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2018-04-03T05:53:35.518Z
|
1971-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
20858493
|
s2ag/train
|
Malignant lymphoma, reticulum cell type. Ultrastructural and cytological demonstration of Lutzner cells.
Reticulum cell sarcoma in a patient presented an initial picture of mycosis fungoides d'emblee. Atypical cells with indented convoluted nuclei similar to those described by Lutzner were demonstrated electron microscopically in skin tumors. On light microscopy, 1μ epoxy-embedded specimens from the lymph node and several internal organs involved by the process revealed similar cells with these indented nuclei. It is felt that the "Lutzner cell" is not a specific indicator of mycosis fungoides, but may be found in other types of lymphomas. Whether it can occur in completely different dermatoses or is a characteristic cell that is distinctive for the lymphomas as a group requires further investigation.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T06:17:59.042Z
|
1971-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
46286764
|
s2ag/train
|
Mean age at menopause and menarche in South Africa.
Mean age of menopause of 744 Whites and 1319 Bantu with differing rates of cancer of the uterus were compared in a survey of the Johannesburg hospital patients. For the former group the mean age was 51.44 while for the latter it was 50.70. The difference was significant at the 5% level. Another survey of 4838 Bantu urban school girls was made to establish whether nutrition affects the mean age at menarche. The two groups of "poor" versus "average" nutritional status did not significantly differ in terms of the mean age of the menarche.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T06:19:37.874Z
|
1971-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
46352948
|
s2ag/train
|
Polycythemia secondary to pheochromocytoma. Report of a case.
P is uncommon in patients with pheochromocytoma. Waldmann and Bradley1 reported the case of a 10-year-old boy with profound polycythemia that was corrected by surgical extirpation of bilateral pheochromocytoma. The patient also had associated hypertension and increased urinary excretion of catecholamine. Erythropoietic-stimulating factor was demonstrated in the tumor. Our report concerns a normotensive woman with polycythemia, in whom an unsuspected pheochromocytoma was discovered by means of arteriography. After surgical removal of the tumor, polycythemia regressed. Report of a case
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v2
|
2019-08-20T05:09:47.191Z
|
1971-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
208182902
|
s2ag/train
|
Increased Androgenic Activity as an Etiologic Factor of Human Breast Cancer
In our previous study (4) we showed that anovulatory menstrual cycles combined with a hyperplastic endometrium are very common in premenopausal breast cancer patients. We showed (5) that endometrial hyperplasia is accompanied by increased androgenic activity as shown by the 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroid (etiocholanolone, androsterone) excretion values; it has been shown in other studies (7, 8) that when a hyperplastic endometrial pattern is present in premenopausal breast cancer patients the excretion level of 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroids is even higher than in women without breast cancer but with a hyperplastic endometrium. In the present study we determined the urinary excretion level of testosterone in breast cancer premenopausal and postmenopausal patients and found it significantly higher than the normal control value, which is further proof that an abnormal androgenic activity must play an etiologic role in the development of breast cancer. Such increased androgenic activity observed in women with breast cancer has an ovarian origin; some of these patients were given human chorionic gonadotropin and, when an increase of urinary testosterone followed, the ovaries were resected. Histological examination of the resected ovaries disclosed interstitial cell hyperplasia. The same gonadotropic treatment did not induce an increase of androgenic activity in ovariectomized women (5).
|
v2
|
2017-10-27T14:09:19.806Z
|
1971-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
38506892
|
s2ag/train
|
Tumor immunity in hamsters immunized with fetal tissues.
Hamster and mouse fetal cells were shown to contain antigen cross-reactive with simian virus 40 (SV40)-induced tumor specific transplantation antigen in stimulating a surface reactive, cytostatic (C) antibody against SV40 tumor target cells in diffusion chambers. The antibody was synthesized when 10-day, but not 14-day, irradiated fetal cells were injected into adult, syngeneic hamsters, and these animals were subsequently found to exhibit immunity to SV40 tumor cell challenge. The spectrum of fetal antigens present in hamster fetus was extended to adenovirus 31-stimulated tumors, and the experimental data afford an explanation of the variability previously noted in the status of immunity to tumor challenge in hamsters immunized with syngeneic fetal tissues. The failure of unirradiated fetal cells to induce transplantation immunity was correlated in this work with the development of embryomas or teratomas at the site of immunization. Males responded to fetal immunization better than did female animals although multiparous, pregnant hamsters developed C antibody during pregnancy, and lost it post-partum. The role of fetal antigenic expression in cancer and cancer immunology is considered in relation to these findings.
|
v2
|
2017-11-08T01:39:52.788Z
|
1971-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
11177018
|
s2ag/train
|
Acid mucopolysaccharides in cardiac intracavitary tumors
Three left atrial myxomas and one myxosarcoma were analysed and studied in tissue culture. The myxomas contained 0.2% mucopolysaccharide (wet weight) which on fractionation yielded hyaluronic acid 22%, chondroitin sulfate 30%, chondroitin 47%, and dermatan sulfate <1%. On incubation of the explants there was rapid growth of cells and gelling of the culture medium. The later has never been observed in the culture of various human tissues including those of cardiac origin. electronmicroscopy showed abundant collagen fibers, which may be responsible for the gelformation. Hyaluronic acid was the major component of the culture medium.Analysis of the myxosarcoma revealed high molecular weight hyaluronic acid as the only polysaccharide. These striking differences in composition might be specific for the two types of tumors.Sera from two patients with myxomas and one patient with myxosarcoma revealed a five-fold increase of mucopolysaccharide. Following the surgical removal of the tumors the serum mucopolysaccharide returned to normal in all three patients.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T02:32:49.874Z
|
1971-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
34058134
|
s2ag/train
|
Effects of acronycine on nucleic acid synthesis and population growth in mammalian tumor cell cultures
Acronycine — an alkaloid with antineoplastic activity against a wide range of experimental tumors — at concentrations of 0.5‐12 μg/ml rapidly inhibits RNA synthesis in L5178Y mouse lymphoma and IRC rat monocytic leukemia cultures. Culture growth is arrested only at acronycine concentrations which markedly inhibit RNA synthesis. DNA synthesis is inhibited at rather higher concentrations but this is not a prerequisite of the arrest of growth. It is suggested that the arrest of growth may be a consequence of the inhibition of RNA synthesis.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T04:11:23.374Z
|
1971-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
37947864
|
s2ag/train
|
The infratentorial supracerebellar approach to pineal lesions.
✓ In six patients with pineal tumors, a posterior fossa approach was used to explore the pineal region. This approach avoided the deep venous system and led to no mortality and minimal morbidity. Because a certain percentage of pineal lesions are benign and amenable to resection, it is recommended that all pineal tumors be explored prior to a decision regarding radiotherapy.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T04:51:11.320Z
|
1971-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
20557345
|
s2ag/train
|
Cytolytic effects of alloantiserum in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders
Alloantiserum was administered to seven patients with lymphoproliferative disorders to assess its in vivo lymphocytoxic potency and possible side effects. Six patients responded with drops in lymphocyte and platelet counts averaging 48.8% and 25.5% of pretreatment values. Hemoglobin rose an average of 16.8%. Effects were maximal by 45 minutes and lasted less than one day. Two of five patients had shrinkage of peripheral lymphatic tissue, lasting 1–3 days. Liver and renal function and uric acid generally remained unchanged. Four patients had minor side effects including fever, chills, nausea and vomiting, and back pain. The two patients with the highest initial white blood counts also suffered short‐lived respiratory distress; one developed frank pulmonary edema and temporary renal decompensation. All antiserum administration is worthy of further trial under conditions maximizing effects and minimizing hazards (in vitro screening, sufficient and repeated doses, and chemotherapy to reduce tumor mass).
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T05:18:07.137Z
|
1971-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
42288393
|
s2ag/train
|
Brain scans in pituitary tumors
NUCLEAR MEDICLNE PROCEDURES provide valuable information in evaluation of patients with neurological abnormalities. The brain scan is extremely accurate in the detection of supratentorial lesions and of specific histological types of lesions such as meningioma and glioblastoma multiforme. Certain lesions, such as grade I or I1 astrocytomas, are less likely to be visualized, and many pathological entities may be difficult to diagnose because of their location. The pituitary fossa is difficult to separate from normal structures because the latter accumulates radioactivity in areas such as the sphenoid sinus and temporal musculature that overlie the pituitary region. Tumors of the pituitary are also relatively rare lesions, and it is difficult for a single laboratory to develop a significant experience. For this reason, we have combined a series of surgically proved pituitary tumors from the medical schools of Johns Hopkins University and Washington University in which brain scans have been performed. Analysis of the results of these scans is the subject of this communication.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T05:42:19.868Z
|
1971-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
5517883
|
s2ag/train
|
Malignant sertoli cell tumor of the testis
Although the majority of Sertoli cell tumors of the testis are benign, approximately 10% are associated with metastases. Malignant Sertoli cell tumors vary from slow to rapidly growing lesions, the latter exhibiting a considerable malignant potential. Two cases of malignant Sertoli cell tumor of the testis are reported. The literature is reviewed, revealing only six previously reported cases. The patients presented with testicular enlargement, which was present for 6 months and 8 years, respectively. There was no gynecomastia. The tumors metastasized to the inguinal and para‐aortic lymph nodes. The tumors were large, solid, but contained cystic spaces. No normal testicular tissue was visualized, and invasion of paratesticular structures was present. Microscopically, there was considerable variation in tissue pattern within each tumor, but tubular formations lined by cells resembling Sertoli cells were present, and the diagnostic importance of these features is emphasized.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T00:33:49.555Z
|
1971-08-14T00:00:00.000Z
|
12692700
|
s2ag/train
|
Aftermath of surgery for anorectal cancer.
It has been estimated that there are over 100,000 patients with a permanent colostomy in Great Britain.' In 1957 and 1958 editorials in the B.M.J.2 3 asked "How do these people fare ?" and emphasized that the problem of colostomy management is of profound importance for many. Nevertheless, since the major postwar reforms of 1945-50 there has apparently been no comprehensive study of the long-term effects of permanent colostomy in Britain. We have had considerable experience with colostomy patients in a hospital environment but felt that the long-term effects of a colostomy were probably underestimated by many clinicians and by those concerned with the domiciliary health and welfare services. The present study was undertaken to find out the effects of a permanent colostomy in daily life and to define areas of unmet need which could be attributed to the colostomy.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T04:13:06.120Z
|
1971-08-19T00:00:00.000Z
|
21277036
|
s2ag/train
|
Bacterial proliferation in platelet products stored at room temperature. Transfusion-induced Enterobacter sepsis.
Abstract A theoretical objection to ambient-temperature platelet storage is the possibility of proliferation of micro-organisms introduced into the system during phlebotomy or component preparation. After gram-negative septicemia followed platelet infusion in two patients with cancer, a study was begun to determine the frequency of contamination in platelets stored at 25°C. Culture of 2188 U of platelets, pooled in groups of eight after storage, revealed bacteria in more than 20 per cent of pools; the minimal frequency of contamination in individual units was calculated to be 2.4 per cent. Bacteria including species of corynebacterium, staphylococcus, micrococcus, streptococcus, sarcina, bacillus, herellea, pseudomonas and flavobacterium were recovered; Enterobacter (Aerobacter) cloacae was isolated seven times and caused both septicemias. Twenty-five of 143 transfusions were later shown to have contained micro-organisms. The frequency of bacterial recovery progressively increased with increasing storage ...
|
v2
|
2014-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1971-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
5820060
|
s2orc/train
|
Survival of Burkitt's lymphoma patients in Ghana.
Of 141 suspected cases of Burkitt's lymphoma referred from all over Ghana between November 1965 and June 30, 1969, the diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma was confirmed histologically in 60. This report deals with survival of all 50 treated and evaluable cases. The overall estimated long term survival rate was 38·5% calculated actuarially. It was 63·2% for Stage I (10 of 18); 20·0% for Stage II (2 of 10); and 25·4% for Stages III and IV combined (3 of 22), thus confirming the value of staging as a rough guide to prognosis. Six Stage I patients who died all had large tumors. These results have been compared with a similar study by Morrow et al. (1967) from Uganda.
IN spite of the problems of keeping track of patients in the developing countries in Africa, a few centers working on Burkitt's lymphoma have managed to obtain adequate follow-up information on the majority of their patients (Clifford, 1966;Morrow et al., 1967;Ngu, 1968). However, the Burkitt's Tumor Project in the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, has certain unique advantages. Nearly all proven or suspected cases in Ghana are referred to the Project for diagnosis, treatment, and after-care. Information on incidence, epidemiology, pathology, treatment, and prognosis is correspondingly comprehens'lve, centrahzed, and readily available. The present communication reviews the survival of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma in Ghana. Comparable reports have come from Nairobi (Clifford, 1966;Pike, 1966), Kampala (Morrow et al., 1967), and lbadan (Ngu, 1968).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The Burkitt's Tumor Project in Ghana was established in November 1965. By June 30, 1969 a total of 141 suspected cases had been referred to the Project. Specimens of biopsy material, ascitic fluid, frozen serum, and pathology shdes from many of the patients were sent to the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, USA, for pathologic review and special studies such as electron microscopy, cytology, tissue culture and virology.
The diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma was confirmed histologicany in 60 of the 141 patients. Biopsy material was used in 53, ascitic fluid only in two, autopsy material in three and cerebrospinal fluid only in two cases. All 60 cases were reviewed and analyzed by age, sex, clinical stage, and survival. The remaining 81 patients did not have histologically confirmed Burkitt's tumor and the final histological diagnoses covered a wide range of pathology.
Requests for reprints should be addressed to: Burkitt's Tumor Project, P.O. Box 194, Accra, Ghana. A Survival rate was calculated for 50 patients. Seven patients who died in hospital before receiving treatment and three who died within two days of beginning treatment were excluded from the survival analysis. The survival time was calculated as weeks from date of initial treatment until the patient died or was last seen, through December 31, 1969. Patients who lived .52 weeks and over were considered " long-term survivors ".
STAGING AND TREATMENT
The staging used was that described by Morrow et al. (1967), and later modified by Ziegler et al. (1969).
Stage 1: Single facial tumor mass. Stage 11: Two or more separate facial tumor masses. Stage III: Lymphoma involving any intrathoracic or intra-abdominal areas or osseous tumors (excluding facial bones). Stage IV: Lymphoma involving the central nervous system or bone marrow. Lumbar punctures were performed for cytological examination routinely beginning in March 1969. Before that date, this procedure was done only when clinically indicated.
Prior to November 1967, patients were treated NN-ith a variety of cytotoxic drugs. Subsequently a treatment protocol was adopted under which all patients were treated initially with cyclophosphamide. Second line drugs used for relapse and/or non-response were vincristine, methotrexate, and cytosine arabinoside.
The place of surgery was primarily for obtaining biopsy material for diagnosis. Unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy was performed in seven patients. One patient had enucleation of a destroyed eye, another had a mass of an eyelid excised, and a third underwent spinal cord decompression. PATIENT FOLLOW-UP -After discharge from hospital, each patient was visited in his home by a social worker. Once every 3 months, a foRow-up clinic wa-s held in the Korle Bu Teac Hospital. Accra. AD surviving cases were brought down from their homes to be reviewed jointly by the members of the Project. Patients who could not or failed to attend the follow-up clinics were revisited by a social worker and information concerning their welfare obtained.
Fig
. I is the histogmm of the age incidence of the 60 histologicaBy proven cases of Burkitt's lvmphoma considered in this study. The age distribution agrees closelv with that reported elsewhere (Burkitt and O'Conor, 1961; Haddow, A. J.7 1964). Only two patients were under four years of age and three other were post pubertal. The sex ratio was 1-6 : I in favor of boys (37 boys and 2-0 girls). Morrow et al., 1967). More than half of the patients had localized disease (Stages I and 11). Also shown is the number of " long-term survivors " by stage and estimated long term survival rate. Table 11 shows the survival time in weeks by age groups and by clinlical stage ofdisease at presentation.
The survival curve for the 50 treated cases is shown in Fig. 2. In this series, the overall long term survival rate for treated cases was 38-5%. Survival was also calculated b-y clinical stage and by age groups. patients. However, there is no demonstrable difference in survival between Stage 11 and Stages III and IV patients. Fig. 4 shows survival curves by age groups. No marked differences in the age groups analyzed are observed. Six Stage I patients died, and are summarized in Table 111. They were aged 2 . 7) 7 . 8 . I I , and 18 years. There were four boys and two girls. The orbit was involved grossly in three, maxillary antrum in one, cervical lymph nodes primarily in one, and the mandible in one. In the latter two cases, the tumors did not respond to chemotherapy. Four patients (K-28, K54, K-68, and K-103) died at home. Two (K-28 and K-103) showed no initial response to chemotherapy and were discharged home in poor condition. One (K-54) had many recurrences and died of tumor at home. K-68 showed good initial response, was discharged home, and seen once in follow-up in good condition. Subsequent information from the family revealed that patient had died two months later presumably from recurrence. Two patients died in hospital (K-45, K-75), K-75 died with recurrence and CNS involvement. K-45 died with tumor recurrence. Table IV gives a summary of response to treatment and the number of patients who had recurrence of tumor. With one exception (K-46) all patients who had only an initial partial remission developed resistance to chemotherapv. There was progression of the tumor in these patients.
LONG TERM SURVWORS
In this series, 15 out of 50 treated patients survived one year or longer (Table 1). There were 5 girIs and IO bovs, their ages ranging from 3 to II years. There were ten Stage 1, two Stage II and three Stage III cases.
Of the ten Stage I long term survivors, the maxilla was involved in six, the orbit was simultaneousl involved in onlv one of them. Other sites were mandible in two and orbit in two. Four Stage I long term survivors had recurrent tumors. sucessfiffly treated with chemotherapy. One of the Stage 11 long term surv-ivors had involvement of right lower hd and left upper Ed. The tumor masses have not changed appreciably in size with chemotherapy. There has been no recurrence at other sites (survival tinoie as of December 31, 1969 was 142 weeks). The other Stage 11 patient had bilateral involvement of the orbits and mandibles and is presently tumor fi-ee. Two of the Stage III cases have no recurren-es 123 and 109 weeks from date initial treatment was begun. One had extensive resection of abdominal tumor; she also had unilateral mandibular, maxiBary and orbital involvement. The second had complete remission with chemotherapy and is stif tumor fi-ee. The third has had four recurrences and her central nervous system is now involved. Sixteen out of the 50 evaluable and treated patients were free of tumor as of December 31, 1969. These included 13 patients with no tumor recurrence fonowing initial treatment. Of these, seven were Stage 1. one Stage 11 and three Stage III patients. Two Stage I patients had one recurrence each and another Stage I patient two recurrences. Five patients were ahve. but not considered tumor fi-ee as of December 31, 1969. Thev include three Stage III patients, one Stage I patient, and one Stage IV. All the Stage III patients had multiple recurrences. One of them (K-64) has surv-ived over 104 weeks in spite of four recurrences.
DISCUSSIO'N
In this series of 60 histologicaRv proven cases of Burkitt's 'Lymphoma, the estimated long term survival rate for 50 treated and evaluable patients was 38-50/-i 0, This overaR rate is higher than that of 21 O" reported by Morrow et al. (I967) from Uganda. Prognosis wa-s found to be related to the clinical stage of the disease at presentation. This was especially true among the Stage I patients who did much better than patients in aR other stages, and is in agreement with the experience of the Kampala investigators (Morrow el al., 1967) who also found a much better prognosis among Stage I patients. However, Stage I patients in this series, in spite of their much better prognosis compared with the other stages, did not do as well as those reported from Uganda (Morrow et al., 1967). Prior to March 1969. C.S.F. was examined only when neurological symptoms such a-s headaches. neuropathv, convulsions or coma were present on admission or subsequently developed. We now know that malignant pleocytosis of the C.S.F. can exist in Burkitt's tumor patients in the absence of central nervous system symptoms. The possibifity that a few of our Stage I patients were wrongly staged because of this cannot be ruled out completely. All our Stage I patients who died had large tumors with the orbit involved in three, cervical lymph nodes in one and mandible extensively in another. The relationship between gross orbital involvement and poor prognosis in the three cases is not immediately obvious. However, such a relationship is suggested from the three Stage I patients who had gross orbital involvement.
In the present series, Stage I and 11 patients (localized disease) made up 56% of the total group. In other comparable series, Stage I and 11 patients comprised 32% (Moirrow et al., 1967) and 21% (Ziegler et al., 1969) of their total groups. The higher percentage of patients with localized disease in our series may well be due to understaging in patients who were evaluated prior to the adoption of current staging procedures.
The calculated survival rate in our Stage III patients was better than that reported by Morrow et al. (1967) from Uganda. This difference may be due to the smaller number of our Stage III patients (22) as compared to 38 in their series.
Whether surgical reduction of abdominal tumor masses influences survival among Stage III patients, remains in our opinion unresolved. Ngu (1964) and Morrow et al. (1967) reported that surgical reduction of abdominal tumor masses appeared to improve the prognosis in Stage III patients. Two of the three Stage III long term survivors in this series had ovarian masses excised. However, five other patients who underwent unilateral or bilateral oophorectomies did not do so well.
Age in our series, did not seem to influence prognosis. This is at variance with findings by Morrow et al. (I 96 7) who noted that in their series younger patients did better than older patients.
The duration of symptoms from reported date of onset to date first seen at any medical facility, within a staging division, bore no relationship to prognosis. This conforms with the findings of Morrow et al. (1967). However, the time period given by parents was difficult to verify, since there seemed to be a tendency by parents to under estimate the duration of symptoms.
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v2
|
2017-04-13T11:08:43.976Z
|
1971-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
14872530
|
s2ag/train
|
Electron microscopic study of spontaneous mammary carcinomas in cats and dogs: virus-like particles in cat mammary carcinomas.
Electron microscopic study of 11 spontaneous cat mammary tumors revealed the presence of virus-like particles in 5 of the tumors examined. In three tumors, spherical particles with two concentric shells surrounding an electron-lucent center were found budding from, or free within, the cistemae of the endoplasmic reticulum. In one tumor, spherical particles with four concentric shells surrounding an electron-lucent center were observed budding from the cell membranes or free within the intercellular spaces. In the fifth tumor, both types of particles were present. One or two particles with large, centrally located nucleoids were found within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum in three tumors examined.
Whether these particles are etiologically related to the tumors in which they were found or are merely passenger agents cannot be determined at the present time.
Eleven spontaneous dog mammary tumors were also studied; no virus-like particles could be found in any of these tumors.
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v2
|
2017-05-13T07:06:48.845Z
|
1971-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1260170
|
s2ag/train
|
Primary acquired red cell hypoplasia associated with a clonal chromosomal abnormality and disturbed erythroid proliferation.
A 43-yr-old male patient with primary acquired red cell hypoplasia was studied over a course of 5 yr. Repeated bone marrow examinations showed marrow replacement by an abnormal cell clone characterized by deletion of most of the long arm of a B group chromosome (Bq-). Chromosomes of blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts were normal. 55Fe labeling of bone marrow metaphases demonstrated the abnormal chromosome in developing erythroid cells, and it was considered to be present in the common erythroid-myeloid precursor stem cell and its derivatives. Studies of bone marrow cell proliferation using 3H-thymidine autoradiography combined with DNA cytochemistry demonstrated a specific breakdown of erythroid differentiation at the stage of the early polychromatic normoblast. It is suggested that red cell hypoplasia was a function of the abnormal clone that replaced normal erythropoietic stem cells of the bone marrow, but proved to be defective in the metabolism required for red cell production. Such replacement of normal bone marrow tissue, presumably associated with the somatically acquired cytogenetic change, is regarded as a neoplastic though nonmalignant development. The patient died from complications of influenzal pneumonia without evidence of tumor or leukemia.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:29:28.077Z
|
1971-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
21044523
|
s2ag/train
|
Early appearance of embryonic -globulin in rat serum during carcinogenesis with 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene.
Heptatic tumors were induced in male Donryo rats by feeding them a 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene diet to study the occurrence of serum alpha globulin (AG) in rats during carcinogenesis. AG was found in rat serum as early as the 3rd week after onset of feeding of the carcinogenic diet; this was designated the early-stage appearance. The embryonic protein was observed in 31 (76%) of 41 rats at the 6th week after diet introduction. Subsequently, concentrations of AG decreased, and by the 11th-12th week it disappeared from serum. After 13 weeks, the developmental protein reappeared in 27/33 rats, designated the last-stage appearance, and 26 of these animals developed hepatomas. Of the 22 rats in which AG appeared in the early stage, 20 (91%) developed hepatomas after 19 weeks. By the 6th week of the carcinogenic diet, the average serum level of AG was 2-4 mg/dl, but after 13 weeks, it reached 60-100 mg/dl, corresponding to the serum level of newborns. Since most of the rats in which AG appeared at the early stage developed hepatomas, the early appearance of the protein may be related to cancerization of liver cells; on the other hand, the early appearance of AG may simply reflect an acute liver lesion caused by the toxicity of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. All rats that developed hepatomas were AG positive.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:40:38.408Z
|
1971-09-02T00:00:00.000Z
|
26167836
|
s2ag/train
|
Influence of rheumatoid arthritis on amyloidosis of aging. Comparison of 47 rheumatoid patients with 47 controls matched for age and sex.
Abstract Amyloidosis, both human and experimental, is allied with a multiplicity of predisposing factors. This study was designed to determine whether the presence of one such factor, rheumatoid arthritis, would enhance the tendency for amyloid accumulation in aged persons. With the use of sensitive histologic methods, the autopsy prevalence of amyloidosis in 47 patients with documented severe rheumatoid arthritis was compared to that in 47 nonrheumatoid subjects appropriately matched for sex and age. Contrary to expectations, the frequency and, with one exception, the distribution and amount of amyloid deposition were identical. Only one rheumatoid patient exhibited "secondary" amyloidosis. In this study, the rheumatoid patients exhibited an unexpectedly high frequency of gallstones and relatively low frequency of cancer in comparison to the control group.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:30:53.400Z
|
1971-09-15T00:00:00.000Z
|
12402717
|
s2ag/train
|
Further investigations of circulating antibodies in colon cancer patients: On the autoantigenicity of the carcinoembryonic antigen
Sera from 190 patients (including 125 patients with cancer of the digestive tract) have been investigated for the presence of circulating antibodies directed against the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Use of three different techniques (passive hemagglutination, immunoadsorption and immunoftuorescence) revealed no evidence for the autoantigenicity of this particular antigen. The titers demonstrated in patients' sera were due to antibodies directed against normal tissue proteins which were present in perchloric acid extracts of colonic tumors.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:00:38.021Z
|
1971-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
9271133
|
s2ag/train
|
Strain specificity in mouse mammary tumor virus virion antigens.
Summary At least one antigen of the virion coat of the mammary tumor virus (MTV) is common to all strains of MTV studied; thus, this virus is characterized by external group-specific antigenicity. In addition, several coat antigens possessed by one or several, but not all, MTV strains have been detected by means of absorption procedures in immunodiffusion. These antigens are not equivalent to the type-specific antigens characteristic of the avian leukosis-sarcoma complex; the distinctive antigens of the MTV complex do not correlate in distribution with the known characteristics of the virus strains.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:00:38.996Z
|
1971-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
9033233
|
s2ag/train
|
Salmonellosis in patients with neoplastic disease. A review of 100 episodes at Memorial Cancer Center over a 13-year period.
One hundred Salmonella isolations from 95 patients at Memorial Cancer Center over a 13-year period were reviewed. Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella derby made up 61% of the isolations. Practically all patients had serious underlying disease, and most were under or had undergone recent adrenocorticosteroid treatment, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery. The predisposition of patients with recent surgery to salmonellosis was reaffirmed. A striking relationship was found between patients with leukemia and lymphoma and S typhimurium septicemia. It is suggested that the hemolytic component in these diseases may predispose to S typhimurium septicemia, and these diseases should perhaps be included with sickle-cell disease, bartonellosis, and malaria in having a specific predisposition to associated salmonellosis. A number of unusual Salmonella infections were noted.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:16:56.050Z
|
1971-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
10052045
|
s2ag/train
|
Cytotoxic effects of various sera on primary cultures of placentas and ovarian tumors.
The cytotoxic effect of 103 sera from patients with toxemia, hydatidiform mole, benign ovarian tumor, ovarian carcinoma (before and after chemotherapy), as well as of sera from normal umbilical cord blood, was studied on 176 primary cultures derived from normal placentas, malignant and benign tumors, and ascitic fluid cells. Results are discussed in terms of current theories of cancer and immunosurveillance.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:39:12.206Z
|
1971-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
26165260
|
s2ag/train
|
Apparent metabolic regulation of the coupling between the potassium ion gradient and methionine transport in mouse ascites-tumour cells.
Mouse ascites-tumour cells can concentrate glycine from a Ringer solution by utilizing the energy inherent in the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ acting across the cell membrane (Schultz & Curran, 1970; Christensen, 1970). The sodium pump normally sets up these gradients, but they can be reproduced without the intervention ofATP by soaking the tumour cells in appropriate Ringer solutions containing 2 M-sodium cyanide. Working with 1 DM solutions of glycine, Eddy (1968a,b) showed in that way that, whereas the optimum cation gradients established during respiration were associated with about a 25-fold gradient of glycine concentration, the amino acid was concentrated only about eightfold when energy metabolism was prevented and the alkali-metal cation gradients were manipulated in the same optimum range. Typical optimum values for [Na+]I, [Na+]i, [K+]1 and [K+]2 respectively were 150, 50, 8 and 140mequiv./l, where the subscript 1 denotes the extracellular phase and subscript 2 the cellular phase. The lowering ofthe glycine accumulation ratio in the presence of the metabolic inhibitors is probably not due to cellular damage (Eddy & Hogg, 1969). To explain the above findings Christensen (1970) has suggested that, in normal physiological circumstances, only part of the energy driving the amino acid pump may be derived from the ionic gradients (hypothesis 1). Indeed Potashner & Johnstone (1971) claim that the latter fraction is relatively small in a certain strain of Ehrlich ascites-tumour
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T01:09:49.815Z
|
1971-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
28293279
|
s2ag/train
|
The roentgenographic diagnosis of villous tumors of the colon.
The barium enema examinations of 50 patients with resected villous tumors of the colon were reviewed.Twenty lesions were demonstrated, 10 benign and 10 malignant. The characteristics of these lesions were compared.On the basis of the barium enema examination, it does not appear possible to determine whether on not a villous tumor is malignant.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T02:27:10.743Z
|
1971-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
33723115
|
s2ag/train
|
Visceral herpesvirus infections in patients with cancer.
Visceral lesions consistent with either herpes simplex or varicella-zoster infection were recognized at autopsy of 31 patients with cancer. An antemortem diagnosis based on skin lesions was made in ten cases, but more widespread disease was not usually considered. Herpesvirus infection did not appear to be related temporally to the development of leukopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, or various forms of therapy, although any of these may have been important factors in a given case. Herpetic infection may predispose to establishment of monilial esophagitis. The evolution of herpetic lesions frequently involved local thrombosis and featured various degrees of hemorrhagic and infarctive necrosis at the sites of infection.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:43:35.010Z
|
1971-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
36268884
|
s2ag/train
|
Coexistence of cyst and tumor in the same kidney.
Five cases of coexistent renal cyst and neoplasm are reported, including renal cyst plus clear-cell carcinoma of the kidney in 4 patients and renal cyst plus Wilms's tumor in the fifth patient. Two patients with clear-cell carcinoma and renal cysts also had widely separated benign adenomas. Cyst puncture, aspiration, and histopathological assay of the aspirant facilitate cytological diagnosis of malignant neoplasm in a renal cyst. Histochemical identification of aspirated tumor breakdown products also indicates the presence of a neoplasm. The double-contrast cyst study and selective renal arteriography or nephrotomography define the lesion anatomically, sometimes showing abnormal vessels indicative of malignant neoplasm.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T04:21:53.348Z
|
1971-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
38690606
|
s2ag/train
|
Intracardiac myxoma in siblings.
Some diseases have a tendency to occur in families. This documents for the first time the familial occurrence of cardiac myxomas in brothers. It seems appropriate to rule out a cardiac tumor in a patient with heart disease and unexplained or complicated symptoms, especially if there is a family history of tumor of the heart.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T04:50:34.888Z
|
1971-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
40540739
|
s2ag/train
|
Surgery of jaw tumours.
AMELOBLASTOMA (ADAMANTINOMA) These tumours for some unknown reason favour the lower jaw. In spite of the steel-like hardness which their original name suggests they are not necessarily hard, and remain so only while confined by the cortex of the mandible. A large tumour involving most of the lower jaw in a man in his 40s, with a long history, and interfering very little with his general nutrition, may well be an ameloblastoma. To begin with the teeth are distorted, loosened, then lost; if one views the patient in profile his distorted mandible may look remarkably like the bowl of a pipe (Fig. I). In performing a biopsy it is most important to take samples
|
v2
|
2019-08-16T04:01:04.188Z
|
1971-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
199621157
|
s2ag/train
|
Immunotherapy of Human Cancer—Its Prospects [Abridged]
mune reaction. In this case, procedures designed to increase lymphocyte reactivity nonspecifically or to produce localized responses at the tumour sites are more clearly indicated. Finally, administration of tumour antigen preparations such as isolated membrane fractions should be viewed with caution since the experience from experimental studies is that this may produce an enhancing response.
|
v2
|
2017-09-22T14:41:46.688Z
|
1971-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
13175980
|
s2ag/train
|
Multiple forms of mammalian deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase. An attempt to relate their interactions with nuclei and free deoxyribonucleic acid in vitro with their possible functions in vivo.
THE DNA POLYMERASES OF THE FOLLOWING EUKARYOTIC TISSUES WERE STUDIED: regenerating rat liver, normal rat liver, rat thymus, normal mouse liver and Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells. In all cases two main polymerase forms are observed, one of mol.wt. 200000, preferring denatured DNA to native calf thymus DNA primer, designated type I, and the other, designated type II, of mol.wt. 100000, showing a variable and slight preference for native calf thymus DNA primer. Some catalytic properties of these polymerases are described. Nuclei have been isolated from some of these tissues by using two different buffer systems. The ionic composition of the isolation medium is found to affect greatly the amounts and types of polymerase that bind to the nuclei, and also affects the kinetic properties of the polymerases. The way the polymerases and nuclei change properties as the ionic composition of the buffers is changed suggests that ionic effects may be a significant factor in the control of DNA synthesis in vivo. These ionic effects also explain much of the previous confusion over the localization of specific DNA polymerases.
|
v2
|
2017-10-25T18:47:18.307Z
|
1971-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
23246698
|
s2ag/train
|
Specific Inhibition of Mammalian Ribonucleic Acid C-Type Virus Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerases by Rat Antisera
Inhibition of the ribonucleic acid (RNA)- and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent DNA polymerase activities of mammalian C-type viruses was obtained with sera from rats bearing murine leukemia virus-induced transplant tumors. Polymerase activities of nonmammalian (viper) C-type virus and murine mammary tumor virus were not inhibited by such sera nor by serum from a rat immunized with the DNA polymerase of feline leukemia virus purified by isoelectric focusing. The latter serum appeared to inhibit preferentially the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity of mammalian C-type viruses showing no inhibition of RNA-dependent DNA synthesis.
|
v2
|
2018-01-06T04:51:16.741Z
|
1971-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
705625
|
s2ag/train
|
Synthesis of DNA complements of natural RNAs: a general approach.
The availability of a purified RNA-instructed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) from avain myeloblastosis virus provided the opportunity to explore whether this enzyme could be used as a general tool for synthesizing DNA complements of a wide variety of natural RNAs. The results described show that this potentially useful situation is in fact realized. The avian viral transcriptase can mediate the synthesis of DNA complementary to RNAs of such widely divergent origins as Qbeta bacteriophage and Moloney sarcoma virus. These findings open up novel pathways for the experimental resolution of several interesting problems. Thus, given a purified RNA message, one should be able to synthesize the corresponding DNA genetic material. If suitably labeled, the synthetic DNA has various obvious uses, including its use via molecular hybridization as an analytical probe for the corresponding gene on the chromosomes or for its message in a complex mixture of RNA molecules. Of immediate practical interest is the import of these findings for viral oncology. They imply that for many purposes we will not be compelled to isolate or use the "reverse transcriptase" from each oncogenic virus in order to synthesize its complementary DNA. The ability of one enzyme to accept a variety of oncogenic RNAs will obviate many of the logistical difficulties that arise, particularly in attempts to illuminate the etiology of human cancer.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T02:32:45.248Z
|
1971-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
33999118
|
s2ag/train
|
Clinical and angiographic evaluation of radiotherapeutic response of glomus jugulare tumors.
In 3 patients with glomus jugulare chemodectomas, serial angiography was carried out prior to radiotherapy and up to two years afterward. Poor correlation was found between clinical and angiographic response to treatment. Because good clinical response need not be accompanied by a corresponding change in angiographic appearance, the latter on a repeat late examination should not be considered a basis for additional radiotherapy. After therapy the vascular component of the tumor may produce continuing symptoms, and it appears to represent a separate therapeutic problem.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T03:25:28.589Z
|
1971-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
5922066
|
s2ag/train
|
Kinetics of synthesis and rate of degradation of T antigen induced by polyoma virus.
Polyoma virus can follow two distinct paths according to the nature of the cells supporting its development: a lytic or productive cycle in permissive cells and a transforming cycle either abortive or complete. Virus infection always induces the production of the same new antigen which, according to Huebner's terminology (1967), is the T antigen in the lytic cycle and the tumour antigen in the transforming cycles. In the lytic cycle, with a high enough infection multiplicity, the T antigen appears early and disappears when the structural antigens of the virus are synthesized (Takemoto, Malmgren & Habel, 1966). We studied the kinetics of synthesis and the renewal rate of T antigen in mouse embryo fibroblasts infected with polyoma virus (lytic cycle) after labelling the T antigen with [3H]-leucine or with a mixture of [14C]-amino acids. After fractionation of the nuclei, the T antigen in the nuclear proteins was titrated by a radio-immunological method.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:31:31.464Z
|
1971-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
6160610
|
s2ag/train
|
Biosynthesis of the carbohydrate portion of immunoglobulins. Incorporation of radioactive fucose into immunoglobulin G1 synthesized and secreted by mouse plasma-cell tumour MOPC 21.
Incorporation of radioactive fucose into the immunoglobulin G1 myeloma protein secreted by mouse plasma-cell tumour MOPC 21 is stereospecific for the l-isomer. Heavy chains of the secreted form of the myeloma protein carry 90% of the label in fucose residues of their carbohydrate moieties. A small but significant amount of the intracellular immunoglobulin G1 of the mouse plasma-cell tumour MOPC 21 appears to be labelled. Serum in the incubation medium supplies low-molecular-weight diffusible substances necessary to maintain continuous secretion of fucose-labelled myeloma protein beyond 2-3h, and of leucine-labelled myeloma protein beyond 6-8h. In medium containing extensively dialysed serum the secretion of leucine- and fucose-labelled myeloma protein can be restored by the addition of 250mum-d-mannose, 250mum-d-galactose and 250mum-glucosamine. Synthesis and secretion appear to be facilitated in the presence of these sugars, although secretion of myeloma protein devoid of terminal fucose residues is possible for a limited time-period.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T04:23:26.820Z
|
1971-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
38680958
|
s2ag/train
|
Hypoglycemia and hypothermia in terminal leukemia.
In 1967, Tashima1 stated that hypoglycemia in leukemia was so rare that "its occurrence in the leukemic patient should suggest an islet cell tumor or a concomitant retroperitoneal tumor." Most of the reports of hypoglycemia in leukemic patients were ascribed to in vitro glycolysis by leukocytes and were designated "artifactual hypoglycemia."2,3 Experimentally the phenomenon had been produced in test mice where lymphatic leukemia grows as a solid tumor.4,5
Hypothermia is an occasional manifestation of hypoglycemia; it is receiving increasing recognition and is considered a useful diagnostic aid.6,7 Its appearance is not dependent on the cause of the hypoglycemia.
This patient with acute myelogenous leukemia experienced several episodes of hypothermia and hypoglycemia which responded to intravenous dextrose.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T04:42:38.074Z
|
1971-11-05T00:00:00.000Z
|
40109787
|
s2ag/train
|
Plutonium Cancer Shadow Hangs over Rocky Flats, AEC
The issue of cancer among workers, and the possibility that undetected cancers might be occurring at the Rocky Flats plutonium facility near Denver, Colorado, is the most somber skeleton yet suspected of hiding in the plant's rather crowded closet. Dow asserts that the incidence of cancer among its work force is "less than would be expected" from the whole population. But the figures on which this claim is based include only workers who have cancer while on the company payroll, or those who retire while on the company payroll. Totally excluded from the figures are those cancers which may have occurred among men who left the plant to work elsewhere, because neither Dow nor the AEC has instituted a rigorous followup study of ex-employees. Their claim that cancer incidence is low at Rocky Flats is therefore without a statistical base. Such followup as there is at Rocky Flats is recent and partial. For workers currently employed (some 3700) there are routine examinations. But these procedures are recent; for most of the plant's 19-year lifetime, the medical department only examined workers who were clearly involved in an accident. Workers who leave the plant are invited to return for checkups-but on a purely voluntary basis. Those who don't want to return or who find it impractical to do so are simply not followed by the plant. Nor has the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) made an adequate epidemiological study. Plutonium is a proven carcinogen in dogs and a highly dangerous potential carcinogen in man. Yet only the transuranium registry in Richland, Washington-a tiny office with a staff of four and a budget of $80,000-collects medical records of plutonium workers nationally. Rocky Flats has been operating for 19 years; but only a year ago did it decide to turn over to the registry the names of workers with records of exposure. So far, only 450 Rocky Flats workers are on file there, although some 7700 men have worked at the plant at one time or another. These deficiencies are serious for two reasons. First, the workers at Rocky Flats are routinely exposed to plutonium, in accidents and small fires and explosions (according to management there were 70 small fires in 1969 and 35 in 1970). As such, they constitute one of the few statistically large samples of human beings ever exposed to plutonium. Proper study of this group could yield the answer to whether and how plutonium causes cancer in man. And the need for those answers will grow in the future as the Atomic Energy Commission promotes a plutonium-based energy program as a matter of future national policy and encourages the growth of a much bigger labor force of plutonium workers.-D.S.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T02:32:17.509Z
|
1971-11-27T00:00:00.000Z
|
33952097
|
s2ag/train
|
B.C.G. by jet injection.
eventually do the same. This leaves the possibility that the surface of the tumour cell contains antigens which are normal adult or fetal components but are more exposed or in greater concentration than in normal cells and can lead to the development of autoantibodies. Control experiments with many different adult and fetal tissues have not been done to exclude this possibility. Changes in the amount of available blood group antigens have already been observed in both red and white cells from patients with leukaemia during the course of the disease.'7 18 Similar changes have been described in the membrane antigens of other tumour cells. Autoantibodies might be expected to appear in patients with cancer, since their incidence is increased in viral infections'9 and in various forms of tissue necrosis such as that after heat, radiotherapy, or infarction.2022 Cross reactions have been observed between embryonic antigens and new surface antigens on virus-transformed cells, and the possibility has been raised in chemically transformed cell.22 24 A high incidence of smooth-muscle antibody in patients with cancer is reported in this issue at p. 511 by J. M. A. Whitehouse and E. J. Holborow. As the authors point out, this antibody reacts with a normal constituent of cell membrane of some cell types,25 so that if autoantibodies of this kind prove to be common, it will be difficult to assess by the available tests whether tumour-specific antibody coexists with them.
|
v2
|
2017-08-28T09:37:54.945Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
10411837
|
s2ag/train
|
Some observations on complement-fixing antibodies to the EB virus
Complement-fixing antibodies against an antigen prepared from the EB3 line of cultured Burkitt tumour cells were studied in various groups of patients and control individuals. Higher antibody titres were observed in patients with Burkitt's tumour than in African patients with other diagnoses. Significantly more medical students and nurses with a history of infectious mononucleosis possessed antibodies than those with no such history. Low levels of antibody were observed in patients during the acute phase of infectious mononucleosis and these levels were significantly lower than those in patients admitted to the same hospital with other diagnoses. During the early months following the acute phase of illness, EB complement-fixing antibodies remained stationary or apparently declined in titre but, in patients tested one or more years later, significantly higher antibody levels were observed.
|
v2
|
2017-10-23T23:10:06.772Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
25697792
|
s2ag/train
|
Inhibition of replication in functional mouse adrenal tumor cells by adrenocorticotropic hormone mediated by adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) inhibited replication in functional adrenal tumor cells with a concomitant stimulation of steroidogenesis and a characteristic change of morphology from a flattened to a spherical type. [(3)H]Thymidine incorporation into DNA was inhibited by about 50% 6 hours after ACTH treatment. Both cyclic AMP and dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibited [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and caused the characteristic morphological change noted with ACTH. The extent of stimulation of steroidogenesis and the amount of inhibition of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation in response to various doses of ACTH were closely related and both were in parallel with the concentration of cyclic AMP in the cells. Cyclic GMP and cyclic IMP did not inhibit [(3)H]thymidine incorporation significantly, and did not change the morphology of the cells. AMP inhibited [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and caused the characteristic morphological change. However, AMP did not increase the cyclic AMP content of the cells. CMP, GMP, and UMP showed a significant inhibition of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, but the extent of the inhibition was much less than that with AMP. These nucleotides did not change the morphology of the cells.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T00:00:38.067Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
9379989
|
s2ag/train
|
Use of diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures in breast cancer
The use of radionuclide imaging procedures to help in the management of patients with carcinoma has been disappointingly restricted to establishment of distant metastases at an advanced stage of disease. The bone and brain scans have been shown to be positive in greater than 90% of cases of proved metastases to these organs, whereas the liver scan accuracy is closer to 80%. In the rare instances of tumorous effusion in the pericardial sac, the scans are quite useful as a confirmatory procedure. The ability to, delineate the extent of the carcinoma, either at local, regional nodal metastases, or distant metastases to the adrenals, ovaries, pituitary gland, lungs, or peritoneal spaces, has been unsuccessful, to date.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T00:00:38.674Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
9164018
|
s2ag/train
|
Specific binding of oestradiol in human uterine tissue.
Oestradiol receptors in human uteri were measured by the uptake-competition technique with tissue slices and by agar gel electrophoresis of soluble cytoplasmic oestradiol receptor complexes. The concentration of spare receptor was found to be markedly higher during the proliferative phase as compared to the secretory phase of the cycle and was inversely correlated to the concentrations of free oestrogen in the blood. It is generally accepted that oestradiol requires binding to specific receptors in the target organ in order to exert its full biological activities. At present, a two-step mechanism of oestradiol fixation is proposed involving two different proteins (Gorski et al. 1968; Jensen et al. 1968, 1971; Jungblut et al. 1967, 1970). From recent experiments it is evident that the degree of oestrogen binding is dependent on the hormonal state of the animal (Eisenfeld 8c Axelrod 1966; McGuire 8c Lisk 1968; Whalen 8c Maurer 1969; Feherty et al. 1970; Lee 8c Jacobson 1971; de Hertogh et al. 1971). After the presence of specific oestrogen receptors had been demonstrated in human uterine tissue by Wyss et al. (1968), Meister et al. (1970), Wagner (1970, personal communication), Hähnel (1971), it was of interest to study whether the oestradiol binding capacity of the uterus varies at different stages of the menstrual cycle and during the postmenopausal period in relation to the plasma concentrations of Downloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 11/06/2018 10:19:48PM via free access endogenous oestrogen or of administered oestrogenic substances. It was hoped that the results of this study would provide guide lines for the characterization of target organ tumours by the assay of spare receptors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chemicals [6,7-3H]17jS-oestradiol (spec. act. 48 Ci/mM) and [2,4,6,7-3H]17^-oestradiol (spec, act. 100 Ci/mM) were purchased from New England Nuclear Corp., Boston, Mass. The purity (> 94.0 %) was checked by thin layer chromatography. The anti-oestrogenic compound U. 11.100 (Nafoxidine) was provided by the Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Mich. All other chemicals were obtained from E. Merck AG, Darmstadt or Boehringer, Mannheim and were of analytical grade. Agar purum, human serum albumin and rabbit antiserum against human serum albumin were purchased from Behringwerke, Marburg (Lahn). Processing of tissue Human uterine tissue was placed on ice immediately after hysterectomy of Caesarian section. Tissue slices of 0.5 mm thickness were cut with a Stadie-Riggs-microtome within two hours after removal of the organ. Tissue specimens used for the prepara¬ tion of extracts were immediately dissected and stored at -20°C until processing. Receptor assay by the uptake-competition technique (Jensen et al. 1967) Uptake control: 14 tissue slices (5-10 mm in diameter) were incubated and stirred magnetically in 200 ml of a 10"10 M solution of [6,7-3H] 17/?-oestradiol in Krebs-Ringer NaHCO3~0.1% glucose buffer at 37°C. Uptake-competition: same conditions as in uptake control but with the addition of 10~5 M Nafoxidine. (Substance dissolved in 0.5 ml glycerol, the same amount of glycerol was added to the uptake control). Two tissue slices were removed from the incubation flasks at 15 min intervals (as indicated in Fig. 1), washed in cold buffer for 3 min, dried on filter paper, lyophilized and 2-3 mg aliquots were ashed in an oxygen atmosphere according to the procedure of Maurer (1968). After cooling the counting vials in a methanol-dry ice bath, the condensed tritiated water was dissolved in 10 ml of the scintillation fluid according to Hayes (1963) (7.0 g PPO, 0.3 g dimethyl-POPOP, 100 g naphthalene in 1000 ml dioxane). The actual radioactivity of the individual samples was measured in a Packard Tricarb scintillation counter, model 3380, and ranged from 800 to 3000 cpm. All counts were corrected to 100% efficiency by external standardization. Evaluation The radioactivity of the samples (DPM/mg dry weight) from the incubations with and without Nafoxidine were plotted against time of incubation. (Scale: abscissatime: 2 mm/min; ordinate radioactivity: 10 mm = 100 DPM/mg dry weight). The area within the two curves was then measured with a planimeter (Ott, Kempten, Germany) and was expressed as DPM/mg dry weight. A typical example of a "positive" and a "negative" tissue specimen is given in Fig. 1. Only those cases were taken as "positive" for oestrogen receptors in which the area was greater than 25 cm2. This borderline value was derived from the average plus one standard deviation of the DPM/mg dry weight values for "negative" tissue specimens. Downloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 11/06/2018 10:19:48PM via free access
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T00:28:16.439Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
12096223
|
s2ag/train
|
A unique form of circulating insulin in human islet cell carcinoma.
ABSTRACT We have partially characterized the circulating insulin components from a patient with islet cell carcinoma. The proinsulin-like component is larger in size, less reactive by radioimmunoassay, and more reactive by bioassay than identical preparations from a non-tumor patient. The insulin component is less reactive by radioimmunoassay but otherwise indistinguishable from the non-tumor component. These unique circulating insulin components either represent a specific mutation in an individual patient or a more general heterogeneity of the insulin components in disease states.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T01:07:05.416Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
28131915
|
s2ag/train
|
Radiation therapy in management of Wilms's tumor.
The authors analyzed treatment results in 71 cases of Wilms's tumor. The abdominal control rate was higher in 42 patients receiving postoperative radiotherapy (85.5%) than in 6 patients not receiving such therapy (1/6). In patients treated by nephrectomy and postoperative radiation, the addition of chemotherapy improved survival (78.2 VS. 30%). Pulmonary metastasis did not necessarily denote a hopeless situation since a significant number of patients could be salvaged by concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy; higher control rates were achieved with total than with less-than-total thoracic irradiation. Relatively low-dose irradiation appeared sufficient in both abdominal and thoracic radiotherapy if chemotherapy was given concurrently.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T01:07:57.540Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
28206491
|
s2ag/train
|
Antigenic changes in human breast neoplasia
A second fetal antigen of gamma mobility (γ fetal protein‐2) has been found with widespread distribution in human neoplasia including 40% of saline extracts of carcinomas of the breast, colon, ovary, stomach, various sarcomas, and leukemias tested. Antibody was found in serum of less than 0.25 of 1% of cancer patients tested but was not found in the serum of normal donors nor in patients with non‐neoplastic diseases. Immunodiffusion analysis with antibody from a 42‐year‐old male patient with myxoliposarcoma demonstrated the antigen in 40% of breast cancers, in none of 35 specimens of normal breast tissue, and in none of 30 specimens of diseased tissues. However, the antigen was demonstrated in 18/35 tissue specimens adjacent to the primary breast tumors. Immunodiffusion and microscopic analysis of breast specimens taken at 2‐cm increments from the primary tumor, from contralateral breast biopsies, and from liver and lung metastases indicated that the presence of γFP‐2 antigen could not be explained by the presence of microscopic tumor nor by tumor breakdown and antigen diffusion. Although the role of the breast lymphatics as a means of dissemination of the antigen throughout the breast cannot be totally excluded, the data suggest that the concept of the γFP‐2 antigen as a product of a primed cell with malignant or near malignant physiology must be considered.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T03:11:26.218Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1193963
|
s2ag/train
|
Detection of breast cancer by periodic utilization of methods of physical diagnosis
At the Minneapolis Minnesota Cancer Detection Center 8345 women 45 years of age and older have undergone 46150 annual examinations since 1948. Most (60%) of the 104 subsequently confirmed breast cancers were detected at the Center. For every 1000 patient-year examinations the incidence rate is 2.25%. Those patients who had their cancer detected early and have been to follow-up sessions show long-term survival rates. Thus it appears that if concerted efforts were made for more adequate professional education regarding the merits of periodic examinations a substantial improvement in survival of breast cancer patients would be realized.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T03:24:28.332Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
3216120
|
s2ag/train
|
Short- and long-term effects of clomiphene citrate on the pituitary-testicular axis.
ABSTRACT Clomiphene citrate, administered to normal adult men, stimulates pituitary gonadotrophin secretion. It is useful in evaluating gonadotrophin reserve in hypogonadal patients with suspected hypothalamic-pituitary disease. Eight normal men received 100 mg of clomiphene daily for either 7 or 51 days during which time serum FSH, LH, and testosterone levels were measured. Mean serum FSH and LH titers increased 42% and 120% respectively, after seven days of clomiphene. Increase in serum LH levels ranged from 200–700% during the initial 21 days of clomiphene administration but then plateaued. Serum FSH levels exhibited a similar plateau after 35 days, with maximum titers 70–360% over control. The range in serum testosterone increments after 7 and 51 days of clomiphene administration was similar to that observed in serum gonadotrophin levels. The effect of clomiphene on gonadotrophin reserve was compared in twelve patients with hypogonadotrophic eunuchoidism, pituitary tumor, or “fertile eunuch” syndrome....
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T05:40:50.380Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
43751642
|
s2ag/train
|
Xeroradiography of the breast. A comparative study with conventional film mammography
Investigation of xeroradiography as a method of examination of the breast for cancer was begun at Hutzel Hospital, Detroit, in 1966. The procedure appeared to have great promise. The following advantages of xeroradiography over conventional film mammography were: 1. ease of production; 2. ease of interpretation, and 3. clear recording of all densities of the breast on one image. It was believed the method also would prove to be more accurate in diagnosis. A comparative study supported by a USPHS grant was designed and carried out over a 4‐year period. Patients having mammography at Hutzel Hospital were doubly examined, although care was taken not to exceed that amount of radiation required for the Egan technique of mammography. With the aid of statisticians, test sets were administered to radiologists in a few large cities in the U.S. Xeroradiography demonstrated a clear superiority in the diagnosis of malignant disease (84.3% xeroradiography vs. 72.2% film, true positive). In benign disease, the two modes were very similar (75.5% xeroradiography vs. 75.0% film, true negative). Xeroradiography was significantly superior in overall accuracy (79.9% xeroradiography vs. 73.6% film). All figures are statistically significant at least at the 5% level or better.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T05:57:38.404Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
45117103
|
s2ag/train
|
Structure-activity relationships in toxicity and carcinogenicity of aflatoxins and analogs.
Summary Aflatoxins B1 and G1, in single doses, were lethal and had similar relative potencies in the duckling (50% lethal dose, 0.73 mg/kg versus 1.18 mg/kg) and in the rat (50% lethal dose, 1.16 mg/kg versus 2 to 4 mg/kg). Aflatoxins B2 and G2 were less potent in the duckling (50% lethal dose, 1.76 mg/kg versus 2.83 mg/kg) and were nontoxic to rats at doses of 200 mg/kg. Aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocellular carcinomas in rats dosed by stomach tube, the optimum carcinogenic regimen being 1.5 mg/rat given in 40 equal doses over 8 weeks. With this dosing regimen, aflatoxin G1 was carcinogenic to rat liver at doses of 2.0 and 1.4 mg/animal and also induced adenocarcinomas of the kidneys in 4/26 rats. When given by i.p. injection, aflatoxin B2 at a total dose of 150 mg/rat (40 equal doses over 8 weeks) induced hepatocellular carcinomas in 4/9 rats. Aflatoxin B1 dosed according to a comparable regimen induced liver tumors in 9/9 animals at a total dose of 1.3 mg per rat. Multiple s.c. injection of aflatoxin B1 resulted in sarcomas at the injection site in 9/9 rats within 44 to 58 weeks after a total dose of 0.4 mg/rat over 20 weeks. Aflatoxin B2 at a total dose of 12 mg/rat according to the same treatment schedule induced no tumors in 10 rats killed after 78 to 86 weeks. Tetrahydrodeoxyaflatoxin B1 and 3 synthetic compounds containing the substituted coumarin portion of the aflatoxin B configuration were nontoxic and noncarcinogenic at doses 100 to 200 times higher than aflatoxin B1. Collectively, these results indicate that the furofuran moiety of the aflatoxin structure is essential for toxic and carcinogenic activity. Moreover, the presence of the double bond in the terminal furan ring is an important determinant of potency, particularly for acute and chronic effects in rats. The importance of the substituents on the lactone portion of the molecule is also illustrated by the difference in potency of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in all systems studied.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T06:05:50.410Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
45564093
|
s2ag/train
|
The evolution of skin flap technique
THE regional soft tissue flap has been one of the biggest advances in technical surgery of the head and neck. The old timers were expert with their modalities but there was no way of reconstructing an extensive ablation of the head and neck, except by pulling it together with heavy catgut or silk or resorting to a distant tube that would be moved in over six months to a year. This now is history. Experience with the regional flap has permitted the modern surgeon to carry out any type of ablation that is necessary and then to be able to move, without delay, as much as 500 sq. cm. of regional tissue. This tissue can be used to resurface, to augment, to prepare for future plastic surgery, to make a new gullet or to protect the carotid artery. It is not possible to practise modern head and neck surgery without an intimate knowledge of these flaps. With experience of somewhat over 1000 regional flaps, it is now possible to say which are dependable. On the basis of having these'dependable flaps a new concept was thought of—that of moving a regional flap with a piece of bone attached to it. New concepts bring with them an over-whelming feeling of euphoria and tend to get out of proportion. These flaps should not be used to the patient's disadvantage—only in selected cases. The best way still of handling head and neck cancer is to cut it out and repair it immediately with the tissues left in the area and there is still a place for the free autogenous bone graft. This new concept, however, can be applied where present methods are inadequate, unsatisfactory, or where there are no methods available, e.g. the Andy Gump deformity with loss of chin and the floor of the mouth. A
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v2
|
2019-03-22T16:16:51.155Z
|
1971-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
196603916
|
s2ag/train
|
Studies on virus particles resembling oncogenic RNA viruses in monkey breast carcinoma
A spontaneous breast tumor from an 8‐year‐old rhesus monkey, Macaco, mulatto., was investigated by electron microscopic and tissue culture techniques. Virus particles, morphologically resembling mouse mammary tumor virus, were detected in the tumor cells. The virus was isolated and propagated by cocultivation of the tumor tissue with the monkey embryo and monkey lung cells. Cell‐free virus was found to be infectious for rhesus monkey embryo cells, rhesus monkey lung cells, chimpanzee lung cells, normal human leukocytes, and human embryonic cells. The morphological, biochemical, and immunologic evidence indicates the oncogenic nature of this virus, yet the biologic activity of this virus is still unknown.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:01:45.364Z
|
1971-12-04T00:00:00.000Z
|
37360491
|
s2ag/train
|
Pulmonary aspergillomata in a child treated with clotrimazole.
spheroidal and polyhedral malignant cells displaying pronounced pleomorphism and numerous mitotic figures. Initially a diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease was considered, but on review it was decided that the appearances indicated an anaplastic secondary carcinoma compatible with a metastasis from a primary breast neoplasm. Because of the absence of a palpable mass in the breast and in view of the patient's age it was decided that immediate mastectomy was not indicated. The right axilla and supraclavicular region were treated by radiotherapy (1,400 rads) but the breast itself was not irradiated. The patient was kept under regular observation. She remained well until 1966, when a small mobile swelling was noted in the left breapt. Mammography showed no abnormality in either breast. The lump was excised and on histological examination it was seen to be an area of fibroadenosis with no evidence of malignancy. She continued to be examined regularly in the breast unit. No masses were palpable in either breast until December 1970, when a discrete hard nodule 1-5 cm in diameter was noted in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. This was tethered slightly to skin but not to muscle. Axillary lymph nodes were not enlarged and there were no other abnormalities on examination. Chest x-ray film and skeletal survey showed no metastases. A carcinoma, with microcalcification, however, was found in the right breast on mammography. The mass was excised. Frozen-section histological examination showed a carcinoma 2 cm in diameter. A radical mastectomy was then done. Histological examination showed a poorly differentiated intraduct and infiltrating carcinoma. Several axillary lymph nodes contained metastatic tumour deposits.
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v2
|
2014-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
41872070
|
s2ag/train
|
Standardized nomenclature for inbred strains of mice: fifth listing.
The first issue of Standardized Nomenclature for Inbred Strains of Mice appeared in CANCER RESEARCH in 1952 (1), the second in 1960 (2), and the third in 1964 (7). The acceptance and use given to this compendium warrant its continuance. Between issues, additions and deletions appear in Mouse News Letter (6) and Inbred Strains of Mice (5). As in previous listings, the material in this issue is pre sented in four sections. Appendix 1 presents the rules for des ignating inbred strains of mice. Appendix 2 is the index list of inbred strains and some clearly defined substrains. It con tains 232 entries, compared with 124 in the first issue and 202 in each of the second and third. This issue follows the third in omitting most fostered and otherwise manipulated lines, named genes on inbred backgrounds, and congenie histocompatibility strains. This omission is made in the interest of keeping the list to manageable size. In Inbred Strains of Mice No. 5, 49 fostered or otherwise manipulated strains are listed, as well as 106 instances of named genes on inbred backgrounds, 55 of them on C57BL alone. In Appendix 2 under "Genet,"
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v2
|
2017-06-22T11:19:28.467Z
|
1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
27468058
|
s2ag/train
|
Conjugate deviation as a presenting sign in a case of pontine tumour.
Conjugate deviation of the eyes occurs mainly in cortical lesions and is infrequent in pontine lesions (Kestenbaum, I 96 I). It may be seen in advanced cases of pontine tumour with other well-marked localizing signs, but is rarely reported as the first sign. An interesting case, in which conjugate deviation of the eyes to the left was the first sign which brought the patient to our clinic, is reported below.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:16:28.056Z
|
1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
10236568
|
s2ag/train
|
Two causes of hypertension in a subject with generalized neurofibromatosis.
Absrract. A25-year-old male, with cutaneous neurofibromatosis, admitted with a history of intermittent headache, vomiting and hypertension for several years and attacks of palpitation and sweating for one year. Provocation tests with glucagon and histamine indicated a pheochromocytoma. Angiography of the renal artery revealed a pheochromocytoma in the left adrenal and a stenosis with an aneurysm of the right renal artery. Split renal function studies corresponded to a stenosis of the right renal artery. After removal of the tumour and vascular reconstruction of the right renal artery the patient was discharged in a normotensive state. Split renal function studies, sixteen months later, indicated a stenosis of the left renal artery which a renal angiography could not verify at least not in the main branches. As a result of the vascular reconstruction of the right renal artery, a remarkable increase in the size of the right kidney was noted roentgenologically. A possible explanation of the bewildering steno...
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:22:32.519Z
|
1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
11148161
|
s2ag/train
|
Urinary Tract Infections in Association with Radium Therapy for Gynecological Cancer
The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of radium therapy on the development of urinary tract infections in patients with gynecological carcinoma. The series comprised 167 patients treated with one or more radium applications. The patients' mean age was 57 years. The treatments were given at 14‐day intervals by a modified Stockholm method. Before each radium application, a quantitative bacterial culture of the urine was carried out. The patients' urological status was observed throughout the period of treatment. About 16% had a urinary tract infection on admission. Even after the first radium treatment the number of urinary tract infections had trebled, and despite prophylactic chemotherapy it remained at the same high level until the completion of therapy. Radium therapy and the accompanying manipulations produced severe bladder irritation often associated with infection. It is obviously necessary to devote increasing attention to the occurrence of latent urinary tract infections in the treatment of patients with gynecological cancer. By so doing, unnecessary tissue irritation, hydronephrosis, and later fistula formation can be reduced.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:28:28.513Z
|
1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
12236660
|
s2ag/train
|
Bacteroides bacteremia. Experience in a hospital for neoplastic diseases
The case records of 55 patients with positive blood cultures for Bacteroides species, between the years 1965 and 1970, at Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases were reviewed. Ninety‐one per cent of patients had a neoplasm most frequently primary in the large bowel, bladder, gynecologic tract, or metastatic from breast. Less often, acute leukemia or lymphoma was present. The bowel was the most common clinical source of bacteroides, but the female pelvis, postoperative incisions, and decubitus ulcers also served as sites of origin for bacteremia. Abdominal or pelvic surgery often closely preceded the onset of bacteremia. Although 25/55 patients died during the 2‐week period following bacteremia, only 17/55 patients died of actual sepsis. The clinical outcome was influenced by the use of antibiotic and drainage therapy. The frequent prolonged incubation period in culture delays the initiation of therapy. Therefore, a high index of suspicion of bacteroides bacteremia should be maintained in the appropriate clinical setting. Tetracycline seemed the best antibiotic with which to initiate treatment pending in vitro sensitivities on the isolate. Bacteroides sp. bacteremia was a relatively frequent cause of sepsis in patients with neoplasms and carried a high mortality rate if not appropriately treated.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:42:06.994Z
|
1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
19265263
|
s2ag/train
|
Reinnervation after resection of the facial nerve.
In four patients with facial palsy following block dissection of the neck and total parotidectomy for malignant tumor, there was spontaneous recovery of facial motion ten months to 31/2 years later. Muscle twitching occurred around the corner of the mouth and nose on the involved side during masticatory action. The clinical findings were confirmed by electromyography before and after local anesthesia of the unaffected facial nerve. When stimulating the masticator nerve, responses were evoked in the orbicularis oris and triangularis muscles on the affected side, but not when stimulating the facial nerve. The findings suggest that reinnervation of facial muscles is due to misdirection of regenerating axons from a masticator nerve injured at the time of operation into the nearby facial muscles.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T01:11:18.913Z
|
1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
24498003
|
s2ag/train
|
Endocrine function after external pituitary irradiation in patients with secreting and nonsecreting pituitary tumours.
Endocrine function has been assessed in 22 patients with pituitary adenomas treated by external irradiation. Pituitary-adrenal function was determined by the response to corticotrophin, pyrogen, vasopressin, and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, and the pattern of response was generally similar to that observed in untreated patients. In one patient only, who showed evidence of pituitary-adrenal dysfunction before treatment, plasma cortisol fell into the hypopituitary range after irradiation. This patient was also the only one to develop thyroid insufficiency after radiotherapy. Gonadal function was impaired in many patients before treatment, but two had normal pregnancies after irradiation. In 10 patients with acromegaly, only one patient showed a marked fall in growth-hormone levels after treatment, and in three patients the levels actually rose during the interval after irradiation. One patient with galactorrhoea due to a tumour secreting excessive amounts of prolactin showed no change in the elevated plasma levels of this hormone after treatment. The last patient, with a corticotrophin-secreting tumour following bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's syndrome, had greatly elevated plasma levels of corticotrophin which increased further after radiotherapy.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T02:07:42.269Z
|
1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
32429843
|
s2ag/train
|
Radiotherapy of Carcinoma of the Vulva
During the years 1957‐1966 nineteen patients with advanced carcinoma of the vulva were selected for external radiotherapy using cobalt‐60 irradiation. All patients belonged to clinical stage T4, according to UICC proposed TNM‐classification of carcinoma of the vulva in 1967. No other treatment could be given in these advanced cases. Biopsies were taken and thin‐needle aspiration biopsies were performed from suspicious inguinal nodes. The local tumour dose was in the range 5 200 rad in 37 days to 6 900 rad in 45 days. The inguinal regions were irradiated in 11 of the 19 patients. Four of the 19 patients have a symptom‐free survival time of more than 5 years. Six patients had cytologically verified lymph node metastases in one or both groins; two of these patients have no signs of tumour growth in the inguinal regions after over 6 years. We recommend the use of super‐voltage treatment for patients with advanced tumours in the vulvar region.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:13:35.845Z
|
1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1699490
|
s2ag/train
|
N.A.S. symposium: new evidence as the basis for increased efforts in cancer research.
Recent studies, primarily with mouse, rat, and chicken cells, have provided evidence to support the concept that vertebrates contain the genetic information for producing a type-C RNA tumor virus in an unexpressed form in their somatic cells as well as in their germ cells. This information, which our associates and we postulated has been part of the genetic makeup of vertebrates since early in evolution, can persist for hundreds of generations in cell culture without overt production of virus. It is proposed that the endogenous virogenes (the genes for the production of type-C viruses) and the oncogenes (that portion of the virogene responsible for transforming a normal cell into a tumor cell) are maintained in an unexpressed form by repressors in normal cells. Various agents, including radiation, chemical carcinogens, and, perhaps, exogenously added viruses, may transform cells by "switching on" the endogenous oncogenic information. Some other implications of the viral oncogene theory are presented.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:35:53.357Z
|
1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
7033812
|
s2ag/train
|
External pelvic irradiation as a preoperative surgical adjuvant in treatment of carcinoma of the endometrium.
1. Preoperative external pelvic irradiation is an effective approach for the treatment of carcinoma of the endometrium. Irradiation with cobalt 60 teletherapy has made this approach very satisfactory.2. Daily irradiation over a period of 5 to 6 weeks permits the administration of a dose of between 5,000 to 6,000 rads in the mid pelvic frontal plane without untoward effects, allowing for subsequent surgery in all cases.3. An interval of 6 to 8 weeks should be allowed before hysterectomy.4. In a series of 56 consecutive patients treated in this fashion, 28 showed no residual tumor in the uterine specimen and 47 (83 per cent) survived 5 years. In 3 additional patients, destruction of the primary tumor was verified at autopsy.5. There was no operative mortality, no important surgical complications and on case of vaginal recurrence.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T05:26:26.019Z
|
1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
42825978
|
s2ag/train
|
Lymphography in Childhood Cancer
Lymphographic investigations were done in 139 children (84 males and 55 females). Up to the age of 10 years the examination was performed in anesthesia; after that age suitable sedation only was given. The radiographic pattern of the lymph node involvement in this type of tumor is the same in children as in adults. Peculiar patterns were observed in neuroblastoma and in Ewing's sarcoma. 78 patients (57.4%) were suffering from systemic disease and 59 (41.9%) from solid tumors; in 2 cases the clinical diagnosis of tumor was not borne out by the histologic findings. In 35.3% of the cases with Hodgkin's disease and in 29% of supradiaphragmatic reticuloendothelial sarcoma lymphography revealed subdiaphragmatic lymph node involvement. In the stage III and IV patients lymphography was always pathologic. Pathologic lymph nodes were found in 3/10 patients with lymphoma arising in Waldeyer's tonsillar ring. Metastases were present in 40/59 of the cases of solid tumor (68.9%); the incidence of metastases was especially high in neuroblastoma (20/24), in rhabdomyosarcoma (4/5) and in tumors of the gonades (7/9). 16 cases were operated on; 2 false positives were found for lymph nodes in which there was pronounced reactive inflammatory hyperplasia.
|
v2
|
2019-08-16T04:01:06.328Z
|
1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
199606475
|
s2ag/train
|
Hodgkin's Disease: Prognosis in Relation to Stage and Histology [Abridged]
The removal of a lymph node, or more rarely other tissue, for biopsy is a necessity for the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease which though suggested clinically is made histologically. A detailed history, careful clinical examination, chest X-ray and lymphography are today essential for any proper assessment of severity and spread, while laparotomy with splenectomy is frequently indicated. Scanning, mediastinoscopy, thoracotomy, phlebography, bone marrow biopsy and a variety of laboratory tests may be important but are of more limited value. The factors other than treatment influencing survival in Hodgkin's disease to which investigation is directed are primarily the histological type or grade of tumour, the extent of spread of the disease and the presence or absence of general symptoms particularly fever, sweating and loss of weight. Without such an investigation and the co-ordinated use of wide-field supervoltage irradiation and spaced courses of multiple drug chemotherapy the management of patients with this disease is inadequate.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T01:37:44.201Z
|
1972-01-03T00:00:00.000Z
|
30390536
|
s2ag/train
|
Cytotoxic antibodies to allogenic lymphocytes in prostatic cancer.
To the Editor.— In a recent communication ( 216 :2015, 1971), we reported on the presence of cytotoxic antibodies to allogenic lymphocytes in the serum of two of 22 patients (9%) with carcinoma of the prostate as determined by the lymphocytotoxicity test. 1 In addition, the sera of these two patients have since been shown to contain leukoagglutinating antibodies as determined by the method of capillary agglutination. 2 The cytotoxic property of sera of patients with carinoma of the prostate has now been found to be complement dependent and following the procedure of Wilson et al 3 were specifically absorbed with reactive lymphocytes, suggesting that the factor responsible for cytotoxicity was a true antibody. Perhaps of further significance was the finding, as shown in the accompanying Table, that comparable lymphocytotoxic activity for allogenic lymphocytes was not observed in serum specimens obtained from 28 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy ( 216 :2015, 1971),
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:32:06.381Z
|
1972-01-08T00:00:00.000Z
|
6638435
|
s2ag/train
|
Unnecessary morbidity from breast surgery.
sources are spent diagnosing and treating the disease, but as yet de¬ monstrable improvements in agespecific mortality rates have not been observed2,3 in spite of our efforts toward earlier diagnosis and appar¬ ently worthwhile advances in therapy. No doubt this is because the timing of treatment of breast cancer is not near¬ ly as important in determining the patient's outcome as the "tumourhost potential".4"9 Moreover, we are so busy stamping out cancer of the breast that little consideration is given to the morbidi¬ ty that is created by our activities. Though no one is likely to die from a breast biopsy, every biopsy patient has her civil liberties suspended while she is incarcerated in hospital and all suffer some pain and discomfort. Varying numbers will suffer com¬ plications such as hematomas, wound infection or breakdown, reactions to adhesive tape, or untoward reactions to the tranquillizers, sedatives, anes¬ thetics, antiemetics, antibiotics and other therapeutic agents to which they are subjected. More important,
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T00:17:34.457Z
|
1972-01-15T00:00:00.000Z
|
10785657
|
s2ag/train
|
Evidence for a clonal origin of head and neck tumors
According to the inactive‐X hypothesis only one of the two genes at X‐linked loci is active in somatic cells of females. Thus, in women heterozygous for the A and B genes at the X‐linked glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) locus, single cells or clones of cells show either type A or type B enzyme. Similarly, pure tumors with a clonal origin arising in G‐6‐PD heterozygotes exhibit only type A or B enzyme, while those with multiple cell origin may show both A and B enzymes. The G‐6‐PD types of normal and neoplastic tissue were determined in 28 patients with tumors of the head and neck who were heterozygous at the G‐6‐PD locus. Normal tissues contained two enzyme types. Only one tumor from the 11 patients with anaplastic carcinoma of the nasopharynx was pure enough (i. e., with a relatively small number of non‐tumor cells) to allow firm conclusions. This tumor had a single enzyme phenotype and this is compatible with a clonal origin. Single enzyme phenotypes were also found in the two benign tumors and in single cases of plasmacytoma, melanoma, neuroblastoma and reticulum‐cell sarcoma. The data from three cases of carcinoma of the palate and from single cases of carcinoma of an ectopic salivary gland and the thyroid gland respectively are also compatible with a clonal origin. Only one relatively pure tumor had a double enzyme phenotype, but even in this case, the evidence for a multiple cell origin is not convincing. Thus, the data in this and other studies suggest that at least one step in the development of most human neoplasms occurs in a single cell, i. e., the mature tumors have a clonal origin.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T05:28:53.750Z
|
1972-01-17T00:00:00.000Z
|
42881232
|
s2ag/train
|
Tumor to tumor metastasis.
To the Editor.— Metastasis from one neoplasm to an unrelated coexisting neoplasm is a very rare autopsy finding; to our knowledge, fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the English literature. In 40 of these patients the host tumor was another malignant neoplasm and in 56 it was a benign tumor.1We wish to report two additional cases with tumor to tumor metastasis. Report of Cases.—Case 1.— This 74-year-old woman was found in July 1962 to have scirrhous carcinoma of the right breast with metastases to the skin, lymph nodes, lungs, vertebrae, and possibly the liver. She was treated with a combination of diethylstilbestrol and testosterone propionate but her cancer kept growing rapidly, and she died two months later. At autopsy extensive metastatic lesions were found in the skin, lymph nodes, pleurae, lungs, liver, pituitary and adrenal glands, bones and the brain. Metastatic foci were found
|
v2
|
2017-10-22T13:45:41.948Z
|
1972-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
36563592
|
s2ag/train
|
The effects of successive transplant generations of an induced tumor upon inbred rats.
The induction of sarcomas in inbred male Fischer rats with i.m. 20-methylcholanthrene produced a number of alterations in the host. The effect of successive transplantation on these changes in the host was followed for 60 transplant generations.
The individual primary tumors induced by an i.m. injection of 20-methylcholanthrene produced similar effects in the host rat. Nine of the primary tumors were used at varying intervals over a period of 4 years to start separate transplant lines. The transplant lines caused minor differences in host effects but, when comparisons were made between transplant generations, major alterations were made between transplant generations, major alterations were observed. Plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity, the number of peripheral blood leukocytes, and adrenal weight were increased abruptly during the early transplant generations. The histology of the tumor was also changed during transplantation, but these were gradual changes that were difficult to relate to the alterations in the host.
The transplantable tumors induced by i.m. 20-methylcholanthrene would be most useful in studies where the host alterations remained stable after prolonged transplantation. Hemoglobin concentration, liver catalase activity, plasma iron, and total iron-binding capacity were significantly decreased in rats bearing primary tumors and remained at these lowered levels throughout all of the transplant generations. This transplantable tumor should, therefore, be helpful in further studies of iron metabolism in the tumor-bearing host.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T00:25:45.939Z
|
1972-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
11768890
|
s2ag/train
|
N‐ACETYL‐l‐ASPARTIC ACID CONTENT OF HUMAN NEURAL TUMOURS AND BOVINE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS TISSUES
Abstract— Abstract‐Tumors of the human nervous system were utilized to investigate the cellular distribution of N‐acetyl‐L‐aspartic acid (NAA). Astroglial tumours contained about 0.144 μmol/g. Oligodendrogliomas and medulloblastomas contained somewhat larger amounts. However, the level of NAA in all gliomas studied was less than that of normal human white matter. NAA was undetectable in meningiomas and acoustic neurinomas. If these results may be taken as representative of normal tissue, they imply a predominantly neuronal localization for NAA.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:50:23.049Z
|
1972-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
26809976
|
s2ag/train
|
MINOR EPILEPTIC STATUS
OCCASIONALLY epileptic patients suffer from an intermittent stuporose state which is accompanied by continuous abnormal bio-electrical activity in the brain. Most writersl-% on the subject use the term ‘petit ma1 status’ to describe the condition-the florid motor phenomena of major or even psychomotor seizures are lacking and yet isolated twitches or myoclonic jerks signify that the patient is undergoing continuous epileptic attacks. Moreover, the continuous abnormal EEG discharges often resemble the symmetrical, synchronous wave-and-spike activity of typical petit ma1 more than they do the patterns of other forms of epilepsy. Indeed, the alliterative but unattractive term ‘spike-wave stupor’ has been BRETT~ prefers the term ‘minor epileptic status’ because, in his experience, the EEG commonly shows multifocal spikes and sharp waves or even continuous slow waves without spikes, and inspection of the EEGS illustrated in some of the articles suggests that he is correct in using a term with a less restrictive meaning. BRETT’S~ masterly description of 22 patients of the late PAUL SANDIFER presenting at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, over a period of eight years can hardly be bettered and there is no reason to think that this series is unrepresentative of children with this rare disorder. The typical history is of a child, either previously healthy or more frequently epileptic, either developmentally normal or slow, who periodically becomes unsteady on his legs or in his arms. This may at times be so severe that he falls repeatedly or is unable to understand or obey commands. Twitching of the limbs or face, drooping of the eyelids, slurring of speech and drooling are other complaints made by the parents, who may describe the child as ‘drugged’, ‘drunk’, or ‘dopey’. Examination often shows an alarming picture of psuedo-dementia with variable myoclonic twitches of the face or jerks of the limbs, which may be felt even if they cannot be seen. Pseudo-ataxia of gait and inability to perform skilled movements with the hands may be either mild or severe and disabling. Conditions which may require careful consideration in the differential diagnosis are intoxication (particularly with primidone or phenytoin), acute cerebellar ataxia, cerebellar tumour, cerebral degenerative disease and psychosis. BRETT points to the following useful features of minor epileptic status which should distinguish it from other disorders: fluctuation in the patient’s awareness from moment to moment or at longer intervals; frequent myoclonic jerks, felt or seen; and marked generalised EEG abnormality during the abnormal clinical state. Minor epileptic status also occurs in adults, often many years after the onset of petit ma1 or other forms of epilepsy in childhood.* Although it has been said to be commoner than in children, it is still sufficiently rare to be misdiagnosed as catatonic schizophrenia. Clinical epileptic phenomena are rarely as pure as classifications suggest and it is not surprising that some patients with minor status show focal clinical and EEG features. HESS et a/.‘ have described six patients with psychotic episodes in which focal twitching or psychomotor seizures occurred and during some of which focal EEG features were seen in addition to continuous symmetrical abnormal activity. The reason why the spectacular generalised abnormal bio-electrical activity of minor status does not produce more clinical features than stupor with occasional localised twitching is unknown. There must be powerful factors inhibiting the spread of abnormal impulses and maintaining much normal neuronal activity. It is scarcely surprising that occasional focal cortical epileptic activity breaks through; one wonders why it does not occur more often. Perhaps it is more surprising that
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v2
|
2018-04-03T01:20:56.371Z
|
1972-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
29353934
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s2ag/train
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Inhibition by Penicillamine of DNA and Protein Synthesis by Human Bone Marrow 1
Summary The sulfhydryl-containing amino acid penicillamine inhibited uptake of thymidine-3H, deoxyuridine-3H, and formate-14C into DNA of human bone marrow cells in vitro. Pencillamine inhibition of leucine-3H incorporation into protein was also inhibited; less inhibition of uridine-3H uptake into RNA was demonstrated. Significant inhibition was present with a concentration of penicillamine not much more than that presumed present in plasma of patients ingesting the drug. Penicillamine inhibition was not significantly affected by prior incubation of bone marrow cells with L-valine, iron, copper, zinc, pyridoxine, or pyridoxal phosphate. The L-enantiomorph was more inhibitory than the d form. These findings may help explain the inhibitory effects of penicillamine on animal tumors, and suggest possible value of this drug in chemotherapy of human neoplasms.
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v2
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2018-04-03T01:33:43.113Z
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1972-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
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29980029
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s2ag/train
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Receptors for immunoglobulin and complement on mouse leukemias and lymphomas.
Bone marrow-derived B lymphocytes bear a receptor for antigen-antibody-complement complexes (EAC). Monocytes and macrophages also bear a receptor for EAC, but require the Mg++ ion for the attachment of EAC. A receptor for red cell IgG complexes (EA) is found on monocytes, but not on lymphocytes. Twenty-one mouse leukemias and lymphomas were examined for the presence of these receptors. None of the tumors studied bore the lymphocyte EAC receptor. One tumor bore both the monocyte EAC and EA receptors; two of the tumors bore the monocyte EA receptor alone. The binding of the IgG EA complex to both these tumor cells and to normal monocytes could be inhibited only by mouse myeloma proteins of the γF (γ1) and γH (γ2b) subclasses of mouse IgG.
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v2
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2018-04-03T03:40:45.229Z
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1972-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
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7471744
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s2ag/train
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Transport characteristics of two carcinostatic compounds, hydroxyurea and hadacidin, with rat small intestine.
Hydroxyurea has numerous biochemical and biological effects, including the inhibition of DNA synthesis (Brachet, 1967), and also has anti-tumour properties (Steams et al., 1963). Hadacidin (Nformylhydroxyaminoacetic acid) suppresses growth of human adenocarcinoma in vitro (Gitterman et al., 1962). It is an aspartate analogue inhibiting reversibly the enzyme adenylosuccinate synthetase (Shigeura & Gordon, 1962). We investigated the transport of these potentially therapeutic compounds across the mucosa of the rat small intestine in vitro. Either everted sacs (Randall & Evered, 1964) or everted segments (Wass & Evered, 1970) were used. Neither hydroxyurea (assay method: Nery, 1966) nor hadacidin (assay method: Iqbal & Ottaway, 1970) was transferred across everted sacs against a concentration gradient. The concentration ratio (serosal concn./mucosal concn.) was, for 5imMhydroxyurea, 0.97T0.02S.E.M. (16 sacs), and, for 5mM hadacidin, 0.87±0.09S.E.M. (16 sacs). Transport of hydroxyurea with the concentration gradient was linear over the range 2-15mm external concentration. This transfer was not diminished by the presence of 1 mM-KCN. Similarly, hadacidin transport down the gradient with everted sacs gave linear kinetics over the range 3-20mM. Uptake of hadacidin (1 mM) by intestinal sacs and segments was not inhibited by 1 mmor 10mM-KCN, methionine, L-aspartate, glycine, betaine, L-proline or L-hydroxyproline. The result with hydroxyurea is not unexpected, since urea (Jervis & Smyth, 1959) and thiourea (Esposito et al., 1969) both show simple diffusion across the intestine. At 5mM hadacidin did not show active transport with everted sacs (Spencer & Brody, 1964), but the lack of inhibition by structurally related analogues or a metabolic inhibitor has not previously been demonstrated. Our results all suggest that hydroxyurea and hadacidin pass across the mucosa of the rat small intestine by simple diffusion.
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v2
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2018-04-03T03:44:14.902Z
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1972-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
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36288067
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s2ag/train
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Purification of concanavalin A receptor from pig lymphocyte plasma membrane.
basic protein that reacts with lymphocytes from patients with cancer was shown to be identical with the encephalitogenic determinant Ser-Arg-Phe-SerTrp-Gly-Ala-Glu-Gly-Gln-Arg (Field et al., 1971; Westall et al., 1971; Lennon et al., 1970; Carnegie, 1971). By treatment of the tumour antigen with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide it was shown that tryptophan was an essential residue in the tumour antigen. Studies with synthetic peptides (P. R. Carnegie, E. A. Caspary, F. C. Westall & E. J. Field, unpublished work) have shown that an insertion or substitution of a single amino acid residue can markedly alter the antigenic activity of the peptide. We suggest that the difference between the normal protein and that from tumour which alters the antigenicity is the result of a slight change in the amino acid sequence around the sole tryptophan residue in the protein.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:28:07.149Z
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1972-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
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39159926
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s2ag/train
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Brain scanning in the diagnosis of acoustic neuromas.
✓ Of 22 patients found to have acoustic neuromas at surgery, 99mTc-sodium pertechnetate brain scans correctly identified these tumors in 18. This successful imaging is due largely to two factors: the improved visualization of the posterior cranial fossa with technetium 99m and the use of delayed scans. With the latter, it was found that the optimum time for scanning acoustic neuromas was 2½ hours following radionuclide administration; scans performed before that time failed to visualize the tumor in five patients whose studies were positive on delayed scans. The authors feel that for acoustic neuromas 2 cm or more in diameter, 99mTc scanning is the diagnostic procedure of choice and is especially useful in detecting tumor recurrence.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:31:21.838Z
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1972-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
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39415760
|
s2ag/train
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Reversible Suppression of Alkaline Phosphatase in Human Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma Cells Transformed by SV40
Summary Two tumors, medullary carcinomas from human thyroid glands, were used to establish tissue culture lines. These lines were assayed for alkaline phosphatase activity and were found to be consistently positive. Following transformation of the cell lines with SV40, the alkaline phosphatase levels were markedly depressed or undetectable. When hydrocortisone was added to the in vitro system, the enzyme activity returned to preinfection levels. This increase in alkaline phosphatase was dependent on the continuous presence of steroid; when steroid was withdrawn there was a loss of activity to pretreatment levels. No increase in enzyme levels was detected in uninfected tumor cells treated with hydrocortisone.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T05:55:04.429Z
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1972-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
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44878096
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s2ag/train
|
Inhibition of mouse ascites tumors by carbohydrate combined with immunization.
Mice, inoculated intraperitoneally with TA3 ascites tumor cells, received intraperitoneal injections of D-mannose, D-glucosamine, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and DL-glyceraldehyde. With daily single injections for 10 days, D-mannose produced no effect; D-glucosamine reduced the total tumor volume but not the packed cell volume; 2-deoxy-D-glucose caused a moderate reduction in both the tumor fluid and the packed cell volume; and DL-glyceraldehyde reduced the tumor development drastically. With multiple injections on a single day, 2-deoxy-D-glucose produced no effect; D-glucosamine caused a moderate inhibition of tumor growth; and DL-glyceraldehyde strongly inhibited the tumor development. The inhibitory effect of DL-glyceraldehyde was greatly enhanced by the previous immunization of the mice with an insoluble fraction prepared from the tumor cells. The potentiating effect of DL-glyceraldehyde and immunization was found also with the Ehrlich, Ehrlich-Lettre, 6C3HED, and SAI mouse ascites tumors. DL-Glyceraldehyde wa...
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v2
|
2014-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
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1972-02-29T00:00:00.000Z
|
84427
|
s2orc/train
|
Antigenic properties of murine sarcoma virus-transformed BALB-3T3 nonproducer cells.
The isolation of clonal lines of murine sarcoma virus-transformed, non-producer BALB/3T3 cells has provided a model system for determining whether RNA tumor virus-transformed cells possess virus-specific transplantation antigens. MSV nonproducer cells (K-234) were clonally derived from an inbred mouse cell line, BALB/3T3. A parallel virus-producing cell line was obtained by infection of the MSV nonproducer cells with Rauscher leukemia virus. K-234 was much more tumorigenic than K-234(R). Preimmunization of syngeneic mice with either K-234(R) or with UV-inactivated Rauscher leukemia virus induced transplantation resistance to subsequent challenge with K-234(R), but not with K-234. In contrast, mice preimmunized with nonproducer cells were not made resistant to subsequent challenge with the homologous cells. Antisera prepared from mice immunized with K-234(R) were specifically cytotoxic and positive by fluorescent antibody staining for K-234(R) target cells, but not to either BALB/3T3 or K-234. The results show that MSV nonproducer cells lack detectable transplantation antigens and suggest that the transplantation resistance to the producing cells is attributable to maturing virus at the cell surface.
Immunizing Procedure. Cells were trypsinized, washed twice by centrifugation, and resuspended in serum-free medium at the appropriate concentration. Injections were made subcutaneously in the thigh in a volume of 0.2 ml. For some immunizations cell suspensions maintained on ice were ultrasonically disrupted for 60 sec at 60 w with a 1/2 inch sonic probe (Sonifer Cell Disruptor Model W185D, Branson Sonic Power Co., Danbury, Conn.).
Cytotoxicity.--A modification of the method of HellstrCm and Sj/Jgren (5) was used for cytotoxicity studies. Target cells were trypsinized, washed three times, and resuspended in medium at 104 cells/ml. 0.25 ml serum was mixed with an equal volume of cells and incubated at 37°C for 30 rain, followed by the addition of 0.25 ml of guinea pig complement and incubation for a further 60 rain. The cell suspensions were then diluted 1:10 in medium and distributed to 50-ram Petri dishes (Falcon Plastics, Div. B-D Laboratories, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.) at 4 ml/dish. After incubation for 7 days at 37°C, the Petri dishes were stained with hematoxylin and the colonies were counted.
Virus Neutralization.--Virus neutralization was performed by a focus reduction method.
Antisera were heat inactivated at 56°C for 30 min. Around 50 FFU of MSV were incubated with the appropriate serum dilution for 30 rain at 37°C and then assayed for focus formation on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran-pretreated NRK cells as previously described (13).
Fluorescent Antibody Detection of Cell Surface Antigens.--An indirect fuorescent antibody
(FA) technique was used to detect cell surface antigens. Sera from hamsters, bearing an in vivo-induced MSV-nonproducer tumor, HT-1 (20), were a gift of G. Kelloff of NIH. Sera from rats carrying a transplantable MSV-producing tumor were obtained from R. Wilsnak, Huntington Research Laboratories, Baltimore, Md. Fluorescein-conjugated goat antisera to rat, hamster, and mouse globulins were obtained from the Resources and Logistics Segment of the National Cancer Institute. Cells growing on cover slips were washed twice in phosphatebuffered saline and incubated at 37°C for 30 rain with antiserum, washed again, and incubated 30 rain with the appropriate fluorescein-conjugated antiglobulin at a final dilution of 1:6 with lissamine rhodamine (1:60 dilution) as counterstain. Cell surface antigens were scored with a Leitz fluorescent microscope 0< 400).
Comparison of the Tumorigenicity of MSV-Transformed Nonproducer and Producer Cell
Lines.--The present study was undertaken to determine whether the immunogenicity of murine sarcoma virus-transformed cells is due to antigens associated with virus production, or whether MSV-transformed cells possess new virus-specified nonvirion transplantation antigens. The tumorforming ability of an MSV-transformed nonproducer clonal line, K-234, was compared with that of the identical cell line preinfected with R-MuLV and producing both sarcoma and leukemia viruses. As can be seen in Fig. 1, at each cell dose tested the incidence of tumor formation in mice inoculated with K-234 was much higher than with K-234(R). Tumors induced by K-234(R) cells grew rapidly for the first 2 wk, but only very slowly thereafter; some tumors actuallv had regressed by 6 wk postinjection. On the other hand, tumors induced by the nonproducer cell line grew progressively and eventually killed the host. This is reflected in the much higher death rate for mice injected with K-234 as compared to K-234(R) cells (Fig. 2). Clearly, the presence of replicating virus in K-234(R) cells was associated with their having a markedly reduced malignant potential. The most likely explanation was that the virus-producing cells were more antigenic than the MSV nonproducers.
To test whether this was the case, the effect of irradiation of the host on the tumorigenicity of the two cell lines was compared. Mice which received 250 rads whole body irradiation and unirradiated controls were inoculated subcutaneously with either MSV-nonproducer or virus-producing transformed cells. As shown in Table I, irradiation had little if anv effect on the death rate of animals receiving MSV-nonproducer cells. However, the producer cells grew much more efficiently in immunologically suppressed mice than in the nonirradiated controls. This result further suggests that the virus-producing MSV-transformed cells were much more immunogenic than the nonproducer cells.
Tumorigenicity of MSV-Nonproducer and Producer Cells in Preimmunized
BALB/c Mice.--In order to resolve whether the nonproducer cells possessed detectable virus-induced transplantation antigens, in vivo transplantation immunity experiments were performed. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with K-234, K-234(R), or the parent clone of BALB/3T3 with four successive weekly doses of 5 X 10 a cells/animal. 1 wk after the last immunizing injection, the animals were challenged with either K-234 or K-234(R) cells. As shown in Table II, preimmunization with the producer cells markedly reduced the tumor incidence in mice subsequently challenged with the homologous cells. Only one tumor developed in 60 animals preimmunized with K-234(R) as compared to 26/50 in mice pretreated with control BALB/3T3 ceils. In contrast, there was no significant reduction in tumorigenicity of K-234 cells in mice preimmunized with K-234 as compared to those preimmunized with BALB/3T3. A small reduction in tumor-forming ability of both K-234 and K-234 (R) was seen in mice preimmunized with BALB/3T3. This may be due to antigenic changes in the BALB/3T3 ceils after prolonged passage in culture (21).
In another study, animals were preimmunized with BALB/3T3, K-234, or K-234(R) at 5 X 104 cells/injection; here, cells were first sonicated to reduce tumor induction during immunization. From the results in Table III, it is clear that preimmunization with sonicated K-234(R) cells effectively prevented challenge by the homologous cells. There were no tumors in 60 K-234(R)-preimmunized animals compared to 27/53 in BALB/3T3-preimmunized controls. Again, the nonproducer cells were no more effective than BALB/3T3 itself in protecting mice from challenge with either K-234 or K-234(R). * Mice were preimmunized weekly for 3 consecutive wk with 2.5 X 103 viable cells injected subcutaneously in the thigh region.
Tumorigenicity of Nonproducer Cells in B A L B / c Mice Preimmunized with
:~ Mice were challenged at the indicated cell doses subcutaneously in the interscapular region 1 wk after the final preimmunizing injection. Results are expressed as the fraction of tumor-bearing mice at 5 wk.
munize with very high cell doses without producing tumors during immunization. If virus-specific transplantation antigens were present on the MSVnonproducer rat cells, these might be capable of immunizing mice against subsequent challenge by MSV-nonproducer mouse cells. It can be seen from the results in Table IV that K -N R K ceils were no more effective than N R K cells in protecting mice from subsequent challenge with K-234. These findings along with the results in Tables I I and I I I * Preimmunizations and challenge injections were carried out as described in the legend to Table II with the exception that the celt dose for preimmunizations was increased to 5 X 104 cells/animal and the cells were sonicated for 60 sec before injection. Results are expressed as the fraction of mice bearing tumors at 5 wk.
Preimmunizations were carried out as above, but with twice-banded, UV-inactivated P, auscher leukemia virus at a dose of approximately 108-109 physical particles/injection. § Not done. LI Same data as in Table II. :~ Tumor challenges were performed as described in Table II. Results are expressed as the fraction of mice bearing tumors at 5 wk.
likely that the transplantation antigens of K-234(R) cells were p r i m a r i l ) due to m a t u r i n g virus at the cell surface. To directly test this possibility, mice were imnmnized weekly for 3 consecutive wk with UV-irradiated R -M u L V (approximately l0 s 109 particles per injection) and then challenged 1 wk later with the K-234 and K-234(R) lines at 5 X 10 a cells/animal. As shown in Table I I I , R -M u L V was able to p r e v e n t subsequent challenge by K-234(R) but had no effect on the tumorigenicity of K-234 cells. These results demon-strate that the transplantation antigens detected in virus-producing MSVtransformed cells are to a large extent due to viral structural proteins at the cell surface.
Cytotoxicity and Fluorescent Antibody Studies.--It was possible that in vivo methods were not sufficiently sensitive to detect weakly antigenic cell surface changes in the MSV-nonproducer cells. For this reason, a series of in vitro cytotoxicity and fluorescent antibody studies were performed. Sera from BALB/c mice bearing tumors induced by the producer cell line, K-234(R), and from untreated mice were tested for cytotoxic activity against K-234, K-234(R), and BALB/3T3. As shown in Table V, there was a decrease of more than 50% in the colony-forming ability of K-234(R) cells exposed to serum from K-234-preimmunized mice. In contrast, there was only a small decrease in the colony-forming ability of either K-234 or BALB/3T3 cells. From these studies, it is concluded that K-234(R) tumor-bearing mice had circulating antibodies which were cytotoxic to K-234(R) cells but not more toxic to K-234 than to BALB/3T3 target cells.
The MSV-producer, nonproducer, and control BALB/3T3 cells were examined by a fluorescent antibody method which detects cell surface antigens. With sera obtained from BALB/c mice preimmunized with each cell line, specific staining of the cell surface was observed only when sera from mice preimmunized with K-234(R) cells were tested against the same cell line. As shown in Table VI, the surface antibody titer was 1:50 before and 1:30 after adsorption with BALB/3T3 cells. A small but definite reaction was seen with antiserum to MSV-producer cells against both BALB/3T3 and K-234 cells, but this was eliminated by adsorption of the serum with control BALB/3T3 cells. The reactivity of sera from mice preimmunized with MSV-nonproducer cells was not specific for the MSV-transformed cells and was eliminated by adsorption with BALB/3T3. Sera obtained from two other species imnmnized with MSV tumors were tested for reactivity against the mouse cell lines by the fluorescent antibody technique. Sera from rats bearing a transplantable MSV-producing tumor, M-MSV(R), had a surface antibody titer of over 1:200 against K-234(R) cells (Table VI). In striking contrast, this serum was not reactive against either K-234 or BALB/3T3 cells. Sera from hamsters immunized with an MSV-nonproducer hamster tumor, HT-1 (20), showed no reactivity with any of the mouse cell lines. Thus, while in vitro cytotoxicity and fluoresence antibody tests readily detected surface antigens on virus-producing MSV-transformed BALB/3T3 cells, neither method allowed detection of MSV-induced surface antigens on the MSV-nonproducer cells.
Virus XeutraIization Studies.--It was of interest to determine whether virus neutralizing antibodies could be detected in sera of mice immunized with either the MSV-producer or nonproducer cell lines. Each was tested against * The titer is the reciprocal of the highest serum dilution which gave a positive reaction. ~c Sera were preabsorbed by incubation with an equal volume of packed cells for 30 rain at 4°C. the virus stock originally used to transform the MSV-nonproducer cells, KiMSV(KiMuLV), and against the virus produced by K-234(R) cells. As is shown in Table VII, the sera from K-234(R)-inoculated mice contained neutralizing antibodies to the R-MuLV pseudotype of KiMSV with a titer of 1:20. Neither this serum nor sera from mice immunized with the MSV-nonproducer cells inhibited focus formation by KiMSV(KiMuLV).
Comparison of the Tumorigenicity of MSV-and SV40--Transformed Ceils.-Previous studies have demonstrated that the malignant potential of in vitro cultivated inbred mouse cell lines is related to their lack of contact inhibition of cell division. Thus, under experimental conditions where the host's immune defenses were suppressed by total body irradiation, SV40 transformed-BALB/ 3T3 cells which grew to a very high saturation density in culture were very tumorigenic (17). The ability of this previously reported SV40-transformed BALB/3T3 subclone, SV-T2, to form tumors in normal, unirradiated BALB/c mice was compared with the tumorigenicity of the MSV-transformed cells of the present study. As shown in Table VIII, SV-T2 was at least 3 log units less tumorigenic in unirradiated animals than the MSV-nonproducer cells, even though the SV40-transformed cells achieved a higher saturation density in culture. The tumorigenicity of K-234(R) was approximately 50-fold less than that of K-234 but still far greater than that of SV-T2. These findings indicate that the transplantation antigens of even the virus-producing MSV- * Approximately 50 FFU of each virus were incubated with an equal volume of the appropriate serum for 30 rain at 37°C and then assayed for focus formation on NRK cells. The end-point titer was the highest serum dilution giving more than 70~. inhibition of focus formation. K-234(R) 3.7 X 105 5 X 105 SV-T2 >10 X 10 ~ >7 X 10 7 * Tumor challenges were carried out as described in Table II. :~ The maximum cell number attained when 5 X 10 ~ cells/cm 2 were inoculated into 20cm 2 Petri dishes under conditions where medium containing 10c~ calf serum was changed every 3 days.
transformed cells are far less immunogenic than those of cells transformed nonproductively by SV40.
DISCUSSION
Mouse cells that are infected by MSV in the absence of added MuLV become strikingly altered in their morphology in tissue culture and attain the ability to form tumors in vivo. MSV-transformed clonal lines of this nature have so far been found to lack any evidence of virus production or viralspecified cellular antigens (13,16). Superinfection of such MSV nonproducer ceils with MuLV results in rescue of the MSV genome. In the present study, we compared the antigenicity of virus-producing and MSV nonproducer transformed ceils in order to determine whether virus-coded, nonvirion transplantation antigens could be detecled. The system was very well suited for these studies because: all celt lines were derived from a clonal line of nontumorigenic, syngeneic mouse embryo cells; the MSV-and MuLV-producing transformed line was obtained by MuLV infection of the nonproducer clonal line so that otherwise they were identical; and neither the producer nor the nonproducer cell lines had been preselected by in vivo passage.
In the present studies, MSV-transformed virus-producing cells had clearly demonstrable virus-specific transplantation antigens. The number of deaths due to progressive tumor growth when raice were injected with K-234(R) cells was greatly increased when mice were irradiated before tumor challenge. Furthermore, preimmunization with K-234(R) cells considerably reduced the fraction of mice developing tumors after challenge with the homologous cell line. In in vitro studies, surface antigens were detected on K-234(R) cells by fluorescent antibodv and cytotoxicity tests. Finally, preimmunization of syngeneic mice with UV-inactivated, purified R-MuLV effectively protected them from subsequent challenge with K-234(R). It is concluded from these findings that the immunogenicity of virus-producing MSV-transformed cells is to a large extent attributable to surface antigens associated with virus production.
In striking contrast, the MSV-transformed nonproducer cells were found by each of the above procedures to be no more immunogenic than control BALB/ 3T3 cells. One possible explanation for our results is that MSV does not induce cell surface alterations. However, it has been demonstrated that MSVtransformed cells have a markedly altered glucose transport (22), and recent studies indicate a small but significant increase in agglutinability of MSVtransformed compared to normal cells in response to plant lectins such as concanavalin A (B. Ozanne, personal communication). These findings provide biochemical evidence that surface alterations may be present in MSV-transformed cells.
If MSV does in fact induce cell surface changes, these clearly were not detectable by the immunologic techniques used in the present report. To explain these results, host factors such as blocking antibodies which have been described for RNA tumor virus producing cells (23) or antigenic modulation (24) could be invoked. However, the fact that sera from mice preimmunized with virus-infected, transformed cells appeared to lack both cytotoxic and FA surface staining antibodies against in vitro-cultured nonproducer cells argues against both of these possibilities. Further considerations are that cell surface alterations induced by MSV are not immunogenic because they represent either: (a) modified production of normal cell components: (b) virus-coded antigens which are poorly, if at all, immunogenic because of either their strut-ture or location; (c) derepression of embryonic antigens; or (d) virus-coded antigens to which the animal is tolerant. The last possibility is unlikely in view of inability of sera from MSV-immunized animals of two other species, the rat and hamster, to detect antigens in MSV-nonproducer mouse cells. A further resolution of these possibilities should increase our understanding of the mechanism of transformation by MSV.
A previous study (25), in which MSV-transformed nonproducer hamster tumor cells were found to be ineffective in protecting mice from subsequent challenge with virus-producing sarcoma cells, supports the present findings that MSV nonproducer cells lack detectable surface antigens. In contrast, there have been two reports of virus-specific "transplantation antigens" in MSV-transformed, supposedly virus-free cell lines. In one study, Ting (9) demonstrated transplantation resistance in inbred rats to a "nonproducer" tumor cell line designated MSB-1. However, this cell line was later shown to release both a focus-forming virus, MSV(0) (26), and a rat-tropic helper leukemia virus (27). In light of the present studies, it is likely that the transplantation antigens associated with these cells were in large part due to replicating virus. In a more recent report, transplantation resistance against a mouse tumor line, XM-1, was reported in mice immunized either with XM-1 cells or with MSV(MuLV) (11). However, these cells, too, were later found to produce C-type virus particles (Ting, personal communication).
The morphologic and growth properties of MSV-producing and nonproducer transformed mouse cells are indistinguishable in tissue culture (13,16). Yet, the present report shows that the tumor-forming ability of nonproducer cells is far greater in an immunologically competent host. The results demonstrate that MSV nonproducer cells lack detectable virus-specified surface antigens and that the immunogenicity of virus-producing MSV-transformed cells is due to the presence of virion antigens at the cell surface. If RNA tumor viruses have an etiologic role in spontaneous tumors, it is apparent from the present studies that the selective growth advantage of an in vivo transformed nonproducer cell over its virus-producing counterpart might well account for the difficulty in detecting virus production in naturally occurring neoplasms. SUMMARY The isolation of clonal lines of murine sarcoma virus-transformed, nonproducer BALB/3T3 cells has provided a model system for determining whether RNA tumor virus-transformed cells possess virus-specific transplantation antigens. MSV nonproducer cells (K-234) were clonally derived from an inbred mouse cell line, BALB/3T3. A parallel virus-producing cell line was obtained by infection of the MSV nonproducer cells with Rauscher leukemia virus. K-234 was much more tumorigenic than K-234(R). Preimmunization of syngeneic mice with either K-234(R) or with UV-inactivated Rauscher leukemia virus induced transplantation resistance to subsequent challenge with K-234(R), but not with K-234. In contrast, mice preimmunized with nonproducer cells were not made resistant to subsequent challenge with the homologous cells. Antisera prepared from mice immunized with K-234(R) were specifically cytotoxic and positive by fluorescent antibody staining for K-234(R) target cells, but not to either BALB/3T3 or K-234. The results show that MSV nonproducer cells lack detectable transplantation antigens and suggest that the transplantation resistance to the producing cells is attributable to maturing virus at the cell surface.
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v2
|
2017-07-06T07:25:54.624Z
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1972-03-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
2126799
|
s2ag/train
|
Conenital hypothyroidism in association with a ring chromosome 18.
neoplastic disease. Leukaemia has been reported in 2 patients with D group chromosomal aberrations (Schade et al, 1962; Zuelzer et al, 1968). The present cases of D-trisomy each had, at necropsy, a tumour of an adrenal gland. In case 1, the tumour was regarded as a probable carcinoma because of its size, cellularity, and irregular histological arrangement, because the cells were basophilic and arranged in cords and acini, it was considered to have originated from the definitive cortex. Marin-Padilla, Hoefnagel, and Benirschke (1964) described 2 cases of D-trisomy in which the adrenal glands were enlarged and morphologically abnormal. However, the association of D-trisomy with an adrenal cortical carcinoma is most unusual. A 5-year-old boy with an anaplastic adrenal carcinoma had, on chromosome analysis of the peripheral lymphocytes, an extra large sub-metacentric chromosome similar to group B (Pascasio et al, 1967). Ellwood and Pearson (1968) found normal karyotypes in 2 girls with adrenal cortical carcinomas. In case 2, a microscopic neuroblastoma was present in the adrenal medulla. This tumour is frequently seen as an incidental finding in infants who die before the age of 3 months (Beckwith and Perrin, 1963). The child with neuroblastoma described by Mittelbach and Szekely (1934/1935) had a cleft lip and palate, microcephaly, cerebral atrophy, absence of the corpus callosum, widely patent ductus arteriosus, and patent foramen ovale -features suggestive of D-trisomy. Cytogenetic findings in children with neuroblastoma have been variable; Nichols (1968) did not observe any abnormality but recently Wakonig-Vaartaja et al (1971) who studied 21 children with neuroblastoma noted an increased number of abnormal metaphases in pretreatment samples of peripheral blood and bone marrow.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:33:58.223Z
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1972-03-01T00:00:00.000Z
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13019966
|
s2ag/train
|
In vitro demonstration of cell-mediated immunity to human brain tumors.
Our studies showed that patients with primary intracranial neoplasms, both well differentiated and anaplastic, intra- and extracerebral, possessed peripheral blood lymphocytes that in vitro were specifically cytotoxic to tissue-cultured, autogenous tumor cells. Some studies suggested antigenic cross-reactivity between glioblastoma cells from different patients and, moreover, between glioblastoma and melanoma cells. One melanoma patient possessed lymphocytes cytotoxic to his tumor cells and to allogeneic glioblastoma cells, as well as to the tumor cells and normal glial cells, but not to the normal fibroblasts, of a patient with a ganglioglioma.
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v2
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2018-04-03T02:07:33.766Z
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1972-03-01T00:00:00.000Z
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32416928
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s2ag/train
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Cell migration inhibition in human lymphomas using lymph node and cell line antigens.
In an attempt to demonstrate in vitro reactions against autologous and allogenic lymph node (LN) extracts in lymphoma patients, 15 cases were studied using as controls two normal LN extracts and leukocytes from 17 blood donors. The techniques applied were migration inhibition tests carried out directly on peripheral leukocytes and indirectly using lymphocyte culture supernatants on guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. The antigens (Ag) used were partially purified saline extracts of neoplastic LN, cultured neoplastic cells of lymphosarcoma (LS) origin, and normal LN. It was observed that autologous LN extracts elicited migration inhibition in the four cases of LS studied and in four out of six cases of Hodgkin’s disease (HD), while normal LN extracts gave negative results in these patients. Positive reactions were observed in four out of six LS cases using allogenic LS extracts, either from LN or from cell lines. No cross-reactions could be demonstrated in HD. All Ag gave negative results with leukocytes from normal blood donors. The positive autologous reaction suggests the presence of a tumor Ag in neoplastic LN, while the immunologic cross-reaction between some of the LS patients would point to a common Ag, persisting in at least one of the LS cell lines and perhaps related to a virus.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:21:01.100Z
|
1972-03-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
2712075
|
s2ag/train
|
Nonproductive Infection and Induction of Cellular Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis by Bovine Adenovirus Type 3 in a Contact-Inhibited Mouse Cell Line
Bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV-3), which has been reported to produce tumors in newborn hamsters, induced cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in a contact-inhibited mouse kidney cell line (C3H2K). In this system, the virus did not multiply, whereas virus-specific tumor antigen (T antigen) was detected in nearly all cells. Replication of viral DNA could not be detected by DNA-DNA hybridization on membrane filters. The cellular DNA synthesis induced by BAV-3 did occur in the absence of added serum. Extent of induction of cellular DNA synthesis was closely correlated with the multiplicity of infection. Cells activated to synthesize DNA in the serum-free medium by the virus infection progressed to cell division without noticeable cell killing.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:05:43.341Z
|
1972-03-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
37723615
|
s2ag/train
|
Maternal Mortality Due to Cysticercus Cerebri: A Case Report
An unusual cause of maternal mortality is described in a young primigravida who sustained a rapidly fatal course secondary to a Cysticerus cellulosae located in the anterior horn of the right ventricle of her brain during the twelfth week of her gestation. Cysticercus infection in the United States is very uncommon but is more common in Mexico and has been reported to be present in approximately 3% of human autopsies. It also accounted for 25% of 100 cerebral tumors that came to operation.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:13:22.313Z
|
1972-03-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
38109064
|
s2ag/train
|
Aggressive approach to diagnosis of lung infiltrates in the compromised host.
approach for this kind of exploration, although limited parasternal mediastinotomy has also been utilized safely and successfully. Lymph nodes in the paratracheal and subcarinal regions may be visualized and biopsy specimens taken during mediastinoscopy. Although the procedure is potentially hazardous, mortality in a series of 9,543 cases collected by Ashbaugh was 0.09 percent and morbidity was 1.5 percent. Mediastinoscopy does not replace other diagnostic procedures in evaluating patients with cancer of the lung. It is most useful in patients with proximal lesions in whom resectability is in doubt and least useful in patients with asymptomatic peripheral lesions. Ipsilateral positive lymph node biopsy via the mediastinoscope does not necessarily mean that the cancer is incurable, since some patients with positive mediastinal lymph nodes survive five years following pulmonary resection for carcinoma of the lung. This is a procedure which should be part of the armamentarium of every thoracic surgeon. JAMES B. D. MARK, M.D.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T05:59:29.034Z
|
1972-03-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
45125881
|
s2ag/train
|
The occurrence of psammoma bodies in papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung.
In a series of 56 consecutive necropsies of patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the lung, nine of the lesions contained psammoma bodies. Three similar cases not from this series are included in the study. The 12 adenocarcinomas contained papillary formations, with the psammoma bodies easily recognizable within the glands and papillary processes of the primary tumor and, in several instances, in their metastatic foci. The psammoma bodies were laminated and nonlaminated types and contained various amounts of mucopolysaccharides, iron, and calcium. The differentiation of these tumors from other papillary adenocarcinomas with psammoma bodies, especially of the thyroid gland, is important because of the prognostic and therapeutic implications. In two recent surgical cases, metastatic papillary adenocarcinomas with psammoma bodies were found in cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes with the primary sites of the tumors in the lungs.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T02:03:14.730Z
|
1972-03-15T00:00:00.000Z
|
32048338
|
s2ag/train
|
Elution of “blocking factors” from human tumors, capable of abrogating tumor‐cell destruction by specifically immune lymphocytes
Sera from patients with growing neoplasms have been previously shown capable of specifically blocking the cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes immune to tumor‐associated antigens (TAA) of the respective patients' neoplasms. The present investigation demonstrates that a similar blocking activity can be eluted at pH 3.1 from human tumor tissues, obtained at surgery (seminomas and osteogenic sarcomas) and from tumor cells growing in ascites and pleural effusions (carcinomas of endometrium, breast and ovary). A high (MW above 100,000) and a low (MW below 100,000) molecular weight fraction can be separated from the eluates by ultrafiltration. Neither of these fractions could block lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity in vitro when tested by itself, while a 1:1 mixture of them could. Blocking was also obtained when the tumor cells were first exposed to the high and then to the low molecular weight fractions, but not when the sequence was reversed. The observations obtained are analogous to previous findings in animal tumor systems and provide evidence that tumors growing in human patients are coated by “blocking factors”.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:57:13.284Z
|
1972-03-15T00:00:00.000Z
|
41077818
|
s2ag/train
|
On the persistence of tumour initiation and the acceleration of tumour progression in mouse skin tumorigenesis
Evidence has been obtained for the reversibility of initiation of carcinogenesis as evoked by 100 μ 7,12‐dimethylbenz (a)anthracene (DMBA) applied to the skin of Swiss mice. Mice exposed to twice‐weekly applications of a phorbol ester, TPA, for 15 weeks developed multiple papillomas when treatment was started 3 weeks after tumour initiation with DMBA, but very few when the interval was 50 weeks. This finding is not necessarily at variance with the postulate of the irreversibility of formation of “latent tumour cells” by subcarcinogenic doses of DMBA.
|
v2
|
2019-03-21T13:04:07.544Z
|
1972-03-15T00:00:00.000Z
|
84553149
|
s2ag/train
|
Tumor thromboplastin activity In vitro
The thromboplastin activity of tissue culture media, before and after incubation with T‐241 Lewis sarcoma cells of mouse origin, or with embryonic mouse epithelial or muscle fibroblasts, was measured by means of a calcium reconstitution assay. Incubation of the embryonic epithelial or muscle fibroblasts increased the thromboplastin activity of the tissue culture media more than did incubation with tumor cells, even though analysis of protein showed that there were more tumor cells than normal cells present at the time of incubation. It is concluded that there is no evidence for a unique “Cancer Coagulative Factor” at least in this system. In vitro studies of the effect of trauma in increasing the release of thromboplastin activity from both normal and tumor tissues, suggest that the mutual destruction of both tissues could account for the elevated levels observed in some patients with cancer.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T02:36:47.885Z
|
1972-03-20T00:00:00.000Z
|
34316153
|
s2ag/train
|
Lymphoma, a complication of renal allotransplantation in man.
Three cases of reticulum cell sarcoma occurred in 151 renal allotransplant recipients during the course of 438 patient years of survival, an incidence of 0.7% per year. This incidence was more than 100 times greater than that in the general population and far greater than that for other types of malignant tumors in transplant recipients. It is suggested that the presence of the foreign organ transplant together with the immunosuppressive therapy was responsible for this remarkable increase in the incidence of lymphoma. Nevertheless, the benefits of renal transplantation with current methods still make it the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease.
|
v2
|
2017-10-29T06:32:04.838Z
|
1972-04-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
43644565
|
s2ag/train
|
The RNA tumor viruses--background and foreground.
The members of the RNA tumor virus (or leukovirus) group of animal viruses replicate via a DNA intermediate and transmit their information stably in cells as DNA. Although some of these viruses are capable of inducing neoplastic transformation, others are not. These viruses may be related to spontaneous neoplasia, but the relationship is that of analogy rather than etiology. The relationship of these viruses to human disease is unknown. Two models of spontaneous neoplasia that involve either activation of the information of a transforming RNA tumor virus or the creation of information for neoplastic transformation by recombination involving information transfer from RNA to DNA are being tested in model systems.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T01:07:32.579Z
|
1972-04-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
28224684
|
s2ag/train
|
A pseudoglandular, basal-cell carcinoma, mimicking "skin tissue with invasion growth of adenocarcinoma".
To the Editor.— In the January 1971 issue of theArchives, Mendoza and Helwig 1 published a detailed description of the mucinous carcinoma of the skin. According to the authors, this tumor is a clinical and histologic entity, clearly different from the basal-cell carcinoma with pseudoglandular structure. The authors emphasize how often the histologic lesions are misdiagnosed. Not less than nine of the 14 cases described were initially diagnosed as metastatic adenocarcinomas or mixed tumors of the salivary gland. Quite recently we had the opportunity of treating a patient with multiple basal-cell carcinomas; one was a tumor located in the anal region which was first classified as adenocarcinoma. Our case seems to supplement the report published by Mendoza and Helwig; a brief description of the history of the case, and the histologic lesions is given below. Report of a Case An 84-year-old woman was treated for two basal-cell carcinomas of
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T01:33:19.611Z
|
1972-04-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
22388349
|
s2ag/train
|
Tryptophan metabolism in patients with bladder cancer of occupational etiology.
Excretion of urinary tryptophan metabolites after a 2-gm load of L-tryptophan was measured in patients with occupational bladder cancer (due to exposure to aromatic aimines), and in matched exposed and unexposed control subjects from the same factory. No significant differences were found in mean excretions of kynurenine, acetylkynurenine, hydroxykynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, indican, anthranilic acid glucuronide, o-aminohippuric acid, or creatinine. Some individual subjects had slight elevations of metabolites so that 2 of 8 patients with bladder cancer present, and 2 of 10 with a diagnosis of bladder cancer but free of disease when studied, were classified as having abnormal tryptophan metabolism. In this regard, their tryptophan metabolism resembled that of male patients from Boston (15% abnormal) rather than that of male patients from Wisconsin (35% abnormal).
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T02:37:46.849Z
|
1972-04-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
34394327
|
s2ag/train
|
Inhibitory Effect of Polyinosinic: Polycytidylic Acid on the Growth of Transplantable Mouse Mammary Carcinoma 1
Summary This study was designed to test the effect of the sequential administration of poly I: poly C on the growth rate and morphology of DBA mouse mammary adenocarcinoma. Treatments with poly I: poly C (150 μg ip per dose) started (a) 24 hr after implantation; (b) when the size of tumors reached 0.6—1.0 cm3, or (c) 1.8—2.0 cm3. Controls were injected with 0.15 ml phosphate-buffered saline (placebo). In all groups the treatment continued at 48-hr intervals for 18—22 days. Treatments starting 24 hr after implantation resulted in a temporary arrest of the growth of tumor implants followed by a significantly decreased volume-doubling time (for tumors 0.5 and 1.0 cm3 in size p <0.001). The treatment of established tumors was more effective in small tumors. The fractional survival of tumor tissue was significantly lower in tumors measuring 0.6—1.0 cm 3 (0.070) than in tumors 1.8—2.0 cm3 in size (0.231). All groups of mice treated with poly I: poly C showed a significantly longer survival time (p < .01). Increased interferon levels were observed after the first injection of poly I: poly C but not after a series of injections. The regression of tumors was most significant at the beginning of treatment. Extensive necrotic lesions were observed in histologic sections of tumors treated with poly I: poly C. There was no morphologic evidence suggesting the damage of the tumor tissue by induced cell-mediated immune response, and there was no indication that lymphocytes play some crucial role in the genesis of the inhibitory effect of poly I: poly C on isologous DBA tumors. The authors express appreciation to Dr. J. Vilcek, Department of Microbiology of the New York University Medical Center for performing the interferon assays and to Dr. Samuel Baron, of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD for reading the manuscript and comments.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T02:58:32.272Z
|
1972-04-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
35693607
|
s2ag/train
|
To Remain Alive with Dignity: A Neurosurgical Viewpoint
There is a tendency among some physicians to overlook the therapeutic possibilities in a patient with a past history of malignancy or incurable disease which ostensibly is the cause of the patient's present distress. This practice is often based upon the belief that the available treatment is too risky, dangerous, severely mutilating, or hopeless. Such an attitude stems from failure to obtain a well‐documented diagnosis and prognosis predicated on the many safe and relatively inexpensive procedures (surgical and nonsurgical) currently available to the physician. A group of case histories is presented in which one or more physicians rejected further investigation because no therapy was deemed justifiable. The diagnosis in each case was later found to be in error, as determined by additional clinical studies or postmortem examination.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T04:05:43.341Z
|
1972-04-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
21014968
|
s2ag/train
|
Bilateral Luteomas of Pregnancy with Virilization: A Case Report
Luteoma of pregnancy characterized by maternal virilization, elevated urinary 17-keto-steroids, elevated 17-ketogenic steroids and bilateral adnexal masses is described. Virilization regressed, the ovaries became smaller and urinary 17-ketosteroid and 17-ketogenic steroid levels returned to normal after delivery. Postpartum stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin resulted in significantly elevated urinary 17-ketosteroids and ovarian enlargement, supporting the theory that luteoma of pregnancy is a chrionic gonadotropin dependent tumor.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T04:56:12.470Z
|
1972-04-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
40952415
|
s2ag/train
|
Surface immunoglobulins of circulating lymphocytes in mouse plasmacytoma. II. The influence of plasmacytoma RNA on surface immunoglobulins of lymphocytes.
Circulating lymphocytes of plasmacytoma-carrying BALB/c mice were found to lose their normal surface immunoglobulins; in their place surface structures characteristic of the specific plasmacytoma globulin were demonstrated by the immunocytoadhesion technique. These changes were experimentally reproduced by the incubation of normal BALB/c lymphocytes with an RNA preparation obtained by hot phenol extraction from the excised plasmacytomas. RNA treated by RNAse was inactive, while DNAse or trypsin had no inactivating effect. Lymphocytes, killed with heat or KCN, underwent no alteration of surface receptors following incubation with the tumor RNA. Plasmacytoma RNA, injected intraperitoneally into normal mice, also altered the reactivity of circulating lymphocytes. These observations suggest the possibility that this effect contributes to the functional impairment of the immune system in this disease.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T06:24:58.825Z
|
1972-04-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
46640288
|
s2ag/train
|
Individualized removal of vaginal cuff in performing abdominal hysterectomy.
A device and method of removing an appropriate portion of the vagina during a hysterectomy of patients with carcinoma or dysplasia of the cervix uteri is described. The device consists of 4 short pieces of polyvinyl tube with a piece of metal ball chain inserted through them. The upper region of the vagina is examined with a colposcope then the positive area in the Schillers iodine test is studied. Each piece of polyethylene tube is sewn with silk thread 1 cm below the edge of the abnormal region. Large size metal clips may be substituted for the tubes. In the course of the operation the tubes are detected with the finger tips through the vaginal wall. The vaginal resection is done 1 cm below the tubes so that the device is removed together with the vaginal cuff. Recurrence of cervical carcinoma at the vaginal stump after radical operation has been reported as occurring in 15-54% of total relapses. Spreading of carcinoma to the vagina does not always take place in relation to the stage of cancer development. Therefore individualized and appropriate removal of a portion of the vagina is necessary.
|
v2
|
2019-03-08T14:20:46.017Z
|
1972-04-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
71697883
|
s2ag/train
|
Some Implications of Steroid Hormones in Cancer
and cosmetics, general analytical methodology as well as specific methodology for such poisons as cholinesterase inhibitors, fluoride, narcotics, carbon monoxide, cyanide, methanol, ethanol, arsenic, and mercury. A substantial part of the book deals with the pathological aspects of poisoning including the detection of cytogenetic effects. Obviously, in a book that deals with everything from bee and snake venoms to drowning, with pneumoconioses and electrical and chemical burns adding to the toxicological (sic) picture, there is something in this book for almost everyone. However, I found the treatment of those papers in which I am best able to judge very superficial. In the 129 references quoted in chapters on the isolation and separation of toxic substances, thin-layer chromatography, atomic absorption, and polarography, only 24 were after 1966 and none later than 1968. Toxicological literature is expanding at such a rate that it must be clear that these proceedings do not represent a major contribution to the literature. The contribution on mass spectrometry is of interest only and makes no mention of GC-MS that is now so widely used. In the diagnosis of drowning the conclusion is reached that no single reliable chemical or physical test is yet available for diagnosis. The chapter on modifications in toxicity from the interaction of drugs and chemicals occupies three pages and eight references and deals mainly with ethanolbarbiturates and anti-diabetics with sulphonamide and dicoumarol. This may reflect the time available to the participants-clearly such a subject is of book size proportions and cannot be done in a few pages. Similarly Hays' three pages on the predictive value of human toxicity from animal data with the summary that 'unless the current approach to toxicology changes significantly, the predictive value of human toxicity from animal data will become even more obscure' will surely raise many hackles if not the blood pressure of financial directors of pharmaceutical firms! This book thus becomes a gentle introduction to topics that interest toxicologists. It is very well produced but at £12-60 it is expensive for what it contains. A. S. CURRY
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T04:52:26.660Z
|
1972-04-10T00:00:00.000Z
|
40780735
|
s2ag/train
|
Steroid biosynthesis and lymphocytotoxic effects in prostatic cancer.
To the Editor.— Robinson and Thomas 1 reported on the fall of serum testosterone levels and the subjective improvement in patients with cancer of the prostate treated with a combination of diethylstilbestrol and amino-glutethimide, a powerful inhibitor of adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis. On the basis of animal experimentation, we had suggested the use of aminoglutethimide in those patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate who failed to respond to conventional treatment or who suffered a relapse after an initial response. 2 Further investigation (unpublished data) seems to indicate that immunological mechanisms are involved as well: the inhibition of steroid biosynthesis, by removing the lympholytic effect of corticosteriods, produces a marked lymphoid hyperplasia and an increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes. Ablin and Baird ( 216: 2015,1971) reported the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in patients with prostatic cancer. It appears, then, that inhibition of steroid biosynthesis is capable of counteracting the lymphocytotoxic effect
|
v2
|
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