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6f2172b5-3077-4486-a38c-2debf7bf6f27
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ependymoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20580745
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Ependymoma
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Chemotherapy isn't often used to treat ependymoma. It might be an option in certain situations, such as when the tumor grows back despite surgery and radiation. Targeted therapy Targeted therapy uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the tumor cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause tumor cells to die. Targeted therapy might be an option to treat an ependymoma that comes back after treatment. Clinical trials Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies offer a chance to try the latest treatment options, but the risk of side effects may not be known. Talk with your healthcare team if you're interested in a clinical trial. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Preparing for your appointment Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your healthcare professional thinks you might have ependymoma, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the nervous system, called a neurologist. If a cancer diagnosis is made, you also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist. Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready. What you can do Be aware of anything you need to do ahead of time. At the time you make the appointment, be sure to ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as restrict your diet. Write down symptoms you have, including any that may not seem related to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment. Write down important personal information, including major stresses or recent life changes. Make a list of all medicines, vitamins or supplements you're taking and the doses. Take a family member or friend along. Sometimes it can be very hard to remember all the information provided during an appointment.
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2025-05-14
| 392 |
703962b9-12aa-4b5e-b96c-c587d65685a9
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ependymoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20580745
|
Ependymoma
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Write down symptoms you have, including any that may not seem related to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment. Write down important personal information, including major stresses or recent life changes. Make a list of all medicines, vitamins or supplements you're taking and the doses. Take a family member or friend along. Sometimes it can be very hard to remember all the information provided during an appointment. Someone who goes with you may remember something that you missed or forgot. Write down questions to ask your healthcare team. Your time with your healthcare team is limited, so preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out. For ependymoma, some basic questions to ask include: Do I have an ependymoma? Is my ependymoma cancerous? What is the grade of my ependymoma? Has my ependymoma spread to other parts of my body? Will I need more tests? What are the treatment options? How much does each treatment increase my chances of a cure or prolong my life? What are the potential side effects of each treatment? How will each treatment affect my daily life? Is there one treatment option you believe is the best? What would you recommend to a friend or family member in my situation? Should I see a specialist? Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend? What will determine whether I should plan for a follow-up visit? Don't hesitate to ask other questions. What to expect from your doctor Be prepared to answer questions, such as: When did your symptoms begin? Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional? How severe are your symptoms? What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms? What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms?
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2025-05-14
| 378 |
1402894f-5ec2-48d9-ab53-491f9840a15d
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/entropion/symptoms-causes/syc-20351125
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Entropion
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Entropion Entropion Entropion Entropion is a condition in which your eyelid, usually the lower one, is turned inward so that your eyelashes rub against your eyeball, causing discomfort. Entropion (en-TROH-pee-on) is a condition in which your eyelid turns inward so that your eyelashes and skin rub against the eye surface. This causes irritation and discomfort. When you have entropion, your eyelid may be turned in all the time or only when you blink hard or squeeze your eyelids shut. Entropion is more common in older adults, and it generally affects only the lower eyelid. Artificial tears and lubricating ointments can help relieve symptoms of entropion. But usually surgery is needed to fully correct the condition. Left untreated, entropion can cause damage to the transparent covering in the front part of your eye (cornea), eye infections and vision loss. Symptoms The signs and symptoms of entropion result from the friction of your eyelashes and outer eyelid against the surface of your eye. You may experience: The feeling that something is in your eye Eye redness Eye irritation or pain Sensitivity to light and wind Watery eyes (excessive tearing) Mucous discharge and eyelid crusting When to see a doctor Seek immediate care if you have received a diagnosis of entropion and you experience: Rapidly increasing redness in your eyes Pain Sensitivity to light Decreasing vision These are signs and symptoms of cornea injury, which can harm your vision. Make an appointment to see your doctor if you feel like you constantly have something in your eye or you notice that some of your eyelashes seem to be turning in toward your eye. If you leave entropion untreated for too long, it can cause permanent damage to your eye. Start using artificial tears and eye-lubricating ointments to protect your eye before your appointment.
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2025-05-14
| 394 |
1b8d4f21-9620-4aed-90b2-ce7a3cbe6c5c
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/entropion/symptoms-causes/syc-20351125
|
Entropion
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Make an appointment to see your doctor if you feel like you constantly have something in your eye or you notice that some of your eyelashes seem to be turning in toward your eye. If you leave entropion untreated for too long, it can cause permanent damage to your eye. Start using artificial tears and eye-lubricating ointments to protect your eye before your appointment. Causes Entropion can be caused by: Muscle weakness. As you age, the muscles under your eyes tend to weaken, and the tendons stretch out. This is the most common cause of entropion. Scars or previous surgeries. Skin scarred by chemical burns, trauma or surgery can distort the normal curve of the eyelid. Eye infection. An eye infection called trachoma is common in many developing countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and Pacific Islands. It can cause scarring of the inner eyelid, leading to entropion and even blindness. Inflammation. An irritation of the eye caused by dryness or inflammation can lead you to try to relieve the symptoms by rubbing the eyelids or squeezing them shut. This can lead to a spasm of the eyelid muscles and a rolling of the edge of the lid inward against the cornea (spastic entropion). Developmental complication. When entropion is present at birth (congenital), it may be caused by an extra fold of skin on the eyelid that causes turned-in eyelashes. Risk factors Factors that increase your risk of developing entropion include: Age. The older you are, the greater your chances of developing the condition. Previous burns or trauma. If you've had a burn or other injury on your face, the resulting scar tissue may put you at higher risk of developing entropion. Trachoma infection. Because trachoma can scar the inner eyelids, people who have had this infection are more likely to develop entropion.
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2025-05-14
| 397 |
43266ca3-3045-4d17-811b-82bae590e2a0
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/entropion/symptoms-causes/syc-20351125
|
Entropion
|
symptoms-causes
|
mayo
|
Risk factors Factors that increase your risk of developing entropion include: Age. The older you are, the greater your chances of developing the condition. Previous burns or trauma. If you've had a burn or other injury on your face, the resulting scar tissue may put you at higher risk of developing entropion. Trachoma infection. Because trachoma can scar the inner eyelids, people who have had this infection are more likely to develop entropion. Complications Corneal irritation and injury are the most serious complications related to entropion because they can lead to permanent vision loss. Prevention Generally, entropion isn't preventable. You may be able to prevent the type caused by trachoma infection. If your eyes become red and irritated after you visit an area where trachoma infection is common, seek evaluation and treatment immediately. Jan. 14, 2021
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2025-05-14
| 182 |
67504ded-d3b1-40f9-bcef-45fbe5494a88
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/symptoms-causes/syc-20354326
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Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Enlarged spleen Enlarged spleen Enlarged spleen The spleen is a small organ usually about the size of your fist. But a number of conditions, including liver disease and some cancers, can cause your spleen to become enlarged. Your spleen is an organ that sits just below your left rib cage. Many conditions — including infections, liver disease and some cancers — can cause an enlarged spleen. An enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee). An enlarged spleen usually doesn't cause symptoms. It's often discovered during a routine physical exam. A doctor usually can't feel the spleen in an adult unless it's enlarged. Imaging and blood tests can help identify the cause of an enlarged spleen. Treatment for an enlarged spleen depends on what's causing it. Surgery to remove an enlarged spleen usually isn't needed, but sometimes it's recommended. Symptoms An enlarged spleen typically causes no signs or symptoms, but sometimes it causes: Pain or fullness in the left upper belly that can spread to the left shoulder A feeling of fullness without eating or after eating a small amount because the spleen is pressing on your stomach Low red blood cells (anemia) Frequent infections Bleeding easily When to see a doctor See your doctor promptly if you have pain in your left upper belly, especially if it's severe or the pain gets worse when you take a deep breath. Causes A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. The enlargement might be temporary, depending on treatment.
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2025-05-14
| 324 |
94ca8597-4e10-411c-8289-89b9bfd06c26
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/symptoms-causes/syc-20354326
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Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Causes A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. The enlargement might be temporary, depending on treatment. Contributing factors include: Viral infections, such as mononucleosis Bacterial infections, such as syphilis or an infection of your heart's inner lining (endocarditis) Parasitic infections, such as malaria Cirrhosis and other diseases affecting the liver Various types of hemolytic anemia — a condition characterized by early destruction of red blood cells Blood cancers, such as leukemia and myeloproliferative neoplasms, and lymphomas, such as Hodgkin's disease Metabolic disorders, such as Gaucher disease and Niemann-Pick disease Pressure on the veins in the spleen or liver or a blood clot in these veins Autoimmune conditions, such as lupus or sarcoidosis How the spleen works Your spleen is tucked below your rib cage next to your stomach on the left side of your belly. Its size generally relates to your height, weight and sex. This soft, spongy organ performs several critical jobs, such as: Filtering out and destroying old, damaged blood cells Preventing infection by producing white blood cells (lymphocytes) and acting as a first line of defense against disease-causing organisms Storing red blood cells and platelets, which help your blood clot An enlarged spleen affects each of these jobs. When it's enlarged, your spleen may not function as usual. Risk factors Anyone can develop an enlarged spleen at any age, but certain groups are at higher risk, including: Children and young adults with infections, such as mononucleosis People who have Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, and several other inherited metabolic disorders affecting the liver and spleen People who live in or travel to areas where malaria is common Complications Potential complications of an enlarged spleen are: Infection.
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2025-05-14
| 383 |
35cc6abf-0238-4a7d-9eca-bd4bb81da1c4
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/symptoms-causes/syc-20354326
|
Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Risk factors Anyone can develop an enlarged spleen at any age, but certain groups are at higher risk, including: Children and young adults with infections, such as mononucleosis People who have Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, and several other inherited metabolic disorders affecting the liver and spleen People who live in or travel to areas where malaria is common Complications Potential complications of an enlarged spleen are: Infection. An enlarged spleen can reduce the number of healthy red blood cells, platelets and white cells in your bloodstream, leading to more frequent infections. Anemia and increased bleeding also are possible. Ruptured spleen. Even healthy spleens are soft and easily damaged, especially in car crashes. The possibility of rupture is much greater when your spleen is enlarged. A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding in your belly. Aug. 25, 2023
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2025-05-14
| 182 |
2f4b9ee5-17ba-43d4-8b0e-1062187a7053
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometriosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354656
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Endometriosis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Hi, I'm Dr. Megan Wasson, a minimally invasive gynecologic surgeon at Mayo Clinic. In this video, we will cover the basics of endometriosis, including what is it, who gets it, as well as the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Whether you are looking for answers for yourself or someone you love, we are here to give you the best information available. Endometriosis is a condition in which cells similar to the lining of the uterus, or endometrium, grow outside the uterus. Endometriosis often involves the pelvic tissue and can envelop the ovaries and fallopian tubes. It can affect nearby organs, including the bowel and bladder. So during the menstrual cycle, or period, this tissue responds to hormones, and due to its location, frequently results in pain. Endometriosis causes surrounding tissues to become irritated and potentially develop scars and sticky fibers that bind tissues together. In some cases, endometriosis can cause cysts on the ovaries. These are called endometriomas. Fortunately, there are effective treatments to manage and treat endometriosis. Who gets it? There are some possible explanations of what sparks the endometrial-like tissue to grow out of place. But the exact cause is still uncertain. However, there are some factors that make someone more likely to get endometriosis, such as never giving birth, menstrual cycles occurring more frequently than every 28 days, heavy and prolonged menstrual periods that lasts longer than seven days, having higher levels of estrogen in your body, having a low body mass index, having a structural issue with the vagina, cervix, or uterus that prevents the passage of menstrual blood from the body, a family history of endometriosis, starting your period at an early age, or starting menopause at an older age. What are the symptoms?
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2025-05-14
| 379 |
1fc7b364-9625-418e-8b49-582606b6e73d
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometriosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354656
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Endometriosis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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What are the symptoms? The most common symptom of endometriosis is pelvic pain, either during or outside of the normal menstrual period that is beyond normal cramping, Normal menstrual cramping should be tolerable and should not require someone to miss time from school, work or normal activities. Other symptoms include cramps that begin before and extend after a menstrual period, lower back or abdominal pain, pain with intercourse, pain with bowel movements or urination, and infertility. Individuals with endometriosis may experience fatigue, constipation, bloating, or nausea, especially during periods. If you are feeling these symptoms, it's a good idea to talk to your health care provider. How is it diagnosed? First, your provider will ask you to describe your symptoms, including the location of the pelvic pain. Next, they may do a pelvic exam, an ultrasound, or an MRI to get a clearer view of the reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. To definitively diagnose endometriosis, surgery is required. This is most commonly performed by laparoscopy. The patient is under general anesthesia while the surgeon inserts a camera into the abdomen through a small incision to evaluate for endometrial-like tissue. Any tissue that looks like endometriosis is removed and examined under the microscope to confirm the presence or absence of endometriosis. How is it treated? When it comes to treating endometriosis, first steps involve trying to manage symptoms through pain medications or hormone therapy. Hormones, such as birth control pills, control the rise and fall of estrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle. If those initial treatments fail and symptoms are impacting a person's quality of life, surgery to remove endometriosis tissue may be considered. What now? Dealing with endometriosis, its pain, complications and fertility problems can be hard to cope with and be stressful.
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2025-05-14
| 391 |
692070c9-b2c2-4b8a-a999-e6bfba34d67f
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometriosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354656
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Endometriosis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Hormones, such as birth control pills, control the rise and fall of estrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle. If those initial treatments fail and symptoms are impacting a person's quality of life, surgery to remove endometriosis tissue may be considered. What now? Dealing with endometriosis, its pain, complications and fertility problems can be hard to cope with and be stressful. Consider joining a support group of people who can relate to what you are going through. If you'd like to learn even more about endometriosis, watch our other related videos or visit mayoclinic.org. We wish you well.
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2025-05-14
| 131 |
2dcb94b6-f521-45c3-bad1-c985b828cf3b
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20378709
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Uterine polyps
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Uterine polyps are growths attached to the inner wall of the uterus that expand into the uterus. Uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps, form as a result of cells in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) overgrowing. These polyps are usually noncancerous (benign), although some can be cancerous or can turn into cancer (precancerous polyps). Uterine polyps range in size from a few millimeters — no larger than a sesame seed — to several centimeters — golf-ball-size or larger. They attach to the uterine wall by a large base or a thin stalk. There can be one or many uterine polyps. They usually stay within the uterus, but they can slip through the opening of the uterus (cervix) into the vagina. Uterine polyps are most common in people who are going through or have completed menopause. But younger people can get them, too.
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2025-05-14
| 205 |
b930d9e0-61bf-4218-a233-626c91f934a8
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endocarditis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352576
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Endocarditis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Preventive antibiotics Certain dental and medical procedures may allow bacteria to enter your bloodstream. If you're at high risk of endocarditis, the American Heart Association recommends taking antibiotics an hour before having any dental work done. You're at high risk of endocarditis and need antibiotics before dental work if you have: A history of endocarditis A mechanical heart valve A heart transplant, in some cases Certain types of congenital heart disease Congenital heart disease surgery in the last six months If you have endocarditis or any type of congenital heart disease, talk to your dentist and other care providers about your risks and whether you need preventive antibiotics.
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2025-05-14
| 131 |
4ad0afa9-242b-4a65-8fde-73c8d3711a3a
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354532
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End-stage renal disease
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview End-stage renal disease, also called end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure, occurs when chronic kidney disease — the gradual loss of kidney function — reaches an advanced state. In end-stage renal disease, your kidneys no longer work as they should to meet your body's needs. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine. When your kidneys lose their filtering abilities, dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes can build up in your body. With end-stage renal disease, you need dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive. But you can also choose to opt for conservative care to manage your symptoms — aiming for the best quality of life during your remaining time. Show transcript for video How kidneys work One of the important jobs of the kidneys is to clean the blood. As blood moves through the body, it picks up extra fluid, chemicals and waste. The kidneys separate this material from the blood. It's carried out of the body in urine. If the kidneys are unable to do this and the condition is untreated, serious health problems result, with eventual loss of life. Symptoms Early in chronic kidney disease, you might have no signs or symptoms. As chronic kidney disease progresses to end-stage renal disease, signs and symptoms might include: Nausea Vomiting Loss of appetite Fatigue and weakness Changes in how much you urinate Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs Swelling of feet and ankles High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control Headaches Difficulty sleeping Decreased mental sharpness Muscle twitches and cramps Persistent itching Metallic taste Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific, meaning they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys can make up for lost function, signs and symptoms might not appear until irreversible damage has occurred.
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2025-05-14
| 385 |
9db50eda-78c9-4818-a2fc-01198dcd6639
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354532
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End-stage renal disease
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Because your kidneys can make up for lost function, signs and symptoms might not appear until irreversible damage has occurred. When to seek care Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have signs or symptoms of kidney disease. If you have a medical condition that increases your risk of kidney disease, your care provider is likely to monitor your kidney function with urine and blood tests and your blood pressure during regular office visits. Ask your provider whether these tests are necessary for you. Causes Healthy kidney vs. diseased kidney Healthy kidney vs. diseased kidney A typical kidney has about 1 million filtering units. Each unit, called a glomerulus, joins a tubule. The tubule collects urine. Conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes harm kidney function by damaging these filtering units and tubules. The damage causes scarring. Polycystic kidney Polycystic kidney Polycystic kidney A healthy kidney (left) removes waste from the blood and maintains the body's chemical balance. With polycystic kidney disease (right), fluid-filled sacs called cysts develop in the kidneys. The kidneys grow larger and slowly lose their ability to work as they should. Kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years. For some people, kidney damage can continue to progress even after the underlying condition is resolved.
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2025-05-14
| 280 |
30ebfc06-0252-4158-be93-464fb22b81c6
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354532
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End-stage renal disease
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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With polycystic kidney disease (right), fluid-filled sacs called cysts develop in the kidneys. The kidneys grow larger and slowly lose their ability to work as they should. Kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years. For some people, kidney damage can continue to progress even after the underlying condition is resolved. Diseases and conditions that can lead to kidney disease include: Type 1 or type 2 diabetes High blood pressure Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis) — an inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli) Interstitial nephritis (in-tur-STISH-ul nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structures Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis) Risk factors Certain factors increase the risk that chronic kidney disease will progress more quickly to end-stage renal disease, including: Diabetes with poor blood sugar control Kidney disease that affects the glomeruli, the structures in the kidneys that filter wastes from the blood Polycystic kidney disease High blood pressure Tobacco use Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander or American Indian heritage Family history of kidney failure Older age Frequent use of medications that could be damaging to the kidney Complications Kidney damage, once it occurs, can't be reversed.
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2025-05-14
| 362 |
a5d69b24-35c2-405b-afa4-5f8663be33cd
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354532
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End-stage renal disease
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Potential complications can affect almost any part of your body and can include: Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema) A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart's ability to function and may be life-threatening Heart disease Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures Anemia Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction or reduced fertility Damage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection Pericarditis, an inflammation of the saclike membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium) Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus Malnutrition Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival Prevention If you have kidney disease, you may be able to slow its progress by making healthy lifestyle choices: Achieve and maintain a healthy weight Be active most days Limit protein and eat a balanced diet of nutritious, low-sodium foods Control your blood pressure Take your medications as prescribed Have your cholesterol levels checked every year Control your blood sugar level Don't smoke or use tobacco products Get regular checkups Oct. 10, 2023
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2025-05-14
| 273 |
8f07ab84-7427-41f3-8da9-ff7d37de3c7d
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eosinophilic-esophagitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372203
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Eosinophilic esophagitis
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis Upper endoscopy Upper endoscopy Upper endoscopy During an upper endoscopy, a healthcare professional inserts a thin, flexible tube equipped with a light and camera down the throat and into the esophagus. The tiny camera provides a view of the esophagus, stomach and the beginning of the small intestine, called the duodenum. Your health care provider will consider both your symptoms and test results to diagnose eosinophilic esophagitis. This will include determining whether you have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Tests to diagnose eosinophilic esophagitis include: Upper endoscopy. Your provider will use a long, narrow tube (endoscope) containing a light and tiny camera and insert it through your mouth down the esophagus. The lining of your esophagus will be inspected for inflammation and swelling, horizontal rings, vertical furrows, narrowing (strictures), and white spots. Some people with eosinophilic esophagitis will have an esophagus that looks typical. Biopsy. During an endoscopy, a biopsy of your esophagus will be done. A biopsy involves taking a small bit of tissue. Multiple tissue samples will likely be taken from your esophagus and then examined under a microscope for eosinophils. Blood tests. If eosinophilic esophagitis is suspected, you may undergo some additional tests to confirm the diagnosis. These tests look for the sources of your allergic reaction, also called allergens. You may be given blood tests to look for higher than usual eosinophil counts or total immunoglobulin E levels, suggesting an allergy. Esophageal sponge. This test is performed in the health care provider's office. It involves swallowing a capsule attached to a string. The capsule will dissolve in your stomach and release a sponge that the provider will pull out of your mouth with the string.
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2025-05-14
| 389 |
c11cbdd7-cd84-4c29-85d5-8bdc906d41a6
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eosinophilic-esophagitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372203
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Eosinophilic esophagitis
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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These tests look for the sources of your allergic reaction, also called allergens. You may be given blood tests to look for higher than usual eosinophil counts or total immunoglobulin E levels, suggesting an allergy. Esophageal sponge. This test is performed in the health care provider's office. It involves swallowing a capsule attached to a string. The capsule will dissolve in your stomach and release a sponge that the provider will pull out of your mouth with the string. As the sponge is pulled out, it will sample the esophageal tissues. This allows your provider to determine the degree of inflammation in your esophagus without an endoscopy. Treatment Eosinophilic esophagitis is considered a chronic relapsing disease, meaning that most people will require ongoing treatment to control their symptoms. Treatment will involve one or more of the following: Dietary therapy Depending on your response to tests for food allergies, your health care provider may recommend that you stop eating certain foods. Cutting out some foods, such as dairy or wheat products, may help to relieve symptoms and reduce inflammation. Sometimes, it may be recommended to limit your diet even more. Medication Proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Your provider will likely first prescribe an acid blocker such as a PPI . This treatment is the easiest to use, but most people's symptoms don't improve. Topical steroid. If you do not respond to the PPI , your provider will then likely prescribe a steroid, such as fluticasone or budesonide. This steroid is in a liquid form that is swallowed to treat eosinophilic esophagitis. This type of steroid is not absorbed into the bloodstream, so you are unlikely to have the typical side effects often associated with steroids. Monoclonal antibodies.
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2025-05-14
| 363 |
6eb11a99-d423-4d08-9dc7-e008c9cbc996
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eosinophilic-esophagitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372203
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Eosinophilic esophagitis
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Topical steroid. If you do not respond to the PPI , your provider will then likely prescribe a steroid, such as fluticasone or budesonide. This steroid is in a liquid form that is swallowed to treat eosinophilic esophagitis. This type of steroid is not absorbed into the bloodstream, so you are unlikely to have the typical side effects often associated with steroids. Monoclonal antibodies. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved dupilumab (Dupixent) for treatment of adults and children 12 years and older with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dupilumab is a type of medicine known as a monoclonal antibody. It works to block the action of certain proteins in the body that cause inflammation. Dupilumab is given weekly via injection. Dilation If you experience severe narrowing, known as a stricture, of your esophagus, your provider may recommend dilation. Dilation, also called stretching, can help make swallowing easier. Dilation may be used if steroids are not helpful. Or dilation may be a choice to avoid ongoing use of medication. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Lifestyle and home remedies If you often have heartburn, these lifestyle changes may help reduce the frequency or severity of symptoms: Maintain a healthy weight. Excess pounds put pressure on your belly, pushing up your stomach and causing acid to back up into your esophagus. If your weight is at a healthy level, work to maintain it. If you are overweight or obese, work to slowly lose weight — no more than 1 or 2 pounds (0.5 to 1 kilogram) a week. Ask your provider for help in creating a weight-loss strategy that will work for you. Avoid foods and drinks that trigger heartburn.
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2025-05-14
| 390 |
d58cf71a-982c-4bef-913e-fab5d95cdd51
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eosinophilic-esophagitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372203
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Eosinophilic esophagitis
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Excess pounds put pressure on your belly, pushing up your stomach and causing acid to back up into your esophagus. If your weight is at a healthy level, work to maintain it. If you are overweight or obese, work to slowly lose weight — no more than 1 or 2 pounds (0.5 to 1 kilogram) a week. Ask your provider for help in creating a weight-loss strategy that will work for you. Avoid foods and drinks that trigger heartburn. Common triggers, such as fatty or fried foods, tomato sauce, alcohol, chocolate, mint, garlic, onion, and caffeine, may make heartburn worse. Avoid foods that you know will trigger your heartburn. Elevate the head of your bed. If you regularly experience heartburn at night or while trying to sleep, put gravity to work for you. Place wood or cement blocks under the feet of your bed so that the head end is raised by 6 to 9 inches (152 to 228 millimeters). If it's not possible to elevate your bed, insert a wedge between your mattress and box spring to elevate your body from the waist up. Preparing for your appointment If you think you have eosinophilic esophagitis, you're likely to start by seeing your regular health care provider. Your provider may recommend that you see a specialist in treating digestive diseases (gastroenterologist) or an allergist. Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect. What you can do Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. At the time you make the appointment, be sure to ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as restrict your diet. Bring test results.
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2025-05-14
| 378 |
1416d259-85e8-4a51-ad95-84649b93cf57
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eosinophilic-esophagitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372203
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Eosinophilic esophagitis
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect. What you can do Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. At the time you make the appointment, be sure to ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as restrict your diet. Bring test results. If you are seeing a new specialist after you've had an endoscopy from another provider, bring the results with you. Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment. Write down key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes. Make a list of all medications, vitamins or supplements that you're taking. Consider taking a family member or friend along. Sometimes it can be difficult to absorb all the information provided during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may remember something that you missed or forgot. Write down questions to ask your provider. Your appointment time is limited, so preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of it. For eosinophilic esophagitis, some basic questions to ask include: What is likely causing my symptoms? What kinds of tests do I need? Do I need an endoscopy? Is my condition likely temporary or chronic? What is the best course of action? What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you're suggesting? I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Are there any restrictions I need to follow? Should I see a specialist? What will it cost? Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing for me? Are there brochures or other printed material I can take with me? What websites do you recommend? Should I schedule a follow-up visit? In addition to the questions you've prepared, don't hesitate to ask other questions during your appointment.
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2025-05-14
| 400 |
276fe6fc-eaea-41cc-8a1b-2e1bf5b78c87
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eosinophilic-esophagitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372203
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Eosinophilic esophagitis
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Are there any restrictions I need to follow? Should I see a specialist? What will it cost? Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing for me? Are there brochures or other printed material I can take with me? What websites do you recommend? Should I schedule a follow-up visit? In addition to the questions you've prepared, don't hesitate to ask other questions during your appointment. What to expect from your doctor Your provider is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may allow more time later to cover points you want to address. What are your symptoms? When did you first notice them? Have they been continuous or occasional? How severe are your symptoms? What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms? What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms? Do your symptoms wake you up at night? Are your symptoms worse after meals or after lying down? Do you have difficulty swallowing? Have you ever had food get stuck while you are swallowing? Does food or sour material ever come up in the back of your throat? Do you have chest pain or stomach pain? Have you had an esophageal dilation? Have you been treated with a topical steroid or food elimination diet? Have you gained or lost weight? Do you experience nausea or vomiting? Are your symptoms worse at certain times of the year? Do you have asthma or any chronic respiratory disease? Do you have any allergies to foods or to anything in the environment, such as pollen? Does anyone in your family have allergies? Have you tried taking antacid or anti-reflux medication? What was the result? If you're a parent of a young child, the provider also may ask if your child has trouble feeding or has been diagnosed with failure to thrive.
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2025-05-14
| 373 |
1db897d5-d0d8-45fd-8b7c-048aa5cbd66c
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encopresis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354494
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Encopresis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Encopresis (en-ko-PREE-sis), sometimes called fecal incontinence or soiling, is the repeated passing of stool (usually involuntarily) into clothing. Typically it happens when impacted stool collects in the colon and rectum: The colon becomes too full and liquid stool leaks around the retained stool, staining underwear. Eventually, stool retention can cause stretching (distention) of the bowels and loss of control over bowel movements. Encopresis usually occurs after age 4, when a child has already learned to use a toilet. In most cases, soiling is a symptom of long-standing constipation. Far less frequently it occurs without constipation and may be the result of emotional issues. Encopresis can be frustrating for parents — and embarrassing for the child. However, with patience and positive reinforcement, treatment for encopresis is usually successful.
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2025-05-14
| 181 |
db1cfb4c-bc89-433e-8791-9ff8901b4c87
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356136
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Encephalitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is inflammation of the brain. It can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, or by immune cells mistakenly attacking the brain. Viruses that can lead to encephalitis can be spread by insects such as mosquitos and ticks. When inflammation is caused by an infection in the brain, it's known as infectious encephalitis. And when it's caused by the immune system attacking the brain, it's known as autoimmune encephalitis. Sometimes there is no known cause. Encephalitis can sometimes lead to death. Getting diagnosed and treated right away is important because it's hard to predict how encephalitis may affect each person. Symptoms Encephalitis may cause many different symptoms including confusion, personality changes, seizures or trouble with movement. Encephalitis also may cause changes in sight or hearing. Most people with infectious encephalitis have flu-like symptoms, such as: Headache. Fever. Aches in muscles or joints. Fatigue or weakness. Typically, these are followed by more-serious symptoms over a period of hours to days, such as: Stiff neck. Confusion, agitation or hallucinations. Seizures. Loss of feeling or being unable to move certain areas of the face or body. Irregular movements. Muscle weakness. Trouble with speech or hearing. Loss of consciousness, including coma. In infants and young children, symptoms also might include: Bulging of the soft spots of an infant's skull. Nausea and vomiting. Stiffness affecting the whole body. Poor feeding or not waking for a feeding. Irritability. Bulging fontanel Bulging fontanel Bulging fontanel One of the major signs of encephalitis in infants is a bulging of the soft spot, also known as the fontanel, of the baby's skull.
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2025-05-14
| 386 |
4b36ca2d-06bb-4bbe-b476-f3936ee15774
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356136
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Encephalitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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In infants and young children, symptoms also might include: Bulging of the soft spots of an infant's skull. Nausea and vomiting. Stiffness affecting the whole body. Poor feeding or not waking for a feeding. Irritability. Bulging fontanel Bulging fontanel Bulging fontanel One of the major signs of encephalitis in infants is a bulging of the soft spot, also known as the fontanel, of the baby's skull. Pictured here is the anterior fontanel. Other fontanels are found on the sides and back of an infant's head. In autoimmune encephalitis, symptoms may develop more slowly over several weeks. Flu-like symptoms are less common but can sometimes happen weeks before more-serious symptoms start. Symptoms are different for everyone, but it's common for people to have a combination of symptoms, including: Changes in personality. Memory loss. Trouble understanding what is real and what is not, known as psychosis. Seeing or hearing things that aren't there, known as hallucinations. Changes in vision. Sleep problems. Loss of sensation. Trouble walking. Bladder and bowel symptoms. When to see a doctor Get medical care right away if you experience any of the more-serious symptoms associated with encephalitis. A bad headache, fever and change in consciousness require urgent care. Infants and young children with any symptoms of encephalitis also need urgent care. Causes In about half of patients, the exact cause of encephalitis is not known. In those for whom a cause is found, there are two main types of encephalitis: Infectious encephalitis. This condition usually occurs when a virus infects the brain. The infection may affect one area or be widespread. Viruses are the most common causes of infectious encephalitis, including some that can be passed by mosquitoes or ticks.
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2025-05-14
| 383 |
7cb71b65-3ef1-4f63-9f95-d223cbc6441a
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356136
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Encephalitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Causes In about half of patients, the exact cause of encephalitis is not known. In those for whom a cause is found, there are two main types of encephalitis: Infectious encephalitis. This condition usually occurs when a virus infects the brain. The infection may affect one area or be widespread. Viruses are the most common causes of infectious encephalitis, including some that can be passed by mosquitoes or ticks. Very rarely, encephalitis may be caused by bacteria, fungus or parasites. Autoimmune encephalitis. This condition occurs when your own immune cells mistakenly attack the brain or make antibodies targeting proteins and receptors in the brain. The exact reason why this happens is not completely understood. Sometimes autoimmune encephalitis can be triggered by cancerous or noncancerous tumors, known as paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system. Other types of autoimmune encephalitis such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) can be triggered by an infection in the body. This is known as post-infectious autoimmune encephalitis. In many instances, no trigger for the immune response is found. Common viral causes West Nile virus transmission cycle West Nile virus transmission cycle West Nile virus transmission cycle When a mosquito bites an infected bird, the virus enters the mosquito's bloodstream and eventually moves into its salivary glands. When an infected mosquito bites an animal or a human, known as the host, the virus is passed into the host's bloodstream, where it may cause serious illness. The viruses that can cause encephalitis include: Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Both HSV type 1 and HSV type 2 can cause encephalitis. HSV type 1 causes cold sores and fever blisters around the mouth, and HSV type 2 causes genital herpes.
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2025-05-14
| 381 |
b01c5e47-da6f-4cac-ab40-e6510dbcec15
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356136
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Encephalitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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When an infected mosquito bites an animal or a human, known as the host, the virus is passed into the host's bloodstream, where it may cause serious illness. The viruses that can cause encephalitis include: Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Both HSV type 1 and HSV type 2 can cause encephalitis. HSV type 1 causes cold sores and fever blisters around the mouth, and HSV type 2 causes genital herpes. Encephalitis caused by HSV type 1 is rare but can result in significant brain damage or death. Other herpes viruses. These include the Epstein-Barr virus, which commonly causes infectious mononucleosis, and the varicella-zoster virus, which commonly causes chickenpox and shingles. Enteroviruses. These viruses include the poliovirus and the coxsackievirus, which usually cause an illness with flu-like symptoms, eye inflammation and abdominal pain. Mosquito-borne viruses. These viruses can cause infections such as West Nile, La Crosse, St. Louis, western equine and eastern equine encephalitis. Symptoms of an infection might appear within a few days to a couple of weeks after exposure to a mosquito-borne virus. Tick-borne viruses. The Powassan virus is carried by ticks and causes encephalitis in the Midwestern United States. Symptoms usually appear about a week after a bite from an infected tick. Rabies virus. Infection with the rabies virus, which is usually transmitted by a bite from an infected animal, causes a rapid progression to encephalitis once symptoms begin. Rabies is a rare cause of encephalitis in the United States. Risk factors Anyone can develop encephalitis. Factors that may increase the risk include: Age. Some types of encephalitis are more common or more serious in certain age groups.
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2025-05-14
| 383 |
08c1e86d-d7d0-4798-8900-24a0ae2314a5
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356136
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Encephalitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Rabies virus. Infection with the rabies virus, which is usually transmitted by a bite from an infected animal, causes a rapid progression to encephalitis once symptoms begin. Rabies is a rare cause of encephalitis in the United States. Risk factors Anyone can develop encephalitis. Factors that may increase the risk include: Age. Some types of encephalitis are more common or more serious in certain age groups. In general, young children and older adults are at greater risk of most types of viral encephalitis. Similarly, some forms of autoimmune encephalitis are more common in children and young adults, whereas others are more common in older adults. Weakened immune system. People who have HIV/AIDS, take immune-suppressing medicines or have another condition causing a weakened immune system are at increased risk of encephalitis. Geographical regions. Mosquito- or tick-borne viruses are common in particular geographical regions. Season of the year. Mosquito- and tick-borne diseases tend to be more common in summer in many areas of the United States. Autoimmune disease. People who already have an autoimmune condition may be more prone to develop autoimmune encephalitis. Smoking increases the chances of developing lung cancer, which in turn increases the risk of developing paraneoplastic syndromes including encephalitis. Complications The complications of encephalitis vary, depending on factors such as: Your age. The cause of your infection. The severity of your initial illness. The time from disease onset to treatment. People with relatively mild illness usually recover within a few weeks with no long-term complications. Complications of serious illness Inflammation can injure the brain, possibly resulting in a coma or death. Other complications may last for months or may be permanent. Complications can vary widely and can include: Fatigue that doesn't go away. Weakness or lack of muscle coordination. Personality changes.
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2025-05-14
| 397 |
c17f7253-f7f1-4cb4-b516-96c0e22fab36
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356136
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Encephalitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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The cause of your infection. The severity of your initial illness. The time from disease onset to treatment. People with relatively mild illness usually recover within a few weeks with no long-term complications. Complications of serious illness Inflammation can injure the brain, possibly resulting in a coma or death. Other complications may last for months or may be permanent. Complications can vary widely and can include: Fatigue that doesn't go away. Weakness or lack of muscle coordination. Personality changes. Memory problems. Hearing or vision changes. Trouble with speech. Prevention The best way to prevent viral encephalitis is to take precautions to avoid exposure to viruses that can cause the disease. Try to: Practice good hygiene. Wash hands often and thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the toilet and before and after meals. Don't share utensils. Don't share tableware and drinks. Teach your children good habits. Make sure they practice good hygiene and avoid sharing utensils at home and school. Get vaccinations. Keep your own and your children's vaccinations current. Before traveling, talk to your healthcare professional about recommended vaccinations for different destinations. Protection against mosquitoes and ticks To minimize your exposure to mosquitoes and ticks: Dress to protect yourself. Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants outside. This is especially important if you're outside between dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active. It's also important when you're in a wooded area with tall grasses and shrubs where ticks are more common. Apply mosquito repellent. Chemicals such as DEET can be applied to both the skin and clothes. To apply repellent to your face, spray it on your hands and then wipe it on your face. If you're using both sunscreen and a repellent, apply sunscreen first. Use insecticide. The Environmental Protection Agency recommends the use of products containing permethrin, which repels and kills ticks and mosquitoes.
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2025-05-14
| 385 |
8ffed281-bc92-48af-b63a-0ae97ecacdc8
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356136
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Encephalitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Apply mosquito repellent. Chemicals such as DEET can be applied to both the skin and clothes. To apply repellent to your face, spray it on your hands and then wipe it on your face. If you're using both sunscreen and a repellent, apply sunscreen first. Use insecticide. The Environmental Protection Agency recommends the use of products containing permethrin, which repels and kills ticks and mosquitoes. These products can be sprayed on clothing, tents and other outdoor gear. Permethrin shouldn't be applied to the skin. Avoid mosquitoes. Stay away from places where mosquitoes are most common. If possible, don't do outdoor activities from dusk till dawn when mosquitoes are most active. Repair broken windows and screens. Get rid of water sources outside your home. Eliminate standing water in your yard, where mosquitoes can lay their eggs. Common places include flowerpots or other gardening containers, flat roofs, old tires, and clogged gutters. Look for outdoor signs of viral disease. If you notice sick or dying birds or animals, report your observations to your local health department. Protection for young children Insect repellents aren't recommended for use on infants younger than 2 months of age. Instead, cover an infant carrier or stroller with mosquito netting. For older infants and children, repellents with 10% to 30% DEET are considered safe. Products containing both DEET and sunscreen aren't recommended for children. This is because reapplying for sunscreen protection can expose the child to too much DEET. Tips for using mosquito repellent with children include: Always assist children with the use of mosquito repellent. Spray on clothing and exposed skin. Apply the repellent when outdoors to lessen the risk of inhaling the repellent. Spray repellent on your hands and then apply it to your child's face. Take care around the eyes and ears.
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2025-05-14
| 380 |
f9c55e8e-f44a-4afa-b5e1-b35302bc85fe
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356136
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Encephalitis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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This is because reapplying for sunscreen protection can expose the child to too much DEET. Tips for using mosquito repellent with children include: Always assist children with the use of mosquito repellent. Spray on clothing and exposed skin. Apply the repellent when outdoors to lessen the risk of inhaling the repellent. Spray repellent on your hands and then apply it to your child's face. Take care around the eyes and ears. Don't use repellent on the hands of young children who may put their hands in their mouths. Wash treated skin with soap and water when you come indoors.
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2025-05-14
| 120 |
5449b171-126f-4b04-889f-27e804f89eb0
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/entropion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351131
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Entropion
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis Entropion can usually be diagnosed with a routine eye exam and physical. Your doctor may pull on your eyelids during the exam or ask you to blink or your eyes forcefully. This helps him or her assess your eyelid's position on the eye, its muscle tone and its tightness. If your entropion is caused by scar tissue, previous surgery or other conditions, your doctor will examine the surrounding tissue as well. Treatment The treatment approach depends on what's causing your entropion. Nonsurgical treatments are available to relieve symptoms and protect your eye from damage. When active inflammation or infection causes entropion (spastic entropion), your eyelid may return to its normal alignment as you treat the inflamed or infected eye. But if tissue scarring has occurred, entropion may persist even after the other condition has been treated. Surgery is generally required to fully correct entropion, but short-term fixes can be useful if you can't tolerate surgery or you have to delay it. Therapies Soft contact lens. Your eye doctor may suggest that you use a type of soft contact lens as a sort of corneal bandage to help ease symptoms. These are available with or without a refractive prescription. Botox. Small amounts of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) injected into the lower eyelid can turn the eyelid out. You may get a series of injections, with effects lasting up to six months. Stitches that turn the eyelid outward. This procedure can be done in your doctor's office with local anesthesia. After numbing the eyelid, your doctor places several stitches in specific locations along the affected eyelid. The stitches turn the eyelid outward, and resulting scar tissue keeps it in position even after the stitches are removed. After several months, your eyelid may turn itself back inward. So this technique isn't a long-term solution. Skin tape.
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2025-05-14
| 394 |
4c0a2aa0-d3e1-482d-ab57-a80c78ac4ccd
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/entropion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351131
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Entropion
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Stitches that turn the eyelid outward. This procedure can be done in your doctor's office with local anesthesia. After numbing the eyelid, your doctor places several stitches in specific locations along the affected eyelid. The stitches turn the eyelid outward, and resulting scar tissue keeps it in position even after the stitches are removed. After several months, your eyelid may turn itself back inward. So this technique isn't a long-term solution. Skin tape. Special transparent skin tape can be applied to your eyelid to keep it from turning in. Surgery The type of surgery you have depends on the condition of the tissue surrounding your eyelid and on the cause of your entropion. If your entropion is age related, your surgeon will likely remove a small part of your lower eyelid. This helps tighten the affected tendons and muscles. You'll have a few stitches on the outside corner of your eye or just below your lower eyelid. If you have scar tissue on the inside of your lid or have had trauma or previous surgeries, your surgeon may perform a mucous membrane graft using tissue from the roof of your mouth or nasal passages. Before surgery you'll receive a local anesthetic to numb your eyelid and the area around it. You may be lightly sedated to make you more comfortable, depending on the type of procedure you're having and whether it's done in an outpatient surgical clinic. After surgery you might need to: Use an antibiotic ointment on your eye for one week Use cold compresses periodically to decrease bruising and swelling After surgery you will likely experience: Temporary swelling Bruising on and around your eye Your eyelid might feel tight after surgery. But as you heal, it will become more comfortable. Stitches are usually removed about a week after surgery. You can expect the swelling and bruising to fade in about two weeks.
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2025-05-14
| 377 |
49873a27-9c43-4d79-93a7-76e779d19496
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/entropion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351131
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Entropion
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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After surgery you might need to: Use an antibiotic ointment on your eye for one week Use cold compresses periodically to decrease bruising and swelling After surgery you will likely experience: Temporary swelling Bruising on and around your eye Your eyelid might feel tight after surgery. But as you heal, it will become more comfortable. Stitches are usually removed about a week after surgery. You can expect the swelling and bruising to fade in about two weeks. Lifestyle and home remedies To relieve the symptoms of entropion until you have surgery, you can try: Eye lubricants. Artificial tears and eye ointments help protect your cornea and keep it lubricated. Place one end of the tape near your lower eyelashes, then pull down gently and attach the other end of the tape to your upper cheek. Ask your doctor to demonstrate proper technique and placement of the tape. Preparing for your appointment If you have signs and symptoms of entropion, you're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. He or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in treating eye disorders (ophthalmologist). Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. What you can do Before your appointment, make a list of: All medications, vitamins and supplements you take, including the doses Symptoms you've been having and for how long Other eye conditions, injuries or surgeries you've had Questions to ask your doctor For entropion, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: What's the most likely cause of my symptoms? What kinds of tests do I need? Do they require any special preparation? Is this condition temporary or long lasting? Can entropion damage my vision? What treatments are available, and which do you recommend? What are the risks of surgery? What are the alternatives to surgery? I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Do you have any brochures or other printed material that I can take with me?
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2025-05-14
| 399 |
86d75002-3374-4ab9-a450-a9ff7c21e7bf
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/entropion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351131
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Entropion
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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What kinds of tests do I need? Do they require any special preparation? Is this condition temporary or long lasting? Can entropion damage my vision? What treatments are available, and which do you recommend? What are the risks of surgery? What are the alternatives to surgery? I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Do you have any brochures or other printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend? What to expect from your doctor Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as: When did you first begin experiencing symptoms? Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional? Have you had any previous eye surgery or procedures on your eye or eyelid? Have you had any other eye problems, such as an eye infection or an injury? Are you taking any blood thinners? Are you taking aspirin? Are you using any eyedrops? Jan. 14, 2021
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2025-05-14
| 193 |
2b72ff1a-227b-4c42-abcc-6eb00162b063
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354331
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Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
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diagnosis-treatment
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Diagnosis An enlarged spleen is usually detected during a physical exam. Your doctor can often feel it by gently examining your left upper belly. However, in some people — especially those who are slender — a healthy, normal-sized spleen can sometimes be felt during an exam. Your doctor might order these tests to confirm the diagnosis of an enlarged spleen: Blood tests, such as a complete blood count to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your system and liver function Ultrasound or CT scan to help determine the size of your spleen and whether it's crowding other organs MRI to trace blood flow through the spleen Finding the cause Sometimes more testing is needed to find the cause of an enlarged spleen, including a bone marrow biopsy exam. A sample of solid bone marrow may be removed in a procedure called a bone marrow biopsy. Or you might have a bone marrow aspiration, which removes the liquid portion of your marrow. Both procedures might be done at the same time. Liquid and solid bone marrow samples are usually taken from the pelvis. A needle is inserted into the bone through an incision. You'll receive either a general or a local anesthetic before the test to ease discomfort. A needle biopsy of the spleen is rare because of the risk of bleeding. Your doctor might recommend surgery to remove your spleen (splenectomy) for diagnostic purposes when there's no identifiable cause for the enlargement. More often, the spleen is removed as treatment. After surgery to remove it, the spleen is examined under a microscope to check for possible lymphoma of the spleen. Treatment Treatment for an enlarged spleen focuses on the what's causing it. For example, if you have a bacterial infection, treatment will include antibiotics. Watchful waiting If you have an enlarged spleen but don't have symptoms and the cause can't be found, your doctor might suggest watchful waiting.
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More often, the spleen is removed as treatment. After surgery to remove it, the spleen is examined under a microscope to check for possible lymphoma of the spleen. Treatment Treatment for an enlarged spleen focuses on the what's causing it. For example, if you have a bacterial infection, treatment will include antibiotics. Watchful waiting If you have an enlarged spleen but don't have symptoms and the cause can't be found, your doctor might suggest watchful waiting. You see your doctor for reevaluation in 6 to 12 months or sooner if you develop symptoms. Spleen removal surgery If an enlarged spleen causes serious complications or the cause can't be identified or treated, surgery to remove your spleen (splenectomy) might be an option. In chronic or critical cases, surgery might offer the best hope for recovery. Elective spleen removal requires careful consideration. You can live an active life without a spleen, but you're more likely to get serious or even life-threatening infections after spleen removal. Reducing infection risk after surgery After spleen removal, certain steps can help reduce your risk of infection, including: A series of vaccinations before and after the splenectomy. These include the pneumococcal (Pneumovax 23), meningococcal and haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines, which protect against pneumonia, meningitis and infections of the blood, bones and joints. You'll also need the pneumococcal vaccine every five years after surgery. Taking penicillin or other antibiotics after your surgery and anytime you or your doctor suspects the possibility of an infection. Calling your doctor at the first sign of a fever, which could indicate an infection. Avoiding travel to parts of the world where certain diseases, such as malaria, are common.
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You'll also need the pneumococcal vaccine every five years after surgery. Taking penicillin or other antibiotics after your surgery and anytime you or your doctor suspects the possibility of an infection. Calling your doctor at the first sign of a fever, which could indicate an infection. Avoiding travel to parts of the world where certain diseases, such as malaria, are common. Lifestyle and home remedies Avoid contact sports — such as soccer, football and hockey — and limit other activities as recommended to reduce the risk of a ruptured spleen. It's also important to wear a seat belt. If you're in a car accident, a seat belt can help protect your spleen. Finally, be sure to keep your vaccinations up to date because your risk of infection is increased. That means at least an annual flu shot, and a tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis booster every 10 years. Ask your doctor if you need other vaccines. Aug. 25, 2023
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Diagnosis Endometriosis FAQs Get answers to the most frequently asked questions about endometriosis from Megan Wasson, D.O., a minimally invasive gynecologic surgeon at Mayo Clinic. VIDEO Show transcript for video Endometriosis FAQs Hi, I'm Dr. Megan Wasson, a minimally invasive gynecologic surgeon at Mayo Clinic. I'm here to answer some of the important questions that you might have about endometriosis. What causes endometriosis? I wish I could tell you the answer to that, but unfortunately, we don't know. Currently, we think that the likely source of endometriosis is actually occurring during development as a fetus. So when a baby is developing inside the uterus of its mother, that's when we think endometriosis actually starts. How do I know if I have endometriosis? That's a really great question. So endometriosis is something that can be a little bit elusive, but we can suspect it based on symptoms that you might be experiencing. If you're having pain with your periods, pain in your pelvis in general pain with intercourse, urination, bowel movements, all of that may point us to a suspicion of endometriosis. But unfortunately, the only way to say 100% If you do or do not have endometriosis is to do surgery. Because during surgery we can remove tissue, look at it underneath the microscope, and definitively be able to say whether you do or do not have endometriosis. Can endometriosis be seen on imaging? Unfortunately, most of the time, no. The vast majority of endometriosis is superficial endometriosis, meaning that it's almost like paint spackling on a wall, that we can't see it unless we actually go in and take a look surgically.
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Because during surgery we can remove tissue, look at it underneath the microscope, and definitively be able to say whether you do or do not have endometriosis. Can endometriosis be seen on imaging? Unfortunately, most of the time, no. The vast majority of endometriosis is superficial endometriosis, meaning that it's almost like paint spackling on a wall, that we can't see it unless we actually go in and take a look surgically. The exception to that is if there's endometriosis actually growing into organs in the pelvis or the abdomen like the bowel or the bladder. That's called deep-infiltrating endometriosis. In those scenarios, we can frequently see that disease either on ultrasound or on MRI. If I have endometriosis, should I have a hysterectomy? Not necessarily. So endometriosis, it's cells similar to the lining of the uterus that are growing outside of the uterus. So it's truly not an issue with the uterus at all, which is what we treat with hysterectomy. That being said, there is a sister condition to endometriosis called adenomyosis and that occurs concurrently in 80 to 90% of patients, and so with adenomyosis, the uterus itself can be a source of problems, including pain. In those scenarios, sometimes we do consider a hysterectomy at the time that we're treating endometriosis. What happens if my endometriosis is left untreated? The key thing to remember here is that endometriosis is a progressive condition, and it will continue to grow and may cause progressive symptoms. So for some patients, that means that initially the pain was only with the menstrual cycle. But over time with that progression of disease, the pain can start to occur outside of the cycle, so throughout different times of the month, with urination, with bowel movements, with intercourse.
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What happens if my endometriosis is left untreated? The key thing to remember here is that endometriosis is a progressive condition, and it will continue to grow and may cause progressive symptoms. So for some patients, that means that initially the pain was only with the menstrual cycle. But over time with that progression of disease, the pain can start to occur outside of the cycle, so throughout different times of the month, with urination, with bowel movements, with intercourse. So that can prompt us to need to intervene and do treatment if we hadn't done anything previously. But that being said, even though we know endometriosis is progressive, for some patients, it doesn't ever progress to the point that we would need to do any treatment because it's more of a quality of life issue. And if it's not impacting the quality of life, we don't really need to do anything. Can I become pregnant if I have endometriosis? 100%. You can absolutely have children if you have endometriosis. When we talk about infertility, those are patients who are struggling with pregnancy already. But if we look at all patients with endometriosis, everyone with that diagnosis, the vast majority are able to achieve pregnancy without any problem whatsoever. They can get pregnant, they can carry the pregnancy. They walk home from the hospital with a beautiful baby in their arms. So, yes, unfortunately, infertility can be associated with endometriosis. But the vast majority of the time, it's truly not a problem. How can I be the best partner to my medical team? Being a partner for the medical team is truly key. A lot of individuals with endometriosis have been in pain for a prolonged period of time, which unfortunately means that the body has changed in response. And pain has almost become like an onion with endometriosis at the core of that onion.
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But the vast majority of the time, it's truly not a problem. How can I be the best partner to my medical team? Being a partner for the medical team is truly key. A lot of individuals with endometriosis have been in pain for a prolonged period of time, which unfortunately means that the body has changed in response. And pain has almost become like an onion with endometriosis at the core of that onion. So we need to work not only to treat the endometriosis, but treat other potential sources of pain that have arisen. And so I encourage you to educate yourself, not only so that you can come in to your health care provider and have a dialogue and a conversation as to what you need and what you're experiencing. But also so you can be an advocate and make sure that you are getting the health care that you need and that you deserve. Also talk about it. Know women have, for years and decades, been told that a period is supposed to be painful and we just have to unfortunately suck it up and deal with it. That's not the reality. The reality is we should not be laying on the bathroom floor when we have our period. We should not be crying during intercourse. That is not normal. If you're experiencing it, speak up. Talk to your family, Talk to your friends. Talk to your health care provider. Let them know what's going on. Because truly, we are here to help and together we can start to make a impact not only on endometriosis for you, but endometriosis in society as a whole. Never hesitate to ask your medical team any questions or concerns you have. Being informed truly makes all the difference. Thanks for your time and we wish you well. Pelvic exam Pelvic exam Pelvic exam During a pelvic exam, a doctor inserts one or two gloved fingers inside the vagina.
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Because truly, we are here to help and together we can start to make a impact not only on endometriosis for you, but endometriosis in society as a whole. Never hesitate to ask your medical team any questions or concerns you have. Being informed truly makes all the difference. Thanks for your time and we wish you well. Pelvic exam Pelvic exam Pelvic exam During a pelvic exam, a doctor inserts one or two gloved fingers inside the vagina. Pressing down on the abdomen at the same time, the doctor can check the uterus, ovaries and other organs. Transvaginal ultrasound Transvaginal ultrasound Transvaginal ultrasound During a transvaginal ultrasound, a healthcare professional or technician uses a wandlike device called a transducer. The transducer is inserted into your vagina while you lie on your back on an exam table. The transducer emits sound waves that generate images of your pelvic organs. To find out if you have endometriosis, your doctor will likely start by giving you a physical exam. You'll be asked to describe your symptoms, including where and when you feel pain. Tests to check for clues of endometriosis include: Pelvic exam. Your health care professional feels areas in your pelvis with one or two gloved fingers to check for any unusual changes. These changes can include cysts on the reproductive organs, painful spots, irregular growths called nodules and scars behind the uterus. Often, small areas of endometriosis can't be felt unless a cyst has formed. Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make pictures of the inside of the body. To capture the images, a device called a transducer might be pressed against the stomach area. Or it may be placed into the vagina in a version of the exam called transvaginal ultrasound. Both types of the test may be done to get the best view of the reproductive organs.
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Often, small areas of endometriosis can't be felt unless a cyst has formed. Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to make pictures of the inside of the body. To capture the images, a device called a transducer might be pressed against the stomach area. Or it may be placed into the vagina in a version of the exam called transvaginal ultrasound. Both types of the test may be done to get the best view of the reproductive organs. A standard ultrasound won't confirm whether you have endometriosis. But it can find cysts linked with the condition called endometriomas. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This exam uses a magnetic field and radio waves to make images of the organs and tissues within the body. For some, an MRI helps with surgical planning. It gives your surgeon detailed information about the location and size of endometriosis growths. Laparoscopy. In some cases, you may be referred to a surgeon for this procedure. Laparoscopy lets the surgeon check inside your abdomen for signs of endometriosis tissue. Before the surgery, you receive medicine that puts you a sleep-like state and prevents pain. Then your surgeon makes a tiny cut near your navel and inserts a slender viewing instrument called a laparoscope. A laparoscopy can provide information about the location, extent and size of the endometriosis growths. Your surgeon may take a tissue sample called biopsy for more testing. With proper planning, a surgeon can often treat endometriosis during the laparoscopy so that you need only one surgery. Treatment Treatment for endometriosis often involves medicine or surgery. The approach you and your health care team choose will depend on how serious your symptoms are and whether you hope to become pregnant. Typically, medicine is recommended first. If it doesn't help enough, surgery becomes an option.
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Your surgeon may take a tissue sample called biopsy for more testing. With proper planning, a surgeon can often treat endometriosis during the laparoscopy so that you need only one surgery. Treatment Treatment for endometriosis often involves medicine or surgery. The approach you and your health care team choose will depend on how serious your symptoms are and whether you hope to become pregnant. Typically, medicine is recommended first. If it doesn't help enough, surgery becomes an option. Pain medicines Your health care team may recommend pain relievers that you can buy without a prescription. These medicines include the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve). They can help ease painful menstrual cramps. Your care team may recommend hormone therapy along with pain relievers if you're not trying to get pregnant. Hormone therapy Sometimes, hormone medicine help ease or get rid of endometriosis pain. The rise and fall of hormones during the menstrual cycle causes endometriosis tissue to thicken, break down and bleed. Lab-made versions of hormones may slow the growth of this tissue and prevent new tissue from forming. Hormone therapy isn't a permanent fix for endometriosis. The symptoms could come back after you stop treatment. Therapies used to treat endometriosis include: Hormonal contraceptives. Birth control pills, shots, patches and vaginal rings help control the hormones that stimulate endometriosis. Many have lighter and shorter menstrual flow when they use hormonal birth control. Using hormonal contraceptives may ease or get rid of pain in some cases. The chances of relief seem to go up if you use birth control pills for a year or more with no breaks. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) agonists and antagonists. These medicines block the menstrual cycle and lower estrogen levels.
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Many have lighter and shorter menstrual flow when they use hormonal birth control. Using hormonal contraceptives may ease or get rid of pain in some cases. The chances of relief seem to go up if you use birth control pills for a year or more with no breaks. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) agonists and antagonists. These medicines block the menstrual cycle and lower estrogen levels. This causes endometriosis tissue to shrink. These medicines create an artificial menopause. Taking a low dose of estrogen or progestin along with Gn-RH agonists and antagonists may ease menopausal side effects. Those include hot flashes, vaginal dryness and bone loss. Menstrual periods and the ability to get pregnant return when you stop taking the medicine. Progestin therapy. Progestin is a lab-made version of a hormone that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. A variety of progestin treatments can stop menstrual periods and the growth of endometriosis tissue, which may relieve symptoms. Progestin therapies include a tiny device placed in the uterus that releases levonorgestrel (Mirena, Skyla, others), a contraceptive rod placed under the skin of the arm (Nexplanon), birth control shots (Depo-Provera) or a progestin-only birth control pill (Camila, Slynd). Aromatase inhibitors. These are a class of medicines that lower the amount of estrogen in the body. Your health care team may recommend an aromatase inhibitor along with a progestin or combination birth control pills to treat endometriosis. Conservative surgery Conservative surgery removes endometriosis tissue. It aims to preserve the uterus and the ovaries. If you have endometriosis and you're trying to become pregnant, this type of surgery may boost your chances of success.
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Aromatase inhibitors. These are a class of medicines that lower the amount of estrogen in the body. Your health care team may recommend an aromatase inhibitor along with a progestin or combination birth control pills to treat endometriosis. Conservative surgery Conservative surgery removes endometriosis tissue. It aims to preserve the uterus and the ovaries. If you have endometriosis and you're trying to become pregnant, this type of surgery may boost your chances of success. It also may help if the condition causes you terrible pain — but endometriosis and pain may come back over time after surgery. Your surgeon may do this procedure with small cuts, also called laparoscopic surgery. Less often, surgery that involves a larger cut in the abdomen is needed to remove thick bands of scar tissue. But even in severe cases of endometriosis, most can be treated with the laparoscopic method. During laparoscopic surgery, your surgeon places a slender viewing instrument called a laparoscope through a small cut near your navel. Surgical tools are inserted to remove endometriosis tissue through another small cut. Some surgeons do laparoscopy with help from robotic devices that they control. After surgery, your health care team may recommend taking hormone medicine to help improve pain. Fertility treatment Endometriosis can lead to trouble getting pregnant. If you have a hard time conceiving, your health care team may recommend fertility treatment. You might be referred to a doctor who treats infertility, called a reproductive endocrinologist. Fertility treatment can include medicine that helps ovaries make more eggs. It also can include a series of procedures that mix eggs and sperm outside the body, called in vitro fertilization. The treatment that's right for you depends on your personal situation. Hysterectomy with removal of the ovaries Hysterectomy is surgery to remove the uterus.
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You might be referred to a doctor who treats infertility, called a reproductive endocrinologist. Fertility treatment can include medicine that helps ovaries make more eggs. It also can include a series of procedures that mix eggs and sperm outside the body, called in vitro fertilization. The treatment that's right for you depends on your personal situation. Hysterectomy with removal of the ovaries Hysterectomy is surgery to remove the uterus. Taking out the uterus and ovaries was once thought to be the most effective treatment for endometriosis. Today, some experts consider it to be a last resort to ease pain when other treatments haven't worked. Other experts instead recommend surgery that focuses on the careful and thorough removal of all endometriosis tissue. Having the ovaries removed, also called oophorectomy, causes early menopause. The lack of hormones made by the ovaries may improve endometriosis pain for some. But for others, endometriosis that remains after surgery continues to cause symptoms. Early menopause also carries a risk of heart and blood vessel diseases, certain metabolic conditions and early death. In people who don't want to get pregnant, hysterectomy sometimes can be used to treat symptoms linked with endometriosis. These include heavy menstrual bleeding and painful menses due to uterine cramping. Even when the ovaries are left in place, a hysterectomy may still have a long-term effect on your health. That's especially true if you have the surgery before age 35. To manage and treat endometriosis, it's key to find a health care professional with whom you feel comfortable. You may want to get a second opinion before you start any treatment. That way, you can be sure you know all of your options and the pros and cons of each. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.
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That's especially true if you have the surgery before age 35. To manage and treat endometriosis, it's key to find a health care professional with whom you feel comfortable. You may want to get a second opinion before you start any treatment. That way, you can be sure you know all of your options and the pros and cons of each. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Lifestyle and home remedies It may take time to find a treatment that works. Until then, you can try some things at home to ease your pain. Warm baths and a heating pad can help relax pelvic muscles. This lessens cramping and pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help ease painful menstrual cramps. NSAIDs include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). You also can ask your health care team if physical therapy might help. A therapist can teach you how to relax muscles that support the uterus, called the pelvic floor. Relaxing these tight muscles may help pelvic pain linked with endometriosis feel less intense. Alternative medicine Alternative medicine involves treatments that aren't part of standard medical care. Some people with endometriosis say they get pain relief from alternative therapies such as: Acupuncture, in which a trained practitioner places fine needles into the skin. Chiropractic care, in which a licensed professional adjusts the spine or other body parts. Herbs such as cinnamon trig or licorice root. Supplements including vitamin B1, magnesium or omega-3 fatty acids. Acupuncture has shown some promise at easing endometriosis pain. But overall, there's little research on much relief people with the condition might get from alternative medicine. Always check with your health care team before you try a new alternative therapy to find out if it's safe for you.
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Herbs such as cinnamon trig or licorice root. Supplements including vitamin B1, magnesium or omega-3 fatty acids. Acupuncture has shown some promise at easing endometriosis pain. But overall, there's little research on much relief people with the condition might get from alternative medicine. Always check with your health care team before you try a new alternative therapy to find out if it's safe for you. For example, supplements and herbs can affect standard treatments such as medicines. If you're interested in trying acupuncture or chiropractic care, ask your care team to recommend reputable professionals. Check with your insurance company to see if the expense will be covered. Coping and support Think about joining a support group if you have endometriosis or a complication such as fertility trouble. Sometimes it helps simply to talk to other people who can relate to your feelings and experiences. If you can't find a support group in your community, look for one online. Preparing for your appointment Your first appointment will likely be with either your primary care doctor or a gynecologist. If you're seeking treatment for infertility, you may be referred to a doctor called a reproductive endocrinologist. Appointments can be brief, and it can be hard to remember everything you want to discuss. So it's a good idea to plan ahead for your appointment. What you can do Make a list of any symptoms you have. Include all of your symptoms, even if you don't think they're related to the reason for your appointment. Make a list of any medicines, herbs or vitamin supplements you take. Include how often you take them and how much you take, called the dose. Have a family member or friend join you, if possible. You may get a lot of information at your visit, and it can be hard to recall everything. Take a notepad or electronic device with you. Use it to make notes of important information during your visit. Prepare a list of questions to ask your doctor.
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Make a list of any medicines, herbs or vitamin supplements you take. Include how often you take them and how much you take, called the dose. Have a family member or friend join you, if possible. You may get a lot of information at your visit, and it can be hard to recall everything. Take a notepad or electronic device with you. Use it to make notes of important information during your visit. Prepare a list of questions to ask your doctor. List your most important questions first, to be sure you bring up those points. For endometriosis, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: How is endometriosis diagnosed? What medicines treat endometriosis? Is there a medicine that can ease my symptoms? What side effects can I expect from medicine? Do you recommend surgery? Will endometriosis affect my ability to become pregnant? Can treatment of endometriosis improve my fertility? Can you recommend any alternative treatments I might try? Make sure that you understand everything your health care team tells you. It's fine to ask your team to repeat information or to ask follow-up questions. What to expect from your doctor Some questions your doctor might ask include: How often do you have these symptoms? How long have you had these symptoms? How bad are your symptoms? Do your symptoms seem to be related to your menstrual cycle? Does anything improve your symptoms? Does anything make your symptoms worse? Aug. 30, 2024
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Treatment for uterine polyps might involve: Watchful waiting. Small polyps without symptoms might resolve on their own. Treatment of small polyps is unnecessary for those who aren't at risk of uterine cancer. Medication. Certain hormonal medications, including progestins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, may lessen symptoms of the polyp. But taking such medications is usually a short-term solution at best — symptoms typically recur once the medicine is stopped. Surgical removal. During hysteroscopy, instruments inserted through the device used to see inside the uterus (hysteroscope) make it possible to remove polyps. The removed polyp will likely be sent to a lab for examination. If a uterine polyp contains cancer cells, your provider will talk with you about the next steps in evaluation and treatment. Rarely, uterine polyps can recur. If they do, they need more treatment.
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Medications The type of medication you receive depends on what's causing the endocarditis. High doses of antibiotics are used to treat endocarditis caused by bacteria. If you receive antibiotics, you'll generally spend a week or more in the hospital so that care providers can determine if the treatment is working. Once your fever and any severe symptoms have gone away, you might be able to leave the hospital. Some people continue antibiotics with visits to a provider's office or at home with home care. Antibiotics are usually taken for several weeks. If endocarditis is caused by a fungal infection, antifungal medication is given. Some people need lifelong antifungal pills to prevent endocarditis from returning.
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Diagnosis Kidney biopsy Kidney biopsy Kidney biopsy During a kidney biopsy, your doctor uses a needle to remove a small sample of kidney tissue for lab testing. The biopsy needle is inserted through your skin and is often directed using the guidance of an imaging device, such as ultrasound. To diagnose end-stage renal disease, your health care provider may ask you about your family's and your medical history. You may also have physical and neurological exams, along with other tests such as: Blood tests, to measure the amount of waste products, such as creatinine and urea, in your blood Urine tests, to check the level of the protein albumin in your urine Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, MRI or CT scan, to assess your kidneys and look for unusual areas Removing a sample of kidney tissue (biopsy), to examine under a microscope to learn what type of kidney disease you have and how much damage there is Certain tests might be repeated over time to help your provider follow the progress of your kidney disease. Stages of kidney disease There are five stages of kidney disease. To determine what stage you have, your health care provider performs a blood test to check your glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR measures how much blood the kidneys filter each minute, recorded as milliliters per minute (mL/min). As the GFR declines, so does your kidney function. When your kidneys no longer work at a level that's necessary to keep you alive, you have end-stage renal disease. End-stage renal disease usually occurs when kidney function is less than 15% of typical kidney function. As a part of kidney disease staging, your provider also might test whether you have protein in your urine.
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End-stage renal disease
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As the GFR declines, so does your kidney function. When your kidneys no longer work at a level that's necessary to keep you alive, you have end-stage renal disease. End-stage renal disease usually occurs when kidney function is less than 15% of typical kidney function. As a part of kidney disease staging, your provider also might test whether you have protein in your urine. Kidney disease stage GFR , mL/min Kidney function Source: National Kidney Foundation Stage 1 90 or above Healthy kidney function Stage 2 60 to 89 Mild loss of kidney function Stage 3a 45 to 59 Mild to moderate loss of kidney function Stage 3b 30 to 44 Moderate to severe loss of kidney function Stage 4 15 to 29 Severe loss of kidney function Stage 5 Less than 15 Kidney failure Treatment Start Your Donor Evaluation Get started as a living kidney or liver donor by completing this health history questionnaire. End-stage renal disease treatments include: Kidney transplant Dialysis Supportive care Kidney transplant Kidney transplant Kidney transplant Kidney transplant During kidney transplant surgery, the donor kidney is placed in your lower abdomen. Blood vessels of the new kidney are attached to blood vessels in the lower part of your abdomen, just above one of your legs. The new kidney's urine tube (ureter) is connected to your bladder. Unless they are causing complications, your own kidneys are left in place. A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure to place a healthy kidney from a live or deceased donor into a person whose kidneys no longer function properly. A kidney transplant is often the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease, compared with a lifetime on dialysis. The kidney transplant process takes time. It involves finding a donor, living or deceased, whose kidney best matches your own.
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354538
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End-stage renal disease
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Unless they are causing complications, your own kidneys are left in place. A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure to place a healthy kidney from a live or deceased donor into a person whose kidneys no longer function properly. A kidney transplant is often the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease, compared with a lifetime on dialysis. The kidney transplant process takes time. It involves finding a donor, living or deceased, whose kidney best matches your own. You then have surgery to place the new kidney in your lower abdomen and attach the blood vessels and ureter — the tube that links the kidney to the bladder — that will allow the new kidney to function. You may need to spend several days to a week in the hospital. After leaving the hospital, you can expect frequent checkups to monitor your progress as your recovery continues. You may take a number of medications to help keep your immune system from rejecting your new kidney and to reduce the risk of post-surgery complications, such as infection. After a successful kidney transplant, your new kidney filters your blood, and you no longer need dialysis. Dialysis Dialysis does some of the work of your kidneys when your kidneys can't do it themselves. This includes removing extra fluids and waste products from your blood, restoring electrolyte levels, and helping control your blood pressure. Dialysis options include peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Peritoneal dialysis During peritoneal dialysis, blood vessels in your abdominal lining (peritoneum) fill in for your kidneys with the help of a fluid that washes in and out of the peritoneal space. Peritoneal dialysis is done in your home. Show transcript for video Peritoneal dialysis This name refers to the lining that surrounds the organs in your abdomen. That lining is called the peritoneal membrane. It forms a space that can hold fluid.
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End-stage renal disease
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Peritoneal dialysis During peritoneal dialysis, blood vessels in your abdominal lining (peritoneum) fill in for your kidneys with the help of a fluid that washes in and out of the peritoneal space. Peritoneal dialysis is done in your home. Show transcript for video Peritoneal dialysis This name refers to the lining that surrounds the organs in your abdomen. That lining is called the peritoneal membrane. It forms a space that can hold fluid. With peritoneal dialysis, a permanent catheter is inserted through the lining into the space around your organs. Dialysis solution is drained through the catheter into that space. The peritoneal lining contains many blood vessels. The solution draws extra fluid, chemicals, and waste out of those blood vessels and through the lining. The lining acts as a filter. The solution is left in place for a number of hours while dialysis occurs. Then it's allowed to drain out through the catheter. New, clean solution is immediately drained in, filling up the space again. This process of exchanging old solution with new is called an exchange. Hemodialysis During hemodialysis, a machine does some of the work of the kidneys by filtering harmful wastes, salts and fluid from your blood. Hemodialysis may be done at a center or in your home. Show transcript for video Hemodialysis Your blood is run through a filter that acts as an artificial kidney. The filter removes the extra fluid, chemicals, and waste from your blood. The cleaned blood is then pumped back into your body. Two needles are inserted for every treatment. The place they are inserted is called the access. A surgeon may connect two of your blood vessels to create an access. This is called a fistula. Connecting the vessels causes the vein to get larger and stronger. The dialysis needles are inserted into that vein. Another option is to connect a plastic tube between two blood vessels.
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354538
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End-stage renal disease
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The filter removes the extra fluid, chemicals, and waste from your blood. The cleaned blood is then pumped back into your body. Two needles are inserted for every treatment. The place they are inserted is called the access. A surgeon may connect two of your blood vessels to create an access. This is called a fistula. Connecting the vessels causes the vein to get larger and stronger. The dialysis needles are inserted into that vein. Another option is to connect a plastic tube between two blood vessels. This is called a graft. The needles are inserted into this artificial vein. In urgent situations, a tube, called a catheter, may be placed temporarily into a large vein in your neck. The tube has two branches, one to carry blood out of the body and the other to return it. Your physician will make a recommendation based on the condition of your veins and other considerations. For dialysis to be successful, you may need to make lifestyle changes, such as following certain dietary recommendations. Palliative care If you choose not to have a kidney transplant or dialysis, you can choose palliative or supportive care to help you manage your symptoms and feel better. You also can combine palliative care with kidney transplant or dialysis. Without either dialysis or a transplant, kidney failure progresses, eventually leading to death. Death can occur quickly or take months or years. Supportive care might include management of symptoms, measures to keep you comfortable and end-of-life planning. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Lifestyle and home remedies As part of your treatment for kidney disease, your health care provider might recommend that you follow a special diet to help support your kidneys and limit the work they must do. Ask for a referral to a registered dietitian with expertise in kidney disease to learn ways to make your diet easier on your kidneys.
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354538
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End-stage renal disease
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Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Lifestyle and home remedies As part of your treatment for kidney disease, your health care provider might recommend that you follow a special diet to help support your kidneys and limit the work they must do. Ask for a referral to a registered dietitian with expertise in kidney disease to learn ways to make your diet easier on your kidneys. Depending on your situation, kidney function and overall health, your dietitian might recommend that you: Avoid products with added salt. Lower the amount of sodium you eat each day by avoiding products with added salt, including many convenience foods, such as frozen dinners, canned soups and fast foods. Other foods with added salt include salty snack foods, canned vegetables, and processed meats and cheeses. Choose lower potassium foods. Your dietitian might recommend that you choose lower potassium foods at each meal. High-potassium foods include bananas, oranges, potatoes, spinach and tomatoes. Examples of low-potassium foods include apples, cabbage, carrots, green beans, grapes and strawberries. Be aware that many salt substitutes contain potassium, so you generally should avoid them if you have kidney failure. Limit your protein. Your dietitian will estimate the grams of protein you need each day and make recommendations based on that amount. High-protein foods include lean meats, eggs, milk, cheese and beans. Low-protein foods include vegetables, fruits, breads and cereals. Coping and support Learning you're in kidney failure can come as a shock, even if you've known about your kidney disease for a while. It might be difficult to manage the treatment schedule if you're on dialysis. To help you cope, consider trying to: Connect with other people who have kidney disease. It might help you to talk to other people with end-stage renal disease Ask your doctor about support groups in your area.
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354538
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End-stage renal disease
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Coping and support Learning you're in kidney failure can come as a shock, even if you've known about your kidney disease for a while. It might be difficult to manage the treatment schedule if you're on dialysis. To help you cope, consider trying to: Connect with other people who have kidney disease. It might help you to talk to other people with end-stage renal disease Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or contact organizations such as the American Association of Kidney Patients, the National Kidney Foundation or the American Kidney Fund for groups in your area. Maintain your routine, when possible. Try to continue to work and do the activities you enjoy, if your condition allows. Be active most days of the week. With your provider's approval, aim for at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days of the week. This can help you with fatigue and stress. Talk with someone you trust. It might help to talk about your feelings with a friend or family member, a faith leader, or someone else you trust. Your provider might be able to recommend a social worker or counselor. Preparing for your appointment For end-stage renal disease, you'll likely continue to see the same health care provider and care team you've been seeing for treatment of chronic kidney disease. If you're not already being cared for by a doctor who specializes in kidney problems (nephrologist), you might be referred to one as your disease progresses. What you can do To get ready for your appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do ahead of time, such as make changes to your diet.
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354538
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End-stage renal disease
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If you're not already being cared for by a doctor who specializes in kidney problems (nephrologist), you might be referred to one as your disease progresses. What you can do To get ready for your appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do ahead of time, such as make changes to your diet. Then take note of: Your symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to your kidneys or urinary function, and when thy began All your medications and doses, vitamins or other supplements you take Your key medical history, including other medical conditions and family history of kidney disease Questions to ask your provider Take a family member or friend along, if possible, to help you remember the information you're given. For end-stage renal disease, some basic questions to ask your provider include: What's the level of damage to my kidneys? Is my kidney function worsening? Do I need more tests? What's causing my condition? Can the damage to my kidneys be reversed? What are my treatment options? What are the potential side effects of each treatment? I have these other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Do I need to eat a special diet? Can you refer me to a dietitian who can help me plan my meals? Are there brochures or other printed material I can have? What websites do you recommend? How often do I need to have my kidney function tested? Don't hesitate to ask any other questions you have. What to expect from your health care provider Your provider may ask you questions, such as: Have you noticed changes in your urinary habits or unusual fatigue? Have you been diagnosed or treated for high blood pressure? Oct. 10, 2023
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Emphysema
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symptoms-causes
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Overview Emphysema Emphysema Emphysema In emphysema, the inner walls of the lungs' air sacs called alveoli are damaged, causing them to eventually rupture. This creates one larger air space instead of many small ones and reduces the surface area available for gas exchange. Emphysema is a long-term lung condition that causes shortness of breath. Over time, the condition damages the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli. In healthy lungs, these sacs stretch and fill with air when you breathe in. The elastic sacs help the air leave when you breathe out. But when the air sacs are damaged in emphysema, it's hard to move air out of your lungs. This doesn't leave room for fresh, oxygen-rich air to enter your lungs. Symptoms of emphysema include trouble breathing, especially with activity, and a wheezing sound when breathing out. How severe the condition is can vary. Smoking is the leading cause of emphysema. Treatment can help with symptoms and may slow how fast the condition gets worse. But it can't reverse the damage. Symptoms You can have emphysema for many years without noticing any symptoms. They usually begin gradually and include: Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity. This is the main symptom of emphysema. Wheezing, whistling or squeaking sound when you breathe out. Coughing. Chest tightness or heaviness. Feeling very tired. Weight loss and ankle swelling that may happen as the condition gets worse over time. You may start avoiding activities that cause you to be short of breath, so the symptoms don't become a problem until they keep you from doing daily tasks. Emphysema eventually causes trouble breathing even while you're resting.
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/symptoms-causes/syc-20355555
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Wheezing, whistling or squeaking sound when you breathe out. Coughing. Chest tightness or heaviness. Feeling very tired. Weight loss and ankle swelling that may happen as the condition gets worse over time. You may start avoiding activities that cause you to be short of breath, so the symptoms don't become a problem until they keep you from doing daily tasks. Emphysema eventually causes trouble breathing even while you're resting. Emphysema is one of the two common types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The other common type is chronic bronchitis. In chronic bronchitis, the lining of the tubes that carry air to your lungs, called bronchial tubes, become irritated and swollen. This inflammation limits the space for air to move in and out of the lungs and makes extra mucus that blocks the airways. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis often occur together, so the general term COPD may be used. Exacerbations Even with ongoing treatment, you may have times when symptoms become worse for days or weeks. This is called an acute exacerbation (eg-zas-er-bay-shun). It may lead to lung failure if you don't receive prompt treatment. Exacerbations may be caused by a respiratory infection, air pollution or other things that trigger inflammation. Whatever the cause, it's important to get medical help promptly if you notice an ongoing worsening cough or extra mucus, or if you have a harder time breathing. When to see a doctor See your healthcare professional if you've had shortness of breath you can't explain for several months, especially if it's getting worse or if it's keeping you from doing your daily activities. Don't ignore it or tell yourself it's because you're aging or out of shape. Go to the emergency department at a hospital if: You're having a hard time catching your breath or talking.
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Emphysema
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When to see a doctor See your healthcare professional if you've had shortness of breath you can't explain for several months, especially if it's getting worse or if it's keeping you from doing your daily activities. Don't ignore it or tell yourself it's because you're aging or out of shape. Go to the emergency department at a hospital if: You're having a hard time catching your breath or talking. Your lips or fingernails turn blue or gray with physical activity. Others notice that you're not mentally alert. Causes Emphysema results from long-term exposure to airborne irritants, including: Smoking cigarettes, which is the most common cause. Chemical fumes, especially in the workplace. Vapors and dusts, especially in the workplace. Rarely, emphysema results from a gene change passed down in families. This gene change causes low levels of a protein called alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT). AAT is made in the liver and is passed into the bloodstream to help protect the lungs from damage caused by smoke, fumes and dust. Low levels of AAT, a condition called alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, can cause liver damage, lung conditions such as emphysema or both. With AAT deficiency, there is usually a family history of emphysema, and symptoms begin at a younger age. Risk factors Lung damage in emphysema develops gradually. In most people with the condition, symptoms start after age 40. Factors that increase your risk of developing emphysema include: Smoking. Smoking cigarettes or having smoked in the past is the biggest risk factor for emphysema. But people who smoke cigars, pipes or marijuana also are at risk. The risk for all types of smokers increases with the number of years of smoking and the amount of tobacco smoked. Being around secondhand smoke.
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/symptoms-causes/syc-20355555
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Emphysema
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In most people with the condition, symptoms start after age 40. Factors that increase your risk of developing emphysema include: Smoking. Smoking cigarettes or having smoked in the past is the biggest risk factor for emphysema. But people who smoke cigars, pipes or marijuana also are at risk. The risk for all types of smokers increases with the number of years of smoking and the amount of tobacco smoked. Being around secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke is smoke that you breathe in from someone else's cigarette, pipe or cigar. Being around secondhand smoke raises your risk of emphysema. Job exposure to fumes, vapors or dust. If you breathe in fumes or vapors from certain chemicals or dust from grain, cotton, wood or mining products, you're more likely to develop emphysema. This risk is even greater if you also smoke. Exposure to indoor and outdoor pollution. Breathing indoor pollutants, such as fumes from heating fuel, as well as outdoor pollutants, such as smog or car exhaust, increases your risk of emphysema. Genetics. The uncommon condition called AAT deficiency raises the risk of emphysema. Other genetic factors may make certain smokers more likely to get emphysema. Complications People who have emphysema are more likely to develop: High blood pressure in lung arteries. Emphysema may cause high blood pressure in the arteries that bring blood to the lungs. This serious condition is called pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension can cause the right side of the heart to expand and weaken, a condition called cor pulmonale. Other heart problems. For reasons that aren't fully understood, emphysema can raise your risk of heart disease, including heart attack. Large air spaces in the lungs. Large air spaces called bullae form in the lungs when the inner walls of the alveoli are destroyed.
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/symptoms-causes/syc-20355555
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Emphysema
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This serious condition is called pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension can cause the right side of the heart to expand and weaken, a condition called cor pulmonale. Other heart problems. For reasons that aren't fully understood, emphysema can raise your risk of heart disease, including heart attack. Large air spaces in the lungs. Large air spaces called bullae form in the lungs when the inner walls of the alveoli are destroyed. This leaves one very large air sac instead of a cluster of many smaller ones. These bullae can become very large, even as large as half the lung. The bullae lessen the space available for the lung to expand. Also, giant bullae can increase the risk of a collapsed lung. Collapsed lung. A collapsed lung called pneumothorax can be life-threatening in people who have severe emphysema because their lungs are already damaged. This is not common but it's serious when it happens. Lung cancer. People with emphysema have a higher risk of getting lung cancer. Smoking raises this risk even more. Anxiety and depression. Problems breathing can keep you from doing activities that you enjoy. And having a serious medical condition such as emphysema can sometimes cause anxiety and depression. Prevention To prevent emphysema or to keep symptoms from getting worse: Don't smoke. Talk to your healthcare professional about options for quitting. Stay away from secondhand smoke. Wear a special mask or use other measures to protect your lungs if you work with chemical fumes, vapors or dust. Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke and air pollution when possible. Nov. 19, 2024
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Encopresis
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Behavior modification Your child's doctor or mental health professional can discuss techniques for teaching your child to have regular bowel movements. This is sometimes called behavior modification or bowel retraining. Your child's doctor may recommend psychotherapy with a mental health professional if the encopresis may be related to emotional issues. Psychotherapy may also be helpful if your child feels shame, guilt, depression or low self-esteem related to encopresis.
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356142
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Encephalitis
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Diagnosis To diagnose encephalitis, a member of your healthcare team does a physical exam and takes your medical history. Your healthcare professional might then recommend: Brain imaging. MRI or CT images can reveal any swelling of the brain or another condition that might be causing your symptoms, such as a tumor. Spinal tap, known as a lumbar puncture. A needle inserted into your lower back removes a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the protective fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal column. Changes in this fluid can point to infection and inflammation in the brain. Sometimes samples of CSF can be tested to identify the cause. This may include testing for infection or the presence of antibodies associated with autoimmune encephalitis. Other lab tests. Samples of blood, urine or excretions from the back of the throat can be tested for viruses or other infectious agents. Electroencephalogram (EEG). Electrodes attached to your scalp record the brain's electrical activity. Certain patterns may point to encephalitis. Body imaging. Sometimes, autoimmune encephalitis may be triggered by an immune response to a tumor in the body. The tumor may be noncancerous or cancerous. Your healthcare professional may order imaging studies, such as ultrasound, MRI, CT or PET-CT scans. These scans may look at your chest, stomach area or pelvis to check for these tumors. If a mass is found, a small piece of it may be removed to study it in a lab. This is known as a biopsy. Brain biopsy. Rarely, a small sample of brain tissue might be removed for testing. A brain biopsy is usually done only if symptoms are worsening and treatments are having no effect. Treatment Treatment for mild encephalitis usually consists of: Bed rest. Plenty of fluids.
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356142
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Encephalitis
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If a mass is found, a small piece of it may be removed to study it in a lab. This is known as a biopsy. Brain biopsy. Rarely, a small sample of brain tissue might be removed for testing. A brain biopsy is usually done only if symptoms are worsening and treatments are having no effect. Treatment Treatment for mild encephalitis usually consists of: Bed rest. Plenty of fluids. Anti-inflammatory medicines — such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) — to relieve headaches and fevers. Antiviral medicines Encephalitis caused by certain viruses usually requires antiviral treatment. Antiviral medicines commonly used to treat encephalitis include: Acyclovir (Zovirax, Sitavig). Ganciclovir. Foscarnet (Foscavir). Some viruses, such as insect-borne viruses, don't respond to these treatments. But because the specific virus may not be identified right away or at all, you may be treated with acyclovir. Acyclovir can be effective against HSV, which can result in serious complications when not treated quickly. Antiviral medicines are generally well tolerated. Rarely, side effects can include kidney damage. Autoimmune encephalitis If the tests show an autoimmune cause of encephalitis, then medicines that target your immune system, known as immunomodulatory medicines, or other treatments may be started. These may include: Intravenous or oral corticosteroids. Intravenous immunoglobulin. Plasma exchange. Some people with autoimmune encephalitis need long-term treatment with immunosuppressive medicines.
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356142
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Encephalitis
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Rarely, side effects can include kidney damage. Autoimmune encephalitis If the tests show an autoimmune cause of encephalitis, then medicines that target your immune system, known as immunomodulatory medicines, or other treatments may be started. These may include: Intravenous or oral corticosteroids. Intravenous immunoglobulin. Plasma exchange. Some people with autoimmune encephalitis need long-term treatment with immunosuppressive medicines. These may include azathioprine (Imuran, Azasan), mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept), rituximab (Rituxan) or tocilizumab (Actemra). Autoimmune encephalitis caused by tumors may require treatment of those tumors. This may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or a combination of treatments. Supportive care People who are hospitalized with serious encephalitis might need: Breathing assistance, as well as careful monitoring of breathing and heart function. Intravenous fluids to ensure proper hydration and levels of essential minerals. Anti-inflammatory medicines, such as corticosteroids, to reduce swelling and pressure within the skull. Anti-seizure medicines to stop or prevent seizures. Follow-up therapy If you experience complications of encephalitis, you might need additional therapy, such as: Brain rehabilitation to improve cognition and memory. Physical therapy to improve strength, flexibility, balance, motor coordination and mobility. Occupational therapy to develop everyday skills and to use adaptive products that help with everyday activities. Speech therapy to relearn muscle control and coordination to produce speech. Psychotherapy to learn coping strategies and new behavioral skills to improve mood disorders or address personality changes. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Preparing for your appointment Serious illness associated with encephalitis is usually severe and relatively sudden, so seek emergency medical care.
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356142
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Encephalitis
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diagnosis-treatment
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Speech therapy to relearn muscle control and coordination to produce speech. Psychotherapy to learn coping strategies and new behavioral skills to improve mood disorders or address personality changes. Clinical trials Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition. Preparing for your appointment Serious illness associated with encephalitis is usually severe and relatively sudden, so seek emergency medical care. Your healthcare team will likely include specialists in infectious diseases and in the brain and nervous system, known as neurologists. Questions from your doctor You may need to answer these questions, or answer them on behalf of your child or another person with a serious illness: When did the symptoms begin? Have you recently started taking any new medicines? If so, what is the medicine? Have you been bitten by a mosquito or tick during the past few weeks? Have you traveled recently? Where? Have you recently had a cold, flu or other illness? Are you up to date on your immunizations? When was your last one? Have you had any exposure to wild animals or known toxins recently? Have you had unprotected sex with a new or long-term sexual partner? Do you have a condition or take any medicines that result in a weakened immune system? Do you have an autoimmune condition or do autoimmune conditions run in the family?
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0e62a011-9c34-4f61-8fdc-a38f4f3e64c0
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/embryonal-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20579617
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Embryonal tumors
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Embryonal tumors are growths of cells that happen in the brain. The growths involve cells that are left over from fetal development, called embryonal cells. Embryonal tumors are a type of brain cancer, also called malignant brain tumor. This means the cells that make up the tumor can grow to invade the brain and cause damage to healthy brain tissue. They also can spread through the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called cerebrospinal fluid. Embryonal tumors most often happen in babies and young children. But they can happen at any age. There are several kinds of embryonal tumors. The most common is medulloblastoma. This type of embryonal tumor starts in the lower back part of the brain, called the cerebellum. If your child is diagnosed with an embryonal tumor, seek care at a medical center that has experience caring for children with brain tumors. Medical centers with expertise in pediatric brain tumors provide access to the latest treatments and technology to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment. Symptoms Symptoms of an embryonal tumor may include: Headaches. Nausea. Vomiting. Feeling more tired than usual. Double vision. Difficulty with balance. Seizures. When to see a doctor Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. Causes The cause of an embryonal tumor often isn't known. This cancer causes a growth of cells in the brain. The growth involves cells that are left over from fetal development, called embryonal cells. Embryonal tumors start when embryonal cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly.
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2025-05-14
| 393 |
684da2a6-8afa-478d-979f-83085133b6d3
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/embryonal-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20579617
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Embryonal tumors
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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The growth involves cells that are left over from fetal development, called embryonal cells. Embryonal tumors start when embryonal cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow and press on parts of the brain. The cancer cells also can travel in the fluid that supports the brain and spine. This can spread the cancer to other parts of the brain and spinal cord. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer. Risk factors Risk factors for embryonal tumors include: Young age. This cancer can happen at any age. But it happens most often in children. Hereditary syndromes. Some conditions that run in families can raise the risk of embryonal tumor. Examples include Fanconi anemia, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and Turcot syndrome. Feb. 25, 2025
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2025-05-14
| 271 |
ce6e65e9-8c82-4d60-86fd-18516c860e5d
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354647
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Pulmonary embolism
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot gets stuck in an artery in the lung, blocking blood flow to part of the lung. Blood clots most often start in the legs and travel up through the right side of the heart and into the lungs. This is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT). A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that blocks and stops blood flow to an artery in the lung. In most cases, the blood clot starts in a deep vein in the leg and travels to the lung. Rarely, the clot forms in a vein in another part of the body. When a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, it's called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Because one or more clots block blood flow to the lungs, pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening. However, prompt treatment greatly reduces the risk of death. Taking measures to prevent blood clots in your legs will help protect you against pulmonary embolism. Symptoms Pulmonary embolism symptoms can vary greatly, depending on how much of your lung is involved, the size of the clots, and whether you have underlying lung or heart disease. Common symptoms include: Shortness of breath. This symptom usually appears suddenly. Trouble catching your breath happens even when resting and gets worse with physical activity. Chest pain. You may feel like you're having a heart attack. The pain is often sharp and felt when you breathe in deeply. The pain can stop you from being able to take a deep breath. You also may feel it when you cough, bend or lean over. Fainting. You may pass out if your heart rate or blood pressure drops suddenly. This is called syncope.
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2025-05-14
| 371 |
e7e902d3-82a2-4238-a41a-4df434575c23
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354647
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Pulmonary embolism
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Trouble catching your breath happens even when resting and gets worse with physical activity. Chest pain. You may feel like you're having a heart attack. The pain is often sharp and felt when you breathe in deeply. The pain can stop you from being able to take a deep breath. You also may feel it when you cough, bend or lean over. Fainting. You may pass out if your heart rate or blood pressure drops suddenly. This is called syncope. Other symptoms that can occur with pulmonary embolism include: A cough that may include bloody or blood-streaked mucus Rapid or irregular heartbeat Lightheadedness or dizziness Excessive sweating Fever Leg pain or swelling, or both, usually in the back of the lower leg Clammy or discolored skin, called cyanosis When to see a doctor A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening. Seek urgent medical attention if you experience unexplained shortness of breath, chest pain or fainting. Causes A pulmonary embolism occurs when a clump of material, most often a blood clot, gets stuck in an artery in the lungs, blocking the flow of blood. Blood clots most commonly come from the deep veins of your legs, a condition known as deep vein thrombosis. In many cases, multiple clots are involved. The portions of lung served by each blocked artery can't get blood and may die. This is known as a pulmonary infarction. This makes it more difficult for your lungs to provide oxygen to the rest of your body. Occasionally, blockages in the blood vessels are caused by substances other than blood clots, such as: Fat from the inside of a broken long bone Part of a tumor Air bubbles Risk factors Blood clot in leg vein Blood clot in leg vein Blood clot in leg vein A blood clot in a leg vein may cause swelling, pain, warmth and tenderness in the affected area.
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2025-05-14
| 387 |
41046cc6-66a5-4ddd-a4ed-893d31559b56
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354647
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Pulmonary embolism
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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This makes it more difficult for your lungs to provide oxygen to the rest of your body. Occasionally, blockages in the blood vessels are caused by substances other than blood clots, such as: Fat from the inside of a broken long bone Part of a tumor Air bubbles Risk factors Blood clot in leg vein Blood clot in leg vein Blood clot in leg vein A blood clot in a leg vein may cause swelling, pain, warmth and tenderness in the affected area. Although anyone can develop blood clots that result in a pulmonary embolism, certain factors can increase your risk. History of blood clots You're at a higher risk if you or any of your blood relatives, such as a parent or sibling, have had venous blood clots or a pulmonary embolism in the past. Medical conditions and treatments Some medical conditions and treatments put you at risk, such as: Heart disease. Heart and blood vessel disease, specifically heart failure, makes clot formation more likely. Cancer. Certain cancers — especially brain, ovary, pancreas, colon, stomach, lung and kidney cancers, and cancers that have spread — can increase the risk of blood clots. Chemotherapy further increases the risk. You also have a higher risk of blood clots if you have a personal or family history of breast cancer and are taking tamoxifen or raloxifene (Evista). Surgery is one of the leading causes of problem blood clots. For this reason, medicine to prevent clots may be given before and after major surgery, such as joint replacement. Disorders that affect clotting. Some inherited disorders affect blood, making it more likely to clot. Other medical disorders such as kidney disease also can increase the risk of blood clots. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). People who have severe symptoms of COVID-19 have an increased risk of pulmonary embolism.
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2025-05-14
| 379 |
8114b278-1069-4598-b482-09c2a1b3d17d
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354647
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Pulmonary embolism
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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For this reason, medicine to prevent clots may be given before and after major surgery, such as joint replacement. Disorders that affect clotting. Some inherited disorders affect blood, making it more likely to clot. Other medical disorders such as kidney disease also can increase the risk of blood clots. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). People who have severe symptoms of COVID-19 have an increased risk of pulmonary embolism. Extended periods of inactivity Blood clots are more likely to form during longer than usual periods of inactivity, such as: Bed rest. Being confined to bed for an extended period after surgery, a heart attack, leg fracture, trauma or any serious illness puts you at risk of blood clots. When your legs lie flat for long periods of time, the flow of blood through your veins slows down and blood can pool in your legs. This sometimes can result in blood clots. Long trips. Sitting in a cramped position during lengthy plane or car trips slows blood flow in the legs, which increases the risk of blood clots. Other risk factors Smoking. For reasons that aren't well understood, tobacco use increases the risk of blood clots in some people, especially those who have other risk factors. Being overweight. Excess weight increases the risk of blood clots — particularly in people with other risk factors. Supplemental estrogen. The estrogen in birth control pills and in hormone replacement therapy can increase clotting factors in the blood, especially in those who smoke or are overweight. Pregnancy. The weight of a baby pressing on veins in the pelvis can slow blood return from the legs. Clots are more likely to form when blood slows or pools. Complications A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening. About one-third of people with an undiagnosed and untreated pulmonary embolism don't survive. When the condition is diagnosed and treated promptly, however, that number drops dramatically.
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2025-05-14
| 388 |
776281fc-8df9-4b3f-b75e-e09a18c7b1fa
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354647
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Pulmonary embolism
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Pregnancy. The weight of a baby pressing on veins in the pelvis can slow blood return from the legs. Clots are more likely to form when blood slows or pools. Complications A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening. About one-third of people with an undiagnosed and untreated pulmonary embolism don't survive. When the condition is diagnosed and treated promptly, however, that number drops dramatically. Pulmonary embolisms also can lead to pulmonary hypertension, a condition in which the blood pressure in the lungs and in the right side of the heart is too high. When you have blockages in the arteries inside your lungs, your heart must work harder to push blood through those vessels. This increases blood pressure and eventually weakens your heart. In rare cases, small clots called emboli remain in the lungs and scarring develops in the pulmonary arteries over time. This restricts blood flow and results in chronic pulmonary hypertension. Prevention Preventing clots in the deep veins in your legs will help prevent pulmonary embolisms. For this reason, most hospitals are aggressive about taking measures to prevent blood clots, including: Blood thinners (anticoagulants). These medicines are often given to people at risk of clots before and after surgery. Also, they're often given to people admitted to the hospital with certain medical conditions, such as heart attack, stroke or complications of cancer. Compression stockings steadily squeeze the legs, helping veins and leg muscles move blood more efficiently. They offer a safe, simple and inexpensive way to keep blood from pooling in the legs during and after surgery. Leg elevation. Elevating your legs when possible and during the night can be very effective. Raise the bottom of your bed 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm) with blocks or books. Physical activity. Moving as soon as possible after surgery can help prevent pulmonary embolism and hasten recovery overall.
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2025-05-14
| 390 |
2482f481-f4a9-420a-8bea-6b901b49712a
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354647
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Pulmonary embolism
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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They offer a safe, simple and inexpensive way to keep blood from pooling in the legs during and after surgery. Leg elevation. Elevating your legs when possible and during the night can be very effective. Raise the bottom of your bed 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm) with blocks or books. Physical activity. Moving as soon as possible after surgery can help prevent pulmonary embolism and hasten recovery overall. This is one of the main reasons your nurse may push you to get up, even on your day of surgery, and walk despite pain at the site of your surgical incision. Pneumatic compression. This treatment uses thigh-high or calf-high cuffs that automatically inflate with air and deflate every few minutes. This massages and squeezes the veins in your legs and improves blood flow. Prevention while traveling The risk of blood clots developing while traveling is low but increases as long-haul travel increases. If you have risk factors for blood clots and you're concerned about travel, talk with your health care provider. Your provider might suggest the following to help prevent blood clots during travel: Drink plenty of fluids. Water is the best liquid for preventing dehydration, which can contribute to the development of blood clots. Avoid alcohol, which contributes to fluid loss. Take a break from sitting. Move around the airplane cabin once an hour or so. If you're driving, stop every so often and walk around the car a couple of times. Do a few deep knee bends. Move in your seat. Bend and make circle movements with your ankles and raise your toes up and down every 15 to 30 minutes. Wear support stockings. Your provider may recommend these to help promote circulation and fluid movement in your legs. Compression stockings are available in a range of stylish colors and textures. There are even devices, called stocking butlers, to help you put on the stockings. Dec. 01, 2022
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2025-05-14
| 388 |
24b9fe8c-d181-4bf0-a38c-a48681e9c35e
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prehypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20376703
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Elevated blood pressure
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Elevated blood pressure is blood pressure that is slightly higher than what is considered ideal. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association divide blood pressure into four general categories. Normal blood pressure. Blood pressure is lower than 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Elevated blood pressure. The top number ranges from 120 to 129 mm Hg and the bottom number is below (not above) 80 mm Hg . Stage 1 hypertension. The top number ranges from 130 to 139 mm Hg or the bottom number is between 80 to 89 mm Hg . Stage 2 hypertension. The top number is 140 mm Hg or higher or the bottom number is 90 mm Hg or higher. Elevated blood pressure is considered a category, not an actual health condition like high blood pressure (hypertension). But elevated blood pressure tends to get worse over time unless it's properly managed. That's why it's important to regularly check and control your blood pressure. Healthy lifestyle habits, such as regular exercise and a healthy diet, can help prevent and control high blood pressure (hypertension). Uncontrolled, elevated blood pressure and hypertension increase the risks of heart attacks and strokes. Some research says long-term elevated blood pressure can lead to changes in memory, language, thinking or judgment (cognitive decline).
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2025-05-14
| 289 |
36d382a0-e1f4-4c6a-985b-9b0d10f37d0f
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eisenmenger-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350580
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Eisenmenger syndrome
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Eisenmenger syndrome Eisenmenger syndrome Eisenmenger syndrome Eisenmenger syndrome is most often a complication of having a hole between two chambers of the heart. The hole is called a ventricular septal defect. It causes more blood to flow to the lungs' arteries. Eventually the extra blood flow causes blood vessels to stiffen and narrow, increasing pressure in the lungs' arteries. The high pressure causes the walls of the right lower heart chamber, called the right ventricle, to get thick. Eisenmenger (I-sun-meng-ur) syndrome is a long-term complication of an unrepaired heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Eisenmenger syndrome is life-threatening. In Eisenmenger syndrome, there is irregular blood flow in the heart and lungs. This causes the blood vessels in the lungs to become stiff and narrow. Blood pressure rises in the lungs' arteries. Eisenmenger syndrome causes permanent to the blood vessels in the lungs. Early diagnosis and repair of congenital heart defects usually prevents Eisenmenger syndrome. If it does develop, treatment involves regular health checkups and medicines to improve symptoms. Symptoms Symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome include: Blue or gray skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see. Chest pain or tightness. Coughing up blood. Dizziness or fainting. Easily tiring and shortness of breath with activity. Headaches. Large, rounded fingernails or toenails, called clubbing. Numbness or tingling in fingers or toes. Shortness of breath while at rest. Skipped or racing heartbeats. When to see a doctor If you have any symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome, see your healthcare professional. Make an appointment even if you have never been diagnosed with a heart condition. Get emergency medical help for symptoms such as shortness of breath or chest pain.
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2025-05-14
| 386 |
113591ba-8f2d-493c-81a2-4d1c0c7bcb7e
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eisenmenger-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350580
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Eisenmenger syndrome
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Headaches. Large, rounded fingernails or toenails, called clubbing. Numbness or tingling in fingers or toes. Shortness of breath while at rest. Skipped or racing heartbeats. When to see a doctor If you have any symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome, see your healthcare professional. Make an appointment even if you have never been diagnosed with a heart condition. Get emergency medical help for symptoms such as shortness of breath or chest pain. Causes Eisenmenger syndrome is usually caused by an unrepaired hole between the main blood vessels or chambers of the heart. The hole is called a shunt. A shunt is a heart problem present at birth, which means it's a congenital heart defect. Congenital heart defects that can cause Eisenmenger syndrome include: Ventricular septal defect. This is the most common cause of Eisenmenger syndrome. There is a hole in the wall of tissue between the bottom heart chambers. Atrioventricular canal defect. This is a large hole in the center of the heart. The hole is where the walls between the upper chambers and lower chambers meet. Some of the valves in the heart also may not work as they should. Atrial septal defect. This is a hole in the wall of tissue between the two upper heart chambers. Patent ductus arteriosus. This is an opening between the artery that carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and the body's main artery. In any of these heart conditions, blood flows in a way it usually doesn't. As a result, pressure rises in the pulmonary artery. Over time, the increased pressure damages the smaller blood vessels in the lungs. The damaged blood vessel walls make it hard for the heart to pump blood to the lungs. In Eisenmenger syndrome, blood pressure rises in the side of the heart that has oxygen-poor blood, also called blue blood.
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2025-05-14
| 386 |
5e2dd358-96b4-4235-95fa-d680a85497ec
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eisenmenger-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350580
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Eisenmenger syndrome
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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In any of these heart conditions, blood flows in a way it usually doesn't. As a result, pressure rises in the pulmonary artery. Over time, the increased pressure damages the smaller blood vessels in the lungs. The damaged blood vessel walls make it hard for the heart to pump blood to the lungs. In Eisenmenger syndrome, blood pressure rises in the side of the heart that has oxygen-poor blood, also called blue blood. The blue blood goes through the hole in the heart or blood vessels. Oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood now mix. This causes low blood oxygen levels. Risk factors A family history of congenital heart defects increases the risk of similar heart problems in a baby. If you've been diagnosed with Eisenmenger syndrome, talk with your healthcare professional about screening other family members for congenital heart defects. Complications Eisenmenger syndrome is a life-threatening condition. How well someone with Eisenmenger syndrome does depends on the specific cause and if there are other medical conditions. Complications of Eisenmenger syndrome may include: Low blood oxygen levels. The change in blood flow through the heart sends less oxygen to the body's tissues and organs. Without quick treatment, the oxygen levels get worse. Irregular heartbeats, also called arrhythmias. Eisenmenger syndrome causes the heart walls to get bigger and thicker. It also causes a drop in oxygen levels. These changes may lead to irregular heartbeats. Some irregular heartbeats increase the risk of blood clots that can cause heart attacks or strokes. Sudden cardiac arrest. This is the sudden loss of heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm. If not treated immediately, sudden cardiac arrest can quickly lead to death. Survival is possible with fast, proper medical care. Heart failure. The increased pressure in the heart can cause the heart muscle to weaken. It becomes harder for the heart to pump blood. Bleeding in the lungs.
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2025-05-14
| 387 |
e1013a50-9d3b-4e86-aa26-8460da9c9939
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eisenmenger-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350580
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Eisenmenger syndrome
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Some irregular heartbeats increase the risk of blood clots that can cause heart attacks or strokes. Sudden cardiac arrest. This is the sudden loss of heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm. If not treated immediately, sudden cardiac arrest can quickly lead to death. Survival is possible with fast, proper medical care. Heart failure. The increased pressure in the heart can cause the heart muscle to weaken. It becomes harder for the heart to pump blood. Bleeding in the lungs. Eisenmenger syndrome can cause life-threatening bleeding in the lungs and airways. Bleeding also can occur in other parts of the body. Stroke. If a blood clot travels from the right side to the left side of the heart, the clot may block a blood vessel in the brain. A blood clot in the brain can lead to a stroke. Kidney disease. Low oxygen levels in the blood may lead to trouble with the kidneys. Gout. Eisenmenger syndrome can increase the risk of a type of arthritis called gout. Gout causes sudden, severe attacks of pain and swelling in one or more joints, usually the big toe. Heart infection. People with Eisenmenger syndrome have a higher risk of a heart infection called endocarditis. Pregnancy risks. During pregnancy, the heart and lungs have to work harder to support the growing baby. Because of this, pregnancy with Eisenmenger syndrome poses a high risk of death for both the pregnant person and the baby. If you have Eisenmenger syndrome, talk with your healthcare professional about your specific pregnancy risks. Aug. 28, 2024
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2025-05-14
| 321 |
759f2301-1762-4beb-be09-3cc3365bf51c
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ehrlichiosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372142
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Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are similar tick-borne illnesses that cause flu-like symptoms, including fever, muscle aches and headache. Signs and symptoms of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis usually appear within 14 days after a tick bite. If treated quickly with appropriate antibiotics, you'll likely recover within a few days. Untreated ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis can result in serious or life-threatening complications. The best way to prevent these infections is to avoid tick bites. Tick repellents, thorough body checks after being outside and proper removal of ticks are your best defenses against these tick-borne diseases. Symptoms Signs and symptoms of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are generally the same, although they usually are more severe in ehrlichiosis. Symptoms of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis, which vary widely from person to person, include: Moderate fever Chills Headache Muscles aches or pains General feeling of being unwell Joint pain Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Loss of appetite Additional signs and symptoms associated with ehrlichiosis but rarely with anaplasmosis include: Confusion or changes in mental state Rash Some people may be infected and not develop symptoms. When to see a doctor The time from getting a bite to showing signs and symptoms is usually five to 14 days. If you develop any of the signs or symptoms after a tick bite or after a possible exposure to ticks, see your doctor. Causes Lone Star tick Lone Star tick Lone Star tick The adult female Lone Star tick displays a characteristic white spot on its back, and may grow to be as large as 1/3 of an inch before feeding. Deer tick Deer tick Deer tick The deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) goes through three life stages.
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2025-05-14
| 373 |
abc00100-cc95-4dd7-9348-c4d00bea5ac2
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ehrlichiosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372142
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Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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If you develop any of the signs or symptoms after a tick bite or after a possible exposure to ticks, see your doctor. Causes Lone Star tick Lone Star tick Lone Star tick The adult female Lone Star tick displays a characteristic white spot on its back, and may grow to be as large as 1/3 of an inch before feeding. Deer tick Deer tick Deer tick The deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) goes through three life stages. Shown from left to right is the adult female, adult male, nymph and larva on a centimeter scale. Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are caused by different bacteria. Ehrlichiosis is caused by different species of ehrlichia bacteria. The Lone Star tick — found in south-central, southeastern and eastern coastal states — is the primary carrier of bacteria causing ehrlichiosis. Black-legged ticks, commonly called deer ticks, in the Upper Midwest are less common carriers. Anaplasmosis is caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. It's primarily carried by deer ticks in the Upper Midwest, northeastern states and central Canadian provinces. It's also carried by the Western black-legged tick in Western coastal states and other tick species in Europe and Asia. The ehrlichia and anaplasma species belong to the same family of bacteria. Although each bacterium appears to have a specific target among immune system cells in the host, all of these infectious agents generally cause the same symptoms. Tick bites and infection Ticks feed on blood by latching onto a host and feeding until they're swollen to many times their normal size. Ticks can pick up bacteria from a host, such as a deer, and then spread the bacteria to another host, such as a human. The spread of the bacteria from the tick to the host probably occurs about 24 hours after the tick has begun feeding.
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2025-05-14
| 386 |
2934bb60-d4cc-4e41-8b7d-e2d77ebaa2f4
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ehrlichiosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372142
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Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Tick bites and infection Ticks feed on blood by latching onto a host and feeding until they're swollen to many times their normal size. Ticks can pick up bacteria from a host, such as a deer, and then spread the bacteria to another host, such as a human. The spread of the bacteria from the tick to the host probably occurs about 24 hours after the tick has begun feeding. Other ways bacteria spreads Spread of the bacteria causing ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis is possible through blood transfusions, from mother to fetus, or through direct contact with an infected, slaughtered animal. Related information Slide show: Guide to different tick species and the diseases they carry Risk factors Ticks live near the ground in wooded or brushy areas. They do not fly or jump, so they can only reach a host who brushes up against them. Factors that increase your risk of a tick bite include: Being outdoors in warm spring and summer months Participating in activities in wooded areas, such as camping, hiking or hunting Wearing clothes that leave your skin exposed in tick-friendly habitat Complications Without prompt treatment, ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis can have serious effects on an otherwise healthy adult or child. People with weakened immune systems are at a higher risk of more-serious and life-threatening complications. Complications of an untreated infection may include: Kidney failure Respiratory failure Heart failure Damage to the central nervous system Seizures Coma Severe secondary infections Prevention The best way to steer clear of ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis is to avoid tick bites when you are outdoors. Most ticks attach themselves to your lower legs and feet as you walk or work in grassy, wooded areas or overgrown fields. After a tick attaches to your body, it usually crawls upward to find a location to burrow into your skin.
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2025-05-14
| 376 |
c60a811f-cd29-4fdd-94e7-67ad5b95e5cd
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ehrlichiosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372142
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Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Most ticks attach themselves to your lower legs and feet as you walk or work in grassy, wooded areas or overgrown fields. After a tick attaches to your body, it usually crawls upward to find a location to burrow into your skin. If you are going to be working or playing in an area that is a likely tick habitat, follow these tips to protect yourself. Mayo Clinic Minute: Ways to avoid ticks Show transcript for video Mayo Clinic Minute: Ways to avoid ticks Jeff Olsen: While you're enjoying a hike, ticks are looking for a ride. Dr. Bobbi Pritt: They get themselves in a position. And they will climb up the nearest object, like this blade of grass here. Jeff Olsen: It's called questing. Bobbi Pritt: It sticks out its legs, and that allows it to grab on to hosts as they walk by. Jeff Olsen: You can lessen the chances you'll become a host. Bobbi Pritt: Using insect repellents is a good idea. Jeff Olsen: Mayo Clinic parasitic diseases expert Dr. Bobbi Pritt suggests permethrin for your clothing and gear. Bobbi Pritt: You can really saturate your gear. Leave them out to dry, and, then, the next day, wear them. Jeff Olsen: Use permethrin on materials and DEET on skin. Spray the DEET repellent on exposed skin, including your legs and hands. Avoid your face, but be sure to protect your neck. Then, tuck your pants into your socks. And, on your hike, remember to avoid areas where those questing ticks may be perched. Bobbi Pritt: That's why you want to stay away from the tall grasses. Stay in the middle. Jeff Olsen: For the Mayo Clinic News Network, I'm Jeff Olsen.
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2025-05-14
| 372 |
266ea679-edad-4b47-9a0d-4fce23bcb299
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ehrlichiosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372142
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Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Spray the DEET repellent on exposed skin, including your legs and hands. Avoid your face, but be sure to protect your neck. Then, tuck your pants into your socks. And, on your hike, remember to avoid areas where those questing ticks may be perched. Bobbi Pritt: That's why you want to stay away from the tall grasses. Stay in the middle. Jeff Olsen: For the Mayo Clinic News Network, I'm Jeff Olsen. Use tick repellents Spray your outdoor clothing, shoes, tent or other camping gear with a repellent that has 0.5% permethrin. Some gear and clothing may be pre-treated with permethrin. Use an insect repellent registered with the Environmental Protection Agency on any exposed skin, except your face. These include repellents that contain DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), para-menthane-diol (PMD) or 2-undecanone. Do not use products with OLE or PMD on children under age 3. Dress for protection Wear light-colored clothing that makes it easier for you or others to see ticks on your clothing before they bite. Avoid open-toed shoes or sandals. Wear long-sleeved shirts tucked into your pants and long pants tucked into your socks. Check for ticks Shower as soon as possible to wash off any loose ticks and check for ticks that may have burrowed. Use a mirror to check your body thoroughly. Pay attention to your underarms, hair and hairline, ears, waist, between your legs, behind your knees, and inside your bellybutton. Check your gear. Dry your clothes and gear on hot for at least 10 minutes to kill ticks before cleaning them. Other tips Do a daily inspection for ticks on any pet that spends time outdoors. Stay on clear paths as much as possible in wooded and grassy areas.
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2025-05-14
| 398 |
492ddc97-c41a-4f14-84b7-2b2d749c60f5
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ehrlichiosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372142
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Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Use a mirror to check your body thoroughly. Pay attention to your underarms, hair and hairline, ears, waist, between your legs, behind your knees, and inside your bellybutton. Check your gear. Dry your clothes and gear on hot for at least 10 minutes to kill ticks before cleaning them. Other tips Do a daily inspection for ticks on any pet that spends time outdoors. Stay on clear paths as much as possible in wooded and grassy areas. Oct. 05, 2022
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2025-05-14
| 102 |
88fe16a5-0467-45e6-8b57-805d1f96a07a
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ehlers-danlos-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20362125
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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Overview Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of inherited disorders that affect your connective tissues — primarily your skin, joints and blood vessel walls. Connective tissue is a complex mixture of proteins and other substances that provide strength and elasticity to the underlying structures in your body. People who have Ehlers-Danlos syndrome usually have overly flexible joints and stretchy, fragile skin. This can become a problem if you have a wound that requires stitches, because the skin often isn't strong enough to hold them. A more severe form of the disorder, called vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, can cause the walls of your blood vessels, intestines or uterus to rupture. Because vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome can have serious potential complications in pregnancy, you may want to talk to a genetic counselor before starting a family. Symptoms There are many different types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, but the most common signs and symptoms include: Overly flexible joints. Because the connective tissue that holds joints together is looser, your joints can move far past the normal range of motion. Joint pain and dislocations are common. Stretchy skin. Weakened connective tissue allows your skin to stretch much more than usual. You may be able to pull a pinch of skin up away from your flesh, but it will snap right back into place when you let go. Your skin might also feel exceptionally soft and velvety. Fragile skin. Damaged skin often doesn't heal well. For example, the stitches used to a wound often will tear out and leave a gaping scar. These scars may look thin and crinkly. Symptom severity can vary from person to person and depends on the specific type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that you have. The most common type is called hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
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2025-05-14
| 370 |
899464a6-1eea-4023-9347-9fba265e9cdb
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ehlers-danlos-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20362125
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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Your skin might also feel exceptionally soft and velvety. Fragile skin. Damaged skin often doesn't heal well. For example, the stitches used to a wound often will tear out and leave a gaping scar. These scars may look thin and crinkly. Symptom severity can vary from person to person and depends on the specific type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that you have. The most common type is called hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome People who have vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome often share distinctive facial features of a thin nose, thin upper lip, small earlobes and prominent eyes. They also have thin, translucent skin that bruises very easily. In fair-skinned people, the underlying blood vessels are very visible through the skin. Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome can weaken your heart's largest artery (aorta), as well as the arteries to other regions of your body. A rupture of any of these larger blood vessels can be fatal. The vascular type can also weaken the walls of the uterus or large intestines — which also may rupture. Causes Different types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are associated with a variety of genetic causes, some of which are inherited and passed on from parent to child. If you have the most common form, hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, there's a 50% chance that you'll pass on the gene to each of your children. Complications Complications depend on the types of signs and symptoms you have. For example, overly flexible joints can result in joint dislocations and early-onset arthritis. Fragile skin may develop prominent scarring. People who have vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are at risk of often fatal ruptures of major blood vessels. Some organs, such as the uterus and intestines, also may rupture. Pregnancy can increase the risk of a rupture in the uterus.
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2025-05-14
| 390 |
40e1796e-991f-4678-8374-9d0399d91551
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ehlers-danlos-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20362125
|
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
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symptoms-causes
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mayo
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Complications Complications depend on the types of signs and symptoms you have. For example, overly flexible joints can result in joint dislocations and early-onset arthritis. Fragile skin may develop prominent scarring. People who have vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are at risk of often fatal ruptures of major blood vessels. Some organs, such as the uterus and intestines, also may rupture. Pregnancy can increase the risk of a rupture in the uterus. Prevention If you have a personal or family history of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and you're thinking about starting a family, you may benefit from talking to a genetic counselor — a health care professional trained to assess the risk of inherited disorders. Genetic counseling can help you understand the inheritance pattern of the type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that affects you and the risks it poses for your children. Aug. 25, 2022
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2025-05-14
| 179 |
eedaa506-000c-4145-8c4a-c6ef7ca8929a
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355561
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Emphysema
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
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Diagnosis Spirometer Spirometer Spirometer A spirometer is a diagnostic device that measures the amount of air you can breathe in and out and the time it takes you to breathe out completely after you take a deep breath. To find out if you have emphysema, your doctor or other healthcare professional asks about your medical and family history, smoking, and whether you're often around other lung irritants. Your healthcare professional does a physical exam that includes listening to your lungs. You may have imaging tests, lung function tests and lab tests. Imaging tests Chest X-ray. This test may show some lung changes caused by emphysema. It also can rule out other causes of your symptoms. But the chest X-ray may not show changes even if you have emphysema. Computerized tomography (CT) scan. A CT scan combines X-ray images taken from many different angles to create images of structures inside the body. A CT scan gives much greater detail of changes in your lungs than a chest X-ray does. A CT scan of your lungs can show emphysema. It also can help in deciding if you might benefit from surgery. A CT scan can be used to check for lung cancer too. Lung function tests Also called pulmonary function tests, lung function tests measure the amount of air you can breathe in and breathe out, and whether your lungs deliver enough oxygen to your blood. Spirometry is the most common test to diagnose emphysema. During spirometry you blow into a large tube connected to a small machine. This measures how much air your lungs can hold and how fast you can blow the air out of your lungs. Spirometry tells how much airflow is limited. Other tests include measurement of lung volumes and diffusing capacity, six-minute walk test, and pulse oximetry. Lung function tests and imaging tests can show whether you have emphysema.
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2025-05-14
| 384 |
d0792255-dbcd-4ae8-898c-b7d97d6bb4d9
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355561
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Emphysema
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diagnosis-treatment
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mayo
|
During spirometry you blow into a large tube connected to a small machine. This measures how much air your lungs can hold and how fast you can blow the air out of your lungs. Spirometry tells how much airflow is limited. Other tests include measurement of lung volumes and diffusing capacity, six-minute walk test, and pulse oximetry. Lung function tests and imaging tests can show whether you have emphysema. And they also can be used to check your condition over time and see how well treatments are working. Lab tests Blood tests aren't used to diagnose emphysema, but they may give more information about your condition, find the cause of your symptoms or rule out other conditions. Arterial blood gas analysis. This blood test measures how well your lungs are bringing oxygen into your blood and removing carbon dioxide. Testing for AAT deficiency. Blood tests can tell if you have the gene change passed down in families that causes the condition alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Treatment Treatment is based on how severe your symptoms are and how often you have exacerbations. Effective therapy can control symptoms, slow how fast the condition worsens, lower the risk of complications and exacerbations, and help you lead a more active life. Quitting smoking The most important step in any treatment plan for emphysema is to quit all smoking. Stopping smoking can keep emphysema from getting worse and making it harder to breathe. Talk with your healthcare professional about stop-smoking programs, nicotine replacement products and medicines that might help. Medicine Several kinds of medicines are used to treat the symptoms and complications of emphysema. You may take some medicines on a regular basis and others as needed. Most medicines for emphysema are given using an inhaler. This small, handheld device delivers the medicine straight to your lungs when you breathe in the fine mist or powder.
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2025-05-14
| 384 |
1a899e14-564f-451f-bb2b-5d52096452cb
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355561
|
Emphysema
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diagnosis-treatment
|
mayo
|
Talk with your healthcare professional about stop-smoking programs, nicotine replacement products and medicines that might help. Medicine Several kinds of medicines are used to treat the symptoms and complications of emphysema. You may take some medicines on a regular basis and others as needed. Most medicines for emphysema are given using an inhaler. This small, handheld device delivers the medicine straight to your lungs when you breathe in the fine mist or powder. Talk with your healthcare professional so that you know the right way to use the inhaler prescribed. Medicines may include: Bronchodilators. Bronchodilators are medicines that usually come in inhalers. Bronchodilators relax the muscles around your airways. This can help relieve coughing and make breathing easier. Depending on the severity of your emphysema, you may need a short-acting bronchodilator before activities, a long-acting bronchodilator that you use every day or both. Inhaled steroids. Inhaled corticosteroids can lessen airway inflammation and help keep exacerbations from happening. Side effects may include bruising, mouth infections and hoarseness. These medicines are useful if you often have exacerbations of emphysema. Combination inhalers. Some inhalers combine bronchodilators and inhaled steroids. There also are combination inhalers that include more than one type of bronchodilator. Antibiotics. If you have a bacterial infection, such as acute bronchitis or pneumonia, antibiotics can help. Oral steroids. For exacerbations, a short course, for example, of five days of oral corticosteroids may keep symptoms from getting worse. But long-term use of these medicines can have serious side effects, such as weight gain, diabetes, osteoporosis, cataracts and a higher risk of infection. Lung therapies Pulmonary rehabilitation.
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2025-05-14
| 383 |
6cd5894f-4fc7-41b2-b814-00d7df9c03c7
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355561
|
Emphysema
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diagnosis-treatment
|
mayo
|
Antibiotics. If you have a bacterial infection, such as acute bronchitis or pneumonia, antibiotics can help. Oral steroids. For exacerbations, a short course, for example, of five days of oral corticosteroids may keep symptoms from getting worse. But long-term use of these medicines can have serious side effects, such as weight gain, diabetes, osteoporosis, cataracts and a higher risk of infection. Lung therapies Pulmonary rehabilitation. These programs generally combine education, exercise training, nutrition advice and counseling. You work with a variety of specialists who can tailor your rehabilitation program to meet your needs. Pulmonary rehabilitation may help lessen your breathlessness and allow you to be more active and exercise. Nutrition therapy. You may benefit from advice about nutrition by working with a dietitian. In the early stages of emphysema, many people need to lose weight, while people with late-stage emphysema often need to gain weight. Oxygen therapy. If you have severe emphysema with low blood oxygen levels, you may need extra oxygen at home. You can get this extra oxygen to your lungs through a mask or a plastic tubing with tips that fit into your nose. These attach to an oxygen tank. Lightweight, portable units can help some people get around more. Supplemental oxygen can help your breathing during physical activity and help you sleep better. Many people use oxygen 24 hours a day, even when resting. Managing exacerbations When exacerbations occur, you may need added medicines, such as antibiotics, oral steroids or both. You also may need supplemental oxygen or treatment in the hospital. Once symptoms get better, your healthcare professional can talk with you about what steps to take to help stop future exacerbations. Surgery Depending on the severity of your emphysema, your healthcare professional may suggest one or more different types of surgery, including: Lung volume reduction surgery.
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2025-05-14
| 383 |
241fbeb1-1a0e-49a1-99c5-6f27dfdbbf75
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355561
|
Emphysema
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diagnosis-treatment
|
mayo
|
Managing exacerbations When exacerbations occur, you may need added medicines, such as antibiotics, oral steroids or both. You also may need supplemental oxygen or treatment in the hospital. Once symptoms get better, your healthcare professional can talk with you about what steps to take to help stop future exacerbations. Surgery Depending on the severity of your emphysema, your healthcare professional may suggest one or more different types of surgery, including: Lung volume reduction surgery. In this surgery, the surgeon removes small wedges of damaged lung tissue from the upper lungs. This creates extra space in the chest so that the remaining healthier lung tissue can expand and the muscle that helps in breathing can work better. In some people, this surgery can make their quality of life better and help them live longer. Endoscopic lung volume reduction. Also called endobronchial valve surgery, this is a minimally invasive procedure to treat people with emphysema. A tiny one-way endobronchial valve is placed in the lung. Air can leave the damaged part of the lung through the valve, but no new air gets in. This allows the most damaged lung lobe to shrink so that the healthier part of the lung has more space to expand and function. Bullectomy. Large air spaces called bullae form in the lungs when the inner walls of the alveoli are destroyed. This leaves one large air sac instead of a cluster of many smaller ones. These bullae can become very large and cause breathing problems. In a bullectomy, the surgeon removes the bullae from the lungs to allow more air flow. Lung transplant. A lung transplant may be an option for certain people who meet specific criteria. Getting a new lung can make breathing easier and allow a more active lifestyle. But it's major surgery that has serious risks, such as organ rejection. To try to keep organ rejection from happening, it's necessary to take lifelong medicine that weakens the immune system.
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2025-05-14
| 395 |
b8fb0890-1206-4c69-9919-cbb52c8fe553
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355561
|
Emphysema
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diagnosis-treatment
|
mayo
|
In a bullectomy, the surgeon removes the bullae from the lungs to allow more air flow. Lung transplant. A lung transplant may be an option for certain people who meet specific criteria. Getting a new lung can make breathing easier and allow a more active lifestyle. But it's major surgery that has serious risks, such as organ rejection. To try to keep organ rejection from happening, it's necessary to take lifelong medicine that weakens the immune system. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency For adults with emphysema related to AAT deficiency, treatment options include those used for people with more-common types of emphysema. Some people can be treated by also replacing the missing AAT protein. This may stop more damage to the lungs. Lifestyle and home remedies If you have emphysema, you can take steps to slow how fast it worsens and to protect yourself from complications: Stop smoking. This is the most important step you can take for your overall health. Continuing to smoke can cause more damage to your lungs and worsen emphysema. If you need help giving up smoking, join a stop-smoking program or talk to your healthcare professional about ways to quit. As much as possible, avoid secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke may add to lung damage. Avoid triggers. These include fumes from paint and automobile exhaust, some cooking odors, certain perfumes, and even burning candles and incense. Change furnace and air conditioner filters regularly to limit pollutants. Get your house checked for radon. Air pollution also can irritate your lungs, so check daily air quality forecasts before going out. Figure out what may trigger exacerbations for you and avoid them as much as possible. Manage your breathing. Talk to your healthcare professional or respiratory therapist about techniques to manage your breathing so it's easier to breathe throughout the day.
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2025-05-14
| 377 |
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