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2019-01-23T22:16:45.265Z
|
1972-04-29T00:00:00.000Z
|
58092904
|
s2ag/train
|
Need for Continued Oral Therapy in Diabetes
suspected until a few months before death when increased pain necessitated surgery. All these patients had severe anaemia (Hb 55-60%) at diagnosis. All had a longstanding history of duodenal ulcer and were then found to have gastric cancer. It seems, therefore, that such cases need very careful examination if they come to operation for a duodenal ulcer. Tragically, all were late diagnoses chiefly because dyspeptic symptoms were wrongly interpreted in the 16-12 months before laparotomy. It is said that duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer only rarely coexist,' and a report from the Birmingham Regional Cancer Registry and the United Birmingham Hospitals stated that no association was found between cancer and peptic ulcer.2-I am, etc., M. MACLEOD Wallasey, Ches
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:21:13.914Z
|
1972-05-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
11594192
|
s2ag/train
|
On a Possible Relationship of Cyclic AMP to the Mechanism of Action of Nerve Growth Factor
Several recent studies have shown that N 6, O 2-dibutyryl-3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) can transform cells of various tumor lines so that they take on a more normal structural appearance. The initial observations were made by Hsie and Puck (1) using Chinese hamster ovarian tumor cells and by Johnson, Friedman, and Pastan (2) using rat sarcoma and neoplastic mouse fibroblast lines. Similar observations have been made with tumors of nervous tissue origin. For example, morphologic changes in glioblastoma cells under the influence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP have been reported by Perkins and MacIn-tyre (3), and neuroblastoma cells have been shown to differentiate, as judged by neurite extension, following exposure to dibutyryl cyclic AMP (4, 5). An effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the morphology of nonneoplastic mammalian nervous tissue has not yet been reported. The studies presented below reveal that treatment of fetal mammalian sensory ganglia with dibutyryl cyclic AMP produces increased neurite outgrowth and that this outgrowth mimics that observed in cultures exposed to nerve growth factor (NGF). After the work reported here was completed, we learned that Roisen et al. (6) had made similar observations with chick embryo ganglia. Methods. Gasserian ganglia from rat or mouse fetuses, 17-19 days in utero, were placed on collagen-coated coverslips in Max-imow double coverslip assemblies, as described earlier (7). A drop of F-10 feeding medium (Gibco) containing 25% fetal calf serum and 750 mg of glucose/100 ml was added, and the cultures were incubated at 35° for 24 hr. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Sigma) was prepared as a 50 mM stock solution in F-10, frozen in aliquots, and thawed and diluted for use as needed. All growth media containing dibutyryl cyclic AMP contained fetal calf serum and glucose at the concentrations given above.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:30:42.084Z
|
1972-05-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
12339739
|
s2ag/train
|
Testicular tumor: Presenting sign of lymphoma
The occurrence of a testicular tumor in a man past middle age is rather unique in that, even if it be the only abnormal physical finding, it is probably the presenting sign of generalized lymphomatous disease already present or shortly to become clinically active. Isolated lymphomas of the testis, although not unheard of, are rare. The prognosis is uniformly bad; none of the patients in our series survived or was without evidence of generalized involvement for more than a year from the time of recognition of the testicular disease.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T01:01:55.032Z
|
1972-05-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
5055122
|
s2ag/train
|
Social epidemiology of cancer of the testis
Inquiry was made into social epidemiologic characteristics of 247 patients with cancer of the testis and 2,504 control patients with diseases other than neoplastic at sites other than in the reproductive system seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, from January 1945 to September 1965. The series was not unlike others in that the peak age incidence was in the mid‐30 age group. Inasmuch as there were differences in distribution between the cases and controls on age, weighting for age differences was accomplished statistically to make results comparable. In addition, cases were compared to controls matched on age. We found no difference in the proportion of cases and controls who had never been married at any time in their lives. There were interesting differences, however, in risk of testicular cancer on other demographic parameters. Thus, risk was highest for dwellers in small towns rather than large cities, professionals as compared with occupational groups in lower socioeconomic categories, Protestants rather than Catholics, and the native‐born as compared with the foreign‐born. Highest risks were encountered among men with several of these characteristics, with the native‐born of native parents who were Protestant and professional having an unusually high risk. Comparison of risks by histology produced similar findings.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T01:06:12.991Z
|
1972-05-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
27912940
|
s2ag/train
|
Chondrosarcoma of the hard palate
CHONDROSARCOMA of the upper jaw is a very rare distinct clinical entity. The rarity of the disease and the success of the surgical management herein of our case have led us to present this interesting case. Chondrosarcoma occurs much more frequently in a pre-existing chondromatous tumour. The transformation of a chondroma to a chondrosarcoma appears gradually and diagnosis is more definite by clinical and roentgenologic examination than by histologic one. There is no strict dividing line between chondroma and chondrosarcoma. Chondroma has the tendency to become increasingly more malignant after inadequate operative procedure. It is generally believed that this tumour arises from the maxilloethmoidal region which rapidly growing involves the nose and maxillary sinuses, unless it arises from these regions. Because of its invasive character, the excision should be done widely. Miles (1950) reported two cases in which tumours were located in the anterior alveolar part of the maxilla. Pantazopoulos reported one case of chondrosarcoma of the hard palate (1965). In these cases the nose and paranasal sinuses were not involved. The microscopic features of a large destructive chondrosarcoma differs very little from a benign pre-existing chondroma. However, careful microscopic study will reveal the characteristic features of malignancy which are the increased cellularity, irregular nuclei, poorly-formed intercellular matrix, and accelerated growth activity at the margins of the neoplasm. In making a differential diagnosis between the benign and malignant lesions, Lichtenstein and Jaffe pointed out that attention should be concentrated upon the cells rather than the intercellular matrix. They say that the tumours should not be regarded as benign if (a) many cells with plump nuclei are seen; (b) if more than an occasional cell has two such nuclei, and (c) if there are giant cartillage cells present with large single or multiple nuclei or with clumps of chromatin. The chondrosarcoma usually appears in young adults between 25 and 40 years of age, as we noticed from the available literature. In Theagenion Cancer Institute we have examined 12,000 patients during the last six years, but did not observe any case of chondrosarcoma of the maxilla.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T01:35:20.080Z
|
1972-05-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
30059716
|
s2ag/train
|
Carcinoma of the cervix in Southwestern American Indian women
The age‐specific frequency of newly diagnosed in‐situ and invasive uterine cervical carcinoma was determined in a 4‐year cytologic cancer detection study of 22,214 Southwestern American Indian women, predominantly Navajo, and 22,453 medically indigent non‐Indian women (97% Caucasian) resident in the same region. For patients less than 60 years of age, newly diagnosed cervical carcinoma is more frequent among non‐Indians, but at ages of 60 or older, the Indian rate surpasses that of non‐Indians. Social and economic conditions experienced by Southwestern Indians are consistent with a higher cervical cancer frequency for these subjects than for non‐Indians, yet paradoxically the Indian rate is lower. A completely satisfactory explanation for this discrepancy is not available; however, factors relating to patient selection and reproductive behavior are presented which possibly explain the rate discrepancy.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T01:49:52.460Z
|
1972-05-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
20217969
|
s2ag/train
|
Antibody responses to herpesviruses (EBV, HSV and CMV) in cancer patients given cultured lymphoblastoid cells.
Infusion of cultured human lymphoblastoid cells into ten patients with advanced malignancies resulted in a significant rise in antibody titre to Epstein-Barr virus in all ten. There was a significant rise in antibody titre to herpes simplex virus (HSV) in six of the ten patients. The four patients who did not respond in their antibody to HSV had no detectable HSV antibody before the cell infusion. In contrast, four patients had detectable antibody titre to cytomegalovirus (CMV) prior to the cell infusion; none of the ten showed a rise in CMV antibody after cell infusion. Observed antibody responses to EBV and HSV occurred regardless of the presence or absence of detectable herpesviruses in the lymphoblastoid cell lines infused. Six of the ten patients, negative for the heterophile antibody before cell infusion, developed a significant titre of the heterophile antibody after infusion.
Except for the heterophile antibody response, the failure to detect IgM antibody to Epstein-Barr virus and to induce antibody to herpes simplex virus in the nonimmune patients suggests that the observed antibody responses are secondary responses.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T02:43:45.862Z
|
1972-05-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
34803006
|
s2ag/train
|
Murine Leukemia Virus Assay Techniques: A Comparative Study
Summary Sensitivity of three assay techniques for the detection of murine leukemia viruses were compared. These techniques were the mouse antibody production test, appearance of new surface antigen(s) on JLS-V9 cells, and production of plaques on D56 cells. The sensitivity of the three assays in the detection of murine leukemia virus is similar. The plaque assay on D56 cells offers certain advantages over the other tests since smaller quantities of leukemia virus could be detected on day 5 after infection by using this technique. The antibody production test requires 9 weeks for completion. For viruses with a differing host range which will induce neither plaque nor membrane antigens on D56 cells, the assay of JS-V9 cells may be the preferred method. The authors thank Dr. Robert H. Bassin, Viral Leukemia and Lymphoma Branch, NCI, Bethesda, MD, for providing the D56 cell line. These investigations were conducted under Contract No. NIH-69-2005 within the special Virus Cancer Program of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service; the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research, Project No. 287; and grants from the Swedish Cancer Society. The expert technical assistance of Mrs. Britt Salven is gratefully acknowledged.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:13:45.304Z
|
1972-05-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1583226
|
s2ag/train
|
Low dose preoperative irradiation for oral and oral pharyngeal cancers.
Records of 108 patients with oral and oral pharyngeal cancer treated from 1955 to 1967 were reviewed. All patients were treated primarily with composite resection or planned low-dose irradiation followed by composite resection. An attempt was made to determine the effect of preoperative irradiation on three-year absolute survival, neck recurrence, local recurrence, and complications.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:45:44.921Z
|
1972-05-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
40224801
|
s2ag/train
|
Carcinogenesis and alkylation of rat liver nucleic acids by nitrosomethylurea and nitrosoethylurea administered by intraportal injection.
Summary Nitrosomethylurea (NMU) and nitrosoethylurea (NEU) were given to rats by injection of 10 and 30 mg, respectively, in 5 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution into the hepatic portal vein. Of 20 animals treated with NMU, 12 developed tumors; 13 of 20 treated with NEU developed tumors; there were tumors in 6 of 20 0.9% NaCl solution controls. Most of the nitrosoalkylurea-treated animals had tumors of more than 1 organ. There seemed to be no predilection for a particular organ, except that 5 NEU-treated animals had brain tumors and 7 had skin tumors; 3 NMU-treated animals had skin tumors. There was no liver cell damage detectable by light microscopy following the treatment. Analysis of liver nucleic acids following similar treatment of rats with deuterium-labeled NMU and NEU showed no detectable alkylation of DNA. However, deuterium-labeled 7-methylguanine was present in the RNA of NMU-treated rats, but no 7-ethylguanine could be detected in the RNA of NEU-treated rats. This difference in ability to alkylate nucleic acids could not be correlated with the similar tumorigenic activity of NMU and NEU. The identification of methyl- d 3 -guanine as the base formed from NMU- d 3 showed that diazomethane was not an intermediate in nucleic acid alkylation by NMU.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T05:53:22.264Z
|
1972-05-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
44760014
|
s2ag/train
|
Whole-body scanning and 131 I therapy in the management of thyroid carcinoma.
Abstract Whole-body scanning was performed in 21 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, with a view to assessing their suitability for radio-iodine therapy. The optimum time for detection of functioning tumour by this technique was found to be 72 hours after a tracer dose of 131I. Scanning detected metastases, which were not visible on X-ray examination, in five out of ten patients in whom the disease was clinically confined to the neck, all of whom responded well to 131I therapy. The experience in this series suggests certain advantages of radio-iodine therapy as the first treatment of a patient with inoperable, but apparently localized differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T06:04:43.074Z
|
1972-05-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
45496343
|
s2ag/train
|
Angiography in Carcinoma at the Papilla of Vater
Angiography is often used in the clinical investigation of obstructive jaundice, especially in possible carcinoma of the pancreas. Carcinoma of the papilla of Vater, although less common than other growths in this region, represents however a cause of obstructive jaundice to be kept in mind. The literature on angiography of this type of carcinoma is sparse. LUNDERQUIST (1965) included in his material six patients with 'carcinoma of the caudal part of the common bile duct and the papilla of Vater'. The angiographic appearances in two patients with tumours measuring 2 ern X 2 ern were normal and only slight angiographic changes were evident in one patient. A large tumour extending up into the hilum of the liver produced gross angiographic changes in 2 patients. One patient, operated upon for carcinoma of the papilla of Vater, had a well demonstrable tumour at the site of a previous choledochoduodenostomy. REUTER et coll. (1970) performed angiography in 20 patients with carcinoma of the biliary tract, 4 of whom had carcinoma of the common bile duct and 2 of the ampulla of Vater. These two tumours, 2 and 6 cm in diameter at operation, produced angiographic abnormalities consisting of minor encasement of the pancreaticoduodenal arcades or their branches.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:05:57.086Z
|
1972-06-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
8711484
|
s2ag/train
|
An analysis of Ewing's tumor in children at Roswell Park Memorial Institute
Twenty pediatric patients with Ewing's tumor seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, from 1954 to 1970, have been analyzed. Three patients are considered as cures. As the initial treatment, these three patients were all treated with radiotherapy to the primary tumor and adjuvant chemotherapy. Nine of the 20 patients were treated in this fashion. It was felt that the chemotherapy eradicated the subclinical micrometastasis and thus effected a cure. Five cases with reactivation of primary sites prior to, or simultaneous with, metastasis were noted, indicating incomplete sterilization of tumor by present radiotherapeutic techniques and also suggesting that more aggressive therapy be directed to the primary site along with the systemic chemotherapy.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:06:32.641Z
|
1972-06-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
613397
|
s2ag/train
|
Primary gastric stump cancer.
Primary gastric stump cancer has been defined as a primary carcinoma of the gastric remnant, arising at a minimum of 5 years following a partial gastrectomy, in which the resected portion of the stomach was shown microscopically to be free of malignant disease.Our experience with 12 patients with this entity is presented. Two additional patients developed gastric cancer following a gastroenterostomy.An abnormality was detected in 9 cases and correctly diagnosed as cancer in 6 instances. Retrospectively, abnormalities were present in all 12 patients.Review of the world literature tends to support the concept that patients who have had a partial gastrectomy for gastric ulcer are more likely to develop gastric cancer than those who were operated on because of a duodenal ulcer.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:06:08.952Z
|
1972-06-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
37701102
|
s2ag/train
|
Production of Crude Human Interferon with High Specific Activity
Summary The production of interferon by different human cell lines after stimulation by viruses and by poly-I:C was compared. It was found that under optimal conditions, yields of interferon obtained after stimulation with poly-I:C were higher than those obtained after induction by viruses. The production of interferon in poly-I: C-stimulated skin fibroblasts could be increased by pre-treatment with small amounts of poly-I:C (priming) or by inclusion of cycloheximide in the medium. Omission of serum from the medium resulted in a threefold decrease of interferon production. The interferon yield per cell and the specific activity of the interferon prepared in serum-free medium compared favorably with values reported in the literature for human leukocyte interferon. The present investigation was supported by a Grant from the Belgian A.S.L.K.-Cancer Foundation. Drs. H. Van den Berghe and H. Verresen (Dept. of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Belgium) provided human skin fibroblast lines taken for cytogenetic examination. The authors also thank their colleagues Drs. A. Van Gansewinkel, M. Wagemans and M. Nolens for providing human embryos. The technical help of Miss F. Cornette, Mrs. C. Neucker-mans-Dillen and Mr. R. Conings is appreciated.
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v2
|
2019-04-20T13:10:47.130Z
|
1972-06-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
122908612
|
s2ag/train
|
Imaging In Nuclear Medicine With Incoherent Holography
The problem of radioisotope imag ing in nuclear medicine is to develop an image containing a maximum of in-formation formed by fly-rays which in turn have been "focussed" by only ap-erture limitation. Gamma-emitting radio-labeled medicinals are designed to be concentrated by certain tissues. Abnormal regions may be indicated by either enhanced or reduced concentra tion of the labeled compound. The distribution of the radionuclides, as revealed by their T-rays (e.g., 140 KeV in the case of 99mTc), may then be the basis for diagnosis not possible with X-rays or other nonsurgical techniques. Because the radiation exposure of the patient must be minimized, the images formed are limited by quantum statistics, and indeed the practical detectors are those which respond to single γ-ray quanta. The image quality available with current techniques is modest by the usual standards of X-ray or light imaging; a 25 cm diameter image field seldom contains more than 1000 resolved image elements. Indeed the total information content is often carried by a total of only 100,000 photons. Examples of isotope images useful for diagnosis are given in Figure 1: (a) a brain containing a tumor, (b) a frame of a cerebral blood flow study, and (c) a pair of adrenal glands. In view of the unique nature of the information gained, even this very modest image quality is invaluable in diagnosis. An illustration of this value is the fact that about 2,000,000 radionuclide diagnoses are now undertaken each year in the U.S.
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v2
|
2019-08-19T05:26:45.365Z
|
1972-06-03T00:00:00.000Z
|
209251549
|
s2ag/train
|
Value of Thermography
p. 316) should conclude that "thermography is of no practical value in the differential diagnosis of symptomatic mammary disease" on the basis of a series scanned with inadequate standardization. The interpretation of thermograms is not based on the observation of differences in anatomical density, but on physiological changes, demonstrated by heat exchange. In order to compare methods and results, or to define meaningful physiological parameters, standardization of machines and technique is essentiaL There are points which lead one to question the validity of the conclusions they draw. (1) While testing the currently available scanners, we found the behaviour of the Bofors I-R camera and the E.M.I. thermoscan to be very different. At about 3 ft (91 cm), which is the distance from the patient auoted by the authors. the Bofors will resolve 3 mm, while the E.M.I. will only resolve 6 mm. The spatial resolution required to resolve the junction of two veins in a thermogram is 2-3 mm. It follows, therefore, that at this scanning distance the Bofors will demonstrate such a junction whereas the E.M.I. will not, and with the latter scanner the visual appearance will be a hot spot. (2) There was no standardization of cooling. The group scanned with the Bofors were cooled with alcohol swabs, while the E.M.I. group cooled by sitting unclothed. We are not told at what ambient temperature the latter were cooled, or whether this was kept standard. Presumably the first method proved unsatisfactory as it was abandoned. (3) Nor was the field of view standardized, as the authors state that the camera was "about 3 ft away" from the patient. (4) We are not told either what temperature range was used, or whether this was standardized. (5) Seventy-six per cent. of the women seen were premenstrual, but they were scanned irrespective of the stage of the menstrual cycle, or whether they were taking any form of hormone preparation, and "no attempt was made therefore to correlate the heat pattern with cyclical changes" although it seems clear that the authors are aware of the imoortance of these factors in the interpretation of thermograms. While we fully agree that thermography should not be used alone in any screening examination, there is increasing evidence that by using thermography and mammography in combination, malignant tumours can be diagnosed before they become clinically detectable-that is, palpable. With the passage of time, it is also becoming evident that a proportion of "false" positives become true positives (J. A. Wallace, personal communication). This paper illustrates the main difficulty under which thermography has labourednamely, the lack of standardization of both scanners and technique in their use.-We are, etc., K. LLOYD WILLIAMS BARBARA PHILLIPS
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:41:31.684Z
|
1972-06-22T00:00:00.000Z
|
7706671
|
s2ag/train
|
Increased specificity of liver scanning with the use of 67 gallium citrate.
Abstract Sixty-one patients with focal defects on colloid liver scan and two with infrahepatic mass lesions were studied with 67gallium citrate. Definite accumulation of the radionuclide was noted in the lesions of 23 of 30 patients with hepatic cancer –11 of 12 with hepatocellular carcinoma, four of nine with metastatic adenocarcinoma, two with squamous-cell carcinoma, two with malignant melanoma, two with Hodgkin's disease, one with undifferentiated carcinoma and one with hepatoblastoma. The tracer was poorly taken up by five metastatic adenocarcinomas and one malignant carcinoid. Four of six patients with liver abscess and one with cirrhosis also had appreciable accumulation of gallium in the liver lesions. Twenty-six other patients with benign conditions producing focal defects on the colloid liver scan did not have appreciable uptake of gallium. The gallium studies were helpful in the detection of hepatoma in patients with cirrhosis and in differentiating cancer and abscess from more benign causes of...
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v2
|
2017-10-30T21:39:34.623Z
|
1972-06-24T00:00:00.000Z
|
44725217
|
s2ag/train
|
Carcinoma of tongue.
SIR,-While your leading article on carcinoma of the tongue (6 May, p. 308) draws welcome attention to the epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of this condition, the section on treatment is open to criticism. It neither points to the recent and developing aspects of management-such as reparative surgery or the use of radiotherapy in the control of lymph node metastasis, nor gives a satisfactory "conventional" picture of management. Few surgeons with experience of block dissection bilaterally would recommend its prophylactic use save in exceptional carcumstances. Perhaps the most disappointing feature of the review is the continuing attitude which regards cancer of the tongue as a single entity which may be suitably treated by a single treatment programme. Surely the time has come when every cancer must be treated as an individual problem in an individual patient. While the small or moderate sized tumour is well treated by radiation, the rare exophytic or verrucous type of cancer not only tends to be radioresistant, but radiotherapy may actually be harmful.1 In this type of tumour the results of surgery alone are excellent. In bulky, advanced tumours both radiotherapy and surgery alone are disappointing, and the only hope of improving results lies in combination therapy. The programme of management recommended for cervical lymph nodes differs from that used by many workers. Again the selective attitude is the only logical approach. In experience here the incidence of lymph node metastasis from small (less than 2 cm) well differentiated lesions is very low and careful follow up is adequate treatment. Where cervical metastasis is considered likely, there is mounting evidence that radiotherapy in therapeutic doses gives a high incidence of local control. This is particularly important in the many cases where bilateral spread is possible since a good measure of control can be achieved with little or no morbidity. No review of this subject can neglect the fact that the management of advanced cases and those recurrent after radiotherapy has been revolutionized by recent reparative techniques. The use of forehead, deltopectoral, or cervical flaps to replace soft tissue defects and bring a new blood supply into the area not only aids primary healing but gives vastly improved cosmetic and functional results. Finally, it should be stressed that many specialties besides surgery and radiotherapy have much to offer in this condition. There is little doubt that oral cancer is best treated initially by a group of people especially interested in this field, each bringing their own specific expertise to bear on this problem.-I am, etc., L. E. HUGHES
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v2
|
2017-12-31T02:04:09.866Z
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1972-06-24T00:00:00.000Z
|
28888522
|
s2ag/train
|
Gold-induced thrombocytopenia and response to dimercaprol.
tumour mass, or enlarged nodes that had been increasing rapidly. The apparently complete remission was obtained after two courses of treatment. Solid Tumours.-The overall results are summarized in Table VI. Out of 119 patients treated, one with bladder cancer had an apparently complete regression after a seven-day course of 50 mg/day; six had incomplete regressions, four of which were in patients with bladder cancer; there were 19 partial failures and 93 total failures.
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v2
|
2017-05-02T13:57:15.118Z
|
1972-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
7965315
|
s2ag/train
|
The effect of varying the length of the nursing period on the postpartum growth of chemically induced rat mammary tumors.
Pregnancy stimulates the growth of rat mammary tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene, but tumors tend to regress during the subsequent lactation. Nursing by the young is necessary to maintain tumor growth. Tumor-bearing dams were allowed to nurse 6 pups for periods of 7, 14, or 21 days, and tumor growth was measured weekly. The mean of the two largest perpendicular surface axes was taken as an index of tumor size. No significant decrease in tumor size was seen during the first 7 days of nursing in any group. If nursing was terminated after 7 days, rapid reduction in tumor size ensued, with the majority of tumors showing significant reduction in size over the next 7 days. Nursing for 14 days maintained growth of more tumors than nursing for 7 days, while nursing for 21 days had the greatest effect on tumor growth maintenance. These data further strengthen the concept that maintenance of growth of chemically induced rat mammary tumors during the postpartum period depends on the continual presence of the nursing stimulus.
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v2
|
2017-07-21T23:14:41.190Z
|
1972-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
38044278
|
s2ag/train
|
Abortion and miscarriage.
the patient with clear-cut communicating hydrocephalus, the patient with epilepsy, the two patients intoxicated by drugs, the eight depressed patients, and the patient with mania. If we had wished to press the point we might have included 24 other patients in whom the results of investigation could have led to some attempt to treat the patients or their relatives; that is, treatment for the seven hypertensive patients with arteriosclerotic dementia, treatment for the six alcoholics, genetic counselling for the relatives of three patients with Huntington's chorea, symptomatic therapy for the five patients with malignant brain tumours, and even experimental antiviral treatment for the three patients with Creutzfeldt-Jacob's disease.-We are, etc., C. D. MARSDEN
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v2
|
2017-08-16T00:46:10.521Z
|
1972-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1581984
|
s2ag/train
|
Effects of infant thymectomy and antilymphocyte serum on xenotransplantation of a human leukemia in the hamster.
The effects of neonatal thymectomy and antilymphocyte serum (ALS) treatment on the transplantability of a human leukemia were studied in hamsters of varying ages. This tumor, H-HM-1, is normally transplantable only in ALS-treated neonatal hamsters. Multiple doses of ALS prolonged the period of susceptibility to tumor implantation, as compared to a single dose at the time of tumor inoculation. Neonatal thymectomy alone did not substitute for ALS administration, but a combined program of neonatal thymectomy and multiple doses of ALS greatly depressed the host resistance to this tumor xenograft, allowing successful transplantation as late as 20 days after birth. These studies suggest that a thymic-dependent immune mechanism is involved in the rejection of a human tumor xenograft by hamsters.
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v2
|
2017-11-03T00:16:16.665Z
|
1972-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
30269688
|
s2ag/train
|
Lactic dehydrogenase isozymes in leprosy patients. II. Kinetics of damageable tissues in leprosy patients.
Lactic dehydrogenase isozymes (I-lactate, NAD oxidoreductase), which are key enzymes in glycolysis, have been the object of extensive investigation. Five LDH isozymes have been found. The five isozymes represent the five possible tetramaric combinations of the two polypeptides. Thus, the five tetramers range from LDH-l( H4 ) to LDH -5 ( M4 ), the three hybrid enzymes being H3MI, H2 M2, and H j M3• Each isozyme is composed of four subunits which may be one or both of the two polypeptides called subunit H and subunit M. The synthesis of the polypeptides is controlled by different genes. Each subunit confers on the tetramer distinct catalytic, physical, and immunological properties according to its relative position in the individual isozymes. These findings have' led to a better understanding of the physiological significance of isozymes (1, 4, 6, 9, 17 . 18, 23 ). For a number of years research on LDH in cancer has concentrated on the changes which can be demonstrated in body fluids in progressive malignancies. The results indicate that the isozyme activity in malignant tissues shifts towards the cathodic isozymes LDH-5 and LDH-4 and is thought partly to explain the high capacity for anaerobic glycolysis in malignancies (12 , 24. ). Only a few studies have been reported ( 15) on LDH isozymes in leprosy, a chronic granulomatous disease. We reported previously that the amount of lactic acid in the blood of leprosy patients, especially lepromatous cases, increased to more than twice that of normal subjects, and that serum LDH isozymes showed a tendency to an increase in Mcontaining isozymes in contrast to normal serum (22).
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:50:17.610Z
|
1972-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
46759317
|
s2ag/train
|
Integrated therapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer is not independent of the other modalities utilized. Rather surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy must be integrated into a unified program. Some of the factors that we feel influence the role that each plays in the treatment of cancer of the ovary are discussed. Our program of therapy which integrates surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and matches their use to thestage of the patient’s disease is presented.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:53:19.529Z
|
1972-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
27123297
|
s2ag/train
|
Tumour production in immunosuppressed rats with cells transformed in vitro by adenovirus type 2.
Serotypes of human adenovirus have been classified by Huebner (1967) into three groups (A, B and C) based on their oncogenicity in hamsters. Rat cells transformed in vitro by viruses from both groups A and B have been reported to produce tumours in new-born rats (Freeman et al. 1967b, c). Some members of Huebner's non-oncogenic group C were subsequently shown to cause morphological transformation of primary rat embryo cells in vitro (Freeman et al. 1967a; McAllister et al. 1969). Clones derived from these epithelioid foci are similar in their in vitro characteristics to transformed clones induced by adenovirus in groups A and B. The cells grow to high density in medium with low serum, produce colonies in agar and possess adenovirus specific tumour antigen (T-antigen). No tumours were produced when cells transformed in vitro by the group C adenoviruses were inoculated into syngeneic neonate rats and it has been suggested that group C adenoviruses induce strong transplantation antigens in the cells they transform (McAllister et al. 1969).
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v2
|
2018-04-03T02:01:01.352Z
|
1972-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
31922236
|
s2ag/train
|
Properties of Somatic Cell Hybrids Between Mouse Cells and Simian Virus 40-Transformed Rat Cells
Hybrids between mouse cells and simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed rat cells were made, and their properties and chromosome constitution were investigated over many generations. Their hybrid nature was confirmed by enzyme studies. During a period of 1 year a loss of 10 to 20% of the total number of chromosomes was observed. The SV40 tumor antigen was present and remained present in the hybrids. The parental and hybrid cells were studied for agglutination with concanavalin A, for growth in soft agar, and for serum requirement. These growth and surface characteristics of the transformed cells appeared in the hybrids.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:07:56.658Z
|
1972-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
677298
|
s2ag/train
|
Tumours of the nose and sinuses A clinico-pathological study
TUMOURS of the nasal passages and nasal sinuses are a heterogeneous proup which provide problems of diagnosis, prognosis and management. They are uncommon, accounting for about o • 8 per cent of all malignancies Capps, 1965) and for about 3 per cent of all malignant tumours of the ipper air passages. In the West of Scotland they represent only o • 24 per ;ent of all registered malignancies (Haddow, 1964). Although they form 1 minor proportion of malignancies these neoplasms may have a long :linical history with frequent local recurrence or progressive extension. They provide a relatively greater amount of morbidity and require more requent admission to hospital than their absolute numbers suggest. In Glasgow Royal Infirmary the average length of all E.N.T. patient stay s seven days; in the cases reported with tumours of nasal passages and iinuses the average total stay in hospital was 74 days. The purpose of the paper is to review the clinico-pathological features )f nasal and paranasal sinus tumours seen in one E.N.T. unit in the period :959~68 inclusively. This unit based on Glasgow Royal Infirmary is one )f five serving the City but draws its material also in part from district lospitals in Lanarkshire and Ayrshire. Patients with maxillary tumours een initially in the Plastic Surgical Unit are not included.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:39:47.570Z
|
1972-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
7400472
|
s2ag/train
|
MIXED MESODERMAL TUMOURS OF THE OVARY
Mixed mesodermal tumours of the ovary are very rare: they occur more commonly in the uterine body, and even in this situation they are rare. They are closely allied to carcinosarcomas and differ only in containing heterologous elements as well. The majority appear to arise de novo, and a minority arise in preexisting foci of endometriosis; most of the patients are nulliparous and postmenopausal. The prognosis is uniformly poor and is not appreciably altered by treatment.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:51:45.648Z
|
1972-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1235037
|
s2ag/train
|
Specificity and properties of anti-adenohypophysis serum. I. Mode of preparation, titration and effects of neonatal injection into rats.
Antisera to rat adenohypophysis were prepared in sheep by using viable adenohypophysial cells. A method for the in vitro evaluation of the anti-adenohypophysis activity was described. The effect of the antiserum on growth hormone-producing cells has been proved by the long lasting growth inhibition after a single injection into newborn rats. Specificity for adenohypophysial cells was shown by absorption procedures in vitro. Histological examination of other endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenals, gonads, pancreatic islets) did not reveal any evident pathological modifications after injections of the antiserum. Electron micrographs of the adenohypophysis of rats injected at birth showed pronounced alterations of all growth hormone-producing cells 30 days later. The use of this anti-adenohypophysial serum is suggested when a durable specific blockade of the STH-producing cells is required without untoward toxic side effects as e.g. in STH-dependent tumour growth.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:21:03.422Z
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1972-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
38702954
|
s2ag/train
|
Dopamine- -hydroxylase activity in mouse neuroblastoma tumors and in cell cultures.
Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity is present in mouse neuroblastoma C-1300 tumors. The activity is proportional to the weight of the tumor. Serum activity is markedly increased in mice that bear the tumors. Treatment of mice with 5-bromodeoxyuridine causes marked inhibition of tumor growth and decrease of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the serum. The histochemical studies reveal that 1-5% of the cells in mouse C-1300 neuroblastoma tumors contain catecholamines and that catecholamine-containing processes terminate mainly around blood vessels of the tumor. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase is present in clonal neuroblastoma cell lines. The cell line with the greater tendency to form axon-like processes has a higher activity of this enzyme.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T05:39:30.587Z
|
1972-07-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
43737975
|
s2ag/train
|
Cervical cancer mortality study.
The plans of Minnesotas Cervical Cancer Mortality Committee to study the circumstances associated with the course of cervical cancer in each instance in which the patient died as a result of the disease are presented. The project will delineate and study areas of deficiency in diagnosis care and follow-up. An estimated 9400 patients will die of cervical cancer in the U.S. in 1972 - a very high rate for a disease that is theoretically 100% curable.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:55:59.481Z
|
1972-07-07T00:00:00.000Z
|
40950397
|
s2ag/train
|
Inhibition of Chemical Carcinogenesis by Viral Vaccines
The incidence of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced subcutaneous tumors was significantly reduced by a single injection of inactivated type C RNA viral vaccine. Rauscher leukemia virus vaccine reduced the incidence of sarcomas from 78 to 50 percent in the BALB/cCr mouse. Radiation leukemia virus vaccine and a vaccine from a wild murine leukemia virus derived from a 3-methylcholanthrene tumor reduced the incidence of sarcoma from 86 percent to 33 and 37 percents, respectively, in the C57BL/6 mouse. These reductions in tumor incidence by virus vaccines help support the concept that type C RNA viruses serve as determinants of chemically induced cancer; additional studies of vaccines made with more purified virus preparations are necessary.
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v2
|
2017-11-15T17:17:53.517Z
|
1972-07-08T00:00:00.000Z
|
31588057
|
s2ag/train
|
Cancer research: preparing for a long haul.
Abdominal and rectal tenderness were more frequent in this condition, and a palpable mass in the loin or pelvis combined with absence of local swelling in the region of the hip indicated a diagnosis of retroperitoneal infection rather than a septic hip lesion. Radiological investigation often showed an abdominal or pelvic mass or widening of the psoas shadow. Similar diagnostic problems may arise in acute osteomyelitis of the pelvis. A. Morgan and A. K. Yates2 drew attention to the fact that patients with osteomyelitis of the pelvis may present with symptoms and signs in the hip, but, as in retroperitoneal abscess, there is differential limitation of hip extension and medial rotation. In some patients the lesion presented as an abdominal syndrome with clinical features simulating acute appendicitis on the right side and paracolic abscess on the left. Laparotomy, with removal of a normal appendix, was recorded on a number of occasions. Other patients with osteomyelitis of the pelvis may present with pain in the buttock or sciatica. Radiographic findings are late in appearing, and the infection may be well established and involve a large area of bone before any changes are recognizable. Even when the whole clinical picture indicates the presence of a large abscess, it may be difficult to discover where it is and even more difficult to drain it surgically. In contrast, septic arthritis of the hip presents with painful limitation of hip movement in all directions and with local swelling and tenderness over the joint only. Osteomyelitis of the pelvis involving the innominate aspect of the joint may simulate almost completely the signs of septic arthritis. But critical examination should allow the true source of sepsis that may be masquerading as a lesion of the hip to be discovered.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T02:24:23.720Z
|
1972-07-29T00:00:00.000Z
|
5251178
|
s2ag/train
|
Twins and cancer.
on the letter by Dr. F. N. I. Fawzy and others (8 April, p. 114). It would be unfortunate if we once more became rigid in our treatment methods, long a problem in psychiatry. The treatment of six patients with dosages of 75 mg per week hardly constitutes a refutation of other statements of the efficacy of higher dosages. I have patients who receive 12-5 mg every two weeks and are maintained on this, but also have a patient who requires 125 mg each week, and if this is spaced to 10 days his chronic hallucinations interfere completely with his functioning. I have also seen an acutely excited patient who, owmg to a misinterpretation of an order, received 100 mg four times daily for four days, at which time his mental status had improved markedly and he showed no side effects whatsoever. These facts are mentioned to emphasize the wide dosage range that may be employed. The ever-increasing interest in tardive dyskinesia suggests that the most desirable treatment is the least amount of medication spaced as far apart as possible. However, patients who have failed to respond to orthodox treatment do merit a trial on high dosages of phenothiazines whether orally or parenterally.-I am, etc.,
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v2
|
2017-04-12T20:49:46.914Z
|
1972-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1976741
|
s2ag/train
|
Aspartyl transfer RNA profiles in normal and cancer cells.
Aspartyl-tRNA elution profiles were obtained from normal rat and hamster livers, Novikoff ascites hepatoma cells, and two different virus-induced (SV40) hamster tumors. A characteristic two-peak pattern was observed consistently in studies of the normal livers or the ascites tumor cells. However, the virus-induced tumors exhibited a third, late eluting peak in the reverse-phase chromatography system.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:16:20.802Z
|
1972-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
10757144
|
s2ag/train
|
PRIMARY MIXED CARCINOMAS OF THE BRONCHUS
Primary mixed carcinomas of the bronchus are found to occur more frequently than previously reported. Forty‐two cases of primary mixed carcinomas of the bronchus were seen at the London Chest Hospital from 1966 to 1969. During this time, 3853 patients were admitted to the hospital and among them 733 had bronchial carcinomas. In 27 instances, the tumour histologically was squamous and adenocarcinomatous in type. Of the other 15; squamous and oat cell characters, and undifferentiated carcinoma of large polygonal cell and adenocarcinomatous characters were present in five instances; adenocarcinoma and oat cell, and undifferentiated carcinoma of large polygonal cell and oat cell characters were present in two instances; and only one had mixed alveolar and oat cell carcinomatous pattern. A study of the pathological changes in these mixed bronchial carcinomas revealed little differences, if any, from a primary bronchial carcinoma.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:44:17.980Z
|
1972-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
26429148
|
s2ag/train
|
Cavernous angiomas of the tympanic membrane.
The ear drum is one region where angiomas have not been described even though they present a striking, easily recognizable gross appearance. Otoscopic examination in our two patients revealed a purplish polypoid cystic tumor projecting from the drum, but not involving the middle ear. Wide surgical excision and an autograft cured both patients and their hearing remained normal.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T01:39:17.429Z
|
1972-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
30409456
|
s2ag/train
|
Metastasis to the larynx. Report of a case and review of the literature.
A patient with laryngeal metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the colon is described. Metastasis to the larynx did not occur in 490 other patients with laryngeal cancers examined at the Mayo Clinic between 1960 and 1970. In the cases reported in the literature, cutaneous melanomas and hypernephromas were the most common types of tumors associated with metastasis to the larynx. Embolization of tumor cells through the communicating supraclavicular and subglottic lymphatic vessels provides a mode of spread.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T01:49:31.064Z
|
1972-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
31083163
|
s2ag/train
|
Cell-bound myeloma proteins on the surface of myeloma cells: potential targets for the immune system.
Rosette formation with 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated (Tnp)-sheep erythrocytes was used to demonstrate cell-bound myeloma proteins on cells from each of the eleven mouse plasmacytomas tested. Tnp-erythrocytes were bound directly by cells from two tumors (MOPC-315 and MOPC-460) that formed myeloma proteins with antihapten combining sites; rosette formation with cells from the other tumors required hybrid antibody fragments with one site specific for Tnp and the other specific for an appropriate immunoglobulin on the tumor cell surface. The cell-bound immunoglobulin of MOPC-315 and of MOPC-460 had the same heavy and light chains, idiotypic determinants, and ligand-binding specificities as the respective myeloma proteins secreted by these tumors. A variant tumor (MOC-315 NR) was grown from the small proportion of MOPC-315 cells (5-10%) that did not bind Tnp-erythrocytes directly: this tumor secreted only the light chain of protein 315, carried this chain on the cell surface, and resembled the variant tumors that arose, probably by immunoselection, in BALB/c mice challenged with MOPC-315 cells while making an immune response to the idiotype of protein 315.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T02:15:38.989Z
|
1972-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
32776725
|
s2ag/train
|
Burkitt's lymphoma: the role of radiotherapy.
Abstract Burkitt's lymphoma connotes a racially and geographically limited tumor of multicentric extranodal origin which is highly curable with cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan). Experience with 12 cases of Burkitt's tumor (1966–1970) prompts re-evaluation of these beliefs. Of 10 patients who underwent definitive therapy, those given Cytoxan as the primary agent achieved no remissions longer than 5 months. In 3 cases with localized disease, irradiation combined with Cytoxan produced 2 continued remissions at 56 and 11 months, respectively. Localized disease appears to be radioresponsive. The necessity for accurate definition and staging of Burkitt's lymphoma before institution of therapy is emphasized.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T02:16:27.031Z
|
1972-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
32914890
|
s2ag/train
|
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus, Fatty Infiltration of Liver (Alcoholic) and ?Porphyria
Porphyria cutanea tarda was attributable to alcohol and improved, as anticipated, when he abstained. Hepatic origin of urinary porphyrins was demonstrated by characteristic ultraviolet light fluorescence of the liver biopsy specimen. The excised tumour was not investigated as a possible source ofporphyrin synthesis. Carcinoma of bronchus not uncommonly produces ectopic hormones ofpolypeptide type including, occasionally, gonadotrophin, so.that increased output of steroid may result, which could enhance hepatic aminolkvulinic acid synthetase activity. Such a steroid effect might have caused acute intermittent porphyria in a case of primary aldosteronism (Basiliere & Newcomer 1971), but porphyria from carcinoma of bronchus has not been reported. There was no gynacomastia or other evidence of steroid disturbance in our patient. We consider that our patient has rheumatoid arthritis or possibly polymyalgia rheumatica. The cause of the hydronephrosis on the right side remains undetermined.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T05:43:51.177Z
|
1972-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
43856406
|
s2ag/train
|
Herpes zoster in children.
Among 576 cases of herpes zoster in patients of all ages, 31 (5.4%) occurred in children under 15 years of age. The factors of race, sex, season, and laterality revealed no imbalance when compared to previous studies. The thoracic segments and the trigeminal nerve were most commonly affected. Involvement of a single dermatome was distinctly unusual in patients with extracranial herpes zoster. "Zoster sine neuralgia," a clinical variant not previously emphasized, was described. The benign clinical course of herpes zoster in most children and the varied severity of the illness in children with an associated malignancy was discussed. An additional case of herpes zoster occurred in a renal allograft recipient. The host defense mechanisms to herpes zoster were discussed. Four hypotheses were offered to explain the clinical picture of herpes zoster.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T06:08:15.718Z
|
1972-08-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
45736183
|
s2ag/train
|
Presurgical internal maxillary artery embolization in juvenile angiofibroma
Embolization of the internal maxillary artery with barium impregnated silastic spheres was performed in four patients with juvenile angiofibroma of the nasopharynx. Three of the cases were done prior to the initial surgical resection to reduce operative hemorrhage. The fourth case was a postoperative recurrence, and embolization was performed to evaluate the clinical response of the tumor. The technical aspects of the procedure, the rationale for embolization and pertinent literature are reviewed.
|
v2
|
2019-03-10T13:03:23.644Z
|
1972-08-26T00:00:00.000Z
|
72888931
|
s2ag/train
|
Treatment of Early Breast Cancer
favourably in some respects with that induced by natural infection further attempts should be aimed at developing vaccines which when administered parenterally result in immunity, including perhaps cell-mediated immune responses, which closely resembles that acquired from natural infection. Though considerable effort must continue in long-term surveillance on those given existing vaccines we feel that insufficient attention is being directed towards the development and characterization of virus strains which may have biological properties which may render the-m more suitable for vaccines than those currently licensed. If it were possible to develop better immunogenic vaccines, and should these also be non-teratogenic, then one would be aproaching the ideal vaccine. Unfortunately the lack of a suitable animal model has hindered progress in assessing the teratogenic capacity of rubella virus strains. However, a Japanese report claimed that whereas the proportion of susceptible adults to rubella in Japan differed little from that in western countries congenitally acquired rubella infection was rare. Furthermore, studies employing rabbits suggested that lowpassage, U.S.-derived strains were teratogenic whereas Japanese ones were not,7 but unfortunately other workers have had difficulty i.n confirming these findings. However, it has recently been shown that when compared with low-passage U.S. and U.K. isolates and vaccine strains Japanese strains induce high interferon levels in human placental cell cultures.8 Though this might suggest that such strains might provide satisfactory vaccine strains further attempts to confirm the Japanese findings, together with more precise epidemiological data on the incidence of congenitally acquired infection in Japan, are urgently required. Nevertheless, considerable progress has already been achieved, for within a decade of the first isolation of rubella virus satisfactory attenuated vaccines are now available. However, in many ways the journey to eradicate congenitaly acquired rubella is only beginning and further research into the selection of suitable candidate vaccine strains and the immune responses they induce is required.-We are, etc.,
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v2
|
2018-04-03T02:44:07.310Z
|
1972-08-31T00:00:00.000Z
|
34947952
|
s2ag/train
|
Different neoplastic response of mice and rats to infection by murine sarcoma virus (Moloney).
Serial passages of murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) (MSV-M) have been maintained by cell-free transmission of mouse tumors through BALB/c newborn mice (MSV-M stock line) and by cell transplants of an MSV-induced sarcoma through young BALB/c mice (MSV-sarcoma line). A consecutive cell-free passage through newborn WKA rats has also been established from the rat tumors induced by cellfree filtrate of the latter sarcoma (MSV-rat line). Biological activity of the MSV, and the result of macroscopic, histological, and ultrastructural examinations of the lesions induced in WKA rats and BALB/c mice were compared among three passage lines. Supplementary experiments were made with different strains of mice and rats. Results showed that a neoplastic response of target cells to the viral infection differed between two species of the animals. In general, all lines of viruses were oncogenic to both mice and rats but produced predominantly a myosarcoma in mice whereas osteosarcoma was produced in rats. However, development of myosarcoma in association with bone tumor was sometimes noted in rats receiving mouse-derived virus. Lymphoma was found to be a rare occurrence in both animals when they survived for longer periods. Occurrence of bone tissue hyperplasia adjacent to neoplastic lesions became frequent in mice with increased passages of virus or with rat-derived virus. In rats, on the other hand, cystic lesions of lymph nodes were found in high incidence. Rats were found to be less sensitive to the MSV infection than mice; in rats, tumor induction required doses of the inocula 104 times higher than that in mice. Tumor incidence with mousederived MSV increased with the increase of passage whereas that with rat-derived MSV showed little increase. The type-C virus particles were observed in tumor cells, splenic cells, and megakaryocytes from spleen and bone marrow of both species of animals. These findings suggest the possible derivation of a varied MSV-M which acquired bone tumor inducing ability. Rat tumors were transplantable in suckling and young rats. However, a high rate of tumor regression occurred.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:44:44.482Z
|
1972-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
21132696
|
s2ag/train
|
Recurring digital fibrous tumor of childhood.
Two cases of recurring digital fibrous tumor of childhood are reported. Both patients were infants who had lesions on the toes or fingers. In one case the lesions recurred after surgical excision and in the other the lesions started to resolve without therapy. The histologic sections of tissue showed the intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies typical of this condition.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T01:47:55.442Z
|
1972-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
30968088
|
s2ag/train
|
The "inoperable" breast carcinoma. A successful result using zinc chloride fixative.
Abstract Treatment of locally advanced breast carcinoma by the accepted modalities is frequently followed by local failure, acceleration of metastases, or crippling complications of the therapy itself. A preliminary case report is therefore made of successful local treatment utilizing a zinc chloride paste fixative. The surface of the carcinoma was thereby destroyed to a depth of about 5 mm, this dead peel being excised virtually without pain at the patient's bedside. A successive coating of fixative was then applied, and subsequently destroyed cancer excised until histologically normal tissue was reached. A skin graft to the granulating base completed the local care of the wound.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T01:54:38.092Z
|
1972-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
31390181
|
s2ag/train
|
Multifaceted Evaluation of Human Tumor Immunity Using a Salt Extracted Colon Carcinoma Antigen 1
Research during the past decade has indicated that most, if not all, human tumors possess tumor-associated antigens (1). This is based on in vivo and in vitro immunologic test systems which use intact tumor cells (2, 3), tumor cell homogenates (4) and subcellular fractions obtained by sonic disruption, enzyme digestion, and ultracentrifugation (5-7) as the source of antigen. There is also one report of a soluble tumor-associated antigen found in the fluid of a cystic melanoma (8). Ideally, the use of soluble tumor antigens will not only eliminate a number of technical difficulties entailed in preserving and storing tumor cells, but will also enable the investigator to study patients sequentially in relation to their response to treatment. This soluble antigen, if shown to be tumor specific and immunogenic, may also be useful for specific immunotherapy. Recent success in salt extraction of soluble HL-A antigens (9) has led investigators to apply similar methods to the extraction of tumor-associated antigen from chemically induced hepatoma in guinea pigs (10). The antigenic activity of the extracted material was determined by the skin reactions in immunized and nonimmunized animals. This report presents preliminary evidence that human tumor-associated antigen can be separated by salt extraction and can be used in a multifaceted immunological evaluation of the cancer patient. Materials and Methods. The patient, a 60 year old white male, had undergone resection of primary adenocarcinoma of the colon in 1962. Local recurrences were resected in 1964, 1966, 1968, and 1970. Radiation therapy or chemotherapy were not given. In November, 1971, he presented with a left abdominal mass. At laparotomy, a mucinous tumor was found to involve the spleen with multiple omental deposits. Splenectomy was done and the histological diagnosis was mucinous adenocarcinoma, metastatic to the spleen.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T02:48:23.820Z
|
1972-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
35096550
|
s2orc/train
|
Stilbestrol and vaginal cancer in young women
Regarding maternal ingestion of stilbestrol to high-risk pregnant patients during the late 1940's and early 1950's and the appearance of vaginal adenocarcinoma in their female offspring years later, physicians are advised to examine patients whose mothers received stilbestrol during pregnancy. Once these females reach the menarche, periodic vaginal examinations are required. A diagnosis of cancer should be considered when abnormal vaginal bleeding occurs. It is hypothesized that these cancers originate from adenomatous vaginal lesions that become malignant. The high incidence of benign vaginal adenosis suggests that an anomaly of vaginal epithelial development may be a predisposing condition. Since reporting on 8 patients in 1970, there is more evidence of an association between maternal stilbestrol administration and vaginal cancer in the offspring. More than 80 cases of vaginal and cervical adenocarcinoma in young women have been diagnosed. In most cases the maternal medical history revealed intrauterine exposure to stilbestrol, dienestrol or hexestrol. The Food and Drug Administration has warned all physicians that stilbestrol is contraindicated in pregnant women. Physicians who are contacted by worried mothers or anxious young women can be assured that, as yet, the risk appears to be low, but the public should be made aware that adolescent females and young women who had fetal exposure to stilbestrol need regular vaginal examination.
Dr. Arje
ginal cytology, which was done in six of the seven above mentioned patients, re vealed suspicious or malignant cells in only three. Heavy polymorphonuclear infiltration made identification of other cells difficult. These cancers do not ap pear to exfoliate readily and the malig nant cells that are shed are sometimes well differentiated.
Dr.Arje
What did microscopic examination of these cancers reveal?
Dr.Herbst
In six of our original seven patients and in a subsequent one reported at another Boston hospital a microscopic diagnosis of clear-cell adenocarcinoma was made. These cancers were characterized by tu bules and glands lined by â€oe¿ hobnail― cells or clear cells containing glycogen. There was also a high incidence of be nign adenosis of the vagina. The remain ing patient was histologically diagnosed as having an endometrioid carcinoma. There were no clear or hobnail cells and the stains for glycogen were negative.
Dr. Arje
What was the tissue of origin in these cancers?
Dr. Herbst
Although tumors containing clear cells and hobnail cells have been classified as â€oe¿ mesonephroma― in the past, my col leagues and I believe that they are Mill lerian in origin. The confinement of three of the eight tumors to the anterior vaginal wall and the very superficial na ture of three cancers suggested that they did not arise from meso nephric remnants. Six of the eight cancers were associated with vaginal adenosis. It is generally believed that va ginal adenosis is MUllerian in origin.
Dr.Arje
It appears then that these cancers origi nate from adenomatous vaginal lesions that become malignant.
Dr.Herbst
That is our hypothesis. The high mci During the late 1940's and early 1950's many physicians administered stilbes trol to high-risk pregnant patients. Now, the medical profession is con fronted with an association between ma ternal ingestion of this medication and the appearance of vaginal adenocarcin oma in their female offspring years later. How do you suggest we handle this situation? Dr. Herbst Physicans are advised to examine pa tients whose mothers received stilbes trol during pregnancy. Periodic vaginal examinations are necessary once these girls reach the menarche. In addition, cancer must always be ruled out in any young woman who complains of abnor mal vaginal bleeding or staining.
Dr. Arje
Abnormal vaginal bleeding is generally regarded as a symptom of anovulation in this early age group. Are you now sug gesting that we consider a diagnosis of cancer as well?
Dr. Herbst
Yes. As a matter of fact, six of the origi nal seven patients with vaginal adeno carcinoma that Dr. Robert E. Scully and I reported in 1970 presented with pro longed vaginal bleeding that was mis taken for anovulation. This, of course, delayed the correct diagnosis.
Dr.Arje
How was the diagnosis of vaginal adenocarcinoma made?
Dr. Herbst
By vaginal inspection. Although acom plete gynecologic examination requires careful preparation of the patient and gentleness in performance, there is no substitute for it.
Dr. Arje
Was cytologic examination helpful in the diagnosis?
Dr. Herbst
Cytology is occasionally unreliable in the diagnosis of this cancer. Routine va dence of benign vaginal adenosis in these patients suggests that an anomaly of vaginal epithelial development may be a predisposing condition. Previous reports have described an association between adenosis and this cancer when it occurs in older women. It is possible that stilbestrol alters vaginal cells in utero and that the changes do not appear as cancer until years later.
Dr.Arje
What prompted you to study these eight patients?
Dr.Herbst
As you know, cancer of the vagina is rare even in women over the age of 50. The seven patients with adenocarcinoma (clear-cell and endometrioid type) at the Vincent Memorial Hospital in Boston and the subsequent patient, from another Boston hospital, represented a larger number of these rare cancers in young women than the total previously reported in the world literature. All of these cancers appeared within a four-year span. Even more striking was the fact that all of these patients were between 15 and 22 years of age. One mother had mentioned to Dr. Howard Ulfelder that she had received stilbestrol during pregnancy. Therefore, a retrospective study was done with Drs. Ulfelder and David C. Poskanzer comparing the eight patients and their families with matched controls in order to discover all factors that might be associated with this rare cancer.
Dr.Arje
What specific data were you gathering? Dr. Herbst Information was sought from the mothers of the patients and controls re garding their age at the birth of the child, smoking (at least 10 cigarettes per day prior to delivery), bleeding during preg nancy, prior pregnancy loss, medica tions taken during pregnancy, breast feeding, intrauterine X-ray exposure and other items.
Dr.Arje
And your results?
Dr.Herbst
Seven of the eight mothers whose daughters had vaginal cancer had been treated with stilbestrol during the first trimester of pregnancy. Other, less significant differences between the mothers of the patients and controls were maternal bleeding and prior preg nancy loss which led to the administra tion of stilbestrol. No significant dif ferences were found for maternal age, smoking, uterine X-ray exposure or breast feeding.
Dr. Arje
You mention that seven mothers of these patients received stilbestrol during pregnancy. What about the mother of the eighth patient?
Dr. Herbst
There was no evidence that stilbestrol or any similar medication was adminis tered during this woman's pregnancy nor had she experienced prior pregnancy loss or bleeding.
Dr.Arje
In other words, there may be factors other than maternal ingestion of stilbestrol?
Dr. Herbst
Yes. However, stilbestrol appears to be a most important factor. Also, we know that stilbestrol can cause several types of cancer in experimental animals and is therefore a possible factor in man as well.
Dr.Arje
Since your report of these eight patients in 1970, is there more evidence of an as sociation between maternal stilbestrol administration and vaginal cancer in the offspring?
Dr. Herbst
Yes. More than 80 cases of vaginal and cervical adenocarcinoma in young women have been brought to our atten tion. In most cases, the maternal medi 294 cal history revealed intrauterine expo sure to stilbestrol, dienestrol or hexes trol. The latter two agents are nonsteroi dal estrogens, similar in biochemical structure to stilbestrol.
Dr. Arje
Have steroidal estrogens also been implicated? Dr. Herbst So far there have been no cancers asso ciated with steroidal estrogens. Re member, however, that the nonsteroidal compounds were most frequently used to support pregnancies in the past.
Dr. Arje
The number of young patients with va ginal cancer reported to date seemsrel atively low compared to the number of mothers who received stilbestrol.
Dr.Herbst
That's true. Relatively few cases of va ginal cancer in young girls have been discovered so far compared to the thou sands, perhaps even millions, of mothers throughout the world who were treated with stilbestrol or similar medi cations. Yet, it is possible that more cases will still be discovered and that va ginal adenocarcinomas will appear in older women as the â€oe¿ at-risk― popula tion matures. So, although the risk at present appears low, I believe there is enough epidemiologic evidence to sup port an association between stilbestrol and vaginal cancer in young women.
Dr.Arje
I certainly agree that epidemiologic evi dence to support this association is significant but certainly more informa tion is needed.
Dr. Herbst
Of course. Since the experience of any one clinic will be small, a Registry for Clear-cell Adenocarcinoma (Meso nephroma) of the Genital Tract in Young Women has been established to central ize and evaluate data, study pathogen esis, maternal histories and therapy in the U.S. and abroad. We hope physi cians will provide us with information on all cases of vaginal adenocarcinoma occurring in women under 25 years of age whether or not there is a history of maternal hormone ingestion.
Dr. Arje
Where should this information be sent?
Dr.Herbst
Communications should be directed to: Registry for Clear-cell Adenocar cinoma (
Dr.Arje
While you collect and study the facts, isn't somepreventive action warranted? Dr. Herbst Action has already been taken. The Food and Drug Administration has warned all physicians that stilbestrol is contraindicated in pregnant women. Also, a regulation prohibiting the use of stilbestrol in animal feed for seven days prior to slaughter has been issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Dr.Arje
What advice do you have for physicians who are contacted by worried mothers or anxious young women? Dr. Herbst These women can be assured that, as yet, the risk appears to be low. How ever, the public should be made aware that adolescent girls and young women who had fetal exposure to stilbestrol need regular vaginal examinations.
Funds to support the original retrospective study and initiate the Registry for Clear-cell Adenocarcinoma (Mesonephroma) of the Genital Tract in Young Women were provided by the American Cancer Soci ety, Massachusetts Division, Inc. Funds to support continuing investigation and operation of the Regis try have been provided by grants from the National Cancer Institute and American Cancer Society, Inc.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:06:25.655Z
|
1972-09-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
36203039
|
s2ag/train
|
Diagnosis and treatment of malignant melanoma arising from the skin of the female breast.
The treatment of malignant melanoma arising from the skin of the female breast poses many problems. We have routinely treated such melanomas with orthodox radical mastectomy, removing the entire breast in continuity with the intervening lymphatics and performing radical axillary dissection. The question arises as to the possibilities of altering this form of surgery. Can a more conservative procedure, such as removal of the skin in continuity with the intervening lymphatics and radical axillary dissection, be performed? This procedure would theoretically embrace the primary tenet of cancer surgery, that is, removal of the primary lesion and the surrounding tissue, the intervening lymphatics, and the first echelon of lymph nodes where metastases can occur. This less deforming procedure would be much more acceptable to the patient. At the other extreme is the problem of whether a more radical procedure should be performed such as extended radical mastectomy in which the internal mammary lymph node chain is also removed. It is our studied belief that surgical resection is the only form of treatment by which malignant melanoma can be cured. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may produce palliation, but are not used by us as primary therapy. A retrospective analysis of eight patients with melanomas of the breast from a total of 2,824 patients with malignant melanoma seen at the Pack Medical Group is presented.
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v2
|
2014-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1972-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
52805793
|
s2orc/train
|
Morphological responses of prostatic carcinoma to testosterone in organ culture.
Slices of human prostatic adenocarcinoma obtained by transurethral resection were maintained in organ culture for 4 days. Preservation of histological appearance was good with little evidence of necrosis within the viable tissue. Slices of tumour cultured in the presence of testosterone showed a morphological change to a more differentiated type of neoplasm whereas explants cultured in the absence of steroid hormone, or with stilboestrol diphosphate, showed no change. In the case of a relatively anaplastic tumour, testosterone produced a significant increase in the number of mitotic figures seen. ImagesFig. 5Fig. 6Fig. 1Fig. 2Fig. 3Fig. 4
THE clinical effect of stilboestrol upon carcinoma of the prostate is now well documented, but not all tumours appear to respond to the drug (Franks, 1958(Franks, , 1960 and there is evidence that some may be more effectively treated with androgens (Prout and Brewer, 1967). The sideeffects of stilboestrol therapy are also a matter for concern (Veterans Administration Co-operative Urological Research Group, 1967).
In order to obtain a more rational basis for the chemotherapy of prostatic neoplasms we have examined the effects of hormones on human neoplastic prostate by means of an in vitro organ culture technique.
Although morphological responses to androgens have been achieved using rat prostate in culture (Baulieu, Lasnitzski and Robel, 1968) and mouse (Lasnitzki, 1955;Franks and Barton, 1960), there have been no reports of the successful extension of this approach to the study of human prostatic carcinoma. In this paper we report 3 examples of prostatic carcinoma which have responded to testosterone while in organ culture.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Fresh material was obtained from transurethral resection of prostatic carcinoma and processed under sterile conditions. Tumour material was washed 3 times with Earle's balanced salt solution at 4°C and transported to the laboratory on ice. Small fragments, which appeared likely to contain malignant material, were biopsied and checked by frozen section using haematoxylin and eosin staining. Where possible, the resected tumour was trimmed of charred material, and slices (1 cm2 x 0-9 mm) were prepared using a razor blade. Fragments had to be large enough to provide 4 slices, one of which was reserved for routine histology. The remaining slices were washed 3 times with Earle's balanced salt solution at 4TC and then cultured by a modification of the Trowell technique which had been developed for the maintenance of tissue from human benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Slices were laid upon a small slab of agar-gelled Eagle's basal medium, which in turn rested upon a grid of expanded stainless steel standing in a small petri dish (5 cm in diameter) containing medium (5 ml). The medium was Eagle's basal medium supplemented with insulin (25 ,ug/ml), ascorbic acid (150 jug/ml), benzylpenicillin (30 ,tg/ml), * Present address: University Department of Surgery, Welsh National School of Medicine, Cardiff. streptomycin (7 ,ug/ml) and foetal calf serum 10% v/v). The stainless steel grid was of such a height that the liquid meniscus was drawn up to its undersurface. Three cultures each having a serial section of the tumour, were housed in a glass petri dish (11 25 cm in diameter) and were treated respectively with ethanol (5 ,ul; no hormone), testosterone (14 ,ug in 5 ,ul ethanol) and stilboestrol diphosphate (20 ,tg in 5 ,ul ethanol).
The cultures were incubated at 37°C in an atmosphere of 95% 02 and 5% C02.
The medium was changed after 2 days. After 4 days in culture the slices were lifted off the agar slabs, fixed in Bouin's fluid and submitted to routine paraffin histology. The sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin.
Resections from 3 tumours were found to contain adequate deposits of carcinoma. In each case, one resection was found with enough tissue to provide 3 slices for comparison of treatments.
Case 1
This was a 70-year old man who had had an open prostatectomy 10 years before his present admission and 2 transurethral resections in the past 2 years. Previous biopsy had confirmed the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma and for one year he had been taking stilboestrol orally (1 mg daily). Fragments were obtained for culture at transurethral resection carried out in December 1969. Routine pathology reported the fragments at this time to consist almost entirely of a very florid adenocarcinoma with small foci of clear celled carcinoma.
Case 2
A 74-year old man was admitted 3 days before operation with acute retention of urine. The patient had a history of prostatic symptoms over the previous 2-3 years, and was found to have carcinoma of the prostate with bony metastases. Routine pathology of the resected specimen showed extensive infiltration by a moderately well differentiated adenocarcinoma. The patient was not given stilboestrol pre-operatively.
Case 3
A 61-year old man presented in the Urological Clinic with dysuria and back pain and on clinical examination was thought to have a malignant prostate. He had a raised serum acid phosphatase level and radiological evidence of spinal metastases. Transurethral resection was carried out in April 1970 and routine pathology demonstrated a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma.
RESUTLTS
Explants of the first case cultured in the absence of hormone (Fig. 1), and with stilboestrol, were histologically very similar to fresh tissue although there was some slight increase in alveolar luminal size and epithelial height. The explant cultured in the presence of testosterone (Fig. 2), however, showed a marked change to a more organized alveolar pattern with alignment of the nuclei in a peripheral position, marked columnarity of the epithelial cells and more prominent cytoplasmic projections from the luminal cell borders. There appeared also to be an increased accumulation of intraluminal secretory debris.
Slices from Case 2 cultured in the absence of hormone (Fig. 3), or with stilboestrol, maintained an architectural pattern similar to the fresh tissue. There was little evidence of secretion, either intracellularly or intraluminally. Explants cultured in the presence of testosterone (Fig. 4) showed areas of epithelium with slightly increased epithelial height. The nuclei were large and situated at the base of the cell; mitotic figures were infrequent. The most striking difference between the explants treated with testosterone and the other treatments was the occurrence of cytoplasmic projections at the luminal border of the epithelial cells. These were seen in a significant number of alveoli in the testosterone treated explant and were associated with the presence of intraluminal secretory products; these projections were absent in the other 2 treatments.
In the case of the more anaplastic tumour (Case 3), explants cultured in the absence of hormone (Fig. 5), and with stilboestrol, were very similar in appear- ance to the fresh control, so similar in this case as to be indistinguishable. A slice cultured in the presence of testosterone (Fig. 6) showed a slightly more differentiated pattern, characterized by an increase in cell cytoplasmic and nuclear size, and an increased density of nuclear staining. There appeared to be an attempt at the formation of alveoli in what was previously an undifferentiated sheet of cells. 3 fields were selected at random from each of 12 sections from each tissue. Fresh tissue vs. other treatments, P < 0-01; testosterone vs. other treatments, P < 0-01.
The number of obvious mitotic figures, in each of 36 high power fields randomly selected from each explant, was counted. The results are shown in Table I and demonstrate a significant effect of testosterone upon the mitotic incidence compared with material cultured in the absence of hormone or with stilboestrol. Interestingly, the fresh tissue had a mitotic incidence intermediate between the testosterone treated tissue and the explant cultured in the absence of hormone. Further, in each of the slices in this particular case there was a large piece of well-preserved benign hyperplasia. The different treatments appeared to have no effect upon the morphology of the benign tissue.
DISCUSSION
Stilboestrol has an oestrogenic effect upon the male which results in a depression of the output of testicular androgen. In addition to this mode of action, it may well have a direct effect upon the prostate as well as causing interference with the plasma levels of other hormones which have been implicated in prostatic growth and function. The role of each of these mechanisms of action in the response of prostatic cancer to stilboestrol treatment awaits evaluation. Furthermore, stilboestrol has been shown to exert a stimulatory effect upon the reticuloendothelial system (Nicol et al., 1964;Magarey and Baum, 1971) and it is not yet clear what part this effect plays in the action of stilboestrol upon prostatic tumours. Existing clinical data give little insight into the specific nature of the hormone dependence of the prostatic neoplasm or into the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic agents. Clearly, therefore, an in vitro technique which would demonstrate the effect of hormones and pharmacological agents upon prostatic tumours would be a most useful tool Studies on benign prostatic hyperplasia (Franks et al., 1970) have emphasized the need to preserve stromalepithelial relationships in an in vitro system and for this reason, organ culture is to be preferred to cell culture systems. However, organ culture of prostatic carcinoma presents problems in terms of the availability of the material, the difficulty inherent in the culture of coagulated transurethrally resected fragments and the likelihood of infection in cultures of material which have been subject to urinary contamination.
In the present work, with the exception of areas of resection that were obviously coagulated, the overall preservation was found to be acceptable after 4 days in culture. However, the value of this system rests on being able to demonstrate a convincing change in the morphology of the explant, which can be directly attributable to the presence of hormones in the medium. In this respect the heterogeneity within prostatic tumours is a problem and it has been found necessary to make treatment comparisons on adjacent slices of tumour material.
The concentration of testosterone used here was similar to that used to evoke a stimulatory response from rat prostate in organ culture (Baulieu et al., 1968). Although this level was considerably greater than that found in vivo, there is as yet little precise knowledge of the extent to which plasma levels can be extrapolated to the organ culture situation. As a maximum response was sought, it was felt that a high concentration should be used.
These experiments have shown that it is possible to maintain prostatic carcinoma in organ culture in the absence of androgen using medium which is supplemented with insulin and serum. The addition of testosterone causes a stimulatory response in the tissue in terms of differentiation and cell division. It would appear that the emphasis may lie in one or other direction according to the characteristics of the tumour. In the more differentiated tumour that we studied, the response to testosterone was principally towards differentiation and in the case of the last tumour, an anaplastic growth, it was principally towards cell division.
We believe therefore that it is of great significance that the organ culture technique possesses the potential to assess the rate of mitosis in a malignant tumour under different hormonal conditions. The fact that stilboestrol is found' to have no observable cytotoxic effect on the cultured tumours by itself, suggests that it should be possible to determine whether it has a direct inhibitory effect on the testosterone responses of the tumour in culture. Thus, the system merits further study as a prognostic guide in the chemotherapy of prostatic carcinoma and as a technique for the development of therapeutic agents having a direct action upon the prostate.
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v2
|
2017-04-13T05:06:44.211Z
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1972-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
15563471
|
s2ag/train
|
Biochemical mechanisms for the synergism between 6-thioguanine and 6-(methylmercapto)purine ribonucleoside in sarcoma 180 cells.
The synergism between 6-(methylmercapto)purine ribonucleoside (MMPR) and 6-thioguanine was studied in the mouse Sarcoma 180 ascites tumor. The 5′-monophosphate nucleotide of MMPR forms rapidly to levels of 1 to 2 mm in the tumor cells, and the steady-state levels of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate increase 4- to 5-fold in 6 to 12 hr. This permits a significantly greater synthesis of 6-thioguanosine monophosphate (6-thioGMP) after injection of 6-thioguanine. These findings are similar to those in previous reports concerning the synergism between 6-mercaptopurine and MMPR. In addition, MMPR increases the biological t 1/2 of 6-thioGMP from about 7 hr to 10 hr. The concentrations of ATP and GTP decrease by 50% or greater after MMPR and the concentration of UTP in the cell doubles, probably as the result of greater 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate availability for pyrimidine biosynthesis. With a 6-thioguanine-resistant cell line, the t 1/2 of 6-thioGMP is only 3 hr but increases to about 7 hr after MMPR pretreatment. Azaserine produces effects on endogenous nucleotide pools and 6-thioGMP formation similar to those of MMPR, but it is without effect on the t 1/2 of 6-thioGMP. The synergism between MMPR and other thiopurines may involve effects of MMPR on catabolism as well as synthesis of the analog nucleotides and sequential blockade of purine biosynthesis.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:55:41.426Z
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1972-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
24159009
|
s2ag/train
|
An electrogenic sodium pump as a possible factor leading to the concentration of amino acids by mouse ascites-tumour cells with reversed sodium ion concentration gradients.
According to the so-called ion gradient hypothesis, the spontaneous movements of Na+ and, possibly, K+ across the plasmalemma of the mammalian cell provide the energy that is needed to concentrate various amino acids in the cellular phase (reviewed by Schultz & Curran, 1970). One important approach has been the demonstration that the ion gradients may apparently drive the amino acid pump in the absence ofATP (Eddy, 1968). Nevertheless, recent work both with intestinal preparations (Kimmich, 1970; Newey et al., 1970) and with mouse ascites-tumour cells (Potashner & Johnstone, 1971; Schafer & Heinz, 1971) has been interpreted to mean that during respiration only a minor fraction of the driving force may be provided in that way. The tumour preparations used by Schafer & Heinz (1971) accumulated 2-aminoisobutyrate against its own concentration gradient, even when the combined concentration gradients ofNa+ andK+ might have caused the amino acid to be expelled from the tumour cells. Schafer & Heinz (1971) estimated that a force ofat least4kJ/mol, corresponding to a concentration factor of about 4.7-fold, acted in series with the gradients ofNa+ and K+ driving the amino acid pump, and they suggested that the additional force might be provided by the direct coupling of amino acid transport to cellular metabolism. We havenowre-examined the arguments leading to that conclusion with particular reference to the role of the membrane potential. Let the extracellular phase be denoted by subscript
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v2
|
2018-04-03T01:22:57.464Z
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1972-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
29095643
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s2ag/train
|
Clinical study with bleomycin: Tolerance to twice weekly dosage
Fifty‐nine patients with inoperable malignant neoplasms were treated with bleomycin at dose levels ranging rom 1.25 mg/m2 to 35 mg/m2 of estimated body surface area twice weekly in an attempt to define host tolerance to this new antineoplastic agent. The drug was given for a total of 12 doses, if tolerated, and longer in the presence of objective tumor response. At 4 mg/m2, chills and fever, vomiting, and moderate cutaneous toxicity appeared. At 15 mg/m2, 3 of 11 patients developed dose‐limiting skin toxicity. Two additional patients developed pulmonary infiltrates after prolonged courses of treatment to a total of 546 and 582 mg, respectively. At 26 mg/m2 and higher, prohibitive pulmonary and hematologic toxicity developed during the initial course of study requiring premature termination of scheduled courses. At 35 mg/m2, transient hypertension, confusion, abdominal distention, and urinary burning also developed. Four of 19 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, one patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, 3 of 6 patients with lymphosarcoma, and 1 of 4 patients with testicular carcinoma responded with more than 50% tumor regression. One patient with lymphosarcoma was induced into complete remission. Minimal therapeutic dose levels for lymphosarcoma and for squamous cell carcinoma were 4 mg/m2 and 6 mg/m2, respectively. This study indicates that optimal dose levels range between 4 and 15 mg/m2 twice weekly. The present study establishes patient tolerance to twice weekly doses of bleomycin and confirms therapeutic benefit for squamous cell carcinoma and lymphosarcoma over a remarkably wide range of doses.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T02:52:03.381Z
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1972-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
35344111
|
s2ag/train
|
Cell proliferation in transplanted rat tumors: Influence of the host immune system
Using a computer‐aided procedure of analyzing labeled mitoses data, a comparison was made between the proliferative characteristics of solid transplanted BICR/MIRK rat tumors grown in immunocompetent or anti‐thymocyte serum treated hosts. The tumors were primary re‐implants of cells from a permanent cell culture line (BICR/MIRK; 70th passage), originating from a transplantable rat mammary tumor (BICR/MIR) which was also included in the study. The results are discussed in relation to the influence of the host immune system on the rates of cell production and cell loss, the cell cycle parameters, and the distributions of cell cycle times, derived for these tumors.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:15:20.301Z
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1972-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1871868
|
s2ag/train
|
Primary osteosarcoma of the heart
An osteosarcoma of the interatrial septum is reported, and four cases of primary malignancies of the heart containing bone and cartilage are reviewed. The various theories on the histogenesis of these tumors are discussed, and the postulate that these tumors arise from fibrous tissue which has undergone metaplasia into malignant bony and cartilaginous elements is favored. This tumor had all of the microscopic criteria for an osteosarcoma and behaved in an aggressive manner, causing the rapid death of the patient.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:40:40.481Z
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1972-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
7873723
|
s2ag/train
|
Treatment of metastatic Ewing's sarcoma with BCNU
Twelve patients with metastatic Ewing's sarcoma, ranging in age from 4 to 26 years, were treated with 1‐3‐bis chloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU). The tumor in five of the patients showed objective tumor shrinkage with BCNU. In one patient, there was complete disappearance of the tumor lasting 21/2 years. In four other patients, there was partial improvement (50% shrinkage) lasting 2, 3, 6, and 8 months. BCNU may be of value in an adjuvant chemotherapy program as part of the initial treatment in an attempt to eradicate subclinical micrometastasis and thus increase the cure rate.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:01:06.201Z
|
1972-10-25T00:00:00.000Z
|
37410465
|
s2ag/train
|
Glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase from leukemia cells. Chloride dependence, mechanism of action, and inhibition.
Abstract Asparagine synthetase, purified from an asparaginase-resistant mouse leukemia (RADA1), catalyzes the formation of l-asparagine, AMP, PPi, and l-glutamate from l-aspartate, l-glutamine, and ATP. l-Glutamine may be replaced by NH4+ as the amide nitrogen donor. The postulated intermediate, β-l-aspartyl adenylate, was prepared by organic synthesis. The enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from PPi and β-l-aspartyl adenylate. Asparagine synthetase was found to exhibit glutaminase activity both in the presence and absence of the other substrates needed for asparagine synthesis. Both the glutaminase and glutamine-dependent (but not the NH4+-dependent) synthetase activities require chloride ions; Cl- can be replaced by Br- or I-, but with much less activity. The enzyme is inhibited by l-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic acid (which binds, probably covalently, to the enzyme), aminomalonic acid, N-methyl-dl-aspartic acid, and several other compounds. These compounds or similar ones may be useful in augmenting asparaginase therapy of tumors.
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v2
|
2017-04-13T07:42:52.681Z
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1972-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
5256258
|
s2ag/train
|
A multienzyme complex in serum of hepatic cancer.
Summary From the serum of patients with hepatic cancer a lipid-protein complex including five marker enzymes of plasma membrane, alkaline phosphatase, Mg ++ :adenosinetriphosphatase, Na + :K + :Mg ++ :adenosinetriphosphatase, l-leucyl-β-naphthylamidase, and 5′-nucleotidase, was isolated. The alkaline phosphatase closely resembled that extracted from microsomes of human liver in some physicochemical respects. The specific activities of these enzymes in the complex were found to be of similar order of magnitude as compared with those of the same enzymes in plasma membranes isolated from the human liver. From the precipitate formed by incubating the complex with its antibody, all the enzyme activities originally present in the complex were well recovered. Antibody against the plasma membranes of the human liver demonstrated a single precipitin line against the enzyme complex, indicating that the plasma membrane and the complex share one or several antigenic determinants.
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v2
|
2017-09-30T21:33:30.785Z
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1972-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
7291869
|
s2ag/train
|
Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases
Isolated pulmonary metastases from many primary sources were treated by surgery in 37 patients. Twenty-one per cent of those with carcinomas and 16% of those with sarcomas survived for five years. Twenty-four patients are now dead, 21 from generalized tumour dissemination. Occasional long-term survivals were obtained which, when related to the low mortality and morbidity attending thoracotomy, make this form of therapy worthy of consideration in selected cases.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:05:39.493Z
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1972-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
102949
|
s2ag/train
|
Antegrade pyelography: a further look at an old technique.
Abstract Fifty-five antegrade pyelograms have been carried out, and the indications for this investigation reviewed. Whilst an inadequate intravenous urogram together with a failed or impossible retrograde pyelogram remains the absolute indication for antegrade pyelography, we have also often bypassed the need for retrograde pyelography in our patients. This has been particularly rewarding in patients with recurrent urothelial tumours. We have also used the technique in other obstructive states, and combined it with functional measurements in the dilated ureter problems seen in childhood. We conclude that antegrade pyelography is a straightforward, safe and valuable investigation for the experienced clinico-radiological team.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:55:43.131Z
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1972-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
36889135
|
s2ag/train
|
The results of radical excision of oral and oropharyngeal cancer requiring pedicle flap reconstruction.
Immediate pedicle flap reconstruction has widened the scope of combined resection of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. A series of 37 patients who have been treated in this way at the Royal Melbourne Hospital is reported. The low operative mortality, and a cancer control rate in the survivors of better than 50% at two years, have encouraged a greater use of these techniques in suitable patients.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:06:09.115Z
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1972-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
37667223
|
s2ag/train
|
AN EVALUATION OF HUMORAL ANTIBODY RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WITH CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX
Tumour tissue from patients with inoperable cervical carcinoma was studied to determine the significance of humoral antibody involvement. Comparative elution studies using normal and cancerous tissues revealed that various classes of immunoglobulin and complement, either singly or in combination could only be recovered from the cancerous tissues. Some cancer tissue eluates possessed antibodies which sensitized normal lymphocytes by the cytotoxicity test suggesting the host's recognition of structural modification of the tumour cell. It is possible that the various classes of immunoglobulin found in cancer tissue eluates represent antibodies to cytoplasmic constituents, cell membranes or antigen‐antibody complexes. It was found that the serum from the cancer patients possessed a significantly higher incidence of “non specific” lymphocytotoxic antibodies than the controls. Our inability to associate these antibodies with specificities for normal histocompatibility antigens suggests that this type of antibody may symbolize humoral responses towards a combination of tumour‐related and normal transplantation antigens. It seems apparent that their activity is of an autoimmune nature capable of altering the in vivo functions of the cell‐mediated immune mechanism.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:58:35.068Z
|
1972-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
41028676
|
s2ag/train
|
The desmoid tumor, a diagnostic problem in the gynaecological patient: a report of four patients.
The case reports of four patients who presented to the gynœcological ward with desmoid tumours are described. Two patients had an abdominal wall tumour, which in one was mistaken for an ovarian mass and in the other for an incisional hernia; the other two patients presented during pregnancy with a pelvic mass, and an initial diagnosis of pelvic haematoma was made in both. Because of its rarity, there is frequently a lack of diagnostic awareness of this tumour, particularly in the gynœcological patient. Opinion is divided on the malignant nature of the tumour; the current view is that it is a locally invasive neoplasm which does not metastasize. Management by radical excision without the sacrifice of major nerves or vessels has been recommended.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T05:54:25.866Z
|
1972-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
44842647
|
s2ag/train
|
Role of radiation therapy in the treatment of supraglottic carcinoma
One hundred and one cases of early and late supraglottic tumors covering a period of 22 years have been evaluated. The early stages, without lymph node metastasis, show a 75% 2‐year control and a 50% 5‐year survival. The local control rate is 75% in those patients treated at a dose equivalent to more than 1700 rets. More advanced supraglottic tumors with lymph node metastasis have shown a 15% 2‐year control rate, 10% 5‐year survival when treated with irradiation alone. We are now treating the more advanced tumors with clinical adenopathy with a course of preoperative irradiation of 4000 to 5500 rads in 5 to 6 1/2 weeks followed at an appropriate interval in all cases with radical surgical removal of the primary and draining node areas. Conservation surgery is being considered in the advanced cases as an alternative to total laryngectomy. Lesions without clinical nodes in the supraglottic area should be treated by radiation therapy alone. At least 6000 rads in 6 1/2 weeks should be delivered to the primary and node‐draining areas. Conservation surgery in these earlier cases can be reserved for radiation treatment failures, thus sparing the voice in 75% or more of the cured patients.
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v2
|
2019-03-10T13:02:55.910Z
|
1972-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
72661028
|
s2orc/train
|
Detection of colorectal cancer using guaiac slides
Theguaiac-impregnated slidetech nique* as an aid in the detection of DetectionofColorectalCancer asymptornatic colorectal cancer was UsingGuaiacSlides first described tnSeptember. 1971.To facilitate a simple. inexpensive and es thetically acceptable method of per forming multiple stool examinations, David H. Greegor, M.D. patients were given guaiac-impregnated slides and asked to prepare their own stool smears and mail them to the office for evaluation. In the November/De cember, 1969 issue of Ca—A Cancer Journalfor Clinicians, we reported that the accuracy of the procedure was in creased by requiring examinees to re main on a meat-free, high-bulk diet during the four-day period of stool collection 2 Prior to 1971, all studies on the use of the guaiac slide technique in the detec tion of silent colorectal cancer were reported by one physician.'@2 To further verify this method, other physicians' experiences with the slides were necessary. Test material and instructions were offered to the medical profession in Jan uary, 1971. Two thousand physicians elected to use the test routinely in their practices. Six months later, they were asked to report on the effectiveness of the guaiac-impregnated slide technique, complete a questionnaire and provide case summaries in all instances of proven colorectal cancer. Physicians who did not detect colorectal cancer dur ing this six-month period were not re quired to submit a report.
Cases
The questionnaire mailedtoall partic ipating physicians specifically asked: (I)The ageandsexofthepatient; (2)The symptoms orfindings (other than guaiac results) which led the physi cian to suspect colorectal cancer; (3) The results of the three-day guaiac slide tests; (4) The type of diet followed during the test period; (5) The location of the colorectal cancer; (6) The extent of the cancer (depth of penetration into the bowel wall and the presence or absence of metastases).
Results
One hundredandthree physicians reported a total of 139 cases. Of there maining 1.897 physicians. approxi mately 100 said they did not detect a case of colorectal cancer using the guaiac slides. It is important to re member that we did not request any data unless a proven case of colorectal cancer was detected in the physician's practice. This, therefore, is not a large statistical study but rather a report on the experi ence of a small group of physicians who used the guaiac slide technique.
An analysis oftheresponses tothe questionnaire isasfollows: (I) Age and sex of the patient. Of the 139reported cases, 75 occurred inmales and 64 in females. The average age was 62 years for males and 64 years for females.
(2) Significant symptoms or findings which led physician to suspect colorec tal pathology. A variety of suspicious symptoms and findings were noted. (Table I.) Some cancers presented three or more symptoms and/or findings.
( guaiacpositive. Of thefourpatients with guaiac negative results, one followed theprescribed meat-free, high-residue diet, two were on a liquid diet and one was on a blanddiet. To further evaluate theeffectiveness ofthis technique, the139 submitted cases were classified as follows: Silent: Forty-seven casesinwhich there were no symptoms or findings (ex cept the guaiac slide results) suspicious of colorectal pathology were classified as silent. (Table 2.) Semi-silent: Forty-six borderline diagnostic cases in which the guaiac slide test played an important part in the diagnosis but where there were other symptoms or findings suspicious of co lorectal pathology (increasing constipation, mildanemia.etc.) were classified as semi-silent. (Table 2.) Symptomatic: Forty-three cases with highly suspicious findings or symptoms (abdominal mass, bloody diarrhea, pro found anemia, etc.) directing the physi cian to the correct diagnosis and in which the guaiac slides merely added supportive evidence were placed in the symptomatic group. ( ated. Sixteen cancers were certainly within sigmoidoscopic rangeand some in the proximal sigmoid could probably have been detected by full 25 cm. scop ing. Among the 47 cases in the silent group detected by the guaiac slide tech nique, only four were within sigmoid oscopicrange.However, guaiac screening is not a substitute for sigmoid oscopy.The highincidence of cancer of therectumand sigmoiddemands direct observation as partof a routine physical examination. The fact that in this series the proximal sigmoid con tained approximately four times as many cancers as did the distal sigmoid (Table 3) indicates the need for a full 25 cm. sigmoidoscopic examination whenever possible.
Test Failures
The report leaves unanswered one veryimportant question: Inthepractices ofthecooperating physicians, how many patients with negative guaiac screening results had silent colon cancers which remained undetected?
Only time can answer this. However, in over 10 years of personal experience with the test, plus four years at the Co lumbus Cancer Clinic (Columbus, Ohio). no â€oe¿ false negatives― have been revealed. And, todate, onlyoneofthe 103 reporting physicians using the pre scribed screening technique (i.e., mul (4) Type of diet followedduring the test period. Eighteen patients followed the prescribed meat-free, high-bulk diet. Twenty-eight were on meat-free diets only. Ninety-three followed a regular or light dietâ€"not a meat-free diet.
(5) Location of the cancer. Table 3 lists the locations for 125 of the 139 co lorectal cancers reported. Fourteen phy sicians omitted a description of the loca tion in their reports.
(6) Extent of colorectal cancer. Table 4 shows the depth of penetration into the bowel wall by localized cancer. Table 2 demonstrates that 42 cancers had metas tasizedâ€"26 to regional nodes, 15 to re gional nodes and the liver and one to the nodes, liver and brain. As Table 2 indi cates, only 15 percent of the silent cancers had metastasized by the time of surgery. When the cancer reached the semi-silent stage, the percentage of those which had metastasized was more than doubled to 33 percent and in the symptomatic groupalmosthalf the cancers had already metastasized.
Sigmoidoscopy
How many of these cancers would have been detected by routine sigmoid oscopy? Since 14 physicians omitted information regarding the exact site of the cancer, only 125 cases can be evalu
Total:@@fs@pq@Penetration
However, it does suggest that it is imper ative for the â€oe¿ well― patient to use a test diet roughenoughtoencouragesmallle sions to bleed. The high-bulk diet has been used in over 1.300 office patients in my practice without any significant complications.
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v2
|
2020-12-10T09:04:12.620Z
|
1972-11-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
237233739
|
s2orc/train
|
Enhancement of Murine Leukemia Virus Replication in Rat Tumor Cells Containing Rat C-Type Virus
The yield of Maloney leukemia virus (MLV) from MLV-infected rat cells was shown to be enhanced in rat cells containing rat C-type virus. The MLV produced in these cells was shown to be identical to murine-derived MLV and devoid of properties related to rat C-type virus.
The detection of C-type virus particles biologically and antigenically distinguishable from murine C-type virus has been reported in both spontaneously and chemically induced rat mammary carcinoma (3,4), transformed cells originating spontaneously in tissue culture from rat embryo cells (7; V. V. Bergs et al., Int. J. Cancer, in press), as well as transformed cells derived from a tumor induced in rats by Maloney-murine sarcoma virus (M-MSV; 1). These C-type virus isolates have been shown to replicate in rat cells in vitro without inducing cytopathological changes or transformation. However, a rat C-type virus (WF-1 virus) isolated from Wistar-Furth rat embryo fibroblast cells spontaneously transformed in vitro has been shown to induce changes suggestive of transformation in embryonic lung cell derived from Sprague-Dawley rats (V. V. Bergs et al., in press). None of these C-type virus isolates has been shown to be oncogenic in rats, mice, or hamsters (7). Thus, the etiological significance of these virus particles in the induction of rat neoplasms is still unknown.
Rat cells infected with rat C-type virus have been shown to contain a virus-specific antigen(s) associated with the membrane of the infected cell which can be detected by the indirect immunofluorescence test (G. Pearson et al., Int. J. Cancer, in press). The membrane fluorescence technique has been used for monitoring replication, as well as quantitation, of rat C-type viruses in vitro (G. Pearson et al., in press). In addition, rat C-type virus isolated The murine leukemia virus (MuLV) employed in these studies was MLV. This virus was in its 45th passage in MEF cells and had a titer of 106. 7plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml as determined by the XC plaque assay described previously (8). Cells to be employed in these experiments were plated at a density of 3.5 x 105 cells/4.0 ml in 60-mm plastic petri dishes. Cultures were incubated for 24 hr at 37 C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. These cultures were treated with diethylaminoethyl-dextran (50 ,g/plate/4.0 ml) and infected with MLV at a multiplicity of infection of 0.6 PFU/cell as previously described (9). Cells and supernatant fluids of infected cultures were collected and processed for virus assay on the third and sixth day after MLV infection, as previously described (9).
The virus content of infected cultures was determined by the semi-micro XC assay for MLV (2) employing MEF cells, and titer was expressed as the mean infective dose (ID 0) per milliliter. The presence of rat C-type virus in rat cells employed in these experiments was determined by the membrance immunofluorescence and electron microscope procedures de- Data indicate that the MLV titer of MLVinfected rat cells containing rat C-type virus was greater than the MLV titer of MLVinfected rat cells free from rat C-type virus (control cells) 3 and 6 days after MLV infection ( Table 1). The MLV titer of MLV-infected WF-1 cells was shown to be 1031 and 102.7 ID,0/ml greater, respectively, on the third and sixth day after infection than the MLV titer of MLV-infected control rat cells (W/Fu-Em). Similarly, MLV-infected R-35 cell cultures showed a MLV titer 102.5 and 102.8 ID60/ml greater, respectively, on the third and sixth day after MLV infection than control cells (NRMTC). In contrast, the MLV titer after infection of the rat C-type virus-free Dunning tumor cell cultures was 100.8 and 100-7 ID50/ml lower, respectively, on the third and sixth day after MLV infection than the MLV titer of infected control cells (REF cells).
The data clearly show that the replication of MLV in rat tumor cells infected with rat C-type virus was enhanced. The absence of enhanced replication of MLV in rat C-type virus-free Dunning tumor cells supported the hypothesis that enhanced MLV replication observed in WF-1 and R-35 cells was related to the presence of rat C-type virus in these cells rather than being solely related to the enhanced metabolic activity of these tumor cells.
Investigation of progeny MLV from MLVinfected rat tumor cells and murine cell-derived MLV had identical replication patterns in MEF cells. In addition, the rat tumor cellderived MLV was capable of inducing leukemia in mice with histopathological characteristics identical to mouse leukemia induced by murine cell-derived MLV.
Observation of MLV-infected rat tumor cells carrying rat C-type virus by the membrane immunofluorescence technique employing a specific antiserum to rat C-type virus derived from W/Fu-1 cells which cross-reacts with rat C-type virus derived from R-35 cells indicated that the rat C-type virus content of the rat tumor lines was not increased or decreased by MLV infection. Attempts to detect in vitro the presence of rat C-type virus in MLV pools derived from MLV-infected rat C-type viruspositive rat tumor cells by the membrane immunofluorescence technique were negative.
These data clearly show that the yields of MLV from rat tumor cells infected with rat C-type virus is greater than the yields of MLV from MLV-infected rat cells free from the rat C-type virus. The data strongly suggest that presence of the rat C-type virus in rat cells is associated with the increased yields of superinfecting MLV. However, the exact mechanism by which the observed viral enhancement was induced is not known.
Since the ability of rat C-type to enhance MLV replication in rat cells may be an additional biological property of rat C-type viruses and therefore useful in the detection or assay, or both, of rat C-type virus in vitro, further investigation concerning the enhanced replication of MLV in rat C-type virus-positive rat cells is underway in this laboratory.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:04:10.405Z
|
1972-11-15T00:00:00.000Z
|
37556694
|
s2ag/train
|
Transplantable immunoglobulin‐secreting tumours in rats. I. General features of LOU/Ws1 strain rat immunocytomas and their monoclonal proteins
This article describes a peculiar tumour which originates in the ileocoecal lymph node of the LOU/Ws1 strain rat. The tumour cells usually have the appearance of very poorly differentiated lymphoid cells showing a tendency to develop ribosome‐studded ergastoplasmic membranes. In about 60% of the cases, such tumours synthesize monoclonal immunoglobulins of the IgG or IgA class, or Bence‐Jones proteins. These tumours are readily transplantable in isologous hosts or their F hybrids. The great majority of the transplanted growths retain their capacity for immunoglobulin production during many successive passages in vivo.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:00:38.064Z
|
1972-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
8243545
|
s2ag/train
|
Tolerance, Enhancement and the Regulation of Interactions Between T Cells, B Cells and Macrophages
A review volume focusing attention on the effects of antibody on cellmediated immune reactions is timely, both for theoretical and for practical reasons. Though enhancement, as a phenomenon, is not new, few workers would have predicted the extent to which blocking factors of various sorts would have come to dominate the literature on both transplantation and tumor immunology. There are cases, such as the renal transplant model in the rat, where enhancing antibody can so profoundly increase transplant survival as to raise doubts about the need for the central suppression of lymphocyte reactivity commonly termed immunological tolerance. Thus, a 'tolerance-is-dead' school has emerged, and it bolsters its case by the detection of an apparent balance between killer T cells and inhibitory serum factors in many experimental and clinical circumstances. The claim for the opposite viewpoint has recently been reviewed by Brent, Brooks, Lubling & Thomas (1972), who warn that: 'the biological role of blocking factors is far from clear, and it would be premature indeed
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:47:11.388Z
|
1972-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
26629136
|
s2ag/train
|
Validity of the lecithin-sphingomyelin (L-S) ratio for amniotic fluid containing blood.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY, Vol. 18, No. 12, 1972 1551 ous articles concerning the congeners of whiskey (6, 7). It is not appropriate to review the literature here, except to state that when furfural is fed to rats, the major urinary end-product is 2-furoylglycine. The same compound occu.rs in the urine after feeding furoic acid, furfural diacetate, or furfuryl alcohol. It would appear, then, that furfural is changed to 2-furoylglycine by way of furoic acid and that furfuryl alcohol is dehydrogenated in the body to furfural and then further oxidized to furoic acid for conjugation with glycine. Feeding furoic acid also results in the urinary excretion of furfuracrylic acid and furfuracryloylglycine. These few examples should suffice to illustrate the known role that any exogenous furfural would play in the formation of urinary furans. Among the more interesting literature references on the toxicology of furfural is a report on the production of liver cirrhosis in rats by furfural feeding (8) and a recent study that suggests a cocarcinogenic effect of furfural and benzo(a)pyrene on the respiratory tract of hamsters (9.). An examination of the existing literature on furfural leads to the impression that it could enter a wide variety of chemical reactions that may have physiologic significance. It is difficult to understand why this compound has not been investigated more thoroughly as to its potential involvement in lung cancer and (or) other diseases statistically associated with heavy cigarette smoking. In view of the current resurgence on cancer research, and especially because of the continuing failures to identify the human carcinogenic agent(s) in cigarette smoke, it seems reasonable to propose long-term furfural inhalation (and feeding) experiments with different animal species. Such studies are laborious and expensive, and few institutions could undertake these endeavors. Thus, I am wondering if this could represent a type of project appropriate for Fort Detrick’s new assignments on basic cancer research, considering that this installation has an unparalleled assortment of facilities for doing “aerosol-animal” toxicology. Or perhaps the proposed research might be more suitable for the National Center for Toxicological Research at Pine Bluff, Ark.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T01:12:31.847Z
|
1972-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
28451306
|
s2ag/train
|
Assembly of immunoglobulin G: the role of the light-chain pool.
Studies on mouse plasmacytomas have shown that IgGt is assembled from its constituent heavy chains and light chains, which are synthesized on separate polyribosomes (Shapiro et al., 1966a; Askonas & Williamson, 1966a). The cells of these tumours contain a pool of free light chains but very little heavy chain (Askonas & Williamson, 1966a; Scharff et al., 1967; Schubert, 1968). Light-chain pools have also been found in normal lymph-node and spleen cells of immunized mice and rabbits (Shapiro et al., 1966b; Askonas & Williamson, 1967) and therefore are not a peculiarity of neoplastic cells. Kinetic experiments, using a plasmacytoma that does not secrete light chain, suggest that the pool is involved in the assembly of IgG (Askonas & Williamson, 1966b; Williamson & Askonas, 1968). Additional evidence for this is presented here obtained by using plasma-cell tumour Adj PC5, which secretes both IgG and an excess of free light chains. The experiments were designed to distinguish between three possibilities. (a) The accumulated light chains are present in mutant cells that do not synthesize heavy chains (Scheme 1, model a). Schubert et al. (1968) have shown that such mutants can arise. (b) The pool is a by-product of protein synthesis, resulting from overproduction of light chains, and is not used for IgG assembly (Scheme 1, model b). (c) After release from the polyribosome, light chains enter the pool, which may be randomly mixed or time-ordered. The pool is then drawn on for IgG assembly (Scheme 1, model c). In each of these alternatives assembly may take place either on the polyribosome, heavy-chain release being controlled by light chains (Schubert, 1968; Askonas et al., 1969; Lisowska-Bernstein et al., 1971), or released heavy chains and light chains may associate in solution to form IgG.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:36:22.035Z
|
1972-12-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
5460224
|
s2ag/train
|
HL-A and lymphoid tumors.
The incidence of HL-A antigens on peripheral lymphocytes of 154 patients with lymphoid tumors has been compared with that of 383 controls. With the use of the simple X 2 test and a 5% level of significance, seven different associations appear to be valid. However, when the p value is corrected by multiplying it by the number of factors investigated, only the association of HL-A12 with lymphocytic lymphomas and the 4c antigen with chronic lymphatic leukemia appear to be significant. The previously described increased incidence of W5 and 4c in Hodgkin's disease was not found in the population studied, nor was the HL-A2-12 phenotype found to be increased in acute lymphatic leukemia.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T00:20:39.319Z
|
1973-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
10873713
|
s2ag/train
|
Skin test in bronchogenic carcinoma: I. Correlation of the immunological status and the extent of the disease
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction of 58 consecutive cases of bronchogenic carcinoma was studied by skin tests. None of the patients with excellent skin reaction was found to have hematogenous metastasis. All patients with negative skin reaction had hematogenous metastasis and all but two such patients died within 2 months. Patients with localized tumors or lymph node metastases appear to maintain competent delayed hypersensitivity reaction and a move toward more aggressive approaches in treating the patients in this group is proposed. It is suggested that skin testing in bronchogenic carcinoma could provide useful information of the extent of the tumor and immunological status of the patients, and should, therefore, be included in routine work‐ups.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T02:37:36.970Z
|
1973-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
34426677
|
s2ag/train
|
Significance of growth rates, cell kinetics, and histology in the irradiation and chemotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth
In eight cases of extended tumors of oral cavity, we have studied the growth rate, the cell kinetics parameters, and the histology before and during treatment. We have found that growth rate and cell kinetics are not useful for clinical purposes because the first is not related to the response to treatment, while the second is unable to give relevant parameters in solid human tumors. New information was obtained from examination of serial biopsies before and throughout the treatment. These data suggest that multiple subpopulation groups of cancer cells with different intrinsic sensitivity to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy may exist in the same tumor. Resistance of the tumor is related to some groups of cells scarcely sensitive to treatment.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:27:24.205Z
|
1973-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
6006205
|
s2ag/train
|
BCG prevents recurrent herpes genitalis infection.
This news article reports that Dr. Freedolph D. Anderson, at the 21st annual clinical meeting of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, presented evidence suggesting vaccination with BCG may be the solution to the dilemma of recurrent herpesvirus genitalis infection. A series of clinical tests with 15 patients (of both sexes) who were subject to recurrent infection was the basis of conclusions. The BCG dosage was .1 ml. Anderson also cited the cases of 3 women on oral contraceptives who failed to develop a positive tuberculin reaction after vaccination with BCG. The relationship existing between cell-mediated immunity and the estrogen found in oral contraceptives is under study by Dr. Anderson and colleagues. Present concern about recurrent infection of this type partly reflects the suspicion that a link may exist between herpesvirus hominus type II and cervical cancer.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T03:48:55.358Z
|
1973-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
2689542
|
s2ag/train
|
Mortality and pathology following aortic valve replacement with the Björk-Shiley tilting disc valve.
The cause of death and the main pathology in 20 patients following 161 aortic valve replacements with the Bjork-Shiley tilting disc valve were evaluated by classical pathological methods. Hospital mortality was 5% (8 patients), while 7% (12 patients) died later. Myocardial failure (9 patients) was the predominant cause of death. The remainder died of cerebral haemorrhage (3 patients), malignancy (3), infection (2), dissecting aortic aneurysm (1), hepato-renal syndrome (1) and thromboembolism in the absence of anticoagulant treatment (1). Gross cardiomegaly was found in all the 20 hearts examined. The low rate of prosthetic problems is ascribed to the design of the Bjork-Shiley tilting disc valve with its excellent wear characteristics and long durability. The absence of intimal changes in the area of the coronary ostia is also attributed to its construction with a low gradient, laminar flow and minimal turbulence. With anticoagulant treatment in long-term survivors with the Bjork-Shiley valve in the aorti...
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:02:10.907Z
|
1973-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
37538366
|
s2ag/train
|
Tuberculosis discovered while performing thoracotomy for suspected lung cancer.
An analysis is presented of 17 patients in whom the diagnosis of tuberculosis was made at thoracotomy for suspected lung cancer. The maximum age incidence was between the fifth and eighth decades, being more common in men. Tuberculin test was positive in all the patients. Roentgenograms of 14 of the 17 patients, most of whom were asymptomatic, revealed solitary pulmonary nodules. The radiologic features and conventional bronchoscopy were not helpful in distinguishing tuberculosis from carcinoma of the lung. Mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy, adhesions, caseous material and lesions between two to three centimeters in diameter were common operative findings. The posterior segment in upper lobe lesions and the posterior basal segment in lower lobe lesions were commonly involved. There was minimal postoperative morbidity, no mortality, and excellent long term follow-up without any complications.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:13:06.120Z
|
1973-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
38183637
|
s2ag/train
|
Natural Checks and Balances in Man
By any reasonable definition of biological success man is the most successful product of biological evolution. From a small and uncertain beginning, probably in Africa, man has spread to all continents except Antarctica, displaced other animals and multiplied to such an extent that there will soon be three thousand milion humans on the earth. Numbers are not in all respects advantageous but they provide a measure of biological success. Although population growth during the past few centuries has been prodigious, it is still only a small fraction of the potential growth; there have been checks on population increase. The most important check has been infectious disease, which has a major effect on the growth and genetic composition of populations because it eliminates a high proportion of those attacked before or during the reproductive period. In contrast, many non-infectious diseases, e.g. cardiovascular disease and cancer, affect mainly individuals after reproductive age, so that their effects
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:18:46.676Z
|
1973-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
38515634
|
s2ag/train
|
The role of the surgical oncologist.
ONCOLOGY IS A multidisciplinary subject composed of several arts and also sciences, which range throughout the whole of biology. Those who work in oncology, whether in the clinic, community, or laboratory, realize the necessity of a broad knowledge of basic medical and paramedical sciences. Their educational requirements embrace more than just an acquaintance with physiology, biochemistry and organic chemistry, embryology and fetal pathology, immunology, genetics, endocrinology, epidemiology, pathology, and carcinogenesis. While knowledge in depth of all these subjects would be difficult to acquire, yet we need to know their languages and understand their important connections with oncology and in the complete management of patients with oncological diseases. I feel it is no longer really logical to speak of 'cancer' to designate so many diseases differing in causation, symptomatology, and prognosis which require several forms of treatment. The solid tumours have so many variable properties that they cannot be considered together, and certainly not in the same way as the leukaemias and reticuloses. Many cause-effect mechanisms can be identified in their aetiology, and already our understanding of some of them has led to preventive treatment. In addition to these considerations the term 'cancer' causes much widespread fear and often pessimism, so that it seems timely for this designation to pass into history. I suggest substituting the term 'oncological diseases' as being more meaningful and less distressing. Perhaps it may be considered somewhat ponderous, but we would soon become familiar with its usage, and already we speak of another group of diseases as 'heavy-chain' diseases. For the prevention and control of these diseases a greater, sustained, international, clinical and research effort is now required to achieve this objective in the forseeable future. We must develop improved methods of scientific and clinical communication and collaboration. with emphasis on team-work. The recent establishment of three organizations for mutual discussion about oncological problems is welcomed.
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v2
|
2018-04-03T04:31:37.612Z
|
1973-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
39422093
|
s2ag/train
|
[Diagnosis and treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma].
Kaposi’s sarcoma is the most common tumor associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection and is found in homosexual and bisexual men, injection drug users, and hemophiliacs. Its incidence has declined over the past 20 years, but it is not yet curable. Evaluation, biopsy, workup, and staging are essential to providing proper treatment. Immune system impairment is the single most important predictor of survival. Kaposi’s sarcoma was first described in 1872 by the Austro-Hungarian dermatologist Moritz Kaposi. It is the most common tumor associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and is diagnosed in approximately 10% to 13% of homosexual or bisexual men with HIV, 3% of injection drug users or transfusion recipients, and 1% of hemophiliacs. The incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma has declined from 30% in 1982 to approximately 11% in 1996. 1–4
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v2
|
2018-04-03T05:05:01.361Z
|
1973-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
41420650
|
s2ag/train
|
Ultrasonic diagnosis of Wilms' tumors.
The ultrasound reflection characteristics in 5 patients with Wilms’ tumors are described. In the A-scope, the amplitude of the tumor echoes is not distinguishable from that of the kidney and liver, so that the boundary between tumor and renal or, if infiltrated, hepatic parenchyma cannot be defined. Necrotic foci within the tumor are probably the cause of the isolated high energy reflections. In the B-scan the Wilms’ tumor appears as a well defined, more (necrosis?) or less echo-free zone because of its very low impedance differences when the apparatus is optimally adjusted for the visualization of the kidney and liver. When the sensitivity is increased more than this, the weak echoes are amplified to the point where normal parenchyma and tumor tissue are no longer distinguishable from one another.While the value of ultrasound tomography can be considered as proven for the optimal planning of radiation therapy, the additional information from the simultaneous A-scope examination could possibly lead to a c...
|
v2
|
2019-03-10T13:06:14.007Z
|
1973-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
72735246
|
s2ag/train
|
Tumors of minor salivary origin
All cases of minor salivary neoplasm seen at Memorial Hospital during a 25‐year period are reviewed. More than 88% had malignant tumors, and adenoidcystic carcinoma was the lesion most frequently encountered. Although the palate was the site most often involved, great diversity in clinical presentation was noted. Neither the symptomatology nor the gross appearance was of assistance in predicting the histology of these lesions. All but 10% of the patients were treated surgically. Elective radical neck dissection was avoided in those with malignant tumors inasmuch as metastases were as likely to appear in distant sites as in regional lymph nodes. The determinate “cure” rate 5, 10, and 15 years after treatment was 44.5, 32.6, and 21.4%, respectively. Histology, anatomic site, and the extent of the disease were the factors which most influenced survival.
|
v2
|
2019-04-04T13:07:30.611Z
|
1973-01-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
94161431
|
s2ag/train
|
Rat mammary carcinogenesis following neutron- or x-radiation
Female 61 to 63 - day - old Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed once to a single dose of either 0.43 - MeV
neutrons or 250 - kVX - rays . For neutrons 23 rats were exposed in plastic tubes rotated around and 31 c m from
a water-cooled tritium impregnated target bombarded with 2.45 - MeV protons from a V a n de Graaff generator.
The mean kerma was measured at the rat location by integrating the response of a rat - sized homogeneous
tissue equivalent ionization chamber of minimum mass. The ratio between absorbed dose and kerma is under
investigation and is anticipated to be approximately 0.7. A compensated GM gamma-ray dosimeter indicated
that the gamma - ray doses were 3.5% of the total dose. All rats were examined weekly for the presence
of breast tumours and these were removed, fixed, stained and verified histologically as mammary neoplasms.
At 10 months after exposure 98<7ο of the rats were a live . The neutron kerma, the per cent of rats with
mammary neoplasia, and the number of rats were, respectively: 0.125 rads, 8.2°}o, 182; 0.5 rads, 9.0^0,
89; 2 rads, 20. 6,68; and 8 rads, 31.1%, 45. The X - ray results were: 30 R, 1.4% 95; 60 R, 27. l°Io, 48;
and 90 R, 35.4%, 48. A 3. O^o incidence was found in 167 control rats. At 10 months after exposure the
mammary neoplastic response after 8 rads of neutrons corresponds approximately to that after 60 - 90 R of
X - rays . Similarly, the response after 2 rads of neutrons was intermediate between 30 and 60 R of X - rays and
the response after 0 . 125 and 0.5 rads of neutrons was similar to that after 30 R of X - rays . This demonstrates
that the RBE for 0.43 - MeV neutrons is much lower at high doses than at low doses. Determination of the
confidence limits for the dose-RBE dependence and dose-incidence relationship will be determined as additional
data are collected.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T02:21:49.425Z
|
1973-01-15T00:00:00.000Z
|
20238068
|
s2ag/train
|
Immune responses in mice to tumour challenge after immunization with newcastle disease virus‐infected or X‐irradiated tumour cells or cell fractions
Cells of the transplantable ascites tumour sarcoma 37 (S37) have been infected in vitro with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Infected cells, a virus‐containing fraction of such cells, and X‐irradiated S37 cells have been found to immunize mice against subsequent tumour challenge. Anti‐lymphocyte serum and anti‐theta serum interfered with this immune response. The level of humoral anti‐tumour antibody did not correlate with immunity. Preimmunization with homologous virus (NDV) prior to inoculation with a virus‐containing tumour cell fraction did not in this system enhance the immune response against tumour challenge. The implications of these findings are discussed. Caution is advocated in applying the results of experiments with such animal tumour virus models to the human clinical situation.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T04:37:28.955Z
|
1973-01-15T00:00:00.000Z
|
39703246
|
s2ag/train
|
Cellular and humoral immunity to rat hepatoma‐specific antigens correlated with tumour status
Lymphocytes from rats bearing primary or transplanted aminoazo‐dye‐induced hepatomas were specifically cytotoxic for cells of the same tumour. Cytotoxic antibody was not present in the serum of these animals, although humoral factors capable of abrogating lymph‐node cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in vitro were detected. Following excision of transplanted hepatomas, cytotoxic lymph‐node cells were still demonstrable, with slightly increased reactivities comparable to those detected in a previous study of repeatedly immunized rats. Cytotoxic antibody was present in serum after tumour excision, and this correlates with the loss of serum blocking activity for lymph‐node cell‐mediated cytotoxic effects. In comparison, serum from rats repeatedly immunized to hepatomas, where high levels of cytotoxic antibody are also present, blocks lymph‐node cell‐mediated reactions in vitro, despite the immune status of the donor. These considerations suggest qualitative differences between the blocking factors in the serum of tumour‐bearer and tumour‐immune hosts, the former being antigen‐antibody complexes, and the latter free antibody.
|
v2
|
2019-03-22T16:15:33.631Z
|
1973-01-15T00:00:00.000Z
|
85247402
|
s2ag/train
|
TRANSITORY CELL ANTIGENS OF RAT LIVER. III. THE REAPPEARANCE OF α‐FETOPROTEIN DURING CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
When rats were fed a basal diet containing 0.01 to 0.04% 3′‐methyl‐4‐dimethyl‐aminoazobenzene (3′DAB), no serum α‐fetoprotein (αFP) was detected by gel immunodiffusion techniques during the first month of ingestion. On the contrary, with 0.06% 3′DAB in the same basal diet, α‐FP was detected after only two weeks in the sera of almost all animals, irrespective of age at the onset of feeding. An even earlier “reappearance” of α‐FP was observed with the hepatocarcinogen dimethylnitrosamine, given in drinking water. However, the frequency of α‐FP reappearance was dependent on the age of the animals when treatment was begun. Once detected, the α‐FP persisted in the blood for some time and was independent on the continued administration of carcinogen. The reappearance was characterized by several waves of α‐FP secretion over a given period. Animals whose serum α‐FP level became stabilized had a high probability of developing an hepatocellular carcinoma. Nevertheless, in 30% of hepatoma bearing animals, α‐FP could not be detected. Administration of the basal diet either alone or supplemented with 0.06% of the non‐carcinogenic 4′‐methyl‐4‐dimethylamino‐azobenzene also resulted in α‐FP reappearance. However, here the reappearance took place later and at a frequency equal to or lower than 30%. In the light of the above results, the reported specificity of the association between serum α‐FP and primary liver cancer should be reconsidered, at least during the early stages of the neoplastic transformation.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T05:59:00.507Z
|
1973-01-20T00:00:00.000Z
|
45180828
|
s2ag/train
|
Immunity of Epstein-Barr virus in Hodgkin's disease preceded by infectious mononucleosis.
A patient who developed Hodgkin's disease four years after infectious mononucleosis had elevated serum antibody titres to Epstein-Barr virus and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to membrane antigens prepared from fresh autologous spleen, from spleen cells of another Hodgkin's patient, and from cell lines known to carry the Epstein-Barr virus genome. Additional studies in more lymphoma patients will be needed to determine the significance of the reactivity against tumour and virus-associated antigens which has been documented in this patient.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T02:32:04.092Z
|
1973-01-25T00:00:00.000Z
|
33902315
|
s2ag/train
|
5-Fluorouracil in the treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasia.
FLUOROURACIL has been available for clinical use since 1958, and has been reported to produce objective tumor regressions in 11 to 50 per cent of patients with far advanced gastrointestinal cancer. For the most part, patients are treated by the method first advocated by Curreri1 and Ansfield2 and their co-workers, in which a loading course of 15 mg per kilogram of body weight is given by intravenous injection daily for four or five days, followed by maintenance doses of 7.5 mg per kilogram every other day until toxicity occurs. This regimen produces toxicity in most patients and a reported mortality . . .
|
v2
|
2014-10-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1973-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
13383007
|
s2orc/train
|
Y bodies and similar fluorescent chromocentres in human tumours including teratomata.
The presence of Y bodies and similar fluorescent chromocentres in the interphase cells of 73 benign and malignant neoplastic lesions of males, and 69 of females, has been assessed in preparations stained with quinacrine dihydrochloride. In the male, Y bodies were usually present, although none was seen in 16 of the 65 malignant tumours. Sometimes the Y body was present in duplicate, for example, in some regions of a benign polyp of the colon and generally in 10 of the malignant tumours. The series includes 5 seminomata and 12 malignant testicular teratomata, all of which were positive for Y bodies. The tumours of females failed to show similar bodies, with 5 exceptions: one of 13 carcinomata of the ovary showed a body resembling the Y body in about half the cells (however, a similar body was seen in lymphocytes from this case) while a further carcinoma of probable ovarian origin, and 3 of 13 ovarian dermoids, showed a similar body though in less than 20% of the cells. Although quinacrine fluorescence studies on interphase tumour cells may be of value in suggesting the presence or absence of Y chromosomes, it is desirable that these studies be supplemented by the investigation of the fluorescence pattern of the metaphase chromosomes. ImagesFig. 1Fig. 2Fig. 3Fig. 4Fig. 5
Summary.-The presence of Y bodies and similar fluorescent chromocentres in the interphase cells of 73 benign and malignant neoplastic lesions of males, and 69 of females, has been assessed in preparations stained with quinacrine dihydrochloride. In the male, Y bodies were usually present, although none was seen in 16 of the 65 malignant tumours. Sometimes the Y body was present in duplicate, for example, in some regions of a benign polyp of the colon and generally in 10 of the malignant tumours. The series includes 5 seminomata and 12 malignant testicular teratomata, all of which were positive for Y bodies.
The tumours of females failed to show similar bodies, with 5 exceptions: one of 13 carcinomata of the ovary showed a body resembling the Y body in about half the cells (however, a similar body was seen in lymphocytes from this case) while a further carcinoma of probable ovarian origin, and 3 of 13 ovarian dermoids, showed a similar body though in less than 20% of the cells.
Although quinacrine fluorescence studies on interphase tumour cells may be of value in suggesting the presence or absence of Y chromosomes, it is desirable that these studies be supplemented by the investigation of the fluorescence pattern of the metaphase chromosomes. THE quinacrine fluorescence technique enables the presence of Y chromosomes to be determined from observations on interphase cells (Pearson, Bobrow and Vosa, 1970) and thus promises to provide an additional tool in the study of the chromosome changes in human tumours. This paper describes the findings in a variety of tumours, including several testicular and other teratomata. The presence of " Y bodies " in interphase cells from a malignant testicular teratoma has previously been reported briefly (Atkin, 1970); a study of Y chromosomes is of obvious interest in teratomata of males in view of their uncertain histogenesis and, in particular, the presence of sex chromatin in many tumours.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Quinacrine dihydrochloride from several sources has proved equally suitable. Various modifications of the staining technique have been tried; satisfactory results have been obtained by staining for 8 min in a 0.5% solution of the quinacrine in distilled water, rinsing in tap water and mounting in sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) or in deionized water, with the addition of one or 2 drops of glycerol to retard drying. Of the types of preparation of solid tumour material that were available, those made for chromosome studies by the conventional air-drying method have usually proved satisfactory (minced tumour tissue was subjected to hypotonic saline and Colcemid pre-treatment before fixation in 1: 3 acetic acid: methanol). Smears fixed in 95%0 alcohol or by freeze substitution were generally satisfactory, but squashes of solid material fixed in acetic alcohol usually showed some granulation of the nuclei, which tended to obscure the fluorescent Y body. Material stored for some years in a refrigerator or domestic deep freeze unit has usually proved satisfactory, although the fluorescence may be less bright. Pre-
IS4
parations made over 12 years ago have, however, given apparently valid results. Once stained, the preparations have kept well for a year or more when stored at 04o Observations were made with a Zeiss photomicroscope using transmitted illumination from an HBO 200 mercury vapour lamp, BG12 exciter and 53/44 barrier filters and a X100 planapochromat or neofluar objective. situated and sometimes showed a constriction dividing it into 2, often unequal, parts. The observed incidence varied considerably and it was clear that this variation was generally due to technical factors, different types of preparation from the same tumour perhaps showing considerable variation. Sometimes after hypotonic pre-treatment a general opacity of the nuclei rendered the chromocentre A " blind " assessment of each preparation was made, without knowledge of the type of tumour or the sex of the patient.
The presence of fluorescent chromocentres in both tumour and normal cells was assessed.
RESULTS
A fluorescent chromocentre compatible in appearance with the Y body was seen in most of the male tumour material. The body was often seen to be peripherally less easy to see; on the other hand, an artefactual accentuation of the granularity of the chromatin occasionally tended to obscure the Y body. Multiple, brightly fluorescent bodies were in general rarely encountered and did not present a problem similar to that posed by multiple chromocentres in orcein or Feulgen stained preparations, which tend to obscure sex chromatin (Atkin, 1967). Sex chromatin may be visible with the fluorescent technique but does not attain the level of brightness of the Y body.
Sixty-nine tumours of females were studied: 49 were malignant tumours, including 12 carcinomata of the cervix uteri, 6 corpus uteri, 7 breast, 4 large bowel, 2 malignant melanomata and one * Modal chromosome number estimated from DNA measurements; otherwise, the figures in brackets represent modal numbers derived from chromosome counts. each of bladder, parotid (mucous gland tumour), follicular lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease, all of which failed to show a fluorescent body.
However, of 13 ovarian carcinomata from 12 patients, one, a papillary serous adenocarcinoma in a patient aged 50 years with bilateral tumours, showed a fluorescent body resembling the Y body in 70 of 154 cells (45%o) and 2 bodies were seen in a further 5 (30 %). This tumour was sex chromatin negative. A similar fluorescent body was seen in lymphocytes present in the tumour material. The tumour in the opposite ovary from this patient was a sex chromatin positive mucinous adenocarcinoma which showed no fluorescent body. The remaining ovarian carcinomata were also negative, but in a further carcinoma of probable ovarian origin from the outer surface of the uterus in a patient aged 56 years, a fluorescent body was seen in about 50% of the cells.
The benign tumours consisted of 13 dermoid cysts, 4 mucinous cystadenomata, 2 serous cystadenomata and one cystadenofibroma, all from the ovarv. These were negative apart from 3 dermoid cysts in patients aged 30, 48 and 55 years respectively, in which bodies resembling Y bodies were seen in 1-20% of the cells; the ages of the other patients with dermoid cysts ranged from 16 to 49. All of the dermoid cysts were sex chromatin positive. Restaining of quinacrine preparations of the ovarian tumours with orcein failed to reveal chromocentres at the site of the fluorescent bodies. DISCUSSION It is apparent from the above findings that the interphase cells of malignant tumours of males vary with respect to the presence of Y bodies, just as they vary with respect to sex chromatin in those of females. Most commonly, a single body is present, as in normal diploid cells although in such tumours there is usually a small proportion of cells which are larger (and presumably polyploid) and have 2 bodies. In some tumours, however, the Y body is present in duplicate in most of the cells; these tumours tend to have a high chromosome number. However, 16 of the 65 malignant tumours failed to show a Y body. This unexpectedly high incidence resembles the high incidence (about 30%) of sex chromatin negative tumours in females (Atkin, 1967), and would appear to indicate that the Y chromosome tends to be lost from the karyotypes of malignant tumours. These negative tumours, like sex chromatin negative tumours of females, tend to have high chromosome numbers. The common finding of a single Y body in benign polyps of the large bowel in males is in keeping with normal karyotypes, or karyotypes showing only minimal changes, in these lesions (Baker and Atkin, 1970). However, in one polyp a few regions with double Y bodies were seen, suggesting the occurrence of new clone formation in this possibly premalignant lesion (Fig. la).
Among the malignant testicular tumours studied, Y bodies (sometimes in duplicate) appeared to be consistently present; several of the tumours were teratomata which were also sex chromatin positive. These findings are compatible with an origin from diploid totipotential cells rather than from haploid cells which have undergone chromosomal doubling (Tavares, 1966), since in the latter case either X or Y chromosomes, but not both, would be present.
The significance of the presence of bodies resembling the Y body in some ovarian tumours is uncertain. The latter included 3 dermoids. The identification of the cell-types containing the body was usually not possible in the preparations made from these tumours although in one smear a body was clearly present in epithelial cells (Fig. 4c). Judging from their size, the cells containing the bodies did not deviate in their ploidy level from the main, presumably diploid, population. It is of interest that in one lXX patient the bodies were seen in an adenocarcinoma of one ovary while they were not seen in an adenocarcinoma of different histological type in the opposite ovary. The presence of similar bodies in lymphocytes suggested that they represent a constitutional variant affecting an autosome, such as an enlarged fluorescent region in the centromeric region of a No. 3 or satellite of a D group chromosome. Presumably, this autosome, while present in the tumour showing the fluorescent bodies, had been lost from the karyotype of the tumour in the opposite ovary. Unfortunately, it was not possible to perform chromosome studies to test this hypothesis.
In another ovarian carcinoma, a body was seen in a smaller proportion of the tumour cells but none was seen in the normal cells.
Fluorescent bodies resembling the Y body have been observed in about 5% of buccal mucosa cells in females (Robinson and Buckton, 1971), but observations in this laboratory suggest a rather lower incidence for other normal cell types. Among normal males it is well known that the fluorescing region of the Y chromosome varies in its extent in different individuals, but only very rarely is it so little as to fail to produce a recognizable fluorescent chromocentre in interphase cells (Robinson and Buckton, 1971). On the other hand, a study of males in a mental institution showed that in some individuals an additional fluorescent spot was seen in interphase cells, which suggested the presence of a second Y chromosome but which, however, could be traced in karyotype studies to a brightly fluorescing area on a chromosome other than a Y (Akesson, Forssman and Wahlstrom, 1971). Although fluorescence studies on interphase tumour cells may suggest the presence of Y chromosomes, it seems desirable therefore that these be supplemented by observations on the fluorescence pattern of metaphase chromosomes. In one of the testicular teratomata in the present series, a Y chromo-some was identified in metaphase, confirming that the fluorescent chromocentre seen in interphase cells was indeed a Y body (Fig. 3).
|
v2
|
2017-05-16T18:48:59.488Z
|
1973-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
10456507
|
s2ag/train
|
Activities and isoenzyme patterns of some enzymes of glucose metabolism in human primary malignant hepatoma.
The levels of a number of enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism were assayed in the cancerous and morphologically normal (host) portions of livers from nine primary malignant hepatoma cases obtained at autopsy. The levels of these enzymes in two normal human adult and two fetal livers were also determined. The activities of phosphoglucomutase, fructose 1,6-diphosphatase and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were considerably lower in the tumor tissue than in host tissue or tissue from normal adult livers. Other enzymes that showed decreased activity in tumor relative to host tissue included triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, and lactate and malate dehydrogenases.
Pyruvate kinase activity was somewhat elevated in the tumor. More striking changes were seen on electrophoresis, which showed that the major L isoenzyme of liver was replaced by the more positively charged M band. Hexokinase activity showed no consistent changes in level in hepatoma, but starch gel electrophoresis showed the appearance of hexokinase II and disappearance of hexokinase III in tumor tissue. Glucokinase was not detected in any preparations.
An increase in the proportion of lactate dehydrogenase Isoenzyme 3 was found for one cancer patient. No differences in the electrophoretic patterns of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase or triosephosphate isomerase were seen between cancer, host, or normal liver tissue. The ratio of activity of tumor aldolase with fructose 1,6-diphosphate to that with fructose 1-phosphate was considerably increased, showing a change from the liver type B to admixture with muscle type A.
|
v2
|
2017-08-27T08:05:58.463Z
|
1973-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
32252632
|
s2ag/train
|
Transformation of Rat Liver Cells with Chicken Sarcoma Virus B77 and Murine Sarcoma Virus
Rat liver cells in vitro were transformed with chicken sarcoma virus B77, giving RL(B77) cells, and with murine sarcoma virus (Harvey), giving RL(MSV) cells. Rat liver cells transformed spontaneously in vitro were designated RL cells. In addition, the RL(MSV) cell line was adapted for growth in culture fluid containing 25 μg of 5-bromodeoxyuridine per ml. All cell lines were tumorigenic in 1-wk-old rats. The number of cells needed for induction of tumor growth was 1,000-fold higher in the case of RL(B77) cells in comparison with RL(MSV) cells and RL cells. No production of viral particles from any of the cell lines investigated was detected by plating concentrated supernatant fluid of the cultures on different secondary embryo cells with and without fusion by Sendai virus, by labeling with uridine-5-3H, or by assay for deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity. The viral genome was rescued by fusion of RL(B77) cells with chicken cells. Chicken sarcoma virus rescued from (RL(B77) cells differed in plating efficiency on duck cells from B77 virus rescued from transformed rat embryo cells. No virus was rescued after fusion of RL(MSV) and RL cells with mouse, rat, or chicken embryo cells. Infectious murine sarcoma virus can be induced by 5-bromodeoxyuridine from RL(MSV) cells.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T01:27:24.727Z
|
1973-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
29459633
|
s2ag/train
|
Combined Treatment of Stage IB Carcinoma of the Cervix
During the years 1960-1966, 537 patients with FIGO Stage Ib carcinoma or the cervix were treated by combined preopcrative radium and Wcrlhcim hysterectomy with Iymphadcnectomy at the Norwegian Radium Hospital. The overall five-year survival was 88.3%. There was a 2.8% incidence of significant urologic complications. The study concluded that preopcrative radium allowed for a less extensive uretcral dissection and a reduction in the size of the vaginal cuff except in those cases demonstrating residual cancer in the hysterectomy specimen. The finding of positive pelvic lymph nodes was the most significant prognostic factor. The fiveyear survival was 62.9% for those patients with node involvement as compared with 92.9% for those in whom lymphatic extension was not appreciated.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T02:31:13.420Z
|
1973-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
34033213
|
s2ag/train
|
Leiomyoma of the esophagus presenting as a bleeding epiphrenic diverticulum.
A patient with a large leiomyoma of the esophagus presenting radiologically as a large epiphrenic diverticulum and associated with massive gastrointestinal bleeding is reported. At operation a large tumor involving almost the entire lower third of the esophagus was found. This tumor had grown circumferentially outward in all directions carrying normal mucosal lining with it so that it formed a pouch-like dilatation of the lumen. This case represents an unusual growth and presentation of esophageal leiomyoma.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T02:53:22.746Z
|
1973-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
35410026
|
s2ag/train
|
Post-radiation sarcoma in ankylosing spondylitis. A report of five cases.
1. Five cases of fibrosarcoma arising after radiotherapy in cases of ankylosing spondylitis are reported. 2. The relationship of the tumours to irradiation is discussed. 3. Objective neurological signs arising in the lower limbs of patients with ankylosing spondylitis after a latent period following radiotherapy may indicate an underlying sarcoma.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T03:13:10.495Z
|
1973-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
1285088
|
s2ag/train
|
Diethylstilbestrol and circulating lipids in women with metastatic breast cancer: lack of dose response over 3 log units.
Thirty-five women with progressive metastatic breast cancer were treated in a double blind study with diethylstilbestrol in doses of 1.5, 15, 150, or 1500 mg daily. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins were measured serially in samples obtained from fasting patients. The pretreatment value for each variable was paired with the arithmetic mean of all values obtained during treatment. Plasma triglycerides increased 88% and plasma phospholipids rose 15% with therapy. There was no significant difference in mean responses of patients among the 4-dose levels, with increases apparent by 2 weeks of treatment, and stable as long as 2 yr. Plasma total cholesterol was unchanged with the estrogen therapy, although high-density liproprotein cholesterol increased. Serum immunoreactive insulin and plasma free fatty acids and glycerol did not change significantly. These data indicate that estrogen effects on circulating lipids accompanying pharmacologic doses of the hormone are independent of dosage.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T06:10:25.195Z
|
1973-02-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
45824040
|
s2ag/train
|
Frequency of fish tumors found in a polluted watershed as compared to nonpolluted Canadian waters.
Summary Data are presented on the incidence of tumors found in 2121 fish examined from the Fox River watershed (4.38%) as compared to 4639 fish examined in Canada (1.03%). The water systems were compared as to pollution potentials, and the Fox River was found to be a highly polluted system. Among the pollutants found were mercury, lead, arsenic, toluene, crude oil, gasoline, benzanthracene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phosphates, sulfates, and coliform bacteria. Factors such as dissolved oxygen content, temperature, and nutritional variation were considered similar in both water systems. It is concluded that these pollutants were responsible for the greater frequency of tumors. No attempts were made to determine the effects of pollution on the long-term human users of the water or to determine the virus contents of the water system under study. Plans are now being made to study the waters for fish viruses and, incidently, those enteric viruses that one might expect in a river system that is termed “a floating sewer.”
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T00:05:45.865Z
|
1973-03-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
8260931
|
s2ag/train
|
Permanent implants in the management of head and neck cancer by radiotherapy.
The results of treatment of carcinoma of the buccal mucosa, gingiva, tonsillar area and posterior pharyngeal wall using permanent interstitial implantation are reported.In spite of the fact that many of the lesions were locally advanced, this method of treatment offered an effective means of controlling local tumor.For patients with adequate operative risk, the combination of external beam megavoltage therapy and interstitial implantations offers a better rate of local tumor control than external beam radiation therapy alone.Interstitial gamma-ray therapy may be used even when the indications are unusual, and good results may be obtained with a minimum of late changes and undue complications.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T01:01:44.202Z
|
1973-03-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
27857399
|
s2ag/train
|
Treatment of carcinoma of the hypopharynx
One hundred and eighty cases of carcinoma of the hypopharynx are reviewed. The overall 5‐year survival rate was 24%. Early carcinoma of the hypopharynx (T1NO) has been well controlled by radical radiotherapy. Carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall without nodal involvement is also found to be successfully managed by radiotherapy alone. For patients with T3 carcinoma of the hypopharynx or with nodal disease, it is rational to start with large field radiotherapy encompassing the whole neck. Depending on the tumor response at a dose of 4,000 rads in 4 weeks, a decision is to be made whether to give additional curative radiotherapy with decreased field size, or to give surgical management. In planning treatment portals, special attention should be paid to the topographic distribution of the neck node which is closely related to the original site of primary lesion of carcinoma of the hypopharynx. Patients of local recurrence after radiotherapy were often salvaged by surgery. There was a high incidence of other primary cancers in our series.
|
v2
|
2018-04-03T01:11:18.913Z
|
1973-03-01T00:00:00.000Z
|
28411944
|
s2ag/train
|
Osteogenic Sarcoma of the Frontal Sinus
Although osteogenic sarcoma occurs in the head and neck, it is almost exclusively limited to the maxilla and the mandible. Single, rare cases of this tumor in other facial bones are mentioned in foreign reports, but a discussion in the English literature has not come to our attention. The case history of a 58-year-old woman with a nonspecific frontal sinus pain and right-sided proptosis is presented. Plain radiographs of the paranasal sinuses revealed a radiopaque, calcific mass in the right frontal sinus approximately 3 × 5 cm in diameter. It was noted that the mass had an “onionskin” lamination. Laminography aided in the exact localization of the mass; further, it was noted on arteriography that the frontal sinus mass did not invade the dura. A frozen section biopsy at the time of craniotomy suggested a benign histologic lesion. However, subsequent review of permanent sections showed findings typical of an osteogenic sarcoma. The patient was treated with irradiation and in the first postoperative year has done well.
|
v2
|
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