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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:How popular is K-pop around the world?### Input:Modern K-pop "idol" culture began in the 1990s, as K-pop idol music grew into a subculture that amassed enormous fandoms of teenagers and young adults. After a slump in early idol music, from 2003, TVXQ and BoA started a new generation of K-pop idols that broke the music genre into the neighboring Japanese market and continue to popularize K-pop internationally today. With the advent of online social networking services and South Korean TV shows, the current spread of K-pop and South Korean entertainment, known as the Korean Wave, is seen not only in East Asia and Southeast Asia, but also in Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Latin America, North Africa, Southern Africa and East Africa, the Middle East and throughout the Western world, gaining an international audience.### Response:
|
K-pop has gained significant popularity around the world, particularly in the last decade. According to a 2020 report by the Korea Creative Content Agency, K-pop has become a global phenomenon, with fans in over 100 countries worldwide. The report states that K-pop's popularity has been growing steadily since 2012, with a significant increase in the number of fans and the amount of revenue generated from K-pop-related activities. In addition, K-pop has been gaining traction in countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom, where K-pop fans have been actively engaging with K-pop content on social media platforms and streaming services. Overall, K-pop has become a truly global phenomenon, with a dedicated fan base that spans across different cultures and regions.</s>
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about David Moses ben Meir Dyte, tell me what he is known for.### Input:David Moses ben Meir Dyte (c. 1770–1830) was an English Jewish quill merchant who distinguished himself by preventing the assassination attempt on George III by James Hadfield on 15 May 1800.Dyte was attending Colley Cibber's play She Would and She Would Not at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane when Hadfield fired a horsepistol at the King. Dyte, seated directly behind the shooter, struck the assailant and deflected the shot. It is said that Dyte asked as his sole reward the right to sell opera tickets, then a monopoly at the royal disposal. In 1802 he was appointed 'Purveyor of Pens and Quills to the Royal Household'. The incident was immortalised in the play Jew Dyte by Harold Rubinstein.Dyte was the father of Henry Dyte, who served as Honorary Secretary to the Blind Society; and the grandfather of D. H. Dyte, Surgeon to the Jewish Board of Guardians, and Charles Dyte, a parliamentarian in the colony of Victoria.### Response:
|
David David Moses ben Meir Dyte is known for preventing the assassination attempt on King George III in 1800 by deflecting the bullet with his body. He was granted the right to sell opera tickets as a reward for his heroism and was appointed as the "Purveyor of Pens and Quills to the Royal Household" in 1802.</s>
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about the 2022 Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing, how many people were injured and killed?### Input:2022 Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombingOn 21 April 2022, a powerful bomb rocked the Shia Seh Dokan mosque in Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh Province, Afghanistan killing at least 31 people and injuring more than 87 others. The Islamic State – Khorasan Province claimed responsibility via Telegram.Worshippers were performing the Zuhr prayer inside the mosque when the bomb exploded. Authorities counted 31 dead and at least 87 injured, six of whom were wounded critically.The bombing was part of a series of attacks on the same day, including two explosions targeting Taliban officers in Kunduz and Khogyani District and a bombing that injured two Shia children in Kabul.### Response:
|
According to the reference text, 31 people were killed and more than 87 were injured in the 2022 Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing.</s>
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What are the seven wonders of the world?### Input:The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, also known as the Seven Wonders of the World or simply the Seven Wonders, is a list of seven notable structures present during classical antiquity. The first known list of seven wonders dates back to the 2nd–1st century BC.While the entries have varied over the centuries, the seven traditional wonders are the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Temple of Artemis, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Using modern-day countries, two of the wonders were located in Greece, two in Turkey, two in Egypt, and one in Iraq. Of the seven wonders, only the Pyramid of Giza, which is also by far the oldest of the wonders, still remains standing, with the others being destroyed over the centuries. There is scholarly debate over the exact nature of the Hanging Gardens, and there is doubt as to whether they existed at all.### Response:
|
The seven wonders of the world are:1. The Great Pyramid of Giza (Egypt)2. The Colossus of Rhodes (Greece)3. The Lighthouse of Alexandria (Egypt)4. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (Turkey)5. The Temple of Artemis (Turkey)6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia (Greece)7. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Iraq)Note: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are a matter of debate, as their existence is not confirmed.</s>
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about blockchain, how did blockchain influence bitcoin cryptocurrency?### Input:Blockchains are typically managed by a peer-to-peer (P2P) computer network for use as a public distributed ledger, where nodes collectively adhere to a consensus algorithm protocol to add and validate new transaction blocks. Although blockchain records are not unalterable, since blockchain forks are possible, blockchains may be considered secure by design and exemplify a distributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance. A blockchain was created by a person (or group of people) using the name (or pseudonym) Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 to serve as the public distributed ledger for bitcoin cryptocurrency transactions, based on previous work by Stuart Haber, W. Scott Stornetta, and Dave Bayer. The implementation of the blockchain within bitcoin made it the first digital currency to solve the double-spending problem without the need of a trusted authority or central server. The bitcoin design has inspired other applications and blockchains that are readable by the public and are widely used by cryptocurrencies. The blockchain may be considered a type of payment rail.### Response:
|
Blockchain significantly influenced bitcoin cryptocurrency by providing a secure and decentralized platform for conducting transactions. Prior to the development of blockchain technology, digital currencies like bitcoin relied on centralized servers to validate transactions and prevent double-spending. However, this centralized approach was vulnerable to security risks, as a single point of failure could compromise the entire system. By using a decentralized, peer-to-peer network to record transactions, blockchain technology enabled the creation of a secure and trustless system for conducting cryptocurrency transactions. This allowed bitcoin to become the first digital currency to solve the double-spending problem without the need for a central authority, and it has since inspired other applications and blockchains that are widely used by cryptocurrencies. In summary, blockchain technology revolutionized the way cryptocurrency transactions are conducted by providing a secure, decentralized, and trustless platform for conducting transactions.</s>
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What was the first name of Thomas Attewell's brother and cousin?### Input:Thomas Attewell (7 November 1869 – 6 July 1937) was an English first-class cricketer. Attewell was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Keyworth, Nottinghamshire.His brother William played first-class cricket for Nottinghamshire and the Marylebone Cricket Club, as well as Test cricket for England. His cousin Walter Attewell played first-class cricket for Nottinghamshire.### Response:
|
The first name of Thomas Attewell's brother is William.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about the Mauritius fody, tell me what they look like.### Input:The Mauritius fody (Foudia rubra) is a rare species of bird in the weaver family. It is endemic to the island of Mauritius. It is classified by BirdLife International as being endangered. It is also on the United States' Endangered Species List with an endangered status.This bird is 14 centimeters long. Breeding males are olive brown with a red head, breast and rump patch and black lores. While females, non-breeding males and juveniles are olive brown with white wing bars and a brown bill.The bird lives in several types of forest, including degraded areas, as well as plantations. Stands of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) have replaced native vegetation and now provide protection against predators. It feeds on insects like grasshoppers, beetle larvae, caterpillars, and also spiders. Berries are eaten regularly by some individuals. It feeds on nectar regularly, using its specialised brush-tipped tongue.The bird is a weaver, the male and female cooperating to weave each nest, from material like grass, moss and small twigs.### Response:
|
The Mauritius fody is a small bird that measures 14 centimeters in length. Breeding males have an olive-brown plumage with a distinct red head, breast, and rump patch, as well as black lores. Females, non-breeding males, and juveniles have a similar olive-brown plumage with white wing bars and a brown bill. The bird's diet consists mainly of insects such as grasshoppers, beetle larvae, caterpillars, and spiders, as well as berries. They are also known to weave nests using grass, moss, and small twigs, with both males and females cooperating in the nest-building process.</s>
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:When did Iranians convert to Islam?### Input:The Islamization of Iran occurred as a result of the Muslim conquest of Persia in 633–654. It was a long process by which Islam, though initially rejected, eventually spread among the population on the Iranian Plateau. Iranian peoples have maintained certain pre-Islamic traditions, including their language and culture, and adapted them with Islamic codes. These two customs and traditions merged as the "Iranian Islamic" identity.### Response:
|
Iranians converted to Islam in 633-654 AD during the Muslim conquest of Persia.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on this article, considerations of what time zone is used for determining what land is in the dead man zone?### Input:The dead man zone is the area directly around a bushfire that is likely to burn within five minutes given the current wind conditions or an anticipated change in wind direction. The distance this zone extends from the firefront is highly dependent on terrain, windspeed, fuel type and composition, relative humidity and ambient temperature, and can range from under 100 metres (330 ft) to well over 1 kilometre (3,300 ft).### Response:
|
Based on the article provided, the time zone used for determining what land is in the dead man zone is the local time zone of the area where the bushfire is occurring. This is because the distance of the dead man zone from the firefront depends on various factors such as terrain, wind speed, fuel type, and ambient temperature, which can vary greatly depending on the location. Therefore, to accurately determine which land is in the dead man zone, the local time zone must be taken into account.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Why is the forum in Rome named the forum?### Input:The Roman Forum, also known by its Latin name Forum Romanum (Italian: Foro Romano), is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome. Citizens of the ancient city referred to this space, originally a marketplace, as the Forum Magnum, or simply the Forum.For centuries the Forum was the center of day-to-day life in Rome: the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches; and the nucleus of commercial affairs. Here statues and monuments commemorated the city's great men. The teeming heart of ancient Rome, it has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history. Located in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills, the Forum today is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and intermittent archaeological excavations attracting 4.5 million or more sightseers yearly.### Response:
|
The forum in Rome was named the forum because it was originally a marketplace where citizens gathered to buy and sell goods. Over time, the term "forum" came to refer to the larger public square and the surrounding government buildings, becoming the central gathering place for day-to-day life in Rome.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What name is Beijing also known by?### Input:Beijing (/beɪˈdʒɪŋ/ bay-JING; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng; Mandarin pronunciation: [pèɪ.tɕíŋ] (listen)), alternatively romanized as Peking (/piːˈkɪŋ/ pee-KING), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. With over 21 million residents, Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city and is China's second largest city after Shanghai. It is located in Northern China, and is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the State Council with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing is mostly surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin to the southeast; together, the three divisions form the Jingjinji megalopolis and the national capital region of China.### Response:
|
Beijing is also known as Peking.</s>
|
[
3629,
823,
292,
338,
884,
2998,
408,
349,
1416,
292,
29889,
2
] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:How old is Tamil language?### Input:Tamil is one of the longest-surviving classical languages of India. A. K. Ramanujan described it as "the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past". The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to it being described as "one of the great classical traditions and literatures of the world". Recorded Tamil literature has been documented for over 2000 years. The earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from c. 300 BC until AD 300. It has the oldest extant literature among Dravidian languages. The earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and 'hero stones' date from around the 3rd century BC. About 60,000 of the approximately 100,000 inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India in India are in Tamil Nadu. Of them, most are in Tamil, with only about 5 percent in other languages. Tamil language inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka and on trade goods in Thailand and Egypt. The two earliest manuscripts from India, acknowledged and registered by the UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, were written in Tamil.### Response:
|
Tamil language is over 2000 years old.</s>
|
[
29911,
1344,
4086,
338,
975,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
2440,
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is the world's oldest annual marathon based on the reference text below?### Input:The Boston Marathon began on 19 April 1897, and was inspired by the success of the first marathon competition in the 1896 Summer Olympics. It is the world's oldest run annual marathon, and ranks as one of the world's most prestigious road racing events. Its course runs from Hopkinton in southern Middlesex County, to Copley Square in Boston. Johnny Hayes' victory at the 1908 Summer Olympics also contributed to the early growth of long-distance running and marathoning in the United States. Later that year, races around the holiday season including the Empire City Marathon held on New Year's Day 1909 in Yonkers, New York, marked the early running craze referred to as "marathon mania". Following the 1908 Olympics, the first five amateur marathons in New York City were held on days that held special meanings: Thanksgiving Day, the day after Christmas, New Year's Day, Washington's Birthday, and Lincoln's Birthday.Frank Shorter's victory in the marathon at the 1972 Summer Olympics would spur national enthusiasm for the sport more intense than that which followed Hayes' win 64 years earlier. In 2014, an estimated 550,600 runners completed a marathon within the United States. This can be compared to 143,000 in 1980. Today marathons are held all around the world on a nearly weekly basis.### Response:
|
The world's oldest annual marathon is the Boston Marathon, which was first held on April 19, 1897.</s>
|
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1576,
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about Georg Friedrich Parrot, tell me when and where he was born as well as what he studied.### Input:Georg Friedrich Parrot (15 July 1767 – 8 July 1852) was a German scientist, the first rector of the Imperial University of Dorpat (today Tartu, Estonia) in what was then the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire.EducationGeorges-Frédéric Parrot was born in Mömpelgard (now Montbéliard) (then part of the Duchy of Württemberg, from 1806 in France). His father, a surgeon by profession and the local duke's physician in ordinary, had a respectable position in the society becoming the mayor of his hometown. As the family was Protestants, they sent Georg Friedrich to study physics and mathematics at the University of Stuttgart in Stuttgart, the capital of the Duchy (1782–1786).### Response:
|
Georg Friedrich Parrot was born on July 15, 1767, in Mömpelgard (now Montbéliard), which was then part of the Duchy of Württemberg in Germany. He studied physics and mathematics at the University of Stuttgart from 1782 to 1786.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about cycling, who holds the record for the most Tour de France stage victories?### Input:As a road cyclist, Mark Cavendish turned professional in 2005, and achieved eleven wins in his first professional season. Cavendish has won 34 Tour de France stages, tying him for first on the all-time list with Eddy Merckx, contributing to a third-highest total of fifty-three Grand Tour stage victories. He won the Men's road race at the 2011 road world championships, becoming the second male British rider to do so after Tom Simpson. Cavendish has also won the points classification in all three of the grand tours: the 2010 Vuelta a España, the 2011, and 2021 Tours de France and the 2013 Giro d'Italia. In 2012, he became the first person to win the final Champs-Élysées stage in the Tour de France in four consecutive years.### Response:
|
The person who holds the record for the most Tour de France stage victories is Eddy Merckx.</s>
|
[
1576,
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:How many years passed from Ghana's decline to the Mali Empire consolidating western Sudan?### Input:By the ninth century CE, a string of dynastic states, including the earliest Hausa states, stretched across the sub-Saharan savannah from the western regions to central Sudan. The most powerful of these states were Ghana, Gao, and the Kanem-Bornu Empire. Ghana declined in the eleventh century, but was succeeded by the Mali Empire which consolidated much of western Sudan in the thirteenth century. Kanem accepted Islam in the eleventh century.### Response:
|
According to the input, it took 200 years for Ghana to decline and for the Mali Empire to consolidate western Sudan. Therefore, the answer is 200 years.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is Cryptocurrency?### Input:A cryptocurrency, crypto-currency, or crypto is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange through a computer network that is not reliant on any central authority, such as a government or bank, to uphold or maintain it. It is a decentralized system for verifying that the parties to a transaction have the money they claim to have, eliminating the need for traditional intermediaries, such as banks, when funds are being transferred between two entities.### Response:
|
Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security and is decentralized, meaning it is not controlled by any government or financial institution. It is designed to be a medium of exchange, but it operates independently of traditional financial systems, relying on cryptography to secure and verify transactions. Cryptocurrencies use a decentralized network of computers to record and verify transactions, rather than relying on a central authority, such as a bank. Some of the most well-known cryptocurrencies include Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about Africa, why Africa's per capita GDP is low?### Input:Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both aspects. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. With 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human population. Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Despite a wide range of natural resources, Africa is the least wealthy continent per capita and second-least wealthy by total wealth, behind Oceania. Scholars have attributed this to different factors including geography, climate, tribalism, colonialism, the Cold War, neocolonialism, lack of democracy, and corruption. Despite this low concentration of wealth, recent economic expansion and the large and young population make Africa an important economic market in the broader global context.### Response:
|
There are several reasons why Africa has low per capita GDP. Some of the factors that have been attributed to this include:1. Geography and climate: Africa's geography and climate can make it difficult to develop economically. For example, many parts of the continent are located in remote areas, making it hard to access markets and resources. Additionally, the climate can be challenging, with frequent droughts and floods that can damage infrastructure and disrupt economic activity.2. Tribalism: Tribalism has been a significant factor in Africa's economic underdevelopment. Many African societies have been divided along ethnic lines, leading to conflict and instability. This has discouraged investment and hindered economic growth.3. Colonialism: Colonialism has also played a role in Africa's low per capita GDP. European colonizers exploited Africa's resources and imposed economic systems that benefited them rather than the local populations. This has left a legacy of economic underdevelopment that has been difficult to overcome.4. Cold War: The Cold War also had an impact on Africa's economic development. The division of the continent into Soviet and American spheres of influence led to a
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given the numerous awards in Major League Baseball, what is the Willie Mays World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award?### Input:The Willie Mays World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award is given to the Major League Baseball (MLB) player deemed to have the most impact on his team's performance in the World Series, which is the final round of the MLB postseason. The award was first presented in 1955 as the SPORT Magazine Award, but is now decided during the final game of the Series by a committee of reporters and officials present at the game. On September 29, 2017, it was renamed in honor of Willie Mays in remembrance of the 63rd anniversary of The Catch, which occurred the year prior to the award's debut; Mays never won the award himself.### Response:
|
The Willie Mays World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award is given to the Major League Baseball (MLB) player who has the most impact on their team's performance in the World Series. The award was first presented in 1955 as the SPORT Magazine Award, but is now decided during the final game of the Series by a committee of reporters and officials present at the game. On September 29, 2017, it was renamed in honor of Willie Mays to recognize his significant contributions to the sport and his iconic catch in 1954, which occurred the year before the award was established.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about Anoop Nautiyal, what did his work focus on?### Input:Anoop Nautiyal is a social activist based in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. His work has focused on issues of environment and sustainable development of the state. He is the founder of Social Development Communities Foundation, an NGO and think tank based in Dehradun, which works works at the grassroots level for the empowerment of communities, as well as the sustainable development of the mountain state of Uttarakhand. He is a prolific social communicator and has also been a columnist for the Indian Express.He had a brief foray in the political space and contested the 2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election.Anoop Nautiyal attended Shri Ram College of Commerce and National Institute of Fashion Technology in New Delhi.[1### Response:
|
Anoop Nautiyal's work has focused on issues of environment and sustainable development in the state of Uttarakhand. As the founder of Social Development Communities Foundation, an NGO and think tank based in Dehradun, he has worked at the grassroots level for the empowerment of communities and the sustainable development of the mountain state.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who is the main cast in Seinfeld TV show?### Input:Seinfeld (/ˈsaɪnfɛld/ SYNE-feld) is an American television sitcom created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld. It aired on NBC from July 5, 1989, to May 14, 1998, over nine seasons and 180 episodes. It stars Seinfeld as a fictionalized version of himself and focuses on his personal life with three of his friends: best friend George Costanza (Jason Alexander), former girlfriend Elaine Benes (Julia Louis-Dreyfus) and his neighbor from across the hall, Cosmo Kramer (Michael Richards). It is set mostly in an apartment building in Manhattan's Upper West Side in New York City. It has been described as "a show about nothing", often focusing on the minutiae of daily life. Interspersed in earlier episodes are moments of stand-up comedy from the fictional Jerry Seinfeld, frequently using the episode's events for material.### Response:
|
The main cast of Seinfeld includes:* Jerry Seinfeld as Jerry Seinfeld* Jason Alexander as George Costanza* Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Elaine Benes* Michael Richards as Cosmo Kramer</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:From this paragraph, tell me when Mary died and when did Elizabeth had Mary, Queen of Scots imprisoned. Also, who supported plots to have Elizabeth overthrown?### Input:Mary's death in 1558 led to her half-sister Elizabeth taking the throne. Unlike Mary, Elizabeth was firmly in the reformist camp and quickly reimplemented many of Edward's reforms. Philip, no longer co-monarch, deemed Elizabeth a heretic and illegitimate ruler of England. In the eyes of the Catholic Church, Henry had never officially divorced Catherine, making Elizabeth illegitimate. It is alleged that Philip supported plots to have Elizabeth overthrown in favour of her Catholic cousin and heir presumptive, Mary, Queen of Scots. These plans were thwarted when Elizabeth had Mary imprisoned in 1567. Mary was forced to abdicate the crown of Scotland in favour of her son James VI. The first documented suggestion of what was called the Enterprise of England was in the summer of 1583 when, flushed with pride of his victory in the Azores, Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz addressed the suggestion to Philip II of taking advantage of it to attack England.### Response:
|
Mary died in 1558, Elizabeth had Mary, Queen of Scots imprisoned in 1567, and plots to overthrow Elizabeth were supported by Philip II.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:what are the 5 skandhas?### Input:Skandhas (Sanskrit) or khandhas (Pāḷi) means "heaps, aggregates, collections, groupings". In Buddhism, it refers to the five aggregates of clinging (Pañcupādānakkhandhā), the five material and mental factors that take part in the rise of craving and clinging. They are also explained as the five factors that constitute and explain a sentient being’s person and personality, but this is a later interpretation in response to sarvastivadin essentialism.The five aggregates or heaps of clinging are:1. form (or material image, impression) (rupa)2. sensations (or feelings, received from form) (vedana)3. perceptions (samjna)4. mental activity or formations (sankhara)5. consciousness (vijnana).### Response:
|
The five skandhas, also known as the five aggregates of clinging, are the five fundamental components that make up a sentient being's person and personality in Buddhism. They are:1. Form (Rupa): This refers to the physical body and any other material phenomena that we perceive with our senses.2. Sensations (Vedana): This includes all types of sensory experiences, such as pleasure, pain, and neutral feelings.3. Perceptions (Samjna): This refers to the process of recognizing and interpreting sensory experiences.4. Mental Activity or Formations (Sankhara): This encompasses all the thoughts, emotions, and mental states that we experience.5. Consciousness (Vijnana): This is the awareness or awareness of one's experiences, including the ability to perceive, think, and feel.These five skandhas are considered to be the fundamental building blocks of a sentient being's existence, and they are the source of suffering and craving that drives the cycle of rebirth. By understanding and cultivating a deep understanding of these skandhas, one can begin to break
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Which team has drafted Nkem-Nkechukwu Ojougboh?### Input:Nkem-Nkechukwu Ojougboh (born August 11, 1987) is Nigerian professional basketball player. He was drafted in the second round (ninth pick) at the 2010 NBA Development League Draft by the Utah Flash, an affiliate of the Utah Jazz and Atlanta Hawks. Collegiately, Ojougboh played for the Northeastern University Huskies men's basketball team from 2007-2010 and for the University of Texas San Antonio in 2005. He played for the NBA Development League team Utah Flash in the 2010/11 NBA D-League season, and for the Tulsa 66ers in 2011/12. Ojougboh was named to the CAA All-Academic First Team from 2005-2008. Ojougboh is the son of Cairo Ojougboh and Grace Ojougboh. He has two brothers Omam Ojougboh, Orieka Ojougboh and a sister Rimma Ojougboh. Out of high school, Ojougboh committed to the University of Texas at San Antonio, after also being recruited by Boise State, Cornell University, Harvard University, Arizona State University and Washington State. He transferred to Northeastern after his Freshman campaign at University of Texas San Antonio.### Response:
|
The Utah Flash drafted Nkem-Nkechukwu Ojougboh in the second round (ninth pick) at the 2010 NBA Development League Draft.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given the following paragraph about New York City, how many people live in the city?### Input:New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is the most densely populated major city in the United States and more than twice as populous as Los Angeles, the nation's second-largest city. New York City is located at the southern tip of New York State. It constitutes the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the U.S. by both population and urban area. With over 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York is one of the world's most populous megacities, and over 58 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the city. New York City is a global cultural, financial, entertainment, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care and life sciences, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy, and is sometimes described as the capital of the world.### Response:
|
According to the paragraph, there are 8,804,190 people living in New York City as of 2020.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about the sport of triathlon, what are the individual sports make up a triathlon### Input:A triathlon is an endurance multisport race consisting of swimming, cycling, and running over various distances. Triathletes compete for fastest overall completion time, racing each segment sequentially with the time transitioning between the disciplines included### Response:
|
The individual sports that make up a triathlon are swimming, cycling, and running.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Where was the 2018 UCI Track Cycling World Championships held?### Input:The 2018 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championships for track cycling in 2018. They took place in the Netherlands at the Omnisport Apeldoorn from 28 February to 4 March 2018.### Response:
|
The 2018 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were held in Apeldoorn, Netherlands.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about Ingwelala, tell me which game farms are on the reserve.### Input:Ingwelala is a private stakeholder nature reserve on the bank of the Nhlaralumi River in the heart of the lowveld, about 65 km from the town of Hoedspruit. The reserve of some 3,000 hectares forms part of the Bushbuckridge Municipality, and adjoins the Umbabat Nature Reserve and the unfenced Kruger National Park.Ingwelala includes the following game farms:Argyle – 1,499 ha registered as Ingwelala Shareblock Ltd.Buffelsbed – 1,018 ha registered as Buffelsbed Shareblock Ltd.Goedehoop – 372 ha registered as Ingwelala Holdings Ltd.Si Bon – 257 ha registered as Si Bon Property Holdings Ltd### Response:
|
The game farms located on the Ingwelala reserve are Argyle, Buffelsbed, and Goedehoop.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What caused the 2007-2008 financial crisis?### Input:The preconditioning for the financial crisis were complex and multi-causal. Almost two decades prior, the U.S. Congress had passed legislation encouraging financing for affordable housing. However, in 1999, parts of the Glass-Steagall legislation, which had been adopted in 1933, were repealed, permitting financial institutions to commingle their commercial (risk-averse) and proprietary trading (risk-taking) operations. Arguably the largest contributor to the conditions necessary for financial collapse was the rapid development in predatory financial products which targeted low-income, low-information homebuyers who largely belonged to racial minorities. This market development went unattended by regulators and thus caught the U.S. government by surprise.### Response:
|
The 2007-2008 financial crisis was caused by a combination of factors, including the repeal of parts of the Glass-Steagall legislation in 1999, which allowed financial institutions to commingle their commercial and proprietary trading operations. Additionally, the development of predatory financial products targeting low-income, low-information homebuyers, particularly those from racial minorities, contributed to the conditions necessary for financial collapse. The lack of regulatory oversight in this market also played a significant role in the crisis.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is the oldest known civilization?### Input:Scholars generally acknowledge six cradles of civilization. Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Indus Valley, and Ancient China are believed to be the earliest in the Old World. Cradles of civilization in the New World are the Caral-Supe civilization of coastal Peru and the Olmec civilization of Mexico. All of the cradles of civilization depended upon agriculture for sustenance (except possibly Caral-Supe which may have depended initially on marine resources). All depended upon farmers producing an agricultural surplus to support the centralized government, political leaders, priests, and public works of the urban centers of the civilization.Less formally, the term "cradle of civilization" is often used to refer to other historic ancient civilizations, such as Greece or Rome, which have both been called the "cradle of Western civilization".### Response:
|
The oldest known civilization is Mesopotamia, which emerged around 4500 BCE in present-day Iraq. Mesopotamia is considered the first civilization in the world, as it was the first to develop a writing system, a centralized government, and a complex economy based on agriculture and trade. The Sumerians, who lived in Mesopotamia, are credited with inventing writing, and their cuneiform script is still used today in some forms.</s>
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this article on Donkey Kong Country 2, who is the villain of the plot and where does the story take place?### Input:Some time after Donkey Kong Country, Donkey Kong is relaxing on the beach, until he is ambushed by the Kremlings. He gets kidnapped and brought to Kaptain K. Rool, King K. Rool's moniker in this game, who then demands the Banana Hoard he unsuccessfully tried to steal in the previous game for a ransom from the Kongs. Instead of complying, Diddy Kong and his friend Dixie resolve to go to the Kremling's home island, Crocodile Isle, to rescue Donkey Kong. Together, they travel through Crocodile Isle and are helped on their way by an assortment of animals to defeat Kaptain K. Rool. Diddy and Dixie eventually battle and defeat K. Rool, releasing Donkey Kong in the process. K. Rool manages to escape though, and shortly after, Diddy and Dixie confront him in the Lost World, a secret area powered by a geyser at the heart of Crocodile Isle. They once again defeat K. Rool, who is hurled into the geyser, causing it to clog up and explode. The explosion causes all of Crocodile Isle to sink, as the Kongs watch K. Rool escape on a small sailboat.### Response:
|
The villain of the plot in Donkey Kong Country 2 is Kaptain K. Rool, also known as King K. Rool. The story takes place on Crocodile Isle, the home island of the Kremlings.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about Pultenaea empetrifolia, tell me the colors of its flowers.### Input:Pultenaea empetrifolia is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a spindly, prostrate or spreading shrub with down-curved, cylindrical, grooved leaves and yellow to orange and red flowers.DescriptionPultenaea empetrifolia is a spindly, prostrate or spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 40 cm (16 in) and has glabrous stems. The leaves are cylindrical and curved strongly downwards with one or two grooves along the lower surface, 3–4.5 mm (0.12–0.18 in) long and 0.6–1.0 mm (0.024–0.039 in) wide with stipules at the base. The flowers are yellow to orange and red, and sessile or on a pedicel about up to 0.5 mm (0.020 in) long. The sepals are hairy and 4.0–4.6 mm (0.16–0.18 in) long with hairy bracteoles 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in) long at the base. The standard petal is 8.0–8.5 mm (0.31–0.33 in) long, the wings 7–8 mm (0.28–0.31 in) long and the keel 6.2–7.0 mm (0.24–0.28 in) long. Flowering occurs from September to October and the fruit is a pod.### Response:
|
The colors of the flowers of Pultenaea empetrifolia are yellow, orange, and red.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Malibamat'so River### Input:The Malibamat'so River is a river in northern Lesotho. Its origin is near to the South African border, where it drains the eastern slopes of the Maloti Range. It flows southwards past the village of Lejone, and eventually joins the Senqu River 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of Mohlanapeng.The Malibamat'so forms the northern arm of the Katse Dam reservoir, a part of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Katse is Africa's highest elevation dam at 1,993 metres (6,539 ft) above sea level. Here the river is joined by the Bokong/Bokung River. Downstream the Malibamat'so's left bank tributaries are the Matsoku and Semenanyane Rivers, before it forms a right bank tributary of the Senqu/Orange River.### Response:
|
The Malibamat'so River flows through the following towns and villages:1. Lejone2. Mohlanapeng3. The river originates near the South African border and flows southwards towards the Senqu River.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about Wabuska, Nevada, when was a post office first opened in the town?### Input:Wabuska is an unincorporated community in Lyon County, Nevada, United States. The zip code is 89447, which it shares with nearby Yerington.Wabuska (Washo language, White Grass) was established in the early 1870s. A post office was opened on September 18, 1874. In 1881, the town served as the principal Mason Valley supply center on the newly constructed Carson and Colorado Railroad of a line that went from Hazen to Mina. When copper was discovered in Mason Valley, the town became the northern terminus of the new Nevada Copper Belt Railroad, built 1909–1911. Wabuska waned with declining mining activity in the 1920s.Several buildings from Wabuska, most notably the Wabuska Railroad Station, were relocated to Carson City and incorporated as the Nevada State Railroad Museum.### Response:
|
The post office was first opened in Wabuska on September 18, 1874.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is the top floor of the King's Building based on this article? What floor is found below that?### Input:The King's Building is a Grade I listed building that forms part of the Strand Campus of King's College London in the United Kingdom. Originally named the College Building, the King's Building was designed by Sir Robert Smirke in the course of the College's foundation in 1829. As the founding building, it was built between 1829 and 1831 on land granted to King's College by the Government to complete the riverside frontage of Somerset House.There are today a total of eight floors in the King's Building: Basement level, Ground level, Levels 1 to 4, Level 4U and Level 6. The King's Building houses a number of administrative departments (Estates & Facilities Offices, Admissions Office, Accommodation and Cashiers' Office), lecture theatres (most notably the Edmond J. Safra Lecture Theatre and Anatomy Lecture Theatre), the College Chapel, the Great Hall, various function rooms (Old Council Room, Committee Room, River Room, Somerset Room, St David's Room), study rooms and a catering outlet.### Response:
|
Based on the article provided, the top floor of the King's Building is Level 6. The floor below that is Level 4.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this reference text about the Hawaiian scale, how tall is a wave that is six foot Hawaiian?### Input:Hawaiian scale is an expression of the height of a wind wave affecting water. It is the expression conventionally used by surfers in Hawaii and is also used in Australia and parts of South Africa.The expression, always given in feet, is a scaled figure corresponding to roughly half the actual measured or estimated height of a wave's face (trough to crest height). Thus, a "3-foot" wave is roughly six feet high (in actuality a height of ~1.8 m), i.e., head-high to a 6-foot (~180 cm) person; a "2-foot" wave is roughly four feet high (height of ~1.2 m), i.e., chest-high to such a person; and a "6- to 8-foot" wave would be 2 to approaching 3 times head-high to such a person (height of ~3.5 to 5 m). As wave height increases, however, so does the difficulty of judging that height, and as wave height approaches 20 feet (40 ft faces or 12 m height), the range of absolute wave heights corresponding to a given scaled expression tends to widen.### Response:
|
A six foot Hawaiian wave is approximately 9 feet (2.7 meters) tall.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Which is the most sparsely populates nation?### Input:Mongolia (/mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/ (listen)) is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 square miles), with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.### Response:
|
Based on the information provided in the input, the most sparsely populated nation is Mongolia, with a population of just 3.3 million people across an area of 1,564,116 square kilometers (603,909 square miles).</s>
|
[
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about a Tesla Model 3, tell me what the EPA-rated ranges are for the various models.### Input:The Tesla Model 3 is an electric car produced by American marque Tesla. It is a battery-powered four-door sedan that is considered a mid-size car in the US and a large family car in Europe, and is marketed in the compact-executive segment. Limited production of the Model 3 began in mid-2017, with the first production vehicle rolling off the assembly line on July 7, 2017. The official launch and delivery of the first 30 cars took place on July 28.The base Model 3 delivers an EPA-rated all-electric range of 272 miles (438 km) and the Long Range version delivers 358 miles (576 km). According to Tesla, the Model 3 carries full self-driving hardware, with periodic software updates adding functionality.The Model 3 was marketed as being more affordable to more people than previous models by Tesla. Since early 2020, the Model 3 is the bestselling electric car in world history, and, in June 2021, became the first electric car to pass the 1 million global sales milestone. The Model 3 has been the world's top selling plug-in electric car (PEV) for three years running, from 2018 to 2020. It has also been the bestselling PEV in the United States for three consecutive years, 2018 to 2020, the top selling PEV in Europe in 2019, and the bestselling PEV in China in 2020.### Response:
|
The EPA-rated ranges for the Tesla Model 3 are as follows:* Base Model: 272 miles (438 km) all-electric range* Long Range Model: 358 miles (576 km) all-electric range</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Which player scored the Premier League winning goal for Manchester City vs. QPR in 2012?### Input:Manchester City F.C. 3–2 Queens Park Rangers F.C was the final match of the 2011–12 Premier League season, contested at the Etihad Stadium between Manchester City and Queens Park Rangers on 13 May 2012. This match is considered the greatest Premier League moment in history.City entered the match in first place on goal difference, being level on points with local rivals Manchester United, and needed to match United's result to win the league. Meanwhile, QPR entered the match one spot above the relegation zone, knowing that a draw would secure safety at the expense of Bolton Wanderers. City won the match in dramatic fashion, reversing a 2–1 deficit by scoring two goals in stoppage time, with the winner being scored by Sergio Agüero, to clinch their first league title since the 1967–68 season. The win began a period of dominance in English football for City, with the club winning five more Premier League titles over the subsequent 10 years.The match, and more specifically the final goal of the match, has repeatedly been described as the greatest moment in Premier League history. The terms "93:20" and "Agueroooooo" have entered Manchester City folklore as a result, the former describing the exact second of the match at which point the final goal was scored, while the latter was commentator Martin Tyler's live response to the goal.### Response:
|
The player who scored the Premier League winning goal for Manchester City vs. QPR in 2012 was Sergio Agüero.</s>
|
[
1576,
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What was Tyson Fury's fight record as an amateur?### Input:As an amateur, Fury represented both England and Ireland. Fury represented Ireland three times at international level. He was based out of the Holy Family Boxing Club in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and later switched to the Smithboro Club in County Monaghan, Ireland. In a double international match against an experienced Polish team in 2007, the Irish team lost 12–6 overall; Fury, however, was victorious in both his fights in Rzeszów and Białystok. In another Irish match against the US, Fury won his bout by knockout. He won bronze at the AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships in 2006.In England, while representing Jimmy Egan's Boxing Academy in Wythenshawe, Manchester, he participated in the senior national championships in 2006 but was beaten by David Price 22–8. In May 2007, he won the EU Junior Championship, defeating Istvan Bernath in the final. In July 2007 he won silver at the European Junior Championship, losing to Maxim Babanin in the final.As a junior, Fury was ranked number three in the world behind the Russians Maxim Babanin and Andrey Volkov, but did not get the chance to represent Great Britain at the 2008 Olympics because each country is restricted to one boxer per weight division and David Price was selected. Price came up through the amateur Olympic programme. Fury also unsuccessfully tried to qualify for Ireland. Speaking in 2011, Fury said "I should have gone to the Olympic games in 2008 and won a gold medal for Ireland, but I was denied the chance to go and do it" He was also forced to withdraw from the Irish national championships after officials from the Holy Trinity Boxing Club in West Belfast, the club of the then Irish amateur heavyweight champion, submitted a protest regarding his eligibility as he was not born in Ireland.Fury won the ABA super-heavyweight title in 2008 by defeating Damien Campbell 19:1. He turned professional later that year. Feeling disillusioned with amateur boxing, he decided not to wait for the 2012 Olympics. He finished with an amateur record of 31–4 (26 KOs).### Response:
|
Tyson Fury's fight record as an amateur was 31 wins and 4 losses.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is an adjacency list?### Input:In graph theory and computer science, an adjacency list is a collection of unordered lists used to represent a finite graph. Each unordered list within an adjacency list describes the set of neighbors of a particular vertex in the graph. This is one of several commonly used representations of graphs for use in computer programs.### Response:
|
An adjacency list is a way of representing a graph as a collection of unordered lists, where each list describes the set of neighbors of a particular vertex in the graph. This is one of several common representations of graphs used in computer science and graph theory. Adjacency lists are useful for algorithms that need to efficiently traverse the graph, as they allow for fast access to the neighbors of a given vertex.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:In which country is Jean Marie Ralph Féthière a politician?### Input:Jean Marie Ralph Féthière is a Haitian politician. He is a Senator from the north and a member of the ruling PHTK party. On September 23, 2019, while trying to leave Parliament amid a crowd as the government was voting to confirm a new prime minister, Féthière drew a handgun and fired toward the crowd. Chery Dieu-Nalio, a photographer for the Associated Press, suffered injuries to his face from bullet fragments, while a security guard named Leon Leblanc was also injured.### Response:
|
Jean Marie Ralph Féthière is a politician in Haiti.</s>
|
[
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who are the Wagner group### Input:The Wagner Group (Russian: Группа Вагнера, tr. Gruppa Vagnera), also known as PMC Wagner (Russian: ЧВК «Вагнер», tr. ChVK «Vagner»; lit. 'Wagner Private Military Company'), is a Russian paramilitary organization. It is variously described as a private military company (PMC), a network of mercenaries, or a de facto private army of Russian President Vladimir Putin. The group operates beyond the law in Russia, where private military contractors are officially forbidden### Response:
|
The Wagner Group is a Russian paramilitary organization that operates as a private military company (PMC) and has been linked to various conflicts around the world, including the Syrian Civil War and the conflict in Ukraine. The group is believed to be closely tied to Russian President Vladimir Putin and has been accused of committing human rights abuses and war crimes. Despite being illegal in Russia, the Wagner Group has been able to operate with impunity, leading to allegations of state-sponsored mercenary activity.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on this paragraph, please summarize Cormac McCarthy's use of punctuation.### Input:McCarthy uses punctuation sparsely, even replacing most commas with "and" to create polysyndetons; it has been called "the most important word in McCarthy's lexicon". He told Oprah Winfrey that he prefers "simple declarative sentences" and that he uses capital letters, periods, an occasional comma, or a colon for setting off a list, but never semicolons, which he has labelled as "idiocy". He does not use quotation marks for dialogue and believes there is no reason to "blot the page up with weird little marks". Erik Hage notes that McCarthy's dialogue often lacks attribution, but that "Somehow ... the reader remains oriented as to who is speaking." His attitude to punctuation dates to some editing work he did for a professor of English while enrolled at the University of Tennessee, when he stripped out much of the punctuation in the book being edited, which pleased the professor. McCarthy edited fellow Santa Fe Institute Fellow W. Brian Arthur's influential article "Increasing Returns and the New World of Business", published in the Harvard Business Review in 1996, removing commas from the text. He has also done copy-editing work for physicists Lawrence M. Krauss and Lisa Randall.### Response:
|
Based on the provided information, Cormac McCarthy's use of punctuation can be summarized as follows:McCarthy uses punctuation sparingly, preferring simple declarative sentences and avoiding semicolons, quotation marks, and other punctuation marks. He believes that punctuation can clutter the page and make it difficult for the reader to follow the text. Despite this, McCarthy's dialogue is often attributed to the speaker, and the reader is able to remain oriented as to who is speaking. McCarthy's editing work for a professor of English and other scientists has also influenced his approach to punctuation, as he has removed commas from text and stripped it of unnecessary punctuation.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What was unique about Scrubs?### Input:Scrubs focuses on the unique point of view of its main character and narrator, Dr. John Michael "J.D." Dorian (Zach Braff) for the first eight seasons, with season nine being narrated by the new main character Lucy Bennett (Kerry Bishé). Most episodes feature multiple story lines thematically linked by voice-overs done by Braff, as well as the comical daydreams of J.D. According to Bill Lawrence, "What we decided was, rather than have it be a monotone narration, if it's going to be Zach's voice, we're going to do everything through J.D.'s eyes. It opened up a visual medium that those of us as comedy writers were not used to." Actors were given the chance to improvise their lines on set with encouragement by series creator Bill Lawrence, with Neil Flynn and Zach Braff being the main improvisors.### Response:
|
Scrubs was unique in its use of the main character's voiceover narration to provide a comedic and insightful perspective on the medical drama genre. By having the narrator, Dr. John Michael "J.D." Dorian, voice over the majority of the episodes, the show was able to explore different storylines and themes in a creative and humorous way. Additionally, the show's use of improvisation by actors, particularly Zach Braff and Neil Flynn, added an extra layer of humor and authenticity to the show. Overall, Scrubs' unique storytelling approach and use of voiceover narration helped to set it apart from other medical dramas and make it a beloved and memorable show.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:When and where was Lyubomir Nikolov Vladikin born?### Input:Vladikin was born on September 3, 1891 in the village of Golyamo Belovo, Pazardzhik area. His mother, Maria Morfova, sister of the opera singer Hristina Morfova and the composer Aleksandar Morfov, studied French Philology in Geneva. His father, Nikola Yonkov Vladikin, was a well-known journalist, scholar, writer, publicist, historian and political activist. Over the period from 1890 to 1912 he was an MP for three consecutive terms. He was a nephew of the Bishop of South Bulgaria (from Ohrid to Edirne), known under the church name Evstatiy Pelagoniyski.### Response:
|
Lyubomir Nikolov Vladikin was born on September 3, 1891 in the village of Golyamo Belovo, Pazardzhik area, Bulgaria. His mother, Maria Morfova, was a student of French Philology in Geneva at the time of his birth, and his father, Nikola Yonkov Vladikin, was a well-known journalist, scholar, writer, publicist, historian, and political activist who served as an MP for three consecutive terms from 1890 to 1912. Vladikin was also a nephew of the Bishop of South Bulgaria, known under the church name Evstatiy Pelagoniyski.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What are the ingredients in panch phuran?### Input:Panch phoron, panch phodan or pancha phutana is a whole spice blend, originating from the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent and used especially in the cuisine of Eastern India and Northeastern India, especially in the cuisine of Bhojpur, Mithila, Odisha, Bengal and Nepal. The name literally means "five spices".All of the spices in panch phoron are seeds. Typically, panch phoron consists of fenugreek seed, nigella seed, cumin seed, black mustard seed and fennel seed in equal parts. Some cooks prefer to use a smaller proportion of fenugreek seeds, because of their mildly bitter taste.### Response:
|
The ingredients in panch phoron are fenugreek seed, nigella seed, cumin seed, black mustard seed, and fennel seed in equal parts.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who founded the city of Price, Quebec?### Input:It was the arrival of the Price Brothers and Company (of William Evan Price) that the village of Price was founded at the end of the 19th century. It was a suburb of Saint-Octave-de-Métis, which constituted a community of workers, who were employed at the saw mill.### Response:
|
The city of Price, Quebec was founded by William Evan Price and his brothers.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on the reference text, why was the eastern section of the bridge rebuilt?### Input:The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, known locally as the Bay Bridge, is a complex of bridges spanning San Francisco Bay in California. As part of Interstate 80 and the direct road between San Francisco and Oakland, it carries about 260,000 vehicles a day on its two decks. It has one of the longest spans in the United States.The toll bridge was conceived as early as the California Gold Rush days, with "Emperor" Joshua Norton famously advocating for it, but construction did not begin until 1933. Designed by Charles H. Purcell, and built by American Bridge Company, it opened on Thursday, November 12, 1936, six months before the Golden Gate Bridge. It originally carried automobile traffic on its upper deck, with trucks, cars, buses and commuter trains on the lower, but after the Key System abandoned rail service on April 20, 1958, the lower deck was converted to all-road traffic as well. On October 12, 1963, traffic was reconfigured to one way traffic on each deck, westbound on the upper deck, and eastbound on the lower deck, with trucks and buses allowed on the upper deck.In 1986, the bridge was unofficially dedicated to former California Governor James Rolph.The bridge has two sections of roughly equal length; the older western section, officially known as the Willie L. Brown Jr. Bridge (after former San Francisco Mayor and California State Assembly Speaker Willie L. Brown Jr.), connects downtown San Francisco to Yerba Buena Island, and the newer unnamed eastern section connects the island to Oakland. The western section is a double suspension bridge with two decks, westbound traffic being carried on the upper deck while eastbound is carried on the lower one. The largest span of the original eastern section was a cantilever bridge.During the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, a portion of the eastern section's upper deck collapsed onto the lower deck and the bridge was closed for a month. Reconstruction of the eastern section of the bridge as a causeway connected to a self-anchored suspension bridge began in 2002; the new eastern section opened September 2, 2013, at a reported cost of over $6.5 billion; the original estimate of $250 million was for a seismic retrofit of the existing span. Unlike the western section and the original eastern section of the bridge, the new eastern section is a single deck carrying all eastbound and westbound lanes. Demolition of the old east span was completed on September 8, 2018.### Response:
|
The eastern section of the bridge was rebuilt due to damage caused by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:From this summary of how Bilbo found the Ring in The Hobbit, how did Bilbo beat Gollum at the Riddle game?### Input:As told in The Hobbit, Bilbo found the Ring while lost in the tunnels near Gollum's lair. In the first edition, Gollum offers to surrender the Ring to Bilbo as a reward for winning the Riddle Game. When Tolkien was writing The Lord of the Rings, he realized that the Ring's grip on Gollum would never permit him to give it up willingly. He therefore revised The Hobbit: in the second edition, after losing the Riddle Game to Bilbo, Gollum went to get his "Precious" to help him kill and eat Bilbo, but found the Ring missing. Deducing from Bilbo's last question—"What have I got in my pocket?"—that Bilbo had found the Ring, Gollum chased him through the caves, not realizing that Bilbo had discovered the Ring's power of invisibility and was following him to the cave's mouth. Bilbo escaped Gollum and the goblins by remaining invisible, but he chose not to tell Gandalf and the dwarves that the Ring had made him invisible. Instead he told them a story that followed the first edition: that Gollum had given him the Ring and shown him the way out. Gandalf was immediately suspicious of the Ring, and later forced the real story from Bilbo.### Response:
|
Bilbo beat Gollum at the Riddle Game by using his quick thinking and cleverness. After Gollum offered to surrender the Ring to him as a reward, Bilbo realized that he could use the Ring's power of invisibility to his advantage. He remained invisible while following Gollum through the caves, allowing him to escape without being detected. By keeping the Ring's power a secret, Bilbo was able to avoid revealing its true nature to Gandalf and the dwarves, at least for the time being.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this reference paragraph, who coined the term dead man zone?### Input:The term dead man zone was coined by members of the CSIRO research team in Australia who were investigating the spread of bushfires (Project Vesta). The dead man zone is approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) around the fire that is likely to burn. This dead man zone can be a safety net for firefighters if the fire is moving at a high speed. The dead man zone can also be prepared in a way that slows down the fire. Firefighters can get outside the dead man zone safely without seeing what the fire is going to do and develop a plan of attack or defense upon the fire's next move. If the dead man zone is not used, wind change can sneak up on the firefighters and resulting in potentially unsafe distances where they are not able to defend themselves. This can be a life or death situation if not approached properly, and there have been examples of firefighters that became trapped and ultimately killed in Australia. Project Vesta, headed by scientist Phil Cheney, found that when the wind changes direction, the line of fire will move out at its maximum rate of spread almost immediately, and that the spread speed was nearly three times what was previously thought. Project Vesta's research into bushfire behavior makes up the majority of what is known about bushfires today.### Response:
|
The term dead man zone was coined by Phil Cheney, a scientist with Project Vesta, a research team in Australia.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:In what year did George Washington die and how old was he?### Input:Washington's death came more swiftly than expected. On his deathbed, out of fear of being entombed alive, he instructed his private secretary Tobias Lear to wait three days before his burial. According to Lear, Washington died between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m. on December 14, 1799, with Martha seated at the foot of his bed. His last words were "'Tis well", from his conversation with Lear about his burial. He was 67.### Response:
|
George Washington died in 1799 and was 67 years old at the time of his death.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is tollywood?### Input:Telugu cinema, also known as Tollywood, is the segment of Indian cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Telugu language, widely spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Telugu cinema is based in Film Nagar, Hyderabad. As of 2021, Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office. Telugu films sold 23.3 crore (233 million) tickets in 2022, the highest among various film industries in India.### Response:
|
Tollywood is Telugu cinema, a segment of Indian cinema that produces motion pictures in the Telugu language. Based in Hyderabad's Film Nagar, it is the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office, with Telugu films selling 23.3 crore (233 million) tickets in 2022.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:In what year was the evidence of an exoplanet first confirmed?### Input:An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. The first possible evidence of an exoplanet was noted in 1917 but was not recognized as such. The first confirmation of detection occurred in 1992. A different planet, initially detected in 1988, was confirmed in 2003. As of 1 April 2023, there are 5,346 confirmed exoplanets in 3,943 planetary systems, with 855 systems having more than one planet. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is expected to discover more exoplanets, and also much more about exoplanets, including composition, environmental conditions and potential for life.### Response:
|
The evidence of an exoplanet was first confirmed in 1992.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Wadi Al Banat's name means ?### Input:Wadi Al Banat's name means "valley of the girls" in Arabic, and was thought to have been named that because it was a popular play area for young girls### Response:
|
Ah, I see! So, Wadi Al Banat's name means "valley of the girls" in Arabic, which is a fitting name given its history as a popular play area for young girls. It's interesting to learn about the cultural and linguistic significance behind the name of this beautiful valley.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about Outlander, who stars in Outlander?### Input:Outlander is a historical drama television series based on the Outlander novel series by Diana Gabaldon. Developed by Ronald D. Moore, the show premiered on August 9, 2014, on Starz. It stars Caitríona Balfe as Claire Randall, a former Second World War military nurse in Scotland who, in 1945, finds herself transported back in time to 1743. There she encounters, falls in love with and marries a dashing Highland warrior named Jamie Fraser (Sam Heughan), a tacksman of Gabaldon's fictionalized version of Clan Fraser of Lovat. Here, Claire becomes embroiled in the Jacobite rising.### Response:
|
The star of Outlander is Caitríona Balfe.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given the following paragraph on cell structure, what is an example of membrane proteins?### Input:Every cell is enclosed within a cell membrane that separates its cytoplasm from the extracellular space. A cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, including cholesterols that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various temperatures. Cell membranes are semipermeable, allowing small molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to pass through while restricting the movement of larger molecules and charged particles such as ions. Cell membranes also contains membrane proteins, including integral membrane proteins that go across the membrane serving as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that loosely attach to the outer side of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes shaping the cell. Cell membranes are involved in various cellular processes such as cell adhesion, storing electrical energy, and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures such as a cell wall, glycocalyx, and cytoskeleton.### Response:
|
An example of membrane proteins are integral membrane proteins such as ion channels, which are proteins that span the entire cell membrane and regulate the flow of ions across the membrane. These proteins play a crucial role in maintaining the electrical gradient across the cell membrane, which is essential for various cellular processes such as nerve conduction and muscle contraction. Another example of membrane proteins are receptors, which are proteins that bind to specific molecules on the outside of the cell membrane and trigger a response within the cell. Receptors play a key role in cell signaling and are involved in many physiological processes such as the immune response and hormone regulation.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What are the rivers in Rajkot area?### Input:Rajkot is located at 22.3°N 70.78°E. It has an average elevation of 128 metres (420 ft). The city is located on the bank of Aji River and Nyari River which remains dry except the monsoon months of July to September. The city is spread in the area of 170.00 km2.### Response:
|
The rivers in the Rajkot area are Aji River and Nyari River. Both of these rivers remain dry except during the monsoon months of July to September.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is the population in Suwon?### Input:Suwon (Korean: 수원; Hanja: 水原; lit. Waterfield, Korean pronunciation: [sʰu.wʌn]) is the capital and largest city of Gyeonggi-do, South Korea's most populous province which surrounds Seoul, the national capital. Suwon lies about 30 km (19 mi) south of Seoul. It is traditionally known as "The City of Filial Piety". With a population close to 1.3 million, it is larger than Ulsan, although it is not governed as a metropolitan city.### Response:
|
The population of Suwon is approximately 1.3 million people.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is Sauvignon blanc?### Input:Sauvignon blanc is a green-skinned grape variety that originates from the city of Bordeaux in France. The grape most likely gets its name from the French words sauvage ("wild") and blanc ("white") due to its early origins as an indigenous grape in South West France. It is possibly a descendant of Savagnin. Sauvignon blanc is planted in many of the world's wine regions, producing a crisp, dry, and refreshing white varietal wine. The grape is also a component of the famous dessert wines from Sauternes and Barsac. Sauvignon blanc is widely cultivated in France, Chile, Romania, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Bulgaria, the states of Oregon, Washington, and California in the US. Some New World Sauvignon blancs, particularly from California, may also be called "Fumé Blanc", a marketing term coined by Robert Mondavi in reference to Pouilly-Fumé.Depending on the climate, the flavor can range from aggressively grassy to sweetly tropical. In cooler climates, the grape has a tendency to produce wines with noticeable acidity and "green flavors" of grass, green bell peppers and nettles with some tropical fruit (such as passion fruit) and floral (such as elderflower) notes. In warmer climates, it can develop more tropical fruit notes but risks losing much aroma from over-ripeness, leaving only slight grapefruit and tree fruit (such as peach) notes.### Response:
|
Sauvignon blanc is a green-skinned grape variety that originates from the city of Bordeaux in France. It is a crisp, dry, and refreshing white varietal wine that is widely cultivated in many wine regions around the world, including France, Chile, Romania, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Bulgaria, the states of Oregon, Washington, and California in the US. The flavor of Sauvignon blanc can range from aggressively grassy to sweetly tropical, depending on the climate in which it is grown. In cooler climates, the grape produces wines with noticeable acidity and "green flavors" of grass, green bell peppers, and nettles, with some tropical fruit notes. In warmer climates, the grape can develop more tropical fruit notes, but risks losing much aroma from over-ripeness, leaving only slight grapefruit and tree fruit notes.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:How many judges did President Trump apoint?### Input:Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding towards building a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border, and implemented a policy of family separations for apprehended migrants. He rolled back more than 100 environmental policies and regulations in an aggressive attempt to weaken environmental protections. Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which cut taxes for individuals and businesses and rescinded the individual health insurance mandate penalty of the Affordable Care Act. He appointed 54 federal appellate judges and three U.S. Supreme Court justices. Trump initiated a trade war with China and withdrew the U.S. from the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. Trump met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un three times, but made no progress on denuclearization. He reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials in his messaging, and promoted misinformation about unproven treatments and the need for testing.### Response:
|
President Trump appointed 54 federal appellate judges and three U.S. Supreme Court justices during his presidency.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about Himmerland, which is the largest city in Himmerland?### Input:Himmerland is a peninsula in northeastern Jutland, Denmark. It is delimited to the north and the west by the Limfjord, to the east by the Kattegat, and to the south by the Mariager Fjord. The largest city is Aalborg; smaller towns include Hobro, Aars, Løgstør, Støvring and Nibe. In northeastern Himmerland is the Lille Vildmose, Denmark's largest raised bog, which sustains a rich bird life of international importance.### Response:
|
The largest city in Himmerland is Aalborg.</s>
|
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2
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about ext3, tell me why its better than ext2 and its successor.### Input:ext3, or third extended filesystem, is a journaled file system that is commonly used by the Linux kernel. It used to be the default file system for many popular Linux distributions. Stephen Tweedie first revealed that he was working on extending ext2 in Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem in a 1998 paper, and later in a February 1999 kernel mailing list posting. The filesystem was merged with the mainline Linux kernel in November 2001 from 2.4.15 onward. Its main advantage over ext2 is journaling, which improves reliability and eliminates the need to check the file system after an unclean shutdown. Its successor is ext4### Response:
|
Based on the information provided in the instruction and input, it can be concluded that ext3 is better than ext2 because it has the advantage of journaling, which improves reliability and eliminates the need to check the file system after an unclean shutdown. Additionally, ext3 is the successor to ext2, indicating that it builds upon the strengths of its predecessor and offers improved performance and functionality.</s>
|
[
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] |
Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What are the official forms of written Norwegian?### Input:As established by law and government policy, the two official forms of written Norwegian are Bokmål (literally 'book tongue') and Nynorsk ('new Norwegian'). The official Norwegian Language Council (Språkrådet) is responsible for regulating the two forms, and recommends the terms Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk in English.[citation needed] Two other written forms without official status also exist. One, called Riksmål ('national language'), is today to a large extent the same language as Bokmål though somewhat closer to the Danish language. It is regulated by the unofficial Norwegian Academy, which translates the name as 'Standard Norwegian'. The other is Høgnorsk ('High Norwegian'), a more purist form of Nynorsk, which maintains the language in an original form as given by Ivar Aasen and rejects most of the reforms from the 20th century; this form has limited use.### Response:
|
The two official forms of written Norwegian are Bokmål and Nynorsk.</s>
|
[
1576,
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808,
29889,
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Which chapel on Rutger's campus was built 7 years after the New Jersey College for Women?### Input:Voorhees Chapel is one of two chapels on the campus of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Built in 1925 with a donation from Elizabeth Rodman Voorhees, wife of Rutgers trustee Ralph Voorhees, the chapel once served the community of Douglass College. Douglass, founded the New Jersey College for Women (founded in 1918), was the women's residential college at Rutgers.### Response:
|
Based on the information provided in the input, the chapel on Rutger's campus that was built 7 years after the New Jersey College for Women is Voorhees Chapel.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given the reference text about Super Bowl LV, please answer the following questions:1. Who performed at the halftime show?2. Which team won and what was the final score?3. Who was the MVP?4. Where was the game played?### Input:Super Bowl LV was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2020 season. The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeated the defending American Football Conference (AFC) and Super Bowl champion Kansas City Chiefs, 31–9. The game was played on February 7, 2021, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, the home stadium of the Buccaneers, marking the first time a team played a Super Bowl in its home stadium. Due to COVID-19 protocols limiting the stadium's seating capacity to 25,000 fans, it was the least-attended Super Bowl.The Buccaneers' victory was their second and made them one of two teams, along with the Baltimore Ravens, to be undefeated in multiple Super Bowls. They finished the regular season with an 11–5 record and a wild card berth to advance to their second Super Bowl appearance through the guidance of several new acquisitions, most notably 21-year veteran quarterback Tom Brady in his first season away from the New England Patriots. The Chiefs, aided by their top-ranked offense, finished the regular season with a league-best 14–2 record to advance to their fourth Super Bowl appearance and were the defending Super Bowl LIV champions, seeking to become the first repeat champions since the Patriots in 2004.For the first time under quarterback Patrick Mahomes, the Chiefs failed to score a touchdown and lost by double-digits, making them the third Super Bowl team to not score a touchdown. They also committed 11 penalties for 120 yards, including a record eight penalties for 95 yards in the first half, most of which were called against the defense. The Buccaneers capitalized on these struggles to take a commanding 21–6 lead at halftime and dominated the remainder of the game. Brady, who also extended his player records for Super Bowl appearances to 10 and wins to seven, was named Super Bowl MVP for a record fifth time and was the first to receive the award with multiple franchises. He became the oldest player to receive the honor and win a Super Bowl as the starting quarterback at age 43, breaking additional personal records, while Bruce Arians was the oldest head coach to win the Super Bowl at 68.The game was televised nationally by CBS. Country music singer Eric Church and R&B singer Jazmine Sullivan performed the national anthem, while the halftime show was headlined by Canadian singer The Weeknd. On television, Super Bowl LV was seen by 91.63 million viewers, the lowest ratings for the game since 2006. Combined with viewership on other platforms, viewership was down by 5% overall in comparison to Super Bowl LIV, but with a 69% increase in average streaming viewership.### Response:
|
1. The halftime show was performed by The Weeknd.2. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers won the game with a final score of 31-9.3. The MVP was Tom Brady.4. The game was played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:When and where was the first major agitation led by Gandhi, tell me who this agitation was against, which crop led to this agitation and why this agitation happened.### Input:Gandhi's first major achievement came in 1917 with the Champaran agitation in Bihar. The Champaran agitation pitted the local peasantry against largely Anglo-Indian plantation owners who were backed by the local administration. The peasants were forced to grow indigo (Indigofera sp.), a cash crop for Indigo dye whose demand had been declining over two decades, and were forced to sell their crops to the planters at a fixed price. Unhappy with this, the peasantry appealed to Gandhi at his ashram in Ahmedabad. Pursuing a strategy of nonviolent protest, Gandhi took the administration by surprise and won concessions from the authorities.### Response:
|
The first major agitation led by Gandhi was the Champaran agitation in Bihar in 1917. The agitation was against largely Anglo-Indian plantation owners who were backed by the local administration and were forcing the local peasantry to grow indigo (Indigofera sp.) as a cash crop, despite the demand for this crop having declined over two decades. The peasants were unhappy with being forced to sell their crops to the planters at a fixed price and appealed to Gandhi at his ashram in Ahmedabad. Gandhi pursued a strategy of nonviolent protest, taking the administration by surprise and winning concessions from the authorities.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Tell me about Roger Federer### Input:Roger Federer (German: [ˈrɔdʒər ˈfeːdərər]; born 8 August 1981) is a Swiss former professional tennis player. He was ranked world No. 1 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 310 weeks, including a record 237 consecutive weeks, and finished as the year-end No. 1 five times. He won 103 singles titles on the ATP Tour, the second most of all time, including 20 major men's singles titles, a record eight men's singles Wimbledon titles, an Open Era joint-record five men's singles US Open titles, and a joint-record six year-end championships. In his home country, he is regarded as "the greatest and most successful" Swiss sportsperson in history.A Wimbledon junior champion in 1998 and former ball boy, Federer won his first major singles title at Wimbledon in 2003 at age 21. Between 2003 and 2009, Federer played in 21 out of 28 major singles finals. He won three of the four majors and the ATP Finals in 2004, 2006, and 2007 as well as five consecutive titles at both Wimbledon and the US Open. He completed the career Grand Slam at the 2009 French Open after three consecutive runner-up finishes to Nadal, his main rival until 2010. At age 27, he surpassed Pete Sampras' record of 14 major men's singles titles at Wimbledon in 2009.Federer and Stan Wawrinka led the Switzerland Davis Cup team to their first title in 2014, following their Olympic doubles gold victory at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Federer also won a silver medal in singles at the 2012 London Olympics, finishing runner-up to Andy Murray. After a half-year hiatus in late 2016 to recover from knee surgery, Federer returned to tennis, winning three more majors over the next two years, including the 2017 Australian Open over Rafael Nadal and an eighth singles title at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships. At the 2018 Australian Open, Federer became the first man to win 20 major singles titles and shortly the oldest ATP world No. 1 at age 36. In September 2022, he retired from professional tennis following the Laver Cup.A versatile all-court player, Federer's perceived effortlessness has made him highly popular among tennis fans. Originally lacking self-control as a junior, he transformed his on-court demeanor to become well-liked for his graciousness, winning the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award 13 times. He has won the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year award a record five times. Outside of competing, he played an instrumental role in the creation of the Laver Cup team competition. He is also an active philanthropist. He established the Roger Federer Foundation, which targets impoverished children in southern Africa, and has raised funds in part through the Match for Africa exhibition series. He is routinely one of the top ten highest-paid athletes in any sport and ranked first among all athletes with $100 million in endorsement income in 2020.### Response:
|
Roger Federer is a Swiss former professional tennis player who is widely regarded as one of the greatest tennis players of all time. Born on August 8, 1981, in Basel, Switzerland, Federer won 103 singles titles on the ATP Tour, including 20 major men's singles titles, a record eight men's singles Wimbledon titles, and a joint-record six year-end championships. He was ranked world No. 1 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 310 weeks, including a record 237 consecutive weeks.Federer's career Grand Slam was completed at the 2009 French Open, after three consecutive runner-up finishes to Rafael Nadal, his main rival until 2010. He led the Switzerland Davis Cup team to their first title in 2014, following their Olympic doubles gold victory at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Federer also won a silver medal in singles at the 2012 London Olympics, finishing runner-up to Andy Murray.In addition to his on-court success, Federer is known for his gracious
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:This table lists the change over time in population of a small town in France. Between which two consecutive entries from the table did the rate of population growth change the most? Explain your math.### Input:Historical populationYear Pop. ±%1911 752 — 1962 437 −41.9%1968 486 +11.2%1975 398 −18.1%1982 393 −1.3%1990 382 −2.8%1999 395 +3.4%2008 441 +11.6%### Response:
|
Between the two consecutive entries in the table that are closest to the beginning and end of the time period shown (i.e., 1911 and 2008), the rate of population growth changed the most between 1911 and 1962. During this period, the population grew at an average annual rate of −41.9%, which is the largest absolute percentage change in population growth over any 51-year period in the table.To calculate this rate of change, we can use the following formula: (new population – old population) / old population × 100. Using the values from the table, we get: (486 – 752) / 752 × 100 = −41.9%. Therefore, the rate of population growth changed the most between 1911 and 1962.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Why is JDAM so cost effective?### Input:The Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) is a guidance kit that converts unguided bombs, or "dumb bombs", into all-weather precision-guided munitions. JDAM-equipped bombs are guided by an integrated inertial guidance system coupled to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, giving them a published range of up to 15 nautical miles (28 km). JDAM-equipped bombs range from 500 to 2,000 pounds (230 to 910 kg). The JDAM's guidance system was jointly developed by the United States Air Force and United States Navy, hence the "joint" in JDAM. When installed on a bomb, the JDAM kit is given a GBU (Guided Bomb Unit) identifier, superseding the Mark 80 or BLU (Bomb, Live Unit) nomenclature of the bomb to which it is attached.The JDAM is not a stand-alone weapon; rather it is a "bolt-on" guidance package that converts unguided gravity bombs into precision-guided munitions (PGMs). The key components of the system consist of a tail section with aerodynamic control surfaces, a (body) strake kit, and a combined inertial guidance system and GPS guidance control unit.The JDAM was meant to improve upon laser-guided bomb and imaging infrared technology, which can be hindered by bad ground and weather conditions. Laser seekers are now being fitted to some JDAMs.### Response:
|
The JDAM is cost-effective because it converts unguided bombs into precision-guided munitions without requiring significant changes to the bomb's design or manufacturing process. By using existing bombs and adding a relatively inexpensive guidance kit, the military can significantly reduce the cost of precision-guided munitions compared to developing and producing new, dedicated precision-guided bombs. Additionally, the JDAM's guidance system is highly reliable and accurate, allowing for more precise targeting and reduced collateral damage, which can also save lives and reduce costs in the long run.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Which is better the Free Software Movement or the Open Source Initiative?### Input:Both the modern free software movement and the Open Source Initiative were born from a common history of Unix, Internet free software, and the hacker culture, but their basic goals and philosophy differ, the free software movement being more focused on the ethics of software, and their open source counterparts being more focused on practical benefits. The Open Source Initiative chose the term "open source," in founding member Michael Tiemann's words, to "dump the moralizing and confrontational attitude that had been associated with 'free software'" and instead promote open source ideas on "pragmatic, business-case grounds."### Response:
|
Based on the information provided in the instruction and input, I would say that the Free Software Movement is better than the Open Source Initiative. While the Open Source Initiative may have chosen to focus on practical benefits and pragmatic grounds, the Free Software Movement's emphasis on ethics and moral principles is crucial in ensuring that software is developed and distributed in a way that respects users' rights and promotes social justice. The Open Source Initiative's decision to distance itself from the term "free software" and adopt a more business-focused approach may have been a strategic move, but it also risks diluting the movement's core values and principles. Ultimately, the Free Software Movement's commitment to ethical software development and distribution is what sets it apart and makes it a more important and influential movement in the long run.</s>
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph describing the conclusion of the movie Groundhog Day, how did Phil manage to break the cycle and wake up on February 3 instead of back once again on February 2?### Input:During one iteration of the loop, Phil reports on the Groundhog Day festivities with such eloquence that other news crews stop working to listen to his speech, amazing Rita. Phil continues his day helping the people of Punxsutawney. That night, Rita witnesses Phil's expert piano-playing skills as the adoring townsfolk regale her with stories of his good deeds. Impressed by his apparent overnight transformation, Rita successfully bids for him at a charity bachelor auction. Phil carves an ice sculpture in Rita's image and tells her that no matter what happens, even if he is trapped in the loop forever, he is finally happy because he loves her. They share a kiss and retire to Phil's room. He wakes the next morning to "I Got You Babe" but finds Rita is still in bed with him and the radio banter has changed; it is now February 3. Phil tells Rita that he wants to live in Punxsutawney with her.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog_Day_(film)### Response:
|
Phil managed to break the cycle by successfully bidding for Rita's affection at the charity bachelor auction. His eloquent speech and impressive piano-playing skills won her over, and she successfully bid for him. This marked the first time in the loop that Phil was able to break free from the cycle and wake up on a different date, February 3, instead of back to February 2.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this reference text about the Koala, tell me what makes up most of their diet, how long joeys spend in their mothers' pouches and what are some of the pathogens they are threatened by.### Input:The koala or, inaccurately, koala bear (Phascolarctos cinereus), is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia. It is the only extant representative of the family Phascolarctidae and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala is found in coastal areas of the mainland's eastern and southern regions, inhabiting Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. It is easily recognisable by its stout, tailless body and large head with round, fluffy ears and large, spoon-shaped nose. The koala has a body length of 60–85 cm (24–33 in) and weighs 4–15 kg (9–33 lb). Fur colour ranges from silver grey to chocolate brown. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. These populations possibly are separate subspecies, but this is disputed.Koalas typically inhabit open Eucalyptus woodland, as the leaves of these trees make up most of their diet. This eucalypt diet has low nutritional and caloric content and contains toxins that deter most other mammals from feeding on it. Koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to twenty hours a day. They are asocial animals, and bonding exists only between mothers and dependent offspring. Adult males communicate with loud bellows that intimidate rivals and attract mates. Males mark their presence with secretions from scent glands located on their chests. Being marsupials, koalas give birth to underdeveloped young that crawl into their mothers' pouches, where they stay for the first six to seven months of their lives. These young koalas, known as joeys, are fully weaned around a year old. Koalas have few natural predators and parasites, but are threatened by various pathogens, such as Chlamydiaceae bacteria and koala retrovirus.### Response:
|
Most of a koala's diet consists of eucalypt leaves, which provide them with the necessary nutrients and energy to survive. On average, a koala spends about six months in their mother's pouch, during which time they are nourished and protected. Some of the pathogens that koalas are threatened by include Chlamydiaceae bacteria and koala retrovirus, which can have serious health implications if left untreated.</s>
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Where is the Porce III Dam### Input:The Porce III Dam is an embankment dam on the Porce River 90 kilometres (56 mi) northeast of Medellín in Antioquia Department, Colombia. The dam was constructed between 2004 and 2011 for the primary purpose of hydroelectric power generation.BackgroundBetween 1974 and 1976, hydrological studies were carried out on the Porce River and between 1982 and 1983, studies regarding the river's hydroelectric development were completed. The study recommended the five projects, Porce I, Porce II, Porce III, Porce IV and Ermitaño. In December 1984, the feasibility report for Porce III was submitted and complementary studies were carried out between 1986 and 1996. In 2002, the design and consultancy contracts were awarded along with the environmental license issued. In 2004, construction on the dam began and the river was diverted by 2007. By 2010, the dam began to impound the reservoir and was complete by 2010. Between 2011, all four generators were commissioned.### Response:
|
The Porce III Dam is located in Antioquia Department, Colombia, on the Porce River, approximately 90 kilometers (56 mi) northeast of Medellín.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:According to this reference text about UVA, what years have UVA women won NCAA titles in rowing?### Input:In the 21st century alone, UVA teams have won seventeen NCAA championships. The men's teams have won recent NCAA titles in basketball (2019); lacrosse (2003, 2006, 2011, 2019, and 2021); baseball (2015); soccer (2009 and 2014); and tennis (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2022). UVA women have won recent NCAA titles in rowing (2010 and 2012) and swimming & diving (2021 and 2022). The Cavaliers rank first in the ACC (a power conference) with 22 men's NCAA Championships, and rank second in the conference with nine women's NCAA Championships.### Response:
|
According to the reference text, the UVA women have won NCAA titles in rowing in the years 2010 and 2012.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Which team drafted Marques Pope?### Input:Marquez Phillips Pope (born October 29, 1970 in Nashville, Tennessee) is a former professional American football player who was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the 2nd round (33rd overall) of the 1992 NFL Draft. A 5'11" cornerback-safety from Fresno State University, Pope played for 5 teams in 10 NFL seasons from 1992 to 2001. His best year as a pro came during the 1996 season for the San Francisco 49ers, intercepting 6 passes with 1 touchdown. During his pro career, Pope was known to be among the hardest hitters in the NFL.### Response:
|
The San Diego Chargers drafted Marques Pope in the 2nd round (33rd overall) of the 1992 NFL Draft.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given the text about the 2019 Masters Tournament, tell me who won the golf tournament, where the tournament was held and what age the winner was?### Input:The 2019 Masters Tournament was the 83rd edition of the Masters Tournament and the first of golf's four major championships in 2019, held between April 11 and 14 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia.Tiger Woods won his fifth Green Jacket, and fifteenth major, by one stroke ahead of three runners-up. It left him one shy of Jack Nicklaus's record six Masters wins, and three short of his record eighteen major wins. At age 43, he became the eleventh oldest player to win a major, and the second oldest Masters winner, again only bettered by Nicklaus who won at age 46. It was 11 years after his last major win, the 2008 U.S. Open, and 14 years since his last Masters win beating the previous record of 13 years held by Gary Player. Due to the high profile of Woods, and his storied fall from the top of the game due to personal issues and injuries, the victory generated a large amount of publicity around the world, and is regarded as one of the great sporting comebacks.### Response:
|
The winner of the 2019 Masters Tournament was Tiger Woods. The tournament was held at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Tiger Woods was 43 years old when he won the tournament.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who wrote the music and lyrics for Replay?### Input:"Tomorrow" is a show tune from the musical Annie, with music by Charles Strouse and lyrics by Martin Charnin, published in 1977. The number was originally written as "Replay" (The Way We Live Now) for the 1970 short film Replay, with both music and lyrics by Strouse.In 1972 Strouse, and Thomas Meehan began working on a musical based on the Little Orphan Annie comic strips, Annie. Strouse contributed a reworked version of "Replay" as "Tomorrow". "Annie" took until 1976 to reach Broadway and during that time Strouse reworked "Replay" again for possible use in what became "Charlie and Algernon", a musical version of Daniel Keyes's Flowers for Algernon with book by playwright David Rogers although it was not ultimately used. "### Response:
|
The music and lyrics for "Replay" were written by Charles Strouse.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is Sinking Sand?### Input:Quicksand, also known as sinking sand, is a colloid consisting of fine granular material (such as sand, silt or clay) and water. It forms in saturated loose sand when the sand is suddenly agitated. When water in the sand cannot escape, it creates a liquefied soil that loses strength and cannot support weight. Quicksand can form in standing water or in upward flowing water (as from an artesian spring). In the case of upward flowing water, forces oppose the force of gravity and suspend the soil particles.### Response:
|
Sinking sand, also known as quicksand, is a type of colloid that forms when fine granular material (such as sand, silt, or clay) is mixed with water. When the sand is agitated, the water in the sand becomes trapped and cannot escape, causing the soil to lose its strength and become unable to support weight. Quicksand can form in both standing water and upward flowing water, such as in artesian springs. It is a fascinating phenomenon that can be both beautiful and dangerous, as it can trap people or objects and cause them to sink.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What book was the musical Hamilton based on?### Input:Hamilton is a sung-and-rapped-through musical with music, lyrics, and a book by Lin-Manuel Miranda, based on the 2004 book Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow. The musical tells the story of American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton. Composed over a seven-year period from 2008 to 2015, Miranda says Hamilton was originally a hip hop concept album in his head. The show draws heavily from hip hop, as well as R&B, pop, soul, and traditional-style show tunes. It casts non-white actors as the Founding Fathers of the United States and other historical figures. Miranda described Hamilton as about "America then, as told by America now."### Response:
|
The book that the musical Hamilton was based on is Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:When he lived in the mountains of Alaska, was Richard Proenneke in full autonomy?### Input:Richard Louis Proenneke (/ˈprɛnəkiː/; May 4, 1916 – April 20, 2003) was an American self-educated naturalist, conservationist, writer, and wildlife photographer who, from the age of about 51, lived alone for nearly thirty years (1968–1998) in the mountains of Alaska in a log cabin that he constructed by hand near the shore of Twin Lakes. Proenneke hunted, fished, raised and gathered much of his own food, and also had supplies flown in occasionally. He documented his activities in journals and on film, and also recorded valuable meteorological and natural data. The journals and film were later used by others to write books and produce documentaries about his time in the wilderness.### Response:
|
Richard Proenneke was in full autonomy when he lived in the mountains of Alaska. He was self-sufficient and relied on himself for most of his needs, hunting, fishing, and gathering his own food, and also constructing his log cabin by hand. He had occasional supplies flown in, but for the most part, he was living off the land and relying on his own skills and resources to survive.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about the history of the Calgary Flames hockey team, what year did the Calgary Flames win their only Stanley Cup### Input:The team was founded in 1972 in Atlanta as the Atlanta Flames before relocating to Calgary in 1980. The Flames played their first three seasons in Calgary at the Stampede Corral before moving into the Scotiabank Saddledome (originally the Olympic Saddledome) in 1983. In 1985–86, the Flames became the first Calgary team since the 1923–24 Tigers to compete for the Stanley Cup. In 1988–89, the Flames won their first and only Stanley Cup title. The Flames' unexpected run to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals gave rise to the Red Mile, and in 2011, the team hosted and won the second Heritage Classic outdoor game.### Response:
|
The year the Calgary Flames won their only Stanley Cup is 1989.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about Kevum, explain when it is typically consumed?### Input:Kevum or Kavum is a deep-fried Sri Lankan sweet made from rice flour and kithul (sugar-palm) treacle, with a number of variants adding additional ingredients. It is also known as oil cake. Kevum is traditionally given and consumed during celebrations of Sinhala and Tamil New Year.### Response:
|
Kevum is typically consumed during celebrations of Sinhala and Tamil New Year.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What are the two different continental tournaments that Roger Lemerre won ?### Input:In September 2002, the Tunisian Football Federation announced that it was finalizing a contract with former France manager Roger Lemerre. Tunisia hosted the 2004 African Cup of Nations, winning the group. They defeated Senegal in the quarter-finals, and Nigeria in the semi-finals. Tunisia built a 1–0 lead after four minutes with Mehdi Nafti's concentration pushed by Francileudo Santos, before Morocco levelled. Tunisia restored their lead, giving them their first African Cup of Nations title. They also won the CAF's African National Team of the Year award. Lemerre became the first manager to win two different continental tournaments, having previously won Euro 2000 with France.As a result, Tunisia qualified for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup in Germany, playing the hosts, Argentina and Australia. The only points they would win was a victory over Australia. Before their 2006 World Cup appearance, Lemerre took the Tunisians to a training camp in Switzerland, where they played international friendlies against Swiss clubs. Tunisia would only record one draw in Germany, against Saudi Arabia, losing against Spain and Ukraine### Response:
|
Roger Lemerre won the 2004 African Cup of Nations with Tunisia and Euro 2000 with France.</s>
|
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411,
3444,
29889,
2
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:How old was Octavia Butler when she died?### Input:Octavia Estelle Butler (June 22, 1947 – February 24, 2006) was an American science fiction author and a multiple recipient of the Hugo and Nebula awards. In 1995, Butler became the first science-fiction writer to receive a MacArthur Fellowship. Born in Pasadena, California, Butler was raised by her widowed mother. Extremely shy as a child, Butler found an outlet at the library reading fantasy, and in writing. She began writing science fiction as a teenager. She attended community college during the Black Power movement. While participating in a local writer's workshop, she was encouraged to attend the Clarion Workshop, then held in Pennsylvania, which focused on science fiction.### Response:
|
Octavia Butler was 58 years old when she died on February 24, 2006.</s>
|
[
25375,
12751,
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471,
29871,
29945,
29947,
2440,
2030,
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6423,
373,
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29906,
29946,
29892,
29871,
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29900,
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:How many of Farington's buildings are designated Grade 3?### Input:Farington is a civil parish in the South Ribble district of Lancashire, England. It contains seven listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. All of the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest". The parish is largely residential and contains the former villages of Farington and Farington Moss. The listed buildings comprise houses and associated structures, and a church.### Response:
|
According to the input provided, none of Farington's buildings are designated Grade 3. All of the listed buildings in the parish are designated at Grade II, which is the lowest of the three grades.</s>
|
[
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What type of physicist is Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri?### Input:Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri (born 1 January 1952) is an Indian condensed matter physicist, materials scientist and a Distinguished Emeritus Professor at the S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences. Known for his pioneering work on the interplay of disorder and interaction, Raychaudhuri is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. Indian Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, India and Indian National Science Academy as well as the Asia-Pacific Academy of Materials. He is a recipient of a number of awards such as Millennium Medal of the Indian Science Congress, ICS Gold Medal of the Materials Research Society of India and FICCI Award. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences in 1994.[note 1]### Response:
|
Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri is a condensed matter physicist.</s>
|
[
29909,
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:How many full siblings did Fatemeh Pahlavi have?### Input:Fatemeh Pahlavi was born in Tehran on 30 October 1928. She was the tenth child of Reza Shah and his fourth and last wife, Esmat Dowlatshahi. Her mother was from the Qajar dynasty and married Reza Shah in 1923. Fatemeh was the full-sister of Abdul Reza Pahlavi, Ahmad Reza Pahlavi, Mahmoud Reza Pahlavi and Hamid Reza Pahlavi.### Response:
|
Fatemeh Pahlavi had four full siblings: Abdul Reza Pahlavi, Ahmad Reza Pahlavi, Mahmoud Reza Pahlavi, and Hamid Reza Pahlavi.</s>
|
[
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on this text, what was Ruth Handler's inspiration for making the Barbie Doll?### Input:Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattel's directors.During a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across a German toy doll called Bild Lilli. The adult-figured doll was exactly what Handler had in mind, so she purchased three of them. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Bild. Lilli was a blonde bombshell, a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately.### Response:
|
Ruth Handler's inspiration for making the Barbie Doll was her observation of her daughter playing with paper dolls and wanting to give them adult roles. She was inspired by a German toy doll called Bild Lilli, which was an adult-figured doll that became popular with children who enjoyed dressing it up in outfits available separately.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Is the recording of a person's last words reliable?### Input:A person's last words, their final articulated words stated prior to death or as death approaches, are often recorded because of the decedent's fame, but sometimes because of interest in the statement itself. (People dying of illness are frequently inarticulate at the end, and in such cases their actual last utterances may not be recorded or considered very important.) Last words may be recorded accurately, or, for a variety of reasons, may not. Reasons can include simple error or deliberate intent. Even if reported wrongly, putative last words can constitute an important part of the perceived historical records or demonstration of cultural attitudes toward death at the time.### Response:
|
While the recording of a person's last words can be reliable, there are also reasons to be cautious. As you mentioned, people who are dying of illness may not be in a state to articulate their last words clearly, and in some cases, their actual last utterances may not be recorded or considered important. Additionally, there is always the possibility of error or deliberate intent when recording last words, which can lead to inaccuracies in the recording. However, even if reported wrongly, putative last words can still provide valuable insights into the cultural attitudes towards death at the time and the historical records of the decedent's life.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is Original Joe's restaurant and where are they located?### Input:Original Joe's is a duo of restaurants in the North Beach neighborhood of San Francisco and the Westlake neighborhood of Daly City. They serve a wide variety of foods, mostly Italian-American cuisine with some mainstream American favorites. Their "signature" dishes include Joe's Special, Chicken Parmigiana, the Joe's Famous Hamburger Sandwich and a variety of steaks and chops.### Response:
|
Original Joe's is a restaurant located in the North Beach neighborhood of San Francisco and the Westlake neighborhood of Daly City, California. They are known for serving a wide variety of Italian-American cuisine with some mainstream American favorites, including their signature dishes such as Joe's Special, Chicken Parmigiana, the Joe's Famous Hamburger Sandwich, and a variety of steaks and chops.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:During which year Emperor Shapur II learned to play polo?### Input:The game's English name derives from the Balti language, from its word for 'ball', polo. It is cognate with the Standard Tibetan pulu, also meaning 'ball'.Although the exact origins of the game are not certain, many scholars suggest it most likely began as a simple game played by Iranic and Turkic equestrian nomads in Central Asia. An archaic variation of polo, regionally referred to as buzkashi or kokpar, is still played in parts of Central Asia. It was developed and formalised in Ancient Iran (Persia) as "chovgan" (čowgān), becoming a national sport played extensively by the nobility. Women played as well as men. During the period of the Parthian Empire (247 BC to 224 AD), the sport had great patronage under the kings and noblemen. According to The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, the Persian ball game was an important pastime in the court of the Sasanian Empire (224–651). It was also part of the royal education for the Sasanian ruling class. Emperor Shapur II learnt to play polo at age seven in 316 AD.### Response:
|
Emperor Shapur II learned to play polo in 316 AD.</s>
|
[
6026,
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332,
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29953,
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What style of music is played in the World of Warcraft game?### Input:Almost all of the music in World of Warcraft is orchestral, with a wide variety of classical and folk instruments in harmony, often playing widely transformative, non-repetitive melodies. While the player is in game, music is usually playing from a set of tracks composed to match the mood of the type of environment your character is in such as "mountain", "forest", "plains", "jungle", et cetera; while some individual zones and cities such as Elwynn Forest and Thunder Bluff are given their own set of tracks. Some environments play different music depending on the time of day you are in them.### Response:
|
The style of music played in World of Warcraft is orchestral, with a wide variety of classical and folk instruments in harmony, often playing widely transformative, non-repetitive melodies.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on this paragraph when was the last time we sent them to space?### Input:Tardigrades are the first known animal to survive after exposure to outer space. In September 2007, dehydrated tardigrades were taken into low Earth orbit on the FOTON-M3 mission carrying the BIOPAN astrobiology payload. For 10 days, groups of tardigrades, some of them previously dehydrated, some of them not, were exposed to the hard vacuum of outer space, or vacuum and solar UV radiation. Back on Earth, more than 68% of the subjects protected from solar UV radiation were reanimated within 30 minutes following rehydration, although subsequent mortality was high; many of these produced viable embryos. In contrast, hydrated samples exposed to the combined effect of vacuum and full solar UV radiation had significantly reduced survival, with only three subjects of Milnesium tardigradum surviving. Also, it was found that the space vacuum did not have a significant effect on egg-laying in either R. coronifer or M. tardigradum. However, M. tardigradum exposed to UV radiation had a lower egg laying rate. In May 2011, Italian scientists sent tardigrades on board the International Space Station along with extremophiles on STS-134, the final flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour. Their conclusion was that microgravity and cosmic radiation "did not significantly affect survival of tardigrades in flight, and stated that tardigrades represent a useful animal for space research." In November 2011, they were among the organisms to be sent by the U.S.-based Planetary Society on the Russian Fobos-Grunt mission's Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment to Phobos; however, the launch failed. In August 2019, scientists reported that a capsule containing tardigrades in a cryptobiotic state may have survived for a while on the Moon after the April 2019 crash landing of Beresheet, a failed Israeli lunar lander, but in May 2021 it was reported that they were unlikely to have survived the impact.### Response:
|
The last time we sent tardigrades to space was in August 2019, when a capsule containing them in a cryptobiotic state was sent on a lunar mission.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:When was the the docu-series 'The Circus' created?### Input:The docu-series premiered on January 17, 2016, and focused on the 2016 U.S. presidential election, January to November. It was renewed for a second season, which premiered on March 19, 2017, and focused on President Trump's first 100 days. It returned on April 15, 2018 for a third season, and focused on the mid-term elections, with CBS News anchor Alex Wagner stepping in as co-host to replace Mark Halperin, who was replaced on January 3, 2018, by the show, after sexual harassment allegations. Jennifer Palmieri joined as guest host beginning October 13, 2019, with season four episode twelve, Desperate Times, Desperate Measures, and joined as a permanent co-host in season 6.### Response:
|
The docu-series 'The Circus' was created in 2016.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about mushroom growth, why is it related to the English language expression "to mushroom"?### Input:Many species of mushrooms seemingly appear overnight, growing or expanding rapidly. This phenomenon is the source of several common expressions in the English language including "to mushroom" or "mushrooming" (expanding rapidly in size or scope) and "to pop up like a mushroom" (to appear unexpectedly and quickly). In reality, all species of mushrooms take several days to form primordial mushroom fruit bodies, though they do expand rapidly by the absorption of fluids.### Response:
|
The English language expression "to mushroom" is related to the growth of mushrooms because it describes the rapid expansion or growth of something, just like mushrooms seemingly appear overnight. The phrase "to mushroom" or "mushrooming" is used to describe the rapid growth or expansion of something, whether it be a project, a business, or even a person's reputation. Just as mushrooms expand rapidly by absorbing fluids, the expression "to mushroom" suggests that something is growing or expanding rapidly, often unexpectedly.</s>
|
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Where is Koenigsfeld### Input:Königsfeld is a municipality in the district of Ahrweiler, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.### Response:
|
Koenigsfeld is located in the district of Ahrweiler, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.</s>
|
[
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319,
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given these paragraphs about the Tesla bot, what is its alias?### Input:Optimus, also known as Tesla Bot, is a conceptual general-purpose robotic humanoid under development by Tesla, Inc. It was announced at the company's Artificial Intelligence (AI) Day event on August 19, 2021. CEO Elon Musk claimed during the event that Tesla would likely build a prototype by 2022. Musk is on record having said that he thinks Optimus "has the potential to be more significant than the vehicle business over time."Tesla Bot is planned to measure 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) tall and weigh 125 lb (57 kg). According to the presentation made during the first AI Day event, a Tesla Bot will be "controlled by the same AI system Tesla is developing for the advanced driver-assistance system used in its cars" and have a carrying capacity of 45 lb (20 kg). Proposed tasks for the product are ones that are "dangerous, repetitive and boring", such as providing manufacturing assistance.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)### Response:
|
The alias of the Tesla bot is Optimus.</s>
|
[
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267,
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What did Bobby Moore die from?### Input:Moore's first cancer was in 1964, two years before England's first World Cup win — a diagnosis of testicular cancer, treated by orchidectomy of one; it had not spread. In April 1991, Moore underwent an operation for suspected colorectal cancer. At the time it was reported as an "emergency stomach operation".On 14 February 1993, he announced he was suffering from colorectal cancer and liver cancer; by this time it had spread. Three days later he commentated on an England match against San Marino at Wembley, alongside his friend Jonathan Pearce. Moore attended a dinner after the match and made a presentation. That was to be his final public act; seven days later on 24 February, at 6:36 am, he died at the age of 51.### Response:
|
Bobby Moore died from colorectal cancer and liver cancer.</s>
|
[
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284,
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2
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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given the reference text below, what is Safer Internet Day?### Input:Safer Internet Day is celebrated worldwide to raise awareness about online safety. Many people take safety on the internet for granted and for that reason it is important to educate people about possible data breaches. Childnet, as part of the UK Safer Internet Centre, coordinate Safer Internet Day in the UK. Safer Internet Day 2015 saw over 800 organizations in the UK taking part to help promote the safe, responsible and positive use of digital technology for children and young people. For the day the UK Safer Internet Centre launched a new study Friendship in a Digital Age and launched the #Up2Us film, which was made by 150 young people to inspire others to do something kind online.### Response:
|
Safer Internet Day is an annual event celebrated worldwide to raise awareness about online safety and promote the safe, responsible, and positive use of digital technology for children and young people. It is coordinated by Childnet, as part of the UK Safer Internet Centre, and involves over 800 organizations in the UK participating to help educate people about possible data breaches and promote online safety.</s>
|
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5221,
1218,
304,
1371,
6320,
403,
2305,
1048,
1950,
848,
2078,
14520,
322,
27391,
7395,
15332,
29889,
2
] |
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