
|
Eye floaters
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
|
This may break up the floaters and make them less noticeable. Some people who have this treatment report improved vision; others notice little or no difference. Risks of laser therapy include damage to your retina if the laser is aimed incorrectly. Preparing for your appointment If you're concerned about eye floaters, make an appointment with a specialist in eye disorders (optometrist or ophthalmologist) for an eye exam. If you have complications that require treatment, you'll need to see an ophthalmologist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do Before your appointment, make a list of: Your symptoms, including situations that increase eye floaters you see or times when you see fewer eye floaters All medications, vitamins, herbs and other supplements you take, and the dosages Questions to ask your eye care specialist to help you make the most of your appointment For eye floaters, some basic questions to ask include: Why do I see these eye floaters? Will they always be there? What can I do to prevent more from occurring? Are there treatments available? Are there brochures or other printed material that I can take? What websites do you recommend? Do I need a follow-up appointment, and, if so, when? What to expect from your doctor Your eye care specialist is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as: When did your eye floaters begin? Which eye has the floaters? Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional? Have you recently noticed an increase in the number of floaters? Have you seen light flashes? Does anything seem to improve or worsen your symptoms? Have you ever had eye surgery? Do you have any medical conditions, such as diabetes or high blood pressure? July 02, 2024
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2025-05-14
| 363 |
668de23a-4fcc-4124-96f9-5966d4319f93
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ewing-sarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351072
|
Ewing sarcoma
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis Ewing sarcoma diagnosis usually begins with a physical exam. Based on the findings of the exam, there might other tests and procedures. Imaging tests Imaging tests make pictures of the body. They can show the location and size of a Ewing sarcoma. Tests might include: X-ray. MRI . CT . Bone scan. Positron emission tomography scan, also called a PET scan. Removing a sample of cells for testing A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. The tissue might be removed using a needle that is put through the skin and into the cancer. Sometimes surgery is needed to get the tissue sample. The sample is tested in a lab to see if it is cancer. Other special tests give more details about the cancer cells. A biopsy is needed to confirm a Ewing sarcoma diagnosis. Your healthcare team uses this information to make a treatment plan. Testing the cancer cells for DNA changes A sample of the cancer cells will be tested in the lab to find which DNA changes are in the cells. Ewing sarcoma cells mostly have changes in the EWSR1 gene. Most often the EWSR1 gene joins with another gene called FLI1 . This creates a new gene called EWS-FLI1 . Testing the cancer cells for these gene changes can help confirm your diagnosis. Treatment Ewing sarcoma treatment most often includes chemotherapy and surgery. Which treatment you have first will depend on your situation. Other treatment options might include radiation therapy and targeted therapy. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. Chemotherapy is sometimes used as the first treatment for Ewing sarcoma. The medicines may shrink the cancer. That makes it easier to remove the cancer with surgery or target with radiation therapy. After surgery or radiation therapy, chemotherapy treatments might be used to kill any cancer cells that might remain.
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2025-05-14
| 376 |
af9393c5-672c-49b2-85e7-10b4879c82fe
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ewing-sarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351072
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Ewing sarcoma
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Which treatment you have first will depend on your situation. Other treatment options might include radiation therapy and targeted therapy. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. Chemotherapy is sometimes used as the first treatment for Ewing sarcoma. The medicines may shrink the cancer. That makes it easier to remove the cancer with surgery or target with radiation therapy. After surgery or radiation therapy, chemotherapy treatments might be used to kill any cancer cells that might remain. For advanced cancer that spreads to other areas of the body, chemotherapy might help relieve pain and slow the growth of the cancer. Surgery The goal of surgery is to remove all the cancer cells. Surgery for Ewing sarcoma might mean removing a small portion of bone and some surrounding tissue. Rarely, it might mean removing the affected arm or leg. Surgery on an arm or leg might affect the way you can use that limb. Surgeons carefully plan the surgery to minimize this risk, when possible. Whether surgeons can remove all the cancer without removing the arm or leg depends on several factors. These include the size of the cancer, where it is and whether chemotherapy helps shrink it. Radiation therapy Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy beams. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. During radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around you. The machine directs radiation to precise points on your body. Radiation therapy might be suggested after surgery to kill cancer cells that remain. Radiation therapy might be used instead of surgery if an operation is not possible or if it is likely to hurt nearby organs. For example, if the surgery might cause loss of bowel or bladder control, radiation might be used instead. For advanced Ewing sarcoma, radiation therapy can slow the growth of the cancer and help relieve pain. Targeted therapy Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack specific ways that cancer cells can grow.
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2025-05-14
| 382 |
f219211b-1688-4014-93ae-fe4ec6fda7ee
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ewing-sarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351072
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Ewing sarcoma
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Radiation therapy might be used instead of surgery if an operation is not possible or if it is likely to hurt nearby organs. For example, if the surgery might cause loss of bowel or bladder control, radiation might be used instead. For advanced Ewing sarcoma, radiation therapy can slow the growth of the cancer and help relieve pain. Targeted therapy Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack specific ways that cancer cells can grow. By blocking these specific things in the cells, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. For Ewing sarcoma, researchers are looking at using targeted therapy when the cancer comes back or does not respond to other treatments. Clinical trials Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies provide a chance to try the latest treatments. The risk of side effects might not be known. Ask your healthcare team if you or your child might be able to join a clinical trial. Coping and support A diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma can feel overwhelming. With time you will find ways to cope with the distress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you may find these suggestions helpful. Learn about Ewing sarcoma to make decisions about care Ask your or your child's healthcare professional about Ewing sarcoma, including treatment options. As you learn more, you may feel better about making choices about treatment options. If your child has Ewing sarcoma, ask the healthcare team to guide you in talking to your child about the cancer in a caring way that your child can understand. Keep friends and family Keeping your relationships strong will help you deal with Ewing sarcoma. Friends and family can help with daily tasks, such as helping take care of your home if your child is in the hospital. They can serve as emotional support when you feel like you are dealing with more than you can handle. Ask about mental health support Talking to a counselor, medical social worker, psychologist or other mental health professional also may help you or your child.
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2025-05-14
| 395 |
9d9f3196-96e1-4cdf-a1df-5f34ac41da2d
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ewing-sarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351072
|
Ewing sarcoma
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Keep friends and family Keeping your relationships strong will help you deal with Ewing sarcoma. Friends and family can help with daily tasks, such as helping take care of your home if your child is in the hospital. They can serve as emotional support when you feel like you are dealing with more than you can handle. Ask about mental health support Talking to a counselor, medical social worker, psychologist or other mental health professional also may help you or your child. Ask your healthcare team for options for professional mental health support for you and your child. You also can check online for a cancer organization, such as the American Cancer Society, that lists support services. Preparing for your appointment If there are signs and symptoms that worry you, start by making an appointment with a healthcare professional for you or your child. If the health professional suspects Ewing sarcoma, ask to be referred to an experienced specialist. Ewing sarcoma typically needs to be treated by a team of specialists, which may include: Orthopedic surgeons who specialize in operating on cancers that affect the bones, called orthopedic oncologists. Other surgeons, such as chest surgeons or pediatric surgeons. The type of surgeons depends on the cancer's location and the age of the person with Ewing sarcoma. Doctors who specialize in treating cancer with chemotherapy or other medicines. They might include medical oncologists or, for children, pediatric oncologists. Doctors who study tissue to diagnose the type of cancer, called pathologists. Doctors who use radiation to treat cancer, called radiation oncologists. Rehabilitation specialists who can help in recovery after surgery. What you can do Before the appointment, make a list of: Signs and symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to the reason for the appointment, and when they began. Any medicines you or your child takes, including vitamins and herbal supplements, and their doses. Key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes.
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2025-05-14
| 383 |
412a3ffd-5ada-4865-9d28-877e5e1c4e86
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ewing-sarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351072
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Ewing sarcoma
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Doctors who use radiation to treat cancer, called radiation oncologists. Rehabilitation specialists who can help in recovery after surgery. What you can do Before the appointment, make a list of: Signs and symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to the reason for the appointment, and when they began. Any medicines you or your child takes, including vitamins and herbal supplements, and their doses. Key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes. Also: Bring scans or X-rays, both the images and the reports, and any other medical records that are linked to this condition. Make a list of questions to ask the health professional to make sure you get the information you need. Take a relative or friend to the appointment, if you can, to help you remember the information you get. For you or your child, your questions might include, for example: What type of cancer is this? Has the cancer spread? Are more tests needed? What are the treatment options? What are the chances that treatment will cure this cancer? What are the side effects and risks of each treatment option? Will treatment affect being able to have children? If so, do you offer ways to be able to preserve that ability? Are there brochures or other printed material I can have? What websites do you suggest? What to expect from your doctor Your healthcare professional will likely ask you questions, such as: What are the signs and symptoms that worry you? When did you notice these symptoms? Do you always have the symptoms, or do they come and go? How severe are the symptoms? What, if anything, seems to improve the symptoms? What, if anything, appears to worsen the symptoms? Dec. 05, 2024
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2025-05-14
| 346 |
f0743f66-a16d-4f64-98ed-71a03ef9cfdd
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esthesioneuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20446400
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Esthesioneuroblastoma
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis An esthesioneuroblastoma diagnosis might involve: Physical exam. A member of your healthcare team may take a history of your symptoms and look at your eyes, nose, and head and neck. Endoscopic exam. A healthcare professional may put a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope, into the nose. The tube has a camera attached that allows the healthcare professional to look at the cancer and see how large it is. Imaging tests take pictures of the inside of the body. They can show the size of the cancer, exactly where it is and whether it has spread. Imaging tests might include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, computerized tomography (CT) scans and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. Removing a sample of tissue for testing, also called a biopsy. A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A biopsy might be done by putting a special tool into the nose to remove a small piece of the cancer. This procedure can often be done in a healthcare professional's office. Diagnosing esthesioneuroblastoma can be hard. It's rare, and it can look like other cancers that occur in the head, neck or nose. Testing can show if the cancer is esthesioneuroblastoma and it can give other information about the cancer that will help in making a treatment plan. Treatment Esthesioneuroblastoma treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments include radiation and chemotherapy. Treatment for esthesioneuroblastoma usually involves a team of experts with different specialties. The team might include: Surgeons who operate on the nervous system, known as neurosurgeons. Head and neck surgeons. Doctors who use radiation to treat cancer, known as radiation oncologists. Doctors who use medicine to treat cancer, known as medical oncologists.
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2025-05-14
| 376 |
ca272e1a-9566-4e4b-8ae5-5ce62fdf05cd
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esthesioneuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20446400
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Esthesioneuroblastoma
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Treatment Esthesioneuroblastoma treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments include radiation and chemotherapy. Treatment for esthesioneuroblastoma usually involves a team of experts with different specialties. The team might include: Surgeons who operate on the nervous system, known as neurosurgeons. Head and neck surgeons. Doctors who use radiation to treat cancer, known as radiation oncologists. Doctors who use medicine to treat cancer, known as medical oncologists. If the person with esthesioneuroblastoma is a child, the team also might include specialists in pediatric surgery and oncology. Surgery The type of surgery depends on where the tumor is and how large it is. Surgery might involve: Removing the part of the tumor that's in the nose. This is usually done using a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope. The tube has a camera that lets the surgeon see the cancer. Special surgical tools passed through the endoscope help with removing the cancer and nearby tissue. Opening the skull to get to the tumor, known as a craniotomy. This procedure involves removing a small piece of skull. That allows the surgeon to remove the tumor from the brain. Surgery complications might include spinal fluid leaking into the nose, infection and vision problems. Radiation therapy Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill cancer cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. People with esthesioneuroblastoma often have radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that might remain in the head and neck. If surgery isn't possible, radiation therapy can be used alone or with chemotherapy. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells. In people with esthesioneuroblastoma, chemotherapy might be used with radiation therapy after surgery to kill cancer cells that remain. Alternative medicine No alternative medicine treatments can cure esthesioneuroblastoma. But complementary and alternative medicine therapies may help with the side effects of treatment.
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2025-05-14
| 395 |
a3fe8269-3c93-4446-8e38-0fecf9f9bf85
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esthesioneuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20446400
|
Esthesioneuroblastoma
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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If surgery isn't possible, radiation therapy can be used alone or with chemotherapy. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells. In people with esthesioneuroblastoma, chemotherapy might be used with radiation therapy after surgery to kill cancer cells that remain. Alternative medicine No alternative medicine treatments can cure esthesioneuroblastoma. But complementary and alternative medicine therapies may help with the side effects of treatment. Talk with your healthcare team about your options. Therapies that might help during cancer treatment include: Acupuncture. Aromatherapy. Hypnosis. Massage. Music therapy. Relaxation techniques. Tai chi. Yoga. Coping and support An esthesioneuroblastoma diagnosis can feel scary. With time, you'll likely find good ways to cope with your diagnosis. Until you find what works for you, consider trying to: Learn enough about your cancer to make decisions about your care. To know more about your esthesioneuroblastoma, ask your healthcare professional for the details, such as the type and grade. Ask where to find good sources of information about treatments. Knowing more might help you feel better about making treatment decisions. Talk with others who have cancer. Talking with others going through what you're going through might help. Contact the American Cancer Society or the National Cancer Institute to find out about support groups in your area and online. Talk to someone about your feelings. Find a friend or family member who listens well. Or talk with a clergy member or counselor. Ask your healthcare team to refer you to a counselor or other professional who works with cancer survivors. Keep your friends and family . Your friends and family can provide much-needed support during your cancer treatment. When you tell people about your esthesioneuroblastoma diagnosis, you'll likely get many offers for help. Think about what you might want help with. For example, you might want someone to talk to if you're feeling low.
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2025-05-14
| 389 |
b2dbe0f9-7f80-4629-99f8-1d51b550768b
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esthesioneuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20446400
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Esthesioneuroblastoma
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Or talk with a clergy member or counselor. Ask your healthcare team to refer you to a counselor or other professional who works with cancer survivors. Keep your friends and family . Your friends and family can provide much-needed support during your cancer treatment. When you tell people about your esthesioneuroblastoma diagnosis, you'll likely get many offers for help. Think about what you might want help with. For example, you might want someone to talk to if you're feeling low. Or you might need rides to treatments or help with making meals. Preparing for your appointment Start by making an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. You might be referred to an ear, nose and throat specialist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do Be aware of anything you need to do ahead of time. At the time you make the appointment, be sure to ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as restrict your diet. Write down symptoms you have, including any that may not seem related to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment. Write down important personal information, including major stresses or recent life changes. Make a list of all medicines, vitamins and supplements you're taking and the doses. Take a family member or friend along. Sometimes it can be very hard to remember all the information provided during an appointment. Someone who goes with you may remember something that you missed or forgot. Write down questions to ask your healthcare team. For esthesioneuroblastoma, some questions to ask might include: What is likely causing my symptoms? What are other possible causes? What tests do I need? Is my condition likely to go away or be long lasting? What is the best course of action? What else might I do? I have other health conditions. How can I manage them together? Are there brochures or other printed material that I can have? What websites do you recommend?
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2025-05-14
| 399 |
0ee9f2eb-0aac-4831-9988-1a73ee0215a8
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esthesioneuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20446400
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Esthesioneuroblastoma
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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For esthesioneuroblastoma, some questions to ask might include: What is likely causing my symptoms? What are other possible causes? What tests do I need? Is my condition likely to go away or be long lasting? What is the best course of action? What else might I do? I have other health conditions. How can I manage them together? Are there brochures or other printed material that I can have? What websites do you recommend? Be sure to ask all the questions you have. What to expect from your doctor Your healthcare professional is likely to ask you several questions, such as: Have your symptoms come and gone or stayed steady? How bad are your symptoms? What, if anything, seems to make your symptoms better? What, if anything, seems to make your symptoms worse?
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2025-05-14
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