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1240892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strake%20Jesuit%20College%20Preparatory	Strake Jesuit College Preparatory	Strake Jesuit College Preparatory (properly referred to as "Strake Jesuit" or "Jesuit" but often informally called "Strake" by students and alumni) is a Jesuit, college-preparatory school for boys, grades 9–12, in the Chinatown area and in the Greater Sharpstown district of Houston, Texas, United States. It is near Alief. With over 1,200 students, it is the largest Catholic high school in Houston. It has a full-time curator for its art collection; the City of Houston has classified the campus as an art museum. The school is located within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston. It is one of only two private schools in Texas that are members of the University Interscholastic League (the other being Dallas Jesuit), which allows it to compete athletically against the largest public schools. History The school was founded by Father Michael Kenelley, S.J., on June 21, 1960, in what was then the undeveloped, west side of Houston. The school's patron saint is Stanislaus Kostka, a Polish Jesuit who serves as a patron of students; additionally, as a Jesuit institution, Ignatius of Loyola is invoked as an unofficial patron saint. In 1971, the school asked to declare Chapter 10 bankruptcy as it lost money in the Sharpstown scandal. The school surrendered seven acres of its original property to pay its debts and emerge from bankruptcy protection. The seven-acre tract was repurchased by the school in 2012 for $3.3 million. From 1990 to 1993, the number of applications submitted to Strake Jesuit doubled. Fr. Brian Zinnamon, the school president, said during the year that there were twice as many applicants as available spots. At the time, tuition was $4,700 per year, described by the Houston Chronicle as steep. Father Zinnamon said, "Certainly what is going on in the public schools is a factor. Parents are choosing a safe environment where they know their children are getting Christian values." In 2005, before Hurricane Katrina, the school had 899 students. An additional 410 were temporarily enrolled at Strake after the hurricane for a period of time to support students of the New Orleans Jesuit school. Athletics The "Fighting Crusaders" were one of many Catholic high schools that originally competed in the now defunct T.C.I.L. (Texas Christian Interscholastic League). The league began in 1935 under the direction of Albert Mitchell (then principal of Central Catholic, San Antonio). Strake Jesuit's last year of competition in the T.C.I.L. concluded when the league came to a close in the 1999–2000 athletic season with the baseball team capturing the final T.C.I.L. State Championship in any sport. After T.C.I.L. merged with TAPPS, both Strake Jesuit and Dallas Jesuit were not permitted to join as TAPPS believed those two schools were too powerful. From the fall of 2000 to the spring of 2003, the Crusaders competed as an independent in all sports. They were admitted into the University Interscholastic League (U.I.L.), the public school athletic league, partly due to the efforts of Joe Nixon, a member of the Texas House of Representatives. Texas Senate Bill 1943 opened the UIL to Strake and Dallas Jesuit, which established rules to put those two schools on equal footing with public schools. After its admission into the U.I.L., Strake Jesuit began competing in its listed district of 19-5A in the fall of 2003. The Crusaders have won several district and regional championships along with a state championship, state runners-up, and state semi-finalists within the past eight years in the U.I.L. The "Fighting Crusaders" athletic department provides 14 different programs which include: baseball, basketball, cross-country, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, rugby, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, water polo, and wrestling. The Houston Press ranked the U.I.L. realignment as the "Best Way to Break In to the Big Time" in 2003. Rivalry Despite moving to the U.I.L., Strake Jesuit had a storied rivalry with Saint Thomas High School (STH). Since its beginning in 1964, Strake Jesuit had a record of 24–29–1 against STH. However, as of 2020, both schools have announced the end of the annual competition and Strake Jesuit will now compete with Dallas Jesuit instead. This decision however was disliked by students and alumni from both schools. Notable alumni Juan Adams (2010) -- professional mixed martial artist Matthew Boling (2019) – college track and field athlete Austin Claunch (2008) -- college basketball coach, head coach of Nicholls State Colonels; 2nd youngest coach in NCAA Division 1 Tim Frazier (2009) -- NBA player Rod Graves (1977) -- Former General Manager of the Arizona Cardinals Gerald Hills (1973) -- politician and educator; former chair of the Michigan Republican Party Ilolo Izu (2015) – college track and field athlete Derek Lyons (2000) -- Counselor to the President Donald Trump Eric Mullins (1980) -- co-CEO of Lime Rock Resources and former professional football player Jim Murphy (1976) -- Member of Texas House of Representatives Pace Murphy (2012) -- professional football player Jake Voskuhl (1996) -- former NBA player See also Christianity in Houston List of Jesuit sites Notes References External links Jesuit Schools Network for other Jesuit high schools Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston 1960 establishments in Texas Boys' schools in Texas Catholic secondary schools in Texas Educational institutions established in 1960 Jesuit high schools in the United States Jesuit New Orleans Province Private high schools in Houston Roman Catholic secondary schools in Houston	0	-1
2434889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF%20Welford	RAF Welford	Royal Air Force Welford or more simply RAF Welford is an active Royal Air Force station in Berkshire, England. The station is located approximately northwest of Newbury; about west-southwest of London Opened in 1943, it was used during the Second World War by both the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Forces. During the war it was used primarily as a transport airfield. After the war it was closed in 1946 and placed in reserve status. As a result of the Cold War, the station was reopened in 1955 as a munitions depot by the United States Air Force. Today it is one of the largest ammunition compounds for the United States Air Force in Western Europe for heavy munitions. Location RAF Welford is located in West Berkshire with a dedicated and rarely used access road leading to the station from the eastbound M4 motorway between junctions 13 and 14 to the west of the A34 junction with the M4. The access road from the M4 is signposted "Works Unit Only". The 1 mile marker sign did have the distinctive red border of a defence establishment until changes made in 2015 and a photo refers. History USAAF use In October 1943 the airfield was allocated to Ninth Air Force IX Troop Carrier Command (TCC). While under USAAF control, Welford was known as USAAF Station AAF-474. 315th Troop Carrier Group The 315th Troop Carrier Group arrived at Welford on 6 November 1943 from RAF Aldermaston flying C-47s and C-53s. Its squadrons and fuselage codes were: 34th Troop Carrier Squadron (NM) 43d Troop Carrier Squadron (UA) 309th Troop Carrier Squadron (M6) 310th Troop Carrier Squadron (4A) The 315th TCG was part of the 52nd Troop Carrier Wing. On 7 February 1944 the group was transferred to RAF Spanhoe. 435th Troop Carrier Group As part of the IX Troop Carrier Command's desire to have its C-47 groups commence training with paratroops of the 101st Airborne Division deployed in the Salisbury Plain area, the squadrons of the 435th Troop Carrier Group arrived at Welford on 25 January 1944 from RAF Langar flying C-47s and C-53s. Its squadrons and fuselage codes were: 75th Troop Carrier Squadron (SH) 76th Troop Carrier Squadron (CW) 77th Troop Carrier Squadron (IB) 78th Troop Carrier Squadron (CM) The 435th TCG was assigned to the 53d Troop Carrier Wing. In early February 1945 the group was moved to an Advanced Landing Ground at Breigny France (A-48). USAF use After being placed on a care and maintenance basis after the war, the station re-opened as the home of the 7531st Ammunition Squadron in September 1955. In 2009 USAF staffing at Welford was reduced as part of USAF wide budgetary adjustments. The munitions base's function is described as "at its busiest when the US government deploys bombers to a forward air station at RAF Fairford". The bombers at RAF Fairford can include B-1, B-2 and B-52. There are three public photos, possibly taken in 2007, and a September 2014 aerial photo of the depot. In May 2019 the USAF moved half a million pounds of net explosives weight from Newport Port, South Wales to RAF Welford. The vessel involved was the US Ocean ship Ocean Globe. Based units Welford is now under the command of the 420th Munitions Squadron, and comes under the command of the 501st Combat Support Wing, with headquarters at RAF Alconbury, which provides support to the Geographically Separated Units (GSU)s in the United Kingdom. See also List of Royal Air Force stations References Citations Bibliography Freeman, Roger A. (1994) UK airfields of the Ninth: then and now, London : Battle of Britain Prints International, Maurer, Maurer (1983) Air Force combat units of World War II, Washington, D.C. : Office of Air Force History, External links 420th Munitions Squadron - History of RAF Welford Royal Air Force stations in Berkshire Installations of the United States Air Force in the United Kingdom Airfields of the IX Troop Carrier Command in the United Kingdom RAF	1	1
45654559	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelina%20Zuni%20Lucero	Evelina Zuni Lucero	Evelina Zuni Lucero (born October 10, 1953) is a Native American (Isleta Pueblo/Ohkay Owingeh) novelist, poet and journalist. Her novel Night Sky, Morning Star won the 1999 First Book Award from the Native Writers' Circle of the Americas. Personal life Lucero grew up in Isleta Pueblo until the age of eight, after which her family relocated to Colorado and Nevada. She joined the Stanford University program of Native American Studies in its inaugural year, and then became a journalist working with Native groups. During this time, she met and interviewed Pueblo poet Simon Ortiz, who she describes as a formative influence on her writing: “here before me was an Indian author, a Pueblo no less, who wrote of people and places with which I was familiar, who showed in his poems and stories that our lives were as important and worthy as any. Like coyote, he had been all over the country, working all kinds of jobs, meeting all kinds of people, and then writing about those experiences.” Lucero lives at Isleta Pueblo and teaches at the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico. She has also acted as a community organizer at Isleta for Headstart and other educational/artistic programs. Lucero currently serves as Chair or Creative Writing at the Institute of American Indian Arts. Publication history Lucero is known for her novel Night Sky, Morning Star (1999). The book tells the stories of Pueblo artist Cecelia Bluespruce and her extended family, especially her estranged son Jude. Lucero interleaves these chapters with others told by Julian Morningstar James, Jude's father and the Morning Star of the title, who has been unjustly imprisoned for crimes supposedly committed when he was an activist for the American Indian Movement. James’ story has parallels with that of real-life political prisoner Leonard Peltier, and Lucero has stated that “When I gave it thought, a Native prisoner was a fitting characterization of the Indian experience in the Americas." Reviewer Annette van Dyke states that the resemblance between Cecelia and Julian's story and that of the traditional Tiwa story of the deer man - “someone who lures women away from family, friends and proper behavior and then betrays them” – is a central question of the novel, one that is eventually resolved. Van Dyke argues that Lucero is perhaps overly concerned with escaping the shadow of Leslie Marmon Silko and that her novel lacks some of the humor of other recent Native American fiction, but concludes that the novel gives readers “a good glimpse into contemporary Tiwa-speaking Pueblo life.” Stuart Christie argues that, as in Jeannette Armstrong’s novel Slash, Lucero illustrates the power of love as "an important […] anchor linking imprisoned Native North American men and women to their traditions and people outside the prison walls". Lucero has also published short stories and has worked as a journalist since the 1970s. Awards First Book Award from the Native Writers’ Circle of the Americas (1999). Civitella Ranieri Fellow (Civitella Ranieri International Artist Center, 1999). Works Books Essays References 1953 births Living people 20th-century American essayists 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American poets 20th-century American short story writers 20th-century American women writers 20th-century Native Americans American women essayists American women novelists American women poets American women short story writers Native American essayists Native American journalists Native American novelists Native American poets Native American short story writers Native American women writers Novelists from New Mexico People from Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico People from Pueblo of Isleta Pueblo people Writers from Albuquerque, New Mexico 20th-century Native American women 21st-century Native Americans 21st-century Native American women	0	-1
42854382	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underley%20Hall	Underley Hall	Underley Hall is a large country house near Kirkby Lonsdale in Cumbria. It was designed in a Jacobean Revival style by the architect George Webster for Alexander Nowell and built between 1825 and 1828, on the site of an earlier house. An additional wing and tower, designed by E. G. Paley and Hubert Austin, were added in 1874. After being used as a school between 1940 and 1959, the property became St Michael's College, a junior seminary for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lancaster, for which a modernist chapel was designed by George Grenfell-Baines of architecture practice BDP and constructed between 1964 and 1966. In 1976 the building changed hands again, becoming an independent residential special school for teenagers with behavioural difficulties. The school closed in July 2014 Further reading John D. Battle, ed. (1969), Underley Hall, A History of the House and its Occupants References Westmorland Country houses in Cumbria Defunct schools in Cumbria Former Catholic seminaries Grade II* listed buildings in Cumbria Kirkby Lonsdale Defunct special schools in England	0	-1
3652088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent%20Hill%20%28video%20game%29	Silent Hill (video game)	is a 1999 survival horror game developed by Team Silent, a group in Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo, and published by Konami. The first installment in the Silent Hill series, the game was released from February to July, originally for the PlayStation. Silent Hill uses a third-person view, with real-time rendering of 3D environments. To mitigate limitations of the console hardware, developers liberally used fog and darkness to muddle the graphics. Unlike earlier survival horror games that focused on protagonists with combat training, the player character of Silent Hill is an "everyman". The game follows Harry Mason as he searches for his missing adopted daughter in the eponymous fictional American town of Silent Hill; stumbling upon a cult conducting a ritual to revive a deity it worships, he discovers her true origin. Five game endings are possible, depending on actions taken by the player, including one joke ending. Silent Hill received positive reviews from critics on its release and was commercially successful. It is considered by many to be one of the greatest video games ever made, as well as a defining title in the survival horror genre, as it moved away from B movie horror elements toward a more psychological horror style, emphasizing atmosphere. Various adaptations of Silent Hill have been released, including a 2001 visual novel, the 2006 feature film Silent Hill, and a 2009 reimagining of the game, titled Silent Hill: Shattered Memories. The game was followed by Silent Hill 2 in 2001, and a direct sequel, Silent Hill 3, in 2003. Gameplay The objective of the player is to guide main protagonist and player character Harry Mason through a monster-filled town as he searches for his lost daughter, Cheryl. Silent Hills gameplay consists of combat, exploration, and puzzle-solving. The game uses a third-person view, with the camera occasionally switching to other angles for dramatic effect, in pre-scripted areas. This is a change from older survival horror games, which constantly shifted through a variety of camera angles. Because Silent Hill has no heads-up display, the player must consult a separate menu to check Harry's "health". If a DualShock controller is used, a heart beat rhythm can be felt signifying that the player is at low health. Harry confronts monsters in each area with both melee weapons and firearms. An ordinary man, Harry cannot sustain many blows from enemies, and gasps for breath after sprinting. His inexperience in handling firearms means that his aim, and therefore the player's targeting of enemies, is often unsteady. A portable radio collected early in the game alerts Harry to the presence of nearby creatures with bursts of static. The player can locate and collect maps of each area, stylistically similar to tourist maps. Accessible from the menu and readable only when sufficient light is present, each map is marked with places of interest. Visibility is mostly low due to fog and darkness; the latter is prevalent in the "Otherworld". The player locates a pocket-size flashlight early in the game, but the light beam illuminates only a few feet. Navigating through Silent Hill requires the player to find keys and solve puzzles. Plot Silent Hill opens with Harry Mason's drive to the titular town with his adopted daughter Cheryl for a vacation. At the town's edge, he swerves to avoid hitting a girl in the road, and as a result, he crashes and loses consciousness. Waking up in town, he realizes that Cheryl is missing and sets out to look for her. The town is deserted and foggy, with snow falling out of season, and he begins to experience bouts of unconsciousness and encounters with hostile creatures. During his exploration of the town, he meets Cybil Bennett, a police officer from the neighboring town who is investigating the mysterious occurrences. Dahlia Gillespie, a cultist, gifts him the Flauros, a charm which she claims can counteract the darkness spreading through the town. In the town's hospital, he encounters its director, Dr. Michael Kaufmann, bewildered by the sudden changes in the town, and discovers a frightened, amnesiac nurse, Lisa Garland, hiding in one of the rooms. Harry can later rescue Kaufmann from a monster, discover evidence of Kaufmann's role in the local drug trafficking, and stumble upon Kaufmann's hidden bottle of aglaophotis, a supernatural liquid that can exorcise demons. Harry comes to believe that a darkness is transforming the town into someone's nightmare, which is why the inhabitants have mostly disappeared. Dahlia urges him to stop "the demon" responsible for it—the girl in the road who appears to him sporadically—or Cheryl will die. Continuing his search, Harry finds himself drawn into a fight with Cybil, who has become the host to a supernatural parasite; the player can choose to save her. The next time Harry sees the girl, the Flauros activates and neutralizes her telekinetic powers. Dahlia then appears and reveals that she manipulated Harry into catching the girl—an apparition of her daughter, Alessa. Harry then awakens in the hospital again, next to Lisa. Lisa explains that she experienced a sense of deja vu while in the basement, and when he finds her again, she despairs that she is "the same as them". She pleads with Harry to save her, and blood runs down her face; horrified, he flees. Her diary reveals that she nursed Alessa during a secret, forced hospitalization. Alessa's never-healing wounds terrified her, as she fell deeper into a drug addiction fueled by Kaufmann. Finding Dahlia with Alessa's defeated apparition and charred body, Harry demands to know Cheryl's whereabouts: he discovers that seven years earlier Dahlia conducted a ritual to force Alessa to birth the cult's deity; Alessa survived being immolated because her status as vessel rendered her immortal, while her mental resistance to the ritual caused her soul to be bisected, preventing the birth. One half manifested as the infant Cheryl, whom Harry and his wife adopted. Dahlia then casts a spell to lure Cheryl back, while Alessa was imprisoned within the hospital, enduring unceasing agony as a result of her injuries. With Alessa's plan thwarted and her soul rejoined, the deity is revived and possesses her. Endings Four different endings are available, dependent on the player's previous actions: In the "Bad" ending, the deity merges with Alessa and electrocutes Dahlia before attacking Harry. He defeats it, and Cheryl's voice thanks him for freeing her. Overcome by grief, Harry collapses, and the next scene is that of his corpse in his wrecked car. The "Bad +" ending concludes with Harry and Cybil fleeing instead after the deity's demise. In the "Good" ending, Kaufmann, now feeling betrayed by Dahlia, demands that she restore the town to normal and uses aglaophotis to exorcise the deity out of Alessa. Harry defeats the deity, and Alessa gives him an infant, the reincarnation of herself and Cheryl. She then helps him escape from her nightmare realm. In the "Good +" ending, Harry escapes with Cybil and the baby. In both "Good" endings, a bloody and vengeful Lisa prevents Kaufmann from escaping with Harry. The "Joke" ending features extraterrestrials abducting Harry. Development Design Development of Silent Hill started in September 1996. The game was created by Team Silent, a group of staff members within the Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo studio. Konami sought to produce a game that would be successful in the United States. For this reason, a Hollywood-like atmosphere was used for Silent Hill. The staff members that were assigned to the game's development had failed at their previous projects. They intended to leave Konami, as they were not allowed to realize their own ideas, and were not compatible with the company's other teams. According to composer Akira Yamaoka, the developers did not know how to proceed with the Silent Hill project, either. As the time passed, the personnel and management of Konami lost their faith in the game, and the members of Team Silent increasingly felt like outsiders. Despite the profit-oriented approach of the parent company, however, the developers of Silent Hill had much artistic freedom because the game was still produced as in the era of lower-budget 2D titles. Eventually, the development staff decided to ignore the limits of Konami's initial plan, and to make Silent Hill a game that would appeal to the emotions of players instead. For this purpose, the team introduced a "fear of the unknown" as a psychological type of horror. The plot was made vague and occasionally contradictory to leave its true meaning in the dark, and to make players reflect upon unexplained parts. Director Keiichiro Toyama created the game's scenario, while programmer Hiroyuki Owaku wrote the text for the riddles. Toyama did not have much experience of horror movies but was interested in UFOs, the occult and David Lynch movies which influenced the game's development. Toyama questioned Konami's decision to appoint him as director, as he had never been one prior to Silent Hill. The localization company Latina International translated the script into English. The town of Silent Hill is an interpretation of a small American community as imagined by the Japanese team. It was based on Western literature and films, as well as on depictions of American towns in European and Russian culture. The game's joke ending came out of a suggestion box created to find alternative reasons for the occurrences in Silent Hill. Artist Takayoshi Sato corrected inconsistencies in the plot, and designed the game's cast of characters. As a young employee, Sato was initially restricted to basic tasks such as font design and file sorting. He also created 3D demos and presentations, and taught older staff members the fundamentals of 3D modeling. However, he was not credited for this work as he did not have as much respect within Konami as older employees. Sato eventually approached the company's higher-ups with a short demo movie he had rendered, and threatened to withhold this technical knowledge from other staff members if he was not assigned to 3D work. As a consequence, his superior had to give in to his demand, and he was allowed to do character designs. Instead of relying on illustrations, Sato conceived the characters of Silent Hill while creating their computer-generated models. He gave each their own distinctive characteristics, but made Harry almost completely neutral as he wanted to avoid forcing interpretations of the game on the players. Creating the skull shapes for the faces of the American cast was difficult because he had no Caucasian co-workers to use for reference. Although Sato was largely responsible for the game's cinematics and characters at this point, his superior still did not want to fully credit his work, and intended to assign a visual supervisor to him. To prevent this from happening, Sato volunteered to create the full-motion videos of Silent Hill by himself. Over the course of two and a half years, he lived in the development team's office, as he had to render the scenes with the approximately 150 Unix-based computers of his coworkers after they left work at the end of a day. Sato estimated the game's budget was lower than the cost of Japan's biggest games at the time. He said the development team intended to make Silent Hill a masterpiece rather than a traditional sales-oriented game, and that they opted for an engaging story, which would persist over time—similar to successful literature. The game debuted at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, where the presentations of movies and in-game scenes garnered applause from the audience. This favorable reception persuaded Konami to allot more personnel and public relation initiatives to the project. Konami later showcased Silent Hill at the European Computer Trade Show in London, and included a demo with its stealth game Metal Gear Solid in Japan. The names and designs of some Silent Hill creatures and puzzles are based on books enjoyed by the character of Alessa, including The Lost World by Arthur Conan Doyle and Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The game contains several real-life references, particularly in characters' names. Cheryl Mason's first name is based on actress Sheryl Lee's first name, and Lisa Garland's surname is taken from actress Judy Garland. "Michael Kaufmann" is a combination of Troma Studios producers Michael Herz's and Lloyd Kaufmann's first name and surname, respectively. Alessa's original name was "Asia", and Dahlia's was "Daria", based on the first names of actresses Asia Argento and Daria Nicolodi—Argento's mother. Harry's name was originally "Humbert", and Cheryl's was "Dolores", in reference to the protagonist and title character of Vladimir Nabokov's novel Lolita. The American staff altered these names, as they considered them too uncommon. Fictitious religious items appearing in the game have used various religions as a basis: the evil spirit-dispelling substance Aglaophotis, which is said to be made from a medicinal herb, is based on a herb of similar name and nature in the Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism); the "Seal of Metatron" (also referred to by Dahlia as the "Mark of Samael") references the angels Metatron and Samael, respectively; and the name of the "Flauros" was taken from the eponymous demon appearing in the Lemegeton, a book on magic said to have been compiled by writings of King Solomon. Certain items and doors in the "nowhere" dimension of the game were given names based on occult elements in order to symbolize magical traits of Dahlia. The names of these doors were taken from the names of the angels Ophiel, Hagith, Phaleg, and Bethor, who appear in a medieval book of black magic and are supposed to rule over planets. This motif of giving names that suggest planets was used to signify that "a deeper part of the realm of Alessa's mind is being entered", according to Owaku. Music The soundtrack for Silent Hill was composed by sound director Akira Yamaoka, who requested to join the development staff after the original musician had left. In addition to the music, he was in charge of tasks such as sound effect creation and audio mastering. Yamaoka did not watch game scenes, but created the music independently from its visuals. The style of his compositions was influenced by Twin Peaks composer Angelo Badalamenti. To differentiate Silent Hill from other games as much as possible, and to give it a cold and rusty feel, Yamaoka opted for industrial music. When he presented his musical pieces to the other staff members for the first time, they misinterpreted their sound as a game bug. Yamaoka had to explain that this noise was intended for the music, and the team only withdrew their initial objection after he elaborated on his reasons for choosing this style. On March 5, 1999, the album Silent Hill Original Soundtracks was released in Japan. The 41st track on the CD, the ending theme "Esperándote", was composed by Rika Muranaka. After Yamaoka had approached her to create a piece of music for the game, she suggested the use of bandoneóns, violins, and a Spanish-speaking singer. It was decided to make the song a tango, and Muranaka composed the melody for the English lyrics she had conceived. When she arrived in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to record the translated Spanish lyrics with Argentine singer Vanesa Quiroz, Muranaka realized that the syllables did not match the melodic line any more, and she had to recompose it in five minutes. On October 29, 2013, Perseverance Records released a "Best Of" album, which features 16 newly interpreted instrumental tracks composed by Akira Yamaoka and arranged and performed by Edgar Rothermich. The 17th track on the album is the ballad "I Want Love" performed by Romina Arena. Release Silent Hill was released for the PlayStation in North America on February 23, 1999, in Japan on March 4, 1999 and in Europe on July 16, 1999. It was included in the Japanese Silent Hill Complete Set in 2006. On March 19, 2009, Silent Hill became available for download from the European PlayStation Network store of the PlayStation 3 and the PlayStation Portable. Two days later, the game was removed due to "unforeseen circumstances". On September 10, 2009, Silent Hill was released on the North American PlayStation Network. On October 26, 2011, it was re-released on the European PlayStation Network. Adaptations A radically altered version of Silent Hill was released for the Game Boy Advance. Titled Play Novel: Silent Hill and released only in Japan in 2001, it is a gamebook-style visual novel. It contains a retelling of Silent Hills story through text-based gameplay, with the player occasionally confronted with questions concerning what direction to take the character, as well as the puzzles, which are a major part of Silent Hills gameplay. After completing the game once, the player has the option of playing as Cybil in a second scenario, with a third made available for download as a Paid-DLC on the device, once the second scenario has been completed. When the game was exhibited, Western critics were unimpressed, and criticized the lack of any soundtrack as severely detracting from the "horror" factor of the game. A film adaptation, also titled Silent Hill, was released on April 21, 2006. The film, directed by Christophe Gans, was based largely but loosely on the game, incorporating elements from Silent Hill 2, 3, and 4. Gans replaced Harry Mason with a female main protagonist, Rose Da Silva, because he felt Harry had many qualities typically perceived as feminine. When designing the film's visual elements, Gans was influenced by fellow directors Michael Mann, David Lynch, and David Cronenberg. The film's soundtrack includes music composed by Yamaoka. Although critical reaction was mostly negative, the film was a financial success and was praised by fans, especially for its visuals. A "reimagining" of Silent Hill, titled Silent Hill: Shattered Memories, was developed by Climax Studios and published by Konami Digital Entertainment. The game was released on December 8, 2009, for the Wii and on January 19, 2010, for the PlayStation 2 and the PlayStation Portable, to mostly positive reviews. Although it retains the premise of a man's search for his missing daughter, Shattered Memories branches off into a different plot with altered characters. It features psychological profiling which alters various in-game elements depending on the player's response to questions in therapy, lacks the combat of Silent Hill, and replaces the "Otherworld" with a series of chase sequences through an alternate frozen version of the town. In January 2022, a fan shot-for-shot remake developed by independent developer Codeless Games with Unreal Engine 5 was announced. Reception and legacy Silent Hill received "generally favorable reviews" at the review aggregate website Metacritic. The game sold over two million copies, which gained Silent Hill a place in the American PlayStation Greatest Hits budget releases. In November 1999, the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD) gave Silent Hill a "Gold" award, indicating sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Silent Hill has been compared to the Resident Evil series of survival horror video games. Bobba Fatt of GamePro labeled Silent Hill a "shameless but slick Resident Evil clone", while Edge described it as "a near-perfect sim nightmare". Others felt that Silent Hill was Konami's answer to the Resident Evil series in that, while they noted a similarity, Silent Hill utilized a different form of horror to induce fear, attempting to form a disturbing atmosphere for the player, in contrast to the visceral scares and action-oriented approach of Resident Evil. Adding to the atmosphere was the audio, which was well-received; Billy Matjiunis of TVG described the ambient music as "engrossing"; a reviewer for Game Revolution also praised the audio, commenting that the sound and music "will set you on edge". AllGame editor Michael L. House praised Silent Hill, describing it as "a truly magnificent work of art" and "a genuinely terrifying experience combined with a unique, gripping story and immersive atmosphere". Less well-received was the voice acting which, although some reviewers remarked it was better than that found in the Resident Evil series, was found poor overall by reviewers, and accompanied by pauses between lines that served to spoil the atmosphere. Reviewers noted that Silent Hill used real-time 3D environments, in contrast to the pre-rendered environments found in Resident Evil. Fog and darkness were heavily used to disguise the limitations of the hardware. Along with the grainy textures—also from hardware limitations—most reviewers felt that these factors actually worked in the game's favor; Francesca Reyes of IGN described it as "adding to the atmosphere of dilapidation and decay". In using 3D environments, however, controls became an issue, and in "tougher" areas, maneuverability became "an exercise in frustration". Edge selected it as runner-up for the Gameplay Innovation award. They stated that, whereas other "games attempt to hide the PlayStation's visual inadequecies," Konami "uses its draw-distance deficiency to chilling effect by draping atmospheric fog about the place." The game's popularity as the first in the series was further recognized long after its release; a list of the best PS games of all time by IGN in 2000 listed it as the 14th-best PS game, while a 2005 article by GameSpy detailing the best PS games listed Silent Hill as the 15th-best game produced for the console. A GameTrailers video feature in 2006 ranked Silent Hill as number one in its list of the top ten scariest games of all time. In 2005, the game was credited for moving the survival horror genre away from B movie horror elements to the psychological style seen in art house or Japanese horror films, due to the game's emphasis on a disturbing atmosphere rather than visceral horror. In November 2012, Time named it one of the 100 greatest video games of all time. Notes References External links 1999 video games Censored video games Everyman Game Boy Advance games Horror video games Konami games PlayStation (console) games PlayStation Network games Psychological horror games Silent Hill games Single-player video games Survival video games Video games adapted into comics Video games adapted into films Video games adapted into novels Video games developed in Japan Video games scored by Akira Yamaoka Video games set in amusement parks Video games set in Maine Video games with alternate endings Video games about cults Visual novels Works about vacationing	0	-1
70956324	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfecting%20the%20Art%20of%20Longing	Perfecting the Art of Longing	Perfecting the Art of Longing is a Canadian short documentary film, directed by Kitra Cahana and released in 2021. The film is a portrait of Cahana's father Ronnie, a former rabbi who has been living in long-term care since suffering a stroke which left him quadriplegic and unable to speak, and the family's efforts to stay connected to him remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. The film premiered in October 2021 at the Festival du nouveau cinéma. The film won the Betty Youson Award for best Canadian short documentary at the 2022 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, and the Prix Iris for Best Short Documentary at the 24th Quebec Cinema Awards in 2022. It was released as a New York Times Op-Doc. References External links 2021 films 2021 short films 2021 documentary films Canadian short documentary films National Film Board of Canada documentaries National Film Board of Canada short films Jewish Canadian films Documentary films about the COVID-19 pandemic	0	-1
48705079	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893%20Guilford%20Quakers%20football%20team	1893 Guilford Quakers football team	The 1893 Guilford Quakers football team represented Guilford College during the 1893 college football season. Schedule References Guilford Guilford Quakers football seasons Guilford Quakers football	0	-1
68020912	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan%20Brown%20%28businessman%29	Ethan Brown (businessman)	Ethan Walden Brown (born 1971) is an American executive, who is the founder, president and CEO of Beyond Meat. Before founding Beyond Meat, Brown worked on alternative energy and electricity grid restructuring at the National Governors Association's Center for Best Practices before joining fuel cell manufacturer Ballard Power Systems. Early life and education Brown grew up in and near Washington, D.C., and also spent time during his childhood on his family's farm in Maryland. Brown holds an undergraduate degree from Connecticut College, a Master of Public Policy degree from the University of Maryland School of Public Policy, a school founded by his father Dr. Peter G. Brown, and a Master of Business Administration from Columbia Business School in 2008. Career Early career Brown served as Vice Chairman of the Board at the National Hydrogen Association and Secretary of the U.S. Fuel Cell Council. Beyond Meat In 2009, Brown visited a research center at the University of Missouri that was looking for additional uses for soybeans, a major Missouri resource. There, he met researchers Fu-hung Hsieh and Harold Huff, who were working on technology to replicate the texture of meat using plant proteins. Brown acquired the technology license for the process, and founded Beyond Meat in 2009. On May 2, 2019, Brown rang the opening bell at Nasdaq when Beyond Meat went public under the symbol BYND. Brown is also a director of The PLANeT Partnership, Beyond Meat's joint venture with PepsiCo. Awards and recognition In 2014, Brown was listed on Fast Company's Most Creative People in Business 1000. In 2017, Brown was named an Aspen Institute Henry Crown Fellow. In 2018, Brown was selected as one of the UNEP's Champions of the Earth in the category of science and innovation for his "work towards reducing our dependence on animal-based foods." In 2019, Brown was listed on Bloomberg Media's 50 Most Influential ranking. Brown was also named that year to Well+Good's "2020 Changemakers" list. Personal life Brown is married to Tracy Brown, has two children, and lives in Southern California. He became a vegetarian in high school and is now vegan. Brown is also an environmentalist. References 1971 births Living people American chief executives of food industry companies American environmentalists American food company founders Businesspeople from Washington, D.C. Columbia Business School alumni Connecticut College alumni University of Maryland, College Park alumni Veganism activists	0	-1
70422666	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma%20trigger	Asthma trigger	Asthma triggers are factors or stimuli that provoke the exacerbation of asthma symptoms or increase the degree of airflow disruption, which can lead to an asthma attack. An asthma attack is characterized by an obstruction of the airway, hypersecretion of mucus and bronchoconstriction due to the contraction of smooth muscles around the respiratory tract. Its symptoms include a wide range of manifestations such as breathlessness, coughing, a tight chest and wheezing. An asthma attack is usually mediated by an inflammatory pathway, where a trigger such as an allergen could lead to a series of immune response mediated by various types of immune cells. Common triggers for asthma include allergens like pet dander, dust mites, pollens and molds. Other types of triggers like exercise, air pollutants, tobacco smoke, humidity, cold air, or certain medicines may also play a role in triggering asthma. While it has been proposed that asthma triggers can be classified into three types: allergic triggers, environmental triggers and physical triggers, a universal categorization of asthma triggers has yet to be done. Other studies have also classified asthma triggers into psychological factors, air pollutants, physical activity, allergens and infection. Asthma is an extremely common chronic disease affecting over 26 million people and 7 million children in the US. Recognizing the trigger for asthma and avoiding it can be a simple yet effective way to deal with the disease and avoid an asthma attack. Although a cure for asthma is yet to be invented, various treatment methods are available for both long-term control and immediate relieve of an asthma attack. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology for asthma mainly involves the inflammatory pathway, associated with several types of immune cells in the body, mainly T helper 2 cells (Th2 cells), B cells and mast cells. In a nut shell, as a stimulus, such as an allergen comes into contact with an asthma patient, it activates various types of immune cells leading to an inflammatory response, causing bronchial hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, excessive mucus secretion, airflow obstruction and an asthma attack. A more detail rundown of the process is provided below. First, during the sensitization phase, where T cells interact with dendritic cells, the dendritic cells will present a specific antigen from the allergen to Th2 cells, leading to their development. Afterward, the activated Th2 cells would release interleukine-4, a type of cytokine to promote B cells, another type of immune cell to differentiate intoallergen-specific memory B cells and plasma cells. The plasma cells will then extensively produce allergen-specific IgE antibodies, which are captured by a type of receptor, FceRI, on the mast cells. Mast cells are immune cells usually located at tissues exposed to the environment, such as the skin, respiratory tract mucosa and digestive tract mucosa. They are equipped with preformed granules loaded with vasoactive amines and proteases. As the FceRI receptors on mast cells capture the IgE antibodies produced by Th2 cells, they become sensitive to the specific allergen. Due to this, the mast cells will be activated when they are exposed to the specific allergen. As an allergen binds to the IgE antibodies on the mast cell surface, clustering and cross-link formation of FceRI takes place. This leads to the recruitment and activation of several tyrosine kinases, a type of enzyme that phosphorylates protein. Consequently, these kinase activation contributes to intracellular Ca2+ influx after a series of reaction. The Ca2+ level surge results in cytoskeletal rearrangement, allowing exocytosis and degranulation of intracellular granules, thus releasing vasoactive amines and proteases. These vasoactive amines such as histamine, heparin and serotonin released from the mast cell granules cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction and increased mucus secretion. Mast cells degranulation also results in the release of eosinophil chemotactic factors and neutrophil chemotactic factors. These factors attract eosinophils and neutrophils from the body respectively, which can intensify the inflammation response. Moreover, the elevated Ca2+ level also leads to arachidonic acid enzymatic pathway activation, contributing to the release of lipid mediators. These lipid mediators, particularly prostaglandins and leukotrienes elicit vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction. Moreover, the increase in Ca2+ level also leads to activation of certain transcription factors which induces pro-inflammatory cytokines transcription. These pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, Interleukin-1 and Interleukin-8 lead to acute inflammation and leukocyte recruitment. Examples of Asthma Triggers Allergic triggers (allergens) Allergic triggers are factors or chemicals that could induce airway sensitization, inflammation, bronchospasm and other asthmatic symptoms. Allergens are the most common trigger for allergic asthma. Examples of such triggers of asthma include naturally occurring aeroallergens like house dust mites, animal feces and pollen. Pets, molds and pests are also potential triggers. When an asthma patient inhales or come into contact withsuch allergen, mast cells in the airway tract releases vasoactive amines and proteases. This leads to a release of cytokines and mediates a broad range of inflammatory and allergic responses. Environmental triggers In addition to allergens, studies have revealed that environmental factors may also increase the risk of triggering an asthma attack. Examples of these factors include respiratory tract viral infections, exposure to air pollutants such as ozone or a change in lifestyle that involves a decrease in exposure to microbes and their products like endotoxin. Although its mechanism of action is still unknown, an in vivo study has demonstrated that these environmental factors lead to the accumulation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) releasing neutrophils in the lungs. This increased release of NETs have been found to be associated with asthmatic symptoms such as mucus hypersecretion. Another environmental risk factor is exposure to formaldehyde. Formaldehyde itself is a chemical that can cause irritation to the respiratory tract. In addition, it may react with macromolecules such as albumin which can induce the production of igE antibodies which can bind to mast cells and lead to hyperresponsiveness of the respiratory tract. Exercise Exercise induced asthma is common in most asthma patients. Although the mechanism for such a phenomenon is still unclear, researchers have proposed that as the body gasps for more oxygen during exercise, more cold and dry air is inhaled. The passage of this cold and dry air causes a loss of mucosal membrane from the respiratory tract. The osmolarity changes brought by such action can lead to an increased release of proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines, leading to a hypersensitivity of the airway. Cooling of the respiratory tract may also activate cholinergic receptors, which can induce bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion, further narrowing the airway. Swimmers with asthma may also inhale an excess amount of contaminated and irritating air with compound derived from chlorine gas, this can increase the risk of an asthma attack. Medications Aspirin induced asthma, or aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, refers to situations where the use of aspirin worsen the asthma conditions. Other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that inhibits the enzyme, cyclooxygenase-1, may also lead to an asthma attack. After the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme by the NSAIDs, an accumulation of arachidonic acid will be resulted. This, in turn, would increase the production of leukotrienes. Leukotrienes is an inflammatory mediator. The accumulation of proinflammatory leukotrienes would overstimulate the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors in the respiratory system, leading to bronchoconstriction and the over-secretion of mucus, thus blocking the airway. Beta-blocker, or beta-adrenergic antagonists, may also induce bronchial constriction and block the action of other beta-receptor targeted asthmatic drugs, leading to a worsening asthma condition. Therefore, asthma patients should be cautious and inform their physicians of their asthma conditions. Occupational asthma triggers Occupational asthma refers to a type of asthma that is resulted from repeated exposure to an agent that causes or exacerbates asthma in a workplace. Although the primary cause for occupational asthma varies from situation to situation, common agents such as metal, diesel, cleaning agents, dimethylsulphate, diisocyanates, latex, persulfate, aldehydes, isocyanates, wood dusts and flour should be handled with great care. Tobacco smoke Both first-hand and second-hand tobacco smoke can be a trigger for asthma attack. It may worsen the condition of asthma as it is an irritant and induces bronchoconstriction. Psychological triggers Studies have also indicated that psychological stress may be associated with a higher chance of asthma attack. Patients with psychological stress are found to have a reduced awareness of controlling asthma and a less desirable physical health. Symptom One of the clinical asthmatic symptoms is shortness of breath due to narrowing of the respiratory tract, caused by mucus plug formation and bronchoconstriction as smooth muscles contract. Another typical symptom is wheezing. During expiration, turbulent airflow crushes the narrowed respiratory tract, leading to a wheezing sound. Moreover, the increased mucus secretion may not be limited to the respiratory tract, and other symptoms such as watery eyes and rhinitis are also common. Furthermore, increased vasodilation and vascular permeability may result in angioedema, the swelling of the skin, and hives. In severe complications, as ventilation is impaired, acute respiratory failure may occur due to the inadequate amount of oxygen in the circulatory system. Another life-threatening condition is pneumothorax, the collapse of the lungs due to hyperinflation. Avoiding Asthma Triggers Understanding the specific asthma triggers for a patient and avoiding them can be a simple way for preventing an asthma attack. Regularly washing beddings, quitting smoking, doing pest controls, keeping a sensitized living environment, removing stagnant water, avoiding products with potential irritants, etc., can be effective in avoiding an asthma attack. Education about asthma triggers should be done by physicians to help patients understand what activities or materials should be avoided. Reduction of exposure to asthma triggers should be done by asthmatic patient as well. Parents of asthmatic children should also be cautious of common asthma triggers in order to reduce risks of an asthma attack. Treatment Quick-relief medicine Quick-relief medicine are used for treating an acute asthma attack. The first line of medicine for treating this situation is short-term beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists, which are drugs that can stimulate the beta-2 adrenergic receptors. They are bronchodilators and can effectively relieve the symptoms by clearing the airway. Examples include albuterol and levalbuterol. Commonly they are used with a portable inhaler which allow the patient to administer the medicine at once during an attack. Another common medicine for an acute attack is anticholinergic drugs such as ipratropium and tiotropium, which are also bronchodilators. They work by blocking off the cholinergic receptors and reduces mucus secretion and bronchoconstriction. Another type of treatment for acute asthma attack is immunosuppressive drugs like corticosteroids, which can also alleviate an asthmatic response. Examples include prednisone and methyl prednisone which are usually administered orally or intravenously for treating an acute situation. However, note that long term use of corticosteroids may lead to severe side effects. Long-term control Continuous and long-term use of certain medicines can help reduce the risk of an asthma attack and keep the disease under control. Long term use of certain types of corticosteroids, such as fluticasone propionate may be administered through the pulmonary route to reduce the risk of an asthma attack. In addition to corticosteroids, oral use of leukotriene receptor antagonist such as Zafirlukast may also be used as a long term control for asthma. Moreover, another option is the use of cromolyn sodium, which can prevent an asthma attack by halting Ca2+ influx, thus preventing mast cell degranulation and subsequent asthmatic complications Other than drugs, an alternative treatment method is de-sensitization, which involves exposure to a well-controlled, small and increasing amounts of specific allergen over a long duration of time. The rationale is to trigger antigen competition by the development of allergen-specific IgG antibodies, which can reduce to risk of an allergic response. Long-acting beta-agonists such as salmetrol had been used in combination with corticosteroids to control asthma symptoms. They are drugs that can stimulate the beta-2 adrenergic receptors and mediate a bronchodilation effect for over 12 hours. However, a recent study in 2010 has found that this treatment method could increase the risk of asthma-related deaths and intubations. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is also recommending the discontinuation of the drug if asthma control has been achieved. Reference List Asthma Respiration First aid	0	-1
57992038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhushekhar%20Shastri	Bidhushekhar Shastri	Bidhushekhar Shastri (1878–1957) was a Bengali Sanskrit scholar, editor and linguist. Early life Shastri was born at Harishchandrapur, Maldah in British India. He studied at a Tol, after receiving Kavyatirtha degree he went to Benaras for higher studies. Shastri became expert in Sanskrit language and wrote prose and poetry. He received the title Shastri from Benaras after completion of study. Initially he worked in Metropolitan Bohubazar Branch School in Kolkata, In 1905, he started his career as a Sanskrit professor in Brahmacharya Vidyalay at Santiniketan, became the principal of Vidya Bhawan, founded by Rabindranath. Then Shastri joined in the Calcutta University as Asutosh Professor. He had knowledge about Vedic literature, French, German, Tibetan and Chinese languages. Works Shastri worked for recovering lost Sanskrit texts from Tibetan translations as well as tried to revive old Sanskrit Tols to make them relevant in contemporary society. He edited 17 books in Bengali and English on a number of subjects like Logic, Philosophy, Pali, History of Buddhism etc. Shastri received D.Litt from the Calcutta University and Deshikottama from the Visva Bharati University. In 1936 he was awarded with the title of Mahamahopadhyaya by the Government of India. References 1878 births 1957 deaths Bengali Hindus Sanskrit writers Indian Sanskrit scholars 20th-century Indian linguists People from Malda district Visva-Bharati University faculty University of Calcutta faculty Scholars from Kolkata	0	-1
23880664	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omari%20Hardwick	Omari Hardwick	Omari Adeleke Latif Hardwick (born January 9, 1974) is an American actor known for his starring role as James "Ghost" St. Patrick, the protagonist of Starz's Power and his role as Vanderohe in Zack Snyder's Army of the Dead (2021). He is also known for his roles in Saved and Dark Blue, in Spike Lee's Miracle at St. Anna (2008), Kick-Ass (2010), Tyler Perry's For Colored Girls (2010) and as Andre in BET Network's Being Mary Jane. Early life and education Hardwick was born in Savannah, Georgia, the son of Joyce and Clifford Hardwick III, an attorney. Growing up in Decatur, Georgia, Hardwick wrote poetry on a regular basis, and participated in many sports. For high school he attended Marist School in Brookhaven, Georgia where he played baseball, basketball and football and attended University of Georgia on a football scholarship. Even though he was a star on the field, Hardwick continued in acting and poetry, and thus minored in theater. Career After graduation, Hardwick initially pursued a career in football, hoping to join the San Diego Chargers. He declared himself for the NFL Draft, where he was not selected, after which he returned to acting. As a struggling actor, Hardwick did odd jobs in order to pay for acting classes. After being unsuccessful, he started living in his car, and he finally got his break in the 2004 TV movie Sucker Free City. Next, he booked roles in the feature film The Guardian and a series regular role in Saved. For the role, he spent two years training as a fireman and a paramedic. In 2002, Hardwick had a quick scene as an extra in Floetry's "Say Yes" music video. In 2003 and 2004, he participated award-winningly in the National Poetry Slam. In 2010, Hardwick became a founding member of "Plan B Inc. Theater Group", and a co-founder of "Actor's Lounge" at the Los Angeles Greenway Theater. He also founded production company "Bravelife Films". Hardwick was also featured in the urban lifestyle publication, Prominence Magazine for its Holiday issue. In 2011, Hardwick received his best film reviews to date for his role as "Troy" in the critically acclaimed indie hit I Will Follow. Hardwick has guest starred on an episode of NBC's Chase as Chris Novak, a hard luck criminal facing prison. In 2013, Hardwick was cast in the lead role of James "Ghost" St. Patrick on the Starz crime drama-thriller, Power. In 2016, he was featured by a South African rapper, Nasty C on a song titled "A Star Is Born". Hardwick co-starred in the science fiction comedy film Sorry to Bother You, which was released in theaters on July 6, 2018. In July 2019, Hardwick was cast in Zack Snyder's Netflix film Army of the Dead. In January 2021, it was announced that Hardwick was cast as Gordon Oliver in Netflix's thriller series Pieces of Her, which is adapted from the Karin Slaughter novel of the same name. In April 2022, it was announced that Hardwick would star alongside Marsai Martin and Kelly Rowland in the upcoming film Fantasy Football. Personal life Hardwick began a relationship with Jennifer "Jae" Pfautch in the 2000s. Pfautch, who is of Native American and German descent, was disowned by her family in the aftermath for dating outside of her race. In 2008, the couple's first child was stillborn. After losing his son, the actor lost his sister Shani Hardwick and brother Malik Hardwick. Omari and Jennifer married in June 2012 and have two children; daughter Nova and son Brave. Filmography Films Television Music videos References External links 1974 births Living people 21st-century American male actors Actors from Savannah, Georgia American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors African-American male actors Georgia Bulldogs football players Male actors from Georgia (U.S. state) Marist School (Georgia) alumni University of Georgia alumni 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American people 20th-century African-American men 21st-century African-American men	1	1
2509225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdres%20Folkemuseum	Valdres Folkemuseum	The Valdres Folkemuseum is a folk museum located at Storøya outside Fagernes in Nord-Aurdal in Innlandet county, Norway. Overview Valdres Folk Museum was founded in 1901. It is located in the traditional rural district of Valdres. The museum is on a small ridge reaching out into Strandefjorden, with the larger buildings closest to the entrance and with smaller farm houses up on the slightly higher area reaching out into the lake. There are 95 houses and other constructions, comprising around 20,000 items, and the museum is the fourth largest Norwegian outdoor museum. All the items in the museum are original and have been collected from various farms and other locations in the area. Valdres Folk Museum hosts various cultural events including folk music festivals, seminars and open air theatre. During 2010, a new reception building was opened and linked to the administration building. The museum runs several subsidiaries including Bagn Bygdesamling and Bautahaugen Samlinger, both located in Sør-Aurdal. Notable buildings Brennbygningen (main house) comes from Brenna in the small village Åbjør in Nord-Aurdal. It was bought in 1945 and relocated the following year. It is assumed the building dates to around 1740. At the top floor there are beds built as closed constructions, so that their occupants would keep warm in the winter time. Handeloftet (main house) is the first building at Valdres Folkemuseum, bought from Hande farm in Vestre Slidre 27 December 1905 for the amount of 1000 kroner. Originally it was reerected at Valdres Bygdesamling in 1906, and relocated to its current location in 1923. It is assumed to have been built in the period 1530–1640. The outside gallery surrounds the building on three sides. This building is named loft indicating a storage house, yet it is assumed it has always been a main house. Hovistabburet (storage house) is from Hovi farm in Øystre Slidre, most likely built in the 13th century. The building was bought in 1944 and moved to its current location. At the top floor there is an unusual room named the virgin room. The door posts has ornaments from the medieval period. The building underwent restoration in 1960. Rognebygningen (main house) from Rogne farm in Øystre Slidre, was probably built 1670–1680. In previous times the farm has been an officer's farm (kapteinsgard), then a bailiff's farm (lensmannsgard) and later an inn (skysstasjon). Captain Johan Reinert resided at the farm between 1670 and 1680, later captain Jacob de Caucheron resided there between 1712 and 1720. Valdres Folkemuseum bought the house in 1917 and relocated it to its current location in 1923. It is known that Michael Sars and Aasmund Olavsson Vinje resided in the building when they traveled to Eidsbugarden. Collections Old toys Genealogy Folk music, recordings and folk dance Bunad — (traditional district costumes) Note Strandefjorden is an example of an inland fjord. Although fjord is normally used to describe a saltwater inlet, within eastern Norway a long, narrow fresh-water lake is also called a fjord. References External links Official website Kulturnett about Valdres Folkemuseum Museums established in 1901 Valdres Folk museums in Norway Museums in Innlandet Open-air museums in Norway Photography archives in Norway	1	1
37825690	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian%20religion%20in%20Cyprus	Armenian religion in Cyprus	Like most communities of the Armenian Diaspora, the Armenian-Cypriot community is predominantly Armenian Apostolic (about 95%). Some 5% belong either to the Armenian Evangelical Church, the Armenian Catholic Church, the Latin Church, the Greek Orthodox Church, the Anglican Church, the Plymouth Brethren Church, the Seventh-day Adventist Church or they are Jehovah's Witnesses; of this 5%, historically the most significant groups have been Armenian Evangelicals, who in the 1940s and 1950s comprised about 10% of the Armenian-Cypriot community, and Armenian-Catholics, who have been on the island since the time of the Crusades. Armenian Apostolic Church The Armenian Prelature of Cyprus (Առաջնորդարան Հայոց Կիպրոսի) was established in 973 by Catholicos Khatchig I and ever since it has maintained a continuous presence on the island. In the years that followed, some of its Prelates participated in important church synods, such as Tateos (who participated in the Council of Hromkla in 1179), Nigoghaos (who participated in the Synod of Sis in 1307) and Krikor (who participated in a conference of Greek Orthodox Bishops in Cyprus in 1340). The antiquity of the Armenian Church in Cyprus was confirmed by a bull of Pope Leo X, which was issued in 1519 after multiple discords, according to which the Armenian Prelate would be senior to and take precedence over the Maronite, Jacobite and Coptic Prelates. Historically, the Prelature has been under the jurisdiction of the Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia, while today it is the oldest theme that falls under its jurisdiction. In the past, for various reasons, it was at times under the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (1775–1799, 1812–1837, 1848–1861, 1865–1877, 1888–1897, 1898–1908), the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople (1799–1812, 1861–1864, 1877–1888, 1897–1898, 1908–1921), even the Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin (1864–1865). Cyprus was the place of refuge for two exile Patriarchs of Constantinople, Archbishop Tavit Areveltsi (1644-1648) and Senior Archimandrite Krikor Basmadjian (1773-1775). The current Prelate, a Catholicosal Vicar General, is as of 2014 Archbishop Nareg Alemezian. The parish priest in Nicosia is Fr. Momik Habeshian (since 2000), while the parish priest in Larnaca and Limassol is Fr. Mashdots Ashkarian (since 1992). For centuries, the Prelature building was located within the Armenian compound in Victoria street in walled Nicosia; when that area was taken over by Turkish Cypriots in 1963–1964, the Prelature was temporarily housed in Aram Ouzounian street (1964–1968) and, later on, in Kyriakos Matsis street in Ayios Dhometios (1968–1984). Thanks to the efforts of Bishop Zareh Aznavorian and with financial aid from the Evangelical Church of Westphalia, the new Prelature building was erected in 1983, next to the Virgin Mary church and the Nareg school in Nicosia, by architects Athos Dikaios & Alkis Dikaios; it was officially inaugurated on 4 March 1984, during the pastoral visit of Catholicos Karekin II. By initiative of Archbishop Varoujan Hergelian, in 1998 the basement of the building was renovated and the "Vahram Utidjian" Hall was formed; previously a store room, it became a reality from the proceeds of the auction in 1994 of the art collection that Vahram Utidjian had donated to the Prelature in 1954. It was inaugurated on 3 February 1999 by Catholicos Aram I; numerous charity, communal and cultural events take place there. The Prelature's consistory houses a collection of ecclesiastical relics, some of which were previously in the old Virgin Mary church or the Magaravank. The current Charter of the Prelature, first drafted in 1945 and ratified in 1950, consists of 102 articles and, in its present form, applies as of 3 September 2010. The administration is exercised by the Armenian Ethnarchy (Ազգային Իշխանութիւն) through the Diocesan Council [Թեմական Ժողով (Temagan Joghov), consisting of the Prelate, two priests and twelve elected lay persons - 7 for Nicosia, 3 for Larnaca, 1 for Limassol and 1 for Famagusta] and the Administrative Council [Վարչական Ժողով (Varchagan Joghov), presided by the Prelate and consisting of seven lay persons appointed by the Temagan], currently chaired by Sebouh Tavitian (as of 2007) and John Guevherian (as of 2011), respectively. As of 1998, the elected Representative is ex officio a member of the Diocesan Council. There are also the local parish committees (թաղական հոգաբարձութիւններ, one in Nicosia, one in Larnaca and one in Limassol), the committee for Christian instruction (Քրիստոնէական դաստիարակութեան յանձնախումբ) and the Ladies' committee (Տիկնանց յանձնախումբ). Under the committee for Christian instruction are the Sunday schools (Կիրակնօրեայ վարժարաններ) and the youth committee (երիտասարդական յանձնախումբ). According to the Decision of the Council of Ministers 66.589/19–12–2007, the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus receives an annual grant of €59,800 by the Republic of Cyprus; the Republic also pays the salaries of the Prelature's clergy and covers their medical and health care (Decision of the Council of Ministers 48.166/22–07–1998). The same arrangements apply for the Maronite Archbishopric of Cyprus and the Latin Vicariate of Cyprus (the latter, however, receives an annual grant of €51,260). List of Prelates Below is the list of Prelates of the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus, according to available information. Unfortunately, there are some gaps: Armenian Evangelical Church The first Armenian Evangelicals in Cyprus came after the arrival of the British in July 1878. As they were not committed, and very few, they quickly became associated with the Mother Church (Armenian Apostolic Church), such as Apisoghom Utidjian, the official state documents translator - and the son of Stepan Utidjian, one the original founders of the Armenian Evangelical Church -, who served as Chairman of the Nicosia parish council for 30 years. With the influx of more Protestants, Armenian Evangelicals became affiliated with the Reformed Presbyterian Church as early as 1887. Although the main centres were Nicosia and Larnaca, gatherings were occasionally held in Limassol, Famagusta and Amiandos. In Larnaca, gatherings were held at the Reformed Presbyterian Mission church (built in 1892 and re-built in 1901–1902). In Nicosia, gatherings were initially held at the Reformed Presbyterian Mission church (built in 1906–1907), until Armenian Evangelicals built their own church in 1946–1947 behind the old American Academy building, near the Arab Ahmed Pasha mosque; its foundation stone was laid on 28 July 1946 by pastor Yohanna der Megerditchian, who dedicated it on 1 June 1947. The building was renovated in 1955, while a kitchen was added in 1959. In 1933, the newly formed Cyprus Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church divided its congregations into Armenian and Greek councils. Armenian Evangelicals were granted provisional autonomy from the Reformed Presbyterian Mission in 1954, which was formalised in 1962. In Larnaca, as Armenian Evangelicals dwindled after the inter-communal troubles of 1963–1964, services were no longer held; in Nicosia, the Armenian Evangelical church was taken over by Turkish Cypriots during the 1963–1964 intercommunal troubles and so services were then held at the American Academy chapel (built in 1955) until 1973. After nearly 30 years of inactivity, by initiative of Nevart Kassouni-Panayiotides and Lydia Gulesserian (†) and with the help of Hrayr Jebejian, Executive Secretary of the Bible Society in the Gulf, Armenian Evangelicals were re-organised at the Greek Evangelical church in Larnaca in 2002. Since 2005, when Hrayr Jebejian moved to Cyprus, services are held every few months at the Greek Evangelical church in Nicosia. Also, the Armenian Evangelical Church organizes a few lectures in Nicosia. The following is a list of the Armenian Reverends and preachers in charge of the Armenian Evangelical community of Cyprus. Armenian Catholic Church Armenian-Catholics first came to the island during the Frankish Era from the nearby Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. It is unclear whether they had their own structure during the Latin Era or if they were under the Latin Church of Cyprus, as has been the case since the Ottoman Era. What we do know is that Armenian-Catholics used Saint Lazarus' basilica in Larnaca, the Holy Cross church in Nicosia (probably Arablar Djami/Stavros tou Missirikou) and the Virgin Mary of the Green (de Vert) in Famagusta, which was built between 1311–1317. Armenian-Catholic monks and nuns also served at the Premonstratensian Bellapais Abbey and the Benedictine Notre Dame de Tyre convent in Nicosia, respectively. The only Armenian-Catholic Bishops' names which have survived until today are George Noreghes, appointed by Latin Archbishop of Cyprus Elias de Nabineaux circa 1340, and the Dominican Julio or Julian Stavriano, who served as Bishop of the Armenians (1561-1567) and later became Bishop of the Maronites (1567-1570); he started as Armenian Orthodox and later he embraced Catholicism. The latter's flock included about 1.000 Armenians and he used Saint Sergius' church in Famagusta. During the Ottoman Era, there was a very limited conversion of Armenian Orthodox to Catholicism, mainly due to the proselytising activities of the Franciscan mission in Nicosia and Larnaca, especially during the 17th and 18th centuries; however, these must have been temporary apostasies and their number never exceeded 50 at any given time. In 1794 the small (and perhaps newly formed) Armenian Catholic community of Larnaca was granted some holy chalices from the auction of the belongings of the old Capuchin monastery of the town. It was during the British Era that the Armenian-Catholic community increased in number, due to the arrival of a large number of refugees from the Armenian genocide (1915-1923). In 1931, there were about 200 Armenian-Catholics in Cyprus, rather poor, and many of them were middle-aged. Most of them became attached to the Latin places of worship, especially the Holy Cross cathedral in Nicosia and Saint Joseph's convent in Larnaca; between 1921–1923, the latter housed a small Armenian-Catholic school, run by Abbot Jean Kouyoumdjian - who served at the convent between 1921–1928. There was also another Armenian-Catholic cleric, Archimandrite Arsène Khorassandjian, who also served in Larnaca (and, at times, at the Holy Cross cathedral and the Terra Santa school in Nicosia), between 1931–1959. In 1960, there were less than 100 Armenian-Catholics. However, their number decreased in the following years, due to emigration to other countries and assimilation with the Armenian-Cypriot, the Latin-Cypriot and/or the Greek-Cypriot community. However, due to the influx of Lebanese-Armenians to Cyprus since the mid-1970s, there has been a small increase in the number of Armenian-Catholics on the island. Currently, local Armenian-Catholics are less than 20, in addition to about 30 foreign Armenians. Places of worship There are five Armenian churches, two in the capital Nicosia (one under Turkish occupation since 1964) and one in each Larnaca, Limassol and Famagusta; the latter has been occupied by the Turks since 1964. Additionally, there are three Armenian chapels in the vicinity of Nicosia and one within the Magaravank complex, the latter under also under Turkish occupation since 1974. There is also an Armenian Evangelical church in Nicosia (under Turkish occupation since 1964). Finally, there is the renowned Magaravank, under Turkish occupation since 1974. Nicosia The building of the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus and the Virgin Mary [Սուրբ Աստուածածին (Sourp Asdvadzadzin)] cathedral are located in Armenia street in Strovolos, Nicosia. The Prelature building was built between 1983–1984 by architects Athos Dikaios & Alkis Dikaios and was inaugurated on 4 March 1984 by Catholicos Karekin II of Cilicia. The Prelature's consistory houses a collection of ecclesiastical relics, some of which were previously kept at the Magaravank or the old Virgin Mary church; the relics are kept at a display case, donated in 1986 by brothers Garabed and Nshan Arakchindjian. The Prelature's basement is the "Vahram Utidjian" Hall, which was inaugurated on 3 February 1999 by Catholicos Aram I. The hall, previously a store room, became a reality thanks to the initiative of Archbishop Varoujan Hergelian, using proceeds from the auction in 1994 of the art collection that Vahram Utidjian had donated to the Prelature in 1954. It is one of the main venues for events of the Armenian-Cypriot community. Together with the Virgin Mary church and the Nareg Armenian School, the land was granted in trust to the community on 16 December 1966 by the government; on 10 December 1979, Strovolos Improvement Board decided to rename the road in front of the plot of land from "Cyclops street" to "Armenia street", as a gesture of solidarity to the Armenian people. A freehold title deed on the land was granted on 31 March 1983. The Virgin Mary cathedral was built between 1976–1981 by architects Iacovos & Andreas Philippou, with financial help from the World Council of Churches, the Evangelical Church of Westphalia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus and the faithful. Located next to Nareg Elementary School, its foundation stone was laid on 25 September 1976 by Archbishop Makarios III and Bishop Nerses Pakhdigian. On 16 April 1978, the Co-adjutor Catholicos Karekin II blessed the 16 columns of the church, while the inauguration and consecration of the cathedral took place on 22 November 1981 by Catholicos Khoren I and his Co-adjutor Karekin II. It is the only church in Cyprus built in a traditional Armenian style, with a central octagonal dome and a smaller dome for the bell. The church was renovated externally in late 2005 in memory of the Tutundjian family, killed in the Helios air accident, while the belfry was also repaired that year, in memory of archpriest der Vazken Sandrouni. Liturgies are held every Sunday. The church celebrates on the nearest Sunday to 21 November, feast day of the Presentation of Mary. The parish priest (as of 2000) is Fr. Momik Habeshian. The church was renovated internally in mid–2008. Many of its icons are the work of Lebanese-Armenian painter Zohrab Keshishian. It is interesting that just below the holy altar, there is a khachkar (cross-stone) donated by the Holy See of Etchmiadzin. On top of the church's entrance there is a marble inscription in Armenian reading: Կառուցաւ սուրբ եկեղեցիս յանուն Սրբուհւոյ Աստուածածնին ի հայրապետութեան Տ. Տ. Խորենայ Ա. Կաթողիկոսի եւ Աթոռակցի Նորին Տ. Տ. Գարեգին Բ. Կաթողիկոսի եւ յառաջնորդութեան Տ. Զարեհայ Եպիսկոպոսի Ազնաւորեան սրտադիր ջանիւք ամենայն զաւակայ Թեմիս Հայոց Կիպրոսի, եւ առատապարգեւ օժանդակութեամբ Միացեալ Եկեղեցւոյն Վեսթֆալիոյ եւ ձեռնտուութեամբ բարեխնամ կառավարութեամբ Կիպրոսի ի թուին Հայոց ՌՆԼ. Եւ փրկչական 1981 թուին (This holy temple by the name of the Holy Mother of God was constructed during the pontificate of Catholicos His Holiness Khoren I and His Co-adjutor Catholicos His Holiness Karekin II and during the prelacy of Bishop Mr Zareh Aznavorian with the whole-hearted efforts of all the children of the Armenian Diocese of Cyprus, and the generously donated support of the Westphalia United Church and the assistance of the attentive government of Cyprus in the year 1430 of the Armenians and the year of our Lord 1981) On the two columns facing the entrance are the following two aluminium commemorative plaques in Armenian: Նորոգեցաւ զանգակատունս ի յիշատակ Տ. Վազգէն Ա. Քհնյ. Սանտրունիի 2005 (This belltower was renovated in memory of Archpriest Der Vazken Sandrouni 2005) Նորոգեցաւ եկեղեցիս ի յիշատակ Յակոբ, Հիլտա, Արա, Պարէթ Թիւթիւնճեանի 2005 (This church was renovated in memory of Hagop, Hilda, Ara, Baret Tutundjian 2005) On the side of the church there is a marble inscription in Greek reading: Ο ιερός ούτος ναός της Παναγίας των Αρμενίων εθεμελιώθη υπό της Α. Μ. του Προέδρου της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας Αρχιεπισκόπου Μακαρίου Γ' την 25ην Σεπτεμβρίου 1976 (The foundation of this holy temple of the Mother of God of the Armenians was laid by H. B. the President of the Republic of Cyprus Archbishop Makarios III on 25 September 1976) In front of the church's entrance is a white marble khachkar (cross-stone) dedicated to the eternal friendship of Armenians and Greeks in Cyprus; it was unveiled on 21 October 2001 by Presidential Commissioner Manolis Christophides. To the side of the church's entrance is the bronze bust of Archbishop Zareh Aznavorian; it was unveiled on 1 May 2005 by Italian-Armenian donator Aleco Bezigian. Finally, in the courtyard of the church is the white marble Armenian Genocide Monument; it was unveiled on 24 April 1991 by Senior Archimandrite Yeghishe Madjikian. In 2000, two white marble ossuaries were built in front of it, as well as five small sandstone khachkar-like columns. In the old Armenian cemetery, near the Ledra Palace hotel (Markos Drakos Avenue), there is the Saint Paul [Սուրբ Պօղոս (Sourp Boghos)] chapel, built in 1892 by donation of Boghos Odadjian. Left unused since the 1963–1964 intercommunal troubles, the chapel and the cemetery fell into disuse. It was restored between 2008–2009, together with the rest of the cemetery, by initiative of Representative Vartkes Mahdessian and the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus. A Liturgy is held once a year since 2010. On top of the chapel's entrance there is a marble inscription in Armenian reading: Կառուցաւ ս. տաճարս 'ի հիմանց յանուն Ս. Առաքելոցն Պօղոսի արդեամբ բարեպաշտ Օտաճեան Պօղոսի Կ. Պօլսեցւոյ. Յամի Տ՟ռն 1892 (This holy temple was constructed from its foundations by the name of the Holy Apostle Paul by commission of the pious Constantinopolitan Odadjian Boghos in the Lord's Year 1892) Behind it, from inside the chapel, there is another marble inscription in Armenian reading: Կառուցաւ մատուռս արդեամբ Օտաճեան Պօպոսի, մասնակցութեամբ արկեղ Եկեղեցւոյ Հայոց ազգի, Յ' Առաջնորդութեամբ Տ. Խորենայ Վարդապէտի, Յ' Ամի Տեառն 1892.ի: (This chapel was constructed by commission of Odadjian Boghos, with the participation of the fund of the Church of the Armenian nation, during the prelacy of Archimandrite Mr Khoren, in the Lord's Year 1892.) In the Armenian cemetery near Ayios Dhometios (Gregoris Afxentiou Avenue) there is the Holy Resurrection [Սուրբ Յարութիւն (Sourp Haroutiun)] chapel, built in 1938 by donation of Haroutiun Bohdjalian and consecrated in 1949 by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyan. Left unused since the 1974 Turkish invasion, it was renovated in 2010. No Liturgies have been held since 1974. On top of its entrance, there is a marble inscription in Armenian reading: Ս. Յարութիւն: Շինեցաւ Ս. Յարութիւն մատուռս արդեամբ Տիար Յարութիւն Պօհճալեանի ի յիշատակ իւր եւ իւր ննջեցելոց 1938: (Holy Resurrection. This Holy resurrection chapel was built by commission of Mr Haroutiun Bohdjalian in memory of him and his deceased 1938.) On the lower part of the southern wall, there is the following well-known inscription in Armenian: Մահուամբ զմահ կոխեաց եւ Յարութեամբն Իւրով մեզ զկեանս պարգեւեաց (He trampled death with death and through His Resurrection He granted us life) Finally, the Holy Saviour of All [Սուրբ Ամենափրկիչ (Sourp Amenapergitch)] chapel was built between 1995–1996 by architects Athos & Alkis Dikaios and by donation of Aram and Bedros Kalaydjian. Located in Corinth street in Strovolos, Nicosia, within the premises of the Kalaydjian Rest Home for the Elderly, its foundation stone was laid on 15 December 1995 by the Catholicos of the Great House of Cilicia, Aram I, who inaugurated it on 16 February 1997. Matins are held regularly. On top of its entrance, there is a marble inscription in Armenian reading: Սուրբ Ամենափրկիչ մատուռ (Holy Saviour of All chapel) Larnaca The church of Saint Stephen [Սուրբ Ստեփանոս (Sourp Stepanos)], in Armenian church street in the city centre, was originally built as a chapel by the Armenian refugees who came to Larnaca after the Adana massacre in 1909. It was built as a replica of Adana's main church and was dedicated to Adana's patron Saint, Saint Stephen. However, as most of the refugees returned, the chapel was left unfinished. After a fund-raising which started on 24 October 1912, the small chapel became a church, whose construction finished on 1 April 1913. Dedicated to the memory of the martyrs of the Adana massacre, it is the first monument in the entire Armenian Diaspora in memory of the Armenian massacres in the Ottoman Empire. On top of the church's façade there is a commemorative composition featuring the Armenian ethnarch Haig, the last King of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Levon V, a scroll held by a hand - representing the Ten Commandments - and the four symbols of the Four Evangelists; around King Levon V, there is a commemorative inscription in Armenian: Ի Յիշատակ Կիլիկիոյ Նահատակաց – 1 Ապր. 1909 (In Memory of the Cilician Martyrs – 1 April 1909) while under the composition and above the entrance it reads: Հայկական Մատուռ (Armenian Chapel) The church was inaugurated on 20 May 1914 by Senior Archimandrite Serovpe Samvelian and was consecrated on 30 June 1918 by Archbishop Taniel Hagopian. Until the early 1940s, there was a small octagonal dome on top of the church. The church was renovated between 1956–1957 and again in 1998. Liturgies are held every other Sunday, in turns with Saint George's church in Limassol. The church celebrates on 25 December, feast day of Saint Stephen. The parish priest (as of 1992) is Fr. Mashdots Ashkarian. To the left and the right of the entrance, there are two marble inscriptions in Armenian: to the left, the inscription reads: Կառուցաւ մատուռս Յամի Տեառն 1909 (This chapel was constructed in the Lord's Year 1909) and to the right, the inscription reads: Նորոգեցաւ մատուռս Յամի Տեառն 1998 (This chapel was renovated in the Lord's Year 1998) Many of the church's icons are the work of Lebanese-Armenian painter Fr. Hovsep Ashkarian. Limassol The church of Saint George [Սուրբ Գէորգ (Sourp Kevork)] is built in Vassilis Michaelides street near the city centre, on land donated circa 1935 by Satenig Soultanian, in memory of her father-in-law, Kevork. As the small Armenian community of Limassol could not afford to build a church, a theatre company was formed under Ardashes Bastadjian, giving performances in Nicosia, Larnaca and Limassol. Together with a contribution by the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus and Stepan Kavafian, the church was built between 1939–1940, while its consecration took place on 11 April 1948 by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyian. The church was renovated between 1975–1976, in 2007 and again in 2015, while in 1989 its bell was made electronic by donation of brothers Garabed and Nshan Arakchindjian. Liturgies are held every other Sunday, in turns with Saint Stephen's church in Larnaca. The church celebrates on the last Sunday of September, feast day of Saint George. The parish priest (as of 1992) is Fr. Mashdots Ashkarian. During the 1975–1976 renovation, the belltower was placed on top of the entrance, while an iron Armenian cross was added during the 2006 renovation, with the inscription in Armenian reading: Սուրբ Գէորգ եկեղեցի (Saint George's church) On the lower part of the wall outside the repository, where the belltower used to be, there is another marble inscription in Armenian. It reads: Նուիրեցաւ ելեկտրական կոչնակս արդեամբ եւ ծախիւք եղբարցն Կարապետ եւ Նշան Արագչինճեանոց Տիգրանակերտցի ի թուին Քս.ի 1989-ի (This electric rattle was offered by commission and expenses of brothers Garabed and Nshan Arakchindjian from Dikranagerd in the year of Christ 1989) In front of the church is a dark brown tuff stone khachkar (cross-stone), donated by the Arakelyan family; it was unveiled by Archbishop Varoujan Hergelian on 28 September 2008. Next to the church is the Limassol Armenian school. Turkish-occupied areas Nicosia The old Virgin Mary [Սուրբ Աստուածածին (Sourp Asdvadzadzin)] cathedral in Victoria street, currently in the Turkish-occupied part of the walled city of Nicosia near Paphos Gate, also known as Notre Dame de Tyre or Tortosa, was originally a Benedictine/Carthusian Abbey built between 1308–1310, on the site of an older church which had originally been built in 1116 and was destroyed by an earthquake in 1303, where Armenian-Catholic nuns served. Sometime before 1504 it passed into the hands of the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus and it used to be the centre of the Armenian community of Cyprus until it was captured, along with the rest of the Armenian quarter, by Turkish Cypriots during the 1963–1964 troubles and occupied by Turkey during the 1974 Turkish invasion. After the Osmanian occupation of Cyprus in 1570, it was temporarily used as a salt store, until it was returned to the Armenian community by a firman in May 1571; the Armenian ownership of the church was further confirmed by another firman in May 1614. During the period of the Armenian genocide, many persecuted Armenian refugees sought shelter on its verandah. It was located next to the old Prelature building, the Melikian-Ouzounian school, the Armenian genocide monument and the Melikian family mansion. During the centuries it served the small yet prosperous Armenian community of Nicosia, the church underwent various modifications: in 1688 it was renovated, in 1788 the baptistery was constructed, in 1858 the arches of the northern verandah were built, in 1860 the belfry was constructed - amongst the first in Ottoman Cyprus, a donation by Hapetig Nevrouzian of Constantinople -, in 1884 it was restored, in 1904 the roof was re-built and a renovation took place, in 1945 the upper tier was erected for the choir (by donation of Aram Ouzounian), in 1950 the belfry was restored, while in 1960-1961 the Antiquities Department installed a new floor - after removing the mediaeval tombstones that were previously covered by the carpets. The church celebrated on the nearest Sunday to 21 November, feast day of the Presentation of Mary. After its occupation in January 1964, it was used as barracks for the Turkish Cypriot militia, while after its occupation by the Turkish army in July 1974 it continued to be used as barracks for Turkish soldiers, until it suffered further damages by an earthquake in 1998. The site was abandoned and illegal Anatolian settlers inhabited the place until late 2006. In 2005, the UNDP carried out a preliminary study for the potential restoration of the entire compound, while in 2007 it conducted a feasibility study. Heavily desecrated, its restoration finally started in October 2009 by initiative of the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus and the Armenian Representative, Vartkes Mahdessian. The works were carried out by the UNDP-ACT, with partial funding from USAID, and were completed in November 2012. There was also a small Armenian Evangelical church, located in Mahmoud Pasha street, in the Turkish-occupied part of the walled city of Nicosia - behind the old American Academy building, near the Arab Ahmed mosque. Prior to its erection, Armenian Evangelicals used to worship God at the Reformed Presbyterian church on Apostolos Varnavas street, opposite the old Powerhouse and behind the building of the Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus. The church - a vision already since the early 1930s - was eventually built thanks to the initiative of pastor Yohanna Der Megerditchian, with the financial contribution of the Reformed Presbyterian Church and the Armenian Evangelical faithful; its architect was Dickran H. Davidian. Its foundation stone was laid on 28 July 1946 by pastor Yohanna der Megerditchian, who dedicated it on 1 July 1947. On the lower part of the right wall to the side of the entrance there is the following inscription in Armenian: Էփեսացիս Բ:20 - 28 Յուլիս 1946 Նիկոսիա (Ephesians 2:20–28 July 1946 Nicosia) The church was renovated in 1955, the year when the border fence and the gate were erected; in 1959 a kitchen was added. During the 1963–1964 intercommunal troubles, the church was taken over by Turkish Cypriots. Between 1964–1974, the church and the surrounding buildings were used as a school for some time and then as the main military headquarters (sancaktarlık). After that, for a long time the buildings remained empty. Later on, the church was used as a Turkish folk music centre (1987-1997) and as Handicrafts Co-Operative (1997-2011); as of 2011 it is used as a music centre. As with the old Virgin Mary church, no Services have been held since 1964. Famagusta The church of Ganchvor [Սուրբ Աստուածածին Կանչուոր (Sourp Asdvadzadzin Ganchvor) or Virgin Mary the Caller] was probably built in 1346 by Armenian refugees who escaped the Mameluke attacks against Ayas of Cilicia. It is located between Kışla and Server Somuncuoğlu streets, in the north-western part of the walled city of Famagusta (next to the Carmelite church) and it is believed it was a part of an important monastic, cultural and theological establishment, at which Saint Nerses of Lambron is said to have studied, and whose foundations survived until the mid-20th century. A scriptorium used to operate in this monastery, manuscripts of which survive at the Armenian Saint James' Monastery in Jerusalem. It is unknown when exactly it ceased being used, however it possibly stopped operating already since the mid-Venetian Era. Up until at least 1862, there was a small bell-tower. Unused for more than three and a half centuries, because of Ottoman restrictions, in 1907 it was declared an ancient monument, based on Colonial Antiquities' Law IV/1905. In the same year, it was repaired by the Antiquities Department, as it was in 1931. In 1932 it was restored, also by the Antiquities Department, which significantly repaired it between 1937-1944 (under the care of Theophilus Mogabgab, Director of Antiquities for Famagusta District), after it was leased to the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus on 7 March 1936, for a period of 99 years - which was achieved after the intervention of Co-adjutor Catholicos of Cilicia, Papken Gulesserian, who had visited the church in 1934, and Archbishop Bedros Saradjian. The first Liturgy and its re-consecration were held on 14 January 1945 by Archimandrite Krikor Bahlavouni (also known as "Topal Vartabed"). On 8 March 1957 it was partially burnt by Turkish Cypriots, but continued to be used as a church until 1962; since then, the Famagusta Armenian community used the church of Ayia Paraskevi, which the Holy Archbishopric of Cyprus granted. The church celebrated on the nearest Sunday to 15 August, feast day of the Dormition of the Mother of God. In January 1964 it was taken by Turkish Cypriots during the 1963–1964 troubles and was occupied by Turkey in August 1974 during the 1974 Turkish invasion. Between 1964–1974, it was used as a residence, despite attempts by the Swedish Contingent (SWEDCON) of UNFICYP and others to make other arrangements for the residing family. During the 1974-2005 period, the year in which it was declassified from a "military area", it was used as a stable and a store room. Until 1974, there were beautiful frescoes on the walls, which today have disappeared. It has been left at the mercy of nature and vandals and it is in need of repairs. No Liturgies have been held since 1964. The Armenian Orthodox church of the Virgin Mary of Ganchvor should not be confused with the Armenian-Catholic church of Saint Mary the Green (de Vert), whose location is unknown. Halevga Of great importance is Saint Makarios’ [Սուրբ Մակար (Sourp Magar)] monastery [Մակարավանք (Magaravank), also known as Αρμενομονάστηρο (Greek), Ermeni Manastırı (Turkish) and Armenian Monastery (English)], located within Plataniotissa forest near Turkish-occupied Halevga, on the Pentadhaktylos mountain range - at a height of 530 m. Its vast land (about 8.500 donums), extending up to the coast, included around 30.000 olive and carob trees, whose exploitation was the main source of income for the Armenian Prelature of Cyprus until 1974. The monastery was originally established by Copts circa 1000 AD on a location at which Saint Macarius is said to have been an ascetic; his icon was believed to be miraculous and, until the early 20th century, the Armenian residents of the region - some of whom had found shelter after the Hamidian massacres (1894-1896) - believed they could hear the Saint galloping with his horse at night. The monastery passed into the hands of the Armenians sometime before 1425. During the Latin Era, its monks were known for their strict diet, while during the Ottoman Era it was known as the Blue Monastery (Armenian: Կապոյտ Վանք/Կէօք Մանասթըր, Turkish: Mavi Manastır, Greek: Κυανούν Μοναστήρι), from the colour of its doors and window blinds. For centuries, it had been a popular place of pilgrimage for Armenians and non-Armenians alike, a way station for pilgrims en route to the Holy Land, as well as a place of recuperation and rest for Armenian Catholicoi and clergymen from Cilicia and Jerusalem (it was the favourite holiday resort for Catholicos Sahag II, who used to ride his horse around its vast lands). Amongst its guests was Abbot Mekhitar of Sebaste, who spent some time there in 1695 on his way to Rome, as well as Hovsep Shishmanian (Dzerents), who - inspired by the visible outline of the distant Taurus mountains, in 1875 - he wrote the historical novel Toros Levoni, set in the times of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia; according to tradition, in 1140 prince Thoros II took refuge here to escape from his persecutors. The monastery won the favour of the Ottomans: a 1642 firman exempted Armenians from paying taxes for the monastery, whose terms were renewed in 1660 and 1701. The 1650-1750 period is considered its "golden century", as huge areas of land were purchased or given to the monastery. A large-scale renovation took place between 1734–1735 by Archimandrite Haroutiun, while between 1811–1818 Symeon Agha of Crimea financed a complete restoration and built the present chapel of the monastery. The initial chapel, at the centre of the monastic compound, was destroyed by earthquakes and natural conditions; the present chapel, next to the original one, was inaugurated on 3 January 1814. Renovations and restorations took place also in 1866 (by commission of the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Boghos Taktakian), in 1926 (by commission of Dickran Ouzounian, Ashod Aslanian and Garo Balian), in 1929 (by commission of Boghos and Anna Magarian), between 1947–1949 (by commission of Hovhannes and Mary Shakarian) and again in 1973 (by initiative of the Armenian Ethnarchy of Cyprus). The road linking the monastery to Halevga was constructed in 1926–1927, by commission of Agha Garabed Melkonian, while the square, to the east of the monastery, was constructed in 1933 by commission of Catholicos Sahag II. For centuries, the monastery had been an important spiritual centre. Until the early 20th century, a large number of exquisite and priceless manuscripts written at the monastery's scriptorium between 1202–1740, as well as numerous valuable ecclesiastical vessels, were kept here, before they were moved to Nicosia for safe-keeping; since 1947, 56 illuminated manuscripts are at the Catholicosate of Cilicia in Antelias. It appears that the last monks lived permanently until about 1800. There are two monuments in the vicinity: a commemorative stone column at the square of the monastery, unveiled on 8 September 1933 by Catholicos Sahag II, and a mortar obelisk dedicated to Abbot Mekhitar, on top of the namesake hill to the north-west of the monastery, unveiled on 2 August 1931 by Catholicos Sahag II and Archbishop Bedros Saradjian. Between 1897–1904, Vahan Kurkjian's (Pagouran) National Educational Orphanage had its summer sessions here, as did - for the whole year - a small Armenian school for the children of the region until 1914. The area was used as a summer resort and camping site for Armenian scouts and students. In 1948 the Archangels' fountain was erected, by commission of Kapriel and Arshalouis Kasbarian, which was officially blessed by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyan on 2 May 1948. In 1949 Sarkis and Sourpig Marashlian funded the water distribution network, the turbine and the electric generator. The monastery's chapel was a favourite place for Christenings. A new baptistery was constructed in 1968 by Karnig Kouyoumdjian. Until 1974, a large number of Armenian-Cypriot families rented rooms in the monastery during the weekends and holidays. On May's first weekend, Saint Macarius’ feast, many Armenian-Cypriots would visit Magaravank and some of them would rent rooms and help in the preparation of the harissa (chicken porridge). On Sunday, a Liturgy was held at the chapel of the monastery and harissa was served afterwards. Unfortunately, the monastery was captured by the Turkish troops in August 1974, who later used it to house illegal settlers from Anatolia and, in the 1980s, to house military officers. Left at the mercy of vandals and nature, it has been desecrated and today is dilapidated and in a pitiful condition. Between 1998-1999 and again in 2005, the occupying regime intended to turn it into a hotel; after co-ordinated reactions, this unholy plan was averted. In December 2006 and in July 2008, it was visited by Hrant Dink and Catholicos Aram I, respectively. By initiative of Representative Vartkes Mahdessian and the Armenian Ethnarchy, on 6 May 2007 the first visit-pilgrimage took place there after 33 years; it was repeated on 10 May 2009, 9 May 2010, 8 May 2011, 13 May 2012 and 19 May 2013, with the participation of a large number of Armenian-Cypriots and other Armenians, some of whom came from abroad. On top of the entrance gate of the monastery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in Armenian: Ի յիշատակ ազգ. մեծ բարերար Տիար Կարապետ Մելգոնեանի որ ետ շինել զխճուղի Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց 1926 (In memory of great national benefactor Mr Garabed Melkonian who re-built the macadam road of Sourp Magar's monastery 1926) Between the entrance and the chapel, on a wall to the left and above the monastery's turbine and generator, there is the following commemorative marble inscription in Armenian, the only one surviving within the monastery premises, even though it has been partially defaced: Շինեցաւ կազմածք ջրաբաշխութեան եւ լուսաւորութեան Ս. Մակարայ Վանուց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Սարգիս Մարաշլեանի 1949 (The equipments of water and light distribution of Saint Macarius' monastery were built by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Sarkis Marashlian 1949) In front of the iron gate to the chapel there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in Armenian: Շինեցաւ զանգակատուն եւ յատակ մատրանս՝ արդեամբ Տիար Կարօ Պալեանի 1926 (The belfry and floor of the chapel were built by commission of Mr Garo Balian 1926) Շինեցաւ դասս, գաւիթ մատրանս, արդեամբ Տիար Տիգրան Ուզունեանի 1926 (The soleas [and] narthex of this chapel were built by commission of Mr Dickran Ouzounian 1926) In front of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in Armenian: Վերանորոգեցաւ մատուռս սրտաբուխ ծախիւք Տէր եւ Տիկին Յովհաննէս Շաքարեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրեանց 1947 (This chapel was restored by the generous expenses of Mr and Mrs Hovhannes Shakarian in memory of their deceased 1947) On top of the chapel's door there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in Armenian: Վերստին նորոգեցի Սուրբ Անապատս Մեծի Մակարայ Ճգնաւորին ձեռամբ Յարութիւն Վարդապետի: Ի թուին ՌՃՁԴ 1735 [The Holy Hermitage of Macarius the Great was renovated again by the hands of Archimandrite Haroutiun. In the year 1184 (according to the old Armenian dating system) 1735 (according to the global dating system)] Այց արար մէզ Տէրն Բարձանց, Աստուած եւ Հայրն Ողորմութեանց, ետ նորոգել Վանքս ի հիմանց, յըստորակաց Փրկչին ամաց: Հոգաբարձութբ. ազնիւ Սիմէօն Աղային 1814 Յունվ. 3: (The Lord of the Heavens visited us, the God and Father of Mercy, this Monastery was renovated again from its foundations, by His subordinate in the Saviour's years. Under the direction of the noble Symeon Agha, 3 January 1814.) In front of the repository there used to be the following commemorative marble inscriptions in Armenian: Տիար Աշոտ Ասլանեան մասնակցեցաւ աւանդատան նորոգման 1926 (Mr Ashod Aslanian participated in the renovation of the repository 1926) Under the baptistery there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in Armenian: Շինեցւ աւազանս մկրտութեան արդեամբ եւ ծախիւք Գառնիկ Մկրտիչ Գույոումճեանի ի յիշատակ ննջեցելոց իւրոյ 1968 (This baptistery was built by commission and expenses of Karnig Mgrditch Kouyoumdjian in memory of his deceased 1968) In front of the dorter there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in Armenian: Նորոգեցաւ դարպասս արդեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Պօղոս եւ Աննա Մակարեանի 1929 (This dorter was renovated by commission of Mr and Mrs Boghos and Anna Magarian 1929) Շինեցաւ գաւիթ սբյ. տաճարիս արդեամբք բարեսէր Խրմցի մհտսի. Սիմէօն Աղային ի յշտկ. հոգւոյ կենակցւոյն իւրոյ ի Տր. հանգուցեալ Աննայ հոգեսէր Խաթունին դստեր Սարգիս Աղային. Ընթերցողքըդ տուք զողորմիս. Ամէն յամի Տռն. 1818 (The narthex of this holy temple was built by commission of benevolent mahdessi (a person gone on pilgrimage to Jerusalem) Agha Symeon of Crimea in memory of the soul of his deceased companion who rests besides the Lord the devout Anna Khatoun, daughter of Sarkis Agha. You the readers give me your mercy. Amen in the Lord's Year 1818) In front of the two Moughalian rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in Armenian: Երկոքին սենեակս շինեցան արդեամբք ժառանգորդաց Արթին Աղա Մուղալեանի 1907 (Both these rooms were built by commission of the heirs of Artin Agha Moughalian 1907) In front of the other rooms there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in Armenian: Արար ըզսոյն իւր յիշատակ Ս. Մակարայ Վանիցս սենեակ արգոյ Հաճի Սիմէօն Աղային ընդ ամուսնոյն Խաթուն Աննայն 1814 Յունվ. 3 (These rooms in Saint Macarius Monastery were built by Hadji Symeon Agha for the precious memory of his wife Khatoun Anna 3 January 1814) On the rooms of the mills there is the following commemorative marble inscription in Armenian: Շինեցաւ ի յիշատակ նուիրատուացն աղօրեաց Տ. Տ. Յովսէփայ եւ Մարտիրոսի Վարդապետացն, 1922 (Built in memory of the mills' donors Archimandrites Hovsep and Mardiros, 1922) Finally, on the Holy Archangels' fountain, there used to be the following commemorative marble inscription in Armenian, which is now partially defaced: Գտաւ ակնաղբիւրս այս Սրբոց Հրեշտակապետաց սրտաբուխ նուիրատուութեամբ Տէր եւ Տիկին Գասպարեանի 1948 (This fountain-head of the Holy Archangels was found by the generous donation of Mr and Mrs Kasparian 1948) See also Armenia–Cyprus relations Armenians in Greece Armenians in Turkey Armenians in the United Kingdom References Useful Bibliography Books Բակուրան: Կիպրոս կղզի, Աշխարհագրական եւ պատմական տեսութիւն, Հայ Գաղթականութիւն (Տպարան Ազգային Կրթարան-Որբանոցի, Նիկոսիա: 1903). ԲԱԿ: Հայ Կիպրոս, Հայ գաղութը եւ Ս. Մակար (Տպարան Դպրեվանույ Կաթողիկոսութեան Կիլիկիոյ, Անթիլիաս: 1936). Ղեւոնդ Եպիսկուոս: Յիշատակարան Կիպրահայ գաղութի (Տպարան Դպրեվանույ Կաթողիկոսութեան Կիլիկիոյ, Անթիլիաս: 1955). 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Վարուժան Արքեպիսկոպոս: Կիպրոսի Թեմի հովուական կարգը եւ Թեմական կազմաւորութիւնը (Նիկոսիա: 2011) Αλέξανδρος-Μιχαήλ Χατζηλύρας: Η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία και οι Θρησκευτικές Ομάδες (Λευκωσία: 2012). Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra: The Armenians of Cyprus (Press and Information Office, Nicosia: 2012). Αλέξανδρος-Μιχαήλ Χατζηλύρας: Οι Αρμένιοι της Κύπρου (Γραφείο Τύπου και Πληροφοριών, Λευκωσία: 2012). Published articles Արշակ Ալպօյաճեան: Կիպրոս Կղզին, իր անցեալն ու ներկան [Թէոդիկի Ամէնուն Տարեցոյցը, 21րդ Տարի (1926), էջ. 192–239], Փարիզ: 1927. Noubar Maxoudian: An Early Colony: History of the Armenians in Cyprus [Armenian Review, Vol. XI, No. 1 (Spring 1958), p. 73–77], Watertown, Massachusetts: 1958. Կարօ Գէորգեան: Պատմութիւն Կիպրոսի եւ Կիպրահայ Գաղութը [Ամենուն Տարեգիրքը, Ը Տարի (1960), էջ. 333–426], Պէյրութ: 1961. Avedis K. Sanjian: The Diocese of Cyprus [part of Chapter VI, The Armenian Communities in Syria under Ottoman Dominion, p. 160–167], Harvard: 1965. Criton G. Tornaritis: The legal position of the Armenian religious group (1961) [Constitutional and legal problems of the Republic of Cyprus, p. 83–90], Nicosia: 1972. Noubar Maxoudian: A brief history of the Armenians in Cyprus (1936) [Armenian Review, Vol. XXVII, No. 4 (Winter 1974), p. 398–416], Watertown, Massachusetts: 1974. Susan Pattie: Armenian Diaspora Life in Cyprus and London [Armenian Review, Vol. XLIV, No. 1 (Spring 1991), p. 37–57], Watertown, Massachusetts: 1991. Gilles Grivaud: Les minorités orientales à Chypre (Époques médiévale et moderne) [Travaux de la Maison de l' Orient Méditerranéen No. 31 (1997), p. 43–70]. Lyon: 2000. Nicholas Coureas: Non-Chalcedonian Christians on Latin Cyprus [Dei gesta per Francos: Crusade Studies in Honour of Jean Richard, p. 349–360], Surrey: 2001. Kevork Keshishian: The Armenian community of Cyprus: 6th century AD to present day (1995) [ed. Ruth Keshishian; Cyprus Today, Vol. XL, No 1 (January–April 2002) p. 22–40], Nicosia: 2002. Charalambos K. Papastathis: Le statut légal des religions dans la République de Chypre [L’année canonique, No. XLV (2003), pp. 267–286], Paris: 2003. Գևորգ Քեշիշյան & Մարգարիտ Բաղդասարյան: Կիպրոս [Հայ Սփյուռք Հանրագիտարան, Էջ. 343–349], Երևան: 2003. Achilles Emilianides: State and Church in Cyprus [State and Church in the European Union, pp. 231–252], Baden: 2005. Αχιλλεύς Αιμιλιανίδης: Γνωμάτευση: Ποιοι Θεωρούνται ως Μέλη Θρησκευτικών Ομάδων σύμφωνα με το Κυπριακό Σύνταγμα, [Λυσίας, No. 1 (2006), σελ. 26-31], Λευκωσία: 2006. Achilles Emilianides: Religion and the State in Dialogue: Cyprus [Religion and Law in Dialogue: Covenantal and Non-Covenantal Cooperation Between State and Religion in Europe, pp. 19–31], Leuven: 2006. Achilles Emilianides: Il finanziamento delle cinque religioni: il caso cipriota [Quaderni di diritto e politica ecclesiastica, No. 1 (Aprile 2006), pp. 107–124], Bologna: 2006. Nicholas Coureas: Between the Latins and Native Tradition: The Armenians in Lusignan Cyprus, 1191–1473 [L' Église arménienne entre Grecs et Latins: fin XIe - milieu XVe siècle, p. 205–214], Montpellier: 2009. Αλέξανδρος-Μιχαήλ Χατζηλύρας: Η αρμενοκυπριακή κοινότητα [Ιστορία της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας, τόμος 3ος (1980–1989), σελ. 182–201], Λευκωσία: 2011. Αλέξανδρος-Μιχαήλ Χατζηλύρας: Η διαχρονική παρουσία της αρμενοκυπριακής κοινότητας [Ενατενίσεις, Νο. 14 (Μάιος–Αύγουστος 2011) σελ. 141–149], Λευκωσία: 2011. External links cyprusarmenians.com Cyprus Armenians site Artsakank Armenian monthly and online publication English language section Gibrahayer site Sourp Stepanos site Book on the Armenians of Cyprus Brochure on the Armenians of Cyprus The Armenian-Cypriot community (in Greek) Presentation on the Armenian-Cypriot community (in Greek) Armenians in Cyprus (schools, churches, clubs) Information on the Armenians of Cyprus Video documentaries The Armenians in Cyprus (English) Οι Αρμένιοι στην Κύπρο (Greek) Armenian diaspora in Cyprus Ethnic groups in Cyprus Oriental Orthodoxy in Cyprus Armenian Catholic Church	1	1
37097959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate%20Media%20Company	Immediate Media Company	Immediate Media Company Limited (styled as Immediate Media Co) is a British multinational publishing house that currently publishes a significant range of titles, including Radio Times, BBC Top Gear, BBC Good Food and a host of others. In H1 2018, the company's titles reported a combined ABC circulation of 1.59 million, including 1.1M active subscribers. In 2018 it reported selling 70+ million magazines. The publishing house is owned by Hubert Burda Media, and is an agglomeration of Magicalia, Origin Publishing and BBC Magazines, publishing both media content and software platforms. Approximately 85% of its revenue is from content services, with the remainder from advertising. History Immediate Media originated from the combined assets of several formerly independent publishing houses, including BBC Magazines, Magicalia, Future plc, Hitched and Jewellery Maker. In late 2011 the BBC's magazine-publishing business was sold to Exponent Private Equity, following clearance by the Office of Fair Trading. Exponent had previously acquired Magicalia Limited, a digital publisher and platform provider based in London. Magicalia was founded in 1999 by Adam Laird and Jeremy Tapp. Its inaugural website was bikemagic.com. In 2000, it began offering B2B publishing services, with clients such as Runner's World magazine. In 2011 Magicalia's assets were combined with those of Origin Publishing and BBC Magazines to form Immediate. Tom Bureau, then-CEO of Magicalia, became the Chief Executive of the new company. In May 2014 Immediate acquired Future plc's sport and craft titles. The sport portfolio included the websites Bikeradar.com and Cyclingnews.com and the magazines Cycling Plus, Procycling and Mountain Biking UK. The craft titles included Love Patchwork and Quilting, Simply Knitting, and Mollie Makes. In January 2015, Immediate acquired Hitched.co.uk, a UK wedding planning brand. In November 2015 Immediate acquired its first television property, Jewellery Maker, a TV and online commerce platform, from the Genuine Gemstone Company, adding to its Crafts and Arts portfolio. Jewellery Maker employed over 100 people at the time of its acquisition. It has since expanded into TV, video and e-commerce. Hubert Burda Media acquired Immediate in 2017, for £270 million (5-6 x EBITDA). In 2019, Immediate sold Procycling magazine and the Cyclingnews.com website to Future plc. Divisions TV and Entertainment Radio Times is a British weekly television and radio programme listings magazine, founded in 1923 by John Reith, the then general manager of the BBC. It was the world's first broadcast listings magazine. The title was published entirely in-house by BBC Magazines from 1937 until 2011, when the BBC Magazines division was sold to Immediate. Its peak weekly circulation was 8.8 million. In 2014 it accounted for 60% of Immediate's profit. It is the UK's biggest-selling magazine, with a weekly print ABC of 577,087, and the UK's biggest weekly subscription title, with 271,237 subscribers in 2018. Sport 220 Triathlon BikeRadar Cycling Plus Mountain Biking UK Outdoors Magic Urban Cyclist What Mountain Bike Homes and Gardening BBC Gardeners' World Gardens Illustrated Antiques Roadshow Homes & Antiques Crafts Cardmaking & Papercraft Cross Stitch Crazy Cross Stitch Gold Get into Craft Jewellery Maker Love Crochet Love Knitting Love Patchwork & Quilting Mollie Makes Papercraft Inspirations Quick Cards Made Easy Sewing Quarter Simply Crochet Simply Knitting Simply Sewing The Knitter The World of Cross Stitching The Yarn Loop Today's Quilter Ultimate Cross Stitch We Love Craft Motoring BBC Top Gear Parents and children Immediate says that it has the largest market share in the UK children's magazines sector, with a total ABC-audited circulation of 780,194. Giggly.co.uk Junior Made For Mums Weddings Hitched.co.uk Perfect Wedding You & Your Wedding Specialist BBC Easy Cook BBC Countryfile BBC Good Food BBC History BBC Match of the Day BBC Music BBC Science Focus BBC Sky at Night Magazine BBC Wildlife Delicious Healthy Food Guide History Extra History Revealed Homes and Planet Traveller Olive Science and Nature Top of the Pops Youth and Children Andy's Amazing Adventures Art-Draw and Create Baby Shark BBC CBeebies BBC CBeebies ART BBC CBeebies Special BBC Match of the Day Magazine BBC Match of the Day Specials BBC Top of the Pops Magazine Disney Frozen Disney Frozen Fun Time Disney Stars Disney Princess Create and Collect Girl Talk Hatchimals Lego Ninjago Lego Disney Princesses Lego Superhero Legends Lego Star Wars Lego Specials Lego Giant Series Lego City MEGA! PJ Masks Pokémon Ultimate Series Platforms and other revenue Some Immediate brands serve as e-commerce marketplaces. These include the wedding site hitched.co.uk and the TV shopping arm of Jewellery Maker. Immediate also organises live events such as the Radio Times Festival. Immediate sells market research services based around its consumer panel, which the company says has 14,000 respondents. The firm also provides data analytics, loyalty publishing and IP licensing. References https://flashesandflames.com/2018/12/14/uks-immediate-brings-growth-back-to-magazines/ External links Immediate Media Company Publishing companies of England Publishing companies based in London BBC publications Mass media in London Companies established in 2011	0	-1
55679534	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Carmilla%20Movie	The Carmilla Movie	The Carmilla Movie is a 2017 Canadian comedy horror film directed by Spencer Maybee, based on the web series of the same name (2014–2016). Both the film and the web series were adapted from the 1872 gothic novella Carmilla by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu. The film received a limited release in Canada on October 26, 2017. Plot Picking up five years after the series ends, Carmilla (Natasha Negovanlis) and Laura (Elise Bauman) are now living in Toronto. Laura has been trying to start her career as a journalist, and Carmilla is enjoying the benefits of being human again. Laura has been having nightmares, revealed to be visions of Carmilla's past, and Carmilla's vampirism starts acting up. When Perry (Annie M. Briggs) and LaFontaine (Kaitlyn Alexander) look over Carmilla, it turns out Carmilla's humanity (dubbed "The Spark") is fading. Figuring there is a connection between this and Laura's dreams, Carmilla, Laura and their friends, Kirsch (Matt O'Connor), Perry, LaFontaine, and Mel (Nicole Stamp), make a trip to a mansion in Austria. At the mansion, they are greeted by ghosts from Carmilla's past; the girls who were sacrificed in her mother's rituals and are unable to cross over into the afterlife. While they have no resentment for Carmilla's roles in their deaths, they explain that there is a ritual that can help the pass over; The Ash Moon Ritual; if Carmilla willingly sacrifices her mortality and human life, by channeling it into a gem and destroying said gem. After they celebrate at a masquerade party the ghosts are hosting, Carmilla channels her humanity into the gem, but it is stolen before it can be destroyed. The thief is revealed to be Carmilla's friend and love interest from centuries prior, Elle Sheridan (Dominique Provost-Chalkley), who previously betrayed Carmilla to her mother before her death. Elle reveals she is the one behind Laura's nightmares, and that she has taken a sociopathic streak as a spirit; resenting the life Carmilla and Laura had together, and planning on stealing Carmilla's life for the purposes of restoring her own; all the while not caring that she's casting the other ghosts into the nightmare realm that once imprisoned them. Ell casts all but one of the ghosts into this dimension, along with LaFontaine, but is unable to leave the mansion. Elle stalks and picks off Laura and Carmilla's friends, sending them into the dimension as well, and tries to torment them into surrendering the last remaining ghost, Charlotte (Grace Lynn Kung). Using Charlotte as a trap, a fight ensues with Ell, that sends them into the nightmare realm as well. Laura discovers the nightmare realm to be a dimension forcing it's captives to experience their worst memories constantly as a personal Hell. Still being pursued by Elle, Laura discovers Carmilla's worse memory to be of Elle's betrayal. After rescuing the other ghosts and their friends, Carmilla and Laura gather them to complete the Ash Moon ritual. Elle interrupts them yet again, holding a knife to Carmilla's throat and demanding the gem. Laura tries to appeal to Ell, to no avail, before Mel shoots Elle, subduing her and allowing the ritual to pass, freeing the ghosts to move on to the afterlife. Returning home, Carmilla and Laura talk about how their relationship will progress with Carmilla being a vampire yet again. Laura states she doesn't see it as a problem and the two affirm their love for each other. Over the credits, Laura's career and further ventures with Carmilla, including their discovery of the Fountain of Youth, indicating that Laura will continue to live alongside Carmilla, as well as the two holding a baby. In an after credits scene, Carmilla is approached by the spirit of her sister Mattie (Sophia Walker), who warns her that the anglerfish entity from Silas was female and has laid eggs. Carmilla is immediately ready for the next adventure. Cast Production The film is based on the Canadian web series Carmilla. Both the film and the web series were adapted from the 1872 gothic novella Carmilla by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu. In September 2017 a trailer of the film was shown at the 2017 New York Comic Con. Aside from the characters that had already appeared in the series, the film introduced one new character: Carmilla's first love Ell, who was played by Dominique Provost-Chalkley. While the web series was presented in five-minute segments viewed through the webcam of the main character, Laura Hollis, the film also shows the characters when Laura's camera is offline. The film was shot in 14 days in June 2017. The film stars the cast of the web series: Elise Bauman, Natasha Negovanlis, Annie Briggs, Kaitlyn Alexander, Nicole Stamp, and Matt O'Connor. Newly introduced cast members include Dominique Provost-Chalkley, Grace Lynn Kung, and Cara Gee. Filming took place throughout the month of June 2017 in and around Toronto. 30% of financing for the film, which was made for less than $1 million, came from preselling the film via VHX to fans. Alejandro Alcoba and Jordan Hall wrote the script for the film. Release On October 26, 2017, the film was released in Cineplex theatres across Canada for one night only, before being released for streaming on Fullscreen the following day. In January 2018, the film was first broadcast on television. It was shown along with the complete web series in an 18-hour marathon on Hollywood Suite. Reception Amy Zimmerman of The Daily Beast praises that the film does not focus on "pale men and their fawning female victims", but rather sapphic women who are not "portrayed through harmful stereotypes". According to Amy, "Carmillas creative team actively avoids the tropes that have come to define queer women in pop culture". Jessica Oshanani of Her Campus thinks that the film is "incredible and worth watching". She believes that the cast, who bring their own unique personalities into the film, are one of the best things about the film. Peter Knegt from CBC.ca felt that the film was made mainly for fans of the web series. Because he had not seen the web series first, he found it hard to follow the plot in the film. He also mentions that the film is "not just a lesbian vampire movie, but a whole world dominated by characters who are queer and/or female", and that it even has a non-binary character in LaFontaine. Karly Ko from Autostraddle says that The Carmilla Movie was even better than she expected as a fan of the web series. She praises the cast and the depiction of the characters' relationships. Aja Romano from Vox believes that The Carmilla Movie is mainly interesting to those who are happy to spend a few hours watching two beautiful women who are happy with each other in a simple and sweet love story. References External links 2017 films 2017 comedy horror films 2017 LGBT-related films 2017 romantic comedy films Canadian comedy horror films Canadian romantic comedy films English-language Canadian films Films based on horror novels Films based on Irish novels Films based on web series Films based on works by Sheridan Le Fanu Films set in Toronto Films shot in Toronto Lesbian-related films LGBT-related comedy horror films LGBT-related romantic comedy films Romantic horror films Vampire comedy films	0	-1
1644295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%20Bank%20Stadium	Huntington Bank Stadium	Huntington Bank Stadium (formerly known as TCF Bank Stadium) is an outdoor stadium located on the campus of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Construction on the stadium started in 2006 and it officially opened in 2009. It is the home field of the Minnesota Golden Gophers of the Big Ten Conference. The stadium also served as the temporary home of the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 and 2015 seasons during the construction of U.S. Bank Stadium and the Minnesota United FC of Major League Soccer for the 2017 and 2018 seasons during the construction of Allianz Field. The 50,805-seat "horseshoe" style stadium cost $303.3 million to build and is designed to support future expansion to seat up to 80,000. It was the first new Big Ten football stadium constructed since Memorial Stadium at Indiana University opened in 1960. Huntington Bank Stadium also boasts the largest home locker room in college or professional football and one of the largest video boards in the nation. Super Bowl winning coach and former quarterback for the Golden Gophers Tony Dungy called the stadium "unbelievable" and Pro Football Hall of Fame wide receiver Cris Carter said that the on-campus facility "will give the University of Minnesota a chance to compete not only in the Big Ten but nationally for some of the best athletes". History The stadium is the third on-campus stadium and fourth stadium used for U of M football. Previous venues have been Northrop Field, Memorial Stadium, and Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. It is the first of three spectator sports stadiums that have been built for the major tenants of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome – the Gophers and two professional teams, the Minnesota Twins baseball and Minnesota Vikings football teams. The Gopher football program played its first game there on September 12, 2009 against the Falcons of the United States Air Force Academy, prevailing 20–13. This was the first football game played on-campus since November 21, 1981, the last game in Memorial Stadium. The highest-ranked AP Top 25 team to visit was #2 TCU in 2015. Iowa is 3–3 against Minnesota in rivalry games played at "The Bank", and one of three ranked opponents that the Gophers have defeated in the new facility (#24 Iowa in 2010, #21 Nebraska in 2013, and #4 Penn State in 2019). The 2019 win over Penn State was the first time Minnesota had sold out TCF Bank Stadium since 2015 and was their first win at TCF Bank Stadium against a top 4 ranked opponent. At the conclusion of the 2019 season, the Gopher football team has an all-time record of 48 - 32 (0.600) in games played at TCF Bank Stadium. Stadium proposal The push for a new on-campus stadium for Golden Gopher football began in the fall of 2000. The university cited poor revenue and lack of a college football atmosphere at the off-campus Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome as their main reasons for wanting to move back on campus. A plan for a joint Minnesota Vikings/University of Minnesota football stadium was proposed in 2002, but differences over how the stadium would be designed and managed, as well as state budget constraints, led to the plan's failure. In September 2003 a highly publicized attempt was made by T. Denny Sanford to be the lead donor for the project, but in early 2004 the plan fell through when the two parties were unable to come to an agreement on the financial terms. The university unveiled preliminary stadium drawings and a general plan to seek state money and donations in December 2003. On March 24, 2005, the university and TCF Bank announced a deal that would have the bank contribute $35 million towards the project which would give them naming rights. The deal was given an expiration date of December 31, 2005; time enough for the Minnesota Legislature to provide the bulk of funding needed to make the project a reality. During the remainder of 2005 the university concentrated on drafting a stadium proposal that would draw the support of state politicians. The final plan proposed that the state of Minnesota would contribute 40% of the stadium cost while the university would raise the remaining 60% on its own. Portions of that 60% were to be funded by the TCF naming rights, while the remainder would come from a $50 per semester student fee, private donations, the sale of 2,840 acres (11.5 km2) of university land in rural Dakota County back to the state, and game day parking revenue. Even though the university proposal drew widespread legislative support, the stadium effort suffered a setback when the 2005 legislative session ended before the stadium bill could be heard. Late in 2005 when it became evident that this would happen, the university and TCF Bank announced that it had extended the naming rights deal to June 30, 2006. Despite the 2005 session having ended with the bill not coming to a vote, the stadium effort did not lose momentum in the legislature and was introduced quickly in the 2006 session. On April 6, 2006, the Minnesota House of Representatives passed the stadium bill on a 103–30 vote. The house bill was nearly identical to what the university was proposing and had full university support. However, on May 9, 2006, the Minnesota Senate passed a radically different version of the bill on a 34–32 vote. The Senate version would have removed the TCF naming rights deal, the student fees, and the purchase of the university owned land. The proposed funding that was removed was to be replaced with a statewide tax on sports memorabilia. It also would have required the stadium to be named Veterans Memorial Stadium (similar to the previous on-campus football stadium Memorial Stadium, which was last used in 1981 and demolished in 1992). Governor Tim Pawlenty stated he supported the House version. He signed the bill in May 2006 at the University of Minnesota McNamara Alumni Center. Legislative approval 2006 Even though the differences between the House and Senate bills were major, the details were ironed out and approved on May 19, in a House–Senate conference committee. The naming rights and land sale remained in the bill, as did a scaled down $25 per year student fee. The tax on sports memorabilia as well as the Veterans Memorial Stadium name were voted out. The committee also voted to increase the state contribution to the project to compensate for the smaller student fees. The compromise bill was then approved by both the full house and senate on May 20, and was signed by Governor Tim Pawlenty on May 24. Construction On June 8, 2006, the university announced that it had selected Populous to design the stadium. Populous (then HOK Sport) was one of the three finalists, along with HNTB Architects and Crawford Architects, that made presentations to the university on May 24, 2006. The local firm that worked on the project was Minneapolis-based Architectural Alliance, and M.A. Mortenson Company was the general contractor. Schematic designs of the stadium were presented to the public on January 3, 2007. Infrastructure work at the stadium site began in late June 2006, and a ceremonial groundbreaking took place at the stadium site on September 30, 2006. The beginning of construction on the stadium itself along with the unveiling of the stadium's logo took place on July 11, 2007. Site preparation and foundation work continued through the summer and fall of 2007. More than 8,800 tons of steel that make up the stadium's skeleton were put in place between January 28, 2007 – June 28, 2008. Name change On June 29, 2021, the University's Board of Regents approved changing the name from TCF Bank Stadium to Huntington Bank Stadium. The change occurred after Huntington Bancshares purchased TCF Bank. The new name and logo were put into use immediately by the University. Location The stadium is located on the northeast side of the Minneapolis campus, near the site of the former Memorial Stadium, across from Williams Arena. The site was previously the Huron Boulevard Parking Complex, where the university's four largest parking lots were located. The address is 2009 University Ave S.E. The stadium is part of a expansion of the Twin Cities campus, the largest since the West Bank was built in the 1960s. Current plans for the area call for the construction of as many as ten new academic buildings by 2015. The METRO Green Line light rail runs near the stadium, with a station in Stadium Village serving the facility. Construction of the Green Line began in 2010 and opened June 14, 2014. The two other major Twin Cities stadiums are located along this line, within a short distance and travel time on the Light rail line. An environmental impact assessment of the stadium site was conducted by the university between December 2004 and March 2006 at a cost of $1.5 million. The results were approved by the Board of Regents on March 27, 2006. Design The stadium is a horseshoe-style stadium which organizers said would have a "traditional collegiate look and feel". On December 7, 2006, the university announced that the stadium's field would be laid out in an unorthodox east–west configuration, with the open west end of the stadium facing campus. This layout, similar to that of Memorial Stadium, provides a view of downtown Minneapolis. On September 18, 2009, the University of Minnesota announced that the stadium was awarded LEED Silver Certification, the first college or professional football stadium to achieve LEED certification. General features and football facilities The centerpiece of the stadium is the massive scoreboard, designed and built by Daktronics at a cost of $9 million. At , the HD-X light-emitting diode (LED) video scoreboard is currently the largest in college football-only stadiums, and was the third largest at the time of construction. The playing surface is FieldTurf, an infilled artificial turf, and the brick wall surrounding the playing field was made possible by an alumni donation of $500,000. Located on the stadium ground level is the Murray Warmath Locker Room, named in honor of the Gophers' national championship winning coach from 1954 to 1971. It is the largest home locker room in college or professional football, and features a block “M” lighting fixture and 120 custom-built cherry-wood lockers. Adjacent to the Murray Warmath Locker Room are other team areas including a fully equipped training room, therapy room, medical exam rooms, an equipment room, custom coaches’ offices and locker rooms, a home media room, private recruiting room, and a training table for dining and nutrition. After a tour of the complex, Pro Bowl wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald remarked that, "This has got to be the best locker room in the Big Ten." Stadium aesthetics To recognize that the venue was paid for with taxes statewide and to pay tribute to the support of Minnesota citizens, the names of the state's 87 counties are cast in stone around the perimeter of the first level. Each is engraved in a piece of cast stone that is and weighs . These panels are contained within the reminiscent Memorial Wall, which forms the external surface of the stadium building. This brick façade perimeter wall with arched portals reflects the heritage of Memorial Stadium's exterior, and a 360° colonnade provides a year-round walkway around the stadium. Displayed on the façade of the stadium's upper deck are panels commemorating the 7 national championships and 18 Big Ten Conference championships won by Minnesota in football, as well as ones distinguishing the five players whose numbers have been retired by the program. The Minnesota Tribal Nations Plaza encompasses the main western entrance to the stadium and is named in honor of the 11 Native American nations in Minnesota, featuring eleven -tall sky markers: one for each nation. The stadium also incorporates the Veterans Tribute, a memorial dedicated to Minnesota veterans, located in the open end of the horseshoe near the main plaza. Seating and amenities The first phase of the construction includes approximately 50,805 seats, with the design able to support future expansion of up to 80,000 seats. The 10,000-seat student section is located in the eastern end of the stadium, and the area reserved for the University of Minnesota Marching Band is partitioned from it, situated directly behind the eastern end zone and framed by a backdrop labeled Pride of Minnesota. There are approximately 20,000 seats with permanent chairbacks in the stadium, located between the goal lines in both the upper and lower decks, but all remaining locations have aluminum bench seating with no backs. The stadium also features 1,000 handicap accessible and companion seats, and accessible seating is located throughout the stadium, including in the first row of the first level, the last row of the first level, and the last row of the second level. Premium seating includes 37 private suites, 250 indoor club seats, 1,250 outdoor club seats, and 50 loge boxes, along with access to the exclusive climate-controlled DQ Club Room, which offers luxurious amenities to premium-seat ticket holders. The main concourse is on the second level and wraps around the entire stadium, open to the field of play. Concessions and many of the venue's 113 restrooms are located here. Located in the southwest corner of the stadium is Goldy's Locker Room, the team store, which spans two floors. The T. Denny Sanford Athletics Hall of Fame was opened in fall of 2010, positioned in the southwest end of the stadium next to Goldy's Locker Room. The more than Hall of Fame is not football specific, rather encompassing all 25 of the University of Minnesota's athletic programs through dramatic imagery, artifacts, and interactive kiosks. Visitors to the Hall of Fame hear a soundscape with some of the great radio calls from Minnesota's play-by-play voices. The space also honors the members of the 'M' Club Hall of Fame with a wall complete with plaques for each inductee. The Hall of Fame housed the Floyd of Rosedale trophy after a win over Iowa in 2010. The media area is a three-tiered press box with 10 network TV camera positions and seating for 160 members of the media. Expansion The stadium was designed to be capable of supporting future seating expansion to 80,000. The 30,000 seats would be added above the second deck of the stadium from the end of the press boxes across to the northwest end of the venue, wrapping around the remainder of the horseshoe. The auxiliary video display currently adjacent to the easternmost section of the media areas would likely be relocated to atop the new third deck. The University of Minnesota could add all 30,000 seats in a single addition or in increments of 10,000 seats, meeting demand as it is needed (although the duplicated costs of such a plan make it unlikely). If expansion is ever undertaken, it can be completed in about 9 months so that there would be minimal interruption of a football season. 2014 changes For the 2014 and 2015 seasons, the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL) used TCF Bank Stadium as their home venue while their new venue, U.S. Bank Stadium, was under construction at the site of the Metrodome. To help accommodate the Vikings, TCF Bank Stadium underwent several changes, including a new playing surface with heating coils, increased storage space throughout the stadium, and concession upgrades. In addition, temporary seats were installed that increased the stadium's capacity to 52,525. These accommodations were expected to cost about $7 million - an amount attributed to the overall construction cost of the new stadium. Funding The stadium's cost totals $288.5 million, of which the university will pay 52% and the state of Minnesota the remaining 48%. Including interest the state's cost is about $10 million per year or about $1.7 million per game for 25 years. About $50 million of the state's portion goes to the purchase of 2,840 acres (11.5 km2) of undeveloped university land, part of the Rosemount Research Center in Dakota County, over 25 years by the state of Minnesota who will assume responsibility for risks if the site requires environmental cleanup. The university retains its right to use the land for its "research, education and engagement mission" in perpetuity. The university's share was $111 million or 52%. TCF Financial Corporation of Wayzata is contributing $35 million over 25 years in exchange for the naming rights and other agreements. The university projected earnings of $2.5 million per year or $96 million over the life of agreements with TCF that will include marketing debit cards to alumni and ticketholders. If unable to fulfill its contractual obligations, TCF Financial Corporation must propose an alternate name subject to the approval of the university. Other corporate donations have been pledged as well, including Best Buy ($3 million), Dairy Queen ($2.5 million), Target Corporation ($2 million), Federated Insurance, General Mills, and Norwest Equity Partners. The university also accepts donations from individuals. Initially donations were only being sought from "high-end" donors (those contributing $100,000 or more), but in June 2008 the university expanded the fundraising effort to gather smaller donations as well. On May 21, 2009, the University announced they had received a $6 million donation from T. Denny Sanford, meaning the university had achieved its goal of $86 million in private fund raising. The remainder of the university's portion will come from a $12.50 per semester student fee ($25 per year) and game day parking revenue. Even though the cost of building TCF Bank Stadium originated at $248.7 million, changes in the construction planning raised the cost to $288.5 million. The university has vowed that even if the stadium cost rises again, it will not seek more money from the state nor increase the student fees any further. The University has been charging all U of M students a mandatory stadium fee of $12.50 every semester since planning for the project began, and is continuing this fee despite the stadium being finished. The cost of the stadium was $288.5 million of which the university had to pay 52%, and with an average of more than 50,000 students in a given year, in one semester the university makes more than $625,000 from the stadium fee, meaning they receive more than $12.5 million every 10 years from students. Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux donations The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community (SMSC) agreed to donate $10 million for stadium construction, the largest gift Gopher athletics has ever received. The university matched an additional $2.5 million to create a $5 million endowment for scholarships for Native American and low-income students. The hospitality plaza on the stadium's west side and the scholarship were named to honor the community, and the plaza designed to "... celebrate the history, presence, and cultural contributions of all eleven Native American tribes in Minnesota". The University received an additional $2 million from the SMSC for construction of the plaza in 2009. Alcohol controversy University president Robert Bruininks originally planned to have the school apply for a state liquor license in order to serve beer and wine in limited areas of the stadium. Under his proposal, alcohol would have been available only to occupants of premium season ticket seats ranging in price from $1,800 to $45,000 a year. This is/was consistent with the University's long-held alcohol policy at other on-campus athletic venues, such as Williams Arena and Mariucci Arena. This is also consistent with other NCAA institutions (including all other Big Ten Conference teams except for the University of Michigan and Ohio State University) with on-campus stadiums. No Big Ten stadiums serve alcohol in their general seating. In May 2009, the state legislature passed a law that states that no alcohol may be served or sold anywhere in the stadium, including in suites and premium boxes, unless all ticketholders 21 or older in the stadium can buy alcohol at a game. The University of Minnesota regents voted on June 24, 2009, on Bruininks' subsequent proposal to ban alcohol entirely at campus athletic events (and also ban it in Mariucci and Williams arenas), which passed 10–2. In May 2010, the legislature passed a law saying that alcohol could be served in premium seating if it was also available in one-third of the general seats. Bruininks declined to ask the board of regents to make this compromise. Dan Wolter, a spokesman for the university, said, "We recognize and understand that underage drinking is a big problem in our society as a whole so that is a stand that the University wanted to take." On July 11, 2012, the university regents voted to allow beer sales at the stadium starting in the fall of 2012. Attendance Gophers football Vikings Minnesota United Other uses Marching band/drum & bugle corps The stadium replaced Northrop Auditorium as the home of the University of Minnesota Marching Band, providing it with direct access to the stadium field and new storage, rehearsal, locker room, and office facilities. The stadium has been host to the DCI Minnesota Drum & Bugle Corps competition sponsored by Drum Corps International and hosted by Minnesota Brass. The first competition, held on July 18, 2010, was cancelled during the show due to the touchdown of a nearby tornado. In 2011, the competition was won by the Cavaliers, and in 2012 was won by the Blue Devils. The stadium is currently home to the Drum Corps International Minnesota event, taking place in mid-July each year since 2010. Other university activities The university also utilizes the stadium for intramural sports, career fairs, graduation ceremonies, and other special events. Concerts High school athletics Minnesota State High School League state football and soccer tournaments, concerts, and marching band competitions have all been considered. The Minnesota State High School League's football championship games were played at the stadium in 2014 and 2015. Soccer TCF Bank Stadium was evaluated as a potential venue for a bid by the United States to host the 2018 or 2022 FIFA World Cup. In addition, TCF Bank Stadium was planned as a preliminary soccer venue in the Chicago bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics. On August 2, 2014, TCF Bank Stadium hosted a group B match as part of the International Champions Cup between Manchester City FC and Olympiacos. The Ottawa Fury also played Minnesota United FC as part of a double-header. A temporary grass field was laid over the artificial surface for the games. The field was 120 yards by 68 yards. The University of Minnesota women's soccer team continues to play at Elizabeth Lyle Robbie Stadium. For Minnesota United FC's first two seasons in Major League Soccer, the club played their home matches at TCF Bank Stadium as they awaited the opening of Allianz Field in St. Paul. The field for Minnesota United FC games are on . Per a $1 million agreement with the university, Minnesota United was forced to schedule its matches on separate weekends and not play on weekdays during the school's spring and fall semesters. The club also painted over the permanent markings in the end zones and at midfield for some matches. The provision was influenced by the temporary hosting of the Vikings, which used a labor-intensive process to change out the markings that left the field in worse condition for the Gophers. International Soccer Matches Minnesota Vikings Due to a collapse of the Metrodome's roof, the Minnesota Vikings' Monday Night Football game against the Chicago Bears was held at the stadium on December 20, 2010, which was the Vikings' first outdoor home game since exactly 29 years before, when Metropolitan Stadium was closed. The game ended with the Bears defeating the Vikings, 40−14. With the win, the Bears won the NFC North title and Devin Hester broke the kickoff return for touchdown record. This was Brett Favre's last game in the NFL after he sustained a concussion from being hit by Corey Wootton. The Vikings played the 2014 and 2015 NFL seasons at the stadium during construction of U.S. Bank Stadium, which included the demolition of the Metrodome. TCF Bank Stadium was the smallest stadium in the NFL by seat capacity for those two seasons. The Vikings reportedly paid $2 million for upkeep costs for those seasons. The Vikings also spent $4.5 million to upgrade the facilities to NFL standards, mainly to include heating coils under the turf. The Vikings used the north sideline (opposite the press box) in 2014–15. In early 2016, the Vikings became the first team in NFL history to qualify for and host the playoffs while based in a temporary stadium. In addition, the game also set a Vikings team record for the coldest home game, as well as the third coldest in NFL history at and windchill of . Ice hockey The stadium hosted an outdoor NCAA hockey game between the Minnesota Golden Gophers and Ohio State Buckeyes on January 17, 2014. The Gophers won 1–0 with 45,021 fans in attendance. It also hosted to its first NHL contest on February 21, 2016 between the Minnesota Wild and the Chicago Blackhawks as part of the 2016 NHL Stadium Series. The Wild won 6–1 in front of 50,426 fans. See also List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums Notes and references External links Huntington Bank Stadium webpage American football venues in Minnesota Minnesota Golden Gophers football venues Minnesota Vikings stadiums Defunct National Football League venues Sports venues completed in 2009 Sports venues in Minneapolis 2009 establishments in Minnesota Ice hockey venues in Minneapolis Outdoor ice hockey venues in the United States Soccer venues in Minnesota Minnesota United FC sports facilities	1	1
3220275	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number%20%28sports%29	Number (sports)	In team sports, the number, often referred to as the uniform number, squad number, jersey number, shirt number, sweater number, or similar (with such naming differences varying by sport and region) is the number worn on a player's uniform, to identify and distinguish each player (and sometimes others, such as coaches and officials) from others wearing the same or similar uniforms. The number is typically displayed on the rear of the jersey, often accompanied by the surname. Sometimes it is also displayed on the front and/or sleeves, or on the player's shorts or headgear. It is used to identify the player to officials, other players, official scorers, and spectators; in some sports, it is also indicative of the player's position. The International Federation of Football History and Statistics, an organization of association football historians, traces the origin of numbers to a 1911 Australian rules football match in Sydney, although photographic evidence exists of numbers being used in Australia as early as May 1903 in a Fitzroy v Collingwood match. Player numbers were used in a Queensland vs. New Zealand rugby match played on 17 July 1897, in Brisbane, Australia, as reported in the Brisbane Courier. Association football In association football, the first record of numbered jerseys date back to 1911, with Australian teams Sydney Leichardt and HMS Powerful being the first to use squad numbers on their backs. One year later, numbering in football would be ruled as mandatory in New South Wales. In South America, Argentina was the first country with numbered shirts. It was during the Scottish team Third Lanark's tour to South America of 1923, they played a friendly match vs. a local combined team ("Zona Norte") on 10 June. Both squads were numbered from 1–11. North America saw its first football match with squad numbers on 30 March 1924, when St. Louis Vesper Buick and Fall River Marksmen (winners of St. Louis and American soccer leagues, respectively) played the National Challenge Cup, although only the local team wore numbered shirts. In England, Arsenal coach Herbert Chapman brought the idea of numbered shirts, worn for the first time when his team played Sheffield Wednesday in 1928. Arsenal wore shirts from 1 to 11 while their rivals' numbered from 12 to 22. A similar numbering criteria was used in the 1933 FA Cup Final between Everton and Manchester City. Nevertheless, it was not until the 1939–40 season when the Football League ruled that squads had to wear numbers for each player. Numbers were traditionally assigned based on a player's position or reputation on the field, with the starting 11 players wearing 1 to 11, and the substitutes wearing higher numbers. The goalkeeper would generally wear number 1, then defenders, midfield players and forwards in ascending order. The 1950 FIFA World Cup was the first FIFA competition to see squad numbers for each players, but persistent numbers would not be issued until the 1954 World Cup, where each man in a country's 22-man squad wore a specific number from 1 to 22 for the duration of the tournament. After some teams such as Argentina fielded non-goalkeeper players with number 1 (in the 1982 and 1986 World Cups), FIFA ruled that number 1 had to be assigned to a goalkeeper exclusively. That change was first applied in the 1990 World Cup. The rule is still active for competitions organised by the body. In 1993, England's Football Association switched to persistent squad numbers, abandoning the mandatory use of 1–11 for the starting line-up. The persistent number system became standard in the FA Premier League in the 1993–94 season, with names printed above the numbers. Most European top leagues adopted the system over the next five years. In addition to "1" being commonly assigned to the starting goalkeeper, it is also common for defenders to wear numbers in the lower single digits, for strikers to wear "7" or "9" or "11", and for a team's central playmaker to wear "10." It is common for players to change numbers within a club as their career progresses. For example, Cesc Fàbregas was first assigned the number 57 on arrival at Arsenal in 2003. On promotion to the first team squad he was switched to number 15 before inheriting his preferred number 4 following the departure of Patrick Vieira. Very high numbers, the most common being 88, are often reserved and used as placeholders, when a new player has been signed and played by the manager prior to having a formal squad number. However, in some countries these high numbers are well-used, in some cases because the player's preferred number is already taken or for other reasons. On joining A.C. Milan, Andriy Shevchenko, Ronaldinho and Mathieu Flamini all wore numbers reflecting the year of their birth (76, 80 and 84 respectively), because their preferred numbers were already being worn. Australian rules football Squad numbers first appeared on Australian rules football guernseys when clubs travelled interstate. Players traditionally wear numbers on the backs of their guernseys, although some competitions (the WAFL is one example) may feature teams who wear smaller numbers on the front, usually on one side of the chest. The number being worn is usually not relevant to the player's position on the ground, although occasionally a club will allocate the number 1 guernsey or an otherwise prestigious number to the team captain (such as the Richmond football club, who until the 2016 season allocated number 17 to its team captain in honour of Jack Dyer, who wore that number with distinction). Port Adelaide assigns number 1 to the team captain. In these situations, it is usually customary for players who relinquish the captaincy to switch to another. AFL clubs generally do not retire numbers (although Geelong temporarily retired the No. 5 between 1998 and 2005 after the retirement of Gary Ablett Sr.), but instead often choose to give their more prestigious numbers to highly touted draftees or young up-and-coming players who are shown to have promise and may share certain traits with the previous wearer, such as position or playing style. For example, as of 2010, Michael Hurley inherited the No. 18 jumper left vacant by the retired Matthew Lloyd, effectively keeping the No. 18 in Essendon's goal-square for another era. Sons of famous players will often take on their father's number, especially if they play at the same club. Sergio Silvagni and his son Stephen, for example, both wore number 1 for Carlton, with Stephen's son Jack later following suit. Matthew Scarlett wore his father John's No. 30 at Geelong. In contrast, some sons of famous players also prefer to take on other numbers in the hopes that it will reduce the burden of having to fulfill high expectations. Notable examples of this are Gary Ablett Jr. at Geelong (who wore No. 29 and No. 4 instead of his father's No. 5) and Jobe Watson at Essendon, who passed up Tim's No. 32 in favour of No. 4. Clubs often feature retiring champions "passing on" their famous guernsey numbers to the chosen successors, usually in ceremonial fashion, such as a club function or press conference. The highest number worn in a VFL/AFL game is number 65 by Andrew Witts of Collingwood for one games in 1985, before switching to 45 for the remainder of the season. In 2017, in recognition of the 50th anniversary of the 1967 Australian referendum related to Indigenous Australians, eight indigenous players wore the number 67 as part of the Sir Doug Nicholls' Indigenous Round. Baseball In baseball, players (and uniquely to baseball, coaches as well) generally wear large numbers on the back of their jersey. Some jerseys may also feature smaller numerals in other locations, such as on the sleeves, pants, or front of the shirt. The purpose of numerals in baseball is to allow for easy identification of players. Some players have been so associated with specific numbers that their jersey number has been officially "retired". The first team to retire a number was the New York Yankees, which retired Lou Gehrig's No. 4 in 1939. According to common tradition, single-digit numbers are worn by position players but rarely by pitchers, and numbers 60 and higher are rarely worn at all. Higher numbers are worn during spring training by players whose place on the team is uncertain, and sometimes are worn during the regular season by players recently called up from the minor leagues; however, such players usually change to a more traditional number once it becomes clear that they will stay with the team. However, this tradition is not enforced by any rule, and exceptions have never been rare. Moreover, numbers greater than 60 have become much more popular among Major League players since 2010, for a variety of cultural reasons. Examples include stars Kenley Jansen (74), Aaron Judge (99), Luis Robert (88), Josh Hader (71), Nick Anderson (70), Seth Lugo (67), Jose Abreu (79), and Hyun-Jin Ryu (99). At the other end of the number line, Blake Snell (who wears No. 4) in 2018 became the first pitcher wearing a single-digit number to appear in the All-Star Game and the first to win the Cy Young Award. In the early years of baseball, teams did not wear uniform numbers. Teams experimented with uniform numbers during the first two decades of the 20th century, with the first Major League team to use them being the 1916 Cleveland Indians which used them on their left sleeves for a few weeks before abandoning the experiment. Again in 1923, the St. Louis Cardinals tried out uniforms with small numbers on the sleeves, but the players did not like them, and they were removed. For the 1929 Major League Baseball season both the New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians put numbers on their jerseys, the first two teams to do so, beginning a trend that was completed by 1937, when the Philadelphia Athletics became the last team to permanently add numbers to their jerseys. The 1929 New York Yankees handed out uniform numbers based on a player's position in the batting order; which is why Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig wore their famous numbers 3 and 4; they batted third and fourth respectively that season. Numbers 1–8 were assigned to the regular starters at their respective batting order positions, numbers 9 and 10 were assigned to the Yankees' two backup catchers, while pitchers and backup fielders were assigned higher numbers. This is one source of the tradition against pitchers wearing single-digit numbers. It has always been the case that, most fundamentally, players choose their own number for personal reasons, or accept a number assigned by the team. Exceptional cases have always abounded. Bill Voiselle in the 1940s wore No. 96 in honour of his hometown of Ninety Six, South Carolina. Hall-of-Fame catcher Carlton Fisk in the 1980s wore No. 72 with the White Sox because a teammate was already using the No. 27 he had worn with his previous team. A number of players, often with iconoclastic personalities or with names featuring the letter "O," have worn No. 0 or No. 00 (which are generally uncommon). Catcher Benito Santiago switched from No. 9 to No. 09 (with a leading zero) and wore the latter from 1991 to 1994 in an effort to make his uniform more comfortable, the only major league baseball player (or any major professional sportsman) known to have worn a leading zero. Eddie Gaedel, the midget at the centre of an infamous stunt by Bill Veeck's St. Louis Browns, is the only known major league player to have worn a fraction (, which he had borrowed from the Browns' batboy) as his jersey number during his only major league plate appearance. Jerseys with three numbers are prohibited, although Bill Lee once tried to change his number to 337 since it spells "Lee" upside down. In 2020, Yankees pitcher Miguel Yajure became the first player to appear in a Major League game wearing No. 89, the last available unused number. In Nippon Professional Baseball, the Japanese big leagues, No. 18 is often reserved for the ace pitcher. Accordingly, a number of Japanese pitchers in MLB have worn the number. The number 42 is retired throughout organized baseball in honour of Jackie Robinson. Most independent professional leagues, though not bound by the rulings of the commissioner of baseball, have followed suit to avoid accusations of racism. Basketball American basketball leagues at all levels traditionally use single and double digits from 0 to 5 (i.e. 0, 00, 1–5, 10–15, 20–25, 30–35, 40–45, and 50–55). The NCAA and most amateur competitions mandate that only these numbers be used. This eases non-verbal communication between referees, who use fingers to denote a player's number, and the official scorer. In college basketball, single-digit players' numbers are officially recorded as having a leading zero. The rule about "0" and "00" does not apply to the NBA anymore but previously, in 2000, Utah Jazz center Greg Ostertag changed from "00" to "39" so Olden Polynice could wear No. 0 and in 2003, Washington Wizards center Brendan Haywood switched from No. 00 to No. 33 so Gilbert Arenas (who had the nickname "Agent Zero" already at this point) could wear No. 0. Chicago Bulls backup guard Randy Brown wore No. 0 during the 1995–96 season, but switched to No. 1 after Robert Parish joined the team the following season. When Eric Montross joined the Boston Celtics in 1994, his preferred No. 00 had been taken off circulation after Parish's departure (it was eventually retired in 1998). Montross wore No. 0 in Boston, but would revert back to No. 00 after leaving the Celtics in 1996. Since then, a number of NBA teams have featured players wearing both 0 and 00, such as the 2014 Denver Nuggets (Aaron Brooks and Darrell Arthur, respectively), the 2015–16 Denver Nuggets (Emmanuel Mudiay and Arthur), the 2016-17 Indiana Pacers (C. J. Miles and Brooks), the 2017-18 Cleveland Cavaliers (Kevin Love and Chris Andersen), the 2018-19 Portland Trail Blazers (Damian Lillard and Enes Kanter), the 2019-20 Portland Trail Blazers (Damian Lillard and Carmelo Anthony), the 2020-21 Portland Trail Blazers (Lillard and Anthony), and the 2021-22 Golden State Warriors (Jonathan Kuminga and Gary Payton II). The NBA has always allowed other numbers from 0 to 99, but use of digits 6 through 9 is less common than 0 through 5 since most players tend to keep the numbers that they had previously worn in college. However, with the increase in the number of international players, and other players who have been on national (FIBA) teams who change NBA teams and cannot keep their number with the previous team because another player has worn it or is retired, players have adopted such higher numbers (Patrick Ewing with No. 6 in Orlando). When Michael Jordan retired in 1993, the Chicago Bulls retired his 23; when he came out of retirement he chose to wear 45 until, during the 1995 NBA post-season, he went back to his familiar 23. Also, players cannot change numbers midseason, but they used to be able to (Andre Iguodala and Antoine Wright changed from No. 4 and No. 15 to No. 9 and No. 21 for Chris Webber and Vince Carter, respectively). Since Kelenna Azubuike was inactive all season, Carmelo Anthony was able to wear Azubuike's No. 7 when traded to the Knicks in 2011, but since Rodney Stuckey was active, Allen Iverson could not wear No. 3 when traded to the Pistons in 2009. (Anthony would not have been able to wear his normal No. 15 anyway and would have had to trade jerseys; the Knicks have retired the jersey number). No NBA player has ever worn the number 69, which is believed to be implicitly banned due to its sexual connotations; the NBA has never confirmed this. Rodman had allegedly requested the number 69 when he joined the Dallas Mavericks but was refused and instead wore 70. The WNBA has similar rules to both the NFHS, NCAA, and NBA altogether. Digits 6-9 are allowed, however, nobody may wear a number higher than 55. Also nobody may wear 00 as of 2011. Up to 2014, players in FIBA-organized competitions for national teams, including the Olympic Games, World Cup and Women's World Championship, had to wear numbers from 4 to 15, due to the limitations of the digits in the human hand: Referees signal numbers 1 to 3 using their fingers to the table officials to indicate the number of points scored in a particular shot attempt, whereas numbers 4-15 are shown by the referee using their fingers (with the hands shown sequentially instead of simultaneously for number 11 to 15 to signify two separate digits instead of a singular number) after a personal foul to indicate the offending player. The restriction was lifted following the implementation of video replay systems in basketball which allowed the table officials to quickly identify players on the court independently from the referees. Starting in 2014, under FIBA rules, national federations could also allow any numbers with a maximum of 2 digits for their own competitions; this rule also applied in transnational club competitions, most notably the EuroLeague. At present, players are allowed any numbers from 1 to 99, additionally 0 and 00. Cricket The International Cricket Council does not specify criteria for numbering players, so players choose their own jersey number. The 1995–96 World Series Cup in Australia saw the first use of shirt numbers in international cricket, with most players assigned their number and some players getting to choose their number, most notably Shane Warne wearing 23 as it was his number when he played junior Australian rules football for St Kilda. Other countries soon adopted the practice, although players would typically have different numbers for each tournament, and it was several years later that players would consistently wear the same number year-round. Ricky Ponting (14) continued to use the same number as in that initial season. Player numbering was first used in the 1999 Cricket World Cup, where the captains wore the number 1 jersey and the rest of the squad was numbered from 2 to 15. An exception was that South African captain Hansie Cronje retained his usual number 5 with opener Gary Kirsten wearing the number 1 which he had also done previously. Shirt numbers no longer remain exclusive to the short forms of the game, and navy blue numbers are now used on the playing whites in the Sheffield Shield to aid spectators in distinguishing players. However, a recent fashion that has been taken up by several nations is the process of giving a player making his Test debut an appearance number, along with his Test cap, for reasons of historical continuity. The number represents how many players have made their Test debuts including the one wearing it. If two or more players make their debut in the same match, they are given numbers alphabetically based on surname. For example, Thomas Armitage is Test player number 1 for England. He made his debut in the very first Test Match, against Australia, on 15 March 1877, and was first in alphabetical order on England's team. Mason Crane made his debut for England on 4 January 2018 against Australia; his number is 683. These numbers can be found on a player's Test uniform, but it is always in discreet small type on the front, and never displayed prominently. Gaelic games For Gaelic football and hurling, the GAA specifies that players must be numbered from 1 to 24 in championships organised by the body. In camogie, the Association does not specify any criteria for numbering. Apart from that, in Gaelic sports goalkeepers generally wear the number 1 shirt, and the rest of the starting team wears numbers 2–15, increasing from right to left and from defence to attack: substitutes' numbers start from 16. Gridiron football American football NFL The NFL has used uniform numbers since its inception; through the 1940s, there was no standard numbering system, and teams were free to number their players however they wanted. An informal tradition had arisen by that point that was similar to the modern system; when the All-America Football Conference, which used a radically different numbering scheme, merged with the NFL in 1950, the resulting confusion forced the merged league to impose a mandatory system of assignment of jersey numbers in 1952. This system was updated and made more rigid in 1973, and has been modified slightly since then. In 2021, the system received a major expansion. Numbers are always worn on the front and back of a player's jersey, and so-called "TV numbers" are worn on either the sleeve or shoulder. The Cincinnati Bengals were the last NFL team to wear jerseys without TV numbers on a regular basis in 1980, though since then several NFL teams have worn throwback uniforms without them, as their jersey designs predated the introduction of TV numbers. Players' last names, however, are required on all uniforms, even throwbacks which predate the last name rule. As of the 2018 season, numbers on shoulders are mandatory, only leaving helmet and pants numbers as optional. Some uniforms also feature numbers either on the front, back, or sides of the helmet (in pro football, these were most prominently worn on the San Diego Chargers "powder-blue" uniforms). Players have often asked the NFL for an exception to the numbering rule; with very few exceptions (see, for example, Keyshawn Johnson), these requests are almost always denied. Below is the numbering system established by the NFL. Small changes were made on occasion after 1973, including opening up the 10-19 range for wide receivers in 2004, and opening 40-49 up to linebackers in 2015, with the latter decree being named the "Brian Bosworth rule", who wanted to wear 44, but was ordered to change it to 55. In the same year, numbers 50-59 were opened to defensive linemen; the first benefactor was Jerry Hughes. In 2021, flexibility was increased due to expanded regular season and offseason rosters. 1–19: quarterbacks, running backs, fullbacks, wide receivers, tight ends, H-backs, linebackers, defensive backs, kickers, and punters 20–49: running backs, fullbacks, wide receivers, tight ends, H-backs, linebackers, and defensive backs 50–59: offensive linemen, defensive linemen, and linebackers 60–79: offensive linemen and defensive linemen 80–89: running backs, fullbacks, wide receivers, tight ends, H-backs 90–99: defensive linemen and linebackers Numbers 0 and 00 are no longer allowed, but they were issued in the NFL before the number standardization in 1973. George Plimpton wore 0 during a brief preseason stint as quarterback for the Detroit Lions. Jim Otto wore number "00" during most of his career with the Oakland Raiders. Wide receiver Ken Burrough of the Houston Oilers also wore "00" during his NFL career in the 1970s. This NFL numbering system is based on a player's primary position. Any player wearing any number may play at any position at any time (though players wearing numbers 50–79 or 90-99 must let the referee know that they are playing out of position by reporting as an "ineligible number in an eligible position"). It is not uncommon for running backs to line up at wide receiver on certain plays, or to have a lineman or linebacker play at fullback or tight end in short yardage situations. If a player changes primary positions, he is not required to change his number unless he changes from an eligible position to an ineligible one or vice versa (as such, Devin Hester got to keep his number 23 when changing his primary position from cornerback to wide receiver before the 2007 season). In preseason games, when teams have expanded rosters, players may wear numbers that are outside of the above rules. When the final 53-player roster is established, they are reissued numbers within the above guidelines. College and high school In college football and high school football, a less rigid numbering system is employed. The only rule is that members of the offensive line (centers, guards, and tackles) that play in ineligible positions (those that may not receive forward passes) must wear numbers from 50 to 79. Informally, certain conventions still hold, and players often wear numbers in the ranges similar to their NFL counterparts; though the lowest numbers are often the highest prestige, and thus are often worn by players at any position. Kickers and punters are frequently numbered in the 40s or 90s, which are the least in-demand numbers on a college roster. The increased flexibility in numbering of NCAA rosters is needed because NCAA rules allow 85 scholarship players and rosters of over 100 players total; thus teams would frequently exhaust the available numbers for a position under the NFL rules. One oddity of college football is that the same squad number can be shared by two (or more) players, e.g., an offensive and a defensive player. Usually one of the players is a reserve who rarely plays but there are exceptions: In the 2009 and 2010 seasons, that same number (5) was worn by South Carolina starting quarterback Stephen Garcia and starting cornerback Stephon Gilmore. Gilmore was also used as a wildcat quarterback in games against Clemson in 2009 and Southern Miss in 2010. The player change, since both players wore the same number, caused some confusion among opposing defenses, but was legal, since both players were not on the field at the same time. In 2012, the No. 5 was worn by two Notre Dame starters—quarterback Everett Golson and linebacker Manti Te'o. Starting in the 2020 NCAA football season, the use of duplicate number will be restricted to only two players, and players will be allowed to wear No. 0. Canadian football Canadian football, such as that played at the university level in U Sports or professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL), follows similar rules to amateur American football, with some minor exceptions. In the original numbering system, offensive linemen wore numbers from 40 to 69 and numbers 70–79 were allocated to receivers. A rules change in 2008 switched numbers 40–49 from offensive linemen to eligible receivers. Any eligible player, whether he is a quarterback, running back, receiver, or a kicker, can wear any eligible number. Doug Flutie wore his Boston College number of 22 when he played quarterback for the BC Lions and No. 20 for the Calgary Stampeders. Currently, numbers 1–49 and 70–89 are eligible while 50–69 are not. Numbers 90–99 are generally worn on defense although in the early days of the CFL, 90s were common on offense. The number 0 (and 00) is also allowed in the CFL, unlike in the NFL. A defensive player can wear any number he chooses, regardless of the position he plays. Handball According to the International Handball Federation, numbers from 1 to 99 can be used. The goalkeeper has often the number 12 or 1. 16 is also common. The field player has often the other numbers from 1 to 20. Sometimes the players has also the last two digits of the year of their birth. Field hockey In field hockey, the International Hockey Federation (FIH) does not specify a criterion for numbering players. Nevertheless, in the 2018 Men's and Women's World Cup, the 18 players of each squad were numbered 1–32, with number "1" generally given to goalkeepers, with some exceptions such as Canada men's, with forward Floris van Son or India women's with midfielder Navjot Kaur, both wearing that number. In other hockey competitions controlled by the FIH, a similar numbering system (1–32 for squads made up of 18 players each) has been applied, such as the 2016 Summer Olympics for both, men's and women's squads. This systems kept for the last men's and women's Champions Trophy held in Breda and Changzhou respectively. Ice hockey The first group to use numbers on ice hockey players' uniforms is a matter of some debate. The Pacific Coast Hockey Association is sometimes credited with being the first to use numbered sweaters, but the National Hockey Association, the predecessor of the National Hockey League, is known to have required its players to wear numbered armbands beginning with the 1911–12 season, which may have come before that. The Patrick brothers, who founded the PCHA, put numbers on players' backs so they could sell programs in which the players were listed by their numbers. To start the 1977–78 season, the NHL placed into effect a rule that also required sweaters to display the names of the players wearing them, but Toronto Maple Leafs owner Harold Ballard initially refused to abide by it, fearing that he would not be able to sell programs at his team's games. The NHL responded by threatening to levy a fine on the team in February 1978, so Ballard started having names put on the jerseys but made them the same color as the background they were on, which for the team's road jerseys was blue. The league threatened further sanctions, and despite playing more than one game with their "unreadable" sweaters, Ballard's Maple Leafs finally complied in earnest by making the blue jerseys' letters white. The first jersey number to be retired in professional sports was that of an NHL player, Ace Bailey, whose number 6 was retired by the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1934 following a career-ending fight with Eddie Shore during a game against the Boston Bruins in 1933. Shore injured Bailey under the mistaken impression that Bailey had hip-checked him when it was actually fellow Maple Leaf Red Horner. To aid Bailey, the NHL hosted a benefit game between the Maple Leafs and an all-star team, at which Maple Leafs owner Conn Smythe retired Bailey's number. Historically, starting NHL goaltenders wore the number 1. Popular belief holds that this was because the goaltender was the first player on the rink from the perspective of one standing in front of the net; this is also believed to be why replacement goaltenders would also wear the number. Further use of the number 1 among goaltenders can be attributed to adherence to tradition. Over time, the number 1 became rare among NHL goaltenders, with only four permanent goalies using it as of December 2021. One reason was that goaltenders increasingly followed the example set by the Toronto Maple Leafs' Terry Sawchuk and the Montreal Canadiens' Patrick Roy after the NHL mandated that each team have two goaltenders in every game. In 1964, Sawchuk joined the Maple Leafs wearing 24 as the number 1 was already being used, but switched to 30, whereas Roy donned 33 as his team already had a player with the number 30, starting a trend of goaltenders using numbers in the 30s. Furthermore, seven franchises have retired the number 1—six in honor of players and one, the Minnesota Wild, in honor of its fanbase—making it unavailable. As a result, fewer goalies have chosen the traditional number 1 and instead have opted for more distinctive numbers, or numbers of their favourite goalies. Notable examples include Mackenzie Blackwood wearing 29 for the New Jersey Devils, Aaron Dell wearing 80 for the Buffalo Sabres, Jordan Binnington wearing 50 for the St. Louis Blues, Braden Holtby wearing 70 for the Dallas Stars, Sergei Bobrovsky wearing 72 for the Florida Panthers, Mikko Koskinen wearing 19 for the Edmonton Oilers, Robin Lehner wearing 90 for the Vegas Golden Knights, and Andrei Vasilevskiy wearing 88 for the Tampa Bay Lightning. The NHL no longer permits the use of 0 or 00 as the League's database cannot list players with such numbers, and in 2000 the League retired the number 99 for all member teams in honor of Wayne Gretzky. The last number to go unused in the NHL was 84, and Canadiens forward Guillaume Latendresse became the first to wear it at the start of the 2006–07 season. Auto racing In most auto racing leagues, cars are assigned numbers. The configuration of stock cars, however, makes the numbers much more prominent. (Aerodynamic open-wheel cars don't have nearly the amount of flat surface that a stock car has.) Numbers are often synonymous with the drivers that carry them. Dale Earnhardt Sr. is associated with the number 3 (although that number is actually associated more with its owner, Richard Childress, who has taken the number out of reserve for his grandson Austin Dillon, first in the Truck Series, then in the Nationwide Series, and finally in the Cup Series beginning in 2014), while Richard Petty is associated with number 43, Wood Brothers Racing with number 21, and Jeff Gordon with the number 24. NASCAR In NASCAR, numbers are assigned to owners and not specific drivers. Drivers that spend a long time on a single race team often keep their numbers as long as they drive for the same owners. When drivers change teams, however, they take a new number that is owned by that team. Jeff Burton, for example, raced for three teams from 1994 to 2013, and had four numbers in that time. In 1994 and 1995 he raced the number 8 car, then owned by the Stavola Brothers. From 1996 to mid-2004 he raced for Roush Racing, and drove the Number 99 car. After leaving Roush Racing for Richard Childress Racing, he changed to car number 30 (for the rest of the 2004 season) and drove number 31 (also an RCR car) from 2005 to 2013. The number 99 car he used to drive for Roush was driven by Carl Edwards from 2004 to 2014. When Dale Earnhardt Jr., having raced under number 8 at Cup-level, moved from DEI to Hendrick Motorsports, he attempted to take the number with him. When that failed Hendrick was able to secure the number 88 from Robert Yates Racing. Formula One Formula One car numbers started to be permanently allocated for the whole season in 1974. Prior to this numbers were allocated on a race-by-race basis by individual organisers. From 1974 to the mid-1990s, the numbers 1 and 2 were allocated to the reigning world champion and his teammate, swapping with the previous year's champions. Once numbers had been allocated, teams retained the same numbers from year to year, only exchanging for 1 and 2 when the drivers' World Championship was won. As a result, Ferrari are infamous for having carried 27 and 28 for many years (every season from 1980 to 1989, and then again from 1991 to 1995), these numbers having originally been allocated to new entrant Williams in 1977 and passed to Ferrari when Alan Jones replaced Jody Scheckter as World Champion after the 1980 season. Numbers were reallocated occasionally as teams departed and joined the series, but this scheme persisted until the late 1990s; one team, Tyrrell, kept the same numbers (3 and 4) throughout this period for every season from 1974 to 1995. The system was changed again in 1996. From that point through 2013, numbers were assigned annually, first to the reigning World Champion driver (who received number 1) and then his team-mate (who received number 2); after that the numbers were assigned to constructors sequentially according to their position in the previous season's Constructors' Championship, so that numbers were allocated (if the reigning champion is not driving for the reigning constructor's champion team) from 3 and 4, 5 and 6, and so on (skipping 13 with the seventh-placed team using 14 and 15). The only stipulation was that the World Drivers' Champion was entitled to the number 1 car regardless of the constructor's results; this was relevant when the winning driver's team failed to win the Constructors Championship, or if the winning driver changed teams after winning the championship—for example, when Damon Hill moved to the Arrows team for the 1997 season. This situation happened again in 2007 when 2006 champion Fernando Alonso left Renault to join McLaren, earning him and his rookie teammate, Lewis Hamilton, the numbers 1 and 2; and again in 2010 when Jenson Button moved to McLaren from Brawn GP. If a driver wins the World Championship but does not defend their title the following season, tradition dictates that the racing number 1 is not allocated; the reigning World Champion constructor then receives numbers 0 and 2. Damon Hill received car number 0 in 1993 due to Nigel Mansell's move to the CART PPG Indy Car World Series in the U.S., and again in 1994, this time due to Alain Prost's retirement. This tradition has not always been in place; Ronnie Peterson received number 1 in the 1974; although he did not win the championship the previous year, due to Jackie Stewart's retirement, his Lotus team was allowed to keep number 1 as they had won the constructors' title. The 2014 season was the first with a new system, in which drivers are assigned numbers for their entire careers. Under this system, similar to that used in MotoGP, drivers may choose any (available) number from 2 to 99, with number 1 reserved for the reigning drivers' champion. The champion's "regular" number is placed in reserve while that driver is using number 1, preventing other drivers from using that number. Since Jules Bianchi's fatal accident at Suzuka in 2014, Formula One has not issued Bianchi's number 17 as a mark of respect. During Lewis Hamilton's reign with the rule, he has declined the number 1, with his regular 44 being used for marketing purposes. Only two drivers have used number 1 since this new system's implementation. Sebastian Vettel, who had used the number 1 in four seasons spanning 2011-2014, and Max Verstappen, who is using the number 1 in 2022 after his championship win in 2021. Lewis kept his regular 44 and Nico Rosberg chose to retire after winning the title in 2016 before having to choose between 1 and his regular number of 6. A similar system is used in many European-style championships at national and international level; the champion receives number 1, and others are allocated either by a driver's placing in the previous season (third place the year before equates to race number 3) or by the team's placing in the team/constructor championship. If the championship driver does not return, the championship team is allowed to use number 1. IndyCar During the USAC era of Indy car racing, it was traditional for the defending champion to carry No. 1 during the season. This rule had one exception; at the Indianapolis 500. The previous year's Indy 500 winner traditionally utilized No. 1 in the Indy 500 that particular year. The defending national champion would have to select a different car number for Indy only, unless they happened to also be the defending Indy 500 winner, sometimes swapping numbers with the other affected driver. There were typical exceptions to the rule, as some defending champions decided against using No. 1, preferring instead to maintain their identity with the number associated with the team. During the CART era, car numbers 1–12 were assigned based on the previous season's final points standings. Number 13 was not allowed, and starting in 1991, No. 14 was formally assigned to A. J. Foyt Enterprises. The remaining numbers 15–99 were generally allocated to the rest of the teams on first-come, first-served basis. Again at Indianapolis only, the No. 1 was set aside for use by the defending Indy 500 winner, if they so choose to use it, since it was a USAC-sanctioned race. Some teams in the top 12 chose not to utilize their assigned number, instead preferring a personal favorite number. For example, Penske has used 2 and 3 since 1994. Also, Newman-Haas Racing exchanged the No. 2 with Walker Racing to get the No. 5, after Nigel Mansell joined the team in 1993, 5 having been his long-used number in Formula One. "Unused" numbers from 1–12 reverted to the general pool, and could be used by any of the remaining teams. In the current IndyCar era, No. 1 is set aside for use by the previous season's championship entry. However, the majority of champions since 1998 have ignored the tradition at the request of teams or sponsors to maintain their team identity, and some drivers or teams have used their car numbers in social media accounts. The 1998 IndyCar championship team was A. J. Foyt Enterprises, which kept the traditional No. 14, while Panther Racing kept the No. 4, identified with team minority owner Jim Harbaugh, who wore it for the majority of his NFL career (except for his year in Charlotte, where John Kasay wore that number, he wore Foyt's No. 14). Chip Ganassi Racing has traditionally declined No. 1 as it was used after their 2003 season championship because of their poor performance the next season, and in recent years with PNC Financial Services has marketed a "Bank on the 9" campaign based on its number. In one case, at the 2012 Indianapolis 500, defending national champion Dario Franchitti, who normally used No. 10 and had the right to No. 1, chose to use No. 50 at that race for the 50-year anniversary of sponsor Target, which has been car owner Chip Ganassi's sponsor since 1990. In the 2009 Firestone Indy 300, British driver Alex Lloyd used number 40202, in reference to the phone text message number of a campaign to donate to Susan G. Komen for the Cure. (It was listed as No. 40 for purposes of computer timing.) Others In other forms of auto racing, such as sprint car racing or motorcycle racing, it is not uncommon to see the use of triple-digit numbers or alphanumeric combinations with a single letter, either as a prefix or suffix. Rugby league In rugby league each of the thirteen positions on the field traditionally has an assigned shirt number, for example fullback is "1". In recent times squad numbering has been used for marketing purposes in the Super League competition. In Super League each player is given a squad number for the whole season, the first choice starting line-up at the beginning of the season will usually be given shirts 1–13 but as interchanges (substitutions) occur during the game and injuries etcetera occur during the season, it is less likely that the number a player wears will match the position they are playing. The position and numbers are as follows: 1: Fullback 2: Right wing 3: Right centre 4: Left centre 5: Left wing 6: Five-eighth 7: Half-back 8: Prop forward 9: Hooker/dummy half 10: Prop forward 11: Left second row 12: Right second row 13: Lock forward Bench: 14: Utility back/extra forward 15: Bench prop 16: Bench prop 17: Bench second row Furthermore, a growing number of teams in both Australia and England (such as South Sydney Rabbitohs and Warrington), as well as most major representative teams, have adopted the cricket custom of "club numbers", in which each player is given a unique number in the order of when he made his first senior appearance for a specific side. These numbers are typically small and embroidered above or below the club crest on a player's shirt. Rugby union When included in the starting line-up, a player's rugby shirt number usually determines their position. Numbers 1–8 are the 'forwards', and 9–15 the 'backs'. Rugby union even has a position named simply after the shirt normally worn by that player in the "Number 8" position. Several clubs (Leicester and Bristol particularly) used letters instead of numbers on shirts, although have now fallen into line with the rest of the clubs. 1- Loosehead prop 2- Hooker 3- Tighthead prop 4- Lock/second row 5- Lock/second row 6- Blindside flanker ("Openside" in South Africa) 7- Openside flanker ("Blindside" in South Africa) 8- Number 8 9- Scrum half 10- Fly-half 11- Left winger 12- Inside centre 13- Outside centre 14- Right winger 15- Full-back Other sports Other sports which feature players with numbered shirts, but where the number that may be worn is not relevant to the player's position and role are: Athletics Cycling Field hockey Lacrosse Roller derby Volleyball In water polo, players wear swim caps bearing a number. Under FINA rules, the starting goalkeeper wears Number 1, the substitute goalkeeper wears Number 13, and remaining players wear numbers 2 though 12. In road bicycle racing, numbers are assigned to cycling teams by race officials, meaning they change from race to race. Each team has numbers in the same group of ten, excluding multiples of ten, for example 11 through 19 or 21 through 29. If a race has squads of smaller than nine, each still uses numbers from the same group of ten, perhaps 31 through 36 where the next squad will have 41 through 46. Usually, but not always, the rider who wears a number ending in 1 is the squad's leader and the one who will try for a high overall placing. If the race's defending champion is in the field, he or she wears number 1. In floorball, all players are required to have number 1–99 on their jersey, but goalies are the only players who can wear number 1. In volleyball competitions organised by the FIVB, players must be numbered 1–20. Retired numbers Retiring the uniform number of an athlete is an honor a team bestows on a player, usually after the player has left the team, retires from the game, or has died. Once a number is retired, no future player from the team may use that number, unless the player so-honored permits it. Such an honor may also be bestowed on players who had their careers ended due to serious injury. In some cases, a number can be retired to honor someone other than a player, such as a manager, owner, or a fan. For example, the Boston Celtics retired the squad number 1 in honor of the team's original owner Walter A. Brown. This is usually done by individual teams. In association football, the practise of retiring numbers started in the 1990s, when clubs assigned permanent numbers for their players, first in European Premier League or Serie A and then in South American leagues such as Argentine Primera División. Nevertheless, associations such as CONMEBOL have squads numbering rules that don't allow the retiring of numbers. Moreover, some South American teams (such as Universitario de Deportes or Flamengo, and even Mexican teams invited for the occasions) have occasionally had to re-issue their retired numbers for special cases due to CONMEBOL rules for club and national team competitions (Copa Libertadores, Copa América). See also Name (sports) Competition number in individual sports References Further reading Hall of Famers — Uniform Numbers from baseballhalloffame.org via Wayback Machine NFL History - Retired Numbers from football.about.com via Wayback Machine England Uniforms - Shirt Numbers and Names from englandfootballonline.com A tale of strips, stripes and strops from The Guardian The Importance and Value of Squad Numbers from stretford-end.com via Wayback Machine Winning Numbers: This ain't no lottery from overcompetitive.com via Wayback Machine External links Where do jersey numbers actually come from? from MLB.com via YouTube Terminology used in multiple sports Sports uniforms	0	-1
69499694	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20M.%20Pawlik	Timothy M. Pawlik	Timothy Michael Pawlik is an American oncologist. He is the Chair of Surgery at Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and the Urban Meyer III and Shelley Meyer Chair for Cancer Research. Early life and education Pawlik was born in Methuen, Massachusetts to parents Michael and Carmen. While growing up in Lawrence, Massachusetts, he attended St. John's Preparatory School. Following high school, Pawlik received his undergraduate degree from Georgetown University and his medical degree from Tufts University School of Medicine. Career Upon completing his surgical training and fellowship, Pawlik joined the faculty at Johns Hopkins University. While overseeing the Johns Hopkins Liver Tumor Center, he was appointed the new director of surgical oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He later served as the John L. Cameron, M.D., Professor of Alimentary Tract Diseases and was awarded an honorary fellowship to the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. Prior to leaving Johns Hopkins, Pawlik was named deputy editor of the journal JAMA Surgery and co-editor-in-chief of the Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. Pawlik eventually left Johns Hopkins in 2016 to join the faculty at Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center's Department of Surgery, as well as serve as the Urban Meyer III and Shelley Meyer Chair for Cancer Research. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Pawlik published COVID-19 Pandemic and Surgical Oncology: Preserving the Academic Mission. Personal life Pawlik and his wife, Megan, have four children together. References External links Living people People from Methuen, Massachusetts Georgetown University alumni Tufts University School of Medicine alumni American oncologists Medical journal editors Johns Hopkins University faculty Year of birth missing (living people)	0	-1
26218932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk%20Oyun	Böyük Oyun	Böyük Oyun () is an Azerbaijani football rivalry between Neftçi Baku and Khazar Lankaran. The fixture had developed into an intense and often bitter one, traditionally attracting large attendances. The tie was played out at numerous venues across the cities, with Khazar Lankaran Central Stadium being the stadium most synonymous with the fixture, having hosted more games than any other. History Cultural rivalry The clubs have large support bases around Baku, but also have supporters clubs in most towns throughout Azerbaijan. The relationship between the two clubs has always been known for its great animosity, as the classic opposes two geographic regions - with Neftchi and Khazar Lankaran representing the north and south of Azerbaijan, respectively. Football rivalry The first game played between the two sides was an Azerbaijan Premier League fixture on Wednesday, 8 December 2004. The game, staged at Lankaran City stadium, finished 1-1 draw. Both clubs compete each other for the title of the most successful football club in the country. The Great Game Marathon In 2011, the derby reached its ultimate peak as both clubs had to play each other 4 times during 33 days, after Azerbaijan Cup draws and Azerbaijan Premier League format changes. Khazar once became triumphant over Neftchi, even though all other remaining games ended in draw. Unbeaten series of Khazar Lankaran Khazar Lankaran has the longest unbeaten series in Great Games. Last time Lankaran side lost to Neftchi on 12 April 2009 (2:1). After that date 11 games have been played between both teams in all competitions. In three of last eleven encounters Khazar Lankaran beat their rival and other matches finished with draw. On 6 November 2011, Neftchi broke Khazar's 938 days of unbeaten run and recorded the biggest win in derby, by beating Khazar 5-0 in Baku. Current issues The rivalry intensified in 2013 due to the final of the Azerbaijan Cup. Several accusations of unsportsmanlike behaviour from both teams and a war of words erupted throughout the fixtures which included post-match fight between fans and players. Supporters rivalry The rivalry turned bitter after Neftchi won Azerbaijan Premier League title by beating Khazar Lankaran in play off match. Over time, the rivalry became more heated and club fans began attaining collective identities. Neftchi was seen as a capital club, while Khazar was viewed as regional club and supported by the south regions of Azerbaijani society. Crowd attendances for first 21 games, has exceeded 229,000 supporters. All-time results League Cup Statistics Head to head record Note: League championship statistics includes play-off match for the 2004–05 title, which Neftchi won 2–1. Statistics obtained from Apasport Highest attendance Highest goalscorers Switching sides (In bold: Transfer between both clubs) Players Transfers between both clubs are rare, only few in last decade. Managers Agaselim Mirjavadov (Neftchi 1987–88; 2004–06, Khazar 2006–10) See also Neftchi Baku Khazar Lankaran Major football rivalries References External links Neftchi Baku Official website Khazar Lankaran Official website Azerbaijan Premier League Association football rivalries Football in Azerbaijan Neftçi PFK Khazar Lankaran FK 2004 establishments in Azerbaijan Recurring sporting events established in 2004	0	-1
21092970	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Bovik	Alan Bovik	Alan Conrad Bovik (born June 25, 1958) is an American engineer and vision scientist. He is a Professor at The University of Texas at Austin (UT-Austin), where he holds the Cockrell Family Regents Endowed Chair in the Cockrell School of Engineering and is Director of the Laboratory for Image and Video Engineering (LIVE). He is a faculty member in the UT-Austin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the Machine Learning Laboratory, the Institute for Neuroscience, and the Wireless Networking and Communications Group. Bovik received a Primetime Emmy Award in 2015 for his development of perception-based video quality measurement tools that are now standards in television production. He also received a Technology and Engineering Emmy Award in 2021 for the “development of perceptual metrics for video encoding optimization.” Work Al Bovik was educated at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (PhD 1984). He has made numerous fundamental contributions to the fields of digital photography, digital television, digital image processing, digital video processing, digital cinema, and computational visual perception. He is particularly well known for his work on low-level vision, natural scene modeling, image quality, and video quality. He has published more than 900 articles and books in these areas. He is also the author/editor of The Handbook of Image and Video Processing (Academic Press, 2nd edition, 2005), with Zhou Wang of Modern Image Quality Assessment (Morgan and Claypool, 2006), and the author/editor of the companion books The Essential Guide to Image Processing and The Essential Guide to Video Processing (Academic Press, 2009). Overall, his work has been cited in the scientific and engineering literature more than 130,000 times according to Google Scholar. He is one of the most highly cited engineers in the world according to the Web of Science Group. Professor Bovik is an elected member of the United States National Academy of Engineering. He is also a Fellow of the IEEE, The Optical Society, the Society of Photo-Optical and Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society (HonFRPS) and an Honorary Member of the Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T). He is a voting member of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (Television Academy) and was named an inaugural member of its Science and Technology Peer Group. He was named a Distinguished Alumnus of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 2008. Bovik is credited with the development of order statistic filters, the image modulation model, computational modeling of visual texture perception, theories of foveated image processing, and for widely used and disseminated image quality and video quality computational models and measurement tools that are used throughout the television, cinematic, streaming video, and social media industries. His contributions include the invention or co-invention of the Emmy Award-winning Structural Similarity (SSIM) video quality measurement tool, the MOVIE Index, the Visual Information Fidelity (VIF) algorithms, and his extensive contributions to the Emmy Award-winning VMAF system, all reference models that predict human perception of image quality or distortion; the RRED indices, which are a family of reduced reference image and video quality prediction models, and BRISQUE, BLIINDS, DIIVINE and NIQE, which are a new breed of image and video quality prediction models that produce accurate predictions of human judgments of picture quality without the benefit of any reference information. His picture and video quality models SSIM, MS-SSIM, VIF, VMAF, MOVIE, BRISQUE, and NIQE currently process a significant percentage of all bits transmitted both in the United States as well as globally, and are implemented in commercial cable, satellite, broadcast, streaming video, television, home cinema / disc, and social media quality monitoring and control workflows around the world. Service to the profession He served as the founder and First General Chair of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). He also co-founded (with David Munson, Jr.) the IEEE Transactions on Image Processing and remains as its longest-serving Editor-in-Chief, with a tenure of six years. Educational activities Bovik's academic legacy includes serving as the supervising professor of more than 60 PhD graduates, more than 50 master's degree recipients, and more than two dozen post-doctoral researchers. He has created widely used, adopted, and cited books and online courseware, including The Handbook of Image and Video Processing (Academic Press, 2000, 2005), Modern Image Quality Assessment (Morgan & Claypool, 2006), The Essential Guide to Image Processing (Academic Press, 2009), and The Essential Guide to Video Processing (Elsevier Academic Press, 2009). His award-winning online courseware is used internationally: SIVA – Courseware for Signal, Image, Video and Audio Processing. This online courseware offers broad, deep online curricula for digital image and video processing and digital signal processing. SIVA includes hundreds of signal, image and video processing demonstrations delivering live, interactive audio-visual experiences of signal and image processing algorithms. Awards Bovik has received a number of major international awards. These include: The Edison Medal from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in May 2022 "for pioneering high-impact scientific and engineering contributions leading to the perceptually optimized global streaming and sharing of visual media.” A Technology and Engineering Emmy Award from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS) in October 2021 for the “development of perceptual metrics for video encoding optimization.” The Progress Medal from the Royal Photographic Society (RPS) in November 2019 "in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense." Bovik was also named an Honorary Fellow of RPS (HonFRPS). The IEEE Fourier Award in 2019 “For seminal contributions and high-impact innovations to the theory and application of perception-based image and video processing.” The Edwin H. Land Medal from The Optical Society of America in 2017 “For substantially shaping the direction and advancement of modern perceptual image quality theory, and for energetically engaging industry to transform his ideas into global practice.” A Primetime Emmy Award (Primetime Emmy Engineering Award) for Outstanding Achievement in Engineering Development from the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (The Television Academy) in October 2015 for his work on video quality prediction technology. The Norbert Wiener Society Award from the IEEE Signal Processing Society in 2013, “For fundamental contributions to digital image processing theory, technology, leadership and education.” In addition he has been recognized by the following honors: 1997: Leo L. Beranek Meritorious Service Award of the IEEE Signal Processing Society 2000: IEEE Third Millennium Medal 2005: Claude Shannon-Harry Nyquist Technical Achievement Award of the IEEE Signal Processing Society 2007: Carl Friedrich Gauss Education Award of the IEEE Signal Processing Society 2008: Distinguished Alumnus Award, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2009: IEEE Signal Processing Society Best Paper Award 2009: The University of Texas at Austin Hocott Distinguished Centennial Engineering Research Award 2010: IS&T/SPIE Imaging Scientist of the Year 2012: SPIE Technology Achievement Award 2013: IEEE Signal Processing Magazine Best Paper Award 2013: IEEE Signal Processing Society Young Author Best Paper Award (co-author) 2013: IS&T Honorary Member Award 2016: IEEE Circuits and Systems for Video Technology Best Paper Award 2016: The University of Texas at Austin Joe J. King Professional Engineering Achievement Award 2017: Google Scholar Classic Paper in the area Signal Processing 2017: Google Scholar Classic Paper in the area Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition 2017: IEEE Signal Processing Letters Best Paper Award 2017: IEEE Signal Processing Society Sustained Impact Paper Award 2018: EURASIP Best Paper Award 2019: IEEE ICIP Pioneer Award, “For unparalleled leadership and contributions to the image processing community.” 2020: EURASIP Best Paper Award 2020: The University of Texas at Austin Career Research Excellence Award References 1958 births Living people 21st-century American engineers University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni University of Texas at Austin faculty People from Kirkwood, Missouri Primetime Emmy Engineering Award winners	0	-1
15234765	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynne	Nynne	Nynne is a Danish film directed by Jonas Elmer, starring Mille Dinesen. It is based on the bestselling Danish novel Nynnes dagbog (en. Nynne's Diary) by Henriette Lind, Lotte Thorsen and Anette Vestergaard, which again was based on a popular newspaper column in Politiken. Nynne was the fourth-most seen film total in theaters in Denmark in 2005, with 429,301 tickets sold. (The most seen was Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire). Dinesen reprised the role in a short series the following year. Story The film is about Nynne, who lives in the city. She is single, in her 30s, comforts herself with power shopping, has unsuccessful dates, loves to gossip with her friends, and has a hangover every weekend. Cast Mille Dinesen as Nynne Lars Kaalund as Martin Jimmi Jørgensen as Daniel Mette Agnete Horn as Merete Stine Stengade as Natasha Claes Bang as Henrik Lene Maria Christensen as Beate Ole Lemmeke as Poul Erik Ø Lars Hjortshøj as Hans Anne-Lise Gabold as Henriks mor Asta Esper Hagen Andersen as Henriks mormor Tatiana Pajkovic as Fiona Laura Christensen as Fiona's friend Martin Kongstad as domestic worker Lærke Winther Andersen as sales assistant Christian Tafdrup as guy at restaurant Soundtrack The movie's soundtrack was composed by Søren Hyldgaard. CD track list Clark Anderson – "Real Love" Terry Walker – "Ain’t No Love" Alex – "Os To!" Johnny Deluxe – "Det Du Gør" Bryan Rice – "No Promises" Søs Fenger – "Lykken Vender" (Nynnes Mantra) Eddie Holman – "Hey There Lonely Girl" Remee Allstars – "My Way" Pelding Feat. Joy Morgan – "Little Girl Blue" Brinck – "It's My Life" Beverley Knight – "Keep This Fire Burning" New Originals Feat. Mibb & Michael Carøe – "Superstar" Sisse Marie – "Boom" Terry Walker – "Whoopsie Daisy Hit’n Run" Songs in the movie, not listed on the soundtrack CD, include: Billie Holiday – "The Man I Love" Shirley Bassey – "Big Spender" Bing Crosby – "Here Comes Santa Claus" Brigitte Bardot – "Ne Me Laisse Pas L'aimer" External links 2005 films 2005 romantic comedy films 2000s Danish-language films Danish films Films based on Danish novels Danish romantic comedy films Films directed by Jonas Elmer (director)	0	-1
652262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keck%20Graduate%20Institute	Keck Graduate Institute	Keck Graduate Institute (KGI) is a private graduate school in Claremont, California. Founded by Henry Riggs in 1997, it is the seventh and newest member of the Claremont Colleges. History Henry Riggs, then president of Harvey Mudd College, established the institute in 1997 to address what he perceived as a lack of scientists trained to convert new scientific discoveries into practical uses. He also became the institute's first president, serving until 2003. The decision to establish Keck Graduate Institute as a seventh Claremont College was met with some opposition, particularly from faculty of the other Claremont Colleges who objected to its lack of tenure, and environmentalists who opposed its plans to build a campus next to the Bernard Field Station, an area of undeveloped scrubland. The environmental issue was largely settled when KGI decided to establish its campus at a different location, and other opposition gradually faded. The institute received a $50 million endowment from the W. M. Keck Foundation, after which it was named. It awarded its first Master of Bioscience degree in 2002. In 2003, Sheldon Schuster became the second president in the institute's history. He took over from Riggs, who became chairman of the school's board of trustees. Schuster is a biochemist who previously served as director of the University of Florida's biotechnology research program. Academics Academic programs at KGI are organized into three schools: School of Applied Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and School of Medicine. Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. The School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE). In August 2019, KGI appointed J. Mario Molina as dean of the new School of Medicine. KGI also has a Master of Science in Human Genetics and Genetic Counseling program accredited by Accreditation Council for Genetic Counseling. Research centers KGI maintains four research centers: the Center for Rare Disease Therapies, the Center for Biomarker Research, the Science Heritage Center and the Amgen Bioprocessing Center. The Amgen Bioprocessing Center was funded by a 2004 grant of $2 million to KGI from Amgen, a pharmaceutical company based in Thousand Oaks, California. On December 28, 2016, KGI announced a plan to start a Master of Science in Human Genetics and Genetic Counseling program funded by an additional $1.5 million grant from Amgen. Spin-off companies Ionian Technologies was founded in 2000, and was the first spin-off company to commercialize technology developed at KGI. Ionian focuses on molecular diagnostics for emerging and infectious diseases, and in 2004 was awarded a contract to develop a handheld biothreat detector using isothermal amplification of DNA. Other KGI startups include Zuyder Pharmaceuticals and Claremont BioSolutions. Noted people Noted alumni Noted faculty Presidents Henry E. Riggs (1997–2003) Sheldon Schuster (2003–present) See also Association of Independent Technological Universities References External links Universities and colleges in Los Angeles County, California Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Claremont Colleges Biotechnology organizations Educational institutions established in 1997 San Gabriel Valley 1997 establishments in California Private universities and colleges in California	1	1
59185046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauder%20Greenway%20Estate	Lauder Greenway Estate	The Lauder Greenway Estate is a private property with a French Renaissance mansion in Greenwich, Connecticut. For a time, it was the most expensive home in the history of the United States. Built for industrialist John Hamilton Gourlie in 1896, it was purchased by the Lauder Greenway Family in 1905 and would stay in that family's hands for a majority of its existence. It is the largest surviving Gilded Age mansion in Connecticut. History The property was purchased by Dr. James C. Greenway and his wife Harriet Lauder Greenway, the daughter of multi-billionaire (in today's currency) George Lauder and niece of Andrew Carnegie, one of the wealthiest Americans ever, in 1905. At the time of purchase, the estate included and included fruit-bearing orchards, a chicken and pig farm, as well as the house, to which the family added two wings in the early 1910s. In the coming years, the stone-and-shingle mansion, built in the French Renaissance fashion, would crown an estate that grew to more than at one time. Then the family began donating large parcels of land for various causes. In 1918, for example, James and Harriet gifted one of the islands to the town of Greenwich; the property, located about two miles south of Greenwich Harbor, now serves as the popular Island Beach. The couple donated the first ferry providing transportation to the beach for town residents two years later. By 1920, the estate housed several generations of the Lauder Greenway family including George Lauder, Dr. and Mrs. Greenway, and their sons G. Lauder Greenway, James Greenway, and Gilbert Greenway, and their daughter Ann who would later marry John Griswold of the Griswold Family. After the death of Mrs. Greenway's brother George Lauder Jr. and the sale of his Greenwich estate "Tignabruick" (since demolished), the estate was the gathering place for the wider family. This estate remained in their hands until the death of G. Lauder Greenway, who had died childless, after which the estate was sold privately. Description Main house The main house spans across four floors. It has 12 bedrooms scattered among the top two floors, seven full baths, and two powder rooms. A dark cherry wood-paneled library with curving corners and glass-fronted bookcases typical of the Victorian era sits off of a three-story wood-paneled entry. The dining room has oak columns, a fireplace, and an ornate plaster tracery ceiling. There is also a garden room, with walls of windows looking out on the water and a solarium with stone-tiled floors and a fountain adorning the back wall. A wine cellar, a third-floor staff wing, and a three-story. The current main kitchen is tucked down a hallway, accessible by discreetly hidden doors in the wood-paneled entry foyer and sits at the end of the house. Its dumb waiter allows access to the home's original kitchen, located in the basement among the additional staff quarters. Fireplaces adorn nearly every entertaining space and many of the bedrooms open onto sleeping porches once used during summer months before the advent of air conditioning. In the entry space, an antique open-air elevator that one might expect to find in a throwback Parisian hotel chugs slowly between floors at the push of a button. Outbuildings The grounds begin with a driveway accessed through a three-bedroom gatehouse then a forest. Within the main compound, there is a stone carriage house with a clock tower, a six-car garage, and multiple greenhouses. A 16-sided pool faces the Long Island Sound, accompanied by an adjoining spa and a nearby Victorian tea pagoda turned pool house, plus a grass tennis court. The antique squash court has been converted into an unknown space. Gardens and waterfront A cast-iron gate swings open onto sunken gardens meticulously manicured, tropical plants like palm trees grace the terraced lawns abut a full, private, century-old apple orchard. The estate has roughly one mile of water frontage and a private island off the coast. The banks of the property are perched above a sandy beach, also private to the estate, accessible by wooden stairs. The backyard sits 40 feet above mean tide, meaning it remains a safe distance from the sea. Today The entire estate was sold in 2015 to an unnamed buyer for $120,000,000. See also List of Gilded Age mansions Kykuit Marble House References Lauder Greenway Family Buildings and structures in Greenwich, Connecticut	0	-1
4385047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Anthony%20Galante	Joseph Anthony Galante	Joseph Anthony Galante (July 2, 1938 – May 25, 2019) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Bishop of Camden, New Jersey, from 2004 to 2013. He held several positions as a bishop in Texas from 1992 to 2004, after serving in the Roman Curia as Undersecretary of the Congregation for Religious from 1986 to 1992. Life and career Born in Philadelphia, Galante attended Saint Joseph's Preparatory School in Philadelphia and St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Wynnewood, where he received his BA in 1960. He was ordained to the priesthood on May 16, 1964. At the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome he earned his doctorate in canon law and at the University of St. Thomas "Angelicum" a master's degree in spiritual theology. He was named Undersecretary of the Congregation for Religious in December 1986. He was appointed an auxiliary bishop of San Antonio, Texas, in October 1992, and then held two other Texas positions: Bishop of Beaumont from 1994 to 1999 and Coadjutor Bishop of Dallas from 1999 to 2004. He was appointed Bishop of Camden in 2004. In a 2011 letter to Catholics in his diocese, he announced that he was suffering from chronic kidney disease caused by diabetes, but indicated that he could continue to serve as Bishop of Camden. In 2012 he asked to be allowed to resign for health reasons, and he served until his resignation was accepted by Pope Benedict XVI on January 8, 2013. Galante died on May 25, 2019, at Shore Medical Center in Somers Point, New Jersey, from a long illness. Church closings On April 2, 2008, Galante announced large-scale mergers and closings of half of the parishes in the Camden diocese. In January 2011, parishioners of the closed St Mary's Church in Malaga, New Jersey, re-entered the church and began an around-the-clock vigil that attracted regional and national media attention. Involvement in the Vati-Con scandal On July 18, 2008, the New York Post reported Galante's involvement in the so-called Vati-Con scandal involving Italian real estate developer Raffaello Follieri, billionaire investor Ronald Burkle and Hollywood actress Anne Hathaway. The Post reports that Galante sold Follieri a private beach house for $400,000 in 2007 and that one of Galante's priests misrepresented himself to potential investors. At the time Follieri was negotiating with the Diocese of Camden and other North American Roman Catholic dioceses to buy churches with Burkle money and sell the properties for later profit. In September 2008, Follieri pleaded guilty to federal conspiracy, wire fraud, and money laundering charges, and Manhattan Federal Judge John Koeltl the next month, imposed a -year prison sentence. The Galante/Follieri beach house in North Wildwood, New Jersey was put back on the market in 2008 and sold almost two years later for $310,000. Galante was never charged in relation to the scandal. References External links Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden Official Site 1938 births 2019 deaths 20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States American people of Italian descent St. Joseph's Preparatory School alumni St. Charles Borromeo Seminary alumni People from Camden, New Jersey People from North Wildwood, New Jersey Clergy from Philadelphia Pontifical Lateran University alumni Catholics from New Jersey 21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States	0	-1
2118060	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20O%27Hara%20Burke	Robert O'Hara Burke	Robert O'Hara Burke (6 May 1821c. 28 June 1861) was an Irish soldier and police officer who achieved fame as an Australian explorer. He was the leader of the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition, which was the first expedition to cross Australia from south to north, finding a route across the continent from the settled areas of Victoria to the Gulf of Carpentaria. The expedition party was well equipped, but Burke was not experienced in bushcraft. A Royal Commission report conducted upon the failure of the expedition was a censure of Burke's judgement. Early years Burke was born in St Clerens, County Galway, Ireland in May 1821. He was the second of three sons of James Hardiman Burke (1788 – January 1854), an officer in the British army 7th Royal Fusiliers, and Anne Louisa Burke née O'Hara (married 1817, d.1844). Robert O'Hara was one of seven children; John Hardiman Burke (d. August 1863) Robert O'Hara Burke (6 May 1821 – 28 June 1861) James Thomas Burke (c. 1828 – 7 July 1854) Fanny Marie Burke (married John Blakeney) Elizabeth Burke (married Lt. Col Menzies) Hester Albinia Burke (unmarried, d. 10 November 1866) Anne Celestine Burke (married Major Horace de Vere, d.1914) James Thomas Burke was a Lieutenant in the Royal Engineers, and on 7 July 1854 at the battle of Giurgevo became the first British officer killed in the Crimean war. Military career Burke entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich in May 1835. In December 1836 he failed his probationary exam and went to Belgium to further his education. In 1841, at the age of twenty he entered the Austrian army and in August 1842 was promoted to Second Lieutenant in the Prince Regent's 7th Reuss Regiment of the Hungarian Hussars. He spent most of his time in the Imperial Austrian Army posted to northern Italy and in April 1847 was promoted to 1st Lieutenant. Towards the end of 1847 he suffered health problems and went to Recoaro spa in northern Italy, then Gräfenberg (now Lázně Jeseník) and finally Aachen before resigning from the Austrian army in June 1848 after charges against him relating to debts and absence without leave were dropped. Police career After returning to Ireland in 1848, he joined the Irish Constabulary (later the Royal Irish Constabulary). He did his cadet training at Phoenix Park Depot in Dublin between November 1849 and January 1850, was promoted to 3rd Class Sub-Inspector and he was stationed in County Kildare. At the end of 1850, he transferred to the Mounted Police in Dublin. Migrating to Australia Burke migrated to Australia in 1853. He left Queenstown, County Cork on 24 November 1852 on the S.S. Rodney which was carrying 342 convicts. He arrived in Hobart, Tasmania on 12 February 1853 and promptly sailed for Melbourne. On 1 April 1853 he joined the recently established Victoria police force. Initially, he worked as Acting Inspector under the Chief Commissioner William Henry Fancourt Mitchell in the Parish of Jika Jika in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, but on 1 November 1853 he was appointed a magistrate, was promoted to Police Inspector, and was posted to Carlsruhe. On 31 December 1853 he was promoted to District Inspector of the Ovens District and early in 1854 he moved to Beechworth to relieve Inspector John Giles Price. After the unfortunate death of his brother, James Thomas, in the Crimean War, Burke decided to enlist. He left Australia on the S.S. Marco Polo on 25 March 1856 for England, but, by the time he arrived in Liverpool in June, peace had been declared and the war ended. Burke re-boarded the Marco Polo and returned to Victoria, arriving in Melbourne on 2 December 1856. He resumed his posting at Beechworth and from there attended the "Buckland Valley" riots near Bright against the Chinese gold miners in 1857. In November 1858 he was transferred to Castlemaine as Police Superintendent on £550 p.a. plus a groom and quarters at Broadoaks on Gingell Street. After the South Australian explorer, John McDouall Stuart had reached the centre of Australia, the South Australian parliament offered a reward of £2,000 for the promotion of an expedition to cross the continent from the south to north, generally following Stuart's route. He also partnered with another explorer who wanted to discover things about Australia. Burke and Wills Expedition In June 1860, Burke was appointed to lead the Victorian Exploring Expedition with William John Wills, his third-in-command, as surveyor and astronomical observer. The expedition left Melbourne on Monday, 20 August 1860 with a total of 19 men, 27 camels and 23 horses. They reached Menindee on 23 September 1860 where several people resigned, including the second-in-command, George James Landells and the medical officer, Dr. Hermann Beckler. Cooper Creek, 400 miles further on, was reached on 11 November 1860 by the advance group, the remainder being intended to catch up. After a break, Burke decided to make a dash to the Gulf of Carpentaria, leaving on 16 December 1860. William Brahe was left in charge of the remaining party. The small team of Burke, William Wills, John King and Charley Gray reached the mangroves on the estuary of the Flinders River, near where the town of Normanton now stands, on 9 February 1861. Flooding rains and swamps meant they never saw open ocean. Already weakened by starvation and exposure, their progress on the return journey was slow and hampered by the tropical monsoon downpours of the wet season. Gray died four days before they reached the rendezvous at Cooper Creek. The other three rested for a day when they buried him. They eventually reached the rendezvous point on 21 April 1861, 9 hours after the rest of the party had given up waiting and left, leaving a note and some food, as they had not been relieved by the party supposed to be returning from Menindee. They attempted to reach Mount Hopeless, the furthest outpost of pastoral settlement in South Australia, which was closer than Menindee, but failed and returned to Cooper Creek. While waiting for rescue Wills died of exhaustion and starvation. Soon after, Burke also died, at a place now called Burke's Waterhole on Cooper Creek in South Australia. The exact date of Burke's death is uncertain, but has generally been accepted to be 28 June 1861. King survived with the help of Aborigines until he was rescued in September by Alfred William Howitt. Howitt buried Burke and Wills before returning to Melbourne. In 1862 Howitt returned to Cooper Creek and disinterred Burke and Wills' bodies, taking them first to Adelaide and then by steamer to Melbourne where they were laid in state for two weeks. On 23 January 1863 Burke and Wills received a State Funeral and were buried in Melbourne General Cemetery. On that day Stuart and his companions, having successfully completed the south-north crossing, were received back at a large ceremony in Adelaide. Places named after Burke Burketown, Queensland. Burke River in western Queensland. O'Haras Gap, Selwyn Ranges, Queensland. Cloncurry, Burke named the Cloncurry River after his cousin, Elizabeth Kirwan, who had married Lord Cloncurry. Lady Cloncurry was the daughter of Burke's paternal Aunt Penelope and her husband John Kirwan. See also John King (explorer) List of people on stamps of Ireland William John Wills Notes References Kathleen Fitzpatrick, 'Burke, Robert O'Hara (1821–1861)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 3, MUP, 1969, pp 301–303. The [Melbourne] Argus, 1861. "The Burke and Wills exploring expedition: An account of the crossing the continent of Australia from Cooper's Creek to Carpentaria, with biographical sketches of Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills". Melbourne: Wilson and Mackinnon. Bonyhady, Tim, 1991. Burke and Wills: From Melbourne to myth. Balmain: David Ell Press. . Burke and Wills Outback Conference 2003, 2005. The Inaugural Burke & Wills Outback Conference : Cloncurry 2003 : a collation of presentations. Dave Phoenix, Cairns Qld. Clune, Frank, 1937. Dig: A drama of central Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. Corke, David G, 1996. The Burke and Wills Expedition: A study in evidence. Melbourne: Educational Media International. Henry, William, 1997. The shimmering waste: The life and times of Robert O'Hara Burke. Galway, Ireland.: W Henry Publisher. Howitt, Alfred William, 1907. "Personal reminiscences of Central Australia and the Burke and Wills Expedition: Presidents inaugural address". Journal of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. 1907 (Adelaide, 1907.), 43p. Jackson, Andrew, 1862. Robert O'Hara Bourke [sic] and the Australian Exploring Expedition of 1860. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Manwaring, William Henry, 1970. "A contemporary's view of Robert O’Hara Burke". La Trobe Library Journal. Vol. 2 (No. 6). Moorehead, Alan, 1963. Cooper's Creek. New York and Evanston: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1963. Murgatroyd, Sarah, 2002. The Dig Tree. Melbourne: Text Publishing. Victoria: Parliament, 1862. Burke and Wills Commission. Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into and report upon the circumstances connected with the sufferings and death of Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills, the Victorian Explorers. Melbourne: John Ferres Government Printer. Wills, William John, & Wills, Dr William, 1863. A successful exploration through the interior of Australia, from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria: from the journals and letters of William John Wills. London: Richard Bentley. External links Burke & Wills Web A comprehensive website containing many of the historical documents relating to the Burke & Wills Expedition. The Burke & Wills Historical Society The Burke & Wills Historical Society. 1821 births 1861 deaths Australian people of Anglo-Irish descent Irish Anglicans Irish explorers Explorers of Australia Explorers from Melbourne Australian people of Irish descent Royal Irish Constabulary officers Deaths by starvation People from County Galway Burke and Wills expedition Burials at Melbourne General Cemetery	0	-1
5319350	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorf%20Goes%20Fishing	Dorf Goes Fishing	Dorf Goes Fishing is a 1993 comedy short film in the Dorf series, starring Tim Conway, Ronnie Schell and Yvonne Wilder. Plot Grunt the Caveman Dorf begins the video by introducing us to 'Grunt', a caveman who looks peculiarly similar to Dorf (and is also played by Tim Conway). Grunt is credited as the caveman that 'discovers' fishing and yelling. He is not too intelligent, but he knows that 'food can be gotten from the water. The question was how to get that food out of the water and into your mouth.' After many attempts (including discovering two physics formulas when trying a bow and arrow, the latter of which is because he shot himself in the foot, and his attempt with raw meat only succeeding in attracting "his old friend" the bear), a vine works (by accident). Fishing Gear Dorf demonstrates modern clothes and equipment of fishing, albeit not properly. Dorf and His Wife - Segment One Dorf's friend Billy Bob couldn't make it to fish, so Dorf convinces his amateur wife to join him. Despite inappropriate clothing and nearly useless gear, she catches more fish than her husband. The D.I.P. Shopping Network The video shifts gears and turns to the "Discount In Price" shopping channel, or "DIP" for short. All of their products have the name "DIP" in them. Dorf demonstrates the items, often with their negative side effects included. The number to order them from is 1-(555) DIP-FISH. Dorf and His Wife - Segment Two Dorf and his wife continue to fish; at this point, she has over 30 fish, while Dorf has none. Dorf is, however, determined to catch a fish, and determines that her simple pole is superior to his own. However, after they trade, his wife catches yet another impressive fish, while Dorf's bacon has been stolen away. Cooking with Carly Dorf has prepared his campsite for his favorite cooking show, "Cooking with Carly". Carly (also played by Tim Conway) is a ditzy chef who appears to have drunken a bit too much 'Sauce'. The recipe is for 'Taters, Fish, and Biscuits'. Step One Carly instructs that the potatoes have to be washed and covered in aluminum foil. Dorf hurriedly douses them in water to keep up with the show's fast pace, but fumbles with the foil, tossing the potatoes hastily in the fire. Step Two Carly begins to filet the fish with 'one swipe', but Dorf claims that his wife has been 'cutting cardboard boxes' with the filet knife, so he proceeds to sharpen the knife, but slices his finger in the process. After wrapping the wound in an oily rag, he attempts to debone the fish, but fumbles when he tries to take the whole skeleton out in one quick swipe. Step Three Carly opens the biscuit mix bag easily, but Dorf fails to rip it open as easily. As he fails to keep up, he burns his hand on the oven, but places the mix inside. Step Four Dorf places the fish into the frying pan, but cannot bring the plastic wrap under control to cover his biscuit mix. Step Five Carly instructs to remove the fish from the frying pan, but warns that the handle may be hot. Dorf does not heed this warning, however, causing him to throw the pan (and fish) into the air. The fish lands on the ground, ruining it. Step Six Again, Carly warns that the potatoes cannot be placed in the center of the campfire. As Dorf wonders about this, a potato suddenly flies out, barely missing his head. Another potato explodes into his face, covering him in potato pieces. Step Seven Carly shows the eight-minute biscuits she prepared. However, Dorf's are still extremely runny as he takes them out of the oven. Carly reminds everyone that at a high altitude campsite, cooking the biscuits require an extra two minutes. Step Eight Carly retrieves a set-up version of the meal from off-set, which is inexplicably and obviously pre-prepared. Dorf's fish, potatoes, and biscuits are ruined, and of course nothing like the show claims. Carly finally recommends that the meal be finished off with 'sauce', and she swigs some with a "WOO-HOO!" as the program ends. Dorf angrily takes a swig from his water supply and mutters, "Awoo-hoo." As he walks away from the campsite, the last potato explodes into his face, and he drenches his face in water to keep from getting burnt. Dorf and His Wife - Segment Three Dorf is sitting alone in his boat. His wife tells him to come back to shore; she had caught 63 fish, and Dorf has yet to catch one. The wife drives away without him, as he sits alone in the boat. The credits roll by as he calls for help from others and insults his wife. External links Dorf Goes Fishing 1993 short films Dorf Goes Fishing Fishing Dorf Goes Fishing 1993 comedy films Films about cavemen 1990s English-language films	1	1
6241326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville%20Metro	Brownsville Metro	Brownsville Metro, or "B Metro" for short, is a mass transit system based in and serving Brownsville, TX. It is currently the largest mass transit system in Cameron County and the Rio Grande Valley, TX, and is the only mass transit system in Cameron County, TX. Brownsville Metro consists of 13 bus routes and two terminals. Brownsville Metro carries more than 1.5 million passengers a year. There is only two mass transit systems in the Rio Grande Valley the second being Metro McAllen, which only consists of 7 bus routes and one bus terminal. Terminals Restaurants in the terminal include: Wingstop and Subway. more spaces available for additional business. La Plaza - Main downtown terminal which serves the majority of the routes Northside Transfer Station - Built late 2004 as a means of expanding BUS mass transit service to North Brownsville and its surrounding cities Routes BUS operates 12 fixed routes: 1 - Westend 2 - Jefferson/Central - Serves Valley Baptist Medical Center in Brownsville 3 - Boca Chica 4 - Los Ebanos 5 - Paredes/Alton Gloor - Serves Valley Regional Medical Center 6 - Southmost 7 - Jose Colunga/ESTS - Serves the Brownsville/South Padre Island International Airport 8 - Hortencia 9 - Austin - Serves the Brownsville Public Utilities Board Main Office 11 - OPI (Old Port Isabel) 14 - Scorpion Connector 30 - Southeast (Began service on May 22, 2007) Former Routes 3 - Rockwell - Split into Route 3 Boca Chica and Route 5 Paredes/Alton Gloor on August 3, 2020 as part of the bus redesign. 4 - Los Ebanos - Service from Downtown Brownsville to Sunrise Mall through the Los Ebanos neighborhood. Discontinued on October 5, 2015; due to low ridership; partially replaced by Route 20 revision and a section redundant with Route 13. Predecessor of current Route 4. 5 - Alton Gloor - Discontinued on August 3, 2020 as part of the bus redesign. Route 1 already covered most of the route. 7 - Billy Mitchell - Renamed 7 Jose Colunga/ESTS on August 3, 2020 because the route no longer travels on Billy Mitchell. 8 - Lemon - Shortened on August 3, 2020 and renamed Route 8 Hortencia as part of the bus redesign. Deleted portion replaced by shortened Route 6. 10 - Amigoland/UTB - Service from Downtown Brownsville to the former Amigoland Mall, now part of The University of Texas at Brownsville. Discontinued on October 1, 2003 due to low ridership. 12 - Crosstown - Service from East Brownsville to West Brownsville via Boca Chica Blvd. This was one of the few routes in BUS history not to depart from a main terminal. 13 - Sunrise Mall - Renamed Route 13 Pablo Kisel. 13 - Pablo Kisel - Began service on May 22, 2007. Discontinued on August 3, 2020 as part of the bus redesign. Replaced by revised Routes 2 and 3 and restored Route 4. 14 - ITECC Campus - Renamed 14 Sam Perl Blvd. in Fall 2008. 14 - Sam Perl Blvd. - Renamed 14 Scorpion Connector when route was extended and Route 15 was created. 15 - Scorpion Circulator - Discontinued on August 25, 2015 due to contract expiring. 20 - North - Began service on February 27, 2006. Discontinued on August 3, 2020 as part of the bus redesign. Replaced by revised Routes 3 and 11 and restored Route 4. 21 - North Loop - Service on Alton Gloor Blvd, US 281, and along the northwest of Brownsville. Began Service in Fall 2013. Discontinued on October 5, 2015 due to low ridership; partially replaced by revision to Route 5. 23 - Paredes - Began service on February 27, 2006. Combined into Routes 3 & 13 on May 22, 2007. 31 - Brownsville/La Paloma- Began service in Fall 2008. Discontinued in 2010 or 2011. Trolley Service - Provided narrated trolley service departing from the Brownsville Visitor's Center on Ruben Torres Sr. Blvd and had scheduled stops at several city points, including Gladys Porter Zoo. Fleet 17 - Gillig "Phantom" 10 - Gillig "Low Floor" 2 - 1992 Replica Trolleys 4 - ElDorado National "EZ Rider" Paratransit Service All City of Brownsville BUS fixed route vehicles meet applicable Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements and are accessible by people who use mobility aids. In accordance with the ADA, the City of Brownsville also operates an ADA Paratransit Service for people with disabilities who are unable to ride fixed route public transportation. Facts B Metro does not operate on Sundays. B Metro Service is not provided on the following holidays: New Year's Day, Independence Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. References External links Brownsville Metro website City of Brownsville website Bus transportation in Texas Urban System	0	-1
69287320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Ker	Hugh Ker	Hugh Ker (23 June 1865 - 19 March 1938) was a Scotland international rugby union player. Rugby Union career Amateur career He played for Glasgow Academicals. Provincial career He played for West of Scotland District against East of Scotland District on 30 January 1886. He also played in the corresponding 29 January 1887 fixture. He missed the 1888 fixture but was back in the West District side for the 26 January 1889 fixture. He played for Glasgow District in the inter-city match against Edinburgh District on 4 December 1886, scoring the only try in Glasgow's win over Edinburgh. He played in the 3 December 1887 inter-city match, and in the 1 December 1888 inter-city. International career He was capped 7 times for Scotland in the period 1887 to 1890. Engineering career He became a civil engineer and was proposed to join the Institute of Civil Engineers on 26 October 1890 by a Mr. Strain. His Form E acceptance of the rules of the Institution was signed by Ker on 19 December 1902. In the First World War he joined the Royal Engineers and was made a captain. He was made a Temporary Honorary Lieutenant Colonel on 1 May 1919. Family His father was William Ker and his mother Caroline Agnes Paton. He married Lillias Margaret Marten in Petersham, Surrey in 1891. They had 2 children. Death He died in Durrant House in Rye. His personal estate was valued at £14, 594. References 1865 births 1938 deaths Scottish rugby union players Scotland international rugby union players Rugby union players from Partick West of Scotland District (rugby union) players Glasgow District (rugby union) players Glasgow Academicals rugby union players Rugby union forwards	0	-1
38708509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabia%20Belhaj%20Ahmed	Rabia Belhaj Ahmed	Rabia Belhaj Ahmed (, born December 15, 1982), also spelled Rabia Benhaj Ahmed, is a Paralympian athlete from Tunisia competing mainly in category T20 and F20 events. She has held the IPC world record in 400m hurdles since 2003. At the 2009 Global Games in Liberec, she won gold medals in 400m hurdles and long jump. She competed in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. Athletics Women's Long Jump - F20 References External links 1982 births Living people Tunisian female hurdlers Tunisian long jumpers Paralympic athletes of Tunisia World record holders in Paralympic athletics Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics	0	-1
13973150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials%20science%20in%20science%20fiction	Materials science in science fiction	Materials science in science fiction is the study of how materials science is portrayed in works of science fiction. The accuracy of the materials science portrayed spans a wide range – sometimes it is an extrapolation of existing technology, sometimes it is a physically realistic portrayal of a far-out technology, and sometimes it is simply a plot device that looks scientific, but has no basis in science. Examples are: Realistic case: In 1944, the science fiction story "Deadline" by Cleve Cartmill depicted the atomic bomb. The properties of various radioactive isotopes are critical to the proposed device, and the plot. This technology was real, unknown to the author. Extrapolation: In the 1979 novel The Fountains of Paradise, Arthur C. Clarke wrote about space elevators - basically long cables extending from the Earth's surface to geosynchronous orbit. These require a material with enormous tensile strength and light weight. Carbon nanotubes are strong enough in theory, so the idea is plausible; while one cannot be built today, it violates no physical principles. Plot device: An example of an unsupported plot device is scrith, the material used to construct Ringworld, in the novels by Larry Niven. Scrith possesses unreasonable strength, and is unsupported by physics as it is known, but needed for the plot. Critical analysis of materials science in science fiction falls into the same general categories. The predictive aspects are emphasized, for example, in the motto of the Georgia Tech's department of materials science and engineering – Materials scientists lead the way in turning yesterday's science fiction into tomorrow's reality. This is also the theme of many technical articles, such as Material By Design: Future Science or Science Fiction?, found in IEEE Spectrum, the flagship magazine of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. On the other hand, there is criticism of the unrealistic materials science used in science fiction. In the professional materials science journal JOM, for example, there are articles such as The (Mostly Improbable) Materials Science and Engineering of the Star Wars Universe and Personification: The Materials Science and Engineering of Humanoid Robots. Examples In many cases, the materials science aspect of a fictional work was interesting enough that someone other than the author has remarked on it. Here are some of these examples, and their relationship to the real world materials science usage, if any. {\| class="wikitable" \|- !Name !Source !Uses !Related real use \|- \|Aluminium \|Star Trek \|In the 1986 film Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, Scotty gave instructions for the creation of the fictional material transparent aluminum. \|Sapphire, an aluminium oxide (Al2O3), is transparent, and used as window material in some scientific applications. In real life, scientists have announced a plastic as strong as steel, but transparent. \|- \|Beryllium \|Galaxy Quest, The Shadow \|The starship NSEA Protector is powered by large spheres of beryllium. Also, beryllium is needed for the creation of a bomb and found by investigating the metal components of a supposed "beryllium coin" in The Shadow (1994). Critics have noted this similarity. \|Beryllium's use in these fictional applications may arise from its actual use in some types of nuclear bombs. \|- \|Calcium carbonate \|Stargate SG-1 \|When made in suitable rocks such as calcium carbonate oxygen is produced as a by-product during the formation of Crystal tunnels by the Tokra allowing time to set up life support. \|There is serious work in extracting oxygen from moon rocks for life support and propulsion. NASA has sponsored a prize (MoonROx) for the first working prototype, and at least one has been built. \|- \|Cobalt \|Apocalyptic fiction such as The Moon is Green, "Exhibit Piece", and On the Beach. \|The 5.27 year half life of radioactive 60Co is short enough to produce intense radiation, but long enough for it to disperse world-wide, and impractical to wait in shelters for it to decay. This combination of properties makes a cobalt bomb an excellent doomsday weapon. \|The science here is realistic. Fortunately, cobalt bombs have remained in the domain of science fiction. \|- \|Copper and Copper(II) sulfate \|The Skylark of Space series by Edward E. "Doc" Smith \|In these stories, copper is used as spaceship fuel, being catalyzed by 'element X' directly into energy. When the ship's supply of copper is exhausted, it is able to refuel and return home by visiting the Green System, which has oceans containing copper sulfate. \|Copper is indeed used in rocket engines, but for its high thermal conductivity, not as a power source. \|- \|Dilithium \|Star Trek\| Dilithium is fictionally used as shorthand for an extremely complex and hard crystalline structure (2(5)6 dilithium 2(:)l diallosilicate 1:9:1 heptoferranide), which occurs naturally on some planets. When placed in a high-frequency electromagnetic field, magnetic eddies are induced in its structure which keep charged particles away from the crystal lattice. This prevents it from reacting with antimatter when so energized, because the antimatter atoms never actually touch it. Therefore, it is used to contain and regulate the annihilation reaction of matter and antimatter in a starship's warp core, which otherwise would explode from the uncontrolled annihilation reaction. Though low-quality artificial crystals can be grown or replicated, they are limited in the power of the reaction they can regulate without fragmenting, and are therefore largely unsuitable for warp drive applications. Due to the need for natural dilithium crystals for interstellar travel, deposits of this material are a highly contested resource, and as such dilithium crystals have led to more interstellar conflict than all other reasons combined. \|In reality dilithium describes a biatomic gas. \|- \|Duralumin \|various \|The Marvel Comics character Captain America wears a suit of light weight duralumin mail beneath his costume for added protection. A duralumin briefcase was featured in the game Resident Evil: Code Veronica. Two feature in Danganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair. \|Duralumin is a rather old aluminum alloy with unexceptional properties by modern standards. Furthermore, other metals such as titanium are much stronger and about the same weight. \|- \|Einsteinium \|The Tashkent Crisis\|In William Craig's Cold War novel, einsteinium-119 is used to build a nuclear warhead into the casing of a Colt .45 pistol. \|This element possesses isotopes with very low critical masses. Values as low as 32 grams have been reported in the literature. However, an isotope of Einsteinium with an atomic weight of 119 is unrealistic - real-life mass numbers range from 245 to 257. \|- \|Carbon, as Fullerenes and Carbon nanotubes \|The Fountains of Paradise, many others \|See fullerenes in popular culture. \|In real life, fullerenes and nanotubes have rather exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. See, for example Potential applications of carbon nanotubes. \|- \|Hard water \|The Flash comics \|Electrically charged hard water was the item that gave the first Flash (Jay Garrick) his superspeed. However, critics and even the authors realized this was unlikely, and his origin was retconned into heavy water. \|Heavy water, or water made with deuterium, has some high tech uses, including use a moderator in nuclear reactors. Hard water, on the other hand, is just water with many dissolved minerals. \|- \|Helium-3 \|films Moon and Iron Sky, video game Anno 2205, novels Luna: New Moon, Morning Star, Red Rising, and others. \|Several science fiction works have featured helium-3 extraction on the Moon, including Moon, Iron Sky, Anno 2205, and Luna: New Moon. Morning Star features helium-3 mining on Phobos (a moon of Mars), while the novel Red Rising features helium-3 extraction from Mars itself. The helium-3 is valuable since it can be used to power fusion \|Materials on the Moon's surface contain helium-3 at concentrations on the order of between 1.4 and 15 ppb in sunlit areas, and may contain concentrations as much as 50 ppb in permanently shadowed regions. A number of people, starting with Gerald Kulcinski in 1986, have proposed to mine lunar regolith. \|- \|Hydrogen-4 \|The Mouse That Roared\|This isotope of hydrogen is referred to as Quadium and powers a thermonuclear doomsday device called the Q-bomb, which is captured by the Duchy of Grand Fenwick. \|Hydrogen-4 really exists, but it is very unstable with a lifetime of about 2 x 10−22 seconds. The other more stable isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, are really used in hydrogen bombs. \|- \|Lead \|DC Universe \|Superman's X-Ray vision is unable to penetrate lead. Additionally, kryptonite radiation can be blocked by this material. Daxamites are highly susceptible to lead poisoning. \|X-rays are indeed strongly attenuated, though not completely blocked, by lead. Lead poisoning is a very real effect. \|- \|Lysine \|Jurassic Park\|In the film Jurassic Park, the dinosaurs have their DNA modified so that they cannot produce lysine and must be supplied with it by the park's feeding system; otherwise they will eventually die. This is a security measure to prevent the creatures from spreading if they ever escaped into the outside world. In the book, the dinosaurs escape and survive by eating things rich in lysine such as soybeans and lentils. \|Real-life biological experiments use this mechanism. However, lysine is a poor choice since most modern animals (including humans) cannot synthesize it either, but thrive by including it in their diet. \|- \|Moscovium ("Element 115") \|urban myths, UFO conspiracy theory culture, Dark Reign, X-COM series, others \|In the world of UFO conspiracy theory culture during the 1980s and 1990s, Bob Lazar asserted that moscovium functioned as a gravity wave generator for UFOs, being "stepped up" (excited) to livermorium by proton bombardment, and that livermorium's decay products would include gravitons, or "a pure gravity wave" (no quantification of the gravitic field). In the X-COM series, in reference to this kind of UFO theory, "element 115" is known as elerium-115 or just elerium. A stable isotope of "element 115" occurs in the game Dark Reign. A stable isotope of "Element 115" powered the "Back Step" time machine system in the American television series Seven Days. An accidental environmental contamination once caused a large number of congenital disorders. Element 115 is featured in the Call of Duty: Black Ops subseries in the "Nazi Zombies" game mode, where it is referred to as Divinium. In the game, Divinium is used for multiple purposes, such as powering weapons, teleporters, liquid drinks known as "Perk-a-Colas", special gumballs known as "Gobblegum", and even creating the zombies themselves. In Tomb Raider III, "Element 115" is one of the four pieces of meteorite rock acquired by Lara Croft during the course of the game. The element can shoot powerful turquoise blasts, and can also be used to speed up and personally alter evolution, even evolving an already developed life form. In the 2016 tenth season of the television show The X-Files, the episode "My Struggle" features a triangular, levitating aircraft built from alien technology. When Fox Mulder asks a scientist how the aircraft could turn invisible, the scientist states "Element 115: Ununpentium," apparently obtained from the alien spacecraft crash site at Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. \|There is considerable scientific speculation about the possibility of stable elements in the Island of stability. However, moscovium has been produced by two different groups and is highly unstable. It decays in less than a second to nihonium, element 113, by alpha emission. \|- \|Neutronium \|various (see this list, for example) \|An extremely dense material made entirely of neutrons, it is theorized to be the main constituent of neutron stars, held together by its own gravity. Authors build space ships out of it and attribute to it various desirable qualities as armor, structural material, etc. Under the immense pressure of the neutron star's gravity, the atoms at the surface form a material roughly 1013 times as dense as earth iron and at least 10 billion (1010) times as strong as earth steel and which might be incorporated into a composite material in the same way as nanotubes. \|Neutronium is actually expected to decompose messily at any reasonable pressure. \|- \|Perfluoropropyl furan (oxygenated perfluorocarbon for liquid breathing) \|The Abyss\|A mysterious (unnamed?) breathable liquid is used as the oxygen-carrying atmosphere in a deep-sea diving suit. A real lab rat is "drowned" in a beaker of the liquid, but overcoming initial panic, swims around quite happily. Critics have noted this as an example of an implausible science fiction effect that is really possible. \|Although applications for humans are limited to artificial respiration systems (e.g. LiquiVent), mice have survived prolonged submersions in liquid fluorocarbons in which the solubility of oxygen is very high. When the animal is returned to dry land, the liquid vaporizes from its lungs and it can again breathe air. \|- \|Polonium \|various \|In Sold to Satan by Mark Twain, Satan's body of radium is cloaked in a protective skin of polonium. \|Polonium makes a very poor protective coating – at just above room temperature, it evaporates into air in a short time. \|- \|Rhodium \|Jack Williamson's The Humanoids\|Rhodium and metals next to it in the periodic table can be used to harness "rhodomagnetism", a force similar to electromagnetism. This force has truly spectacular properties – it propagates instantaneously, can fission any heavy element, and deforms the space-time continuum, enabling faster-than-light communication and travel. Rhodomagnetism is also mentioned in passing in Fredric Brown's What Mad Universe. However, this has been derided by critics as "sheerest gobbledygook". \|Rhodium is a member of the platinum group of metals, which has useful but not spectacular properties. \|- \|Room temperature superconductors \|Ringworld and many others \|In science fiction, superconductors that operate at ambient temperature and pressure are used to levitate massive objects without use of power, and revolutionize many technologies, among them power transmission and energy storage. \|The idea is not absurd; room temperature superconductivy has been achieved at high pressure and possible routes to more practical efforts are under investigation. In particular, it is very difficult to state categorically that low pressure, room temperature superconductivity is impossible, since there is currently no theory that explains how high temperature superconductors (which still require cooling much below room temperature) work. \|- \|Selenium \|Ghostbusters, Evolution, I, Robot, Lexx\|In the film Ghostbusters, the site of the climactic final battle against Gozer takes place on the Ivo Shandor building which earlier in the film is stated as being “cold-riveted girders, with cores of pure selenium.” The building itself is used as an antenna to draw surrounding psychokinetic energy in order to bring Gozer into our world. The protagonists of the film Evolution use hundreds of gallons of Head & Shoulders shampoo (which they say contains selenium) to defeat the titular alien menace. Critics have noted the method of picking selenium as a poison is less than scientific. In the book I, Robot, in the story "Runaround", selenium is used on Mercury to generate power, and to protect Gregory Powell and Michael Donovan from the heat of the Mercurian sun. In the Lexx episode "Twilight," Stanley Tweedle becomes ill due to a selenium deficiency. He is eventually cured with a dose of dandruff shampoo. \|Selenium is used with bismuth in brasses to replace more toxic lead. There is no reported use in girders. Head & Shoulders shampoo actually uses a zinc-based active ingredient, while Selsun Blue, Extra Strength Head & Shoulders, and many other brands of anti-dandruff shampoo do contain selenium sulfide. Photo-sensitivity of selenium was discovered in the 19th century. It is really used in some types of photocells, but many alternatives are available today. \|- \|Strontium \|The Bionic Woman, Strontium Dog, Fallout 3\|In an episode of The Bionic Woman, Jamie Summers battles a computerized complex bent on destruction. Although it does not contain a real bomb, it is to be destroyed by a military strontium bomb. The bounty hunting mutants of Strontium Dog attribute their deformities and freakish powers to strontium-90 contained in the fallout of atomic wars. In the video game Fallout 3, one of the consumable items is called the "Nuka-Cola Quantum", which supposedly gets its unique properties from the addition of strontium-90 in its formula. \|A dirty bomb containing strontium-90 is a potential terrorist weapon. \|- \|Thallium \|Protector and other Larry Niven works set in Known Space \|In these works, humans are derived from another race, in which human-like beings are the juvenile form of a smarter and tougher adult, the Pak Protector. The transformation between the forms is triggered by a virus. These beings establish an Earth colony, but the virus requires significant amounts of thallium oxide in the environment. Since the Earth does not have enough thallium, the virus dies out, and humans then evolved from the juvenile form. Critics have noted this cannot explain the similarity of DNA in humans and much older life forms on Earth. \|Niven's use is plausible but fictional. The same effect occurs in vitamin deficiency. \|- \|Thorium \|Robert A. Heinlein's novels, Star Wars, others \|Robert A. Heinlein envisioned thorium as being a spacecraft fuel of the near future Earth shown in Rocket Ship Galileo and Have Space Suit—Will Travel, and of the more advanced space-traveling civilization described in his novel Citizen of the Galaxy. This use is also seen in the Master of Orion series of video games. Thorium is also used as a highly explosive material in the game Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II. A Soviet doomsday device in Stanley Kubrick's film Dr. Strangelove employs "Cobalt Thorium G". In the game World of Warcraft, thorium is a workable metal mined from rock deposits that are greenish in color. The DSiWare game "Thorium Wars" envisions a future "era of peace and prosperity" powered by thorium which is shattered when "Thorions—a super species of Thorium-based machines" turn against mankind. \|Thorium can be used in nuclear reactors, and is much more abundant than uranium. This technology has been tested at a fairly large scale in reactors such as the THTR-300. \|- \|Tin foil \|various conspiracy theorists, Signs\|Supposedly, one can protect oneself against mind-control rays (government, alien, corporation, etc.) by wearing a tin-foil hat. In the movie Up, Up and Away, tin foil acts as kryptonite for the superheroes. In current times, the material known as tin foil is made of aluminium, not tin. This matters little for the intended use since both are conductive and ductile metals. \|Tin foil, or any conductive metal, can block electromagnetic waves (see Faraday cage). However, the effectiveness of the tin foil hat as electromagnetic shielding for stopping radio waves is greatly reduced by it not being a complete enclosure. Measurements of various tin foil hat designs indicate relatively little attenuation, and even enhanced response at some frequencies. \|- \|Zinc \|Protector (novel) and other works by Larry Niven set in Known Space \|Crystal zinc is the material from which fusion drive tubes are made. It is not explained what property of zinc is utilized, or why zinc is the best material for this application. \|There are some nuclear interactions that only happen in crystalline materials. For example, the Mössbauer effect, affecting gamma ray absorption and emission, has been observed in zinc crystals. \|} See also Science in science fiction Hypothetical types of biochemistry. Most of these potential types of biochemistry have been used in science fiction. Unobtainium List of fictional elements, materials, isotopes and atomic particles :Category:Fictional materials :Category:Physics in fiction ReferencesThe Science in Science Fiction'' by Brian Stableford, David Langford, & Peter Nicholls (1982) Science in fiction Fiction Science in popular culture	0	-1
13400812	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20Walk%20with%20Us%21	Fire Walk with Us!	Fire Walk with Us! is the second studio album by the industrial black metal band Aborym. It is Aborym's first album with the Mayhem vocalist Attila Csihar as a full-time member. Fire Walk with Us! includes a cover version of Burzum's Norwegian language "Det som en gang var", in which bass guitarist Malfeitor Fabban performs vocals. Track list Personnel Attila Csihar – vocals Malfeitor Fabban – bass guitar, keyboard, synthesizer and sampling, backing vocals Nysrok – lead guitar, sampling, backing vocals Set Teitan – rhythm guitar, sampling References 2001 albums Aborym albums Scarlet Records albums	0	-1
15020102	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tick%20%281994%20TV%20series%29	The Tick (1994 TV series)	The Tick is an American animated television series adaptation of the New England Comics satirical superhero the Tick. The series aired for three seasons from 1994 to 1996 on the Fox network's Fox Kids block, which introduced the character to a mainstream audience. The Tick has been syndicated by various networks, further increasing the show's cult following, and has been released on both VHS and DVD. A live-action series aired in 2001, with Amazon launching a second live-action series in 2016. The Tick was also shown on Teletoon in Canada as part of its Toonaholics Anonymous block in 2001 and on Jetix in the United States. The show was aired in the UK on BBC2 at various time slots between 1995 and 1996. Plot The Tick is a superhero who underwent the tryouts at the National Super Institute in Reno, Nevada where superheroes who pass will be assigned to the best cities to protect from crime. Upon passing the tryouts, he is assigned to The City where he befriends a former accountant named Arthur whom he takes on as a sidekick. With the aid of Die Fledermaus, American Maid, Sewer Urchin, and other superheroes, the Tick and Arthur protect The City from bad guys like Chairface Chippendale, Breadmaster, El Seed, the Terror, and others who would harm it. Cast Principal voice actors Cam Clarke as Die Fledermaus, Fishboy, Johnny Polite Townsend Coleman as the Tick, Lava Man, Man-Eating Cow, Eyebrows Mulligan Micky Dolenz as Arthur (Season 1), Captain Lemming Jess Harnell as Sewer Urchin, Breadmaster, Human Bullet, Mighty Agrippa: Roman God of the Aqueduct, Speak, Sub-Human, Watt Kay Lenz as American Maid Rob Paulsen as Arthur (Season 2 and Season 3), Brainchild, Crusading Chameleon, Captain Mucilage, the Forehead, the Terror Notable additional voice cast Phil Austin as Wally, Two-Eyed Jack Mary Kay Bergman as Ants, Ottoman, Secretary Hamilton Camp as Professor Chromedome, Benjamin Franklin Jim Cummings as Barry Hubris, Captain Decency, Mr. Mental, Multiple Santa, Stalingrad, Thrakkorzog, Leonardo da Vinci, Attila the Hun Ron Feinberg as Omnipotus, Mayor Pat Fraley as the Carpeted Man, the Crease (2nd Time), Mayor Blank, Dyna-Mole, Eastern-Bloc Robot Cowboy, Stalingrad, the Visual Eye, Whirling Scottish Devil, Zipperneck Brad Garrett as Jim Rage, Inquisitor Ed Gilbert as Bi-Polar Bear, El Seed, Idea Man, Indigestible Man, Johannes Gutenberg Dorian Harewood as Pineapple Pokopo, Taft, George Washington Carver Tony Jay as Chairface Chippendale Maurice LaMarche as Doorman, the Deadly Bulb/Pigleg, the Evil Midnight Bomber What Bombs at Midnight, Fin, Hotel Manager, the Human Ton, Handy Roddy McDowall as the Breadmaster Pat Musick as the Bee Twins, Mad Nanny, Tuun-La Phil Proctor as Courderoy Cordoba, Fortissimo Brothers, Charles' Father Kimmy Robertson as Dot Roger Rose as Four-Legged Man, Skippy, Brian Pinhead Kevin Schon as the Red Herring, Baby Boomerangutan, Big Shot, the Crease, Feral Boy, Jack Tuber: Man of a Thousand Faces, the Living Doll, Plunger Man, Proto Clown, Uncle Creamy II Crew Susan Blu – Voice Director Art Vitello – Voice Director (Season 1; Episodes 7-13) Development and production While still in college, Tick creator Ben Edlund was producing his independent comic book series The Tick based on the character. He was eventually approached by Kiscom, a small, New Jersey-based toy licensing and design company. Kiscom wanted to merchandise the Tick. Major TV networks and studios were reluctant to take on an animated series based on the absurd character. Kiscom stayed in touch with Edlund and finally Sunbow Entertainment, the small, New York-based animation company that created The Transformers, G.I. Joe, and The Mask, paired him up with writer Richard Liebmann-Smith. Neither had any experience in animation or television, but for two months they worked vigorously on the first episode of The Tick. Neither man held high esteem for their final script, and their feelings were validated when FOX turned down the first pitch. They were given one more chance to refine it in five days. Over one weekend, they worked "instinctively" with little sleep and ended up satisfying FOX. Edlund later reflected, "We kind of defined in one weekend exactly where the show went for that first season, which was cool." While some darker characters and sexual innuendo seen in the comic series would be removed for its animated counterpart, Sunbow's Tick series would hold to its satirical roots. Writing duties were also given to Christopher McCulloch who had met Edlund prior to their television work and wrote several issues of the Tick comic book series. They would much later work together on McCulloch's Adult Swim series, The Venture Bros.. Edlund, a co-producer of The Tick, remained very hands-on during production, causing delays. According to Edlund: The Tick finally premiered on September 10, 1994 and was a success. Edlund later expressed his view that, because the series did not reach the commercial heights of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, its merchandising success deteriorated by the end of its first season. However, he admitted "That's essentially good as far as I'm concerned; although, I would be much more wealthy at this point. That failure, to me, makes The Tick a much more sincere proposal." Rather than being an asylum escapee, as portrayed in the Tick comic book series, the animated version of the Tick crashes a superhero convention to win the "protectorship" of The City. With its emphasis on superhero parody, The Tick became a Saturday morning staple during the Fox Kids block. Its title character was voiced by Townsend Coleman and his sidekick, Arthur, by Micky Dolenz for Season 1. Rob Paulsen took over the latter role for Seasons 2 and 3. The series also features exclusive allies to the Tick like Die Fledermaus, a shallow, self-absorbed Batman parody; Sewer Urchin, a sea urchin-themed Aquaman parody who resembles Dustin Hoffman's character in Rain Man; and American Maid, a more noble superheroine featuring aspects of Wonder Woman and Captain America. The show's opening theme, written by Doug Katsaros, who also composed the scores for every episode, consists of big band music and campy scat singing. A typical episode plot would have the Tick battling a villain until Arthur devises a solution that saves the day. The Tick then declares an absurd moral regarding the previous conflict before the story comes to a close. Although the series was initially aimed primarily at children, it features an absurdist style that appeals to an older audience as well. After three seasons, The Tick final episode aired November 24, 1996. The following year, FOX began talks with Sunbow Entertainment about producing a prime time Tick special, but this never came to fruition. Comedy Central syndicated The Tick during this time and subsequently helped make it a cult hit with adults. In May 2000, the pilot episode for a live action series of The Tick was completed. FOX attempted to capitalize on the growing adult fan base by introducing this new incarnation in November 2001, but the series could not match the success of its animated predecessor. In June 2005, Toon Disney began airing The Tick along with other former FOX animated series like X-Men. It would also occasionally air on ABC Family as part of the Jetix cartoon block. Episodes Series overview Season 1 (1994–95) Season 2 (1995–96) Season 3 (1996) Home media The first two episodes of The Tick, as well as Season 3's "The Tick vs Arthur," were released on VHS in 1995 and 1998 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment though the Fox Kids Video label. On August 29, 2006, Buena Vista Home Entertainment released the first season of The Tick on DVD as The Tick vs. Season One. This collection contains only 12 of the 13 episodes. On May 31, 2006, Disney released the following statement regarding the missing episode: "Due to licensing problems, episode #11 ("The Tick vs. The Mole Men") is not included. However, we hope to include it in future DVD releases of The Tick". The UK edition of the first season, released the following year, presented all 13 episodes. The second season of The Tick, titled The Tick vs. Season Two, was released on August 7, 2007. This DVD release is not the complete set, however, as it is missing the episode "Alone Together." This episode features Omnipotus, a parody of Galactus (though earlier episodes used similar comic book parodies, and are available on the DVD releases). In the August 6, 2006 entry of his blog, Christopher McCulloch, the writer for all of the omitted episodes, states that he does not know the reason for the exclusion of episode #11 from the Season 1 DVD. The UK edition contains all 13 season 2 episodes. In the UK, Liberation Entertainment Ltd. released all three seasons, complete with no missing episodes and all presented uncut and unedited. Reception Critical response During its original run, The Tick was nominated for several Annie Awards as well as Emmys and, in 1995, won two of the former. In March 2008, Wizard magazine ranked The Tick #16 on its Top 100 Greatest Cartoons. In January 2009, IGN ranked The Tick #6 on its Top 100 Animated Series list. IGN went on to regard it "the first great lampooning of the superhero genre" and compared the series to Mel Brooks and Monty Python. On Rotten Tomatoes, The Tick has an aggregate score of 100% based on 8 critic reviews. Awards and nominations Annie Awards Daytime Emmy Awards Merchandising While the Tick comic book series included some extras, such as trading cards, merchandising of The Tick increased dramatically with the launch of the animated series. Action figures, pogs, T-shirts, hats, party favors, costumes, and a board game were representative. In addition, many fast food restaurant chains such as Carl's Jr. and Taco Bell offered Tick-related give-aways. Fox Interactive also published a beat 'em up Tick-based video game and released it on the Super NES and Sega Genesis. The game was criticized for having very long stages with ridiculous hordes of generic enemies to combat and a nonsensical ending. In 1997, the year following the series' end, Greg Hyland's The Tick: Mighty Blue Justice! was published as a tie-in with the series. References Sources The Tick Official Website for The Tick cartoon The Tick: Circus Maximus, NEC Comics, 2004. The Tick: Mighty Blue Justice!, Hyland, Greg, Berkley Boulevard Books, New York, 1997 External links at Comedy Central at Fox Kids The Tick at TheTVDB.com TV 1994 1994 American television series debuts 1996 American television series endings 1990s American animated television series 1990s American satirical television series 1990s American superhero comedy television series American children's animated comedy television series American children's animated superhero television series Animated satirical television series English-language television shows Fox Kids Fox Broadcasting Company original programming Television shows based on comics Television series by Sunbow Entertainment Television series by Saban Entertainment Television series by Fox Television Animation Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Disney–ABC Domestic Television	1	1
3796853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimmitschau	Crimmitschau	Crimmitschau () is a town in the district of Zwickau in the Free State of Saxony. Geography Crimmitschau lies on the River Pleiße in the northern foothills of the Erzgebirge. Neighboring municipalities Adjacent communities include: Zwickau, Dennheritz, Neukirchen, Meerane, and Langenbernsdorf in Landkreis of Zwickau; Heyersdorf, Jonaswalde, Ponitz and Thonhausen in Thuringian Landkreis of Altenburger Land; as well as Braunichswalde, Rückersdorf, and Seelingstädt in Thuringia in Landkreis of Greiz. Municipality subdivisions The town Crimmitschau consists of Crimmitschau proper and the following five Ortschaften (localities), each containing several Ortsteile or divisions: Blankenhain (incl. Großpillingsdorf) Frankenhausen (incl. Gösau and Gosel) Langenreinsdorf Lauenhain Mannichswalde The Ortsteile Rudelswalde and Gablenz are not part of an Ortschaft. History In the course of German eastward expansion, the city of Crimmitschau and a castle of the same name (now called the Schweinsburg) were established from around 1170 to 1200 as an organized German colony. The settlement's existence is first documented in 1212. In 1414 Crimmitschau received town privileges from Markgraf Wilhelm II. On 15 March 1844, Crimmitschau was connected to the German rail network (on the Leipzig–Hof railway, which was later extended to Bavaria). Its current station was opened in 1873 Around the turn of the century, Crimmitschau was the site of a large concentrated textile industry, and was called "The City of 100 chimneys" (Stadt der 100 Schornsteine). From August 22, 1903, to January 18, 1904, it was the site of one of the largest and longest strikes in the German Empire, which affected the entire nation. In 1944, some Crimmitschau property was bombed by Allied Forces. At the end of the 1980s, a great part of the old and inner cities were torn down and replaced with prefabricated concrete buildings. Similar plans existed for the southern suburb, but were not put in place after the regime change in 1990. Population Religion Even though a majority of the people in Crimmitschau are not affiliated with any religion, there are some Protestant parishes and even a Catholic parish, belonging to the Diocese of Dresden-Meissen. The most important churches are: St. Laurentius-Kirche, Johanniskirche, and the Lutherkirche. Twin towns – sister cities Crimmitschau is twinned with: Bystřice nad Pernštejnem, Czech Republic Wiehl, Germany Sights Landmarks include the town hall, the late Gothic parish church of Saint Laurentius (Saint Lawrence)(1513), with its star and cross ribbed arches, the former Cistercian nunnery of Frankenhausen Abbey (founded around 1290) in the district of Frankenhausen and the open-air museum of Blankenhain Castle located at the castle of the same name. Museums Western Saxon Textile Museum, which is located in a fully functional textile factory, former known as "Gebrüder Pfau KG" The Agricultural and Open-Air Museum of Schloss Blankenhain Parks The Zöffelpark, which was built in the pre-war period and named after Emil Oskar Zöffel, an important textile manufacturer and Philanthropist in the history of the city. The Bismarck-Hain, a former cemetery, named after Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck. This park was known as Friedenspark (Peace-park) during GDR-times. The Sahnpark, located north of the city center, is the largest park in Crimmitschau and harbours an old open-air bath, an animal park and the stadium of ETC Crimmitschau. Sport Crimmitschau has a well-known ice hockey club, the ETC Crimmitschau, which plays in the second highest German league. The city also has a soccer team, FC Crimmitschau and an American Football Team, the Tornados Crimmitschau. Business and infrastructure Crimmitschau lies directly at the Autobahn A4 and can be reached through the exits Schmölln and Meerane. The Deutsche Bahn AG provides connections from Crimmitschau station to Zwickau, Leipzig, Hof. Education There are three elementary schools, two secondary schools, a gymnasium, and a special education school in Crimmitschau. Notable people Julius Motteler (1838–1907), Reichstag deputy, co-founder of the Social Democratic Party of Germany Adolf Paul Schulze (1840–1891), emigrated to Scotland and became a successful merchant and noted microscopist Heinrich Mauersberger (1909–1982), engineer and inventor in the textile industry Helmut Bräutigam (1914–1942), composer Gerhard Zwerenz (1925–2015), writer and former Bundestag deputy Peter Graf (born 1937), painter Wolf-Dieter Storl (born 1942), ethnobotanist and author Klaus Gruner (born 1954), handball player, Olympic champion 1980 Udo Kießling (born 1955), ice hockey player Gabi Zange (born 1961), speed skater Honorary citizen 1895: Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of the Reich 1984: Walter Richter, gardener References External links Coat of Arms ETC-Crimmitschau the West Saxon Textile Museum of Crimmitschau Agricultural and Open-Air Museum of Schloss Blankenhain the Julius-Motteler-Gymnasium of Crimmitschau Zwickau (district)	1	1
46900856	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJNB-LD	KJNB-LD	KJNB-LD (channel 39) is a low-power television station in Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States, affiliated with Fox and CBS. Owned by Coastal Television Broadcasting Company LLC, the station maintains a small office in the Regions Bank Building in Jonesboro, and its transmitter is located on Highway 91/Southern Avenue in unincorporated Lawrence County, southeast of Walnut Ridge. KJNB-LD operates translator KJNE-LD (channel 42), serving Jonesboro proper. This station's transmitter is located on County Road 730 north of Jonesboro (on the tower of Arkansas State University's NPR member station KASU). History KJNB-LD history The station first signed on the air on June 1, 2015 as the market's second commercial television station, after ABC/NBC affiliate KAIT (channel 8), which signed on the air in July 1963 as an independent station. Until this point, Fox programming was available in northeast Arkansas over-the-air and on cable through WHBQ-TV (channel 13) in Memphis, Tennessee (prior to former owner Fox Television Stations' purchase and subsequent affiliation switch of WHBQ in 1995, area cable systems previously piped in that station's predecessor affiliates: WMKW-TV (channel 30, now CW affiliate WLMT) from 1987 to 1990, and WPTY-TV (channel 24, now ABC affiliate WATN-TV) from 1990 until it lost the Fox affiliation to WHBQ). Despite being licensed as a low-powered television station, Waypoint Media secured the affiliation agreement with Fox by promising to provide coverage of at least 93% of the market through its over-the-air signal and through distribution on local cable and satellite providers. On August 1, 2015, KJNB-LD signed on a second digital subchannel, carrying programming from CBS (as the Jonesboro area's first locally-based CBS affiliate). Previously, the default CBS affiliates were KTHV in Little Rock and WREG-TV in Memphis over the air and on cable, as well as KFVS-TV in Cape Girardeau, Missouri via DirecTV. The station also announced plans to sign on KJNE-LP as a satellite station to expand the station's coverage. On September 1, 2015, KTHV/Little Rock was replaced with KJNB-LD2 on the Jonesboro area Suddenlink cable system, but WREG/Memphis remains on the lineup. KJNE-LD history As a TBN translator KJNE-LD was previously K54ER channel 54 and later, K42GX; during both instances, the station served as an owned-and-operated repeater of the Trinity Broadcasting Network, with all programming retransmitted from a satellite feed. K27FC, a defunct low-power station, also served as a TBN translator. In 2010, TBN closed down many of its low-powered repeaters due to ongoing economic problems. Many of these repeaters would be donated by TBN to the Minority Media and Television Council (MMTC), an organization designed to preserve equal opportunity and civil rights in the media. As a silent station The MMTC would later sell K42GX, along with three other translators in three other markets to New Moon Communications. They were WZMC-LP in Jackson, Tennessee, WDON-LP in Dothan, Alabama, and KUMK-LP in Ottumwa, Iowa. New Moon had the intent to convert them to NBC affiliates. After the transaction, on June 14, 2011, K42GX changed the station's callsign to KJNE-LP. The intent of KJNE-LP was to bring a local NBC affiliate to the small Jonesboro market. NBC was available locally on cable via either WMC-TV in Memphis or KARK-TV in Little Rock. In September 2012, New Moon has placed all its stations (including KJNE) up for sale. Jackson's WZMC-LP and Ottumwa's KUMK-LP had their licenses cancelled at New Moon's request, while WDON-LP (now WRGX-LD) in Dothan signed on as an NBC affiliate after its sale to Gray Television. However, WNBJ-LD, another station unrelated to WZMC-LP, signed on in the Jackson area to serve as an NBC affiliate for that area in October 2014. This was followed on January 24, 2018 by the relaunch of Fox affiliate KYOU-TV's second subchannel as the new NBC affiliate for the Ottumwa area. Foiled plan for an NBC affiliation Four days after Christmas Day 2014, it was announced that KAIT, the ABC affiliate in the Jonesboro area, would begin broadcasting NBC programming on a subchannel on January 26, 2015. NBC was already taken, but plans for KJNE to become affiliated with any network were still all but terminated. Of the four stations New Moon Communications acquired in 2011, KJNE was the only station still under New Moon's ownership and with an active license. Satellite and translator of KJNB-LD In June 2015, Waypoint Media announced that it would be acquiring KJNE-LP. On July 29, 2015, Waypoint Media announced in a press release that KJNE-LP would serve as a satellite and translator of KJNB-LD when it returned to the air, with Fox programming airing on 42.1 and CBS airing on 42.2. The station was issued its license for digital operation on September 6, 2017, at which point it changed its call sign to KJNE-LD. Programming Main channel (Fox) In addition to the Fox network schedule, syndicated programs broadcast on KJNB-LD/KJNE-LD include The People's Court, Maury, TMZ, Family Feud, and The Big Bang Theory. KJNB-LD2 & KJNE-LD2 (CBS) The station's second subchannel carries all of the CBS schedule. It is one of the few CBS affiliates in the Central Time Zone that air the soap opera The Young and the Restless at 11:30 a.m.; filling the 11 to 11:30 time slot with an episode of 25 Words or Less. Syndicated programming includes The Drew Barrymore Show, Family Feud, and The Rachael Ray Show. KJNB-LD3 & KJNE-LD3 (MeTV & MyNetworkTV) In addition to Fox and CBS programming, KJNB-LD/KJNE-LD operates the Jonesboro market's MeTV affiliate on its LD3 subchannel. On weeknights, KJNB-LD3 and KJNE-LD3 also carry programs from the MyNetworkTV programming service, filling in programming for all time slots outside of the MyNetworkTV programming schedule with the MeTV schedule. There is now local branding (via a separate logo) indicating this subchannel's secondary MyNetworkTV affiliation status, as well as network promotions and a mention of it on the schedule listings section of the station website and in the TV Lineup listings within the Ritter Communications website. In 2015, the MyNetworkTV website listed K30MF-D to become the MyNetworkTV affiliate for the Jonesboro area in the near future; however, the addition of the programming service to KJNB-LD3 and KJNE-LD3 on September 3, 2018 means that Waypoint Media, LLC (not DTV America Corporation/HC2 Holdings) picked up the MyNetworkTV affiliation in the Jonesboro market. Prior to September 3, 2018, the default MyNetworkTV affiliates in Jonesboro were KPMF-LD of Memphis, Tennessee, and WDKA of Paducah, Kentucky. News operation The station's news department launched July 17, 2017, under the branding of Northeast Arkansas News. Prior to that, neither its Fox nor CBS subchannel broadcast local news, choosing instead to air syndicated programming. KJNB-LD/KJNE-LD presently airs 7½ hours of local newscasts each week, all on weekdays. The newscasts air at 6 and 10 p.m. on the CBS subchannel and at 9 p.m. on the Fox subchannel. Lon Tegels, a 30-year veteran at various television stations, including WXXV-TV in Biloxi, Mississippi, is KJNB's first news director. Sarah Blakely is the station's inaugural news anchor, broadcasting from a Waypoint-owned studio in Little Rock, airing segments from Jonesboro-based reporters Simone Jameson and Alexis Padilla. Blakely also anchors similar newscasts on sister stations WPBI-LD and WPBY-LD in Lafayette, Indiana. Technical information Subchannels The stations' digital signals are multiplexed: References External links Official website JNB-LD Jonesboro, Arkansas Low-power television stations in the United States Television channels and stations established in 2015 Fox network affiliates CBS network affiliates MyNetworkTV affiliates 2015 establishments in Arkansas MeTV affiliates	1	1
3984602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20alignment	Tree alignment	In computational phylogenetics, tree alignment is a computational problem concerned with producing multiple sequence alignments, or alignments of three or more sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein. Sequences are arranged into a phylogenetic tree, modeling the evolutionary relationships between species or taxa. The edit distances between sequences are calculated for each of the tree's internal vertices, such that the sum of all edit distances within the tree is minimized. Tree alignment can be accomplished using one of several algorithms with various trade-offs between manageable tree size and computational effort. Definition Input: A set of sequences, a phylogenetic tree leaf-labeled by and an edit distance function between sequences. Output: A labeling of the internal vertices of such that is minimized, where is the edit distance between the endpoints of . The task is NP-hard. Background Sequence alignment In bioinformatics, the basic method of information processing is to contrast the sequence data. Biologists use it to discover the function, structure, and evolutionary information in biological sequences. The following analyses are based on the sequence assembly: the phylogenetic analysis, the haplotype comparison, and the prediction of RNA structure. Therefore, the efficiency of sequence alignment will directly affect the efficacy of solving these problems. In order to design a rational and efficient sequence alignment, the algorithm derivation becomes an important branch of research in the field of bioinformatics. Generally, sequence alignment means constructing a string from two or more given strings with the greatest similarity by adding letters, deleting letters, or adding a space for each string. The multiple sequence alignment problem is generally based on pairwise sequence alignment and currently, for a pairwise sequence alignment problem, biologists can use a dynamic programming approach to obtain its optimal solution. However, the multiple sequence alignment problem is still one of the more challenging problems in bioinformatics. This is because finding the optimal solution for multiple sequence alignment has been proven as an NP-complete problem and only an approximate optimal solution can be obtained. Distance matrix method Distance method measures the minimum operation number of character insertions, deletions, and substitutions that are required to transform one sequence u to the other sequence v when being operated on a pair of strings. The calculation of edit distance can be based on dynamic programming, and the equation is in O(\|u\|×\|v\|) time, where \|u\| and \|v\| are the lengths of u and v. The efficient estimation of edit distance is essential as Distance method is a basic principle in computational biology For functions of hereditary properties "symmetrization" can be used. Due to a series of functions being used to calculate edit distance, different functions may result in different results. Finding an optimal edit distance function is essential for the tree alignment problem. The problem of tree alignment Tree alignment results in a NP-hard problem, where scoring modes and alphabet sizes are restricted. It can be found as an algorithm, which is used to find the optimized solution. However, there is an exponential relationship between its efficiency and the number sequences, which means that when the length of the sequence is very large, the computation time required to get results is enormously long. Using star alignment to get the approximate optimized solution is faster than using tree alignment. However, whatever the degree of multiple-sequence similarity is, the time complexity of star alignment has a proportional relationship with the square of the sequence number and the square of the sequence average length. As usual, the sequence in MSA is so long that it is also inefficient or even unacceptable. Therefore, the challenge of reducing the time complexity to linear is one of the core issues in tree alignment. Combinatorial optimization strategy Combinatorial optimization is a good strategy to solve MSA problems. The idea of combinatorial optimization strategy is to transform the multiple sequence alignment into pair sequence alignment to solve this problem. Depending on its transformation strategy, the combinatorial optimization strategy can be divided into the tree alignment algorithm and the star alignment algorithm. For a given multi-sequence set ={,..., }, find an evolutionary tree which has n leaf nodes and establishing one to one relationship between this evolutionary tree and the set . By assigning the sequence to the internal nodes of the evolutionary tree, we calculate the total score of each edge, and the sum of all edges' scores is the score of the evolutionary tree. The aim of tree alignment is to find an assigned sequence, which can obtain a maximum score, and get the final matching result from the evolutionary tree and its nodes' assigned sequence. Star alignment can be seen as a special case of the tree alignment. When we use star alignment, the evolutionary tree has only one internal node and n leaf nodes. The sequence, which is assigned to the internal node, is called the core sequence. The keyword tree theory and the Aho-Corasick search algorithm When the combinatorial optimization strategy is used to transform the multiple sequence alignment into pair sequence alignment, the main problem is changed from "How to improve the efficiency of multiple sequence alignment" to "How to improve the efficiency of pairwise sequence alignment." The Keyword Tree Theory and the Aho-Corasick search algorithm is an efficient approach to solve the pairwise sequence alignment problem. The aim of combining the keyword tree theory and the Aho-Corasick search algorithm is to solve this kind of problem: for a given long string and a set of short strings ={,,... ,} (z∈N,z>1), find the location of all in . The keyword tree produced by set is used, and then searched for in with this keyword tree through the Aho-Corasick search algorithm. The total time complexity of using this method to find all 's location in the T is O(++), where =\|\| (the length of ), =Σ\|\| (the sum of all 's lengths) and means the sum of occurrence for all in . Keyword tree theory The keyword tree of the set ={,,... , } (z∈N,z>1) is a rooted tree, whose root denoted by K, and this keyword tree satisfies: (1): Each edge clearly demarcates one letter. (2): Any two edges separated from the same node are to correspond to different letters. (3) Each pattern (i=1,2,...,z) corresponds to a node , and the path from the root K to the node can exactly correctly spell the string . For each leaf node of this K tree, it corresponds to one of the certain patterns of set . is used to represent the STRING which is connected from the root node to the node . will then be used to represent the length of the longest suffix (also, this suffix is the prefix of one of patterns in the set ). Searching this prefix from the root node in the keyword tree, and the last node denoted by when the search is over. For example, the set ={potato, tattoo, theater, other}, and the keyword tree is shown on the right. In that example, if =potat, then =\|tat\|=3, and the failure link of the node is shown in that figure. Establishing a failure link is the key to improve the time complexity of the Aho-Corasick algorithm. It can be used to reduce the original polynomial time to the linear time for searching. Therefore, the core of keyword tree theory is to find all failure links (which also means finding all s) of a keyword tree in the linear time. It is assumed that every of all nodes , whose distance from the root node is less than or equal , can be found. The of the node whose distance from the root node is + 1 can then be sought for. Its parent node is , and the letter represented by the node and , is . (1): If the next letter of the node is , the other node of this edge can be set as , and =. (2): If all letters are not by searching all edges between and its child nodes, is a suffix of plus . Because this suffix matches the STRING beginning with the root node (similar to prefix), the after can be detected or not. If not, this process can be continued until or the root node is found. Aho-Corasick search algorithm After establishing all failure links in the keyword tree, the Aho-Corasick search algorithm is used to find the locations of all (i=1,2,...,z) in the linear time. In this step, the time complexity is O(m+k). Other strategies In MSA, DNA, RNA, and proteins, sequences are usually generated and they are assumed to have an evolutionary relationship. By comparing generated maps of RNA, DNA, and sequences from evolutionary families, people can assess conservation of proteins and find functional gene domains by comparing differences between evolutionary sequences. Generally, heuristic algorithms and tree alignment graphs are also adopted to solve multiple sequence alignment problems. Heuristic algorithm Generally, heuristic algorithms rely on the iterative strategy, which is to say that based on a comparison method, optimizing the results of multiple sequence alignment by the iterative process. Davie M. proposed using the particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve the multiple sequence alignment problem; Ikeda Takahiro proposed a heuristic algorithm which is based on the A* search algorithm; E. Birney first proposed using the hidden Markov model to solve the multiple sequence alignment problem; and many other biologists use the genetic algorithm to solve it. All these algorithms generally are robust and insensitive to the number of sequences, but they also have shortcomings. For example, the results from the particle swarm optimization algorithm are unstable and its merits depend on the selection of random numbers, the runtime of the A* search algorithm is too long, and the genetic algorithm is easy to fall into local excellent. Tree alignment graph Roughly, tree alignment graph aims to align trees into a graph and finally synthesize them to develop statistics. In biology, tree alignment graphs (TAGs) are used to remove the evolutionary conflicts or overlapping taxa from sets of trees and can then be queried to explore uncertainty and conflict. By integrating methods of aligning, synthesizing and analyzing, the TAG aims to solve the conflicting relationships and partial overlapping taxon sets obtained from a wide range of sequences. Also, the tree alignment graph serves as a fundamental approach for supertree and grafting exercises, which have been successfully tested to construct supertrees by Berry. Because the transformation from trees to a graph contain similar nodes and edges from their source trees, TAGs can also provide extraction of original source trees for further analysis. TAG is a combination of a set of aligning trees. It can store conflicting hypotheses evolutionary relationship and synthesize the source trees to develop evolutionary hypotheses. Therefore, it is a basic method to solve other alignment problems. See also Generalized tree alignment References Computational phylogenetics	1	1
36473167	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20L.%20San%20Jose	George L. San Jose	George L. San Jose is the Founder and Chief Creative Officer of the multicultural marketing and advertising agency, The San Jose Group, public relations company SJ Public Relations and international marketing company, San Jose Consulting. Advertising and marketing career He began his professional career three decades ago as an account planner for DMB&B's Spanish Advertising and Marketing Services (SAMS) – a multicultural advertising agency in New York City. He was appointed general manager & executive creative director in 1980. After working for SAMS for two years, in 1981 he founded The San Jose Group in Chicago, a marketing and advertising agency that specializes in the US Hispanic market. In 2009, Advertising Age ranked The San Jose Group 19th out of the 50 top Hispanic ad agencies. In 1996, San Jose co-founded the Association of Hispanic Advertising Agencies (AHAA) and has served the association as both director and treasurer. Entrepreneurship A member of The San Jose Network Ltd., SJ Public Relations, was created in 1990. It specializes in crisis and issues management, consumer marketing, health care, and multicultural communications. SJ Public Relations has worked with a number of clients including: Chicago and Gift of Hope Organ & Tissue Network, among others. Appointments San Jose sits on the board of the Hispanic Christian Churches Association, CAMCO and the U.S. Selective Service System as the Chairman for the U.S. Board of Appeals. He is also a member of Depaul University Deans Advisory Council and has served on the boards of the Association of Hispanic Advertising Agencies and the Economic Club of Chicago. Honors San Jose was recognized by the Advertising Federation of Greater Miami in 1993 for his lectures at Advertising Age Seminars and the Se Habla Espanol Annual Conference as well as his creative work for Anheuser-Busch. Crain's Chicago business has named San Jose to its "Who's Who in Chicago Business list" multiple times from 1990 to 2015. In 1997, Advertising Age recognized San Jose on its "People On A Roll" list. Bibliography San Jose, George L. (1994). "Hispanic Marketing Attracts New Customers." Illinois Banker. Volume 79, issue 3. San Jose, George L. (5 December 2008). "Haciendo de la mercadotecnia un costo fijo para tu negocio." (Making marketing a fixed cost for your business) Negocios Now. San Jose, George L. (2009). "Mercadotecnia inteligente hoy, para un fuerte mañana." (Smart Marketing today for a stronger tomorrow) Negocios Now. San Jose, George L. (2012). "Advice from the Pros: Five Writing Tips from George L. San Jose." The Copywriter's Toolkit: The Complete Guide to Strategic Advertising. Ed. Berman, Margo. Wiley-Blackwell, Massachusetts. References Living people American advertising executives Cuban emigrants to the United States Year of birth missing (living people)	1	1
5001421	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velodrom%20%28Berlin%29	Velodrom (Berlin)	The Velodrom (velodrome) is an indoor track cycling arena, in the Prenzlauer Berg locality of Berlin, Germany. Holding up to 12,000 people, it was also Berlin's largest concert venue, until the opening of O2 World in 2008. It is part of a larger complex, which includes a swimming pool as well, built in the course of the unsuccessful Berlin application for the 2000 Summer Olympics. This project is related to the German reunification and the wish of a city, Berlin, about to become the capital, to be nominated for the Olympic Games. It replaced the former Werner-Seelenbinder-Halle, which was demolished in 1993. It mainly hosts indoor sporting events, trade shows and concerts. Architecture The building was designed by French architect Dominique Perrault who won an international design competition in 1992 and was awarded the German Award of Architecture, second prize for the velodrome and the Olympic swimming pool. The site chosen is at the intersection of urban elements and of different networks. In order to resolve the conjunction of these two systems, the buildings which house the velodrome and the Olympic Swimming Pool vanish from sight. The idea was to create an orchard of apple trees with two buildings set into the ground, one round and the other rectangular, covered with a wire gauze, which shimmer in the sunlight and appear to be stretches of water more than buildings. The project includes a multi-use velodrome: cycling, athletics, tennis, equestrianism, sports education, concerts a swimming pool: 2 Olympic pools, Olympic diving platform, pools for diving training, handicapped, children multisport hall The arena is famous for its steel roof construction – with a diameter of 142 meters, it has Europe's largest steel roof. Notable events In 1998, Janet Jackson performed there during her The Velvet Rope Tour. In 1999 and 2020, it hosted the UCI Track Cycling World Championships and has been the site of the annual Six Days of Berlin since then. In 2002 and 2008, Kylie Minogue performed her Fever Tour and KylieX2008 tours. In 2004, Britney Spears performed a sold-out show of The Onyx Hotel Tour. In 2007, Daft Punk performed Alive 2006/2007. In 2014, the Velodrom has been the site of 32nd European Aquatics Championships. In 2017, cycling European Track Championship took place. On December 4, 2022, Rosalía will perform a show from her Motomami World Tour. See also Max-Schmeling-Halle References External links Indoor arenas in Germany Sports venues in Berlin Velodromes in Germany Cycle racing in Germany Buildings and structures in Pankow	1	1
1448071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Dac	Pierre Dac	André Isaac (15 August 1893 Châlons-sur-Marne, France – 9 February 1975 Paris, France), better known as Pierre Dac, was a French humorist. During World War II, Pierre Dac was one of the speakers of the BBC's Radio Londres service to occupied France. He produced a series of satirical songs which were broadcast on the station. After the war, he participated in a comic duet with the humorist Francis Blanche. A very active freemason, initiated in 1926 at "Les Inséparables d'Osiris" lodge in Paris, he created a parodic and slang masonic rite "Le rite des Voyous" still practiced in some French lodges. Dac is also the creator of the comic term "Schmilblick." Filmography Radio Surprises (1940) Good Enough to Eat (1951) La Famille Anodin (1956) (TV) La Belle Américaine (1961) Ne jouez pas avec les Martiens (1968) Le Petit Baigneur (1968) References People from Châlons-en-Champagne 1893 births 1975 deaths French humorists French chansonniers French male writers French Freemasons Recipients of the Resistance Medal Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France) Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France) Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery 20th-century French male singers 20th-century French male writers	1	1
371999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%20in%20Canada	1952 in Canada	Events from the year 1952 in Canada. Incumbents Crown Monarch – George VI (until February 6) then Elizabeth II Federal government Governor General – the Viscount Alexander of Tunis (until February 28), then Vincent Massey Prime Minister – Louis St. Laurent Chief Justice – Thibaudeau Rinfret (Quebec) Parliament – 21st Provincial governments Lieutenant governors Lieutenant Governor of Alberta – John J. Bowlen Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Clarence Wallace Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Roland Fairbairn McWilliams Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – David Laurence MacLaren Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland – Leonard Outerbridge Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – John Alexander Douglas McCurdy (until September 1) then Alistair Fraser Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – Ray Lawson (until February 18) then Louis Orville Breithaupt Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Thomas William Lemuel Prowse Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Gaspard Fauteux Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan – William John Patterson Premiers Premier of Alberta – Ernest Manning Premier of British Columbia – Byron Johnson (until August 1) then W.A.C. Bennett Premier of Manitoba – Douglas Campbell Premier of New Brunswick – John McNair (until October 8) then Hugh John Flemming Premier of Newfoundland – Joey Smallwood Premier of Nova Scotia – Angus Macdonald Premier of Ontario – Leslie Frost Premier of Prince Edward Island – J. Walter Jones Premier of Quebec – Maurice Duplessis Premier of Saskatchewan – Tommy Douglas Territorial governments Commissioners Commissioner of Yukon – Frederick Fraser (until November 5) then Wilfred George Brown Commissioner of Northwest Territories – Hugh Andrew Young Events January 24 – Vincent Massey appointed first Canada-born Governor-General of Canada February 6 – Elizabeth II becomes Queen of Canada upon the death of her father George VI. June 11 – Saskatchewan election: Tommy Douglas's Co-operative Commonwealth Federation wins a third consecutive majority May 25 – Korean War: Canadian troops are dispatched to the troubled Geoje POW Camp August 1 – W.A.C. Bennett becomes premier of British Columbia, replacing Byron Johnson August 5 – Alberta election: Ernest Manning's Social Credit Party wins a fifth consecutive majority September 6 – The first CBC Television station, CBFT, goes on the air in Montreal, Quebec September 8 – CBLT (CBC Toronto) goes on air September 11 – Volkswagen of Canada is founded. September 16 – The Boyd Gang is captured October 2 – Korean War: , while shelling an enemy train in Korea, is hit by return fire from shore batteries. Three sailors were killed and 10 wounded: the only Royal Canadian Navy casualties of the war. October 8 – Hugh John Flemming becomes premier of New Brunswick, replacing John McNair October 14 – Lester B. Pearson is elected President of the United Nations General Assembly. Full date unknown Fighting in the Korean War drags on as the factions attempt to negotiate an armistice. The pension system is reformed with the introduction of the Old Age Security Act. Roy Thomson acquires The Scotsman and emigrates to Britain Painters Eleven founded. Atomic Energy Canada founded. Manitoba women were first permitted to serve on juries. (New Brunswick women become jurors in 1954, and PEI women in 1966). Arts and literature New books Thomas B. Costain: The Silver Chalice Awards See 1952 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards. Stephen Leacock Award: Jan Hilliard, The Salt Box Sport February 24 – Canada men's national ice hockey team(Represented by the Edmonton Mercurys won their 7th (consecutive and last until 2002) Gold Medal at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway April 15 – Detroit Red Wings won their Fifth Stanley Cup by defeating the Montreal Canadiens 4 games to 0. May 2 – Ontario Hockey Association's Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters won their only Memorial Cup by defeating Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League's Regina Pats 4 games to 0. The deciding Game 4 was played at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto November 29 – Toronto Argonauts won their Tenth (and last until 1983) Grey Cup by defeating the Edmonton Eskimos 21–11 in the 40th Grey Cup played at Toronto's Varsity Stadium Births January to June January 1 – Rosario Marchese, Italian-Canadian educator and politician January 19 – Michel Plante, ice hockey left winger February – Kathy Dunderdale, politician and 10th Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador February 3 – Wayne Erdman, judoka February 18 – Bernard Valcourt, politician and lawyer February 27 – Maureen McTeer, author and lawyer March 4 – Svend Robinson, politician, Canada's first openly homosexual elected official and prominent activist for gay rights May 13 – Mary Walsh, actress and comedian May 17 – Howard Hampton, politician June 2 – Ferron, folk singer-songwriter and poet June 6 – Jean Hamel, ice hockey player June 22 – Graham Greene, actor June 29 – David Dingwall, politician, Minister and civil servant July to September July 1 Dan Aykroyd, comedian, actor, screenwriter and musician Sam George, native rights activist (d. 2009) Deborah Grey, politician July 3 – Rohinton Mistry, author July 6 – George Athans, world-champion water skier July 7 – David Milgaard, wrongfully convicted of murder (d. 2022) July 25 – Nancy Allan, politician July 31 – Kent Angus, businessman (d. 2021) August 9 – Gary Kowalski, politician September 8 – Sue Barnes, politician September 10 – Vic Toews, politician September 12 – Neil Peart, drummer and author (d. 2020) October to December October 2 – Marie Deschamps, jurist and puisne justice on the Supreme Court of Canada October 4 – Angela Coughlan, swimmer and Olympic bronze medalist (d. 2009) October 22 – Peggy Baker, dancer November 10 – Jim Maloway, politician November 16 – Candas Jane Dorsey, poet and science fiction novelist November 27 – Sheila Copps, journalist and politician December 12 – Herb Dhaliwal, politician and Minister December 24 – Lorne Calvert, politician and 13th Premier of Saskatchewan Full date unknown Di Brandt, poet and literary critic David Macfarlane, journalist, playwright and novelist Bob McLeod, politician and 12th Premier of the Northwest Territories Deaths June 21 – Wilfrid R. "Wop" May, World War I flying ace and pioneering bush pilot (b. 1896) July 6 – Louis-Alexandre Taschereau, politician and 14th Premier of Quebec (b. 1867) August 31 – Henri Bourassa, politician and publisher (b. 1868) October 6 – Walter Stanley Monroe, businessman, politician and Prime Minister of Newfoundland (b. 1871) October 18 – Joseph-Mathias Tellier, politician (b. 1861) November 8 – Harold Innis, professor of political economy and author (b. 1894) Full date unknown James Breakey, politician (b. 1865) See also 1952 in Canadian television List of Canadian films References Years of the 20th century in Canada Canada 1952 in North America	0	-1
42972085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20Ladder	Urban Ladder	Urban Ladder is an omnichannel furniture and decor retailer based out of Bangalore, India. Urban Ladder currently has 3 stores in Bangalore and distribution across 75+ cities in India through its website. History Urban Ladder Home Decor Solutions was co-founded by Ashish Goel (CEO) and Rajiv Srivatsa in July 2012. Ashish Goel previously worked with McKinsey & Company and served as the CEO of Amar Chitra Katha. Rajiv Srivatsa previously worked with Cognizant and Yahoo! before co-founding Urban Ladder. Urban Ladder is a design-led, omnichannel brand which offers furniture and home decor. With over 5000 designs across 35 categories such as living, dining, bedroom, study, and decor, Urban Ladder was established as an online-first brand in 2012. In 2017, Urban Ladder made a shift to offline retail, in an effort to become an omnichannel brand. It opened its first flagship store in Bangalore on 8 July 2017 and currently has 4 offline stores in Bangalore. Rajiv Srivatsa, one of the founders of Urban Ladder, quit the company in October, 2019 after seven years with the company. In November 2020, Reliance acquired the company by purchasing 96% stake in a Rs.182 crore deal. Funding Urban Ladder secured seed capital of $US1 million from Kalaari Capital in August 2012. The company later raised another $US5 million in a Series A round led by SAIF Partners; Kalaari Capital too participated in the Series A funding. The company subsequently raised $US21 million in Series B round of funding led by Steadview Capital, SAIF Partners and Kalaari Capital Four months after the company raised Series B funding from Steadview Capital and existing investors SAIF Partners and Kalaari Capital, Urban Ladder received a personal investment from Ratan Tata, Tata Sons. On 9 April 2015, Urban Ladder announced that they had raised $US50 million in funding led by Sequoia Capital and TR Capital. Existing investors Steadview Capital, SAIF Partners and Kalaari Capital were also participants. Urban Ladder, raised an internal round of $12 million from investors Kalaari Capital, Saif Partners, Sequoia Capital, and Steadview Capital in February 2018. In combination with the $15 million raised in January 2017, these funds were used to further Urban Ladder’s omnichannel expansion, online and offline – a decisive step towards profitability in FY 18–19. With a $27 million infusion over 12 months, Urban Ladder's omnichannel approach and profitability push will help it build a powerful retail brand. Business model Urban Ladder has both online and offline business model for distribution. The company delivers and installs all the products it offers. The brand has also put its products on marketplaces Amazon and Flipkart. Urban Ladder is continually creating and launching new collections like the Malabar, the Eleanor & Louise, and the Fujiwara range, Urban Interiors Urban Ladder launched design consultation as a service in 2016. The Urban Ladder Design Network Apart from its in-house collections and consultations, Urban Ladder works with external designers. The Urban Ladder Design Network provides external designers with 3D rendered models of its products. The partnered designers also get priority inventory blocking on Urban Ladder’s products and a commission when their clients select Urban Ladder’s designs for their homes. Currently, Urban Ladder has over 600 design firms working with them as part of The Urban Ladder Design Network, with the tribe increasing every month. Awards and recognition Urban Ladder collected the 'Best Digital Start-Up' Award at the 4th India Digital Awards conducted by Internet and Mobile Association of India. Ashish Goel was voted by the Network 7 Media Group Jury as "Game Changer Entrepreneur of the year" 2016 at Satya Brahma founded 8th edition of India Leadership Conclave 2016. References Online retailers of India Retail companies established in 2012 Companies based in Bangalore Furniture companies of India Furniture retailers of India Reliance Retail 2012 establishments in Karnataka Indian companies established in 2012	0	-1
44838353	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansi%20Ki%20Rani%20%281953%20film%29	Jhansi Ki Rani (1953 film)	Jhansi Ki Rani () is a 1953 Indian Hindi-language historical drama film produced and directed by Sohrab Modi for his Minerva Movietone production banner. It is credited as the first Technicolor film made in India and starred Modi's wife, Mehtab in the title role, with Modi in the important role of her mentor, Rajguru (royal adviser). The film was dubbed in English as The Tiger and the Flame, which released in 1956 with the same star cast. The cast besides Mehtab and Sohrab Modi included Mubarak, Ulhas, Sapru, Ram Singh, Baby Shikha, Marconi and Shakila. Set in the 19th century against the backdrop of the Mutiny of 1857, the film is about the bravery of queen Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi, who took up arms and led her army against the British. She was one of the first Indians to do so. It was the most expensive Hindi film up until then, with a budget , but became a box office failure. Plot Rajguru (Sohrab Modi) decides that Jhansi should get its proper recognition in history. He comes across a young girl, Manu (the young Rani Lakshmibai), played by Baby Shikha. Her father has been hit by a carriage driven by an English driver. She gathers a few children to confront the driver. This, and her confrontation with an elephant impresses the Rajguru who takes her in hand, shaping her into becoming a determined leader. He arranges for her, at the age of nine, to marry the much older ruler of Jhansi, Gangadhar Rao (Mubarak), who is about fifty years old, and become Queen. Manu grows up under the expert tutelage of the Rajguru, learning physical combat and political administration. The older Manu, now called Lakshmibai gives birth to a boy who dies. She adopts another boy, Damodar Rao, who the English refuse to accept as the rightful heir. This further sets her against the British. During the uprising of 1857 (1857 Mutiny), she fights against them, succumbing to her injuries in the end. Cast Mehtab as Rani Lakshmibai Sohrab Modi as Rajguru Mubarak as Gangadhar Rao Sapru as General Sir Hugh Rose Ulhas as Ghulam Ghaus Khan Ram Singh as Sadashiv Rao Baby Shikha as Manu Anil Kishore as Lieut. Henry Dowker Kamlakant as Moropant S.B. Nayampalli as Panditji Michael Shea as Major Eliss Gloria Gasper as Doris Dowker Marconi as Colonel Sleeman Shakila as Kashi Dar Kashmiri Production The film was released in India in 1952 (1953) as Jhansi Ki Rani and released in the US as The Tiger and the Flame in 1956. Modi had Hollywood technicians brought in to help in the technical aspect of the film. He managed to create the right era using historical details correctly. The main cinematographer was the Hollywood Oscar winner for Gone with the Wind (1939), Ernest Haller, who was assisted by M. Malhotra and Y. D. Sarpotdar. The editor was Russell Lloyd from England. The film deviated from the fictionalised accounts and stuck to the extracts from the novel Jhansi Ki Rani (1946) by Vrindavan Lal Verma Sohrab Modi And Historicals Modi concentrated on Historicals, prominent of which were Pukar (1939), Jhansi Ki Rani and Mirza Ghalib (1954), which are "considered milestones of the genre". Box-office The press praised the film lauding Modi's use of colour and direction. However, in spite of having spent lavishly on technicians, sets, war scenes and making it in colour, the film was a big box office disaster causing Modi great financial losses. Modi was blamed for casting his wife Mehtab in the title role of Lakshmibai, who looked too old at 35 years to portray the young queen half her age. Crew Crew Dialogue: L. Bijlani and Dialogue director was William DeLane Lea Screenplay: Geza Herceg, Adi F. Keeka and Sudarshan Audiographer: M. Eduljee Soundtrack While the English version (1956, dubbed) had no songs, the Hindi version had music by Vasant Desai and lyrics by Pandit Radheshyam. The playback singers were Mohammed Rafi, Sulochana Kadam, Suman Purohit, Parshuram and P. Ramakant. Two songs in Mohammed Rafi's voice remain notable: "Amar Hai Jhansi Ki Rani" and "Rajguru Ne Jhansi Chhodi". Songlist Trivia Impressed by Hema Malini's performance in Razia Sultan (1983), Modi wanted to remake Jhansi Ki Rani with her in the lead. References External links 1953 films 1950s Hindi-language films Indian films Films directed by Sohrab Modi Films scored by Vasant Desai Films about the Indian Rebellion of 1857 1950s historical drama films Indian historical drama films Cultural depictions of Rani Laxmibai 1953 drama films	0	-1
54052478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt%20%282017%20film%29	Manhunt (2017 film)	Manhunt (simplified Chinese: 追捕; traditional Chinese; 追捕; pinyin; Zhuībǔ) is a 2017 action thriller film co-written and directed by John Woo, produced by Gordon Chan, and starring Zhang Hanyu, Masaharu Fukuyama, Qi Wei, Ha Ji-won, and Jun Kunimura. The Chinese-Hong Kong co-production is an adaptation of the Japanese novel Kimi yo Funnu no Kawa o Watare by Juko Nishimura, which was previously adapted in a 1976 film of the same name. Woo decided to develop an adaptation to commemorate the film's star Ken Takakura, who had become a cultural icon in China after the film was the first to be released in China following the Cultural Revolution. The film was shot on-location in Osaka and Kansai, Japan, and features a mixed Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cast, with dialogue in Mandarin, Japanese, and English. It has been described by Woo as a return to his older style of films, specifically mentioning The Killer. The film premiered at the 74th Venice International Film Festival and released in China on 24 November 2017. It was released worldwide on Netflix on 4 May 2018. Plot Du Qiu is a Chinese attorney employed by Osaka-based Tenjin Pharmaceuticals, having successfully defended the company against numerous high-profile lawsuits. About to be relocated to the United States by his management, Qiu attends a party where Tenjin President Yoshihiro Sakai appoints his son, Hiroshi, as the new head of research-and-development. Qiu briefly meets a half-Chinese woman, Mayumi, but loses track of her. Sakai tells a mysterious woman to seduce Qiu into remaining in Japan. She dances with him at the party then sneaks to his house before he arrives later. Qiu awakens to find the woman dead in his bed. He calls the police and pleads his innocence, but is nonetheless taken into custody. The arresting officer, Yuji Asano, suddenly knocks out another officer and tells Qiu to run. Qiu loses pursuing police by fleeing to a subway station under-construction. Veteran detective Satoshi Yamura is called in with his rookie partner Rika to track down Qiu, much to Asano's chagrin. Following his intuition, Yamura and Rika travel to the construction site where they find Qiu disguised as an employee. Qiu holds Rika hostage with a nail gun, but Yamura surrenders himself and his gun to save Rika. Qiu takes Yamura hostage and claims he is innocent but the two end up in a fistfight, Yamura eventually gets the upper hand but Qiu overpowers Yamura after he is distracted by white pigeons. Qiu manages to escape apprehension and seeks shelter in a nearby shanty town, where he's befriended by the Mandarin-literate local Sakaguchi. Seeking answers, Qiu contacts Sakai and demands a face-to-face meeting, suspecting that his former employers have set him up. Sakai secretly hires a pair of assassins, Rain and Dawn, to kill Qiu, and sends one of his lawyers to the arranged meeting spot. He explains to Qiu that Sakai and Hiroshi have been secretly developing projects for military contractors. Aiming at Qiu with a sniper rifle, Rain is unable to carry through with the hit because Qiu had earlier shown her kindness, shooting and killing the lawyer instead. Yamura pursues Qiu in a high-speed jet ski chase and nearly catches him, but Qiu is suddenly intercepted by Mayumi, who helps him escape on a Shinkansen. Fleeing to her remote farmhouse, Mayumi explains that her fiancé, a scientist employed by Tenjin, was falsely accused by the company of stealing their classified formula, and subsequently committed suicide on their wedding day after losing the lawsuit led by Qiu. Qiu apologizes, insisting that the information he was given in regards to the case came directly from the authorities. The two are suddenly ambushed by Rain and Dawn on motorcycles, but Yamura arrives and fends them off while they flee. Yamura pursues Qiu and saves him and Mayumi after their car wrecks before handcuffing himself to Qiu, insisting on taking him in. Mayumi tells Yamura that she was with Qiu at the time of the murder, proving his innocence. The trio hole up at the farmhouse, where they manage to fend off an assault by an army of hitmen, but not before Yamura is shot. Dawn is severely injured and injects herself with a stimulant to recover, but overdoses and dies in Rain's arms. Rika subsequently drives Yamura and Qiu to a hospital, and they let Qiu go. Blackmailed over his drug addiction, Asano reveals himself to be working for Sakai and demands he be compensated for his part in framing Qiu to divert attention from the real murderer, Hiroshi. Sakai swiftly has Asano killed by Rain. Meanwhile, Rika runs an analysis on Asano's drugs, and finds they match the formula Mayumi's fiancé had been working on. Mayumi gives Rika a secret equation necessary for decoding the formula to properly reproduce the drug, a powerful stimulant, before she is captured by Rain. Sakaguchi helps Qiu sneak onto a truck carrying Tenjin test subjects, but once at the laboratory he is separated from the others and subjected to an excruciating treatment that causes him to become an involuntarily violent, nigh-invulnerable killer. Sakaguchi tries to kill the other prisoners, but has a moment of clarity and commits suicide. Sakai recognizes Qiu among the subjects and order he be subjected to the treatment, designed to turn a person into a near-superhuman, brainwashed soldier. Yamura arrives and offers Sakai the decoding equation in exchange for Qiu. Rain, realizing that Sakai is ultimately responsible for Dawn's death, releases Mayumi and gives her a gun. Qiu is injected and forced to fight Yamura, but he manages to break his conditioning and the two turn on the guards with the help of Rain. Qiu, Yamura, Mayumi and Rain end up fighting through hordes of guards through intense firefights. Hiroshi injects himself with the updated formula, surviving several gunshot wounds before finally succumbing and dying, confessing to the murder Qiu was accused of. Sakai shoots Rain, and wounds Qiu but is cornered by Qiu and Yamura, begrieved by his son's death, Sakai commits suicide. Rain dies in Qiu's arms, and Rika arrives with police backup. Weeks later, Qiu meets Yamura at a train station, where they shake hands and exchange names in Japanese and Mandarin, respectively. Yamura bids Qin farewell as he boards the train with Mayumi, before walking off with Rika. Cast Production Development After the death of Japanese actor Ken Takakura, Woo searched for material to commemorate him. During this search, he was contacted by Peter Lam, the head of Media Asia, who asked if he would like to do remake of the Japanese film Manhunt. Woo's Manhunt is an adaptation of the Japanese novel Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare by Juko Nishimura which had previously been adapted into a Japanese film starring Takakura. Woo decided to make a new adaptation of the film, stating that "Ken Takakura is one of my favorite actors in the world. He was my idol, and he has influenced a lot of my films. [Hong Kong actor] Chow Yun-Fat's image in A Better Tomorrow was inspired by Takakura's image and style. I wanted to make a movie dedicated to Ken Takakura." The original film was described by Variety as a "massive hit" when it was released in China in 1978, where it was the first foreign film to be shown in post-Cultural Revolution China. Pre-production Manhunts producers include Gordon Chan and Chan Hing-kai while the film is being backed by the Hong Kong production company Media Asia on a budget ranging between 30 and 40 million. Manhunt marked the end of Woo's previous production company Lion Rock Films following the box-office disappointment of The Crossing which led to Woo and Terence Chang disbanding Lion Rock Productions. Woo stated that he had "got tired of making big-budget movies. I think about going back to the old times, when it wasn't so much about money but about working with a wonderful, smaller crew to make a real movie." Woo expanded on this later stating that there was great pressure in enjoying the creative process when "being controlled by the numbers during the entire process" or deciding "decide how to shoot a scene because of the budget, not inspiration." The production team includes Japanese art director Yohei Taneda and cinematographer Takuro Ishizaka. The film features a large Japanese cast including Yasuaki Kurata, Jun Kunimura, Hiroyuki Ikeuchi, Nanami Sakuraba, Naoto Takenaka and Tao Okamoto. In addition, Chinese actress Qi Wei and Korean actress Ha Ji-won were cast in key roles in the film. Filming Production started on Manhunt in June 2016 in Osaka. At the beginning of the production, the cast and crew and local government officials held a traditional Japanese kagami biraki ceremony. Woo stated that Manhunt would go back to his older style of filmmaking, referring to his film The Killer specifically. Manhunt was projected to finished filming in October 2016 and then later reported to be finished filming by the end of November. The China Internet Information Center stated that the film had begun post-production in January 2017. Release Manhunt was scheduled to have its world premiere at the 74th Venice International Film Festival. The film was shown out of competition. It had press and industry screenings 6 September 2017 and a public screening on 8 September 2017. Both Woo and actress Ha Ji-won were scheduled to attended the festival in Venice. The film received its North American premiere at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival as part of their special presentation program. Manhunt had its first press screening in Toronto on 7 September 2017 and was scheduled for a public screening 14 September 2017. The film was initially set for release in China on 16 February 2018. The China Internet Information Center described that waiting this long for a release is "unusual for a Chinese film". The film was released in China on 24 November 2017. Soundtrack映画「マンハント」オリジナル・サウンドトラック''' was released by Nippon Columbia on February 21, 2018. Track listing "Nightfall's Coming Over" "At Urban Blind Spot" "Dogma Lines" "An Unknown Daybreak" "Hunt on the River" "Secret Hunting" "Buddy Session" "Dogma Circles" "J's Autumn Festival" "Against the Investigation" "Introduction to Party" "Unpredictable Lonely Figure" "Interval of the Inference" "Keep on Seeking More" "Soldiers Dance" "Madness and Science" "Rule of the Assassins Duo" "Memories of the Illusion" "Dogma Links" "Before Attacking at Farm" "Run and Run" "Way to the Horizon" "Place at the End" "Destiny and Bond" "For Two Men" "忘れじの女/Unforgettable Woman" Reception Box officeManhunt has grossed a worldwide total of $18.3 million, against a production budget of $50 million. Critical response On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 67% based on 27 reviews, and an average rating of 6.2/10. On Metacritic, the film was given an average score of 68 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Screen Daily declared the film "a breezy, handsomely mounted fun that shows that Woo has lost neither his mojo nor his sense of poetry." and "Manhunt is a John Woo movie like he used to make ‘em, before his US period including Face/Off and Mission: Impossible 2, and recent Asian historical diptychs Red Cliff and The Crossing." Variety described Manhunt as "underwhelming and undercooked" and that the audience who come to Woo for the action scenes would be satisfied while "those of us for whom the director's best work, like the brilliant Hard Boiled or the transcendently ludicrous Face/Off, is marked out not just by superior gun-fu but by the disarming sincerity with which he always sold the silliness, Manhunt is a disappointment." The Hollywood Reporter referred to the film as a "string of sophisticated and thrilling set pieces." and that "Production values are lavish and some of the metallic sets designed by Yohei Taneda have the complexity of an Escher puzzle. Takuro Ishizaka’s lighting gives even the silly final scenes a visually exciting veneer." The review also commented on the story referring to it as "logic-free" and concluded that the film "isn’t going to go down in history as [Woo's] best film" Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film four stars out of five, stating that praised the films action sequences as a highlight while stating that the story is a "little absurd" but that the film "offers something that is never in sufficiently plentiful supply: fun." References External links Manhunt'' at Box Office Mojo 2017 films Films shot in Osaka Films based on Japanese novels Films directed by John Woo Chinese films Hong Kong films Films set in Japan Films set in Osaka 2010s English-language films Japanese-language films 2010s Mandarin-language films 2017 action thriller films Chinese action thriller films Hong Kong action thriller films Media Asia films Films about lawyers Films scored by Taro Iwashiro Chinese remakes of foreign films Remakes of Japanese films Mandarin-language Netflix original films	0	-1
67519126	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Moore%20Trophy	Michael Moore Trophy	The Michael Moore Trophy is a rugby league trophy usually contested biannually during the National Rugby League season, in matches between the Melbourne Storm and the New Zealand Warriors. The Michael Moore Trophy was introduced in 2000 following the death of Melbourne Storm's inaugural football manager, Michael Moore, on 6 February 2000 in Auckland, New Zealand. Beginning in 2009, matches are regularly scheduled on 25 April, to coincide with ANZAC Day commemorations in Melbourne, with the game usually played in the evening at AAMI Park. Melbourne are currently on an 13-game winning streak against the Warriors, having held the trophy since 2016. Michael Moore Michael Moore (1965-2000) was the inaugural football manager of the Melbourne Storm, controlling the day to day running of football operations. He joined Melbourne from the Brisbane Broncos, where he was part of that club's strength and conditioning program. Moore played rugby league in Queensland with Brisbane Brothers from 1984-1992, before finishing his playing career with Brisbane Souths in 1993. As well as his role with the Brisbane Broncos, he headed up the conditioning program for the Brisbane Bullets in 1996/97. Outside of sport, Moore was a physical education teacher for two years in 1988-1989, and was a physical activities officer with the Queensland Police Service for nine years before moving to Victoria. Moore's sudden death was devastating to the tightknit Melbourne Storm club, with the Storm players jerseys carrying "Michael Moore 2000 Season" embroidery during 2000. Melbourne renamed the "Clubman of the Year" Medal in his honour, with the award combined with the Chairman's Award to become the Michael Moore Club Person of the Year trophy in 2005. Michael Moore was survived by his wife Tracey, and children Meg, Harry, and Georgia. Results 2000-2009 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010-2019 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020-present 2020 2021 2022 Head To Head 2000 - 2022 Overall 1998-2022 (including finals) Spirit of ANZAC Medal In games played on ANZAC Day in Melbourne, a Spirit of ANZAC Medal is awarded to the player in the match considered to best exemplify the ANZAC spirit – skill, courage, self-sacrifice, teamwork and fair play. Winners 2009 — Adam Blair (Melbourne Storm) 2010 — Cooper Cronk (Melbourne Storm) 2011 — Krisnan Inu (New Zealand Warriors) 2012 — Kevin Proctor (Melbourne Storm) 2013 — Ryan Hoffman (Melbourne Storm) 2014 — Sebastine Ikahihifo (New Zealand Warriors) 2015 — Daly Cherry-Evans (Manly Sea Eagles) 2016 — Tohu Harris (Melbourne Storm) 2017 — Nelson Asofa-Solomona (Melbourne Storm) 2018 — Billy Slater (Melbourne Storm) 2019 — Cameron Smith (Melbourne Storm) 2020 — Not awarded 2021 — Jahrome Hughes (Melbourne Storm) 2022 — Ryan Papenhuyzen (Melbourne Storm) Notes See also Rivalries in the National Rugby League References External links Melbourne Storm New Zealand Warriors Rugby league rivalries ANZAC (Australia) Awards established in 2000 Rugby league trophies and awards Oceanian sports trophies and awards 2000 establishments in Oceania	1	1
2770468	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-mover%20advantage	First-mover advantage	In marketing strategy, first-mover advantage (FMA) is the competitive advantage gained by the initial ("first-moving") significant occupant of a market segment. First-mover advantage enables a company or firm to establish strong brand recognition, customer loyalty, and early purchase of resources before other competitors enter the market segment. First movers in a specific industry are almost always followed by competitors that attempt to capitalise on the first movers' success. These followers are also aiming to gain market share; however, most of the time the first-movers will already have an established market share, with a loyal customer base that allows them to maintain their market share. Mechanisms leading to first-mover advantages The three primary sources of a first-mover advantage are technology leadership, control of resources, and buyer switching costs. Technology leadership First movers can make their technology/product/services harder for later entrants to replicate. For example, if the first mover reduces the costs of producing a product, then they will establish an absolute cost advantage, not just a marginal cost advantage. Not only this, but the first mover will be able to apply for patents, copyrights, and any other protective advantages that will further enhance their establishment in the market. Another way technology leadership comes into play is when a firm has had a unique breakthrough in its research and development (R&D), providing sustainable cost advantage if the innovative idea can be sustained and protected. It must be taken into consideration that technological changes are happening at an incredibly rapid pace. Therefore, patents are a weak protection as the transitory value is low. With the short lifetime of any technological advantage, patent-races can actually prove to be the downfall of a slower moving first-mover firm. Control of resources The second type of first-mover benefit is the ability to control resources necessary for the business that are of a higher quality than resources later entrants will be able to use. An example would be the advantage of being the first company to open a new type of restaurant in town and being able to obtain a prime location. This strategy was used by Walmart when they were the first to locate discount stores in small towns. The first entrant could also control the supply of raw materials needed to make a product, as well as obtaining the ideal supply chain. First-mover firms also have the opportunity to build resources that may discourage entry by other companies. An example of this is increasing production capacity to broaden product lines, therefore deterring following firms to enter and successfully make profits. This strategy is often used by Inditex with their fashion retail supply. When economies of scale are large, first-mover advantages are typically enhanced. The enlarged capacity of the incumbent serves as a commitment to maintain greater output following entry, with the threat of price cuts against late entrants. Buyer switching costs The final type of benefit that first movers may enjoy comes from buyer-switching costs. If it is costly or inconvenient for a customer to switch to a new brand, the first company to gain the customer will have an advantage. Buyers will rationally stick with the first brand they encounter that performs the job adequately. Especially for consumer products, the first mover has the opportunity to shape consumer preferences and to earn customer loyalty. Satisfied consumers tend not to spend time seeking information about other products, and tend to avoid the risk of being dissatisfied if they switch. Some examples of pioneering brands in product categories include Coca-Cola soft drinks, Kleenex tissues, and Nestlé foods. These brands are known to often dominate their markets for a long time. These brand preferences appear to be more important for retail purchases by consumers than for products purchased by businesses, as businesses buy products in larger volume and have more incentive to search for lower-cost options that will contribute to an economy of scale. Disadvantages of being a first mover Although being a first-mover can create an overwhelming advantage, in some cases products that are first to market do not succeed. These products are victims of first-mover disadvantages. These disadvantages include: " Free-rider effects Secondary or late-movers to an industry or market have the opportunity to study first-movers and their techniques and strategies. "Late movers may be able to 'free-ride' on a pioneering firms investments in a number of areas including R&D, buyer education, and infrastructure development." The basic principle of this effect is that the competition is allowed to benefit and not incur the costs which the first-mover has to sustain. These "imitation costs" are much lower than the "innovation costs" the first-mover had to incur, and can also cut into the profits the pioneering firm would otherwise enjoy. Studies of free-rider effects say the biggest benefit is riding the coattails of a company's research and development, and learning-based productivity improvement. Other studies have looked at free rider effects in relation to labor costs, as first-movers may have to hire and train personnel to succeed, only to have the competition hire them away. For example, Craigslist was the first and biggest website to look for short-term rentals. AirBnB came in a few years after and built a massive business at the expense of Craigslist. Resolution of technological or market uncertainty First-movers must deal with the entire risk associated with developing a new technology and creating a new market for it. Late-movers have the advantage of not sustaining those risks to the same extent. While first-movers have nothing to draw upon when deciding potential revenues and firm sizes, late-movers are able to follow industry standards and adjust accordingly. The first-mover must take on all the risk as these standards are set, and in some cases they do not last long enough to operate under the new standards. Shifts in technology or customer needs "New entrants exploit technological discontinuities to displace existing incumbents." Late entrants are sometimes able to assess a market need that will cause an initial product to be seen as inferior. This can occur when the first-mover does not adapt or see the change in customer needs, or when a competitor develops a better, more efficient, and sometimes less-expensive product. Often this new technology is introduced while the older technology is still growing, and the new technology may not be seen as an immediate threat. An example of this is the steam locomotive industry not responding to the invention and commercialization of diesel fuel (Cooper and Schendel, 1976). This disadvantage is closely related to incumbent inertia, and occurs if the firm is unable to recognize a change in the market, or if a ground-breaking technology is introduced. In either case, the first-movers are at a disadvantage in that although they created the market, they have to sustain it, and can miss opportunities to advance while trying to preserve what they already have. Up-front investment costs New products and services which require significant R&D or development will also require significant investments. Therefore, the firms will need to have the funds available to be able to deal with the up-front investments. If they don't have the cash on hand, this could lead to high loans and debts which puts increased pressure on the products to do well. Magnitude and duration of first-mover advantages Though the name "first-mover advantage" hints that pioneering firms will remain more profitable than their competitors, this is not always the case. Certainly a pioneering firm will reap the benefits of early profits, but sometimes profits fall close to zero as a patent expires. This commonly leads to the sale of the patent, or exit from the market, which shows that the first-mover is not guaranteed longevity. This commonly accepted fact has led to the concept known as "second-mover advantage". Incumbent inertia While firms enjoy the success of being the first entrant into the market, they can also become complacent and not fully capitalize on their opportunity. According to Lieberman and Montgomery: Vulnerability of the first-mover is often enhanced by 'incumbent inertia'. Such inertia can have several root causes: the firm may be locked into a specific set of fixed assets, the firm may be reluctant to cannibalize existing product lines, or the firm may become organizationally inflexible. Firms that have heavily invested in fixed assets cannot readily adjust to the new challenges of the market, as they have less financial ability to change. Firms that simply do not wish to change their strategy or products and incur sunk costs from "cannibalizing" or changing the core of their business, fall victim to this inertia. Such firms are less likely to be able to operate in a changing and competitive environment. They may pour too much of their assets into what works in the beginning, and not project what will be needed long term. Some studies which investigated why incumbent organizations are unable to be sustained in the face of new challenges and technology, pinpointed other aspects of incumbents' failures. These included: "the development of organizational routines and standards, internal political dynamics, and the development of stable exchange relations with other organizations" (Hannan and Freeman, 1984). All in all, some firms are too rigid and invested in the "now", and are unable to project the future to continue to maximize their current market stronghold. General conceptual issues Endogeneity and exogeneity of first-mover opportunities First-mover advantages are typically the result of two things: technical proficiency (endogeneic) and luck (exogeneic). Skill and technical proficiency can have a clear impact on profits and the success of a new product; a better product will simply sell faster. An innovative product that is the first of its kind has the potential to grow enormously. Technically competent companies are able to manufacture their products better, at a lower cost than their competitors, and have better marketing proficiency. An example of technical proficiency aiding first-mover advantage is Procter and Gamble's first disposable baby diaper. The ability to get ahead of the market through technical breakthroughs, the use of materials that were low in cost, as well as their general manufacturing proficiency and distribution channels, allowed P&G to dominate the disposable diaper industry. Luck can also have a large effect on profits in first-mover-advantage situations, specifically in terms of timing and creativity. Simple examples such as a research "mistake" turning into an incredibly successful product (serendipity), or a factory warehouse being burned to the ground (unlucky), can have an enormous impact in some instances. Initially, Procter and Gamble's lead was aided by its ability to maintain a proprietary learning curve in manufacturing, and by being the first to take over shelf space in stores. Large increases in the birth rate, in the years that Procter and Gamble's first disposable diapers were released, also added to their industry profits and first-mover advantage. Definitional and measurement issues What constitutes a first-mover? Much of the problem with the concept of first-mover advantage is that it may be hard to define. Should a first mover advantage apply to firms entering an existing market with technological discontinuity, the calculator replacing the slide rule for example, or should it apply solely be new products? The imprecision of the definition has certainly named undeserving firms as pioneers in certain industries, which has led to some debate over the real concept of first-mover advantage. Another common argument is whether first-mover advantage constitutes the initiation of research and development versus the entry of a new product into the market. Typically the definition is the latter, since plenty of firms spend millions in research and development that never result in a product entering a market. Many factors affect the answer to these questions; including the sequence of entry; elapsed time since the pioneer's first release; and categorizations such as early follower, late follower, differentiated follower, etc. Alternative measures of first-mover advantage: profits vs. market share vs. probability of survival A commonly accepted way of measuring a first-mover advantage by pioneering firm's profits as the consequence of its early entry. Such profits is an appropriate measure, since the sole objective of stockholders is to maximize the value of their investment. Still, some issues have risen with this definition, specifically that dis-aggregate profit data are seldom obtainable. In turn, market shares and rates of company survival are typically used as alternative measures since both are commonly linked to profits. Still these links can be weak and lead to ambiguity. Early entrants always have a natural advantage in market share, which does not always translate to higher profits. Magnitude and duration of first-mover advantages Though the name "first-mover advantage" hints that pioneering firms will remain more profitable than their competitors, this is not always the case. Certainly a pioneering firm will reap the benefits of early profits, but sometimes profits fall close to zero as a patent expires. This commonly leads to the sale of the patent, or exit from the market, which shows that the first-mover is not guaranteed longevity. This commonly accepted fact has led to the concept known as "second-mover advantage". Second-mover advantage First-movers are not always able to benefit from being first. Whereas firms who are the first to enter the market with a new product can gain substantial market share due to lack of competition, sometimes their efforts fail. Second-mover advantage occurs when a firm following the lead of the first-mover is actually able to capture greater market share, despite having entered late. First-mover firms often face high research and development costs, and the marketing costs necessary to educate the public about a new type of product. A second-mover firm can learn from the experiences of the first mover firm, and will spend less on R&D, spend less on market education, deal with less risk of failure to gain product acceptance and spend less on customer acquisition. As a result, the second-mover can use its resources to focus on making a superior product or out-marketing the first-mover. The following are a few examples of first-movers whose market share was subsequently eroded by second-movers: Atari vs. Nintendo; Apple's Newton PDA vs. Palm Pilot PDA; Charles Stack Online Bookstore vs. Amazon.com; although the public was largely unaware of Charles Stack Online Bookstore and a compelling argument can be made that Amazon has had much more success than the second-mover BarnesandNoble.com Second-mover firms are sometimes called "fast followers". Example of second-mover advantage: Amazon.com In 1994, Jeff Bezos founded Amazon.com as an online bookstore, and launched the site in 1995. The product lines were quickly expanded to VHS, DVD, CDs, computer software, video games, furniture, toys, and many other items. However, an earlier online bookstore — Book Stacks Unlimited, or books.com — was founded in 1991 by Charles M. Stack, and launched online in 1992. It is considered to be the very first online bookstore; despite this, Bezos and Amazon were more successful due to the concurrent dot-com bubble and prudent marketing strategies. Amazon has since come to dominate the online bookstore business, while Book Stacks was sold to Barnes and Noble in 1996. Implications for managers Different studies have produced varying results with respect to whether or not, on the whole, first-mover advantages exist and provide a profitable result for pioneers. There have been two outstanding conclusions that have been accepted. The first being that on average, first-movers tend to produce an unprofitable outcome (Boulding and Moore). Secondly, pioneers that manage to survive do enjoy lasting advantages in their market share (Robinson). Thus, the pioneer strategy is not necessarily a route that just any firm can take, but with the right resources, and the proper marketing approach, it can result in lasting profits for the company. Managers can make a big difference for a firm when deciding whether or not they should be followers or pioneers. "Good generals make their luck by shaping the odds in their favor" (MacMillan). Making good decisions and acting upon them can help a firm, but in the end there are other factors that must be taken into account before making a final decision. One issue is that a firm must find a way to at least limit, if not prevent, imitation, by, for example, applying for patent(s), creating a product that is too complicated to reverse engineer, or taking control of resources that are important to the production of its product and any imitation. The firm must also remember that first-mover advantages are not everlasting; eventually the competition will manage to take at least some piece of the market. Finally, a company must do its best to prevent incumbent inertia caused by self-righteousness, or possible changes in the market environment. One way to overcome such inertia is by expanding the product line. The advantages of having a wider product line are much easier to maintain compared to those of being a pioneer (Robinson). Managers who opt to be followers have to pick the right method of attack on the pioneer of the product. Some attempt to go head-to-head against the product, hoping that increased spending in advertisement is enough to counteract the first-mover advantages. This technique has proven successful but usually against smaller pioneers that lack resources and recognition in the market (Urban 1986). Otherwise, this "me-too" strategy proves ineffective since the follower will most likely lack brand name and product awareness. An alternate method is to create an entirely new market segment and distribution channel, to establish a foothold in the industry, and then employ the me-too strategy. Issues for future research There are several problems that do arise when one attempts to clearly define "first-mover advantages". These prevent us from entirely accepting that a company gains a clearly defined benefit from being the first to produce and market a particular product. Many studies have been done that try to identify all possible "pioneering advantages" that are available to a first-mover, but the results so far have provided only a basic framework without any clearly defined mechanisms. There is still much more research that can be done to provide future generations of marketing teams with concrete evidence to show that first-mover advantage is well-defined. Theoretical and conceptual Issues The biggest issue that arises is that, despite the evidence of first-mover advantages, the fundamental question of how or why these advantages occur is still unanswered. When attempting to discover the answer, it became clear that it was too difficult to differentiate between an actual advantage and just blind luck. Before this research can be completed, crucial management decisions, such as the optimal time for to produce and market a product, need to be studied. Ultimately, some firms are more suited to be pioneers, others are more suited to wait and see how the product does and then improve upon it, releasing a slightly modified reproduction. As of now, we have a much clearer understanding of advantages that firms who move their product much later have than those that first-movers enjoy. The biggest concern currently is that almost no effort has been put towards determining the "resolution of technological and market uncertainty" which are both considered to be major determinants in the optimal timing of product release. There is, also, no methodology to establish whether inertia is or is not acceptable. Empirical issues Determining the differences between the advantages of followers and first-movers may be a conceptual issue, but empirical issues revolve around explicit strategies that first-movers employ to improve upon their advantage. New information is needed to support any acceptable theories relating to the mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages that first-movers are thought to have at their disposal. Researchers in this field must avoid using the same data repeatedly, which is a trend that has crippled the progress of this investigation. A future study should better delineate the differences between first-mover advantages and other advantages that a firm may have, such as superior manufacturing, or a better marketing scheme. Funding such a study would be extremely useful to any company that has extra money to spend for their next quarter. Furthermore, it would be useful to study how the strength of each advantage varies as it translates from industry to industry. It is quite possible that each industry has its own unique benefits that have yet to be formally documented. An example of one that has, is that first-mover advantages have proven to be much more prevalent in consumer-goods, as opposed to producer-goods industries. Lastly, better knowing the length of time that a first-mover advantage lasts would be vital to any company trying to determine whether or not it should take the chance of being the first to market a particular type of product, and how long the product would be profitable. See also Scoop (term) References Further reading Arthur, Brian. "Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events". The Economic Journal, 99 (1988):116-131. Boulding, W. and M. J. Moore, May 1987. "Pioneering and profitability: structural estimates from a nonlinear simultaneous equations model with endogenous pioneering". Research Paper, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University. Lieberman, M.B. and D.B. Montgomery, "First-Mover (Dis)Advantages: Retrospective and Link with the Resource-Based View", Strategic Management Journal, 19:1111-1125 (1998) MacMillan, I. C., 1983. "Preemptive strategies", Journal of Business Strategy, 16-26. Pierson, Paul, "Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics" American Political Science Review, 94, 2 (June 2000): 251-67. Robinson, W. T., September 1988. "Sources of market pioneer advantage: the case of industrial goods industries", Journal of Marketing Research. Sugden, Robert, "Spontaneous Order" Journal of Economic Perspectives, v. 3 no. 4 (1989). Urban, G. L., R. Carter, S. Gaskin and Z. Mucha, June 1986. "Market share rewards to pioneering brands: an empirical analysis and strategic implications", Management Science, 645-659. Business terms Marketing strategy	1	1
1925295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuce	Deuce	Deuce, Deuces, or The Deuce may refer to: Arts and entertainment Fictional characters Deuce, in the Danger Girl comic book series Deuce, a character in Shake It Up Deuce, in the Wild Cards science fiction universe Deuce Bigalow, in Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo (1999) and Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo (2005) Deuce Cooper, in the film Ed Deuce Loosely, in The Sifl and Olly Show Deuces, a gang in the film South Central Gaming Deuce (dice), the side of a die showing 2 Deuce (playing card), the playing card with the highest value in German card games Deuces (solitaire), a card game Deuces or Big two, a card game Music Deuce (band), a British mid-1990s pop band Albums Deuce (Rory Gallagher album), 1971 Deuce (Kurtis Blow album), 1981 Deuce (The D.O.C. album), 2003 Deuce (Beautiful Creatures album), 2005 Deuce (video), a video album by Korn, 2002 Deuces (album), a 2007 album by Charlie Daniels The Deuce, a 2011 album by Stripper's Union Songs "Deuce" (song), by Kiss, 1974 "Deuce", a cover version by The 69 Eyes from the 1994 album Motor City Resurrection "Deuce", a song by The Cardigans from the 1998 soundtrack The X-Files: The Album "Deuces" (song), by Chris Brown featuring Tyga and Kevin McCall, 2010 "Deuces", a 2008 song by Achozen "The Deuce", a song by Eagles of Death Metal from the 2015 album Zipper Down Other uses in arts and entertainment Deuces (film), 2017 Deuce (play), by Terrence McNally, 2007 The Deuce (TV series), 2017–2019 Military Convair F-102 Delta Dagger, or Deuce, a 1950s American interceptor aircraft 502nd Infantry Regiment (United States), nicknamed The Deuce Marine Wing Headquarters Squadron 2, United States Marine Corps, nicknamed The Deuce Browning M2 (Ma Deuce) .50 heavy machine gun People Deuce (nickname), including a list of people with the nickname Deuce (musician) (Aron Erlichman, born 1983), American music producer and rapper Deuce (wrestler) (James Wiley Smith Thomas Reiher Snuka, born 1971), American professional wrestler Places 42nd Street (Manhattan), New York City, nicknamed "the Deuce" Ann Arbor, Michigan, nicknamed "the Deuce" Sports "Deuce", a score of 40–40 in tennis "Deuce", a curveball, or a double play, in baseball Transportation and vehicles Deuce or FXSTD, a version of the Harley-Davidson Softail (FXST) motorcycle built 2000 to 2007 Bakeng Deuce, a homebuilt airplane of the early 1970s Deuce Coupe, a version of the Ford Model B (1932) The Deuce (transit bus service), serving the Las Vegas metropolitan area Other uses English Electric DEUCE, a British commercial computer of the 1950s See also Duce (disambiguation)	1	1
64617809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmamudr%C4%81	Dharmamudrā	Dharmamudrā (Sanskrit, Chinese: 法印) is a Buddhist term translated as "the seal of the dharma" or "the distinguishing mark of the dharma". It can be construed as the objective qualities of all phenomena (a related term is the three marks of existence), but is generally interpreted as the "seal" or "mark" that distinguish the Buddhist teachings from non-Buddhist ones. Dharmamudrā also provides doctrinal insight that distinguishes the definitive teachings of Buddhism from the provisional teachings. Types of Dharmamudrā One general type is called Trilakṣaṇā dharmamudrā (Sanskrit; Chinese: 三法印), or the three marks: Impermanence: All compounded things are characterized by impermanence. Non-self: All existing things are characterized by the lack of a self. Nirvana: Nirvana is characterized by uncompounded quiescence. In another typology, the third 'mark' is replaced by "all experiences are characterized by suffering" (Dhukha). Another type is called caturmudrā (Sanskrit; Chinese: 四法印), or the four seals, which include "suffering" to the three seals or marks mentioned above. There is also the five marks or seals, which refer to impermanence, non-self, nirvana, suffering and emptiness. See also Three marks of existence Four Dharma Seals Anitya Anatta Nirvana Dhukha Sunyata References Buddhist philosophical concepts	1	1
38185482	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haykel%20Achouri	Haykel Achouri	Haykel Al-Achouri (also Haykel Achouri, ; born August 29, 1984 in Tunis) is an amateur Tunisian Greco-Roman wrestler, who played for the men's light heavyweight category. He is a multiple-time African wrestling champion, and a bronze medalist for his division at the 2011 Pan Arab Games in Doha, Qatar. Achouri represented Tunisia at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed for the men's 84 kg class. He received a bye for the preliminary round of sixteen match, before losing out to Azerbaijan's Shalva Gadabadze, who was able to score five points each in two straight periods, leaving Achouri without a single point. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Achouri, however, lost again in the second preliminary match of men's 84 kg class to Ukraine's Vasyl Rachyba, with a technical score of 0–3. He competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics. He competed in the men's 97 kg event. References External links Profile – International Wrestling Database NBC Olympics Profile 1984 births Living people Olympic wrestlers of Tunisia Wrestlers at the 2008 Summer Olympics Wrestlers at the 2012 Summer Olympics Wrestlers at the 2020 Summer Olympics Sportspeople from Tunis Tunisian male sport wrestlers Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Tunisia Mediterranean Games medalists in wrestling Competitors at the 2013 Mediterranean Games	0	-1
5727048	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangapur%2C%20Bhilwara	Gangapur, Bhilwara	Gangapur is a city and a municipality in Bhilwara district in the state of Rajasthan, India. Geography Gangapur is located at . It has an average elevation of 495 metres (1624 feet). History According to historical evidence, an ancient name of Gangapur was Lalpura, Gangapur is named after the death of Maharani Ganga Bai Scindia. It is host to the "Temple of Maharani Ganga Bai Sahib and Gaurav Hiran is the present King." Demographics According to India's 2001 census, Gangapur had a population of 18777. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Gangapur has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 45%. In Gangapur, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. The most commonly spoken language of Gangapur is 'Mewari'. References Cities and towns in Bhilwara district	0	-1
20913753	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama	Drama	Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance: a play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on radio or television. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's Poetics (c. 335 BC)—the earliest work of dramatic theory. The term "drama" comes from a Greek word "draō" meaning "to do / to act" (Classical Greek: , drama), which is derived from "I do" (Classical Greek: , drao). The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. In English (as was the analogous case in many other European languages), the word play or game (translating the Anglo-Saxon pleġan or Latin ludus) was the standard term for dramas until William Shakespeare's time—just as its creator was a play-maker rather than a dramatist and the building was a play-house rather than a theatre. The use of "drama" in a more narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era. "Drama" in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy—for example, Zola's Thérèse Raquin (1873) or Chekhov's Ivanov (1887). It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries, along with film studies, adopted to describe "drama" as a genre within their respective media. The term ”radio drama“ has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a live performance. May also refer to the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception. The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. Mime is a form of drama where the action of a story is told only through the movement of the body. Drama can be combined with music: the dramatic text in opera is generally sung throughout; as for in some ballets dance "expresses or imitates emotion, character, and narrative action". Musicals include both spoken dialogue and songs; and some forms of drama have incidental music or musical accompaniment underscoring the dialogue (melodrama and Japanese Nō, for example). Closet drama is a form that is intended to be read, rather than performed. In improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance; performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience. History of Western drama Classical Greek drama Western drama originates in classical Greece. The theatrical culture of the city-state of Athens produced three genres of drama: tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Their origins remain obscure, though by the 5th century BC, they were institutionalised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating the god Dionysus. Historians know the names of many ancient Greek dramatists, not least Thespis, who is credited with the innovation of an actor ("hypokrites") who speaks (rather than sings) and impersonates a character (rather than speaking in his own person), while interacting with the chorus and its leader ("coryphaeus"), who were a traditional part of the performance of non-dramatic poetry (dithyrambic, lyric and epic). Only a small fraction of the work of five dramatists, however, has survived to this day: we have a small number of complete texts by the tragedians Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, and the comic writers Aristophanes and, from the late 4th century, Menander. Aeschylus' historical tragedy The Persians is the oldest surviving drama, although when it won first prize at the City Dionysia competition in 472 BC, he had been writing plays for more than 25 years. The competition ("agon") for tragedies may have begun as early as 534 BC; official records ("didaskaliai") begin from 501 BC when the satyr play was introduced. Tragic dramatists were required to present a tetralogy of plays (though the individual works were not necessarily connected by story or theme), which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play (though exceptions were made, as with Euripides' Alcestis in 438 BC). Comedy was officially recognized with a prize in the competition from 487 to 486 BC. Five comic dramatists competed at the City Dionysia (though during the Peloponnesian War this may have been reduced to three), each offering a single comedy. Ancient Greek comedy is traditionally divided between "old comedy" (5th century BC), "middle comedy" (4th century BC) and "new comedy" (late 4th century to 2nd BC). Classical Roman drama Following the expansion of the Roman Republic (509–27 BC) into several Greek territories between 270–240 BC, Rome encountered Greek drama. From the later years of the republic and by means of the Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD), theatre spread west across Europe, around the Mediterranean and reached England; Roman theatre was more varied, extensive and sophisticated than that of any culture before it. While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period, the year 240 BC marks the beginning of regular Roman drama. From the beginning of the empire, however, interest in full-length drama declined in favour of a broader variety of theatrical entertainments. The first important works of Roman literature were the tragedies and comedies that Livius Andronicus wrote from 240 BC. Five years later, Gnaeus Naevius also began to write drama. No plays from either writer have survived. While both dramatists composed in both genres, Andronicus was most appreciated for his tragedies and Naevius for his comedies; their successors tended to specialise in one or the other, which led to a separation of the subsequent development of each type of drama. By the beginning of the 2nd century BC, drama was firmly established in Rome and a guild of writers (collegium poetarum) had been formed. The Roman comedies that have survived are all fabula palliata (comedies based on Greek subjects) and come from two dramatists: Titus Maccius Plautus (Plautus) and Publius Terentius Afer (Terence). In re-working the Greek originals, the Roman comic dramatists abolished the role of the chorus in dividing the drama into episodes and introduced musical accompaniment to its dialogue (between one-third of the dialogue in the comedies of Plautus and two-thirds in those of Terence). The action of all scenes is set in the exterior location of a street and its complications often follow from eavesdropping. Plautus, the more popular of the two, wrote between 205 and 184 BC and twenty of his comedies survive, of which his farces are best known; he was admired for the wit of his dialogue and his use of a variety of poetic meters. All of the six comedies that Terence wrote between 166 and 160 BC have survived; the complexity of his plots, in which he often combined several Greek originals, was sometimes denounced, but his double-plots enabled a sophisticated presentation of contrasting human behaviour. No early Roman tragedy survives, though it was highly regarded in its day; historians know of three early tragedians—Quintus Ennius, Marcus Pacuvius, and Lucius Accius. From the time of the empire, the work of two tragedians survives—one is an unknown author, while the other is the Stoic philosopher Seneca. Nine of Seneca's tragedies survive, all of which are fabula crepidata (tragedies adapted from Greek originals); his Phaedra, for example, was based on Euripides' Hippolytus. Historians do not know who wrote the only extant example of the fabula praetexta (tragedies based on Roman subjects), Octavia, but in former times it was mistakenly attributed to Seneca due to his appearance as a character in the tragedy. Medieval Beginning in the early Middle Ages, churches staged dramatised versions of biblical events, known as liturgical dramas, to enliven annual celebrations. The earliest example is the Easter trope Whom do you Seek? (Quem-Quaeritis) (c. 925). Two groups would sing responsively in Latin, though no impersonation of characters was involved. By the 11th century, it had spread through Europe to Russia, Scandinavia, and Italy; excluding Islamic-era Spain. In the 10th century, Hrosvitha wrote six plays in Latin modeled on Terence's comedies, but which treated religious subjects. Her plays are the first known to be composed by a female dramatist and the first identifiable Western drama of the post-Classical era. Later, Hildegard of Bingen wrote a musical drama, Ordo Virtutum (c. 1155). One of the most famous of the early secular plays is the courtly pastoral Robin and Marion, written in the 13th century in French by Adam de la Halle. The Interlude of the Student and the Girl (c. 1300), one of the earliest known in English, seems to be the closest in tone and form to the contemporaneous French farces, such as The Boy and the Blind Man. Many plays survive from France and Germany in the late Middle Ages, when some type of religious drama was performed in nearly every European country. Many of these plays contained comedy, devils, villains, and clowns. In England, trade guilds began to perform vernacular "mystery plays," which were composed of long cycles of many playlets or "pageants," of which four are extant: York (48 plays), Chester (24), Wakefield (32) and the so-called "N-Town" (42). The Second Shepherds' Play from the Wakefield cycle is a farcical story of a stolen sheep that its protagonist, Mak, tries to pass off as his new-born child asleep in a crib; it ends when the shepherds from whom he has stolen are summoned to the Nativity of Jesus. Morality plays (a modern term) emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished in the early Elizabethan era in England. Characters were often used to represent different ethical ideals. Everyman, for example, includes such figures as Good Deeds, Knowledge and Strength, and this characterisation reinforces the conflict between good and evil for the audience. The Castle of Perseverance (c. 1400—1425) depicts an archetypal figure's progress from birth through to death. Horestes (c. 1567), a late "hybrid morality" and one of the earliest examples of an English revenge play, brings together the classical story of Orestes with a Vice from the medieval allegorical tradition, alternating comic, slapstick scenes with serious, tragic ones. Also important in this period were the folk dramas of the Mummers Play, performed during the Christmas season. Court masques were particularly popular during the reign of Henry VIII. Elizabethan and Jacobean One of the great flowerings of drama in England occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries. Many of these plays were written in verse, particularly iambic pentameter. In addition to Shakespeare, such authors as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Middleton, and Ben Jonson were prominent playwrights during this period. As in the medieval period, historical plays celebrated the lives of past kings, enhancing the image of the Tudor monarchy. Authors of this period drew some of their storylines from Greek mythology and Roman mythology or from the plays of eminent Roman playwrights such as Plautus and Terence. English Restoration comedy Restoration comedy refers to English comedies written and performed in England during the Restoration period from 1660 to 1710. Comedy of manners is used as a synonym of Restoration comedy. After public theatre had been banned by the Puritan regime, the re-opening of the theatres in 1660 with the Restoration of Charles II signalled a renaissance of English drama. Restoration comedy is known for its sexual explicitness, urbane, cosmopolitan wit, up-to-the-minute topical writing, and crowded and bustling plots. Its dramatists stole freely from the contemporary French and Spanish stage, from English Jacobean and Caroline plays, and even from Greek and Roman classical comedies, combining the various plotlines in adventurous ways. Resulting differences of tone in a single play were appreciated rather than frowned on, as the audience prized "variety" within as well as between plays. Restoration comedy peaked twice. The genre came to spectacular maturity in the mid-1670s with an extravaganza of aristocratic comedies. Twenty lean years followed this short golden age, although the achievement of the first professional female playwright, Aphra Behn, in the 1680s is an important exception. In the mid-1690s, a brief second Restoration comedy renaissance arose, aimed at a wider audience. The comedies of the golden 1670s and 1690s peak times are significantly different from each other. The unsentimental or "hard" comedies of John Dryden, William Wycherley, and George Etherege reflected the atmosphere at Court and celebrated with frankness an aristocratic macho lifestyle of unremitting sexual intrigue and conquest. The Earl of Rochester, real-life Restoration rake, courtier and poet, is flatteringly portrayed in Etherege's The Man of Mode (1676) as a riotous, witty, intellectual, and sexually irresistible aristocrat, a template for posterity's idea of the glamorous Restoration rake (actually never a very common character in Restoration comedy). The single play that does most to support the charge of obscenity levelled then and now at Restoration comedy is probably Wycherley's masterpiece The Country Wife (1675), whose title contains a lewd pun and whose notorious "china scene" is a series of sustained double entendres. During the second wave of Restoration comedy in the 1690s, the "softer" comedies of William Congreve and John Vanbrugh set out to appeal to more socially diverse audience with a strong middle-class element, as well as to female spectators. The comic focus shifts from young lovers outwitting the older generation to the vicissitudes of marital relations. In Congreve's Love for Love (1695) and The Way of the World (1700), the give-and-take set pieces of couples testing their attraction for one another have mutated into witty prenuptial debates on the eve of marriage, as in the latter's famous "Proviso" scene. Vanbrugh's The Provoked Wife (1697) has a light touch and more humanly recognisable characters, while The Relapse (1696) has been admired for its throwaway wit and the characterisation of Lord Foppington, an extravagant and affected burlesque fop with a dark side. The tolerance for Restoration comedy even in its modified form was running out by the end of the 17th century, as public opinion turned to respectability and seriousness even faster than the playwrights did. At the much-anticipated all-star première in 1700 of The Way of the World, Congreve's first comedy for five years, the audience showed only moderate enthusiasm for that subtle and almost melancholy work. The comedy of sex and wit was about to be replaced by sentimental comedy and the drama of exemplary morality. Modern and postmodern The pivotal and innovative contributions of the 19th-century Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen and the 20th-century German theatre practitioner Bertolt Brecht dominate modern drama; each inspired a tradition of imitators, which include many of the greatest playwrights of the modern era. The works of both playwrights are, in their different ways, both modernist and realist, incorporating formal experimentation, meta-theatricality, and social critique. In terms of the traditional theoretical discourse of genre, Ibsen's work has been described as the culmination of "liberal tragedy", while Brecht's has been aligned with an historicised comedy. Other important playwrights of the modern era include Antonin Artaud, August Strindberg, Anton Chekhov, Frank Wedekind, Maurice Maeterlinck, Federico García Lorca, Eugene O'Neill, Luigi Pirandello, George Bernard Shaw, Ernst Toller, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Jean Genet, Eugène Ionesco, Samuel Beckett, Harold Pinter, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Dario Fo, Heiner Müller, and Caryl Churchill. Opera Western opera is a dramatic art form that arose during the Renaissance in an attempt to revive the classical Greek drama in which dialogue, dance, and song were combined. Being strongly intertwined with western classical music, the opera has undergone enormous changes in the past four centuries and it is an important form of theatre until this day. Noteworthy is the major influence of the German 19th-century composer Richard Wagner on the opera tradition. In his view, there was no proper balance between music and theatre in the operas of his time, because the music seemed to be more important than the dramatic aspects in these works. To restore the connection with the classical drama, he entirely renewed the operatic form to emphasize the equal importance of music and drama in works that he called "music dramas". Chinese opera has seen a more conservative development over a somewhat longer period of time. Pantomime Pantomime (informally panto), is a type of musical comedy stage production, designed for family entertainment. It was developed in England and is still performed throughout the United Kingdom, generally during the Christmas and New Year season and, to a lesser extent, in other English-speaking countries. Modern pantomime includes songs, gags, slapstick comedy and dancing, employs gender-crossing actors, and combines topical humour with a story loosely based on a well-known fairy tale, fable or folk tale. It is a participatory form of theatre, in which the audience is expected to sing along with certain parts of the music and shout out phrases to the performers. These stories follow in the tradition of fables and folk tales. Usually, there is a lesson learned, and with some help from the audience, the hero/heroine saves the day. This kind of play uses stock characters seen in masque and again commedia dell'arte, these characters include the villain (doctore), the clown/servant (Arlechino/Harlequin/buttons), the lovers etc. These plays usually have an emphasis on moral dilemmas, and good always triumphs over evil, this kind of play is also very entertaining making it a very effective way of reaching many people. Pantomime has a long theatrical history in Western culture dating back to classical theatre. It developed partly from the 16th century commedia dell'arte tradition of Italy, as well as other European and British stage traditions, such as 17th-century masques and music hall. An important part of the pantomime, until the late 19th century, was the harlequinade. Outside Britain the word "pantomime" is usually used to mean miming, rather than the theatrical form discussed here. Mime Mime is a theatrical medium where the action of a story is told through the movement of the body, without the use of speech. Performance of mime occurred in Ancient Greece, and the word is taken from a single masked dancer called Pantomimus, although their performances were not necessarily silent. In Medieval Europe, early forms of mime, such as mummer plays and later dumbshows, evolved. In the early nineteenth century Paris, Jean-Gaspard Deburau solidified the many attributes that we have come to know in modern times, including the silent figure in whiteface. Jacques Copeau, strongly influenced by Commedia dell'arte and Japanese Noh theatre, used masks in the training of his actors. Étienne Decroux, a pupil of his, was highly influenced by this and started exploring and developing the possibilities of mime and refined corporeal mime into a highly sculptural form, taking it outside of the realms of naturalism. Jacques Lecoq contributed significantly to the development of mime and physical theatre with his training methods. Ballet While some ballet emphasises "the lines and patterns of movement itself" dramatic dance "expresses or imitates emotion, character, and narrative action". Such ballets are theatrical works that have characters and "tell a story", Dance movements in ballet "are often closely related to everyday forms of physical expression, [so that] there is an expressive quality inherent in nearly all dancing", and this is used to convey both action and emotions; mime is also used. Examples include Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake, which tells the story of Odette, a princess turned into a swan by an evil sorcerer's curse, Sergei Prokofiev's ballet Romeo and Juliet, based on Shakespeare's famous play, and Igor Stravinsky's Petrushka, which tells the story of the loves and jealousies of three puppets. Creative drama Creative drama includes dramatic activities and games used primarily in educational settings with children. Its roots in the United States began in the early 1900s. Winifred Ward is considered to be the founder of creative drama in education, establishing the first academic use of drama in Evanston, Illinois. Asian drama India The earliest form of Indian drama was the Sanskrit drama. Between the 1st century AD and the 10th was a period of relative peace in the history of India during which hundreds of plays were written. With the Islamic conquests that began in the 10th and 11th centuries, theatre was discouraged or forbidden entirely. Later, in an attempt to re-assert indigenous values and ideas, village theatre was encouraged across the subcontinent, developing in various regional languages from the 15th to the 19th centuries. The Bhakti movement was influential in performances in several regions. Apart from regional languages, Assam saw the rise of Vaishnavite drama in an artificially mixed literary language called Brajavali. A distinct form of one-act plays called Ankia Naat developed in the works of Sankardev, a particular presentation of which is called Bhaona. Modern Indian theatre developed during the period of colonial rule under the British Empire, from the mid-19th century until the mid-20th. Sanskrit theatre The earliest-surviving fragments of Sanskrit drama date from the 1st century AD. The wealth of archeological evidence from earlier periods offers no indication of the existence of a tradition of theatre. The ancient Vedas (hymns from between 1500 and 1000 BC that are among the earliest examples of literature in the world) contain no hint of it (although a small number are composed in a form of dialogue) and the rituals of the Vedic period do not appear to have developed into theatre. The Mahābhāṣya by Patañjali contains the earliest reference to what may have been the seeds of Sanskrit drama. This treatise on grammar from 140 BC provides a feasible date for the beginnings of theatre in India. The major source of evidence for Sanskrit theatre is A Treatise on Theatre (Nātyaśāstra), a compendium whose date of composition is uncertain (estimates range from 200 BC to 200 AD) and whose authorship is attributed to Bharata Muni. The Treatise is the most complete work of dramaturgy in the ancient world. It addresses acting, dance, music, dramatic construction, architecture, costuming, make-up, props, the organisation of companies, the audience, competitions, and offers a mythological account of the origin of theatre. Its drama is regarded as the highest achievement of Sanskrit literature. It utilised stock characters, such as the hero (nayaka), heroine (nayika), or clown (vidusaka). Actors may have specialised in a particular type. It was patronized by the kings as well as village assemblies. Famous early playwrights include Bhasa, Kalidasa (famous for Vikrama and Urvashi, Malavika and Agnimitra, and The Recognition of Shakuntala), Śudraka (famous for The Little Clay Cart), Asvaghosa, Daṇḍin, and Emperor Harsha (famous for Nagananda, Ratnavali, and Priyadarsika). Śakuntalā (in English translation) influenced Goethe's Faust (1808–1832). Modern Indian drama Rabindranath Tagore was a pioneering modern playwright who wrote plays noted for their exploration and questioning of nationalism, identity, spiritualism and material greed. His plays are written in Bengali and include Chitra (Chitrangada, 1892), The King of the Dark Chamber (Raja, 1910), The Post Office (Dakghar, 1913), and Red Oleander (Raktakarabi, 1924). Girish Karnad is a noted playwright, who has written a number of plays that use history and mythology, to critique and problematize ideas and ideals that are of contemporary relevance. Karnad's numerous plays such as Tughlaq, Hayavadana, Taledanda, and Naga-Mandala are significant contributions to Indian drama. Vijay Tendulkar and Mahesh Dattani are amongst the major Indian playwrights of the 20th century. Mohan Rakesh in Hindi and Danish Iqbal in Urdu are considered architects of new age Drama. Mohan Rakesh's Aadhe Adhoore and Danish Iqbal's Dara Shikoh are considered modern classics. Modern Urdu drama of India and Pakistan Urdu Drama evolved from the prevailing dramatic traditions of North India shaping Rahas or Raas as practiced by exponents like Nawab Wajid Ali Shah (1822 – 1887) of Awadh. His dramatic experiments led to the famous Inder Sabha of Amanat and later this tradition took the shape of Parsi Theatre. Agha Hashr Kashmiri is the culmination of this tradition. Urdu theatre tradition has greatly influenced modern Indian theatre. Theatre has flourished in Urdu (which was called Hindi by early writers), along with Gujrati, Marathi, and Bengali. Urdu drama has had an important influence on Bombay Film industry and all the early works of Urdu theatre (performed by Parsi Companies) were made into films. Urdu dramatic tradition has existed for more than a 100 years. Prof Hasan, Ghulam Jeelani, J.N,Kaushal, Shameem Hanfi, Jameel Shaidayi, etc. belong to the old generation, contemporary writers like Danish Iqbal, Sayeed Alam, Shahid Anwar, Iqbal Niyazi, and Anwar are a few postmodern playwrights actively contributing in the field of Urdu Drama. Sayeed Alam is known for his wit and humour and more particularly for plays like 'Ghalib in New Delhi', 'Big B' and many other works, which are regularly staged for large audiences. Maulana Azad is his most important play both for its content and style. Danish Iqbal's play Dara Shikoh directed by M. S. Sathyu is a modern classic that uses newer theatre techniques and a contemporary perspective. His other plays are Sahir. on the famous lyricist and revolutionary poet. Kuchh Ishq kiya Kuchh Kaam is another play written by Danish which is basically a Celebration of Faiz's poetry, featuring events from the early part of his life, particularly the events and incidents of pre-partition days which shaped his life and ideals. Chand Roz Aur Meri Jaan – another play inspired from Faiz's letters written from various jails during the Rawalpindi Conspiracy days. He has written 14 other plays including Dilli Jo Ek Shehr Thaa and Main Gaya Waqt Nahin hoon. Shahid's Three B is also a significant play. He has been associated with many groups like 'Natwa' and others. Zaheer Anwar has kept the flag of Urdu theatre flying in Kolkata. Unlike the writers of previous generation Sayeed, Shahid, Danish Iqbal and Zaheer do not write bookish plays but their work is a product of performing tradition. Iqbal Niyazi of Mumbai has written several plays in Urdu, his play AUR KITNE JALYANWALA BAUGH? won a National award other awards. Hence this is the only generation after Amanat and Agha Hashr who actually write for stage and not for libraries. China Chinese theatre has a long and complex history. Today it is often called Chinese opera although this normally refers specifically to the popular form known as Beijing opera and Kunqu; there have been many other forms of theatre in China, such as zaju. Japan Japanese Nō drama is a serious dramatic form that combines drama, music, and dance into a complete aesthetic performance experience. It developed in the 14th and 15th centuries and has its own musical instruments and performance techniques, which were often handed down from father to son. The performers were generally male (for both male and female roles), although female amateurs also perform Nō dramas. Nō drama was supported by the government, and particularly the military, with many military commanders having their own troupes and sometimes performing themselves. It is still performed in Japan today. Kyōgen is the comic counterpart to Nō drama. It concentrates more on dialogue and less on music, although Nō instrumentalists sometimes appear also in Kyōgen. Kabuki drama, developed from the 17th century, is another comic form, which includes dance. Modern theatrical and musical drama has also developed in Japan in forms such as shingeki and the Takarazuka Revue. See also Antitheatricality Applied Drama Augustan drama Christian drama Closet drama Comedy drama Costume drama Crime drama Domestic drama Drama school Dramatic structure Dramatic theory Drama annotation Dramaturgy Entertainment Flash drama Folk play Heroic drama History of theatre Hyperdrama Legal drama Medical drama Melodrama Monodrama Mystery play One act play Political drama Soap opera Theatre awards Two-hander Verse drama and dramatic verse Well-made play Yakshagana Notes Sources Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . Baumer, Rachel Van M., and James R. Brandon, eds. 1981. Sanskrit Theatre in Performance. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1993. . Bevington, David M. 1962. From Mankind to Marlowe: Growth of Structure in the Popular Drama of Tudor England. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bhatta, S. Krishna. 1987. Indian English Drama: A Critical Study. New Delhi: Sterling. Brandon, James R. 1981. Introduction. In Baumer and Brandon (1981, xvii–xx). Brandon, James R., ed. 1997. The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre.''' 2nd, rev. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. . Brockett, Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. 2003. History of the Theatre. Ninth edition, International edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. . Brown, Andrew. 1998. "Ancient Greece." In The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Ed. Martin Banham. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 441–447. . Burt, Daniel S. 2008.The Drama 100: A Ranking of the Greatest Plays of All Time. Facts on File ser. New York: Facts on File/Infobase. . Callery, Dympha. 2001. Through the Body: A Practical Guide to Physical Theatre. London: Nick Hern. . Carlson, Marvin. 1993. Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present. Expanded ed. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. . Cartledge, Paul. 1997. "'Deep Plays': Theatre as Process in Greek Civic Life." In Easterling (1997c, 3–35). Chakraborty, Kaustav, ed. 2011. Indian English Drama. New Delhi: PHI Learning. Deshpande, G. P., ed. 2000. Modern Indian Drama: An Anthology. New Delhi: Sahitya Akedemi. Dillon, Janette. 2006. The Cambridge Introduction to Early English Theatre. Cambridge Introductions to Literature ser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . Duchartre, Pierre Louis. 1929. The Italian Comedy. Unabridged republication. New York: Dover, 1966. . Dukore, Bernard F., ed. 1974. Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to . Florence, Kentucky: Heinle & Heinle. . Durant, Will & Ariel Durant. 1963 The Story of Civilization, Volume II: The Life of Greece. 11 vols. New York: Simon & Schuster. Easterling, P. E. 1997a. "A Show for Dionysus." In Easterling (1997c, 36–53). Easterling, P. E. 1997b. "Form and Performance." In Easterling (1997c, 151–177). Easterling, P. E., ed. 1997c. The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy. Cambridge Companions to Literature ser. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. . Ehrlich, Harriet W. 1974. "Creative Dramatics as a Classroom Teaching Technique." Elementary English 51:1 (January):75–80. Elam, Keir. 1980. The Semiotics of Theatre and Drama. New Accents Ser. London and New York: Methuen. . Fergusson, Francis. 1949. The Idea of a Theater: A Study of Ten Plays, The Art of Drama in a Changing Perspective. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1968. . Goldhill, Simon. 1997. "The Audience of Athenian Tragedy." In Easterling (1997c, 54–68). Gordon, Mel. 1983. Lazzi: The Comic Routines of the Commedia dell'Arte. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications. . Gutzwiller, Kathryn. 2007. A Guide to Hellenistic Literature. London: Blackwell. . Harsh, Philip Whaley. 1944. A Handbook of Classical Drama. Stanford: Stanford UP; Oxford: Oxford UP. Johnstone, Keith. 1981. Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre Rev. ed. London: Methuen, 2007. . Ley, Graham. 2006. A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theater. Rev. ed. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P. . O'Brien, Nick. 2010. Stanislavski In Practise. London: Routledge. . O'Brien, Nick. 2007. The Theatricality of Greek Tragedy: Playing Space and Chorus. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P. . Pandey, Sudhakar, and Freya Taraporewala, eds. 1999. Studies in Contemporary India. New Delhi: Prestige. Pfister, Manfred. 1977. The Theory and Analysis of Drama. Trans. John Halliday. European Studies in English Literature Ser. Cambridige: Cambridge University Press, 1988. . Rémy, Tristan. 1954. Jean-Gaspard Deburau. Paris: L’Arche. Rehm, Rush. 1992. Greek Tragic Theatre. Theatre Production Studies ser. London and New York: Routledge. . Richmond, Farley. 1998. "India." In Banham (1998, 516–525). Richmond, Farley P., Darius L. Swann, and Phillip B. Zarrilli, eds. 1993. Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance. U of Hawaii P. . Spivack, Bernard. 1958. Shakespeare and the Allegory of Evil: The History of a Metaphor in Relation to his Major Villains. NY and London: Columbia UP. . Spolin, Viola. 1967. Improvisation for the Theater. Third rev. ed Evanston, II Northwestern University Press, 1999. . Taxidou, Olga. 2004. Tragedy, Modernity and Mourning. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP. . Wickham, Glynne. 1959. Early English Stages: 1300–1660. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. Wickham, Glynne. 1969. Shakespeare's Dramatic Heritage: Collected Studies in Mediaeval, Tudor and Shakespearean Drama. London: Routledge. . Wickham, Glynne, ed. 1976. English Moral Interludes. London: Dent. . Wickham, Glynne. 1981. Early English Stages: 1300–1660. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. . Wickham, Glynne. 1987. The Medieval Theatre. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . Weimann, Robert. 1978. Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition in the Theater: Studies in the Social Dimension of Dramatic Form and Function. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. . Weimann, Robert. 2000. Author's Pen and Actor's Voice: Playing and Writing in Shakespeare's Theatre''. Ed. Helen Higbee and William West. Cambridge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . External links Greek & Roman Mask Timeline	0	-1
30460439	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Krasny	Paul Krasny	Paul Krasny (August 8, 1935 – November 12, 2001) was an American film and television director. Beginning his career in 1964, he amassed many credits in television. Some of his television credits include Hawaii Five-O, Mission: Impossible, Mannix, CHiPs, Quincy, M.E., Hart to Hart, Dallas, V, Simon & Simon, Crazy Like a Fox, Miami Vice, MacGyver and Moonlighting. Filmography D.A.: Conspiracy to Kill (1971) Adventures of Nick Carter (1972) The Letters (1973) Christina (1974) Big Rose: Double Trouble (1974) Mobile Medics (1976) Joe Panther (1976) The Islander (1978) When Hell Was in Session (1979) Fugitive Family (1980) Alcatraz: The Whole Shocking Story (1980) Terror Among Us (1981) Fly Away Home (1981) Catalina C-Lab (1982) Time Bomb (1984) Kojak: Ariana (1989) Kojak: Flowers for Matty (1990) Back to Hannibal: The Return of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1990) Tagteam (1991) Drug Wars: The Cocaine Cartel (1992) Two Fathers: Justice for the Innocent (1994) Search and Rescue (1994) References External links 1935 births 2001 deaths American film directors American television directors Artists from Cleveland	0	-1
8023976	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Raghib%20al-Isfahani	Al-Raghib al-Isfahani	Abul-Qasim al-Hussein bin Mufaddal bin Muhammad, better known as Raghib [Raaghib] Isfahani (), was an eleventh-century Muslim scholar of Qur'anic exegesis and the Arabic language. Biography Al-Raghib Al-Isfahani - meaning "the Isfahanian monk" - was born in Isfahan as his name suggests, though his exact date of birth is not known. He died in the Hijri year 502, corresponding to 1108 on the Gregorian calendar. Al-Isfahani's theological stance seems to have been close to that of the Ash'ari school. In one of his works entitled al-I'tiqadat, Al-Isfahani attacks both the Mu'tazila and the Shi'a showing that questions about his adherence to either of these positions is groundless. Al-Isfahani was opposed to the emanationism of the Brethren of Purity, preferring creationism instead. The concept of justice, according to al-Isfahani's definition, is "equal retaliation" for wrongdoing. Works His work covered topics ranging from ethics to linguistics to Muslim philosophy. He authored a commentary on the Quran, Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān. One of his most famous works was Al-Mufradat fi Gharib al-Quran. As a man of letters, al-Isfahani was also well-versed in Arabic literature. His literary anthology, which was carefully organized by topic, carried much weight and respect in intellectual circles. He was also noted as an early Muslim writer on the topic of blending religious and philosophical ethics. See also List of Ash'aris and Maturidis List of Islamic scholars References Bibliography THE ETHICAL PHILOSOPHY OF AL-RĀGHIB AL-ISFAHĀNĪ, Journal of Islamic Studies (1995) 6 (1): 51-75. Oxford Journals. Asharis Shafi'is Sunni Muslim scholars Quranic exegesis scholars Year of birth unknown 1100s deaths	1	1
60874173	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s%20Go%2C%20Gallagher	Let's Go, Gallagher	Let's Go, Gallagher is a 1925 American silent Western film directed by Robert De Lacey and starring Tom Tyler, Barbara Starr and Olin Francis. Cast Tom Tyler as Tom Gallagher Barbara Starr as Dorothy Manning Olin Francis as Black Carter Sam Peterson as Thug Peters Alfred Hewston as Bendy Mulligan Frankie Darro as Little Joey References External links ± 1925 films 1925 Western (genre) films Films directed by Robert De Lacey American black-and-white films Film Booking Offices of America films Silent American Western (genre) films 1920s English-language films 1920s American films	1	1
38268832	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung	Ostsiedlung	(, literally "East settling") is the term for the High Medieval migration period of ethnic Germans into and beyond the territories at the eastern periphery of the Holy Roman Empire and the consequences for settlement development and social structures in the immigration areas. Generally sparsely and only recently populated by Slavic, Baltic and Finnic peoples, the area of colonization, also known as , encompassed (with relation to modern-day countries) Germany east of the Saale and Elbe rivers, the states of Lower Austria and Styria in Austria, the Baltics, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, and Transylvania in Romania. Historians have, since the 1980s, interpreted the to be a part of civil and social progress, called the High Middle Age Land Consolidation (). In a pan-European intensification process from the Carolingian-Anglo-Saxon core countries to the periphery of the continent, societies progressed in culture, religion, law and administration, trade and agriculture. The majority of settlers moved individually, in independent efforts, in multiple stages and on different routes as there existed no imperial colonization policy, central planning or movement organization. Many settlers were encouraged and invited by the Slavic princes and regional lords. Groups of migrants first moved to the east during the early Middle Ages. Larger treks of settlers, which included scholars, monks, missionaries, craftsmen and artisans, often invited, in numbers unverifiable, first moved eastwards during the mid 12th century. The military territorial conquests and punitive expeditions of the Ottonian and Salian emperors during the 11th and 12th centuries are not attributable to the , as these actions didn't result in any noteworthy settlement establishment east of the Elbe and Saale rivers. The is considered to have been a purely Medieval event as it ended in the beginning of the 14th century. The legal, cultural, linguistic, religious and economic changes caused by the movement had a profound influence on the history of Eastern Central Europe between the Baltic Sea and the Carpathians until the 20th century. In the 20th century, the was heavily exploited by German nationalists, including Nazi movement, to press the territorial claims of Germany and to demonstrate supposed German superiority over non-Germanic peoples, whose cultural, urban and scientific achievements in that era were undermined, rejected, or presented as German. Early Medieval Central Europe Under Carolingian rule Charlemagne, ruler of the Carolingian Empire, under whom most of Western and Central continental Europe had been united during the 8th and 9th centuries, created numerous border territories, so called marches (), where a substantial portion of the would later take place. The territories (from north to south): the Danish March (south of the Danevirke fortifications, between the Eider and Schlei), against the Danes and Jutes the Saxon Eastern March or Nordalbingen March between the Eider and Elbe in what is now Holstein against the Obotrites the Thuringian or Sorbian March on the Saale, against the Sorbs dwelling behind the the Franconian march in what is now Upper Franconia, against the Czechs the Avar March between the Enns and the Vienna Woods (the later Austrian March), against the Avars the March of Pannonia east of Vienna (divided into Upper and Lower) the Carantanian march the Friulian march The tribes that populated these marches were generally unreliable allies of the Empire, and successor kings led numerous, yet not always successful, military campaigns to maintain their authority. In 843 the Carolingian Empire, was partitioned into three independent kingdoms as a result of dissent among Charlemagne's three grandsons over the continuation of the custom of partible inheritance or the introduction of primogeniture. East Francia and Holy Roman Empire Louis the German inherited the eastern territories, East Francia, that included all lands east of the Rhine river and to the north of Italy, which roughly corresponded with the territories of the German stem duchies, that formed a federation under the first king Henry the Fowler (919 to 936). The Slavs living within the reach of East Francia (since 962 C.E. the Holy Roman Empire), collectively called Wends or "Elbe Slavs", seldom formed larger political entities. They rather constituted various small tribes, settling as far west as to a line from the Eastern Alps and Bohemia to the Saale and Elbe rivers. As the East Frankish kingdom expanded, various Wendish tribes, that were conquered or allied with the Eastern Franks, such as the Obotrites, aided the Franks in defeating the West Germanic Saxons. The Carolingian tradition of setting up marches at the periphery of the empire would be continued by the East Frankish and Holy Roman Empire's kings during the 11th and 12th centuries. Under the rule of King Louis the German and Arnulf of Carinthia, the first groups of civilian Catholic settlers were led by Franks and Bavarii to the lands of Pannonia (present-day Burgenland, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia). In a series of punitive actions, large territories in the northeast between the Elbe, Saale, Naab rivers in the west and the Oder, Bober, Kwisa and Vltava rivers in the east were conquered, and border marches were established in these areas. Fortifications were occupied and new castles built, reinforced by military units to exert military control and collect tributes. No civilian settlers occupied these lands. Christianization was limited to the establishment of mission dioceses such as Lübeck, Brandenburg or Havelberg. The development of a Parish church system only took place after the settlement of German colonists, beginning in the 2nd half of the 12th century. Control over areas that had already been conquered was repeatedly lost. The Slavic revolt of 983 and an uprising of the Obotrites in 1066 had particularly serious consequences. Slavic revolt of 983 In 983, the Polabian Slavs in the Billung and Northern Marches, stretching from the Elbe river to the Baltic Sea succeeded in a rebellion against the political rule and Christian mission of the recently established Holy Roman Empire. In spite of their new-won independence, the Obotrites, Rani, Liutizian and Hevelli tribes were soon faced with internal struggles and warfare as well as raids from the newly constituted and expanding Piast dynasty (the early Polish) state from the east, Denmark from the north and the Empire from the west, eager to reestablish her marches. The area remained under rule of the Polabian tribes and uncolonized and unchristianized into the 12th century. Eastern Marches of East Francia and Holy Roman Empire The territories (from north to south): the Billung March on the Baltic Sea, stretching approximately from Groswin to Schleswig (march of Gero), a precursor of the Saxon Eastern March, later divided into smaller marches (the Northern March, which later was re-established as Margraviate of Brandenburg; the March of Lusatia and the Margravate of Meissen in what is now Saxony; the March of Zeitz; the March of Merseburg; the Milzener March around Bautzen) Austrian March (, the "Eastern March" or "Bavarian Eastern March" () in what is now lower Austria) the Carantania or March of Styria the Drau March (Maribor and Ptuj) the Sann March (Celje) the or Carniola march, also Windic March and White Carniola (White March), in what is now Slovenia 12th century A call for a crusade against the Wends in 1108, probably coming from a Flemish clerk in the circles of the archbishop of Magdeburg, which included the prospect of profitable land gains for new settlers, had no noticeable effect and resulted in neither a military campaign nor a movement of settlers into the area. Holstein and Pomerania Since 1124 the first Flemish and Dutch colonists settled south of the Eider river, followed by the conquest of the land of the Wagri in 1139, the founding of Lübeck in 1143 and the call by Count Adolf II of Schauenburg to settle in Eastern Holstein in the same year. Weakened by ongoing internal conflicts and constant warfare, the independent Wendish territories finally lost the capacity to provide effective military resistance. From 1119 to 1123, Pomerania invaded and subdued the northeastern parts of the Lutici lands. In 1124 and 1128, Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania, at that time a vassal of Poland, invited bishop Otto of Bamberg to Christianize the Pomeranians and Liutizians of his duchy. In 1147, as a campaign of the Northern Crusades, the Wendish Crusade was mounted in the Duchy of Saxony to retake the marches lost in 983. The crusaders also headed for Pomeranian Demmin and Szczecin (Stettin), despite these areas having already been successfully Christianized. Brandenburg and Mecklenburg After the Wendish crusade, Albert the Bear was able to establish and expand the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1157 on approximately the territory of the former Northern March, which since 983 had been controlled by the Hevelli and Lutici tribes. The Bishopric of Havelberg, that had been occupied by revolting Lutici tribes was reestablished to Christianize the Wends. In 1164, after Saxon duke Henry the Lion finally defeated rebellious Obotrites and Pomeranian dukes in the Battle of Verchen. The Pomeranian duchies of Demmin and Stettin became Saxon fiefs, as well as the Obodrite territories, which became Mecklenburg, named after the Obotrites residential capital, Mecklenburg Castle. After Henry the Lion lost his internal struggle with Emperor Frederick I, Mecklenburg and Pomerania became fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire in 1181. Saxon Eastern Marches The Sorbian March east of the Saale river was established in the 9th century. King Otto I designated a larger area – the Saxon Eastern March – in 937, that encompassed the territory between the Elbe, the Oder and the Peene rivers. Governed by Margrave Gero, it is also referred to as Marca Geronis. After Gero's death in 965, the march was divided in smaller sectors: Northern March, Lusatian March, Margraviate of Meissen, and March of Zeitz. The march was populated by various West Slavic tribes, the largest being Polabian Slavs tribes in the north and Sorbian tribes in the south. The Margravate of Meissen and Transylvania were populated by German settlers, beginning in the 12th century. From the end of the 12th century onwards, monasteries and cities were established in Pomerania, Brandenburg, Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia and eastern Austria. In the Baltics, the Teutonic Order founded a crusader state in the beginning of the 13th century. Livonian Confederation (Land of Mary) was the official name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia () which was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade in the territories comprising present day Estonia and Latvia. It was established on February 2, 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as a subject to the Holy See. Medieval Livonia was intermittently ruled first by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, since 1237 by a semi-autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order called the Livonian Order and the Catholic Church. The nominal head of Terra Mariana as well as the city of Riga was the Archbishop of Riga as the apex of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. In 1561, during the Livonian War, ceased to exist. Its northern parts were ceded to the Swedish Empire and formed into the Duchy of Estonia, its southern territories became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania — and thus eventually of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. The island of Saaremaa became part of Denmark. Social and demographic background Political and military events were greatly influenced by a massive population increase throughout Europe in the High Middle Ages. From the 11th to the 13th centuries, the population in the kingdom of Germany increased from about four to twelve million inhabitants. During this time, the High Medieval Landesausbau (inland colonization) took place, when arable land was largely expanded at the expense of forested areas. Although new land was won and numerous settlements created, demands could not be absorbed. Another factor was a surplus of offspring of the nobility who were not entitled to inheritance, but after the success of the first crusade, took their chances of acquiring new lands in the peripheral regions of the Empire. There is no doubt that there were "rather numerous German settlers" in Eastern Central who were responsible for bringing German law in the earliest stages of the colonization. Other settlers included Walloons, Jews, Dutch, Flemish, and later Poles, especially in the territory of modern Ukraine. The migration of the Walser in the territory of present-day Switzerland to areas that had formerly been inhabited by Romans largely resembled the colonisation of Eastern Europe. The Walser settlers left their home in Valais and founded villages in the uplands of the Alp valleys (in the north of Italy and in the Grisons). Technical and agricultural development The Medieval Warm Period, which began in the 11th century resulted in higher average temperatures in Central Europe. Additional technical progress in agriculture, for example through the construction of mills, Three-field farming and increased cultivation of grain (graining) led to general population increase. The new settlers not only brought their customs and language with them, but also new technical skills and equipment that were adapted within a few decades, especially in agriculture and crafts. These included: The amount of cultivated land increased as large forested areas were cleared. The extent of land increase differed by region. In Silesia it had doubled (16% of the total area) by the beginning of the 11th century, 30% in the 16th century and the highest increase rates in the 14th century, the total area of arable land increased seven - to twentyfold in many Silesian regions during the Ostsiedlung. Parallel to agricultural innovations new forms of farm layout and settlement structuring (division and classification of land) were introduced. Farmland was divided into , (English hides) and larger villages replaced the previously dominant type of small villages consisting of four to eight farms as a complete transformation of the previous settlement structure occurred. The cultural landscape of East Central Europe formed by the medieval settlement processes essentially prevails until today. Dyke construction and water drainage Flemish and Dutch settlers were among the first to immigrate to Mecklenburg at the beginning of the 12th century. In the following years, they moved further east to Pomerania and Silesia and in the south to Hungary, motivated by the lack of settlement areas in their already largely developed home areas and several flood disasters and famines. Experienced and skilled in the construction of dykes and drainage of marshland, they were in high demand at the settlements of the as yet undeveloped areas east of the Elbe. The land was drained by creating a network-like structure of smaller drainage ditches that drained the water in main ditches. Roads connecting the settlers' individual farms ran along these main trenches. Dutch settlers were recruited by the local rulers in large numbers, especially during the second half of the 12th century. In 1159/60, for example, Albert the Bear granted Dutch settlers the right to take possession of former Slavic settlements. The preacher Helmold of Bosau reported on this in his Slavic chronicle: “Finally, when the Slavs were gradually dispersing, he (Albrecht) sent to Utrecht and the Rhine region, and also to those who live by the ocean, who under the power of the sea had suffered, the Dutch, Zealanders and Flemings, where he attracted a lot of people and let them live in the castles and villages of the Slavs." Agricultural implements The Slavs used plows and agricultural implements before the arrival of western immigrants. The oldest meaningful reference to this can be found in a Slavic chronicle, in which the use of a plow as an areal measurement is mentioned. In the 12th and 13th century documents the Ard without a mould-board is mentioned. It tear opens the soil and spreads the soil to both sides without turning it. It is therefore particularly suitable for light and sandy subsoil. In the mid 13th century, the Three-field system was introduced east of the Elbe. This new cultivation method required the use of the heavy Mould-board plough, that digs up the earth deeply and turns it around in a single operation. The different modes of operation of the two devices also had an impact on the shape and size of the cultivation areas. The fields worked with the ard had about the same field length and width and a square base. Long fields with a rectangular base were much more suitable for the mould-board plow, as the heavy implements had to be turned less often. Planting and cultivation of oats and rye was promoted and soon these cereals became the most important type of grain. Farmers who utilized the mould-board plow were required to pay double tax fees. Pottery Potters were among the first group of artisans who also settled in the rural areas. Typical Slavic ceramics were the Flat-bottom vessels. With the influx of western settlers, new vessel shapes such as the rounded jar were introduced, inclusive hard-fired processes, that improved ceramics quality. This type of ceramics, known as Hard Grayware, became widespread east of the Elbe by the end of the 12th century. It was manufactured extensively in Pomerania by the 13th century, when more advanced manufacturing methods, such as the tunnel kiln, enabled the mass production of ceramic household goods. The demand for household goods such as pots, jugs, jugs and bowls, which had previously been made of wood, increased steadily and promoted the development of new sales markets. During the 13th century, glazed ceramics were introduced and the import of stoneware increased. The transfer of technology and knowledge affected the way of life of old and new settlers in a variety of ways and, in addition to innovations in agriculture and handicrafts, also included other areas, such as weapons technology, documents and coins. Architecture Timber Frame House The Slavic population (Sorbs), who lived east of the Elbe, primarily built log houses, which had proven suitable for the regional climates and wood was plentiful in the continental regions. The German settlers, mainly from Franconia and Thuringia, who advanced into the area in the 13th century, brought with them the half-timbering style, which was already known to the Germanic peoples, as a wood-saving, solid and stable construction method, that allowed multi-storey buildings. A combination of the two construction methods was difficult because the horizontally stacked wood of the log room expands differently in height than the vertical posts of the framework. The result was the new type of half-timbered house with a timber frame around the ground floor block, capable to support a second floor, which was made of half-timber. Population and settlement The Ostsiedlung followed an immediate rapid population growth throughout East Central Europe. During the 12th and 13th centuries, the population density increased considerably. The increase was due to the influx of settlers on the one hand and an increase in indigenous populations after the colonization on the other hand. Settlement was the primary reason for the increase e.g. in the areas east of the Oder, the Duchy of Pomerania, western Greater Poland, Silesia, Austria, Moravia, Prussia and Transylvania, while in the larger part of Central and Eastern Europe indigenous populations were responsible for the growth. Author Piskorski wrote that "insofar as it is possible to draw conclusions from the less than rich medieval source material, it appears that at least in some East Central European territories the population increased significantly. It is however possible to contest to what extent this was a direct result of migration and how far it was due to increased agricultural productivity and the gathering pace of urbanization." In contrast to Western Europe, this increased population was largely spared by the 14th-century Black Death pandemic. With the German settlers new systems of taxation arrived. While the existing Wendish tithe was a fixed tax depending on village size, the German tithe depended on the actual crop yield. Thus higher taxes were collected from the settlers than from the Wends, although settlers were partly exempted from tax payments during the first years after settlement establishment. Urban development and city foundations The development of was also associated with the establishment of towns. There already existed Slavic castle towns, in which merchant quarters formed suburbs at fortified strongholds (grads). Wendish-Scandinavian merchants founded manufacturing and trading settlements (emporia) at the Baltic coast. Large cities included Szczecin which reached 9,000 inhabitants, Kraków which was the capital of the state of Piast Poland and Wrocław, already under civil and religious administration and centers of power. However, they experienced substantial growth since the end of the 12th century through new settlers and expansion (). The foundation of a bishopric, for example in Havelberg, would lead to the development of a town, although cities were also founded out of nowhere, such as Neubrandenburg. Characteristic of the founding cities are geometrical or rasterized floor plans with main streets, intersecting axes and a central market place. Different settlement phases are reflected in twin cities names such as New town or Old town. The towns established during the were Free Towns () or called "New Towns" by its contemporaries. The rapid increase in the number of towns led to an "urbanization of East Central Europe". The new towns differed from their predecessors in: The introduction of German town law, resulting in far-reaching administrative and judicial rights for the towns. The townspeople were personally free, enjoyed far-reaching property rights and were subject to the town's own jurisdiction only. The privileges granted to the towns were copied, sometimes with minor changes, from the legal charters of the (Lübeck Law in 33 towns at the southern coast of the Baltic Sea), the Magdeburg Law in Brandenburg, areas of modern Saxony, Lusatia, Silesia, northern Bohemia, northern Moravia and the Teutonic Order state, the Nuremberg Law in southwestern Bohemia, the Brünn Law (Brno) in Moravia, based on the charter of Vienna), the Iglau Law (Jihlava) in Bohemian and Moravian mining areas. Besides these basic town laws, several adapted town charters. The introduction of permanent markets. As previously, markets were held only periodically, townspeople were now free to trade and marketplaces became a central feature of the new towns. Layout: The new towns were planned towns as their layout was usually rectangular. The role of city laws and grants The granting of city rights played an important role in attracting German settlers. The town charter privileged the new residents and existing suburban settlements with a market were given formal town charter and then rebuilt or expanded. Even small settlements inhabited by native people would eventually be granted these new rights. Regardless of existing suburban settlements, locators were commissioned to establish completely new cities, as the goal was to attract as many people as possible in order to create new, flourishing population centers. Expansion of the German city laws Among the many different German city laws, the Magdeburg law and the Lübeck law played the greatest role in the new settlements as they served, often in more or less modified form, as models for most cities. Other city rights that were of regional importance include the. Nuremberg law, the Mecklenburg law and the Iglau law. The Lübeck law of 1188 served in the 13th and 14th centuries as the model for around 100 cities in the entire Baltic Sea trading area. Around 350,000 people lived under Lübeck law in the early 15th century. The Magdeburg law, which has its origins in the privileges granted by Archbishop Wichmann of Magdeburg, first spread into Brandenburg, Saxony and Lusatia. Laws based on the Magdeburg model (for example the Kulmer law and Neumarkt law) were introduced in Silesia, Poland, the State of the Teutonic Order, Bohemia and Moravia and beyond. Religious changes The pagan Wends had been the target of Christianization attempts before the beginning of the Ostsiedlung, since the government of emperor Otto I and the establishment of dioceses east of the Elbe. The Slav uprising of 983 put an end to these efforts for almost 200 years. In contrast to the Czechs and Poles who had been Christianized before the turn of the millennium, the conversion attempts of the Elbe Slavs initially accompanied by violence. The arrival of new settlers from around 1150 on led to a civil Christianisation of the areas between the Elbe and Oder. The new settlers first built wooden and later field stone parish churches in their villages. Some places of worship, such as the St. Mary in Brandenburg, and the Lehnin Abbey, were built on pagan shrines. The Cistercians, who had been assigned a prominent role by church authorities, combined the spread of faith and settlement development. Their monasteries with extensive international connections played a vital role in the development of the communities. The settlers The majority of the settlers were Germans of the Holy Roman Empire. Significant numbers of Dutch settlers participated, particularly in the early 12th century in the area surrounding the Middle Elbe River. To a lesser extent Danes, Scots or local Wends and (French-speaking) Walloons participated as well. Among the settlers were landless children of noble families who could not inherit property. Besides the marches, adjacent to the Empire, Germans settled in areas farther east, such as the Carpathians, Transylvania, and along the Gulf of Riga. Settlers were invited by local secular rulers, such as dukes, counts, margraves, princes and (only in a few cases due to the weakening central power) the king. The sovereigns in East Central Europe owned large territories, of which only small portions were arable, which generated very little income. The lords offered considerable privileges to new settlers from the Empire. Starting in the border marks, the princes invited people from the Empire by granting them land ownership and improved legal status, binding duties and the inheritance of the farm. The landowners eventually benefited from these rather generous conditions for the farmers, and generated income from the land that had previously been fallow. Most sovereigns transferred the specific recruitment of settlers, the distribution of the land and the establishment of the settlements to so-called (allocator of land). These men, who usually came from the lower nobility or the urban bourgeoisie, organized the settlement trains, that included advertising, equipment and transport, land clearing and preparation of the settlements. Locator contracts settled rights and obligations of the locators and the new settlers. Towns were founded and granted German town law. The agricultural, legal, administrative, and technical methods of the immigrants, as well as their successful proselytising of the native inhabitants, led to a gradual transformation of the settlement areas, as Slavic communities adopted German culture. German cultural and linguistic influence lasted in some of these areas right up to the present day. In the mid 14th century, the migration process slowed considerably as a result of the Black Death. The population probably decreased by that time and economically marginal settlements were left, in particular at the coast of Pomerania and Western Prussia. Only a century later, local Slavic leaders of Pomerania, Western Prussia and Silesia invited German settlers again. Assimilation Colonization was the pretext for assimilation processes that lasted centuries. Assimilation occurred in both directions – depending on the region and the majority population, Slavic and German settlers mutually assimilated each other. Assimilation of Germans The Polonization process of German settlers in Kraków and Poznań lasted about two centuries. The community could only continue its isolated position with a continuation of newcomers from German lands. The Sorbs also assimilated German settlers, yet at the same time, small Sorbic communities were themselves assimilated by the surrounding German-speaking population. Many Central and Eastern European towns developed into multi-ethnic melting pots. Assimilation, treatment, involvement and traces of the Wends Although Slavic population density was generally not very high compared to the Empire and had, as a result of the extensive warfare during the 10th to 12th centuries, even further declined, some settlement centers maintained their Wendish populations to varying degrees, resisting assimilation for a long time. In the territories of Pomerania and Silesia, German migrants did not settle in the old Wendish villages and set up new ones on grounds allotted to them by the Slavic nobility and the monastic clergy. In the marches west of the Oder, the Wends were occasionally driven out and the villages rebuilt by settlers. The new villages would nevertheless keep their former Slavic names. In the case of the village in Mecklenburg, the evicted Wendish inhabitants repeatedly invaded their former village, hindering a resettlement. In the Sorbian March the situation was again different as the area and in particular Upper Lusatia is situated close to Bohemia, ruled by a Slavic dynasty, a loyal and powerful duchy of the Empire. In this environment, German feudal lords often cooperated with the Slavic inhabitants. Wiprecht of Groitzsch, a prominent figure during the early German migration period only acquired local power through the marriage to a Slavic noblewoman and the support of the Bohemian king. German-Slavic relations were generally good, while relations between Slavic-governed Bohemia and Slavic-governed Poland were marred by constant struggle. Discrimination against the Wends was not a part of the general concept of the . Rather, the Wends were subject to a low taxation mode and thus not as profitable as new settlers. Even though the majority of the settlers were Germans (Franks and Bavarians in the South, and Saxons and Flemings in the North), Wends and other tribes also participated in the settlement. New settlers were not chosen just because of their ethnicity, a concept unknown in the Middle Ages, but because of their manpower and agricultural and technical know-how. Most of the Wends were gradually assimilated. However, in isolated rural areas where Wends constituted a substantial part of the population, they continued their culture. These were the Drevani Polabians of the Wendland east of the Lüneburg Heath, the Jabelheide Drevani of southern Mecklenburg, the Slovincians and Kashubs of Eastern Pomerania, and the Sorbs of Lusatia. Lusatia was inhabited by a large population of Sorbs until the end of the 19th century as linguistic assimilation occurred in a relatively short time. Language exchange The Ostsiedlung caused the adoption of loan words, foreign words and loan translations among the German and the Slavic languages. Direct contact between Germans and Slavs caused direct language exchange of language elements due to the bilingualism of people or the spatial proximity of the speakers of the respective language. Remote contact took place during trade travels or political embassies. Examples The oldest adoption of naming units dates back to Proto-Germanic and Proto-Slavic. The original Slavic word can be found in almost all Slavic languages. German was mainly used to convey words in Slavic languages that related to handicraft, politics, agriculture and nutrition. This includes Old High German , Middle High German , (brick), that resulted from the sound shift of the Latin tegula. An example of borrowing from Slavic into Germanic usage is the word for border. In Middle High German called , which is a borrowing of the old Czech word or the Polish word . City names are also affected by language exchange, sound shifting and the Slavic second palatalization. The city of is called in Czech and in Proto-Slavic. Due to the intensive language contact, idioms were also transmitted. Two examples from Czech and Polish are / ('on your own') or / ('armed to the teeth'), in Hungarian ('one's own beard') and ('armed to the chin'), with different wording, but with the same meaning. Names of localities and settlements As Slavic and Wendish locality names were widely adopted, they represent, in adapted and further developed form, a very high proportion of East German toponyms and place names. These are recognizable at word endings, such as -ow (Germanized , as in Spandau), -vitz or -witz and sometimes -in. Newly created villages were given German names that ended, for example, with or in the North, and or in the South. The name of the settler's place of origin (example: Lichtervelde in Flanders) could also become part of the place name. If a German settlement was founded alongside a Wendish settlement, the name of the could also be adopted for the German village, the distinction was then made through additions (for example: or / for Wendendorf, or for German). In German-speaking areas most inherited surnames were formed only after the period, and many German surnames are in fact Germanized Wendish placenames. The former ethnic variety of German () and Slavic (, , ) toponyms was discontinued by the Eastern European republics after World War II. Villages and towns were renamed in Slavic only. Memory of the history of German colonization was no longer appreciated. Conflicts The colonization sometimes brought ethnic conflict. Local populations, particularly in the towns, sometimes had negative attitudes toward new-comers, particularly those who did not speak the local language, while natives were sometimes expelled at the regional level. European context and regional development The development and progress of the German Ostsiedlung was not a unique event in Europe's medieval history. Similar phenomena can be observed in all the peripheral areas of the former Carolingian empire, for example in southern France and the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms or in Ireland. The migration of the Swiss Valaisers to previously sparsely populated and uninhabited valleys in northern Italy, Grisons and Vorarlberg falls in the same category. The development of individual regions in the geographically poorly demarcated area that constituted the Ostsiedlung is not being sketched here. See articles: Northern March, Margraviate of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia, State of the Teutonic Order, Saxony, Lesser Poland, Bohemia, Moravia, Austria, Slovenia, Hungary, Transylvania and Moldova. The end of migration and causes There is no clear cause nor a definite end point in time of the Ostsiedlung. However, a slowdown in the settlement movement can be observed after the year 1300 and in the 14th century only a few new settlements with the participation of German-speaking colonists were founded. An explanation for the end of the Ostsiedlung must include various factors without being able to clearly weigh or differentiate between them. The deterioration of the climate from around 1300 as the beginning of the "Little Ice Age", the agricultural crisis that began in the mid 14th century. In the wake of the demographic slump caused by the 1347 Plague, profound devastation processes have taken place. If a clear connection could be established here, the end of the Ostsiedlung would be understood as part of the crisis of the 14th century. In the 19th century, recognition of this complex phenomenon coupled with the rise of nationalism. This led to a largely unhistoric ethnically inspired nationalist reinterpretation of the medieval process. In Germany and some Slavic countries, most notably Poland, the was perceived in nationalist circles as a prelude to contemporary expansionism and Germanisation efforts, the slogan used for this perception was (Drive or Push to the East). The German settlement processes in Pomerania did not follow any kind of ideology, nor did the other migratory movements. Rather, the German settlement in Pomerania was shaped exclusively by practical requirements...The national historiography that established itself around the middle of the 19th century retrospectively constructed a Slavic-Germanic contrast in the process of the High Middle Ages. However, that was the ideology of the 19th century, not the Middle Ages...Settlement was to be "" ('people of whatever origin and whatever craft') which was recorded in numerous documents issued by Pomeranian dukes and Rügish princes. -Buchholz Legacy The 20th century wars and nationalist policies severely altered the ethnic and cultural composition of Central and Eastern Europe. After World War I, Germans in reconstituted Poland were set under pressure to leave the Polish Corridor, the eastern part of Upper Silesia and Poznań. During World War II, the Nazis initiated the Nazi-Soviet population transfers, wiping out the old settlement areas of the Baltic Germans, the Germans in Bessarabia and others, to resettle them in the future territories in occupied Poland. Room for them was made during World War II, in line with the by expulsion of Poles and enslaving these and other Slavs according to the Nazi's concept. In order to press the territorial claims of Germany and to demonstrate supposed German superiority over non-Germanic peoples, whose cultural, urban and scientific achievements in that era were undermined, rejected, or presented as German. While further realization of this mega plan, aiming at a total reconstitution of Central and Eastern Europe as a German colony, was prevented by the war's turn, the beginning of the expulsion of 2 million Poles and settlement of in the annexed territories yet was implied by 1944. The Potsdam Conference – the meeting between the leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union – sanctioned the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary. With the Red Army's advance and Nazi Germany's defeat in 1945, the ethnic make-up of Central and Eastern and East Central Europe was radically changed, as nearly all Germans were expelled not only from all Soviet conquered German settlement areas across Central and Eastern Europe, but also from former territories of the Reich east of the Oder-Neisse line, mainly, the provinces of Silesia, East Prussia, East Brandenburg, and Pomerania. The Soviet-established People's Republic of Poland annexed the majority of the lands while the northern half of East Prussia was taken by the Soviets, becoming the Kaliningrad Oblast, an exclave of the Russian SFSR. The former German settlement areas were resettled by ethnic citizens of the respective succeeding state, (Czechs in the former Sudetenland and Poles in Silesia and Pomerania). However, some areas settled and Germanised in the course of the still form the northeastern part of modern Germany, such as the of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony and east of the in Holstein (part of Schleswig-Holstein). The Medieval colonization areas, that constituted the eastern provinces of the modern German Empire and the Austrian Empire, were inhabited estimated 30 million Germans at the beginning of the 20th century. The westward withdrawal of the political boundaries of Germany, first in 1919, but substantially in 1945, was followed by the removal of some 15 million people, to resettle within the borders of present-day Germany and Austria. Only the oldest 12th-century and partially 13th-century colonization areas remained German in language and culture, that are situated within the territory of the pre-1990 East Germany and the eastern part of Austria. See also Cultural assimilation German diaspora Barbarian invasions Wends Wendish Crusade Northern Crusades Medieval demography German exonyms Germanisation Germanisation of Poles during Partitions History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union Historical migration Josephine colonization Population transfer in the Soviet Union Polonization References Sources Herrmann, (unabridged facsimile of the edition published by Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896) Further reading Charles Higounet (1911–1988) German translation: Japanese translation: , by Naoki Miyajima Bielfeldt et al., , Hg. Joachim Herrmann, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985 Social history of the Holy Roman Empire German diaspora in Europe Medieval Germany Former eastern territories of Germany Estonia–Germany relations Germany–Latvia relations Germany–Lithuania relations Estonia–Russia relations Germany–Romania relations History of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania German words and phrases Prussian Crusade Human migrations Migration Period	0	-1
37898208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarfilm	Scarfilm	Scarfilm is a Belgian film production house. History The Belgian director Gérald Frydman founded Scarfilm in 1976 to produce his own films, after remarked ones. In 2014, for Scarfilm it's a new start with a new production team to develop films, music video, commercials and corporate video. Filmography "Agulana" (1976) won a prize in Cannes Film Festival in 1976 "L'immortel"(1981) "Last Cut"(1982) "That's all Folks"(1984) "Les Effaceurs"(1991) "J'ai eu dur"(1996) "Arthur Masson, l'homme qui écrivait des livres"(documentary)(2001) "La Séquence Sylverstein"(2003) "Porteur d'eau"(2004) directed by Carlos Rendón Zipagauta "Battle" (2008) "One Last Time" (2010) "Strangers" (2011) "Lipstick" (2012) "In Exequiel" (2013) "La Graine" (2015) See also Palme d'or (Le Cheval de Fer directed by Gérald Frydman won the Short Film Palme d'Or at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival) References External links Film production companies of Belgium Entertainment companies established in 1976 Mass media companies established in 1976 1976 establishments in Belgium Companies based in Brussels	1	1
914619	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodnight%20Mister%20Tom	Goodnight Mister Tom	Goodnight Mister Tom is a children's novel by English author Michelle Magorian, published by Kestrel in 1981. Harper & Row published an American edition the same year. Set during World War II, it features a boy abused at home in London who is evacuated to the country at the outbreak of the war. In the care of Mister Tom, an elderly recluse, he experiences a new life of loving and care. Magorian and Mister Tom won the annual once-or-lifetime Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, judged by a panel of British children's writers. She was also a commended runner-up for the Carnegie Medal from the British librarians, recognising the year's best English-language children's book published in the UK. The novel has been adapted as a stage musical and as the film Goodnight Mister Tom (1998). In 2003, it was listed at #49 on the BBC's survey The Big Read. The most recent theatrical adaptation, Goodnight Mister Tom, won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Entertainment. Plot The story is set in September 1939, as Britain stands on the brink of the war, many young children from the cities are evacuated to the countryside to escape an imminent German bombardment. William Beech, a boy from Deptford who is physically and emotionally abused by his mother, arrives at the home of Tom Oakley, a widower in his sixties who lives in the village of Little Weirwold. The boy is thinly clad, underfed and covered with painful bruises, and believes he is full of sin, a result of his upbringing by his mother, a domineering, insane and god-fearing woman. Willie is also pale, timid and sickly-looking. "Mister Tom", as William christens his new guardian, is reclusive and bad-tempered, and as such is avoided by the community. Willie is placed with him because his mother wanted him to live with someone who was either religious or lived near a church. Though initially distant, he is touched after discovering William's home-life and treats him with kindness and understanding, helping to educate him. Under his care, William begins to thrive, forming a small circle of friends at school among his classmates including fellow-evacuee Zach. He also becomes proficient in drawing and dramatics. As William is changed by Tom, so is Tom transformed by William's presence in his home. It is revealed that Tom lost his wife and baby son to scarletina some 40 years previously, and he has become reclusive because of this. The growing bond between William and Tom is threatened when William's mother requests that the boy returns to her in the city, telling him she is sick. At first, William thinks this will be a good thing, as he can be helpful to his mother. However, his mother is not pleased to learn the details of his time with Tom, feeling that he has not been disciplined properly. While William has been away, she has become pregnant and had a girl, but is neglecting the baby. After a bad reunion, where his mother becomes furious upon learning the details of her son's life with Tom, abhorring his association with the Jewish Zach among other things, she hits William and, accusing him of blasphemy (after he points out that Jesus was a Jew), locks him in the under-stairs cupboard, chaining him to the piping. William regains consciousness briefly to find himself in the cupboard – he has been stripped of his clothes, except for his underwear, and his ankle is twisted. He quietly sobs for Tom, before he falls asleep. Back in Little Weirwold, Tom has a premonition that something is not right with William. Although he has never travelled beyond his immediate locality, he ventures into London and eventually locates William's neighbourhood of Deptford and his home. He persuades a local policeman to break down the door of the apparently empty home, to be greeted with a vile stench. They find William in the closet with the baby, who had also been locked under the stairs by William's mother and has now died. William is malnourished and badly bruised as he had been locked under the stairs for a number of days. William is hospitalised, but whilst there suffers horrific nightmares and is drugged simply to prevent his screams from disturbing other children. Tom is warned that it is likely that William will be taken to a children's home, and, unable to observe William's distress any longer, kidnaps him from the hospital and takes him back to Little Weirwold. Back with Mister Tom, William is much damaged by his ordeal and is also blaming himself for the death of his sister as he had not been able to provide enough milk to feed her whilst locked away, and becomes very depressed. Later, when his favourite teacher Annie Hartridge has a baby, William is shocked to learn from Zach that a woman cannot conceive a child on her own and realises that his mother was having a relationship with a man, even though she had previously told him that it was wrong for unmarried couples to live together or have children together (something which society, in general, had regarded as unacceptable at this time). Tom is traced by the authorities, who have come to tell William that his mother is dead, having taken her own life. They also offer him a place in a children's home, as they've been unable to trace any other relatives who may have been able to take care of him. But luckily, the authorities realise that William has already found a good home, and allow Tom to adopt him. Tom, William and Zach then enjoy a holiday at the seaside village of Salmouth, where they stay in the house of a widow whose sons have been sent out to war. Zach then receives news that his father has been injured by a German bomb in London and he hurries home on the next train saying farewell to all his friends. Unfortunately, this is the last time they see him. William later learns that Zach has been killed and is grief-stricken for some time, but his grief is later healed by another recluse, Geoffrey Sanderton. Geoffrey, a young man who had lost a leg during the war and takes William for private art lessons, recognises the signs of grief and gives William a pipe to paint along with a picture of two smiling young men. One of the men is Geoffrey and he tells William about the loss of his own best friend, the other man in the picture and the owner of the pipe. This is when William starts to come to terms with Zach's death. Adding to this, Doctor Little, the village doctor, who was Zach's guardian while he was evacuated, is surprised but pleased when William asks to have Zach's bike. Through learning to ride it, William realises that Zach lives on inside him and he will never forget his wonderful companion that Zach was. In the months following, William grows closer to Carrie, one of his friends. One night, on returning home to Tom (whom he now calls "Dad"), he thinks back on how much he has changed since arriving in Little Weirwold and realises that he is growing. And he hasn't forgotten about Zach. Awards Commended, The Carnegie Medal 1981 The Guardian Fiction Award 1982 International Reading Association Award 1982 Runner-up for The Young Observer Prize 1982 Western Australian Young Readers Book Award 1982 Notes References External links —immediately, first US edition British children's novels Novels set during World War II Guardian Children's Fiction Prize-winning works 1981 British novels British novels adapted into television shows British novels adapted into films British novels adapted into plays 1981 children's books 1981 debut novels	0	-1
39986	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1274	1274	Year 1274 (MCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe May 7 – Second Council of Lyon: Pope Gregory X convenes a council at Lyon, after Emperor Michael VIII (Palaiologos) gives assurances that the Orthodox Church is prepared to reunite with Rome. The council agrees to a settlement between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church over several key issues – Orthodox acceptance of papal primacy and the acceptance of the Nicene Creed with the Filioque clause. Gregory approves a tithe to support efforts to liberate the Holy Land from Muslims, and reaches apparent resolution of the schism, which ultimately proves unsuccessful. All but four mendicant orders of friars are suppressed. Catholic teaching on Purgatory is defined for the first time. November – The Imperial Diet at Nuremberg orders that all crown estates seized since the death of Emperor Frederick II be restored to King Rudolf I. Almost all European rulers agree, with the exception of Ottokar II, king of Bohemia, who has benefited greatly by conquering or otherwise coming into possession of many of those lands. England August 2 – Prince Edward (the Lord Edward) finally returns from the Holy Land, to be crowned king of England, two years after his father King Henry III's death, on August 19. September 21 – Walter de Merton, English chancellor and regent, retires from royal service, in favour of Robert Burnell, who becomes a strong ally of the Edwardian regime. The first main survey of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow-up to the Domesday Book (completed in 1086), is begun; it lasts until 1275. Africa Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq, Marinid ruler, enters peacefully into Ceuta, putting an end to some 40 years of the city's independence. Asia November 4–19 – Battle of Bun'ei: Forces of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty of China invade Japan. After conquering the Japanese settlements on Tsushima and Iki islands, Kublai Khan's fleet moves on to Japan and lands at Hakata Bay. Their landing is not unopposed: an old sea wall ran along much of the bay and behind it are stationed the warriors of Hōjō Tokimune. The Japanese open combat with whistling arrows (kabura-ya), designed to unnerve and intimidate their foes. The Mongols use bombs against the Japanese forces and manage to break through at a few places, burning down the nearby town of Hakata (modern-day Fukuoka). The invaders are eventually repelled, and after inflicting heavy losses on the Japanese, a withdrawal is ordered. Credit for a great typhoon – called a kamikaze, or divine wind – the Mongol fleet is dashed on the rocks and destroyed. Some sources suggest that 200 warships are lost. Of the 30,000 strong invasion force, some 13,000 does not return. Nichiren, Japanese priest and philosopher, enters exile on Mount Minobu. He leads a widespread movement of followers in Kantō and Sado mainly through his prolific letter-writing. By topic Literature Bonvesin da la Riva, Italian poet, writes the didactic-allegoric poem Liber di Tre Scricciur ("Book of the Three Scriptures"). The text is in the Western Lombard language (similar to other Gallo-Italic languages). The poem is one of the first great literary works in Italy. It tells about Hell, the Passion of Jesus and Paradise; the plot later prefigures Dante Alighieri in his Divine Comedy (or La Divina Commedia). May 1 – In Florence, the 9-year-old Dante first sees the 8-year-old Beatrice, his lifelong muse. She appears later as one of his guides in the Divine Comedy, Paradiso and Purgatorio. Religion Pope Gregory X decrees that conclaves (gatherings of the College of Cardinals where the elections of a bishop of Rome are convened) should be used for papal elections, reforming the electoral process which had taken over 3 years to elect him. Gregory X obtains the region of Romagna from Rudolf I, in exchange for acknowledging him as Holy Roman Emperor. With this important acquisition, the Papal States become the second-largest power block in Italy after the Kingdom of Sicily. Births February 9 – Louis of Toulouse, French archbishop (d. 1297) July 11 – Robert I (the Bruce), king of Scotland (d. 1329) July 25 – John Beauchamp, English nobleman (d. 1336) October 4 – Rudolf I, German nobleman (d. 1319) November 24 – Catherine I, Latin empress (d. 1307) Adam Murimuth, English priest and chronicler (d. 1347) Al-Dhahabi, Syrian scholar and encyclopedist (d. 1348) Anastasia de Montfort, Italian noblewoman (d. 1345) Eric VI, king of Denmark (House of Estridsen) (d. 1319) Ibn al-Jayyab, Andalusian scholar and poet (d. 1349) Marino Faliero (or Falier), doge of Venice (d. 1355) Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi, Indian Sufi poet (d. 1337) Rizzardo IV, Italian nobleman and military leader (d. 1312) Robert Clifford, English nobleman and knight (d. 1314) Sancho I (the Peaceful), king of Majorca (d. 1324) Seisetsu Shōchō, Chinese missionary (d. 1339) Deaths February 18 – Jakob Erlandsen, Danish cleric and archbishop February 19 – Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Afghan Sufi poet (b. 1177) February 21 – Ibn Malik, Moorish grammarian and writer (b. 1205) March 7 – Thomas Aquinas, Italian friar and theologian (b. 1225) April 26 – Heinrich von Wartenberg, Swiss nobleman and abbot June 3 – Lawrence of St. Martin, English archdeacon and bishop June 26 – Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian scientist and writer (b. 1201) July 15 – Bonaventure, Italian theologian and philosopher (b. 1221) July 22 – Henry I (or Henry III), king of Navarre (House of Blois) July 23 – Wonjong of Goryeo, Korean prince and ruler (b. 1219) August 4 – Robert Stitchill (or Stichel), English prior and bishop August 12 – Du Zong (or Zhao Qi), Chinese emperor (b. 1240) August 15 – Robert de Sorbon, French chaplain and theologian September 2 – Munetaka, Japanese prince and shogun (b. 1242) October 14 – Henry, English prince and son of Edward I (b. 1268) November 4 – Sō Sukekuni, Japanese governor (jitodai) (b. 1207) November 8 – Fujiwara no Akiuji, Japanese nobleman (b. 1207) November 10 – Aveline de Forz, English noblewoman (b. 1259) November 28 – Philip of Castile, son of Ferdinand III (b. 1231) Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English merchant and chronicler (b. 1201) Beatrice of Montferrat, Italian noblewoman and regent (b. 1210) Gilbert of Preston, English nobleman and chief justice (b. 1209) Henry I Kőszegi (the Great), Hungarian nobleman (b. 1210) Liu Bingzhong, Chinese court advisor and architect (b. 1216) Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Seljuk philosopher and writer (b. 1207) William of Douglas (Longleg), Scottish nobleman (b. 1220) In Fiction The video-game Ghost of Tsushima is set in the year 1274. References	1	1
13635744	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Chambers%20%28politician%29	John Chambers (politician)	John Chambers (October 6, 1780 – September 21, 1852) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky and the second Governor of the Iowa Territory. He was appointed by President William Henry Harrison. Education & early career Chambers was born at Bromley Bridge, Somerset County, New Jersey, on October 6, 1780, a son of Roland Chambers (1744–1821) and Phoebe (Mullican) Chambers. He attended the public schools and the Transylvania Seminary at Lexington, Kentucky. In 1794 he moved with his father to Washington, Mason County, Kentucky. After studying law he was admitted to the bar in 1800 and commenced practice in Washington, Kentucky. Chambers served as aide-de-camp to General William Henry Harrison in the War of 1812 and was at the Battle of the Thames. He served as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1812, 1815, 1830, and 1831. In 1825, Chambers was appointed judge of the Kentucky Court of Appeals. He resigned in 1827. U.S. Congressional career He was elected as a pro-Adams candidate to the Twentieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas Metcalfe and served from December 1, 1828, to March 3, 1829; elected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress, and reelected as a Whig to the Twenty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1835 – March 3, 1839); chairman, Committee on Claims (Twenty-fifth Congress). Chambers represented the counties of Pendleton, Bracken, Robertson, Nicholas and Bourbon. After Congress Chambers was appointed Governor of the Iowa Territory in 1841, serving until 1845. He was then appointed commissioner to negotiate a treaty with the Sioux Indians in Minnesota Territory in 1849, and was unsuccessful. He died near Paris, Bourbon County, Kentucky, September 21, 1852, and was interred in the family burial ground at Washington, in Mason County, Kentucky. Personal life He married Margaret Taylor (b. May 22, 1781), daughter of Major Ignatius Taylor (1742–1807), on June 16, 1803. She died on March 4, 1807. They had no surviving children. He married secondly, on October 29, 1807, to Hannah Lee Taylor (January 9, 1791 – November 11, 1832), daughter of Major Ignatius Taylor with his second wife, Barbara Bowie (1756–1805). Hannah was a half-sister to John's first wife Margaret. John and Hannah had twelve children; Margaret Taylor (1808–1863), Joseph Sprigg Taylor, Hannah Lee Taylor, James Taylor, Matilda Taylor, Francis Taylor, Jane Taylor, Mary Taylor, Laura Taylor, John Taylor, James Taylor, Henry Taylor, Lucretia Taylor. References External links 1780 births 1852 deaths People from Somerset County, New Jersey Judges of the Kentucky Court of Appeals Members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky Governors of Iowa Territory Kentucky Whigs Kentucky National Republicans Iowa Whigs National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives Politicians from Lexington, Kentucky People from Washington, Kentucky 19th-century American politicians 19th-century American judges	0	-1
21987958	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Semenova	Olga Semenova	Olga Semenova (ne Olga Tchoukina) is a Paralympian athlete from Russia competing mainly in category P13 sprint events. She formerly competed in P11 pentathlon events. Career Olga competed in the pentathlon at the 1996 Summer Paralympics winning the silver medal behind American Marla Runyan who set a new world record to win. She competed in the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia. There she won a gold medal in the women's Pentathlon - P13 event. She also competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. There she won a gold medal in the women's 100 metres - T13 event and a gold medal in the women's 400 metres - T13 event. She also competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. There she did not finish in the women's 100 metres - T13 event and went out in the first round of the women's 400 metres - T13 event References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Paralympic athletes of Russia Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Paralympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Paralympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Paralympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics Paralympic silver medalists for Russia Paralympic gold medalists for Russia Medalists at the 1996 Summer Paralympics Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field) Russian female sprinters Russian pentathletes Visually impaired sprinters Paralympic sprinters	1	1
9210926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach%20Your%20Children	Teach Your Children	"Teach Your Children" is a song by Graham Nash. Although it was written when Nash was a member of the Hollies, it was never recorded by that group in a studio, although a 1983 live recording does exist. The song first appeared on the album Déjà Vu by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young released in 1970. Nash, who is also a photographer and collector of photographs, has stated in an interview that the immediate inspiration for the song came from a famous photograph by Diane Arbus, "Child with Toy Hand Grenade in Central Park." The image, which depicts a child with an angry expression holding the toy weapon, prompted Nash to reflect on the societal implications of messages given to children about war and other issues. Released as a single in 1970, the song peaked at No. 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts that year. On the Easy Listening chart, "Teach Your Children" peaked at No. 28. In Canada, "Teach Your Children" reached number 8. Reviewing the song, Cash Box commented on the song's "incredible soft harmony luster" and "delicately composed material." The recording features Jerry Garcia on pedal steel guitar. Garcia taught himself how to play the instrument during his tenure with the New Riders of the Purple Sage. He told Lon Goddard of the British music newspaper Record Mirror in an interview that he recorded a series of pieces on the steel guitar and spliced them together in the studio to create the backing and solo. Garcia had made an arrangement that in return for his playing steel guitar on "Teach Your Children," CSNY would help members of the Grateful Dead improve their vocal harmony for their upcoming albums, Workingman's Dead and American Beauty. Personnel David Crosby–harmony vocals Stephen Stills–lead vocals (1st verse), harmony vocals, guitars, bass Graham Nash–lead vocals (2nd verse), harmony vocals, rhythm guitar, percussion Dallas Taylor–drums, tambourine, percussion Jerry Garcia–pedal steel guitar Chart history Weekly charts Year-end charts In popular culture In 1979, the song was featured in the WKRP in Cincinnati episode "I Want To Keep My Baby". In 2018 the song was used in an episode of The X-Files "Rm9sbG93ZXJz" In 1984, Democratic presidential candidate Walter Mondale used the song in a campaign commercial on arms control. In the late 1980s, the song was used in a TV commercial promoting schools' use of the Apple II family of personal computers. In 1991, the song was featured in The Wonder Years episode "Road Trip". In 1994, Crosby, Stills & Nash re-recorded the song with guest vocals from country music artists Suzy Bogguss, Alison Krauss and Kathy Mattea, crediting the recording to "The Red Hots". This version was included on the album Red Hot + Country, a release by the Red Hot Organization benefiting AIDS awareness. The Red Hots' version of the song spent one week on the Hot Country Songs charts in October 1994, peaking at No. 75. The song was used frequently in The X-Files episode "Rm9sbG93ZXJz". It was sung by Steve Carell and Rainn Wilson on The Office episode “Take Your Daughter To Work Day”. The song was used as the last song in the movie Melody. The song was covered by Matthew Morrison during the series finale episode of Glee, "Dreams Come True." References 1970 singles Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young songs Folk rock songs Songs written by Graham Nash 1970 songs Atlantic Records singles Adriano Celentano songs Songs about educators	0	-1
45098437	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941%20in%20the%20Philippines	1941 in the Philippines	1941 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in 1941. Incumbents President: Manuel Quezon (Nacionalista Party) Vice President: Sergio Osmeña (Nacionalista Party) Chief Justice: Ramón Avanceña (until December 24) José Abad Santos (starting December 24) Philippine National Assembly: 2nd National Assembly of the Philippines (until December 16) Events March March 30 – San Pablo becomes a city in the province of Laguna through Commonwealth Act 520 which was approved on May 7, 1940. November November 11 – Manuel Quezon is re-elected as President in the Presidential elections. December December 8 – Start of the Japanese Invasion of the Philippines. December 20 – President Quezon, his family and the war cabinet move to Corregidor Island. December 26 – General MacArthur declares Manila an open city. December 28 – Filipino and US armies retreat to Bataan. December 30 – Manuel Quezon takes his oath of Office at the Corregidor Island. Holidays As per Act No. 2711 section 29, issued on March 10, 1917, any legal holiday of fixed date falls on Sunday, the next succeeding day shall be observed as legal holiday. Sundays are also considered legal religious holidays. Bonifacio Day was added through Philippine Legislature Act No. 2946. It was signed by then-Governor General Francis Burton Harrison in 1921. On October 28, 1931, the Act No. 3827 was approved declaring the last Sunday of August as National Heroes Day. January 1 – New Year's Day February 22 – Legal Holiday April 10 – Maundy Thursday April 11 – Good Friday May 1 – Labor Day July 4 – Philippine Republic Day August 13 – Legal Holiday August 31 – National Heroes Day November 27 – Thanksgiving Day November 30 – Bonifacio Day December 25 – Christmas Day December 30 – Rizal Day Births February 19 – Francisco Feliciano, national artist for music (d. 2014) February 23 – Lucita Soriano, TV and movie actress (d. 2015) March 4 – Haydee Yorac, public servant, law professor and politician (d. 2005) March 20 – Raul del Mar, politician (d. 2020) March 31 – Johnny Midnight, radio broadcaster (d. 2014) June 19 – Conchita Carpio-Morales, lawyer and jurist, Ombudsman of the Philippines June 25 – Oliver Ongtawco, bowler (d. 2020) July 14 – Jun Papa, olympic basketball player (d. 2005) July 28 – Susan Roces, actress (d. 2022) September 10 – Ruben Torres, activist and politician October 26 – Raul Roco, senator, and presidential candidate (d. 2005) December 4 – Lou Salvador Jr., film actor (d. 2008) References	1	1
3743931	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-to-own	Rent-to-own	Rent-to-own, also known as rental purchase or rent-to-buy, is a type of legally documented transaction under which tangible property, such as furniture, consumer electronics, motor vehicles, home appliances, real property, and engagement rings, is leased in exchange for a weekly or monthly payment, with the option to purchase at some point during the agreement. A rent-to-own transaction differs from a traditional lease, in that the lessee can purchase the leased item at any time during the agreement (in a traditional lease the lessee has no such right), and from a hire purchase/installment plan, in that the lessee can terminate the agreement by simply returning the property (in a hire purchase the buyer has a limited time, if any, to cancel the agreement). The usage of rent-to-own transactions began in the United Kingdom and Europe, and first appeared in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s. While rent-to-own terminology is most commonly associated with consumer goods transactions, the term is sometimes used in connection with real estate transactions. Furniture, electronics, and appliances History The concept of rent-to-own transactions first emerged in the United Kingdom and continental European countries under the hire purchase model. One of the first rent-to-own retail stores established in the U.K. was Lotus Radio, which began operating as a radio rental business in 1933. Within the United States, the practice of retail-based rent-to-own businesses began to develop in the 1950s and 1960s. Individuals cited as key figures in the history of the rent-to-own transaction and application as a business model include Charles Loudermilk, Sr., who in 1955 began renting out Army surplus chairs and later founded Aaron Rents, and J. Ernest Talley, who started Mr. T’s Rental in Wichita, Kansas in 1963, and later helped establish Rent-A-Center. In response to a growing desire to share information, develop uniform practices and procedures, and cultivate a positive public image within the growing rent-to-own industry in the United States, rent-to-own dealers established a trade association, the Association of Progressive Rental Organizations (APRO), in 1980. APRO began with approximately 40 original member companies and elected an initial board of 16. Today the association has approximately 350 member companies representing approximately 10,400 stores in all 50 states, Mexico and Canada. Rent-to-own serves 4.8 million customers at any given time in the year. Transaction structure Rent-to-own agreements are based on a weekly or monthly rental term. In the structure of this type of transaction, the consumer (lessee) – at the end of each week or month – can choose either to renew the lease on a weekly or monthly basis by making renewal payments, or to terminate the agreement with no further obligation by returning the tangible property. Though not obligated to do so, the consumer can choose to continue making interval payments on the merchandise for a pre-specified period of time, at which point they would own the good outright. An alternative purchase option is commonly provisioned for, allowing the consumer to pay off the remaining balance on the agreement at any point in time in order to obtain permanent ownership. According to a Federal Trade Commission (FTC) survey on the rent-to-own industry in the United States conducted in 2000, consumers reported that they chose to engage in rent-to-own transactions for a variety of reasons, including: "the lack of a credit check", "the ability to obtain merchandise they otherwise could not", and, "the convenience and flexibility of the transaction". The most common reason cited for dissatisfaction within the survey was high prices. In addition, some survey respondents reported poor treatment by employees in connection with late rental payments, problems with repair services, and hidden or added costs. The cost incurred by consumers in rent-to-own transactions has been the subject of long-term debate and differing opinion. Historically, consumer advocates, some U.S. state attorneys general and some academic researchers have expressed concern that consumers entering into rent-to-own agreements may be unaware of the potentially high long-term costs of rent-to-own in comparison to traditional installment or layaway plans. Often mentioned alongside most critiques is the question of whether prices paid for services of this type are adequate for lower-income individuals who can least afford additional financial outlays. At the same time, other academic researchers and representatives of industry associations have contended that rent-to-own transactions are not comparable to traditional methods of purchasing or financing consumer goods, in that they include services such as delivery, assembly, service and repair, all of which are factored into the higher assessed value and corresponding price charged. Also frequently noted by proponents of the unique nature of rent-to-own transactions is the point that they are not obligations to purchase, since the agreement can be terminated by the lessee at any point in time with the return of the property. Lease vis-à-vis sale The legal controversy surrounding rent-to-own transactions has centered primarily on the question of whether the transaction should be treated as a lease or a credit sale. The industry has contended that the transaction is a lease; while consumer advocacy groups have advocated for the transaction to be treated as a credit sale. As of 2011, forty-seven U.S. states, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia have passed laws characterizing the transaction as a lease. Of the five U.S. state supreme courts that have addressed the question, three (Massachusetts, Arkansas and Maine) concluded that the transaction was a lease. New Jersey and Minnesota concluded it was a credit sale based upon those states’ credit laws. A federal district court in Wisconsin also found the transaction to be a credit sale under Wisconsin state law. As of 2011, no U.S. federal consumer protection law specifically addresses rent-to-own transactions, but through litigation, efforts have been made in attempt to bring rent-to-own agreements under the definition of "credit sale" in the Truth in Lending Act. However, courts have not, as of 2011, ruled in favor of making this change at a federal level. In 2006, the United States Department of Defense labeled rent-to-own a predatory lending practice, defining it as an, "unfair or abusive loan or credit sale transaction or collection practice", along with payday loans, title loans, refund anticipation loans and other similar practices. In 2007, the United States Government Accountability Office raised concerns with the methodology and structure of this research. Later in the same year, the Department of Defense ultimately concluded that rent-to-own was not a form of credit and excluded it from its regulation on predatory lending practices. Collection practices Consumer advocates and plaintiffs testifying in legal proceedings have at times alleged that rent-to-own stores routinely repossess merchandise when a consumer is close to acquiring ownership. At the time of a 2000 FTC survey, individuals who engaged in rent-to-own transactions reported a "low incidence of late-term repossessions", which the FTC suggested might be due to the reinstatement rights mandated in most states, as these rights allow consumers to reinstate this type of contract after repossession. Real estate While rent-to-own transactions are most commonly conducted for purchasing consumer goods at a retail store, this term also describes a specialized real estate agreement. The rent-to-own housing option is typically exercised more often during housing market downturns, such as the late 2000s (decade) financial crisis. Because the most recent housing market downturn was accompanied by protective regulatory scrutiny of lending practices and consumer credit agencies, acquiring a loan has become more difficult for Subprime borrowers. Imperfect credit scores Tenant/buyers who have imperfect credit scores are typically drawn to rent-to-own properties since the lease terms allow them to live in the home while they take the steps necessary to fix their credit and secure a mortgage. Most lease purchase agreements allow them to lock in a market rate when they sign the contract. People with poor credit find the leasing period a crucial opportunity to repair their financial profile to secure a loan. A common complaint tenant/buyers have with rent-to-own agreements, however, stems from their inability to secure a loan in time to purchase the property, whether due to insufficient downpayment or credit, at which point they are left to restructure the agreement or forced to walk away. Transaction structure In a rent-to-own transaction, the tenant lives on the real property and pay towards purchasing the property at a fixed price within a specific period of time, usually one to three years. As part of the contract, the renter may be required to make a nonrefundable deposit often included as part of a down payment at the end of the lease term. In addition to monthly rent, often an additional amount called a rent credit is paid into an escrow account during the lease period. This amount is added to the deposit and used as part of the down payment at the end of the lease term. This pushes the rent above the market rate but helps build savings for purchase if the buy option is taken. At the end of the lease term, the tenant is offered right of first refusal to purchase the property at the agreed upon sale price, or walk away and forfeit the deposit. If the tenant is unable or unwilling to exercise the option to buy, the owner is then free to rent or sell the property to another buyer, or to restructure the contract. Scams Because rent-to-own real estate contracts are flexible open-source documents, there is room for scammers to take advantage of unprepared tenants. See also Alternative financial services Closed-end leasing Hire purchase Vehicle leasing References External links "From Poverty, Opportunity: Putting the Market to Work for Lower Income Families". Brookings Institution. July 2006. Business terms Contract law Residential real estate Renting	1	1
52949020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20Davis%20Cup%20Europe/Africa%20Zone%20Group%20I	2017 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I	The Europe/Africa Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2016. In the Europe/Africa Zone there were three different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. Winners in Group I advanced to the World Group Play-offs, along with losing teams from the World Group first round. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group I, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Europe/Africa Zone Group II in 2018. Participating nations Seeds: All seeds and received a bye into the second round. Remaining nations: Draw and relegated to Group II in 2018. , , , and advance to World Group Play-off. First round Bosnia and Herzegovina vs. Poland Belarus vs. Romania Portugal vs. Israel Second round Slovakia vs. Hungary Bosnia and Herzegovina vs. Netherlands Belarus vs. Austria Portugal vs. Ukraine 1st round play-offs Austria vs. Romania Israel vs. Ukraine 2nd round play-offs Slovakia vs. Poland Israel vs. Romania References External links Official Website Asia/Oceania Zone Group I Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone	1	1
18489918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto	Quarto	Quarto (abbreviated Qto, 4to or 4º) is the format of a book or pamphlet produced from full sheets printed with eight pages of text, four to a side, then folded twice to produce four leaves. The leaves are then trimmed along the folds to produce eight book pages. Each printed page presents as one-fourth size of the full sheet. The earliest known European printed book is a quarto, the Sibyllenbuch, believed to have been printed by Johannes Gutenberg in 1452–53, before the Gutenberg Bible, surviving only as a fragment. Quarto is also used as a general description of size of books that are about 12 inches (30 cm) tall, and as such does not necessarily indicate the actual printing format of the books, which may even be unknown as is the case for many modern books. These terms are discussed in greater detail in book sizes. Quarto as format A quarto (from Latin , ablative form of , fourth) is a book or pamphlet made up of one or more full sheets of paper on which 8 pages of text were printed, which were then folded two times to produce four leaves. Each leaf of a quarto book thus represents one fourth the size of the original sheet. Each group of 4 leaves (called a "gathering" or "quire") could be sewn through the central fold to attach it to the other gatherings to form a book. Sometimes, additional leaves would be inserted within another group to form, for example, gatherings of 8 leaves, which similarly would be sewn through the central fold. Generally, quartos have more squarish proportions than folios or octavos. There are variations in how quartos were produced. For example, bibliographers call a book printed as a quarto (four leaves per full sheet) but bound in gatherings of 8 leaves each a "quarto in 8s." The actual size of a quarto book depends on the size of the full sheet of paper on which it was printed. A demy quarto (abbreviated demy 4to) is a chiefly British term referring to a book size of about , a medium quarto , a royal quarto , and a small quarto equalled a square octavo, all untrimmed. The earliest surviving books printed by movable type by Gutenberg are quartos, which were printed before the Gutenberg Bible. The earliest known one is a fragment of a medieval poem called the Sibyllenbuch, believed to have been printed by Gutenberg in 1452–53. Quartos were the most common format of books printed in the incunabula period (books printed before 1501). The British Library Incunabula Short Title Catalogue currently lists about 28,100 different editions of surviving books, pamphlets and broadsides (some fragmentary only) printed before 1501, of which about 14,360 are quartos, representing just over half of all works in the catalogue. Quarto as size Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, technology permitted the manufacture of large sheets or rolls of paper on which books were printed, many text pages at a time. As a result, it may be impossible to determine the actual format (i.e., number of leaves formed from each sheet fed into a press). The term "quarto" as applied to such books may refer simply to the size, i.e., books that are approximately 10 inches (250 mm) tall by 8 inches (200 mm) wide. Quartos for separate plays and poems During the Elizabethan era and through the mid-seventeenth century, plays and poems were commonly printed as separate works in quarto format. Eighteen of Shakespeare's 36 plays included in first folio collected edition of 1623, were previously separately printed as quartos, with a single exception that was printed in octavo. For example, Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1, the most popular play of the era, was first published as a quarto in 1598, with a second quarto edition in 1599, followed by a number of subsequent quarto editions. Bibliographers have extensively studied these different editions, which they refer to by abbreviations such as Q1, Q2, etc. The texts of some of the Shakespeare quartos are highly inaccurate and are full of errors and omissions. Bibliographer Alfred W. Pollard named those editions bad quartos, and it is speculated that they may have been produced, not from manuscript texts, but from actors who had memorized their lines. Other playwrights in this period also published their plays in quarto editions. Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, for example, was published as a quarto in 1604 (Q1), with a second quarto edition in 1609. The same is true of poems, Shakespeare's poem Venus and Adonis being first printed as a quarto in 1593 (Q1), with a second quarto edition (Q2) in 1594. In Spanish culture, a similar concept of separate editions of plays is known as . See also Book size Bookbinding Folio Octavo Early texts of Shakespeare's works English Renaissance theatre References Sources McKerrow, R. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Book formats	0	-1
27764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems%20engineering	Systems engineering	Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design, integrate, and manage complex systems over their life cycles. At its core, systems engineering utilizes systems thinking principles to organize this body of knowledge. The individual outcome of such efforts, an engineered system, can be defined as a combination of components that work in synergy to collectively perform a useful function. Issues such as requirements engineering, reliability, logistics, coordination of different teams, testing and evaluation, maintainability and many other disciplines necessary for successful system design, development, implementation, and ultimate decommission become more difficult when dealing with large or complex projects. Systems engineering deals with work-processes, optimization methods, and risk management tools in such projects. It overlaps technical and human-centered disciplines such as industrial engineering, process systems engineering, mechanical engineering, manufacturing engineering, production engineering, control engineering, software engineering, electrical engineering, cybernetics, aerospace engineering, organizational studies, civil engineering and project management. Systems engineering ensures that all likely aspects of a project or system are considered and integrated into a whole. The systems engineering process is a discovery process that is quite unlike a manufacturing process. A manufacturing process is focused on repetitive activities that achieve high quality outputs with minimum cost and time. The systems engineering process must begin by discovering the real problems that need to be resolved, and identifying the most probable or highest impact failures that can occur – systems engineering involves finding solutions to these problems. History The term systems engineering can be traced back to Bell Telephone Laboratories in the 1940s. The need to identify and manipulate the properties of a system as a whole, which in complex engineering projects may greatly differ from the sum of the parts' properties, motivated various industries, especially those developing systems for the U.S. military, to apply the discipline. When it was no longer possible to rely on design evolution to improve upon a system and the existing tools were not sufficient to meet growing demands, new methods began to be developed that addressed the complexity directly. The continuing evolution of systems engineering comprises the development and identification of new methods and modeling techniques. These methods aid in a better comprehension of the design and developmental control of engineering systems as they grow more complex. Popular tools that are often used in the systems engineering context were developed during these times, including USL, UML, QFD, and IDEF. In 1990, a professional society for systems engineering, the National Council on Systems Engineering (NCOSE), was founded by representatives from a number of U.S. corporations and organizations. NCOSE was created to address the need for improvements in systems engineering practices and education. As a result of growing involvement from systems engineers outside of the U.S., the name of the organization was changed to the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) in 1995. Schools in several countries offer graduate programs in systems engineering, and continuing education options are also available for practicing engineers. Concept Systems engineering signifies only an approach and, more recently, a discipline in engineering. The aim of education in systems engineering is to formalize various approaches simply and in doing so, identify new methods and research opportunities similar to that which occurs in other fields of engineering. As an approach, systems engineering is holistic and interdisciplinary in flavour. Origins and traditional scope The traditional scope of engineering embraces the conception, design, development, production and operation of physical systems. Systems engineering, as originally conceived, falls within this scope. "Systems engineering", in this sense of the term, refers to the building of engineering concepts. Evolution to broader scope The use of the term "systems engineer" has evolved over time to embrace a wider, more holistic concept of "systems" and of engineering processes. This evolution of the definition has been a subject of ongoing controversy, and the term continues to apply to both the narrower and broader scope. Traditional systems engineering was seen as a branch of engineering in the classical sense, that is, as applied only to physical systems, such as spacecraft and aircraft. More recently, systems engineering has evolved to take on a broader meaning especially when humans were seen as an essential component of a system. Peter Checkland, for example, captures the broader meaning of systems engineering by stating that 'engineering' "can be read in its general sense; you can engineer a meeting or a political agreement." Consistent with the broader scope of systems engineering, the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK) has defined three types of systems engineering: (1) Product Systems Engineering (PSE) is the traditional systems engineering focused on the design of physical systems consisting of hardware and software. (2) Enterprise Systems Engineering (ESE) pertains to the view of enterprises, that is, organizations or combinations of organizations, as systems. (3) Service Systems Engineering (SSE) has to do with the engineering of service systems. Checkland defines a service system as a system which is conceived as serving another system. Most civil infrastructure systems are service systems. Holistic view Systems engineering focuses on analyzing and eliciting customer needs and required functionality early in the development cycle, documenting requirements, then proceeding with design synthesis and system validation while considering the complete problem, the system lifecycle. This includes fully understanding all of the stakeholders involved. Oliver et al. claim that the systems engineering process can be decomposed into a Systems Engineering Technical Process, and a Systems Engineering Management Process. Within Oliver's model, the goal of the Management Process is to organize the technical effort in the lifecycle, while the Technical Process includes assessing available information, defining effectiveness measures, to create a behavior model, create a structure model, perform trade-off analysis, and create sequential build & test plan. Depending on their application, although there are several models that are used in the industry, all of them aim to identify the relation between the various stages mentioned above and incorporate feedback. Examples of such models include the Waterfall model and the VEE model (also called the V model). Interdisciplinary field System development often requires contribution from diverse technical disciplines. By providing a systems (holistic) view of the development effort, systems engineering helps mold all the technical contributors into a unified team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation and, in some cases, to termination and disposal. In an acquisition, the holistic integrative discipline combines contributions and balances tradeoffs among cost, schedule, and performance while maintaining an acceptable level of risk covering the entire life cycle of the item. This perspective is often replicated in educational programs, in that systems engineering courses are taught by faculty from other engineering departments, which helps create an interdisciplinary environment. Managing complexity The need for systems engineering arose with the increase in complexity of systems and projects, in turn exponentially increasing the possibility of component friction, and therefore the unreliability of the design. When speaking in this context, complexity incorporates not only engineering systems, but also the logical human organization of data. At the same time, a system can become more complex due to an increase in size as well as with an increase in the amount of data, variables, or the number of fields that are involved in the design. The International Space Station is an example of such a system. The development of smarter control algorithms, microprocessor design, and analysis of environmental systems also come within the purview of systems engineering. Systems engineering encourages the use of tools and methods to better comprehend and manage complexity in systems. Some examples of these tools can be seen here: System architecture, System model, Modeling, and Simulation, Optimization, System dynamics, Systems analysis, Statistical analysis, Reliability analysis, and Decision making Taking an interdisciplinary approach to engineering systems is inherently complex since the behavior of and interaction among system components is not always immediately well defined or understood. Defining and characterizing such systems and subsystems and the interactions among them is one of the goals of systems engineering. In doing so, the gap that exists between informal requirements from users, operators, marketing organizations, and technical specifications is successfully bridged. Scope One way to understand the motivation behind systems engineering is to see it as a method, or practice, to identify and improve common rules that exist within a wide variety of systems. Keeping this in mind, the principles of systems engineering – holism, emergent behavior, boundary, et al. – can be applied to any system, complex or otherwise, provided systems thinking is employed at all levels. Besides defense and aerospace, many information and technology based companies, software development firms, and industries in the field of electronics & communications require systems engineers as part of their team. An analysis by the INCOSE Systems Engineering center of excellence (SECOE) indicates that optimal effort spent on systems engineering is about 15–20% of the total project effort. At the same time, studies have shown that systems engineering essentially leads to reduction in costs among other benefits. However, no quantitative survey at a larger scale encompassing a wide variety of industries has been conducted until recently. Such studies are underway to determine the effectiveness and quantify the benefits of systems engineering. Systems engineering encourages the use of modeling and simulation to validate assumptions or theories on systems and the interactions within them. Use of methods that allow early detection of possible failures, in safety engineering, are integrated into the design process. At the same time, decisions made at the beginning of a project whose consequences are not clearly understood can have enormous implications later in the life of a system, and it is the task of the modern systems engineer to explore these issues and make critical decisions. No method guarantees today's decisions will still be valid when a system goes into service years or decades after first conceived. However, there are techniques that support the process of systems engineering. Examples include soft systems methodology, Jay Wright Forrester's System dynamics method, and the Unified Modeling Language (UML)—all currently being explored, evaluated, and developed to support the engineering decision process. Education Education in systems engineering is often seen as an extension to the regular engineering courses, reflecting the industry attitude that engineering students need a foundational background in one of the traditional engineering disciplines (e.g., aerospace engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, manufacturing engineering, industrial engineering, chemical engineering)—plus practical, real-world experience to be effective as systems engineers. Undergraduate university programs explicitly in systems engineering are growing in number but remain uncommon, the degrees including such material most often presented as a BS in Industrial Engineering. Typically programs (either by themselves or in combination with interdisciplinary study) are offered beginning at the graduate level in both academic and professional tracks, resulting in the grant of either a MS/MEng or Ph.D./EngD degree. INCOSE, in collaboration with the Systems Engineering Research Center at Stevens Institute of Technology maintains a regularly updated directory of worldwide academic programs at suitably accredited institutions. As of 2017, it lists over 140 universities in North America offering more than 400 undergraduate and graduate programs in systems engineering. Widespread institutional acknowledgment of the field as a distinct subdiscipline is quite recent; the 2009 edition of the same publication reported the number of such schools and programs at only 80 and 165, respectively. Education in systems engineering can be taken as Systems-centric or Domain-centric: Systems-centric programs treat systems engineering as a separate discipline and most of the courses are taught focusing on systems engineering principles and practice. Domain-centric programs offer systems engineering as an option that can be exercised with another major field in engineering. Both of these patterns strive to educate the systems engineer who is able to oversee interdisciplinary projects with the depth required of a core-engineer. Systems engineering topics Systems engineering tools are strategies, procedures, and techniques that aid in performing systems engineering on a project or product. The purpose of these tools vary from database management, graphical browsing, simulation, and reasoning, to document production, neutral import/export and more. System There are many definitions of what a system is in the field of systems engineering. Below are a few authoritative definitions: ANSI/EIA-632-1999: "An aggregation of end products and enabling products to achieve a given purpose." DAU Systems Engineering Fundamentals: "an integrated composite of people, products, and processes that provide a capability to satisfy a stated need or objective." IEEE Std 1220-1998: "A set or arrangement of elements and processes that are related and whose behavior satisfies customer/operational needs and provides for life cycle sustainment of the products." INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook: "homogeneous entity that exhibits predefined behavior in the real world and is composed of heterogeneous parts that do not individually exhibit that behavior and an integrated configuration of components and/or subsystems." INCOSE: "A system is a construct or collection of different elements that together produce results not obtainable by the elements alone. The elements, or parts, can include people, hardware, software, facilities, policies, and documents; that is, all things required to produce systems-level results. The results include system level qualities, properties, characteristics, functions, behavior and performance. The value added by the system as a whole, beyond that contributed independently by the parts, is primarily created by the relationship among the parts; that is, how they are interconnected." ISO/IEC 15288:2008: "A combination of interacting elements organized to achieve one or more stated purposes." NASA Systems Engineering Handbook: "(1) The combination of elements that function together to produce the capability to meet a need. The elements include all hardware, software, equipment, facilities, personnel, processes, and procedures needed for this purpose. (2) The end product (which performs operational functions) and enabling products (which provide life-cycle support services to the operational end products) that make up a system." Systems engineering processes Systems engineering processes encompass all creative, manual and technical activities necessary to define the product and which need to be carried out to convert a system definition to a sufficiently detailed system design specification for product manufacture and deployment. Design and development of a system can be divided into four stages, each with different definitions: task definition (informative definition), conceptual stage (cardinal definition), design stage (formative definition), and implementation stage (manufacturing definition). Depending on their application, tools are used for various stages of the systems engineering process: Using models Models play important and diverse roles in systems engineering. A model can be defined in several ways, including: An abstraction of reality designed to answer specific questions about the real world An imitation, analogue, or representation of a real world process or structure; or A conceptual, mathematical, or physical tool to assist a decision maker. Together, these definitions are broad enough to encompass physical engineering models used in the verification of a system design, as well as schematic models like a functional flow block diagram and mathematical (i.e., quantitative) models used in the trade study process. This section focuses on the last. The main reason for using mathematical models and diagrams in trade studies is to provide estimates of system effectiveness, performance or technical attributes, and cost from a set of known or estimable quantities. Typically, a collection of separate models is needed to provide all of these outcome variables. The heart of any mathematical model is a set of meaningful quantitative relationships among its inputs and outputs. These relationships can be as simple as adding up constituent quantities to obtain a total, or as complex as a set of differential equations describing the trajectory of a spacecraft in a gravitational field. Ideally, the relationships express causality, not just correlation. Furthermore, key to successful systems engineering activities are also the methods with which these models are efficiently and effectively managed and used to simulate the systems. However, diverse domains often present recurring problems of modeling and simulation for systems engineering, and new advancements are aiming to crossfertilize methods among distinct scientific and engineering communities, under the title of 'Modeling & Simulation-based Systems Engineering'. Modeling formalisms and graphical representations Initially, when the primary purpose of a systems engineer is to comprehend a complex problem, graphic representations of a system are used to communicate a system's functional and data requirements. Common graphical representations include: Functional flow block diagram (FFBD) Model-based design Data flow diagram (DFD) N2 chart IDEF0 diagram Use case diagram Sequence diagram Block diagram Signal-flow graph USL function maps and type maps Enterprise architecture frameworks A graphical representation relates the various subsystems or parts of a system through functions, data, or interfaces. Any or each of the above methods are used in an industry based on its requirements. For instance, the N2 chart may be used where interfaces between systems is important. Part of the design phase is to create structural and behavioral models of the system. Once the requirements are understood, it is now the responsibility of a systems engineer to refine them, and to determine, along with other engineers, the best technology for a job. At this point starting with a trade study, systems engineering encourages the use of weighted choices to determine the best option. A decision matrix, or Pugh method, is one way (QFD is another) to make this choice while considering all criteria that are important. The trade study in turn informs the design, which again affects graphic representations of the system (without changing the requirements). In an SE process, this stage represents the iterative step that is carried out until a feasible solution is found. A decision matrix is often populated using techniques such as statistical analysis, reliability analysis, system dynamics (feedback control), and optimization methods. Other tools Systems Modeling Language (SysML), a modeling language used for systems engineering applications, supports the specification, analysis, design, verification and validation of a broad range of complex systems. Lifecycle Modeling Language (LML), is an open-standard modeling language designed for systems engineering that supports the full lifecycle: conceptual, utilization, support and retirement stages. Related fields and sub-fields Many related fields may be considered tightly coupled to systems engineering. The following areas have contributed to the development of systems engineering as a distinct entity: Cognitive systems engineering Cognitive systems engineering (CSE) is a specific approach to the description and analysis of human-machine systems or sociotechnical systems. The three main themes of CSE are how humans cope with complexity, how work is accomplished by the use of artifacts, and how human-machine systems and socio-technical systems can be described as joint cognitive systems. CSE has since its beginning become a recognized scientific discipline, sometimes also referred to as cognitive engineering. The concept of a Joint Cognitive System (JCS) has in particular become widely used as a way of understanding how complex socio-technical systems can be described with varying degrees of resolution. The more than 20 years of experience with CSE has been described extensively. Configuration management Like systems engineering, configuration management as practiced in the defense and aerospace industry is a broad systems-level practice. The field parallels the taskings of systems engineering; where systems engineering deals with requirements development, allocation to development items and verification, configuration management deals with requirements capture, traceability to the development item, and audit of development item to ensure that it has achieved the desired functionality that systems engineering and/or Test and Verification Engineering have proven out through objective testing. Control engineering Control engineering and its design and implementation of control systems, used extensively in nearly every industry, is a large sub-field of systems engineering. The cruise control on an automobile and the guidance system for a ballistic missile are two examples. Control systems theory is an active field of applied mathematics involving the investigation of solution spaces and the development of new methods for the analysis of the control process. Industrial engineering Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering that concerns the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, material and process. Industrial engineering draws upon the principles and methods of engineering analysis and synthesis, as well as mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict, and evaluate results obtained from such systems. Interface design Interface design and its specification are concerned with assuring that the pieces of a system connect and inter-operate with other parts of the system and with external systems as necessary. Interface design also includes assuring that system interfaces be able to accept new features, including mechanical, electrical and logical interfaces, including reserved wires, plug-space, command codes and bits in communication protocols. This is known as extensibility. Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) or Human-Machine Interface (HMI) is another aspect of interface design, and is a critical aspect of modern systems engineering. Systems engineering principles are applied in the design of communication protocols for local area networks and wide area networks. Mechatronic engineering Mechatronic engineering, like systems engineering, is a multidisciplinary field of engineering that uses dynamical systems modeling to express tangible constructs. In that regard it is almost indistinguishable from Systems Engineering, but what sets it apart is the focus on smaller details rather than larger generalizations and relationships. As such, both fields are distinguished by the scope of their projects rather than the methodology of their practice. Operations research Operations research supports systems engineering. The tools of operations research are used in systems analysis, decision making, and trade studies. Several schools teach SE courses within the operations research or industrial engineering department, highlighting the role systems engineering plays in complex projects. Operations research, briefly, is concerned with the optimization of a process under multiple constraints. Performance engineering Performance engineering is the discipline of ensuring a system meets customer expectations for performance throughout its life. Performance is usually defined as the speed with which a certain operation is executed, or the capability of executing a number of such operations in a unit of time. Performance may be degraded when operations queued to execute is throttled by limited system capacity. For example, the performance of a packet-switched network is characterized by the end-to-end packet transit delay, or the number of packets switched in an hour. The design of high-performance systems uses analytical or simulation modeling, whereas the delivery of high-performance implementation involves thorough performance testing. Performance engineering relies heavily on statistics, queueing theory and probability theory for its tools and processes. Program management and project management Program management (or programme management) has many similarities with systems engineering, but has broader-based origins than the engineering ones of systems engineering. Project management is also closely related to both program management and systems engineering. Proposal engineering Proposal engineering is the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design, construct, and operate a cost-effective proposal development system. Basically, proposal engineering uses the "systems engineering process" to create a cost-effective proposal and increase the odds of a successful proposal. Reliability engineering Reliability engineering is the discipline of ensuring a system meets customer expectations for reliability throughout its life; i.e., it does not fail more frequently than expected. Next to prediction of failure, it is just as much about prevention of failure. Reliability engineering applies to all aspects of the system. It is closely associated with maintainability, availability (dependability or RAMS preferred by some), and logistics engineering. Reliability engineering is always a critical component of safety engineering, as in failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and hazard fault tree analysis, and of security engineering. Risk Management Risk management, the practice of assessing and dealing with risk is one of the interdisciplinary parts of Systems Engineering. In development, acquisition, or operational activities, the inclusion of risk in tradeoff with cost, schedule, and performance features, involves the iterative complex configuration management of traceability and evaluation to the scheduling and requirements management across domains and for the system lifecycle that requires the interdisciplinary technical approach of systems engineering. Systems Engineering has Risk Management define, tailor, implement, and monitor a structured process for risk management which is integrated to the overall effort. Safety engineering The techniques of safety engineering may be applied by non-specialist engineers in designing complex systems to minimize the probability of safety-critical failures. The "System Safety Engineering" function helps to identify "safety hazards" in emerging designs, and may assist with techniques to "mitigate" the effects of (potentially) hazardous conditions that cannot be designed out of systems. Scheduling Scheduling is one of the systems engineering support tools as a practice and item in assessing interdisciplinary concerns under configuration management. In particular the direct relationship of resources, performance features, and risk to duration of a task or the dependency links among tasks and impacts across the system lifecycle are systems engineering concerns. Security engineering Security engineering can be viewed as an interdisciplinary field that integrates the community of practice for control systems design, reliability, safety and systems engineering. It may involve such sub-specialties as authentication of system users, system targets and others: people, objects and processes. Software engineering From its beginnings, software engineering has helped shape modern systems engineering practice. The techniques used in the handling of the complexities of large software-intensive systems have had a major effect on the shaping and reshaping of the tools, methods and processes of Systems Engineering. See also Arcadia (engineering) Control engineering Design review (U.S. government) Engineering management Engineering information management Enterprise systems engineering Industrial engineering Interdisciplinarity List of production topics List of requirements engineering tools List of systems engineers List of types of systems engineering Management cybernetics Model-based systems engineering Operations management Structured systems analysis and design method System of systems engineering (SoSE) System accident Systems architecture Systems development life cycle Systems thinking (e.g. theory of constraints, value-stream mapping) System information modelling References Further reading Blockley, D. Godfrey, P. Doing it Differently: Systems for Rethinking Infrastructure, Second Edition, ICE Publications, London, 2017. Buede, D.M., Miller, W.D. The Engineering Design of Systems: Models and Methods, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2016. Chestnut, H., Systems Engineering Methods. Wiley, 1967. Gianni, D. et al. (eds.), Modeling and Simulation-Based Systems Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, 2014 at CRC Goode, H.H., Robert E. Machol System Engineering: An Introduction to the Design of Large-scale Systems, McGraw-Hill, 1957. Hitchins, D. (1997) World Class Systems Engineering at hitchins.net. Lienig, J., Bruemmer, H., Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design, Springer, 2017 . Malakooti, B. (2013). Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives. John Wiley & Sons. MITRE, The MITRE Systems Engineering Guide(pdf) NASA (2007) Systems Engineering Handbook, NASA/SP-2007-6105 Rev1, December 2007. NASA (2013) NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements NPR 7123.1B, April 2013 NASA Procedural Requirements Oliver, D.W., et al. Engineering Complex Systems with Models and Objects. McGraw-Hill, 1997. Parnell, G.S., Driscoll, P.J., Henderson, D.L. (eds.), Decision Making in Systems Engineering and Management, 2nd. ed., Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. This is a textbook for undergraduate students of engineering. Ramo, S., St.Clair, R.K. The Systems Approach: Fresh Solutions to Complex Problems Through Combining Science and Practical Common Sense, Anaheim, CA: KNI, Inc, 1998. Sage, A.P., Systems Engineering. Wiley IEEE, 1992. . Sage, A.P., Olson, S.R., Modeling and Simulation in Systems Engineering, 2001. SEBOK.org, Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK) Shermon, D. Systems Cost Engineering, Gower publishing, 2009 Shishko, R., et al. (2005) [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23710690M/NASA_systems_engineering_handbook NASA Systems Engineering Handbook]. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information, 2005. Stevens, R., et al. Systems Engineering: Coping with Complexity. Prentice Hall, 1998. US Air Force, SMC Systems Engineering Primer & Handbook, 2004 US DoD Systems Management College (2001) Systems Engineering Fundamentals.'' Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001 US DoD Guide for Integrating Systems Engineering into DoD Acquisition Contracts, 2006 US DoD MIL-STD-499 System Engineering Management External links ICSEng homepage. INCOSE homepage. INCOSE UK homepage PPI SE Goldmine homepage Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge Systems Engineering Tools List of systems engineering tools AcqNotes DoD Systems Engineering Overview NDIA Systems Engineering Division Engineering disciplines	1	1
1072637	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20O.%20Woodruff	Abraham O. Woodruff	Abraham Owen Woodruff (November 23, 1872 – June 20, 1904) was an American missionary who was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was also the son of LDS Church president Wilford Woodruff. Owen Woodruff was born near Salt Lake City, Utah Territory and grew up working on his family's farm. Then, as a young man, he attended the Latter Day Saints' College and obtained a job at the Zion's Saving Bank and Trust Company. After serving a mission in Germany, he was ordained an apostle at the relatively young age of 24. In this capacity, he traveled throughout the Intermountain West, Canada, and Mexico, attending stake conferences of the church and identifying areas for potential Mormon colonies. Woodruff played a major role in the establishment of a Latter-day Saint settlement at Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. During one of his trips to Wyoming in 1901, he met and married his second wife, thus practicing plural marriage eleven years after his father issued the 1890 Manifesto that ended polygamy as an official practice of the church. Woodruff contracted smallpox while visiting his second wife in the Mormon colonies in Mexico and died in 1904 at the age of 31. Early life On November 23, 1872, Woodruff was born just south of Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Wilford Woodruff and Emma Smith Woodruff. He was the sixth of eight children. His mother was the second plural wife of Wilford Woodruff and the niece of Abraham O. Smoot, after whom Woodruff was named. On May 3, 1881, he was baptized a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He attended Brigham Young's funeral as a child. Woodruff's childhood home was a log house on the Woodruff homestead that his father had established after traveling across the Great Plains as a Mormon pioneer. During his young life, Woodruff helped out on the family farm; "he learned to hoe corn, plant and do general farm work." By the time he was ten, his job was to herd cows. He also sold watercress from Liberty Park in Salt Lake City for pocket money. He spent his free time fishing and hunting. He attended the local public schools and did well in his math classes. When the U.S. Congress passed the Edmunds Anti-Polygamy Act of 1882, Woodruff's father (Wilford Woodruff) went into hiding, seeking to avoid arrest for practicing plural marriage. Then, when Woodruff was fifteen years old, his father became president of the church. After graduating from the 40th District school, Woodruff attended Latter-day Saints' College. Here, he studied under James E. Talmage and Karl G. Maeser for five years. Upon completion of his studies in 1891, Woodruff was hired to work at the Zion's Saving Bank and Trust Company. He was 18 years old. He worked as a collector before being promoted to assistant bookkeeper. Missionary years In 1893, at age 21, Woodruff was called to the Swiss–German Mission. Around this time, his father's health had begun to deteriorate, which made Woodruff's departure a difficult matter; but his father encouraged him to go, so he left for Europe. He was assigned to preach first in the city of Frankfurt, Germany. At the outset of his mission, he studied the German language with the help of his host family, often for two hours a day. After a few months, he found a few people who wished to be baptized. Woodruff was then moved from Frankfurt to the city of Dresden, where he served as branch president. After preaching in Dresden, his last assignment was in Berlin. Here, Woodruff endured persecution against Latter-day Saint missionaries; the German government had chosen to promulgate "the banishment of the 'Mormon' Elders" from the country. In order to blend in, Woodruff dressed and acted like a common worker in the country and preached in secret in homes at night, receiving support from local church members. Then, in 1896, he was released from his mission after three years of service. Apostle of the LDS Church After his mission, Woodruff returned to work at the Zion's Saving Bank and Trust Co., of which he was eventually made director. On June 30, 1896, he married Helen May Winters. Woodruff's father performed the sealing ceremony. The following October, during a general conference of the church, he was called by his father as an apostle. He was 24 years old. He and Matthias F. Cowley were ordained to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles after Abraham H. Cannon died and Moses Thatcher was released. Woodruff was the youngest member of the quorum at the time. He was ordained by his father on October 7, 1897 and was tasked with "traveling to various LDS congregations to dedicate buildings, call church leaders, and generally oversee the operations of the church." Woodruff traveled throughout Utah, Wyoming, Canada, and Mexico in his capacity as apostle. He attended multiple stake conferences throughout the Intermountain West. He spoke at a stake conference held in Price, Utah, and, according to the Deseret Evening News, told the audience that "the Saints in general [were] on the improve." He then motioned for all the bishops and high councilors to stand up; and when it became obvious that only half of them were in attendance, Woodruff told the crowd that he "wished they [the absent bishops and high councilors] would hand in their resignations." At another stake conference in Brigham City, Utah, held in the Box Elder Stake Tabernacle, Woodruff spoke on the importance of the Second Coming, preaching the gospel, and marriage. At a stake conference in St. George, Utah, he told attendees of the importance of "improving [their] horses, cattle, sheep and fowls in general." At a conference of the Granite Stake in 1903, Woodruff quoted Theodore Roosevelt on the value of labor. Woodruff also took part in various additional functions as an apostle: he was present for the celebration of the thirteenth anniversary of the establishment of LDS College and, in 1901, he took part in planning the Brigham Young anniversary celebration.He was also a member of the general board of the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association. His wife Helen Woodruff was on the general board of the Young Ladies' Mutual Improvement Association, so she and her husband often traveled together on church assignments. Of him, Woodruff's fellow LDS apostle Matthias F. Cowley wrote: "When appointed to any labor, he works with all his might, mind, and strength, coupled with implicit faith in our eternal Father. He is young, healthy, active and faithful in his high calling and will doubtless accomplish a mighty work in the earth, and live to see the redemption of Zion." During this time, Woodruff developed a close relationship with his father, Wilford Woodruff, whose health had waned over time. After Wilford Woodruff died in 1898, Owen Woodruff inherited from him two shares in the Zion's Savings Bank and Trust Co. Woodruff's father also appointed him, along with Asahel Hart, David Patten, Newton Woodruff, and Wilford Woodruff Jr., to compile and publish his biography. He focused much of his efforts as apostle on establishing new LDS settlements outside of Utah Territory. Establishing a Mormon colony at Bighorn Basin, Wyoming Early in the year 1900, Woodruff traveled to the Bighorn River in Wyoming to scout the availability of resources and determine the feasibility of establishing a colony of Latter-day Saints there. In February, he traveled back to Salt Lake City to make his report to church leadership, traveling on the Northern Pacific Railway through Butte, Montana. He stayed with Colonel William F. Cody (also known as Buffalo Bill) in Cody, Wyoming during a bout of cold weather. Once he arrived in Utah, The Salt Lake Tribune reported that "Mr. Woodruff stated that he was delighted with eastern Montana and northern Wyoming, which is peculiarly adapted for Mormon husbandry. He said that he and his colleagues would make a favorable report to the higher officials of the Mormon church". Additionally, Woodruff told the Salt Lake Herald-Republican, "Our people are naturally agriculturalists, industrious and thrifty, and if the Big Horn country is what I am told it is, the colony should prove very successful." He became president of the Big Horn Basin Colonization Company and encouraged church members to migrate to Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Alongside a committee of public and church officials, Woodruff facilitated the purchase of 18,000 acres under the Carey Act on which to establish a new Mormon colony. The Wyoming state government cooperated with Woodruff, who said that the Wyoming representatives gave the committee "every encouragement in this matter". Land in the basin cost 25 cents per acre for settlers. Preparations for the settlement were finalized in March 1900. Under Woodruff's direction, 500 Latter-day Saints settled in Big Horn County, Wyoming in May 1900. He was there to greet them upon arrival. Then, in July 1901, group of Latter-day Saints from Sanpete County, Utah; Ogden, Utah; and Coalville, Utah left for Big Horn as well. One of the settlers' first projects was the construction of an irrigation system. In 1901 Woodruff was president of the "Wood River Live-stock company," which focused on fostering the livestock industry in Idaho and Wyoming. Post-Manifesto polygamy During one of his trips to Bighorn Basin, Woodruff met Eliza Avery Clark in Star Valley, Wyoming. He married her in 1901 while still married to his first wife, Helen, thus entering into plural marriage 11 years after his father issued the 1890 Manifesto, which ended polygamy as an official practice of the church. Woodruff was not alone in entering into post-Manifesto polygamy; there is evidence that other church leaders did the same, recognizing the Manifesto as the end of practicing plural marriage publicly but not privately. His marriage to Clark was largely kept a secret, and it is unknown if Joseph F. Smith, the church president at the time, gave permission for the union to take place. Of his decision to practice plural marriage, authors Lu Ann Faylor Snyder and Phillip A. Snyder wrote: "Eventually, apparently after much soul-searching, Owen determined to embrace post-Manifesto polygamy because he must have believed that the laws of God would eventually supersede those of the government despite the Manifesto’s promise of the church’s legal compliance." Woodruff had four children with Helen Winters Woodruff: a son named Wilford Owen and three daughters named Helen Mar, June, and Rhoda. He had one child with Eliza Clark: a daughter named Ruth, born on April 11, 1904. Clark lived in Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, a Latter-day Saint colony in Mexico, in order to keep her status as a plural wife a secret. Accompanied by Helen and their children, Woodruff visited Clark in Mexico shortly after the birth of their daughter, Ruth; apparently, "President [Joseph F.] Smith had sent Owen and Helen to Mexico to avoid the threat of arrest and the possibility of testifying in the [Reed] Smoot polygamy trials." He was included on a 1910 list of known post-Manifesto polygamists, apparently called "Sporadies". Death, and legacy While in Mexico, his wife Helen Woodruff contracted smallpox and died on June 7, 1904 after suffering with the disease for three weeks. The couple had been encouraged to be vaccinated against the disease, but Woodruff had opted not to receive the vaccine. After attending Helen's funeral in Mexico City, he began to travel back to the US, but stopped in El Paso, Texas when he grew ill. His doctor initially diagnosed the illness as typhoid fever, but it was soon revealed that he had smallpox. Woodruff's condition appeared to be improving; he began making preparations to return home to Salt Lake City when his illness worsened. He was kept in an "isolation hospital" in El Paso. Woodruff died on June 20, 1904, at the age of 31 in line with a prophecy given to Owen and Helen Woodruff by President Wilford Woodruff that they "would not be separated in death by more than two weeks." The Coalville Times reported that his "direct cause of death" was "heart failure." Memorial services for Abraham Owen and Helen Woodruff were held on June 26, 1904 in the Granite Stake Tabernacle. The Deseret Evening News reported that around 1,500 people were in attendance. Francis M. Lyman, Seymour B. Young, Junius F. Wells, Martha H. Tingey, Maria Young Dougall, and J. Golden Kimball participated in the program. W. W. Maughan "read a biographical sketch of Apostle Woodruff." Woodruff was succeeded by Charles W. Penrose in his office as apostle. Heber J. Grant and his wife took care of Owen and Helen Woodruff's four children after their deaths. Their daughter Helen Woodruff Anderson went on to attend the University of Utah and later became a member of the Relief Society General Board. On July 17, 1993, Woodruff's body was transported from El Paso to Salt Lake City and was reinterred in the Salt Lake City Cemetery. His wife Helen's body was moved from Mexico City to rest beside Woodruff's. Editor and politician S. A. Kenner described Woodruff as possessing "scrupulous honesty, simplicity, implicit faith in God, industry and a total absence of ostentation". The Iron County Record memorialized him as "one of those unostentatious unassuming sort of men who win the hearts of those with whom they come in contact by making them feel perfectly at home in their society, and that although they are called to hold a prominent place in the administration of public affairs, are not the least bit top heavy in consequence." References External links Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: Abraham O. Woodruff Abraham Owen Woodruff papers, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University Abraham Owen Woodruff's missionary journal, vol. 1, 1894, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University Abraham Owen Woodruff's missionary journal, vol. 2, 1895–1896, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University Letters to Helen Winters Woodruff, 1898–1904, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University Abraham Owen Woodruff correspondence, 1885–1904, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University Abraham Owen Woodruff scrapbooks and notebooks, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University 1872 births 1904 deaths 19th-century Mormon missionaries American Mormon missionaries in Germany American Mormon missionaries in Switzerland American general authorities (LDS Church) Apostles (LDS Church) Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery Deaths from smallpox Infectious disease deaths in Texas Latter Day Saints from Utah Smoot–Rowlett family Harold B. Lee Library-related 19th century articles	0	-1
38497391	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston%20Dang	Winston Dang	Winston Dang (; born 1943) is a Taiwanese politician and member of the Democratic Progressive Party. He was elected to the Legislative Yuan in 2004, and served through 2007, when he was appointed leader of the Environmental Protection Administration. He stepped down from the agency in 2008. Education Dang did his undergraduate education at Taipei Medical University and then moved to the United States to pursue further education, successively earning an M.A. from Columbia University, a Ph.D. from the City University of New York, and a M.P.H. from the Harvard School of Public Health. Career Dang worked for the United States Environmental Protection Agency, prior to his return to Taiwan and election to the Legislative Yuan as a Democratic Progressive Party representative of Taiwan Dang was appointed head of the Environmental Protection Administration by Chen Shui-bian after the 2004 elections, and Dang renounced his U.S. citizenship to take up the position. His work as minister earned him the nickname "the over-educated garbage man". He served in the position until 2008, when he was succeeded by Stephen Shen. References 1943 births Living people Columbia University alumni Graduate Center, CUNY alumni Democratic Progressive Party Members of the Legislative Yuan Taiwanese Ministers of Environment Harvard School of Public Health alumni Former United States citizens Taiwanese emigrants to the United States Taipei Medical University alumni People of the United States Environmental Protection Agency Taiwanese environmentalists American emigrants to Taiwan Members of the 6th Legislative Yuan Party List Members of the Legislative Yuan	0	-1
47771425	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s%20Vet%C5%91	Miklós Vető	Miklós Vető (22 August 1936 – 8 January 2020) was a Hungarian-born French philosopher. A historian of German Idealism, especially Schelling, he lived in Paris. As an author, many of his works were collected by libraries. Biography Vető was born in Budapest, and studied law at the University of Szeged. Because of his participation in the Revolution of 1956 he had to flee Hungary. As a refugee he was admitted to France in 1957. He studied philosophy first at the Sorbonne and then Oxford. He taught at Marquette and Yale Universities in the United States, the University of Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and Rennes and Poitiers Universities in France. He was made Professor Emeritus in 2005. Vető was an external member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and a member of the Catholic Academy of France and the Academy of Messina. He was awarded a Doctorate Honoris Causa by the Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest and the University of Szeged. He was Honorary Professor at the Australian Catholic University, Melbourne and an officer of the National Order of the Ivory Coast. He died in Paris. Philosophy Vető's philosophy is coordinated along three interrelated foci: The History of Philosophy, particularly German Idealism (Kant, Hegel, Schelling). This is the central thread of his philosophical research. The Philosophy of Religion, understood as the philosophical investigation of the intelligibility of Christian spirituality and theology. A Constructive Metaphysics, concerned with the "enlargement" of philosophical reflection by intercourse with themes drawn from religion, art and ordinary experience. Foci 1 and 2 have involved parallel developments through his career, whereas focus 3 has appeared central in publications since 2002. Publications LA MÉTAPHYSIQUE RELIGIEUSE DE SIMONE WEIL, Paris, 1971 ; 3. ed. Paris, 2014. English translation : THE RELIGIOUS METAPHYSICS OF SIMONE WEIL, Albany, 1994. Translations in Italian, Japanese and Hungarian. F.W.J. SCHELLING : STUTTGARTER PRIVATVORLESUNGEN. Critical edition, Turin, 1973, 2. edition Paris, 2009. LE FONDEMENT SELON SCHELLING, Paris, 1977, 2. ed. Paris, 2002. LA PENSÉE DE JONATHAN EDWARDS, Paris, 1987, 2. ed. Paris, 2007. English translation : THE THOUGHT OF JONATHAN EDWARDS, EUGENE (OREGON) (IN PRINT) ÉTUDES SUR L’IDÉALISME ALLEMAND, Paris, 1998. DE KANT À SCHELLING. LES DEUX VOIES DE L’IDÉALISME ALLEMAND I-II. Krisis, Grenoble, 1998–2000 (German translation in preparation). LE MAL. ESSAIS ET ÉTUDES, Paris, 2000. FICHTE. DE L’ACTION À L’IMAGE, Paris, 2001. LA NAISSANCE DE LA VOLONTÉ, Paris, 2002, also a Brazilian translation PHILOSOPHIE ET RELIGION. Paris, 2006. Translation in Hungarian. NOUVELLES ÉTUDES SUR L’IDÉALISME ALLEMAND. Paris, 2009. L’ÉLARGISSEMENT DE LA MÉTAPHYSIQUE, Paris, 2012, English translation: THE EXPANSION OF METAPHYSICS. Eugene (Oregon), (in preparation). EXPLORATIONS MÉTAPHYSIQUES, Paris, 2012. GABRIEL MARCEL, Paris, 2014. DE WHITEHEAD A MARION. ECLATS DE PHILOSOPHIE CONTEMPORAINE, Paris, 2015. PIERRE DE BÉRULLE. LES THÈMES MAJEURS DE SA PENSÉE. PARIS, 2016. LA VOLONTÉ SELON FÉNELON, Paris (in print). Also over 400 other publications: articles, prefaces, book reviews. References Vetö, Miklos. "Jalons et moments" Iris : Annales de la philosophie 27 (2006). Pazmany Peter Catholic University, "PPCU Laureates Miklos Vetö." Press Release: 16 December 2010. https://btk.ppke.hu/en/about/news/ppcu-laureates-miklos-veto. Academie catholique de France. "M. le Professeur Miklos Vetö." http://www.academiecatholiquedefrance.fr/index.php/qui-sommes-nous/membressocietaires-individuels/133-m-le-professeur-miklos-vetoe. Accessed 25 September 2015. Hungarian Academy of Sciences. "Vető Miklós" http://mta.hu/members_of_has?PersonId=19624. Accessed 25 September 2015. Communio : revue catholique internationale. "VETÖ Miklos." http://www.communio.fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2913:vetoumlmiklos&catid=283:auteurs&Itemid=849. Accessed 25 September 2015. Tengelyi, László,"Buchrezension: L'élargissement de la métaphysique" Philosophische Rundschau 60(2013), 80 – 84. Australian Catholic University, Institute for Religion and Critical Inquiry "Professor Miklos Vetö Visit" http://www.acu.edu.au/miklosveto. Accessed 25 September 2015. 1936 births 2020 deaths Hungarian philosophers 20th-century French male writers 20th-century Hungarian historians Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny faculty Marquette University faculty Yale University faculty Hungarian emigrants to France University of Rennes faculty University of Poitiers faculty French historians of philosophy French male non-fiction writers	0	-1
64401186	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville%20Longbottom	Neville Longbottom	Neville Longbottom is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter book series. He is described as a round-faced Gryffindor student in the central character Harry Potter's year. Throughout the series, Neville is often portrayed as a bumbling and disorganised character, and a rather mediocre student, though he is highly gifted at Herbology. However, the character's personality appears to undergo a transition after he joins Dumbledore's Army in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. The encouragement he receives gives him confidence in his magical abilities, turning him into a more competent wizard. Eventually, Neville becomes the leader of Dumbledore's Army during Harry, Ron and Hermione's absence searching for Horcruxes. Neville is instrumental in the downfall of Lord Voldemort and eventually destroys the final Horcrux, which allows Harry to defeat The Dark Lord once and for all. Neville is portrayed in the film adaptations by Matthew Lewis. Character development Although a secondary character in the first four books, Neville appears often in the role of comic relief. He is one of Harry's strongest supporters over the course of the series, and becomes close friends with Ron, Hermione, Ginny, and Luna as well. Neville played a significant part in the two final books and the fight against Lord Voldemort, destroying the final Horcrux, Nagini, with the Sword of Gryffindor. The Sword appearing for Neville in his time of need was Neville's justification that he was a true Gryffindor, as he had always doubted his placement in the house since the beginning, wondering why he wasn't sorted into Hufflepuff. Rowling revealed in an interview that "there's a lot of Neville in me - this feeling of just never being quite good enough... I felt that a lot when I was younger". For that reason, she wanted Neville to do something brave in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, in which Neville "finds true moral courage in standing up to his closest friends - the people who are on his side" towards the climax of the novel. She also said in that interview that this was "...a very important moment for me too in the first book". Appearances First four books Neville Longbottom first appears in Philosopher's Stone before the initial journey in the Hogwarts Express, in which he is seen being accompanied by his grandmother looking for his toad pet Trevor. He befriends Harry, Ron and Hermione, and takes part in some of the trio's first adventures. Neville makes one significant contribution in his first year at Hogwarts: by attempting to stand up to the trio when he sees them about to break the rules and possibly do more harm to Gryffindor house, he earns the respect of Albus Dumbledore. For this act Dumbledore mentions him especially at the end of year dinner, pointing out the bravery required to stand up to one's friends and awarding him the final 10 points necessary for Gryffindor house to beat Slytherin. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, despite being a Pure-blood wizard, Neville fears that Slytherin's monster would attack him because he is "almost a Squib", as he is a poorly skilled student. However, in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Remus Lupin is one of the first to help Neville develop his true power by asking him to confront and destroy a Boggart, which Neville successfully did. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, it is revealed that Neville was raised by his grandmother because his parents were tortured to the point of insanity by Barty Crouch, Jr. and Rodolphus, Rabastan and Bellatrix Lestrange with the Cruciatus Curse for information on Voldemort's whereabouts following his downfall. During one of Crouch Jr.'s Defence Against the Dark Arts lessons while impersonating Alastor Moody, Neville is terrified upon seeing Crouch Jr. demonstrate the effects of the curse on a spider. He invites Hermione to the Yule Ball but is declined, so Neville is accompanied by Ginny at the Ball instead. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Neville's magical abilities improve dramatically under the tutelage of Harry during meetings of Dumbledore's Army, and then devotes himself to Harry's training regimen. He also receives far greater characterisation than he has in the past, with Harry, and thus the reader, coming to understand him on a deeper level, beginning when Harry's friends see the state of Neville's parents at St Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries. In the climax of the book, Neville participates in the battle in the Department of Mysteries, in which he accidentally breaks the prophecy made about Harry and Voldemort. Dumbledore, to whom the prophecy was originally made, explains that it concerns "the Chosen One", a wizard that would have the power to vanquish Voldemort. This "Chosen One" would be born "as the seventh month dies", and thus could refer to either Neville, born July 30, 1980, or Harry, born July 31. According to Rowling, this "does not give Neville either hidden powers or a mysterious destiny ... Neville remains the tantalising 'might-have-been.' " Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Neville receives a new wand in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince as the old one, which was actually his father's, was broken during the struggle with Death Eaters in the previous book. During the train ride to Hogwarts, Neville is invited by Horace Slughorn to join the Slug Club, but apparently does not pass Slughorn's first test as he is not invited again. It is revealed that Neville achieved an "Outstanding" in Herbology, and he did well in Defence Against the Dark Arts and Charms, earning an "Exceeds Expectations." Neville wants the D.A. meetings to continue, as he feels they have helped him and the others to improve their skills, however they stop as Harry now says there is no need as they now have a "proper teacher". When a group of Death Eaters guided by Draco Malfoy attack the castle, Neville answers the call for help, and he fights against the Death Eaters once again, though he suffers minor injuries. During Dumbledore's funeral Neville is accompanied and assisted by Luna, and Harry felt a "great rush of affection" for them because they were the only two D.A. members that helped Ron, Hermione, and Ginny in the struggle with the Death Eaters. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows With Harry's absence and the control of Hogwarts in the hands of Severus Snape and Death Eaters Alecto and Amycus Carrow in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Neville spends much of his seventh year at Hogwarts as the resistance leader against Voldemort's takeover. Together with Ginny and Luna, Neville reactivates Dumbledore's Army, stepping into the leadership position in Harry's absence and helping students who were tormented under the new regime. Neville reveals that the Carrows beat him and that the Death Eaters targeted his grandmother when Neville was acting up at school. Neville goes into hiding in the Room of Requirement, which he shows an incredible ability to control. Upon Harry's return to Hogwarts, Neville sends messages to the D.A., which in turn gathers the Order of the Phoenix. During the Battle of Hogwarts, he is spotted twice by Harry using his knowledge of Herbology to help ward off the attackers. He is later seen helping Oliver Wood carry the body of Colin Creevey. When Voldemort returns with Harry's apparently lifeless body, Neville defies him, and decapitates Nagini with the Sword of Godric Gryffindor (which he draws from the Sorting Hat), thus destroying the final Horcrux and making Voldemort mortal once again. When the battle goes to the Great Hall, he is shown assisting Ron in taking down Fenrir Greyback. After the battle is won, Neville is shown surrounded by a group of admirers. Epilogue In the epilogue of Deathly Hallows, Ginny mentions that Neville has gone on to be the Herbology professor at Hogwarts. In an interview, Rowling also mentioned that he shows off his D.A. coin to many admiring students and tells them about his adventures. Rowling revealed more information about Neville when she stated that he married Hannah Abbott, a Hufflepuff classmate, who became the landlady of the Leaky Cauldron. The couple live over the pub, a fact that Rowling thought people would find "particularly cool". Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Although Neville does not appear onstage in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, he is mentioned as part of a pivotal plot element. Time travelers Albus Potter and Scorpius Malfoy prevent Cedric Diggory from winning the Tri-Wizard Tournament, in order to save his life. But Diggory is publicly humiliated, setting him on a path to becoming a Death Eater. When Scorpius returns to his own time, he learns that Diggory's only significant act as a Death Eater was to murder Neville, who was considered unimportant; but Neville's absence from the Battle of Hogwarts results in a timeline where Harry was killed, Voldemort conquered the wizarding world, and Albus no longer exists. Film portrayal Neville has been played by Matthew Lewis in all of the Harry Potter films to date. Lewis' portrayal of Neville has been "clowned up", as he wears yellow and crooked false teeth, two-sizes-too-big shoes and has plastic bits placed behind his ears in order to make them stick out more. Prior to the release of the fifth film, Lewis commented on Neville's character development that he thinks "it's amazing that the character of Neville has really shaken off his klutz image (to an extent.) It very good to see him finally being a help as opposed to making things worse, I'm looking forward to the 5th film, it will be interesting to almost play a different character." When asked if he feels related to Neville, Lewis replied that he is "clumsy and terribly forgetful" just like his character is, but that he does not have "the same nervous disposition as Neville", and that it is interesting to play somebody that, despite being picked on at school, still does the right thing. Characterisation Outward appearance The narrative describes Neville as round-faced. In Prisoner of Azkaban, Harry draws some physical comparison between Neville and Peter Pettigrew. In a 2000 interview, Rowling recalled a conversation with a reader, to whom she described Neville as "short and plump and blond". Personality For most of the first part of the series, Neville is described as lacking self-confidence and being shy. In the third book, his boggart is revealed to be Professor Snape, whom Neville is terrified of because of the treatment the potions teacher gives to the boy. Rowling said that the "worst, shabbiest thing you can do" as a teacher is to bully students. Along with Luna, Neville is isolated within Hogwarts for most of the series. Although Professor Lupin is one of the first to encourage Neville, the character develops more self-confidence since the fifth book. In the final book, the situation pushes Neville's personality to unseen limits as he becomes the resistance leader within Hogwarts and is greatly admired by his fellows. However, since the first book Neville has displayed great courage, a feature that is recognised by Dumbledore for standing up to his own friends, and valued by Rowling above all other virtues. Magical abilities and skills During the first books of the series, Neville is portrayed as an incompetent wizard and as poorly skilled at school (with the only exception of Herbology). The character himself reveals in the second book that it was even feared by his family, especially his grandmother, that he was a Squib during his childhood. Neville's family is relieved, therefore, when he receives his letter inviting him to Hogwarts. Neville's magical abilities greatly improve in the fifth instalment, due to the character joining Dumbledore's Army, a group dedicated to practice Defence Against the Dark Arts. In Half-Blood Prince, Neville receives a new wand made of cherry wood and unicorn hair, as his previous wand (which was actually his father's) was destroyed while fighting Death Eaters in Order of the Phoenix. The wand appears to have added further improvement to Neville's school performance. Family Neville is a pure-blood wizard born to Frank and Alice Longbottom, who were prominent Aurors and also members of the Order of the Phoenix during the first war against Lord Voldemort. It is stated by Dumbledore that both of them had "thrice defied" Voldemort by 1981. Their success, however, was cut short, as Frank and Alice were tortured to the point of insanity with the Cruciatus Curse by a group of Death Eaters consisting of Barty Crouch, Jr., Bellatrix Lestrange, her husband Rodolphus, and his brother Rabastan. The torture of the Longbottoms is remembered by the Order as one of the most horrific crimes committed by Voldemort's followers. Since then, Frank and Alice reside in a closed ward of St Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries. Neville visits Frank and Alice over the holidays, but neither of them recognise him as their son. Augusta Longbottom, Neville's paternal grandmother, raised him from a young age. Early on, it is established that Neville is terrified of his grandmother, who is a very strict disciplinarian, a perfectionist, and a no-nonsense witch, especially towards Neville, and sometimes complains of his lack of talent. She appears to want Neville to follow his father's example, regardless of his desires or suitability. Deathly Hallows is a definite turning point for the relation between Augusta and her grandson. Towards the climax of the book, it is revealed that the Death Eaters targeted Augusta when Neville was acting as leader of the reformed Dumbledore's Army. The Ministry official Dawlish is sent to arrest her but does not succeed and winds up in hospital when she apparently fights back before going on the run. Augusta also arrives to the Battle of Hogwarts to assist her grandson. When Harry tells her that Neville is fighting Death Eaters, she replies, "Naturally." Bolstered by Neville's leadership of the D.A. during his seventh year at Hogwarts, Augusta ultimately becomes extremely proud of him. Reception Due in large part to the character's impressive character arc throughout the series, Neville is often regarded as one of the greatest characters in the Harry Potter mythos. IGN ranked Neville as the 6th greatest character from the franchise stating, "Neville Longbottom is the quintessential dimwit-turned-hero. When we first meet him at Hogwarts, Neville is a shy introvert who is simply not that good at magic. In fact, those close to Neville quietly wondered if he might nearly be a Squib, someone born into a wizarding family without magic powers. He's lovable, sure, but his early misadventures don't explicitly foreshadow the valiant defender of Hogwarts that he would ultimately become." Neville was always considered to be a fan favourite character in the first four books where he provided a mainly secondary role, before The Order of the Phoenix where he became one of the main characters and eventual leader of Dumbledore's Army. Fans of the series admire Neville's bravery and desire to avenge his parents and assist Harry, Ron and Hermione. Neville's role in the prophecy in Order of the Phoenix is frequently referred to in a hypothetical scenario where Neville was the Chosen One rather than Harry. It is often suggested that Voldemort chose Harry over Neville because of Harry's half-blood status. In the end, both were essential to Voldemort's downfall, fulfilling the possibility that both Harry and Neville were, in fact, the Chosen One. While Harry delivered the final blow to destroy Voldemort, Neville destroyed the final Horcrux which allowed Harry to end Voldemort. When asked about whether or not Neville was the chosen one, Neville's portrayer Matthew Lewis stated, "I get asked about the prophecy an awful lot, and Neville's potential as 'The Chosen One'. The contrast between the two people is that Harry was the reluctant hero who never wanted that on his shoulders and whatnot, but he just felt like he had to do it. Whereas Neville was kind of the hero that no one expected to be a hero, but still came out the other side being exactly that. Could Neville have been the Chosen One? Could he have achieved what Harry did? I think yeah, absolutely. But the thing is: nobody in this series did anything on their own. Even Voldemort didn't get to his level of power on his own. Harry saved the day because he had friends and people who loved him. I think, had it been Neville he would have had a similar experience. Both the characters are incredibly and fiercely loyal and that breeds loyalty in other people. So I think Neville would've had plenty of people getting his back, Harry would've been there in Neville's role getting his back. So I think, yeah, he'd have pulled through in the end." References External links Neville Longbottom at the Harry Potter Lexicon Harry Potter characters Wizards in fiction Child characters in film Child characters in literature Literary characters introduced in 1997 Teenage characters in literature Teenage characters in film Male characters in film Male characters in literature Fictional British people Fictional members of secret societies Fictional horticulturists and gardeners Fictional schoolteachers Fictional botanists Fictional war veterans Fictional swordfighters Fictional professors	0	-1
2736470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic%20studies	Celtic studies	Celtic studies or Celtology is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to the Celtic-speaking peoples (i.e. speakers of Celtic languages). This ranges from linguistics, literature and art history, archaeology and history, the focus lying on the study of the various Celtic languages, living and extinct. The primary areas of focus are the six Celtic languages currently in use: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. As a university subject, it is taught at a number of universities, most of them in Ireland, the United Kingdom, or France, but also in the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, Poland, Austria and the Netherlands. History Written studies of the Celts, their cultures, and their languages go back to classical Greek and Latin accounts, possibly beginning with Hecataeus in the 6th century BC and best known through such authors as Polybius, Posidonius, Pausanias, Diodorus Siculus, Julius Caesar and Strabo. Modern Celtic studies originated in the 16th and 17th centuries, when many of these classical authors were rediscovered, published and translated. Academic interest in Celtic languages grew out of comparative and historical linguistics, which was itself established at the end of the 18th century. In the 16th century, George Buchanan studied the Goidelic languages. The first major breakthrough in Celtic linguistics came with the publication of Archaeologia Britannica (1707) by the Welsh scholar Edward Lhuyd, who was the first to recognise that Gaulish, British and Irish belong to the same language family. He also published an English version of a study by Paul-Yves Pezron of Gaulish. In 1767 James Parsons published his study The Remains of Japhet, being historical enquiries into the affinity and origins of the European languages. He compared a 1000-word lexicon of Irish and Welsh and concluded that they were originally the same, then comparing the numerals in many other languages. The second big leap forwards was made when the Englishman Sir William Jones postulated that Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and many other languages including "the Celtic" derived from a common ancestral language. This hypothesis, published in The Sanscrit Language (1786), would later be hailed as the discovery of the Indo-European language family, from which grew the field of Indo-European studies. The Celtic languages were definitively linked to the Indo-European family over the course of the 19th century. Although Jones' trail-blazing hypothesis inspired numerous linguistic studies, of which Celtic languages were a part, it was not until Johann Kaspar Zeuss's monumental Grammatica Celtica (volume 1, 1851; volume 2, 1853) that any truly significant progress was made. Written in Latin, the work draws on the earliest Old Irish, Middle Welsh and other Celtic primary sources to construct a comparative grammar, which was the first to lay out a firm basis for Celtic linguistics. Among other achievements, Zeuss was able to crack the Old Irish verb. Celtic studies in the German-speaking world and the Netherlands German Celtic studies () is seen by many as having been established by Johann Kaspar Zeuss (1806–1856) (see above). In 1847, he was appointed professor of linguistics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Until the middle of the 19th century, Celtic studies progressed largely as a subfield of linguistics. Franz Bopp (1791–1867) carried out further studies in comparative linguistics to link the Celtic languages to the Proto-Indo-European language. He is credited with having finally proven Celtic to be a branch of the Indo-European language family. From 1821 to 1864, he served as a professor of oriental literature and general linguistics in Berlin. In 1896, Kuno Meyer and Ludwig Christian Stern founded the (ZCP), the first academic journal solely devoted to aspects of Celtic languages and literature, and still in existence today. In the second half of the century, significant contributions were made by the Orientalist Ernst Windisch (1844–1918). He held a chair in Sanskrit at the University of Leipzig; but he is best remembered for his numerous publications in the field of Celtic studies. In 1901, the Orientalist and Celtologist Heinrich Zimmer (1851–1910) was made professor of Celtic languages at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, the first position of its kind in Germany. He was followed in 1911 by Kuno Meyer (1858–1919), who, in addition to numerous publications in the field, was active in the Irish independence movement. Perhaps the most important German-speaking Celticist is the Swiss scholar Rudolf Thurneysen (1857–1940). A student of Windisch and Zimmer, Thurneysen was appointed to the chair of comparative linguistics at the University of Freiburg in 1887; he succeeded to the equivalent chair at the University of Bonn in 1913. His notability arises from his work on Old Irish. For his masterwork, ("Handbook of Old Irish", 1909), translated into English as A Grammar of Old Irish, he located and analysed a multitude of Old Irish manuscripts. His work is considered as the basis for all succeeding studies of Old Irish. In 1920, Julius Pokorny (1887–1970) was appointed to the chair of Celtic languages at Friedrich Wilhelm University, Berlin. Despite his support for German nationalism and Catholic faith, he was forced out of his position by the Nazis on account of his Jewish ancestry. He subsequently emigrated to Switzerland but returned to Germany in 1955 to teach at Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich. In Berlin, he was succeeded in 1937 by , a devout Nazi. After World War II, German Celtic studies took place predominantly in West Germany and Austria. Studies in the field continued at Freiburg, Bonn, Marburg, Hamburg as well as Innsbruck; however an independent professorship in Celtic studies has not been instituted anywhere. In this period, Hans Hartmann, Heinrich Wagner and Wolfgang Meid made notable contributions to the scientific understanding of the boundaries of the Celtic language area and the location of the homeland of the Celtic peoples. The Berlin chair in Celtic languages has not been occupied since 1966. Today, Celtic studies is only taught at a handful of German universities, including those of Bonn, Trier, and Mannheim. the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, and the Philipps University of Marburg. It is also taught at the University of Vienna. Only Marburg, Vienna and Bonn maintain formal programs of study, but even then usually as a subsection of comparative or general linguistics. Only Marburg offers an M.A. course specifically in Celtic Studies. No Celtic studies research has taken place in the former centres of Freiburg, Hamburg or Berlin since the 1990s. The last remaining chair in Celtic studies, that at Humboldt University of Berlin, was abolished in 1997. The only Chair of Celtic studies in Continental Europe is at Utrecht University (in the Netherlands). It was established in 1923, when Celtic studies were added to the Chair of Germanic studies on the special request of its new professor A. G. van Hamel. Celtic studies in Ireland Celtic studies are taught in universities in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. These studies cover language, history, archaeology and art. In addition, the Irish language is taught to a greater or lesser extent in schools across the island of Ireland. The beginning of Celtic Studies as a university subject in Ireland might be dated to Eugene O'Curry's appointment as professor of Irish history and archaeology at the Catholic University of Ireland in 1854. Celtic Studies, either as full Celtic Studies programmes or as Irish language programmes, are now offered in the National University of Ireland, Galway, University College Cork, University College Dublin (the successor institution to the Catholic University), National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Trinity College Dublin, University of Limerick, Mary Immaculate College, Limerick, Dublin City University, Queen's University Belfast and Ulster University. The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), School of Celtic Studies, is a research institution but does not award degrees. DIAS and the Royal Irish Academy are leading publishers of Celtic Studies research, including the journals Celtica and Ériu. Celtic studies in the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man Celtic studies are taught in universities in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. These studies cover language, history, archaeology and art. In addition, Celtic languages are taught to a greater or lesser extent in schools in Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Cornwall and the Isle of Man. The formal study of Celtic Studies at British universities in the late nineteenth century gave rise to the establishment of chairs for Sir John Rhys, first Jesus Professor of Celtic at the University of Oxford, in 1874 and for Donald MacKinnon, first Chair of Celtic at the University of Edinburgh, in 1882. Institutions in the United Kingdom that have Celtic Studies departments and courses are: the Universities of Aberdeen, Aberystwyth, Bangor, Cambridge, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Exeter (which houses the Institute of Cornish Studies), Glasgow, Oxford, Swansea, Trinity St David's, Queen's University Belfast, Ulster University, the University of the Highlands and Islands and the University of Wales, Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. The top five rated degree-awarding programmes/departments as of 2017 are; (1) Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic at University of Cambridge (2) Welsh and Celtic Studies at Bangor University (3) Welsh and Celtic Studies at Cardiff University (4) Celtic and Gaelic at University of Glasgow (5) Irish and Celtic Studies at Queen's University, Belfast. A major funder of UK Celtic Studies doctoral studies is the AHRC-funded Centre for Doctoral Training in the Celtic Languages, which admitted PhD students in the period 2014–2019. The CDT in Celtic Languages is administered through Celtic and Gaelic at the University of Glasgow and its director is Prof. Katherine Forsyth. Celtic studies in North America In North America, Celtic scholars and students are represented professionally by the Celtic Studies Association of North America. In Canada Several universities in Canada offer some Celtic studies courses, while only two universities offers a full B.A. as well as graduate courses. St. Michael's College at the University of Toronto and St. Francis Xavier University offers the only B.A. of its kind in Canada with a dual focus on Celtic literature and history, while the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies at the University of Toronto offers courses at a graduate level through their Centre for Medieval Studies, along with St. Francis Xavier University. Other Canadian universities which offer courses in Celtic, Scottish or Irish studies include Cape Breton University, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Simon Fraser University, the University of Guelph and the University of Ottawa. In the United States of America In the United States, Harvard University is notable for its Doctorate program in Celtic studies. Celtic studies are also offered at the universities of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, California–Berkeley, California–Los Angeles, Bard College, and many others, including programs in which a student may minor, like at the College of Charleston. Some aspects of Celtic studies is can be accessed through Irish Studies programmes, such as at the University of Notre Dame. Celtic studies in France In 1804, the Académie Celtique was founded with the goal of unearthing the Gallic past of the French people. France also produced the first academic journal devoted to Celtic studies, Revue Celtique. Revue Celtique was first published in 1870 in Paris and continued until the death of its last editor, Joseph Loth, in 1934. After that point it was continued under the name Études Celtiques. The University of Western Brittany (Brest) offers a two-year, an international European-Union certified master's degree course entitled "Celtic languages and Cultures in Contact". It is part of the Centre for Breton and Celtic Research (CRBC). Closely linked to this MA programme, the University of Western Brittany organizes an intensive two-week Summer School in Breton Language and Cultural Heritage Studies every year in June. This Summer School is also sponsored by the CRBC and welcomes scholars from around the world with an interest in the Celtic (and minority) languages and cultures to study Breton, the least known of the living Celtic languages. Celtic studies elsewhere Celtic studies are also taught at other universities elsewhere in Europe, including the Charles University in Prague (Czech Republic), University of Poznań (Poland), The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (Poland), Moscow State University (Russia), Uppsala University (Sweden) Irish studies are taught at the University of Burgos (Spain) and the University of A Coruña (Galicia). Galicia also has its own Institute for Celtic Studies. Celtic Studies are taught at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels at the University of Sydney (Australia), which also hosts the triennial Australian Conference of Celtic Studies. International Congress of Celtic Studies The International Congress of Celtic Studies is the foremost academic conference in the field of Celtic Studies and is held every four years. It was first held in Dublin in 1959. The XV International Congress of Celtic Studies was held at the University of Glasgow in 2015. In 2019, the XVI ICCS was held at Bangor University and the XVII ICCS will be held at Utrecht University in 2023. Areas of Celtic studies Archaeology Linguistics and philology (historical linguistics) Ethnology Folklore History Literature Onomastics (toponomy) Religious studies (see Celtic Christianity) Political science Notable Celticists Notable academic journals Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie (ZCP), est. 1896, Halle. Revue Celtique (RC), est. 1870, Paris; continued after 1934 by Études celtiques. Ériu est. 1904, Dublin. The Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies (BBCS), est. 1921, Cardiff; merged with Studia Celtica in 1993. Études Celtiques (EC), est. 1936, Paris. Celtica. Journal of the School of Celtic Studies, est. 1949, Dublin. Studia Celtica, est. 1966, Cardiff. Éigse. A Journal of Irish Studies, est. 1939, Dublin. Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies (CMCS), est. 1993, Aberystwyth; formerly Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies. Peritia. Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland, Cork. The Derek Allen Prize The Derek Allen Prize, awarded annually by the British Academy since 1977, rotates between Celtic Studies, Numismatics and Musicology. Recent winners in the field of Celtic Studies include: Prof. Máire Herbert (2018), Prof. Pierre-Yves Lambert (2015) and Prof. Fergus Kelly (2012). Prof. Herbert is the first female Celticist to be awarded this prize. See also Irish American Cultural Institute Citations General references Busse, Peter E. "Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie. In Celtic Culture. A Historical Encyclopedia, ed. J.T. Koch. 5 vols: vol. 5. Santa Barbara et al., 2006. p. 1823. Further reading Brown, Terence (ed.). Celticism. Studia imagologica 8. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996. Fischer, Joachim and John Dillon (eds.). The correspondence of Myles Dillon, 1922–1925: Irish-German relations and Celtic studies. Dublin: Four Courts, 1999. Huther, Andreas. In Politik verschieden, in Freundschaft wie immer': The German Celtic scholar Kuno Meyer and the First World War". In The First World War as a clash of cultures, ed. Fred Bridgham. Columbia (SC): Camden House, 2006. pp. 231–44. . Koch, John T. "Celtic Studies". In A century of British medieval studies, ed. Alan Deyermond. British Academy centenary monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. pp. 235–61. . RHS record Ó Lúing, Seán. Celtic studies in Europe and other essays. Dublin: Geography Publications, 2000. Schneiders, Marc and Kees Veelenturf. Celtic studies in the Netherlands: a bibliography. Dublin: DIAS, 1992. Wiley, Dan. "Celtic studies, early history of the field". In Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopaedia, ed. J. T. Koch. Santa Barbara et al., 2006. External links Finding the Celtic project (FtC) International Congress of Celtic Studies Association of Celtic Students in Ireland and Britain Celtic Studies in the Soviet Union Ethnic studies European studies Indo-European studies	1	1
36008200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen%20Hamm	Eugen Hamm	Eugen Hamm (3 April 1869 – 6 May 1944) was a German cinematographer. Selected filmography Blonde Poison (1919) Diamonds (1920) The Black Count (1920) The Skull of Pharaoh's Daughter (1920) The Love Corridor (1921) The Adventuress of Monte Carlo (1921) The Riddle of the Sphinx (1921) Fratricide (1922) Esterella (1923) The Beautiful Girl (1923) Christopher Columbus (1923) Za La Mort (1924) Mountain of Destiny (1924) Girls, Beware! (1928) Bibliography Jung, Uli & Schatzberg, Walter. Beyond Caligari: The Films of Robert Wiene. Berghahn Books, 1999. External links 1869 births 1944 deaths German cinematographers People from Kehl Film people from Baden-Württemberg	0	-1
43665614	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Caperal	Prince Caperal	Prince Renmer B. Caperal (born June 12, 1993) is a Filipino basketball player for the Barangay Ginebra San Miguel of the PBA. He was drafted 17th overall by the GlobalPort Batang Pier in the 2014 PBA draft. College Caperal attended Arellano University, where he went to the finals against San Beda college in 2014, his senior year. GlobalPort Batang Pier (2014–2015) Caperal was selected by the GlobalPort Batang Pier as the 17th overall pick in the 2014 PBA Draft. Barako Bull Energy / Phoenix Fuel Masters (2015–2017) On 2015, he was traded by the GlobalPort Batang Pier to the Barangay Ginebra San Miguel in exchange for fellow big man Dorian Peña and then he along with Mac Baracael, were shipped to the Barako Bull Energy. Mahindra Floodbuster / Kia Picanto (2017–2018) In 2017, Caperal was traded to the Phoenix Fuel Masters, but was immediately dealt to the Mahindra Floodbuster in exchange for rookie Joseph Eriobu. Barangay Ginebra San Miguel (2018–present) In February 2018, Caperal signed with the Barangay Ginebra San Miguel. Caperal had been traded to Ginebra in 2015 but was immediately traded. PBA career statistics As of the end of 2021 season Season-by-season averages \|- \| align=left \| \| align=left \| GlobalPort \| 16 \|\| 4.5 \|\| .379 \|\| .500 \|\| .667 \|\| .8 \|\| .1 \|\| .0 \|\| .1 \|\| 1.7 \|- \| align=left \| \| align=left \| Barako Bull / Phoenix \| 19 \|\| 6.3 \|\| .422 \|\| .333 \|\| .875 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .1 \|\| .1 \|\| .1 \|\| 2.5 \|- \| align=left \| \| align=left \| Phoenix / Columbian \| 27 \|\| 13.2 \|\| .381 \|\| .125 \|\| .625 \|\| 3.6 \|\| .3 \|\| .1 \|\| .4 \|\| 3.6 \|- \| align=left \| \| align=left \| Kia / Barangay Ginebra \| 35 \|\| 11.3 \|\| .477 \|\| .538 \|\| .714 \|\| 2.7 \|\| .6 \|\| .1 \|\| .1 \|\| 4.1 \|- \| align=left \| \| align="left" rowspan="3" \| Barangay Ginebra \| 34 \|\| 7.0 \|\| .286 \|\| .167 \|\| .800 \|\| 1.5 \|\| .2 \|\| .1 \|\| .0 \|\| 1.2 \|- \| align=left \| \| 22 \|\| 21.1 \|\| .431 \|\| .420 \|\| .733 \|\| 3.9 \|\| .8 \|\| .0 \|\| .2 \|\| 7.8 \|- \| align=left \| \| 26 \|\| 10.8 \|\| .333 \|\| .216 \|\| .667 \|\| 2.5 \|\| .5 \|\| .1 \|\| .0 \|\| 3.7 \|-class=sortbottom \| align=center colspan=2 \| Career \| 179 \|\| 10.7 \|\| .398 \|\| .325 \|\| .709 \|\| 2.4 \|\| .4 \|\| .1 \|\| .1 \|\| 3.5 References 1993 births Living people Barako Bull Energy players Centers (basketball) Filipino men's basketball players NorthPort Batang Pier players Terrafirma Dyip players Arellano Chiefs men's basketball players Phoenix Super LPG Fuel Masters players Basketball players from Quezon City Barangay Ginebra San Miguel players Power forwards (basketball) NorthPort Batang Pier draft picks	0	-1
43763949	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw%20Ambroziak	Zdzisław Ambroziak	Zdzisław Stanisław Ambroziak (1 January 1944 – 23 January 2004) was a Polish volleyball player, sports journalist, sports commentator, member of the Poland men's national volleyball team in 1963–1972, participant of the Olympic Games (Mexico 1968, Munich 1972), silver medallist of the World Cup 1965, bronze medallist of the 1967 European Championship, three–time Polish Champion. Personal life Amroziak was born in Warsaw, he graduated from the Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw. He was married to Ewa. In 1999, he appeared in the Polish movie, Kiler-ów 2-óch, starring as a sports commentator. He died after a long illness in a hospital in Warsaw. Sporting achievements Clubs National championships 1964/1965 Polish Championship, with AZS AWF Warsaw 1965/1966 Polish Championship, with AZS AWF Warsaw 1967/1968 Polish Championship, with AZS AWF Warsaw Memory In 2007, was founded the Foundation of Zdzisław Ambroziak. The Foundation aims, among others, to support sports journalists attitude of fair play, and promote various forms of youth education. Since 2006, the tournament named Memoriał of Zdzisław Ambroziak, is organized for volleyball clubs to honor his memory. External links Player profile at Olympic.org Player profile at Volleybox.net 1944 births 2004 deaths Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw alumni Polish men's volleyball players Volleyball players from Warsaw Olympic volleyball players of Poland Volleyball players at the 1968 Summer Olympics Volleyball players at the 1972 Summer Olympics	0	-1
33319088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Waters	Jane Waters	John Keeler was an editor, cinematographer and director of pornographic films who used the stage name of Jane Waters. Keeler got his start in the adult movie business by working as a film editor on the film New Wave Hookers. He chose his stage name as a gesture towards cult director John Waters. Waters had more than 50 directing credits, including Traci's Big Trick in 1987 and Barely Legal 51 & 52 in 2005. He was considered one of the best cinematographers in adult film history. Waters was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 1998. Keeler died on October 1, 2011 of a heart attack, at the age of 68. References External links American pornographic film directors 2011 deaths 1944 births	0	-1
38478493	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan%20al-Utrush	Hasan al-Utrush	Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿUmar al-Ashraf ibn ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn (Medina, c. 844 – Amul, January/February 917), better known as al-Ḥasan al-Uṭrūsh (), was an Alid missionary of the Zaydi Shia sect who re-established Zaydi rule over the province of Tabaristan in northern Iran in 914, after fourteen years of Samanid rule. He ruled Tabaristan until his death under the regnal name of al-Nāṣir liʾl-Ḥaqq ("Defender of the True Faith"), and became known as al-Nāṣir al-Kabīr ("al-Nasir the Elder") to distinguish him from his descendants who bore the same surname. He is still known and recognized as an imam among the Zaydis of Yemen. Early life Hasan was born in Medina around 844. Hasan's father was a descendant of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad and third Shi'a Imam, via his eldest son Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, while his mother was an unnamed Khurasani slave. When Hasan ibn Zayd, a descendant of Husayn's brother Hasan, established his rule over Tabaristan in the 860s, Hasan joined him there. However, he eventually fell out with Hasan ibn Zayd's brother and successor, Muhammad ibn Zayd, who distrusted him. Hasan left Tabaristan and tried to set up a realm of his own in the provinces further east. To this end, he allied himself with the ruler of Khurasan, Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Khujistani, who was an enemy of Muhammad ibn Zayd. Soon, however, al-Khujistani too came to distrust him and had him imprisoned and scourged, as a result of which he lost his hearing and received the sobriquet al-Utrush ("the Deaf"), by which he is known. When he was released from imprisonment, Hasan returned to Tabaristan and the service of Muhammad ibn Zayd. Hasan was present and fought alongside the latter in the disastrous battle in 900 at Gurgan against the Samanid army of Muhammad ibn Harun al-Sarakhsi. Muhammad ibn Zayd was defeated and died of his wounds, leaving Tabaristan open to Samanid occupation. Hasan managed to escape the defeat and at first sought refuge in Rayy. There he received the invitation of the Justanid king of Daylam, who had also supported and served the Zaydid brothers. Together, Hasan and the Justanids tried in 902 and 903 to recover control of Tabaristan, but without success. Worried by the fickleness of the Justanids, Hasan resolved to build a power base of his own. He therefore engaged in a mission to the as yet unconverted Gilites and the Daylamites to the north of the Alburz mountains, where he preached in person and founded mosques. His efforts were swiftly crowned by success: the mountain Daylamites and the Gilites east of the Safid Rud river recognized him as their imam with the name of al-Nāṣir liʾl-Ḥaqq ("Defender of the True Faith") and were converted to his own branch of Zaydi Islam, which was named after him as the Nasiriyya and differed in some practices from the "mainstream" Qasimiyya branch adopted in Tabaristan following the teachings of Qasim ibn Ibrahim. This development threatened the position of the Justanid king, Justan ibn Vahsudan, but in the ensuing showdown between the two Hasan was able to affirm his position and compel the Justanid to swear allegiance to himself. Recovery of Tabaristan and aftermath Seeing Hasan's rise to power, the Samanid ruler Ahmad ibn Isma'il sent an army under Muhammad ibn Sa'luk to Tabaristan to oppose a new Zaydid takeover of the province. Although the Samanid force was far superior in numbers and equipment, Hasan managed to inflict a crushing defeat upon it in December 913 at Burdidah on the river Burrud west of Chalus. A detachment that managed to find refuge in the fortress of Chalus was induced to surrender and then massacred by his son-in-law, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim. After this success, the provincial capital Amul opened its gates to the Zaydid forces, and Hasan took up residence in the palace. Taking advantage of the murder of Ahmad ibn Ismai'il soon after, and the preoccupation of his successor Nasr II with cementing his own authority, Hasan was soon able to extend his control over all the old Zaydid domains, including both Tabaristan and Gurgan. A Samanid counter-attack temporarily forced him to abandon Amul and withdraw to Chalus, but after 40 days he beat the invasion back and re-established his position. Even old opponents of the first Zaydid emirs, like the Bavandid Sharwin II, made peace with him and accepted his authority. His achievement was undermined, however, by tensions among his supporters over the issue of his succession, given his advanced age. Hasan's own sons were regarded as dissolute and incapable for leadership, while Hasan fell out with his son-in-law and chief general, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim. On one occasion the latter even took the elderly imam captive, but this produced such an outcry that he was forced to flee to Daylam. In the end, the notables of Tabaristan prevailed upon both to mend their differences, and Abu Muhammad was named as successor over Hasan's own sons. Hasan ruled over Tabaristan until his death in January/February 917, and even a Sunni historian like al-Tabari comments that "the people had not seen anything like the justice of al-Utrush, his good conduct, and his fulfilment of the right". His tomb in Amul became a major site of pilgrimage for the Daylamite and Gilite Shi'ites, and his descendants, who kept the honorific surname al-Nasir, were held in high esteem. Upon his death, Abu Muhammad returned from Gilan and succeeded him as ruler until his death in 928. Although a popular ruler, his reign was constantly threatened by Hasan's sons Abu'l-Husayn Ahmad and Abu'l-Qaim Ja'far and their supporters, who deposed and forced him to exile briefly in 919 and again in 923–926. References Sources External links 840s births 917 deaths Year of birth uncertain 10th-century rulers in Asia Alavid dynasty Zaydi imams of Tabaristan People from Medina 9th-century Arabs 10th-century Arabs	1	1
31378266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Young%20%28lawyer%29	Alan Young (lawyer)	Alan N. Young is Professor Emeritus of law at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Young retired July 2018. Prior to starting his teaching career at Osgoode in 1986, Young clerked for Chief Justice Bora Laskin of the Supreme Court of Canada and worked as a criminal lawyer in Toronto. Young is the co-founder and former director of Osgoode's Innocence Project, which seeks to investigate and overturn cases of wrongful conviction and provides experiential education to law students. During his thirty-year tenure as a law professor, he maintained a small practice in criminal law and provided "free legal services to those whose alternative lifestyles have brought them into conflict with the law and to victims of violent crime and individuals attempting to sue the government for malicious prosecution". Young has been recognized by Canadian Lawyer Magazine as one of the "Top 25 Most Influential" in the justice system and legal profession in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014.[2] In 2018, Young was also awarded the Dianne Martin Medal for Social Justice Through Law. Early life and education Young grew up in a middle-class Toronto home in the Jewish neighbourhood of Bathurst and Wilson until the age of 10 and attended Associated Hebrew Day School. Young attended law school at York University's Osgoode Hall Law School (not to be confused with Osgoode Hall courthouse downtown Toronto, of the same origin, but a different institution), ranking at the top of his class. He also won a total of seven academic awards during his time at law school. He then clerked for former Supreme Court of Canada Chief of Justice, Bora Laskin, in 1981. He then obtained his LLM from Harvard Law School. In 1986, Young was hired as an Associate Professor by Osgoode Hall Law School, York University Keele Campus in Toronto. Challenging state authority As a young law professor, Young commenced a series of challenges to state authority in the late 1980s. In 1989, Young was writing an article for the Media and Communications Law Journal on a recent decision by a court in Florida to ban the sale of a rap record called As Nasty as They Wanna Be, and while writing this article, a bookseller in London, Ontario, Mark Emery, was charged for selling this record. With extensive research having been completed for the article, Young offered to assist the bookseller on a pro bono basis by launching a constitutional challenge to the obscenity law and a challenge to the manner in which expressive materials are seized prior to trial. The challenge was not successful, but, this case began a 25-year journey of offering pro bono legal assistance to vulnerable people seeking to challenge state authority. The wide variety of challenges and cases Young has brought can be organized around six thematic categories: Constitutional challenges to the Criminal Code After the unsuccessful obscenity challenge in 1991, Young was also then unsuccessful in challenging the gambling offences in 1993. However, he was successful in striking down the drug literature prohibition under s.462.2 of the Criminal Code in 1995. He also unsuccessfully challenged the drug paraphernalia prohibition contained in the same section in four different jurisdictions and two provinces. In 1997, Young launched the first constitutional challenge in Canada to the offence of marijuana possession, which was ultimately dismissed by the Supreme Court of Canada. The launching of this constitutional challenge was the subject matter of a documentary film, Stoned: Hemp Nation on Trial. Although the law was upheld, Young created two significant exemptions to the marijuana laws. In 1996, he secured the first licence for a farmer to grow cannabis for industrial purposes (i.e. industrial hemp), and, more significantly, in a series of court cases from 1998 to 2006, he established the right of patients to use cannabis for medical purposes. These cases compelled the government to enact a medical program and to establish a supply of medical cannabis. In addition, due to the inadequacies of the medical program, Young was able to secure court rulings requiring the government to amend its regulatory provisions on two occasions Perhaps one of the most celebrated victories of Young's career is the case of (2013), in which he, and a team of students, successfully challenged three provisions of Canada's sex work laws. As a result of this successful invalidation, Parliament enacted a new legislative regime governing prostitution. Despite the success of the court case, Young was very disappointed with the Harper government's amendments to the Criminal Code, and in an interview with CBC, he stated that: Freedom of expression Beyond the obscenity and drug literature cases, Young has also championed numerous free speech issues, including the right of aggrieved patients to picket on hospital property and the right of journalists to protect their sources. He was also retained to represent the interests of the art galleries with respect to the operation and impact of child pornography laws. Young also exercised his free speech rights by writing biweekly newspaper columns for the Toronto Star and for Now Magazine between the years of 2002 and 2006. His first column for the Toronto Star triggered a great deal of hate mail from monarchists ("Queen is Hardly a Victim", Toronto Star, June 23, 2002) and his first column for Now Magazine resulted in the police issuing a libel notice ("Sliding Scales", Now Magazine, November 20, 2003). Continuing on this path of stirring up debate, Young published a critique of the legal profession in 2003 in a book called "Justice Defiled: Perverts, Pot Heads, Serial Killers and Lawyers." In the preface to the book, he noted that he chose to write an offensive book as a form of "professional suicide note," as he wanted to expose all the blemishes and warts of the profession. Helping individuals with mental disorders Over the past 25 years, Young has assisted dozens of individuals with mental disorders resolve emerging conflicts with family members and state officials. More specifically, he has assisted in preventing child apprehension proceedings from being commenced, in obtaining social assistance and disability benefits, in challenging involuntary committal to psychiatric hospitals in mediating family conflicts and in securing treatment options for paranoid schizophrenics to prevent the laying of criminal charges for minor offences. Most of this work was done to prevent the escalation of conflict into legal proceedings; however, Young has also represented the interests of the mentally disordered in university discipline proceedings and police discipline proceedings. One case that aptly summarizes Young's dedication to assisting those with mental disorders is R v Taylor. In 1992, he was appointed as amicus curiae by the Ontario Court of Appeal to assist a mentally-disordered appellant who was self-represented. As a result of this case, significant changes were made to operating test used by courts to determine when an individual is unfit to stand trial and with this test, there is greater due process protections for the trial rights of disordered accused persons. Helping the incarcerated and the wrongfully convicted As director of the Innocence Project, Young has worked on dozens of cases involving claims of wrongful conviction. In addition to investigating these claims, Young is often required to assist these incarcerated individuals with a variety of issues relating to the conditions of their incarceration and their relationships with friends and family on the outside. Over the years, he has conducted numerous parole hearings, two applications to transfer Canadians from prisons in Thailand and the securing of the right of a federal inmate to complete his university degree online. In the context of working on claims of wrongful convictions, Young has continued to use litigation as a tool for political change. More specifically, he has brought a number of applications to establish a constitutional duty to preserve evidence and to disclose evidence in a post-conviction setting. In 2019, Young successfully established a right of post-conviction disclosure for wrongful conviction claimants who are seeking information and materials found in government files. In 2015, Young was appointed amicus curiae by the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal to assist incarcerated individual who wished to challenge the terms and conditions of their imprisonment through the writ of habeas corpus. This case resulted in an expansion of the jurisdictional scope of the writ. Challenging state officials In an effort to increase the accountability of public officials, Young has assisted numerous individuals who sought to launch complaints against police officers, prosecutors and their own lawyers. In particular, he has on three occasions initiated complaints against police officers with respect to the manner in which the police investigated, or failed to investigate, the death of a family member. He has also assisted two self-represented individuals successfully sue the police for malicious prosecution. Victim rights Notwithstanding his institutional role as a defense lawyer, Young has also been a champion of the rights of crime victims for more than 20 years. He has been the primary consultant for the federal Department of Justice on the issue of victims' rights since the 1990s, and has represented numerous victims' rights groups seeking legislative reform. He has also assisted numerous crime victims seeking information from police and prosecutors on the status of their cases, and has attended court as a support person for many victims. Moreover, in 1999, he commenced an application seeking to create constitutional protections for crime victims under Section 7 of the Charter, but the application was not successful. Media and communications In 1995, Young worked as legal commentary for CTV Television Network news coverage of the three-month trial of the serial killer Paul Bernardo. Young's recollection of the case figures prominently in the four part documentary revisiting the case "The Ken and Barbie Killers: The Lost Murder Tapes", which premiered on the Discovery Plus channel in December 2021. There have been several print articles written about Young's contributions to the legal profession.and profiles of his work have aired on a number of television news programs: Person to Person with Paula Todd (TVO,2000) and CBC News InDepth (2003). In 2003, Young was recognized by Now Magazine in their annual Best of Toronto Awards, and as Freedom Fighter of the Month by High Times magazine. On two occasions, Young has spoken at the annual Ideacity Conference, hosted by Moses Znaimer. The issues which he has discussed at this conference include that of wrongful conviction as well as the legalization of marijuana. On September 25, 2018, TVO aired an interview with Young on "The Agenda with Steve Paikin" about his recent retirement. This interview focused on Young's career in criminal law as a "legal disruptor" Since retiring from law in 2018, Young has worked on playwriting. His play, "Cause and Effect?" – a play on the rising incidence of mass murder – was staged by Hey Lady Productions on February 1, 2020, at the George Ignatieff Theatre in Toronto Books & Publications Justice Defiled: Perverts, Potheads, Serial Killers & Lawyers, published 2003 by Key Porter Books. Young's contribution to Canadian legal scholarship includes journal articles and government reports on topics such as: Charter of Rights and Constitutional Theory "Not Waving But Drowning: A Look at Waiver and Collective Constitutional Rights" (1988) "Privacy as an Endangered Species: The False Promise of the Charter" (2000) "Done Nothing Wrong: Fundamental Justice and the Minimum Content of Criminal Law" (2008) "Deprivations of Liberty: The Impact of the Charter on Substantive Criminal Law (2012) "Standing, Suspending, and Sharing: The Limits of the Charter as a Tool of Social Change in Criminal Justice" (2017) Freedom of Expression "News From the Front - The War on Obscenity and the Death of Doctrinal Purity" (1987) "Son of Sam and his Legislative Offspring: The Constitutionality of Stripping Criminals of Their Literary Profits" (1988) "From Elvis' Pelvis to As Nasty as They Wanna Be: Freedom of Expression and Contemporary Popular Music" (1990) Police Powers "All Along the Watchtower: Arbitrary Detention and the Police Function" "The Charter, The Supreme Court of Canada and the Constitutionalization of the Investigative Process", (1995) Victims' Rights "The Role of the Victim in the Criminal Process: A Literature Review - 1989 to 1999" "Crime Victims and Constitutional Rights" (2005) Victims' Rights in Canada in the 21st Century, References Living people Harvard Law School alumni Osgoode Hall Law School alumni York University alumni Lawyers in Ontario Osgoode Hall Law School faculty Year of birth missing (living people)	1	1
62029732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Jacob%20%28film%29	Gordon Jacob (film)	Gordon Jacob is a 1959 British short film (17 minutes) about Gordon Jacob from Ken Russell for the Monitor television series. It was Russell's first biopic of a composer. References External links Gordon Jacob at IMDb Gordon Jacob at BFI 1959 films British television films Films directed by Ken Russell	1	1
5764521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauchito%20Gil	Gauchito Gil	The Gauchito Gil (literally "Little Gaucho Gil") is a folk religious figure of Argentina's popular culture. Allegedly born in the area of Pay Ubre, nowadays Mercedes, Corrientes, possibly in the 1840s, and died on 8 January 1878. He is regarded as the most prominent folk hero in Argentina, with smaller areas of veneration reported in Paraguay, Chile and Brazil. Legend Popular accounts vary, but in broad terms the legend tells that Antonio Gil was born in the 1840s somewhere in rural Argentina. He joined or was conscripted into the army during the Triple Alliance War but soon deserted. After escaping military service a first time he was forcibly recruited to fight again in the Argentine Civil War but again managed to evade service and became an outlaw. In the years following his desertion, he acquired a reputation as a Robin Hood figure. Current veneration Gauchito Gil is thought to be a folk saint by many people of the Argentine provinces of Formosa, Corrientes, Chaco, the north of Santa Fe and even the province of Buenos Aires. One can spot smaller shrines of Gauchito Gil on roadsides throughout Argentina due to the red color and the flags, many of which read "Thanks, Gauchito Gil" if the person's request is fulfilled. The Sanctuary of Gauchito Gil (located about 8 km from the city of Mercedes) organizes great pilgrimages, to which more than 200,000 pilgrims annually head to the sanctuary to ask to the saint for favors. The Sanctuary has a mausoleum which holds the actual tomb of Gauchito Gil; plaques adorn the walls and state the names of those whose requests were granted by the saint. Moreover, each January 8 (date of Gil's death and his feast day), there is a large celebration honoring Gauchito Gil. Many pilgrims arrive and participate in festive activities, such as drinking, dancing, folklorical animal sports, and a procession that begins from the church in Mercedes to the Sanctuary. Paraphernalia related to the saint, including ribbons, rosaries, flags and statues, are often carried by the pilgrims and sold by vendors. Gauchito Gil statues are commonly seen next to images of San La Muerte, Our Lady of Luján and other Catholic figures. Gauchito Gil is not recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church, though many Argentines, both devotees and church leaders, have been promoting him for canonization. Local church leaders in Mercedes hold masses on his feast day in the Church of Our Lady of Mercy. Other church leaders in Argentina have participated and approved of the devotion of Gauchito Gil, while some are divided on whether to embrace or condemn the phenomenon. The Diocese of Goya and the Mexican Diocese of Celaya have both recognized the veneration of Gauchito Gil. See also María Lionza José Gregorio Hernández Jesús Malverde References External links "The Legend of Argentina's Gaucho Gil", NPR, byline Oct 10, 2004, accessed Nov. 14, 2007 "Cultures of Devotion by Frank Graziano", academic website with images relating to Gaucho Gil and other Spanish American folk saints. Gauchito (Curuzú) Gil at Folklore del Norte. El Gauchito Gil at La Guía del Chaco. 'Reportage about Gauchito Gil' Dos gauchos que atraen la veneración popular. 19th-century births 1878 deaths People from Mercedes, Corrientes Argentine saints Argentine folklore Christian folklore Catholicism in Argentina Folk saints Miracle workers Argentine legends	1	1
2245734	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcheswara%20Rao%20Atluri	Pitcheswara Rao Atluri	Pitcheswara Rao Atluri (; 12 April 1925 – 26 September 1966) was an Indian writer, and a prominent writer in the Telugu language. Personal life He was born in the small village of Choutapalli in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh on 12 April 1925. Later, his family migrated to the nearby village, Pulaparru. He studied in Choutapally village and Kaikaluru schools. He was first in the Hindi 'Visharada' exams. He completed his Inter in the Hindu College. He joined the Indian Navy after completing his studies in 1945. In 1948 he passed his B R W, K C G exams. He resigned from the Indian Navy in 1953. His wife, Chouda Rani, was the youngest daughter of Tripuraneni Ramaswamy, a great Telugu poet and social reformer. Chouda Rani herself was a short story writer, and novelist. She started an exclusive Telugu bookstore in Madras. She died in 1996. Writing career He worked at a daily Telugu newspaper, Vishalandhra, for some time. In 1962, he moved to Madras, the present Chennai, and worked as a film screenwriter, for which he became famous. He translated famous works of literature from the Hindi language into Telugu-Godaan, Prathidwani, Pekamukkalu, and Gaadida Athma Kadha. Apart from translation, he wrote many stories, radio plays, sketches, and others. "Manasulo Manishi' is notable. The scripts for the Gowthama Budha and Veeresalingam documentaries are his notable works as a writer. When he was about to become a film screenwriter, he died on 26 September 1966 from a heart attack. Works Some of his published works: Jeevachhavaalu Nethuru kadha Chiranjeevulu Gadavani Ninna Korina varam August 15na Verrikaadu Vedaantham Donkala vankala Manasulu Sastry Sabadham Kadhakudu Vimukti Gadachina dinnalu Brathakadam Theliyanivaadu Oka Anubhavam References Telugu writers 1925 births 1966 deaths 20th-century Indian translators Place of death missing Writers from Andhra Pradesh People from Krishna district 20th-century Indian short story writers 20th-century Indian journalists Telugu screenwriters 20th-century Indian screenwriters	0	-1
1586962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Hoffman	Trevor Hoffman	Trevor William Hoffman (born October 13, 1967) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher who played 18 years in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1993 to 2010. A long-time closer, he pitched for the Florida Marlins, San Diego Padres, and Milwaukee Brewers, including more than 15 years for the Padres. Hoffman was the major leagues' first player to reach the 500- and 600-save milestones, and was the all-time saves leader from 2006 until 2011. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2018. Hoffman currently serves as senior advisor for baseball operations for the Padres. Hoffman played shortstop collegiately at the University of Arizona and was drafted in the 11th round by the Cincinnati Reds. After not having much success batting, he was converted to a pitcher, as he was able to throw up to 95 miles per hour (MPH). The Marlins acquired Hoffman in the 1992 expansion draft, and he pitched for Florida until he was traded to the Padres, mid-season in 1993, in a deal that sent star Gary Sheffield to the Marlins. Hoffman recorded 20 saves in 1994 in his first season as Padres closer, and in the following years, he became the face of the franchise after Tony Gwynn retired. Hoffman collected at least 30 saves each year for the next 14 years, except for 2003 when he missed most of the year recovering from shoulder surgery. After San Diego did not re-sign him following the 2008 season, Hoffman pitched for two years with the Brewers before retiring after the 2010 season. Hoffman was selected for the All-Star team seven times, and twice he was the runner-up for the National League (NL) Cy Young Award, given annually to the top pitcher in the league. Hoffman retired with MLB records of fifteen 20-save seasons, fourteen 30-save seasons (including eight consecutive), and nine 40-save seasons (including two streaks of four consecutive). He also retired with the highest career strikeout rate of any reliever. Though Hoffman entered the majors with a powerful fastball, an injury after the 1994 season permanently diminished his fastball velocity and forced him to reinvent his pitching style; he subsequently developed one of the best changeups in baseball. Hoffman's entrance at home games accompanied by the AC/DC song "Hells Bells" was popular with fans. After retiring as a player, Hoffman returned to the Padres as a special assistant in the front office. In 2014, he became the team's pitching coordinator at their upper minor league levels, which included working with the Padres general manager. The following year, Hoffman's role expanded to overseeing pitching instruction at all levels in the minors. Early life Hoffman was born on October 13, 1967, in Bellflower, California. When he was six weeks old, Hoffman had to have a damaged kidney removed because an arterial blockage had formed there. His father, Ed, who stood at and , was a Marine and a veteran of the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II. He later became a professional singer before he quit being on the road and got a job at the post office. He was also an usher at California Angels games; he was known as the Singing Usher, leading the crowd in the singing of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" in the seventh-inning and filling in if the designated national anthem singer did not show up. Ed would often bring Trevor to the games with him. Hoffman's mother, Mikki, was an English-born ballerina and came from an athletic family. Her father, Jack French, was a professional soccer player with Southend United FC before World War II. She met Hoffman's father in a play in England in which she was performing and he was acting and singing. Hoffman was taught by his mom to take responsibility. "Bad workmen always blame their tools", Mikki would say. Hoffman's older brother, Glenn, was nine years older and played shortstop in the Boston Red Sox organization. During summer vacation when Hoffman was 10 years old, he joined Glenn while he was playing in Pawtucket. His oldest brother, Greg, was 14 years Hoffman's senior and a mentor to his two younger brothers. After Hoffman's first Little League game, Greg asked him how he did. Hoffman responded, "I went 2-for-4, double, RBI." to which Greg replied, "That'll be the last (blanking) time you tell me how you did. When I ask you how you did, it's how the team did." Hoffman never forgot that. Given their age difference, Hoffman considered his brothers more role models than playmates. "[Glenn] was the guide while Greg was the drill instructor", said Hoffman. Because of his damaged kidney, Hoffman was not allowed to play football or wrestle. Hoffman went to Savanna High School in Anaheim as had Glenn, which put pressure on Hoffman following his more talented older brother. Ed, who did not trust that coaches would protect Hoffman's arm, stopped allowing his son to pitch after he was 12 years old. Standing at just and , Hoffman played shortstop at Savanna, but nobody offered him a scholarship out of high school. He grew three inches over the summer and continued playing at Cypress College, and later for the University of Arizona from 1988 through 1989. Arizona was afraid of the liability if Hoffman's remaining kidney got hit by a baseball. "I told them the one kidney I have is on my right side. That's not the side that faces the pitcher when I hit, so it was O.K. They bought it", said Hoffman. He led Arizona in hitting in 1988 with a .371 batting average, 35 points better than teammate J. T. Snow. Other notable teammates included Scott Erickson and Kevin Long. Hoffman exhibited a strong throwing arm playing shortstop. Professional playing career Minor leagues Hoffman was selected by the Cincinnati Reds in the 11th round with the 288th overall selection of the 1989 MLB draft, and he signed for $3,000. Prior to the draft, Reds scout Jeff Barton talked to Hoffman about playing another position. Hoffman was open to anything that might advance his career, and they talked about catching or pitching with his exceptional arm. Barton ranked Hoffman's arm an 80 on a 20–80 scale, where 60 was above average and 80 was a rarity. Hoffman played shortstop and third base for the Reds' Single-A affiliate Charleston. In his first 103 games, he only batted .212 with 23 runs batted in. Not showing much batting potential, Hoffman was converted to pitcher in 1991 at the suggestion of Charleston manager Jim Lett, who also grew tired of Hoffman overthrowing first base. Hoffman threw and recorded a 2.90 ERA with 169 strikeouts in minor league innings over two seasons while alternating between relieving and starting at Single-A Cedar Rapids, Double-A Chattanooga and Triple-A Nashville. Major leagues (1993–2010) 1993–1995 Left unprotected by Cincinnati in the 1992 MLB Expansion Draft, Hoffman was selected by the Florida Marlins with the eighth pick in the first round. In his first major league season in 1993, Hoffman learned by observing Marlins closer Bryan Harvey's balanced demeanor. After earning two saves in 29 appearances with the Marlins as an unknown rookie, Hoffman was traded midseason to the San Diego Padres during San Diego's 1993 fire sale. The Padres sent third baseman Gary Sheffield and pitcher Rich Rodriguez to the Marlins for Hoffman and pitching prospects José Martínez and Andrés Berumen. Padres general manager Randy Smith said at the time, "The only way to acquire quality players is to give up quality." The year before, Sheffield had won the NL batting title and made a run at the Triple Crown. Smith insisted that Florida include Hoffman in the deal. Padres fans, upset at the trade, booed Hoffman during his first several appearances. He allowed three runs in his one-inning debut with San Diego, eight runs over his first three outings, and blew his first save opportunity as a Padre. He pitched 39 games for San Diego, who finished the season with 101 losses, and ended his rookie season with 79 strikeouts in 90 innings with a 3.90 ERA and five saves. During the strike-shortened 1994 season, Hoffman took over closer duties from an injured and ineffective Gene Harris in mid-April. Hoffman recorded 20 saves and a 2.57 ERA while averaging 10.9 strikeouts per 9 innings pitched (K/9). The weekend after the strike began, Hoffman, playing Nerf football at Del Mar Beach near San Diego, dived for a pass and landed awkwardly on his right shoulder. He later played volleyball and landed on the shoulder again while going for a dig. He heard a strange sound. In 1995, he had a 3.88 ERA and 31 saves and averaged 8.8 K/9. Hoffman pitched hurt from spring training through the season and finally had off-season rotator cuff surgery. "[Hoffman] never bitched about his arm, which was killing him from Day One ... He was out there when most guys wouldn't have been", said Smith. This is also the year during which he developed his changeup. 1996–1998 In both 1996 and 1997, Hoffman pitched over 80 innings, with 111 strikeouts, averaged approximately 40 saves, and had ERAs of 2.25 and 2.66. In 1996, the Padres entered the last three games of the season in Los Angeles trailing the division-leading Dodgers by two games. Hoffman recorded saves in each of the final three games against the Dodgers, as the Padres won the NL West for their first division title in 12 years. After finishing the season with 18 straight saves, Hoffman was named The Sporting News NL Fireman of the Year in 1996, and received votes for both the Cy Young Award and the NL Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award. The Padres played the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1996 National League Division Series (NLDS) and were swept in the series 3–0. Hoffman entered Game 2 with the score tied and one out and inherited runners on second and third. A run scored as he retired the only two batters he faced, and the Padres lost 5–4. In Game 3, Hoffman recorded the loss as he came into the tie game and allowed a 2-run homer to Brian Jordan for a 7–5 loss. The following season on June 23, 1997, he came in with the bases loaded in the ninth inning and struck out J. T. Snow to save the 11–6 win over the San Francisco Giants and became the Padres' career saves leader with 109, passing Hall of Famer Rollie Fingers. San Diego won only 76 games that year, but Hoffman ranked second in the NL with 37 saves. During the 1998 season, Hoffman began entering save situations in Padres home games to the entrance music of AC/DC's "Hells Bells" playing over the public address system, an event that came to be known as "Trevor Time". The tradition began July 25, 1998, and the song was chosen by a Padres salesman. The crowd was excited by the tolling of the bells from the song, and the scoreboard showing Hoffman running in from the bullpen. Hoffman preserved a 6–5 win against the Houston Astros by striking out Moisés Alou to end that game and converted his 41st consecutive save opportunity, tying an MLB record at the time. The following night, Hoffman's streak ended on an Alou home run, though the Padres ended up winning the game. It was Hoffman's only blown save of the regular season. On September 1, he saved a 9–8 victory over the New York Mets for his 45th save, breaking the club record set by Mark Davis in 1989 when he won the Cy Young Award. On September 12, the Padres clinched their second division title in three years after Hoffman saved an 8–7 win over the Dodgers. In a 4–3 win over the Chicago Cubs on September 14, he worked a perfect ninth inning and became the fourth reliever in MLB history to reach the 50-save mark. Hoffman had a career-high 53 saves and a career-best 1.48 ERA. His saves tied the NL single-season record set in 1993 by the Cubs' Randy Myers. Opponents batted .165 against him, and the first hitters he faced hit .129. His ERA in save situations was 0.49, and he struck out 10.6 hitters per nine innings. The Padres were 62–4 in games he pitched. Hoffman was runner-up in the Cy Young Award race that year to Tom Glavine of the Atlanta Braves, despite receiving 13 first-place votes to Glavine's 11. Hoffman was left off of six ballots. Hoffman and Adam Wainwright in 2009 are the only two pitchers to ever receive the most first-place votes and not win the Cy Young. Hoffman won the Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award and captured another Fireman of the Year Award. He finished seventh in NL MVP voting. Facing the Houston Astros in the 1998 NLDS, the Padres won the series 3–1. Hoffman earned two saves, both in 2–1 wins. In Game 1 against Atlanta in the 1998 National League Championship Series, Hoffman entered to stop a rally in the eighth inning with a 2–1 lead. He allowed a run in the ninth, tying the game, after converting 53 of 54 save attempts during the regular season. After Padre Ken Caminiti hit a home run in the top of the 10th, Hoffman got two outs but ran into trouble and was taken out after throwing 43 pitches. He was credited with a win as the Padres held on, 3–2. Hoffman entered Game 3 with the bases loaded and two out in the eighth, and he struck out Javy López on three pitches to end the inning and would save the Padres' 4–1 victory. San Diego was up 3–0 in the series and would go on to win 4–2. The Padres reached the 1998 World Series, but lost the series 4–0 against the New York Yankees, who finished with an MLB-record 125 combined regular season and playoff victories and the third-best overall winning percentage (.714) for a World Series champion. In his only appearance in the series in Game 3, Hoffman entered in the eighth with a runner on and no outs and a 3–2 lead. Later in the inning, he surrendered a three-run homer to Scott Brosius, the eventual World Series MVP, and the Padres lost the game 5–4. 1999–2002 Hoffman signed a $32 million contract extension with San Diego in March 1999 for the 2000–03 seasons. At the time, it was the richest contract ever given any Padre or any relief pitcher. The Padres held an option for $10 million for 2004. Hoffman's contract included a no-trade clause, the first the Padres had ever granted. Following their World Series appearance in 1998, the Padres lost key players to begin the 1999 season and finished under .500 each season from 1999 through 2002, while finishing either fourth or fifth in the five-team NL West each year. Hoffman saved 56% of the team's wins during that span. He set MLB records with his fifth overall and fourth consecutive 40-save season in 2001, as well as his seventh consecutive 30-save campaign. In 2002, he extended his MLB record with his eighth straight 30-save season. Hoffman was named to the All-Star game in 1999, 2000, and 2002. On June 10, 1999, Hoffman struck out the side in the ninth inning in a 2–1 Padres victory over the Oakland Athletics for his 200th career save. On August 15, 2001, Hoffman recorded his 300th save in a 2–1 home win over the Mets. Hoffman broke Dennis Eckersley's record for most saves with one team (320) in 2002. Sports Illustrated placed Hoffman on the cover of their May 13, 2002 issue with the headline "The Secret of San Diego: Why Trevor Hoffman of the Padres is the best closer (ever)". 2003–2006 Hoffman sat out most of the 2003 season while recovering from two offseason shoulder surgeries, including one that trimmed the tip of his scapula. It marked the first time he had been on the disabled list after 10 major league seasons. In his absence, Rod Beck closed for the Padres. Hoffman pitched his first game in 2003 on September 2 with a perfect seventh inning in a 6–3 win over the Arizona Diamondbacks. He pitched in nine games in 2003, all non-save situations, with an ERA of 2.00 and 11 strikeouts in 9 innings. Coming off the injury, the Padres bought out their $10 million option on Hoffman for 2004 for $2 million and agreed to a new deal with a $2.5 million salary for 2004 including $500,000 in incentives and an option for 2005. In the Padres inaugural season at their new home in Petco Park in 2004, Hoffman returned to the closer role and finished with 41 saves with a 2.30 ERA, his lowest since 1998. He passed Jeff Reardon (367) and Hall of Famer Dennis Eckersley (390) to end the season third on the all-time saves list. The new park provided an upgrade over Qualcomm Stadium for "Trevor Time" with a state-of-the-art sound system and new scoreboards with enhanced visuals allowing for animated flames and live fan shots. On May 6, 2005, Hoffman saved a 6–5 win over the St. Louis Cardinals as the Padres won two straight in St. Louis for the first time since 1977. It was Hoffman's 400th save, and he became the third pitcher in MLB history to reach the milestone, following John Franco (424) and Lee Smith (478). Hoffman was named both the NL Pitcher of the Month and Delivery Man of the Month in May after a perfect 12 for 12 in save opportunities while posting a 0.82 ERA (1 ER/11.0 IP) in 12 games as the Padres went 22–6 for their best month in franchise history. On August 24, Hoffman converted his 29th consecutive save opportunity in a 7–4 win over the Houston Astros. He passed Franco for second place on the all-time saves list with his 425th save, and the Padres maintained a six-game lead in the NL West with a 63–63 record. The Padres won the NL West with an 82–80 record, and Hoffman finished the season 43 for 46 in save opportunities, the second most saves in the NL. The Padres were swept 3–0 in the playoffs by the Cardinals, who had a majors-best 100–62 record in the regular season. Hoffman did not get into any save situations as the Padres never led through any of the 27 innings in the series. As a free agent after the 2005 season, Hoffman re-signed with the Padres after negotiating with the Cleveland Indians. Hoffman signed a $13.5 million, two-year contract that included a club option for 2008. "It came down to me making a decision for my family and not disrupting what we have going on", said Hoffman. "This is probably the most significant signing that I've had", said then-Padres general manager Kevin Towers. "This guy is the face of our organization. I can't put into words what he means to our community." In 2006, Hoffman was named to his fifth All-Star game, but was the losing pitcher in the game after having two strikes with two outs to Michael Young, who was later named the All-Star Game Most Valuable Player. His All-Star performance bothered him, and he suffered two of his five blown saves that year in the week that followed. August 20 marked Hoffman's 776th outing for the Padres, breaking the Pirates Elroy Face's major league record for most relief appearances with one club. On September 24 in the Padres' last home game of the year, Hoffman retired eventual 2006 NL batting champion Freddy Sanchez for the final out of a 2–1 win over the Pittsburgh Pirates, keeping the Padres -game lead atop the NL West with seven games left to play. With the save, Hoffman became the all-time Major League saves leader, surpassing Lee Smith's record of 478. As the Padres celebrated on the mound with Hoffman, the Pirates remained in the dugout watching in respectful salute. "I've never seen a crowd get into one inning for one guy like that before", said Pirates reliever John Grabow. "You get goose bumps even if you are on the other team." The Padres presented Hoffman with a golden bell trophy, a reference to "Hells Bells". Hoffman saved a 3–1 win over the Diamondbacks on September 30 as the Padres to clinched a playoff berth. The next day in the last regular season game, two home runs were hit off Hoffman before he saved a 7–6 win over the Diamondbacks, earning the Padres their second consecutive NL West title. He was named Delivery Man of the Month for September after being 10 for 11 in save opportunities and striking out 13 batters over 12.0 innings and allowing only seven hits. Hoffman saved 46 of 51 save chances on the year, and led the NL in saves for the second time. His 11th 30-save season set an MLB record, while his eighth 40-save season extended his record. His season save total was the second highest in his career. Hoffman won the Rolaids Relief Award for the second time in his career, was awarded The Sporting News NL Reliever of the Year for the third time, and finished as the runner-up for the Cy Young Award for the second time. In the playoffs, the Padres faced the Cardinals in the NLDS again. Down 2–0 in the series, Hoffman saved Game 3 in a 3–1 win to avoid elimination. However, the Padres lost the series 3–1 as their offense managed only six runs in the four games against the eventual 2006 World Series champions. 2007–2008 On April 28, 2007, in a 3–2 win over the Dodgers, Hoffman earned a save and pitched in his 803rd game for the Padres, breaking the MLB record for games pitched for one team. The record was previously held by both Walter Johnson of the Washington Senators and Elroy Face of the Pittsburgh Pirates. On June 6 against the Dodgers, Hoffman became the first pitcher in MLB history to log 500 saves after the Padres' 5–2 victory. Hoffman was awarded the Delivery Man of the Month for May after converting all 11 of his save opportunities and allowing no earned runs in 13 games. On July 1, Hoffman was named to the NL All-Star Team for the sixth time in his career. On September 8 against the Colorado Rockies, Hoffman struck-out Todd Helton swinging on a 74-mph change-up for his 1,000th career strikeout, becoming the eighth reliever to reach the mark. On September 27, Hoffman picked up his 40th save of the 2007 season, marking his ninth season with 40 saves, a Major League record. On September 29, one strike away from clinching the Padres third consecutive playoff berth, Hoffman surrendered a tying, two-out triple in the ninth inning to Tony Gwynn, Jr., son of legendary Padres Hall of Famer Tony Gwynn. The Padres would lose 4–3 in the 11th inning to the Milwaukee Brewers. On October 1, in the Padres' wild card tie-breaker game against the Rockies, Hoffman blew his second straight save opportunity and his team's 8–6 lead in the 13th inning. He took the loss when he allowed the game-winning run to score on a sacrifice fly. For the season, he converted 42 saves in 49 opportunities while posting a 4–5 mark and 2.98 ERA. His 42 saves were the third most in the NL. A couple of weeks after the end of the season, Hoffman had minor arthroscopic surgery on his pitching elbow to remove bone chips. He said it was unrelated to his pitching performance at the end of the season. Hoffman surrendered a home run but recorded his 550th save on August 14, 2008, in a 3–2 victory over the Brewers. On September 19, 2008, Hoffman finished an 11–6 14-inning win over the Washington Nationals for his 900th career MLB game. Hoffman's 30th and last save of the season, a 3–2 win over the Pirates, ensured the Padres would not lose 100 games that season. The Padres finished with a 63–99 record after being projected by the team and analysts to win 87–90 games. Hoffman ended the 2008 season 3–6 with a 3.77 ERA and 30 in 34 save opportunities. He tied for sixth in the NL in saves. Hoffman reached 20 or more saves for the 14th time to set a new MLB record. He had a 5.14 ERA through his first 29 appearances and a 1.56 ERA in his last 19 appearances of the season. Hoffman, eligible for free agency, realized he was decreasing his leverage when he declared he wanted to return to play for San Diego in 2009 and did not want to move his family. Meanwhile, Padres owner John Moores, who was in the midst of a divorce and in the process of selling the team, ordered the team to reduce its payroll from its 2008 budget of $73.6 million to $40 million. It was announced on November 10, 2008, that Hoffman would not return to San Diego in 2009. With his struggles during the season, the cost-cutting Padres lowballed a $4 million offer with an option for 2010 and later retracted that, ending his tenure with the team. It was not an amicable parting for Hoffman, who was the face of the franchise after Tony Gwynn's retirement following the 2001 season. His 902 career appearances as a Padre extended his own MLB record for games pitched with one team. 2009–2010 On January 13, 2009, Hoffman signed a one-year, $6 million deal with the Milwaukee Brewers. He suffered a strained muscle on the right side of his rib cage in spring training, and started the season on the DL. He made his Brewers debut on April 27, 2009. Hoffman recorded his first save for Milwaukee the next day, and the Brewers continued with his "Trevor Time" entrance. He was named NL Pitcher of the Month as well as Delivery Man of the Month in May after recording 11 saves in 12 scoreless appearances in the month. He started the season with 18 scoreless innings before entering in a tie game on June 14 and surrendering a run in a 5–4 loss against the Chicago White Sox. Hoffman was selected as an All-Star in 2009 as a late replacement, making his seventh appearance. On September 3, he struck out Albert Pujols on three pitches for his 30th save in the 4–3 win over St. Louis. The save extended Hoffman's record to 14 seasons with at least 30 saves. He had already increased his record of 20 or more saves to 15. Hoffman appeared in 55 games with the Brewers, recording 37 saves in 41 attempts with a 1.83 ERA and a .183 BAA. It was the second lowest ERA of his career behind his 1.48 ERA in 1998, and he ranked fifth in the NL in saves. In the offseason, he re-signed with the Brewers for $8 million for 2010 with a mutual option for the 2011 season. With less control on his changeup, Hoffman struggled in 2010. In April, Hoffman pitched nine innings and allowed 13 earned runs and six home runs—surpassing his totals in both categories from all of the previous season—and he blew four of his seven save opportunities. Historically though, Hoffman had blown 20 of 84 save attempts in April for his career, a 76.1 percent success rate, while converting 90.6 percent the rest of the season. On May 1, Hoffman earned his first save at Petco Park as a visitor, as the Brewers beat the Padres 2–1. After saving just five of his first 10 chances with an ERA over 12.00 in mid-May, Hoffman's struggles prompted Brewers manager Ken Macha to remove him as closer and move him into middle relief to work on his mechanics. Hoffman insisted that there was nothing physically wrong with him, and he served as a mentor for his replacement, John Axford. Stuck at 596 career saves before his demotion, Hoffman eventually returned to a setup role, and occasionally pitched in save situations. On September 7, 2010, he recorded his 600th save, and he was carried off the field by his teammates. "To be a part of it was great because of how much admiration we all have for Trevor", said teammate Craig Counsell. Hoffman finished the season win a 2–7 win–loss record, 10 saves in 15 chances, and a 5.89 ERA in 50 appearances, but he allowed just nine earned runs in his final 33 appearances dating back to June 3. He and the Brewers parted ways on November 2 when the club declined to exercise a $7 million mutual option on his contract. Retirement In the offseason, Hoffman expressed interest in taking over the closer role for a team near his home in San Diego, but he did not wish to return as a setup pitcher and diminish his accomplishments. The Arizona Diamondbacks, where old friend and former Padres general manager Kevin Towers was the GM, considered Hoffman a backup option as their closer had they not managed to sign J. J. Putz. Hoffman believed he could still pitch in the big leagues, but with all of the closer roles for West Coast teams filled, he elected to retire, announcing his decision on January 11, 2011. He revealed that elbow tendinitis plagued him for most of the first half of 2010, though he never used it as an excuse for his performance. Hoffman had received three cortisone injections that year with the Brewers. Hoffman retired with 601 saves as the all-time saves leader in MLB history. He had no desire to sign a ceremonial one-day player contract to retire as a Padre. "I don't believe that's the right way [to retire]", said Hoffman. The Padres retired Hoffman's No. 51 at Petco Park in a pre-game ceremony on August 21, 2011, against the Florida Marlins. San Diego Mayor Jerry Sanders declared it "Trevor Hoffman Day." The ceremony was patterned after the show This Is Your Life, featuring over 40 of Hoffman's former teammates and coaches. Brian Johnson, the lead singer on AC/DC's "Hells Bells", paid tribute in a video to Hoffman for "rocking the mound." In a nod to Hoffman's late father, Ed, the Padres presented Hoffman with a mint condition 1958 Cadillac convertible; his father loved driving his family in a convertible. For the National Anthem, the Padres played a video of Ed singing "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Fenway Park on Opening Day in 1981 when Hoffman's brother, Glenn, was the starting shortstop for the Red Sox. In 2014, Hoffman became the ninth inductee into the San Diego Padres Hall of Fame. He became eligible for induction into the National Baseball Hall of Fame starting in 2016. In his debut, he fell short of the 75 percent of votes required for entry, but the 67.3 percent he received as a first-year candidate was promising for induction in the future. In 2017, Hoffman received 74 percent of the vote, falling five votes short of induction. On January 24, 2018, Hoffman was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame with 79.9 percent of the vote. Soon thereafter, the Padres announced plans to unveil a bronze statue of Hoffman at Petco Park sometime around his July 29 induction into the Hall of Fame. Player profile Pitching style Hoffman was known for his high leg kick, the menacing glare through his cap pulled down almost to his eyes, and his deceptive changeup. When Hoffman first came into the league, he could throw up to 95 mph. He would also throw a slider and only an occasional changeup. His original changeup was a conventional circle changeup taught to him by Cincinnati scout Larry Barton. Hoffman learned a different changeup, which he throws with a palmball grip, from teammate Donnie Elliott in 1994. He began using the new changeup in 1995 when his fastball had dropped to 88–90 mph after his offseason injury on the beach. With the decrease in velocity, Hoffman knew he could not rely as much on his fastball. He played through 1995 and had surgery the following offseason for a torn rotator cuff. When he returned the following year, Hoffman's fastball was at 87–88 mph, but he had more experience with his new changeup. His fastball reached back as high as 91 mph in 1998, but by sometime after 2000 it dropped down to 83–88 mph. His repertoire by then included primarily of his changeup, a four-seam fastball, a slower cut fastball that moves in towards a left-handed batter, and the occasional slider and a curveball. Hoffman explained the key to his changeup was how he pinched the seam of the ball with his thumb and index finger as he released it. He threw the changeup with the arm speed used to throw a fastball, and the spin and movement of the ball looked the same to the batter. His changeup ranged from 73 to 76 mph. Bruce Bochy, who managed Hoffman for over a decade with the Padres, said of Hoffman's changeup: "He pitched so well off his fastball [opponents] couldn't just sit on it every pitch." "You could be sitting on [his changeup] and still not be successful with it", says former player Mark Sweeney. It was the arm action on the change up and the late sink just before it reached the plate that allowed Hoffman to stay successful over the years. With opponents flailing to slow down their swings, teammates nicknamed Hoffman's changeup The Bugs Bunny Pitch after a famous Bugs Bunny cartoon episode. "Some [pitchers] fool you. Some guys overpower you. Hoffman embarrasses you", said former rival and later teammate Mike Piazza. After striking out on a changeup to end the game against Hoffman, Dodger catcher Paul Lo Duca said, "It's like it has a parachute on it." As Hoffman lost velocity on his fastball throughout his career, he compensated by maintaining a notable speed differential between that pitch and his changeup. He initially kept the grip of his changeup a secret. "I was a little weird about it", Hoffman said. "I didn't like talking about how I threw the change. I didn't want people to see how I gripped the ball. I thought I'd be giving away something to the hitters." Later in his career, he posed for pictures of his grip, figuring everyone had seen it. Work ethic Padres general manager Kevin Towers said Hoffman was the first one in and the last one out of the ballpark every day. Hoffman adhered to a daily conditioning program. When pitcher Jeremy Fikac was promoted to the majors in 2001, Hoffman invited him to join him on his usual afternoon run. "I remember sitting in the bullpen that night, and my legs were still trembling from the run", Fikac recalled. "I'd run before, but not at that pace ... I was thinking, I hope they don't call on me because I can't feel my legs under me ... His work ethic is unbelievable." Bochy said, "[Hoffman's] one of those guys like Tony Gwynn—they never feel like they've arrived. Tony never thought, 'Well, I'm hitting .360 ... ' He was never content. And Trevor's the same way. They just keep working and make sure that they've got goals they want to reach." After every save opportunity, whether he converted it or blew it, Hoffman would sit in the dugout for up to five minutes after his teammates had cleared out. Whether it was the euphoria from success or the sting of failure, he would sit there and drain all the emotion out of himself, put the game behind him, and move on. Tracy Hoffman said, "He's all about order. That's the foundation to what he does. You see it when he's on the field. He's always the same, win or lose. He doesn't smile, doesn't show any emotion." Padres manager Bud Black marveled at Hoffman's regimen. "The daily preparation for his job, that focus and dedication each day to prepare for the ninth inning ... It was incredible to see live", said Black. "I played with George Brett, a Hall of Famer who was a great worker. But Trevor took it to a level and a commitment and Hall of Fame caliber." After Hoffman resurrected his final season and recorded his 600th save, Macha said Hoffman's "work ethic and perseverance paid off ... He had to grind it out to get there." Character Hoffman was long regarded as one of the great teammates in baseball. He was known as a leader in the clubhouse and a tutor to younger players. He mentored his successor in San Diego, Heath Bell, and the pitcher who supplanted him in Milwaukee, John Axford. "Just watching him go about his business was a big thing to me", Bell said. In his first game pitching setup to Axford after losing his closer role, Hoffman stayed in the dugout to watch Axford finish. Many relievers retire back to the clubhouse after being removed from a game. Hoffman's teammates noticed that he stayed supporting Axford through a bases-loaded jam. Axford spent the season absorbing Hoffman's advice, and the two bonded. "He took young players under his wing, especially relief pitchers", said former Padres teammate Brad Ausmus. Hoffman regularly organized team dinners on the road or had team family gatherings at his home, whether it was with the Padres or the Brewers. "It's very unusual for a pitcher, especially a relief pitcher, to be the team leader", Padres first baseman Phil Nevin said in 2002, "but everybody here looks to Trevor. This is his team." According to Ausmus, Hoffman wanted his teams to feel like a family. He felt like he let his family down if he did not do his job on a particular night. Still, he was accessible and held himself accountable on the rare occasions that he failed. Hoffman was more accommodating for interviews after blown saves than he was after successful ones. "The people asking the questions are not responsible for the ball flying out of the park", he explained. Both Towers and Black best remember Hoffman for his accountability after his blown save in the 2007 Wild Card tie-breaker. Baseball people revere Hoffman for how he treats people. Ausmus says Hoffman goes out of his way to engage fans. Beyond shaking hands or signing autographs, he has extended conversations with fans who want to talk baseball. When Hoffman passed on the Indians in free agency to stay with the Padres, he still sent an autographed jersey as a baby gift to then-Indians manager Eric Wedge. After Hoffman saved the game to clinch the NL West on the last day of the 1996 season, he called Randy Smith, who traded for Hoffman as Padre GM before moving on to the Detroit Tigers. "Randy, I wish you were here", Hoffman said. "You're a part of this." While celebrating his record setting 479th save against the Pirates, Hoffman tipped his cap to the Pittsburgh dugout, particularly Pirates manager Jim Tracy, who managed Hoffman in Cincinnati's Double-A Chattanooga farm team in 1991 after he was converted to a pitcher. Despite losing his role as a closer in his final season, Hoffman took pleasure in supporting his teammates and "not being a cancer just because I was having trouble." Legacy Hoffman dominated his position at a consistent level while enjoying incredible longevity over almost two decades. After an 18-year career, the seven-time NL All-Star retired as MLB's all-time leader in saves with 601. He was the first pitcher to reach not only the 500 save milestone, but also 600. He converted 88.8 percent of his save opportunities, the third-highest rate among players with 300 or more saves. Barry Bloom of MLB.com called Hoffman "the best National League closer of his era." Hoffman is one of only three pitchers who have had streaks of four straight seasons with at least 40 saves; he achieved it twice. His nine seasons of 40 or more saves are tied for the most all-time. He became one of the Padres' most-popular players. His 15-year stint as their closer was rare for a baseball role that exhibited a high turnover rate. Hoffman had 12 seasons with at least 37 saves, 13 seasons with a sub-3.00 ERA and 14 with an ERA+ of at least 130 (indicating that he was at least 30 percent better than the league average in ERA those years). Four times he was in the top six in voting for the Cy Young Award, including twice as a runner-up. Among pitchers to debut since 1969, he is one of only two ranked in the top 10 for lowest opponents' batting average against facing both lefties and righties. Hoffman retired ranked first with 856 games finished, ninth with 1,035 games pitched, seventh-lowest in hits per nine innings (H/9) at 6.99, and seventh-best in strikeout-to-walk ratio (K/BB) of 3.69. He had a 2.87 ERA and 1.06 walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) for his career. Though he was not a power pitcher, Hoffman was a strikeout pitcher. His 9.36 K/9 was the fifth-highest in MLB history, and highest ever among relievers. Sports journalist Fran Zimniuch wrote in Fireman: The Evolution of the Closer in Baseball that Hoffman was "a thinking man's closer, using guile rather than heat." As the velocity of his fastball decreased, he compensated with a devastating changeup that is as synonymous a pitch with Hoffman as the splitter is with Bruce Sutter or the cutter is with Mariano Rivera. "It's a tough situation throwing a change-up in the ninth inning, unless you've got Trevor's changeup", closer Billy Wagner said. "There's not many guys who have a changeup that's dominating", All-Star third basemen Scott Rolen said. "But his is dominating. It's a weapon. That's not usually a word you use with a changeup." Robb Nen, a retired closer, was amazed at how Hoffman got better after he lost velocity on his fastball. "I don't think I could do it, to just lose the ability to throw 95 and still be one of the best. I have tremendous respect for him", Nen said. Another retired closer, Troy Percival, concurred about the difficulty in transforming from a power pitching style. "It's not easy to do. Guys who throw 95, 96 [mph] have an ego about being able to do that. [Hoffman] just went right into, 'Hey, you know, I throw 87 now. This is what I've got.' And he goes out there and gets it done just as well as he ever did." During the time Hoffman held the career record for saves, many still considered Rivera the best closer of all time. Like many other relievers of his era, Hoffman was compared to Rivera and his success in the playoffs. While Hoffman had 601 regular-season saves, he only had four in the playoffs along with a 3.46 postseason ERA. He lacked the postseason opportunities and success of Rivera, who had 42 saves and an 0.70 ERA in the playoffs as the Yankees advanced to the postseason 17 times and won five World Series during his career. During Hoffman's tenure in San Diego, the Padres won at least 90 games only twice and had nine losing seasons, including five with no more than 70 wins. Hoffman, however, did blow a save opportunity in his only World Series appearance and also failed on save tries twice in the final three days of the 2007 season as the Padres vied for the playoffs. Rivera broke Hoffman's career save record in 2011, and finished his career with 652. In 2014, Major League Baseball introduced the Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year Award, which is awarded annually to the top reliever in the NL. Hoffman was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2018, becoming the sixth member to be elected who was primarily a reliever during their career. Zimniuch wrote that Hoffman and Rivera are "the best of the best of the one-inning closers". Less than 10 percent of Hoffman's saves were over one inning. Closers as a whole have been criticized for pitching almost exclusively in the ninth inning with no runners on base, while star relievers previously were called firemen, entering games in the middle of innings with runners on base and capable of pitching multiple innings. After Hoffman retired, saves became devalued as a primary evaluator of closers, and his career numbers—including sabermetric statistics like Wins Above Replacement (WAR), Win probability added (WPA), and Jaffe Wins Above Replacement Score (JAWS)—were more heavily scrutinized than for relievers elected before him. Still, his large volume of saves made him a strong candidate for the Hall of Fame. Some opponents of his induction maintained that his limited innings mitigated his impact compared to starting pitchers who have not been inducted, while others posited that those starters could have excelled as closers, but Hoffman would not have succeeded as a starter. Hoffman pitched innings in his career, which topped only Sutter (1,042) among pitchers in the Hall of Fame. The two are the only Hall of Fame pitchers to never start a game. Hoffman's entrance into games, accompanied by the playing of "Hells Bells", became popular among fans after it was introduced in 1998. Tom Verducci of Sports Illustrated wrote that Hoffman's "signature moment is one of the most electrically charged in sports: Padres fans rising and roaring, in Pavlovian fashion, upon hearing the first bell toll, the foreboding bonging like something out of Hitchcock as Hoffman enters slowly, stage right." Opposing closer Jason Isringhausen said, "'Hells Bells' in San Diego is Trevor. It's like when you go there, you want to [win] two out of three so you can hear it once." Bill Center, writing for The San Diego Union-Tribune, once said "[Hoffman's] entrance was more suited to the World Wrestling Federation than the national pastime." Other teams contacted the Padres for videos of the "Trevor Time" production. Yankees executives witnessing Hoffman's entrance in 1998 were inspired to use the song "Enter Sandman" for Rivera's entrance starting the following season. Accomplishments Awards and honors Active records Statistics as of 2011 season Former records Other MLB rankings Most saves, career: 601 (2nd) Lowest H/9, career: 6.99 (7th) Highest K/BB, career: 3.69 (7th) Most games pitched, career: 1,035 (9th) Post-playing career Coinciding with his retirement from playing in 2011, Hoffman returned to San Diego as a special assistant to Padres team president and COO Tom Garfinkel. "There's been a turnover of people [in the Padres front office] who wanted to reconcile and I've been cool with it. A couple of years definitely makes a big difference", said Hoffman. In addition to his front office role, he also served as an instructor during spring training. In 2014, Hoffman became San Diego's upper-level pitching coordinator, essentially an additional pitching coach for the Padres at their Double-A and Triple-A levels. His new role also involved assisting San Diego general manager Josh Byrnes. Under General Manager A. J. Preller in 2015, Hoffman became senior advisor for baseball operations, overseeing pitching instruction at all levels of the Padres' minor league system. Hoffman was the bullpen coach for the Great Britain team during the qualifying round of the 2017 World Baseball Classic. He was eligible on the basis of his maternal ancestry to England. Personal life Hoffman met his wife, Tracy, in Buffalo, New York in 1992 where she was a real estate agent and a member of the National Football League's Buffalo Bills cheerleading squad. He asked her to marry him in 1993 while she was on the field during Super Bowl XXVII, which the Buffalo Bills lost to the Dallas Cowboys, 52–17. Hoffman and his wife have three sons: Brody, Quinn, and Wyatt. The family lived in Rancho Santa Fe, California for nearly two decades before selling it in 2019. Hoffman's father died of cancer on Super Bowl Sunday in 1995. Hoffman donated $200 for every save to the National Kidney Foundation. In honor of his father, a former Marine, Hoffman annually paid for game tickets and meals for 1,000 members of the military and their families. See also List of Major League Baseball career games played as a pitcher leaders List of Major League Baseball career games finished leaders List of Major League Baseball career WHIP leaders List of Major League Baseball individual streaks List of San Diego Padres team records San Diego Padres award winners and league leaders Notes References External links Trevor Hoffman at SABR (Baseball BioProject) Hoffman's Hall of Fame speech at MLB.com 1967 births Living people Arizona Wildcats baseball players Baseball players from California Baseball shortstops Charleston Wheelers players Chattanooga Lookouts players Cedar Rapids Reds players Cypress Chargers baseball players Florida Marlins players Lake Elsinore Storm players Major League Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball players with retired numbers Milwaukee Brewers players Nashville Sounds players National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees National League All-Stars National League saves champions People from Greater Los Angeles San Diego Padres players	0	-1
33748414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20South%20American%20Youth%20Championships%20in%20Athletics	2004 South American Youth Championships in Athletics	The 17th South American Youth Championships in Athletics were held at the Estadio Modelo in Guayaquil, Ecuador from September 25–26, 2004. Medal summary Medal winners are published for boys and girls. Complete results can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website. Men Women Medal table (unofficial) Trophies Final scoring for the three best countries were published. Overall team Individual The trophies for the most outstanding performance were awarded to Jonathan Davis (Venezuela) and Franciela Krasucki (Brazil). Jessica Quispe (Peru) gained the trophy for the most improved athlete. Participation (unofficial) Detailed result lists can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website. An unofficial count yields the number of about 259 athletes from about 12 countries: (28) (4) (61) (33) (27) (49) (5) Panama (3) (5) Peru (24) (2) (18) References External links World Junior Athletics History South American U18 Championships in Athletics 2004 in Ecuadorian sport South American U18 Championships International athletics competitions hosted by Ecuador 2004 in youth sport 21st century in Guayaquil Sports competitions in Guayaquil	1	1
25169758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mommy%202%3A%20Mommy%27s%20Day	Mommy 2: Mommy's Day	Mommy 2: Mommy's Day (also known as just Mommy's Day) is a 1997 low budget sequel to the 1995 thriller Mommy starring Patty McCormack once again as the psychotically obsessed mother who is trying to reunite with her daughter. Plot The film picks up immediately after its predecessor with Mrs Sterling (Patty McCormack) on Death Row about to be executed via lethal injection for the murders she committed in the first film. Mrs Sterling's daughter Jessica Ann, as well as her sister Beth (Brinke Stevens) and her attorney (Mickey Spillane) also come to witness the execution along with Lt. March. Mrs Sterling is granted her last rites in a closed room, but manages to incapacitate her imprisoners and escape, holding one of them hostage before she is shot and wounded by Lt. March. As he prepares to shoot to kill, Lt March has a stroke and collapses on the spot. Mrs Sterling's psychiatrist Dr Price makes a deal with the police and prosecutors- she can forego her execution if she agrees to have a small device that secretes anti-psychotic medication constantly surgically implanted in her hand. After agreeing to the procedure, Mrs Sterling is assigned to a halfway house where her daughter's former principal Mrs Evans tells her that she will be watching her closely and would like nothing better than to see her back on Death Row. Meanwhile, Beth has married Paul Conway, a successful author of true crime books including his latest publication "The Mommy Murders" which is based on the events that occurred in the first film. Beth and Paul are the legal guardians of Jessica Ann, whom the courts have temporarily blocked from contacting her mother (and vice versa) with a restraining order. While on the Paula Sands show to promote his book, Paul gets into an argument with Jolene Jones (the twin sister of the janitor who was murdered by Mrs Sterling in the previous film). Jolene later visits Paul at home, eager for them to co-write a follow-up book to the Mommy Murders, and thus get a share of the profits. Paul initially rejects Jolene's offer, saying she has nothing of value to offer him. Mrs Sterling is desperate to get in contact with Jessica Ann again and visits the local skating rink where her daughter has been taking lessons and is in practice for her first competition. After briefly reuniting with Jessica Ann, Mrs Sterling is warned away by the skating coach who threatens to report her to the police if she breaches the restraining order again. Later that night, an unseen assailant bludgeons the skating instructor to death with a skate. Mrs Sterling is assumed by most to be the murderer, based on her past history and witnesses who saw her argue with Jessica's skating coach; both Jessica Ann and Dr Price argue against this assumption, however, explaining that it doesn't fit Mrs Sterling's modus operandi. Mrs Sterling later tries to talk to Jessica Ann at her school, but is warned away by a teacher. Sgt Anderson, who was Lt March's partner, later meets with Mrs Sterling, making it clear he knows she has attempted to breach the restraining order and holds her responsible for his partner's stroke. Keen to prove her innocence, Mrs Sterling appears on the Paula Sands show, but unbeknownst to her, Jolene Jones reappears on the show to confront her for the murder of her sister. Mrs Sterling briefly threatens both Jolene and Jerry (the show's producer) before walking off the stage. Later both are found dead- Jerry has a stage light dropped on him and his eyes hacked out with a stiletto heel; Jolene is electrocuted with a portable radio while taking a shower in her home. As the evidence starts to mount against Mrs Sterling, she tries to persuade Beth and Paul to help her but both remain skeptical. Awaking the next morning, Beth finds that Jessica Ann is missing and assumes her sister has taken her. Mrs Sterling overhears Paul talking to Jessica Ann's abductor and realizes that he has been organizing the murders in order to frame her. After ripping out the implant from her hand, Mrs Sterling confronts Paul who threatens to shoot her before killing him in self-defense by pushing his head into a computer monitor and electrocuting him. Jessica Ann awakens in a car near a riverside mill and runs off to escape her abductor. Mrs Sterling tracks them both down, leading to a confrontation with her abductor- a young woman who closely resembles her. After mocking her attempts at imitation, Mrs Sterling shoots her dead, but not before the impostor has thrown a knife at her, wounding her chest. Reunited with Jessica Ann, Mrs Sterling finally prepares to leave the whole incident behind her. Sgt. Anderson reveals that Jessica Ann's abductor was a young woman called Glenna Cole whom Paul had met while researching his previous book – evidently, the two of them conspired to frame Mrs Sterling in order to make more money from the next volume. Sgt. Anderson reveals that Cole is responsible for almost all the deaths, but that of Jolene Jones matched Mrs Sterling's MO precisely. Unable to prove anything either way, he suggests that only Jolene Jones knows for sure who killed her. In the final scene, Mrs Sterling watches proudly as Jessica Ann is awarded first prize in the skating competition, while Beth sits next to her unhappily. Cast Patty McCormack ... Mommy/Mrs. Sterling Sarah Jane Miller ... Jolene Jones Rachel Lemieux ... Jessica Ann Paul Petersen ... Paul Conway Gary Sandy ... Sgt. Anderson Brinke Stevens ... Beth Mickey Spillane ... Attorney Neal Ekhardt Arlen Dean Snyder ... Lt. March Michael Cornelison ... Dr. Price Todd Eastland ... Jerry Paula Sands ... Paula Sands Del Close ... Warden Laurence Coven ... Dr. Stern Marian Wald ... Mrs. Evans Pamela Cecil... Glenna Cole Mark Cockrell...Skating Instructor Production Most of the cast from the first film returned for the sequel, including Sarah Jane Miller who plays the twin sister of her original character. Michael Cornelison also plays a different role, as the supervising psychiatrist. Jason Miller, was unwilling to reprise his role due to a smaller salary compared to the first, so his character was briefly played by Arlen Dean Snyder before being incapacitated by a stroke during the breakout scene. As with the original, all of the film was shot in Iowa, specifically in the towns of Muscatine, Davenport and Bettendorf. Rachel Lemieux's character was written as an ice skating student as the actress had become interested in the sport by the time the sequel was filmed- her real life coach, Mark Cockrell, is featured in a small role as himself. The talk show "Paula Sands Live" was a real television show which began in 1993 and aired in Iowa on KWQC-TV6 (the same network which appears in on a memo header in the film). In reality, the series followed a more traditional morning show type of format, not the sensationalistic 'Ricki Lake'-like program that is portrayed in the film. Mommy 2 was initially released to cable in 1997 but, unlike its predecessor, was unable to recoup its initial investment. It later was released on DVD and then in 2020, in a 25th Anniversary double-Blu-ray/DVD package with the first Mommy film. In the audio commentary featured on the blu-ray, Max Allan Collins explains that the final shot of Brinke Stevens looking disturbed was supposed to lay the groundwork for a third film in which she would take centre-stage as a psychotic character and that, in a reversal of roles, it would be 'Mommy' who would be trying to save her. The third film never came to pass due to the lack of critical and commercial success of the second. Many of the cast- Rachel Lemieux, Michael Cornelison, Brinke Stevens in particular- would later reunite and work with Max Allan Collins on his 2001 production Real Time: Siege at Lucas Street Market. External links 1997 films 1990s thriller films English-language films American sequel films	0	-1
9307148	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Wedding%20Suit	A Wedding Suit	A Wedding Suit (, Lebāsī Barāye Arūsī) is a 1976 Iranian comedy film directed by Abbas Kiarostami. Film details A woman orders a suit from a tailor for her young son to wear to her sister's wedding. The tailor's apprentice, together with two other teenage boys who work in the same building, devise a plan to try on the suit at night to see what it feels like. Things get a little complicated but in the morning, at the last possible minute, they manage to return the suit to its proper place. See also List of Iranian films External links Films directed by Abbas Kiarostami Iranian comedy films 1976 films Persian-language films 1976 comedy films Films set in Iran Iranian films	0	-1
6983867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%20Life	Knight Life	Knight Life (), is an Arthurian fantasy novel by Peter David. The book was first published in 1987, and an expanded, updated edition of the book was published by Ace Books in 2002. Plot summary (The following summary is based on the 2002 rewrite.) In a rundown apartment in New Jersey, Morgan Le Fay has finally decided to end her own life. Although kept immortal by magic, she has become apathetic, elderly, and corpulent, and sees no point in continuing with her life. Before cutting her wrist with a steak knife, she decides to look in on her old nemesis, Merlin's prison, one last time, and is surprised to see that he has escaped. Given a reason to live again, she laughs triumphantly. In Manhattan, King Arthur appears on the streets in full medieval armor, which he quickly divests in favor of a tailored suit (thanks to an American Express card that appears in his pocket by magic). He then walks into Central Park, where the Lady of the Lake rises from the pond and gives him Excalibur. Setting up an office under the name "Arthur Penn" (short for Pendragon), Arthur reunites with Merlin, who advises him that the world needs a leader like him, so Arthur decides to enter politics, beginning with announcing his candidacy for Mayor of New York City. As he is setting up his campaign headquarters, he hires the first applicant for an executive secretary, Gwen DeVere Queen, despite Merlin's disapproval. Arthur also "acquires," as hangers-on, two petty thugs, Buddy and Elvis, who crossed his path in Central Park and became awed by him. After collecting the requisite number of signatures to run as an independent candidate, Arthur begins his campaign with impromptu speeches on street corners in New York, where his medieval, yet chivalric views fascinate random passers-by. His campaign alarms his illegitimate son Modred, who is immortal thanks to his mother Morgan's sorcery, but now works as a campaign manager for the Republican mayoral candidate. Two versions The original version of the book sold decently, but was not a runaway best seller. During his efforts to bring the book to the big screen, Peter David grew more and more dissatisfied with what he considered to be an amateur novel. He was also concerned with how dated the story seemed, with anachronisms such as an office filled with clattering typewriters and an almost non-existent Republican presence in New York City mayoral politics. Because he had updated and expanded the story when writing a screenplay version of it during one of the numerous times it was optioned to be adapted into a film, he decided to rewrite the novel, incorporating aspects from the screenplay version, and bringing it more into line with how his writing style developed over the years. Whereas the original edition contained 65,000 words, the 2002 edition contains 95,000. Characters Arthur Pendragon/Arthur Penn Merlin Percival Gwen DeVere Queen Morgan Le Fay Modred/Moe Dreskin Lance Benson Miss Basil Buddy Elvis Bernard "Bernie" Keating Kent Taylor Ronnie Cordoba Influences Knight Life is influenced by numerous Arthurian literary works, including the following: Le Morte d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory The Once and Future King by T.H. White The Book of Merlyn by T.H. White The Last Enchantment (and other assorted titles) by Mary Stewart Tales of King Arthur by John Steinbeck Arthur Rex by Thomas Berger Film The novel was optioned to be adapted into a film several times, for which Peter David wrote a screenplay version of the story, but to date it has never been brought forward into production. Sequels The 2002 edition of the book was followed by two sequels, One Knight Only in 2003, and Fall of Knight in 2006. Reception Lynn Bryant reviewed Knight Life in Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer No. 79. Bryant commented that "The only problem with reading Knight Life is that afterward, you wish that it could really happen. An enjoyable, quick read that will make you laugh out loud." Reviews Review by Tanya Gardiner-Scott (1987) in Fantasy Review, June 1987 Review by Don D'Ammassa (1987) in Science Fiction Chronicle, #95 August 1987 Review by John C. Bunnell (1987) in Dragon Magazine, September 1987 References 1987 American novels 1987 fantasy novels Novels by Peter David Modern Arthurian fiction Novels set in New York City Novels set in New Jersey Ace Books books Suicide in fiction	0	-1
68769403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Izzo	Ralph Izzo	Ralph Izzo is an American businessman and former nuclear physicist. He is the Chairman, President, and CEO of Public Service Enterprise Group, a Fortune 500 energy company headquartered in New Jersey. He is also the Chairman of the Nuclear Energy Institute, a nuclear industry trade association based in Washington, D.C. Biography Growing up during the 1973 Oil Embargo made Izzo interested in fusion energy research because fusion energy was viewed to be the path to steer away from petroleum and fossil based fuels. He then chose to attend Columbia University that a small fusion reactor with a potential for commercialization. He subsequently received his Bachelor of Science (1978) and Master of Science in mechanical engineering (1979) and his doctorate in applied physics (1981), all from Columbia University School of Engineering. At Columbia, he was a pitcher for the school's varsity baseball team. After receiving his PhD, Izzo began his career by joining the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory as a research scientist and worked there from 1981 to 1986. He then worked for Senator Bill Bradley as an American Physical Society Congressional Science Fellow to help shape public policy to secure funding for fusion labs. He also worked for Senator Thomas Kean for four years as a senior science policy advisor and was involved in the construction of the Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station. In 1992, he joined the Public Service Enterprise Group (PSEG) as vice president before being promoted to president and chief operating officer of Public Service Electric and Gas Company (PSE&G), an operating subsidiary of PSEG. He received an MBA from Rutgers University, with a concentration in finance, in 2002. He was named president and chief operating officer of the company and was named to the company's board of directors in 2006. In 2007, Izzo was appointed Chairman, and CEO of PSEG. In June 2010, he was elected chair of Rutgers University's board of governors. In 2011, he was the class day speaker for Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science at Columbia University. He has a been a member of the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee of the United States Department of Energy. From 2013 to 2016, he was a director of Williams Companies. He was also a director, and former chair of the New Jersey Chamber of Commerce, a director of Nuclear Electric Insurance Limited, Edison Electric Institute, and New Jersey Performing Arts Center. In August 2020, he was named a director of BNY Mellon. Awards and honors In 2010, Izzo was honored by the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame with its "Trustee Award." In 2012, he was honored by the National Italian American Foundation and received the NIAF Special Achievement Award in Science and Technology. Personal life Izzo is married to Karen Izzo, a retired biologist, and lives in Cranbury, New Jersey with his wife, and two kids. References Living people American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies Public Service Enterprise Group Columbia Lions baseball players Rutgers University alumni American nuclear physicists American nuclear engineers United States Department of Energy National Laboratories personnel Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory people People from Cranbury, New Jersey BNY Mellon American people of Italian descent Year of birth missing (living people)	0	-1
1992774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinacea%20angustifolia	Echinacea angustifolia	Echinacea angustifolia, the narrow-leaved purple coneflower or blacksamson echinacea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to North America, where it is widespread across much of the Great Plains of central Canada and the central United States, with additional populations in surrounding regions. E. angustifolia is a perennial herb with spindle-shaped taproots that are often branched. The stems and leaves are moderately to densely hairy. The plant produces one flower heads one branch - each at the end of a long peduncle. Each flower head contains 8–21 pink or purple ray florets plus 80–250 orange disc florets. Echinacea angustifolia blooms in late spring to mid-summer. It is found growing in dry prairies and barrens with rocky to sandy-clay soils. There are two subspecies: Echinacea angustifolia subsp. angustifolia is native to central Canada and the central United States from Saskatchewan and Manitoba in the north to Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Louisiana in the south. Echinacea angustifolia subsp. strigosa has a more limited range in Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana. Many Native American groups used this plant for traditional medicine, although there is mixed consensus that it is effective or safe for treating disease. Morphology The word "Echinacea" is derived from the Greek word "echinos" which means sea urchin or hedgehog; a feature that can be observed in the flower head of the plant. Echinacea angustifolia is about 10-50 cm in length. The plant consists of white to pink or deep purple flower petals that characteristically wilt downwards, while the ray florets of the flower head range from green to red-brown in color. The leaves are dark green and can be oblong-lanceolate or elliptical in shape. The plant has pubescent stems with rhizomes present underground. Reproduction and life cycle The plant does not self pollinate and requires assistance from bee pollinators in the reproduction process. In Echinacea angustifolia there is greater success in pollination between mates that are at a closer proximity between one another. Echinacea angustifolia is an herbaceous perennial plant, producing flowers and living more than two years at a time. The plant is known to grow at a slow rate and is drought-resistant to help the plant survive in its temperate grassland habitat. Chemistry Greater root density is observed in Echinacea angustifolia growing in higher latitude, in turn, producing a greater quantity of polyphenols and alkylamides available in the root extract. References angustifolia Plants used in traditional Native American medicine Garden plants of North America Drought-tolerant plants Flora of North America	1	1
25699939	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Francis	Frank Francis	Sir Frank Chalton Francis (5 October 1901 – 15 September 1988) was an English academic librarian and curator. Almost all his working life was at the British Museum, first as an Assistant Keeper in the Department of Printed Books, and later as Secretary of the museum, Keeper of Printed Books and, from 1959 to 1968, Director and Principal Librarian of the museum. As director, Francis worked to modernise and expand the museum, and his ideas contributed to the establishment of a separate British Library after his retirement. He was a well-known bibliographer, lecturing in the subject at University College, London, and serving as secretary, and later president, of the Bibliographical Society. He was one of the pioneers of computerised bibliography for libraries. Life and career Early years and first posts Francis was born in Liverpool, the only child of Frank William Francis, a provision broker, and his wife, Elizabeth née Chalton. He was educated at the Liverpool Institute High School for Boys and Liverpool University, where he took a first class degree in Classics. From 1923 to 1925, he undertook post-graduate studies at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he specialised in early Greek philosophy. After leaving Cambridge, Francis taught for a year at Holyhead County School, and in 1926 he joined the British Museum as an assistant keeper in the department of printed books. He remained with the museum for 42 years. In 1927, he married Katrina McClennon in Liverpool. There were two sons and one daughter of the marriage. At the museum, Francis was put in charge of Swedish books. He paid several visits to Sweden, studied Swedish and Icelandic and became the museum's leading expert in Scandinavian languages. From 1930 he also took a leading role in the revision of the museum's general catalogue, acquiring a reputation as a bibliographer. In 1936 he was appointed editor of the Bibliographical Society's journal, The Library, a post that he held until 1952. In 1938 he was appointed secretary of the society (jointly with R. B. McKerrow until 1940). In 1946 Francis was appointed secretary of the British Museum. He was not entirely comfortable in a wholly administrative role, and in 1948 he returned with pleasure to his old department as the junior of the two keepers of printed books. Much of his time in that position was devoted to updating and improving the catalogue. He has been described as the most significant figure of the 20th century in the department of printed books. From 1948 to 1959 he also held the post of lecturer in bibliography at University College London. He was invited to reorganise and catalogue some ancient libraries, including those of Lambeth Palace and several English cathedrals. Director of the British Museum In 1959 Francis was appointed director and principal librarian of the museum in succession to the archaeologist T. D. Kendrick. He was the first director appointed from the department of printed books for nearly a century, and in his determination to be fair to the entirety of the museum he was thought by some to favour other departments at the expense of printed books. He continued the work of his predecessors in restoring galleries damaged by German bombing during the Second World War, and he was responsible for opening new ones, including the Duveen gallery, where the Elgin Marbles were housed from in 1962. It was under his directorship that "schoolboys knocked a leg off one of the Elgin Marbles", an embarrassing event kept secret from the general public for many years, due to fears that this would affect the British Museum's continued ownership claim given the long controversy regarding the Marbles' removal from Athens. The museum adopted the practice of importing exhibitions from other museums and galleries. Francis was a staunch opponent of suggestions that entry charges might be introduced for the museum, describing them as "misconceived and mischievous ... One of the great objects of our great museums is to attract people to come frequently, to see one thing and then go out again – not to come once and see the whole museum. To charge would cut at the root of the development." Francis took radical steps to modernise and rationalise the organisation and responsibilities of the museum and other organisations for which it was nominally responsible. He was largely responsible for the contents of the British Museum Act of 1963, which gave the Natural History Museum complete independence from the British Museum for the first time, authorised the museum to dispose of duplicate items, and allowed it to store and even display items away from the main building at Bloomsbury. This permitted, for example, the transformation of the museum's department of ethnography into the free-standing Museum of Mankind. It was regretted by some at the time that Francis had not been able to take the even bolder step of splitting the library from the rest of the museum, but he later developed plans for a new library building, which after his retirement came to fruition as the British Library. In 1964, Francis was elected president of the Bibliographical Society, and was succeeded as secretary by Julian Roberts, whom Francis had recruited to the staff of the British Museum and who had frequently deputised for him as the society's secretary. Roberts later wrote a short biography of Francis for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. In 1965, together with Douglas W. Bryant, the university librarian of Harvard University, Francis instigated the Anglo-American Conference on the Mechanization of Library Services, held at Brasenose College, Oxford in June and July 1966. This was later described as "the first attempt for the English-speaking library world to come to terms with library computerization, at that time in its infancy." In 1966, the new complete British Museum catalogue was completed. Francis had drastically streamlined the production of its 263 volumes by deciding that instead of preparing a new catalogue manually, the working copy of the catalogue in the Reading Room of the museum would be tidied up and then photographed and reproduced with minimal editorial changes. Honours and last years Francis was appointed CB in 1958 and KCB in 1960. He received honorary appointments from overseas bodies including the Institut de France, Bibliographical Society of America, Kungliga Gustav Adolfs Akademien, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York. He held honorary fellowships or degrees conferred by the universities of British Columbia, Cambridge, Exeter, Leeds, Liverpool, New Brunswick, Oxford, and Wales. In 1971 he was awarded Honorary Membership by the American Library Association. Francis retired in 1968, and moved to Nether Winchendon near Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. He died on 15 September 1988 at Chilton House, Chilton, Buckinghamshire, aged 87, and was buried at Nether Winchendon. Publications Francis's publications were "Historical Bibliography" in The Year's Work in Librarianship, 1929–38; and Robert Copland: Sixteenth Century Printer and Translator, (1961); and as editor, The Bibliographical Society, 1892–1942: Studies in Retrospect (1945); Facsimile of The Compleat Catalogue 1680 (1956); and Treasures of the British Museum (1971). References 1901 births 1988 deaths English librarians English curators Directors of the British Museum People educated at Liverpool Institute High School for Boys Academics of University College London Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath	1	1
58090881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustlers%20%28film%29	Hustlers (film)	Hustlers is a 2019 American crime comedy-drama film written and directed by Lorene Scafaria, based on New York magazine's 2015 article "The Hustlers at Scores" by Jessica Pressler. The film stars Constance Wu, Jennifer Lopez, Julia Stiles, Keke Palmer, Lili Reinhart, Lizzo, and Cardi B. It follows a crew of New York City strippers who begin to steal money by drugging stock traders and CEOs who visit their club, then running up their credit cards. Lopez also served as a producer on the film through Nuyorican Productions, alongside Jessica Elbaum, Will Ferrell, and Adam McKay through their Gloria Sanchez banner. First announced in February 2016, the film was originally set to be financed and distributed by Annapurna Pictures. However, amid financial trouble, Annapurna dropped the rights in October 2018. After STX Entertainment picked them up, much of the cast joined that fall through the following spring, and filming took place in New York City from March to May 2019. Hustlers had its world premiere on September 7, 2019, at the Toronto International Film Festival, and was theatrically released in the United States on September 13, 2019. The film received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise for Lopez's performance, and grossed $157.6 million worldwide against a production budget of $20.7 million. Plot In 2014, Elizabeth, a journalist, is working on a story involving former New York City-based stripper Dorothy, known as Destiny, and Destiny's former friend and mentor, Ramona Vega. Seven years prior, Destiny is working at Moves, a strip club, to support her grandmother, but is barely getting by. Mesmerized by Ramona's performance and the money she earns, Destiny strikes up a conversation. Ramona agrees to take Destiny under her wing, and the two form a formidable team. Destiny enjoys newfound wealth and a deep friendship with Ramona. A year later, the financial crisis of 2007–2008 strikes, and both women find themselves out of a job and lose touch. During this period, Destiny becomes a struggling single parent who has difficulty finding a job. With no other options, Destiny returns to dancing. However, Moves has changed: the financial crisis has impacted the number of customers, and the club is primarily staffed by dancers from Russia regularly willing to perform sex acts for money, a line Destiny crosses in a moment of desperation. She reconnects with Ramona, who introduces her to her new hustle. Along with her two protegées, Mercedes and Annabelle, Ramona targets rich men at bars. The women pretend to drink with each target while secretly lacing the men's drinks with a ketamine/MDMA mix; once inebriated, they are escorted to Moves where the crew has negotiated a set cut rate that they receive based on how much they are able to charge on their targets' credit card. The hustle proves itself to be very lucrative, and the women enjoy their new source of wealth. However, other strippers begin to emulate their strategies of bringing the clubs clients for a cut. Furious, Ramona cuts her business ties with Moves, reasoning that they can keep the entirety of what they earn; the group begins to service clients in hotel rooms or their own homes. Mercedes and Annabelle become uncomfortable with the new practice and no longer reliably show up, so Ramona hires women with drug problems and criminal records as well as sourcing strangers as new clients against Destiny's advice. Destiny's fears prove true when a client Ramona booked for Mercedes suffers a near-fatal accident and she must take him to the hospital when Ramona cannot be reached, with Mercedes bailing out in the process. It is revealed that Ramona had again been preoccupied with bailing Dawn, a drug-addicted new hire whom Destiny finds sloppy and unreliable, out of jail. Upon returning home, Destiny finds that her grandmother, who has raised her since she was a child, has died. Destiny initially rebukes Ramona's attempts to apologize, but at the funeral, Ramona makes amends and promises to take care of Destiny from now on. Returning to 2014, Destiny becomes uncomfortable when Elizabeth insists on talking about Ramona and why they ended their friendship; she stops the interview when Elizabeth brings up Doug. When Elizabeth returns home, Destiny calls to finish their conversation, recalling how her friendship with Ramona—and their crime ring—fell apart. She explains that Ramona's continued callousness drove a wedge between the women, and Destiny could no longer justify her crimes. Doug was one of her last targets, who Destiny viewed as a genuinely nice person, as opposed to their initial targets, sleazy Wall Street bankers not held accountable for causing the 2008 market crash. Doug is able to convince the police to take his claims seriously because he has evidence of the group's crime, leading to Dawn being picked up by the police and quickly agreeing to wear a wire to implicate Destiny and Ramona; the investigators manage to locate several other corroborating victims. Destiny, Ramona, Annabelle, and Mercedes are arrested, but only Destiny takes a plea deal to serve no jail time, because she does not want her daughter to grow up without a mother the way she did. Ramona is sentenced to five years of probation, while the others serve short jail sentences on weekends before being released on probation. Sometime later, Elizabeth receives a call from Destiny, who has read the article and asks her if Ramona ever said anything about her. Elizabeth reveals that she only interviewed Ramona once, during which she explains that after an incident she started to keep her most valued possessions with her at all times, including a cherished childhood photo of Destiny. Ramona fondly expresses that she could never understand how Destiny's parents could have abandoned her. At the end of their call, Elizabeth encourages Destiny to reach out to Ramona. Cast Production In February 2016, it was announced that Jessica Elbaum, Will Ferrell and Adam McKay would produce Hustlers, under their Gloria Sanchez Productions banner. The film was also produced by Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas, and Jennifer Lopez through Nuyorican Productions. In May 2016, Annapurna Pictures was announced to co-produce and finance the film, with the studio's Megan Ellison and Chelsea Barnard serving as executive producers. In October 2018, it was announced Annapurna had dropped the film, with STX Entertainment acquiring distribution rights to the film. Annapurna allegedly dropped the film due to budget concerns. Hustlers was directed by Lorene Scafaria from a screenplay she wrote. Upon first receiving Scafaria's script, Gloria Sanchez Productions first had Martin Scorsese in mind to direct, while also considering Adam McKay. Producer Jessica Elbaum stated that their initial approach was to "send this to the people that we've seen make this type of movie." After Scorsese and other directors passed on the project, producers ultimately gave Scafaria, who had refused to take on other directorial projects in hopes of directing Hustlers, the green-light to direct. Scafaria convinced the producers to hire her as director with a two-minute sizzle reel she created to demonstrate her concept. Scafaria described the "judgment that people have about strippers" as a challenge in getting the film made. According to producer Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas, who was pitching Hustlers to a range of studios after Annapurna dropped it, "[the male studio executives] were a little uncomfortable. Everybody could see the commercial value of this movie, but they were like, 'Can they just drug the bad guys? Can they just do it to the people that deserve it?'" Casting After being chosen to direct, Scafaria spent two years casting for Hustlers. In August 2018, it was announced that Jennifer Lopez would star in the film. Lopez was Scafaria's first choice to play Ramona, stating: "as soon as I was done, I realized, Oh my God, Ramona is Jennifer Lopez [...] It has to be her." Lopez, who plays a veteran stripper in the film, began pole dance training with professional dancer and choreographer Johanna Sapakie two and a half months before filming in preparation for a scene that has Lopez performing a major solo pole dance routine without a professional stand-in. Constance Wu joined the cast in October, after putting herself on tape, noting: "I knew that my résumé at that point didn't really have anything that would indicate that I could pull off this role." In March 2019, Cardi B, Lili Reinhart, Keke Palmer, Julia Stiles, and Mercedes Ruehl joined the cast with Mette Towley and Trace Lysette in negotiations to join as well. That same month, Madeline Brewer and Frank Whaley joined the cast of the film. Lizzo joined the cast of the film in April 2019, and Usher joined the cast in May. Scafaria had the idea to cast Cardi B, a former stripper, in the film, prompting Lopez to convince her to join the project. Lopez said: "I know she knew this world better than any of us. I told her she had to do it. And I wasn't going to take no for an answer." Filming and design Principal photography for Hustlers began on March 22, 2019 in New York City, with the shoot lasting 29 days. Production wrapped on May 3. Scenes were also shot north of the city in New Rochelle, White Plains and at the Palisades Center. According to producer Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas, the production budget for the film was $20.7 million. Cameos by Usher, Lizzo, and Cardi B, were all filmed the same day. Hustlers costume designer, Mitchell Travers, defined the origins of the film's costumes and treatment in an interview with Vanity Fair, stating that "I knew it [had] to absolutely floor the audience, and let them know that this is not going to be like any movie that they've seen before." Travers designed the costumes for Lopez to showcase the strength and muscle tone she amassed during her pre-Hustlers training. Without running afoul of the film's planned R rating, he dreamed up the diamond bodysuit that was essentially connected by three straps. Travers commented: "We did a lot of research and development to find something that could [stretch in every direction during Lopez's dance]. It's performance wear, and really had to work for that sequence. We did a number of fittings on it. It is tailored within an inch of its life, completely custom for her." Music The soundtrack to Hustlers features a list of songs ranging from late 1990s R&B, dance music, indie pop, to classical interludes, including Janet Jackson, Fiona Apple, Britney Spears, Lorde, and Frédéric Chopin. As Scafaria explained: "I thought of [the film] as a musical — the songs themselves were telling a story. Most of the music choices were also written into the script, I had obviously imagined scenes to these songs, and we shot to these songs, but you never know if you're going to get the rights." The film's music supervisor, Jason Markey, got artists from Big Sean to Bob Seger to sign-off permission to include their songs in the Hustlers soundtrack; however, the film deliberately does not feature any songs from the catalogs of Jennifer Lopez, Lizzo, or Cardi B. Markey noted that, "We didn't have a score, either; every song made a statement about the scene." Release The teaser trailer for Hustlers premiered online on July 17, 2019. The full theatrical trailer premiered online on September 3, 2019. Hustlers held its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2019. It was theatrically released in the United States on September 13, 2019. The studio spent around $38 million on promotions and advertisement. Censorship The film was banned outright from release in Malaysia, and has received censorship in several Asian countries. The film was denied a clearance certificate by the Malaysian Film Censorship Board, for showing what officials called "excessive obscene content." Reception Box office Hustlers grossed $105 million in the United States and Canada, and $52.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $157.6 million. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $47million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues. In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside The Goldfinch, and was projected to gross $25–30 million from 3,250 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $13.1 million on its first day, including $2.5 million in Thursday night previews. It was the biggest single day gross in STX Entertainment's history. The film went on to debut to $33.2 million, finishing second, behind holdover It Chapter Two; the opening marked the most successful in STX's history and the best of Lopez's live-action career. The audience breakdown of the opening weekend was 67% female, including 69% being over the age of 25. It dropped 49% in its second weekend to $16.8 million, finishing in fifth, and made $11.5 million in its third weekend, jumping to third. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "Led by a career-best performance from Jennifer Lopez, Hustlers is a uniquely empowering heist drama with depth and intelligence to match its striking visual appeal." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale, and those at PostTrak gave it an average 3.5 out of 5 stars and a 50% "definite recommend." The film was also chosen by Time magazine, HuffPost, and NPR as one of the best films of 2019. Christy Lemire rated the film 3 stars, describing Hustlers as "Goodfellas in a G-string... Scafaria's film is always a blast to watch, resulting in a surprising level of emotional depth." Lemire also described it as "Lopez's best screen work since her early heyday of Selena and Out of Sight..." and a "...career-best performance." Kate Erbland of IndieWire rated Hustlers an A- and describes the film as "funny, empowering, sexy, emotional, and a bit scary. The Oscar chatter for Lopez's revelatory, nuanced, and emotional turn as a brilliant con artist and better exotic dancer is no joke."<ref>{{cite web \|date=September 7, 2019\|author=Kate Erbland\|title=Hustlers' Review: Lorene Scafaria's Wildly Entertaining Crime Thriller Will Change Stripper Movies Forever\|url= https://www.indiewire.com/2019/09/hustlers-review-lorene-scafaria-strippers-jennifer-lopez-1202171503/\|publisher=Penske Business Media \|work=IndieWire \|access-date=September 8, 2019}}</ref> Varietys Peter DeBruge writes, "flashy, fleshy and all-around impossible to ignore, Hustlers amounts to nothing less than a cultural moment, inspired by an outrageous New York Magazine profile... adapted by writer-director Scafaria at her most Scorsese, and starring Jennifer Lopez like you've never seen her before." Justin Chang, writing for the Los Angeles Times, describes the film as "brassy and invigorating" stating that "Scafaria's clear-eyed grasp of that distinction that makes Hustlers more than just a girls-gone-wild cautionary tale, a peekaboo parade or a hypocritical amalgam of the two. The movie's empathy for its leads and its wholly justified rage against the architects of financial collapse is held in check by the knowledge that every hustle has its collateral damage." The Guardians Benjamin Lee, rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, stating that "even when films have focused on strippers as something other than window dressing, they've still been written and directed by men and have smoothed over rougher edges, turning them all into titillating one-note archetypes. Instead, Scafaria views the strip club like any other workplace, filled with internal politics and an ever-changing hierarchy of power." Beandrea July of The Hollywood Reporter stated that "Hustlers delivers on its hype while consistently doing the unexpected. Scafaria, whose last pic was the Susan Sarandon vehicle The Meddler (2015), excels at immersing the audience in the world of sex-work in clubs, quietly disabusing us scene by scene of any stereotypes about who these women are." Emily VanDerWerff of Vox writes "as you're distracted by all that razzle-dazzle and the movie's many, many great jokes, Hustlers is quietly composing some deeply profound thoughts about the relationships women build with each other." Brennan Carley of GQ called Hustlers the best movie of 2019 to date, noting: "starting with a bang is one thing, though; maintaining that energy throughout its entire run-time is what makes this strippers-turned-criminals flick such a masterful feat." Rolling Stones film critic Peter Travers was also positive, stating that, "Hustlers doesn't pussyfoot about what goes on in those 'champagne rooms' off stage. The intent is not to exploit but to show how women manage to live and work in a predatory man's world", adding that "in Scafaria's fiercely funny provocation of a film—there's no running from the shadows—it's the women who seize control." Accolades IndieWire's annual TIFF Critics Survey of the 2019 best films and performances at the festival ranked Lopez's performance the best female performance as well as the fourth best performance among movies premiered at TIFF. On Time's annual best performances of the year list, Stephanie Zacharek ranked Lopez as the second-best film performance of 2019. Also, A. O. Scott from The New York Times'' ranked Lopez as one of the 10 Best Actors of 2019. IndieWire included both Lopez and Wu on its annual ranking of the 20 best film performances by actresses. References External links 2019 films 2019 black comedy films 2019 crime drama films 2010s female buddy films American black comedy films American crime drama films American female buddy films American nonlinear narrative films Annapurna Pictures films Censored films Films about journalists Films about striptease Films based on newspaper and magazine articles Films directed by Lorene Scafaria Films produced by Will Ferrell Films produced by Adam McKay Films set in the 2000s Films set in 2007 Films set in 2008 Films set in 2009 Films set in the 2010s Films set in 2011 Films set in 2012 Films set in 2013 Films set in 2014 Films set in 2015 Films set in the Great Recession Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Gloria Sanchez Productions films Nuyorican Productions films STX Entertainment films 2010s feminist films	0	-1
4004055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens%20of%20Sallust	Gardens of Sallust	The Gardens of Sallust () was an ancient Roman estate including a landscaped pleasure garden developed by the historian Sallust in the 1st century BC. It occupied a large area in the northeastern sector of Rome, in what would become Region VI, between the Pincian and Quirinal hills, near the Via Salaria and later Porta Salaria. The modern rione is now known as Sallustiano. History The horti in ancient Rome Lucullus started the fashion of building luxurious garden-palaces in the 1st century BC with the construction of his gardens (horti) on the Pincian Hill. The horti were a place of pleasure, almost a small palace, and offered the rich owner and his court the possibility of living in isolation, away from the hectic life of the city but close to it. The most important part of the horti was undoubtedly the planting, very often as topiary in geometric or animal shapes. Among the greenery there were often pavilions, arcades for walking away from the sun, fountains, spas, temples and statues, often replicas of Greek originals. In the 3rd century AD the total number of horti occupied about a tenth of Rome and formed a green belt around the centre. The Horti Sallustiani The property originally belonged to Julius Caesar as the Horti Caesaris, but after his death it was acquired by the historian Sallust, one of his closest friends, who developed it using his wealth acquired as governor of the province of Africa Nova (newly conquered Numidia). In 36 BC on the death of the historian, the residence passed to his adopted great-grandson of the same name, and eventually to Claudius as Imperial property but was maintained for several centuries by the Roman Emperors as a public amenity. The gardens were enriched with many additional structures and monumental sculptures in the four centuries during which they evolved. Many emperors chose it as a temporary residence, as an alternative to the official seat on the Palatine Hill. Pliny writes that the remains of the guardians of the horti, Posio and Secundilla, were found there in the reign of Augustus and measured 10 feet 3 inches tall. The Emperor Nerva died of a fever in the villa of the horti in 98, and the emperors Hadrian and Aurelian had major works done there. The latter in particular had a porticus miliarensis built, probably a complex of portico, garden and riding stables, where he went to ride. Other restorations were carried out in the third century. It remained an imperial resort until it was sacked in 410 by the Goths under Alaric, who entered the city at the gates of the Horti Sallustiani. The complex was severely damaged and never rebuilt. However, the gardens were not finally deserted until the 6th century. Discoveries During the planting of 16th century vineyards and especially in the early 17th century when Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi, nephew of Pope Gregory XV, purchased the site and constructed the Villa Ludovisi, many important sculptures were discovered. In the late 19th century the building fever of the construction of Rome as the capital included the destruction of modern villas that populated the Quirinale. It was a lost opportunity to study the archaeology of the site. The ancient topography was irrevocably altered with the filling of the valley between the Pincio and Quirinal hills where these horti existed. Nevertheless excavations led to the partial discovery of a nymphaeum probably dating from Hadrian's renovation of the horti. Its walls were encrusted with enamels, pumice and shells, which framed small landscapes and scenes with animals and flowers painted in bright colours. The sculptural decoration included a round altar with four Seasons and the beautiful group of Artemis and Iphigenia with a doe, now in Copenhagen. Also part of the later complex was the temple of Venus Erycina which stood at the bottom of the valley, a Republican building located just outside the Porta Collina and incorporated in the horti under Caesar. This small temple was reminiscent of a Hellenistic tholos, a very common type in the late Republican age and a typical element of large suburban villas. The connection to Venus, goddess of love, fertility and nature, and therefore protector of horti suited a large villa such as the Sallustian. The horti also housed a hippodrome (circus) built by Aurelian. Remains A remarkably well-preserved pavilion of the villa can be seen at the centre of present-day Piazza Sallustio, 14 m below present street level. It was probably a summer triclinium like the Serapeum of Hadrian's Villa. The main part of the building was a large circular hall (11 m in diameter by 13 in height), covered by a dome with alternating concave and flat segments (a very rare form, found only in the Serapeum). The walls host three niches on each side, two of which were open as passages for side rooms, probably nymphaea. A few years after construction, the remaining niches were closed and covered with marble panels, which also covered the walls. The floor was also marble, while the dome and the upper part of the walls were decorated with stucco. A grandiose basilica room was framed by two side buildings on two floors, while the upper part of the building had a large panoramic terrace, linked to a gallery. It was one of the main nuclei in a spectacular location at the bottom of the valley dividing the Quirinale from the Pincio. It was supported by thick walls with arches and buttresses resting on the Servian Walls where the Via Sallustiana runs today, and resting against the hill behind and connected to other remains of poorly preserved buildings. To the south there is a semi-circular covered room divided into three areas with partitions, two of which still retain ancient mosaics in black and white and the remains of wall paintings probably from a later time; the third room towards the south is occupied by a flight of stairs to the two upper floors, while the north one was interspersed with an room used as a latrine. The brick stamps of this building confirm a date of 126. The dating is significant because it shows the developments of imperial private architecture after the Domus Augustana, and the evolution from the Domus Aurea model over nearly 50 years. Among the other remains in the complex is a cryptoporticus with wall paintings, now in the garage of the American Embassy on the side on via Friuli, and a wall with niches along via Lucullo. A large Hadrianic cistern also survives under Collegio Germanico at the corner of Via San Nicola da Tolentino and Via Bissolati consisting of two levels: the first, 1.8 m high, acts as a substructure to the second (overall 39 x 3.3 m). Art Testimony of the importance and wealth of the Horti Sallustiani are the great works of art found, many of them ancient Greek originals, even though numerous robberies took place over the centuries. The sculpture found in the 16th and 17th centuries included: the colossal acrolith of a large female head called Acrolito Ludovisi, a divinity of Magna Graecia the group of Gauls including the Dying Gaul, Ludovisi Gaul and the Kneeling Gaul Orestes and Electra signed by Menelaos, 1st c. BC great herms depicting Heracles, Dionysus, Athena, Theseus, Hermes, a discus thrower the Borghese Hermaphrodite. Almost all the works found in the late 19th century were sold to the great collectors of Europe and America, first of all Jacobsen, founder of the Glyptothek of Copenhagen, with the mediation of antique and art dealers who worked for illicit export, violating the Pacca edict on the protection of the works found. Later work of identifying numerous works preserved in Italian and foreign museums has made it possible to trace them back to the Horti Sallustiani. The works found later included: the Obelisco Sallustiano, a Roman copy of an Egyptian obelisk which now stands in front of the Trinità dei Monti church above the Piazza di Spagna at the top of the Spanish Steps the Borghese Vase discovered there in the 16th century. the Ludovisi Throne found in 1887, and the Boston Throne, found in 1894 between via Sicilia and the intersection with via Abruzzi the Crouching Amazon found in 1888 near the via Boncompagni, about 25 m from the via Quintino Sella (Museo Conservatori). two refined colossi of Pharaoh Ptolemy II and Queen Arsinoe II, now in the Egyptian Gregorian Museum the dying Niobid Artemis and Iphigenia from the nymphaeum. The Niobid, an original of the 5th century BC, is believed be one of the numerous works brought to Rome from Greece by Augustus as spoils of war and which played a large part in the evolution of the taste and style of Roman art. It is similar to the figures of the pediment of the temple of Apollo Daphnephoros in Eretria and perhaps is also linked to the dying Niobid and the running Niobid of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen. The Niobid should have decorated the pediment of a Greek temple but was found hidden to save it from the barbarian raids that devastated the area in the 5th century AD. The Nike Ludovisi and the famous Ludovisi Throne, both Greek originals brought to Rome, may have been placed in the Temple of Venus Erycina which was later incorporated into the horti. The throne came from the sanctuary of Aphrodite (Venus) at Locri; in 1982 it was shown to fit exactly into remaining blocks in the temple's foundations. Some verses of Ovid suggest the transfer of the cult statue from Magna Graecia to Rome. See also Roman gardens Notes References Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby, 1929. A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, (Oxford University Press): Horti Sallustiani Kim J. Hartswick, 2004. The Gardens of Sallust: A Changing Landscape (University of Texas Press) Reviewed by Eric M. Moormann, Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 20 The first monograph on the subject, covering topography and history, architecture and sculpture. The Gardens of Sallust from Platner/Ashby's Topographical Dictionary Filippo Coarelli: Rome and Environs. An Archaeological Guide. University of California Press, 2007. pp. 242–244 External links Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century BC Sallust Sallust Rome R. XVII Sallustiano	1	1
54268191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318%20Polish%20Cup	2017–18 Polish Cup	The 2017–18 Polish Cup was the sixty-fourth season of the annual Polish football knockout tournament. It began on 14 July 2017 with the first matches of the preliminary round and ended on 2 May 2018 with the final at PGE Narodowy. Winners of the competition, Legia Warsaw, qualified for the qualifying tournament of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League. They secured their 19th Polish Cup title ever, after defeating 2–1 defending champions from Arka Gdynia. Participating teams Source: 90minut.pl Notes Polonia Bytom withdrew from the competition. Round and draw dates Source: 90minut.pl Preliminary round The draw for this round was conducted at the headquarters of the Polish FA on 22 June 2017. Participating in this round were 16 regional cup winners, 18 teams from the 2016–17 II liga and 6 lowest ranked teams from the 2016–17 I liga. The matches were played from 14 to 18 July 2017. 16 of the 24 I liga and II liga teams participating in the preliminary round were drawn against the 16 regional cup winners, and the remaining 8 were drawn against each other. Games were hosted by teams playing in the lower division in the 2017–18 season. The host of Legionovia Legionowo versus Znicz Pruszków (both teams playing in 2017–18 II liga) game was determined by the order in which the teams were drawn. The number in brackets indicates what tier of Polish football each team competes in during the 2017–18 season. \|- \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|14 July 2017 \|- \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|15 July 2017 \|- \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|16 July 2017 \|- \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|18 July 2017 \|} Notes Note 1: Polonia Bytom withdrew from the competition. First round The draw for this round was conducted at the headquarters of the Polish FA on 22 June 2017. The matches were played from 22 to 26 July 2017. Participating in this round were the 20 winners from the previous round and 12 highest ranked teams from the 2016–17 I liga. Winners of matches were advanced to the next round. The 12 teams joining in this round were seeded and their opponents were drawn from the 20 winners of the preliminary round (the other 8 formed the remaining 4 matches). Games will be hosted by teams playing in the lower division in the 2017–18 season. Host of match between Puszcza Niepołomice and GKS Tychy (the teams are playing in the same tier) was decided by a draw on 17 July 2017. The number in brackets indicates what tier of Polish football each team competes in during the 2017–18 season. \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|22 July 2017 \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|23 July 2017 \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|26 July 2017 \|} Bracket Round of 32 The draw for this round was conducted at the PGE Narodowy on 25 July 2017. The matches were played on 8–10 August 2017. Participating in this round were the 16 winners from the previous round and 16 teams from the 2016–17 Ekstraklasa. Games were hosted by teams playing in the lower division in the 2017–18 season. The hosts of matches of teams playing in the same tier were the teams occupying a higher position in the bracket. \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|8 August 2017 \|- \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|9 August 2017 \|- \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|10 August 2017 \|- \|- \|} Round of 16 The 16 winners from the previous round competed in this round. The draw for this round was conducted at PGE Narodowy, Warsaw on 25 July 2017. Matches were played from 19 September to 27 September 2017. Hosts of matches between teams playing in the same tier were decided by a draw conducted on 11 August 2017. \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|19 September 2017 \|- \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|20 September 2017 \|- \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|21 September 2017 \|- \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|26 September 2017 \|- \|- ! colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"\|27 September 2017 \|} Quarterfinals The 8 winners from Round of 16 competed in this round. The matches were played in two legs. The first leg took place on 24–26 October 2017. The second leg took place on 28 and 29 November 2017. The draw for this round was conducted at PGE Narodowy, Warsaw on 25 July 2017. Host of first match between teams playing in the same tier (Zagłębie Lubin and Korona Kielce) was decided by a draw conducted on 28 September 2017. \|} Matches Górnik Zabrze won 6–1 on aggregate. Legia Warsaw won 7–3 on aggregate. Arka Gdynia won 3–1 on aggregate. Korona Kielce won 3–0 on aggregate. Semifinals The 4 winners from the Quarterfinals competed in this round. The matches were played in two legs. The first legs took place on 3-4 April 2018. The second legs took place on 18 April 2018. The draw for this round was conducted at Stadion Miejski, Kielce on 29 November 2017. \|} Matches Legia won 3–2 on aggregate 2–2 on aggregate. Arka Gdynia won on away goals. Final The final match was played at the PGE Narodowy, Warsaw on 2 May 2018. The host of the final match was decided by a draw which was conducted on 17 April 2018. Top goalscorers See also 2017–18 Ekstraklasa 2017–18 I liga Notes References Polish Cup Cup Polish Cup seasons	0	-1
62953540	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20Malaysia%20M3%20League	2020 Malaysia M3 League	The 2020 Malaysia M3 League was supposed to be the 2nd season of Malaysia M3 League the third-tier semi-professional football league in Malaysia since its establishment in 2019 before it was suspended and abandoned due to COVID-19. The season started on 7 March and concluded on 17 November 2020. On 13 March, it was announced that the league would be suspended indefinitely, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, this season's competition was formally abandoned on 8 June 2020, with all results from the season being expunged, and no promotion or relegation taking place to, from, or within the competition. Establishment and format This new season saw the format restructuring by the AFL. On 19 January 2020, the AFL has announced the format changes for the Malaysia M3 League and Malaysia M4 League in preparation for the transition of the amateur team to semi-professionals by 2021. The league will kick-off with 20 teams and to be split into 2 groups, an increase of 6 teams compared to 14 teams in the previous edition. The top 12 teams with a good financial record will remain in the 2021 Malaysia M3 League while the remaining 8 teams will advance to the Malaysia M4 League which will be formed with the 4 best teams 2020 Malaysia M4 League. AFL-recognized state and private leagues, originally part of the League The 2020 Malaysia M4 League will be part of the Malaysia M5 League in 2021. Season Changes Renamed clubs BTK F.C. was renamed to Kuala Terengganu Rovers F.C. Batu Dua F.C. was renamed to Harini F.C., and relocated to Kuala Selangor. Langkawi Glory United F.C. was renamed to Langkawi City F.C. Puchong Fuerza F.C. was renamed to Manjung City F.C., and relocated to Manjung. DDM FC was renamed to Melawati F.C. Tambun Tulang F.C. was renamed to Perlis United F.C. To Malaysia M3 League Promoted from 2019 Malaysia M4 League KSR SAINS - Promoted by winning the 2019 Malaysia M4 League play-offs IKRAM Muda - Promoted by runner up the 2019 Malaysia M4 League play-offs Immigration - Promoted by runner up the 2019 Kuala Lumpur League Thai Selangor - Promoted by winning the 2019 Puchong Community League Klasiko - Promoted by winning the 2019 Shah Amateur League PIB - Promoted by winning the 2019 Shah Alam League Perlis United - Promoted by winning the 2019 Perlis Amateur League Northern Lions-Mahsa - Promoted by runner up the 2019 Perlis Amateur League Relegated from 2019 Malaysia Premier League Sarawak New Team Semarak Kuala Lumpur Rovers Melaka City 1 From Malaysia M3 League Promoted to 2020 Malaysia Premier League Kelantan United Kuching Relegated to 2020 Malaysia M4 League Penjara Tun Razak Team withdrawal Johor Bahru. SAMB 2 Notes: Melaka City fills the slot that SAMB FC left. SAMB FC withdrew from the M3 League this season and was replaced by Melaka City FC. Clubs locations <section end=map Venues Personnel and sponsoring Coaching changes Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Foreign players Malaysia M3 League clubs can sign a maximum of four foreign players in the 2020 season, up from two as compared to 2019. However, two of them has to be 20 years old or younger on 1 January 2020. Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Players name in bold indicates the player is registered during the mid-season transfer window. Foreign players who left their clubs or were de-registered from playing squad due to medical issues or other matters. League table Group A at the time of abandonment Group B at the time of abandonment Result table Group A Group B Play-offs Season statistics Top scorers Players sorted first by goals, then by last name. Hat-tricks Notes 4 Player scored 4 goals 5 Player scored 5 goals (H) – Home team(A) – Away team See also 2020 Malaysia Super League 2020 Malaysia Premier League 2020 Malaysia M4 League 2020 Malaysia FA Cup 2020 Malaysia Cup 2020 Malaysia Challenge Cup 2020 Piala Presiden 2020 Piala Belia List of Malaysian football transfers 2020 References External links Football Association of Malaysia website - M3 League 5 Malaysia M3 League seasons	1	1
35568987	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20NCAA%20Division%20I%20Baseball%20Tournament	1992 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament	The 1992 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament was played at the end of the 1992 NCAA Division I baseball season to determine the national champion of college baseball. The tournament concluded with eight teams competing in the College World Series, a double-elimination tournament in its forty sixth year. Eight regional competitions were held to determine the participants in the final event. Each region was composed of six teams, resulting in 48 teams participating in the tournament at the conclusion of their regular season, and in some cases, after a conference tournament. The forty-sixth tournament's champion was Pepperdine, coached by Andy Lopez. The Most Outstanding Player was Phil Nevin of Cal State Fullerton. As of 2021, this is the last tournament in which no SEC teams have managed to advance to the College World Series. Regionals The opening rounds of the tournament were played across eight regional sites across the country, each consisting of a six-team field. Each regional tournament is double-elimination, however region brackets are variable depending on the number of teams remaining after each round. The winners of each regional advanced to the College World Series. Bold indicates winner. Atlantic Regional at Coral Gables, FL Central Regional at Austin, TX East Regional at Gainesville, FL Mideast Regional at Starkville, MS Midwest Regional at Wichita, KS South Regional at Baton Rouge, LA South II Regional at Tallahassee, FL West Regional at Tucson, AZ College World Series Through the 2021 event, this was the last time a Southeastern Conference team did not reach the College World Series. Participants Results Bracket The teams in the CWS are divided into two pools of four, with each pool playing a double-elimination format. The winners of the two pools meet in the National Championship game. Game results All-Tournament Team The following players were members of the College World Series All-Tournament Team. Notable players Cal State Fullerton: Bret Hemphill, Dan Naulty, Phil Nevin, Dante Powell, Steve Sisco California: Geoff Blum, Mike Cather, Chris Clapinski, Eric Ludwick, Matt Luke, Jon Zuber Florida State: Roger Bailey, Chris Brock, Tim Davis, John Wasdin, Paul Wilson Miami (FL): Dave Berg, Gus Gandarillas, Danny Graves, Charles Johnson Oklahoma: Greg Norton Pepperdine: Pat Ahearne, Steve Montgomery, Steve Rodriguez, Derek Wallace, Mark Wasikowski Texas: Brooks Kieschnick, Stephen Larkin, Calvin Murray Wichita State: Jaime Bluma, Darren Dreifort, Doug Mirabelli, Kennie Steenstra See also 1992 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament 1992 NCAA Division II Baseball Tournament 1992 NCAA Division III Baseball Tournament 1992 NAIA World Series References NCAA Division I Baseball Championship Baseball in Austin, Texas	1	1
351736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20D%C3%A9ricourt	Henri Déricourt	Henri Déricourt (2 September 1909 − 21 November 1962), code named Gilbert and Claude, was a French agent in 1943 and 1944 for the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive organization during World War II. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in countries occupied by the Axis powers, especially those occupied by Nazi Germany. SOE agents allied themselves with resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England. Déricourt was the organiser (leader) of the Farrier network (or circuit) in France. Déricourt's job with SOE was air movements officer. He found clandestine landing fields for RAF airplanes and organized receptions for the arrival and departure of flights to convey SOE agents back and forth from England to France. Déricourt also acted as a postman, collecting mail and messages from SOE agents for transmittal to SOE headquarters in London with the airplane pilots. He was highly successful at the job and came into contact with many agents of Prosper, the SOE's largest and most important network in France. In the summer of 1943, the Prosper network was destroyed by the Germans with the arrest of hundreds of Prosper network associates and the death of many, including Francis Suttill, the leader of the network. Déricourt's service with SOE was controversial and he is widely believed to have been a German agent. He is accused of betraying the Prosper network to the Germans. After the war he was tried but acquitted of being a double agent who worked for the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the intelligence arm of the German SS. The theory has also been advanced by some authors that Déricourt was a triple agent working under British instructions and that the betrayal of many SOE agents was an attempt by the British intelligence agency, MI6, to mislead the Germans about the date of the invasion of France by allied forces. M.R.D. Foot, the official historian of the SOE, believed that Dericourt was a German agent but debunked the assertion that Dericourt was a triple agent. Early life Henri Alfred Eugène Déricourt was born in Coulonges-Cohan, Aisne, France on 2 September 1909. His father worked for the post office and his mother was a domestic servant. He was trained as a military pilot in 1930, but left military service in 1932 to join an aerial circus. In 1935, he joined Air Bleu as a pilot and flew mail around France from then until the beginning of World War II in 1939. In 1936, he also became involved with French intelligence services and delivered aeroplanes to the Spanish Republican Army in Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War. In Paris in 1937 and 1938, according to author Robert Marshall, Déricourt met and became friends with two people who would become important in his life: a British journalist named Nicolas Bodington, later to become the second ranking officer in the French section of SOE, and a German policeman, Karl Boemelburg, assigned to the German Embassy and later the head of the SD in Paris. On 13 December 1941 Déricourt married a recently divorced woman, Jean Rose "Jeannot" Gamerre. He "was devoted to Jeannot, but never faithful" staying with Julienne Aisner when he was in Paris. He later recruited Aisner to work for him in SOE. Déricourt had the reputation of being a "witty, self-confident and extremely persuasive charmer, particularly with the ladies." His friend, fellow pilot Hugh Verity, said that Dericourt "was unscrupulous enough and arrogant enough to think that he could outsmart anyone--but that he was by nature a man who would not stab his friends in the back." World War II and SOE At the beginning of World War II, Déricourt flew civilian aircraft supplying French soldiers stationed near the border with Germany and later as a test pilot of a new French bomber. With the surrender of France in June 1940, he was involved in black market activities. He renewed his friendship with Boemelburg, now SD chief in Paris. Beginning in July 1941, he was a pilot for an airline in Vichy France, at that time unoccupied by Germany. He also came into contact with American intelligence officials as a source of information. In August 1942, Déricourt, unhappy in Vichy and leaving his wife behind, was transported by ship to Britain. He was investigated by MI5 (Security Service) which said that it was "unable to guarantee his reliability." Despite those concerns he was subsequently recruited by MI6 (Secret Intelligence Service) before having his name and credentials passed to the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in November 1942. Déricourt's old friend, Nicolas Bodington, now the second in command of SOE's French section, endorsed his employment enthusiastically. Air operations SOE had difficulties with the Royal Air Force which reluctantly supplied the planes and pilots for SOE's clandestine operations. The RAF complained about the large number of failed missions. Déricourt with his experience as a pilot and his knowledge of France seemed like a godsend. On the night of 22/23 January 1943, Déricourt was parachuted "blind" (without anybody meeting him) into France near Orléans. He made his way to Paris, reunited with his wife, and, perhaps by coincidence, moved into a house next door to the house where Abwehr spy catcher Hugo Bleicher lived. The SD headquarters of old friend Karl Boemelburg was at 82 Avenue Foch, a short walk away. The two met shortly after Déricourt arrived in Paris. Déricourt lived openly under his own name, saying he was too well known to use an alias. Déricourt soon assembled his Farrier team, consisting of Aisner as his courier and another old friend, pilot Rémy Clément, as an assistant. He relied on the Prosper network led by Francis Suttill for a radio operator, Jack Agazarian. Andrée Borrel helped Aisner with the courier duties. Through courier Lise de Baissac, Déricourt also established links with the large SOE Scientist network on the Atlantic Ocean coast of France, which also needed his services to move agents. These extensive links among networks, although understandable as Déricourt serviced several networks, violated SOE's doctrine that for security reasons networks should be independent of each other with as little contact as possible between and among networks and even among members of the same network. Déricourt's first air operation was the night of 17/18 March 1943 when he met two Westland Lysander airplanes landing near Poitiers which delivered four SOE agents and boarded four others to return to England. The operation was successful and his success continued. Over the next eleven months, he supervised 17 air operations in which 22 aircraft landed at more than six different clandestine airfields and delivered 43 SOE agents to France and took 67 back to England. The air operations were also a means of communications between the London headquarters of SOE and its agents in France. Déricourt was the "postman" who collected letter and reports from agents and gave them to the pilots of the airplanes to take back to England. Unlike wireless messages which were always transmitted in code, most of these letters and reports were in clear language although code names were supposed to be used for people and places. Suspicions The first known criticism by SOE agents of Déricourt was in June 1943 when Jack Agazarian complained to London that Déricourt's security was faulty. Several more agents complained in July about "Gilbert" although in the terse language of wireless transmissions it was unclear whether they meant Déricourt, code named Gilbert, or Gilbert Norman, deputy to Francis Suttill, the leader of the Prosper network. In summer 1943, the Prosper network was destroyed by the Germans. Suttill, Norman and many other members and associates of the Prosper network were captured. Francis Suttill's son lists approximately 180 SOE agents and French associates arrested of whom about 80 were executed or died in concentration camps, including Suttill himself. Given the clandestine involvement of many people, that list is incomplete. The information SOE headquarters received from France about the fate of Prosper was misleading, because the Germans were using a captured wireless to feed false information to SOE in London. Déricourt remained at large, and continued to organize aircraft landings into France. In October 1943 veteran resistor Henri Frager took a Déricourt-organized flight to London with the objective of telling SOE that Déricourt was a German agent. Senior SOE staff members and French Section leader Maurice Buckmaster refused to believe the reports and Déricourt continued his work in France until February 1944 when he was recalled to London. An investigation was inconclusive, but he was not allowed to return to France. Buckmaster later said that Déricourt "never once let any of our boys down and that he has by far the finest record of operations completed of any member of SOE." Investigations Déricourt's complicity in the arrests of SOE agents was revealed after the war, when war crimes investigators received definite information from German sources that Déricourt had been one of their agents and that the information he provided had led to the arrest and execution of many SOE agents and hundreds of their French associates. In fall 1946, SOE spymaster Vera Atkins interviewed Dr. Josef Goetz, formerly an SD officer in Paris and now a captive of the allies in England. Goetz said that agent "Gilbert" worked for Boemelburg. Gilbert's task was to photograph all the agent's mail and SOE documents given to him to be sent back to England by aircraft. He gave copies to Boemelburg who passed them down to Goetz. Thus, the SD acquired personal and operational information about SOE agents which aided in their capture and interrogation and enabled the SD to conduct a disinformation campaign with captured radios. Goetz had met "Gilbert" on several occasions and identified Déricourt as "Gilbert" from a photograph Atkins showed him. In January 1947, Atkins located Sturmbannfuhrer Hans Josef Kieffer, who had been a senior German intelligence officer in Paris and commandant of the SD unit at 84 Avenue Foch. She interviewed him in a prison in Germany. She asked him whether there was a traitor among the SOE agents. Kieffer replied, "You know yourself there was one...Gilbert...He was Boemelburg's agent...in fact he was more than an agent. He was a friend going back a very long time...He had the symbol BOE-48, Boemelburg's 48th agent." She asked for the identity of "Gilbert" and BOE-48. Kieffer answered: "Of course, you know. It was Henri Déricourt." Trial On 22 November 1946, Déricourt was arrested by French police in Paris and on 26 November he was charged with having had "Intelligence With the Enemy" and further investigations were authorized to "establish the consequence of Déricourt's treason." However, by the time of Déricourt's June 1948 trial in Paris, Josef Kieffer, Atkin's principal source of Déricourt's identification as a German agent, had been executed for war crimes. Her other source, Dr. Goetz, had changed his story to say that he did not know whether Agent BOE-48 was in fact Déricourt. "Most extraordinary of all" in the words of author Sarah Helm nobody representing SOE was at the trial to give evidence against Déricourt. To the contrary, Nicolas Bodington, formerly the deputy in the French section of SOE and Déricourt's old friend, testified that he had known and approved of Déricourt's contacts with the Germans and said, "I had total trust in Déricourt and recommended he maintain his contacts with the Germans." Déricourt was quickly acquitted after Bodington's testimony. Vera Atkins and other SOE agents were infuriated and accused Bodington as being a "perjurer." Conspiracy theories The British foreign policy establishment was never enthusiastic about the existence of SOE, regarding it as a terrorist organization. Historian John Keegan later said that "SOE besmirched Britain." After World War II, MI6 "could not snuff out its awkward wartime rival fast enough and the Foreign office was delighted to see an end to the organisation that had interfered so much with quiet diplomacy." Despite those efforts, SOE attracted the attention of many authors and film makers. Author Jean Overton Fuller tracked down Déricourt in the early 1950s and he told her that he had handed over copies of SOE agent's mail to the Germans, but was acting on the instructions of another British agency. The speculation developed that MI6 had planted Déricourt in SOE to keep tabs on its competitor. Later, the speculation expanded to the belief that MI6 employed Déricourt to deceive the Germans about Allied plans to invade France. One version of the speculation as expressed by some authors is that the British government told unwitting SOE agents to prepare for an allied invasion of France in September 1943 (the invasion did not occur until June 1944) with the knowledge that some SOE agents would be captured by the Germans. Under questioning some of the captured agents told the Germans that they believed an invasion was forthcoming in 1943. The objective of the deception, was to persuade the Germans to keep soldiers in France to defend against an invasion, rather than transferring them to the eastern front to fight against the Soviet Union which Britain feared was near collapse. Déricourt's role was to copy and give to the Germans the correspondence of SOE agents which hinted that an invasion was upcoming. He also gave them personal information about the agents and copies of their correspondence. The theory that SOE was deliberately betrayed by MI6 has been widely criticized. The official SOE historian, M.R.D. Foot said, "if you can believe that, you can believe anything." The son of SOE agent Francis Suttill, who was captured and executed, also debunked the theory that SOE agents were sacrificed in a disinformation campaign of MI6. Postwar activities Despite his acquittal, Déricourt's reputation was destroyed and he went through a lean spell before returning to his profession as a pilot. In the 1950s he found employment with Aigle Azur, Air Liban, and SAGETA (Société Auxiliaire de Gérance et de d'Exploitation Transport Aeriens) before becoming involved in drug-running activities in Indochina. Officially employed by the government-owned airline, Air Laos, Déricourt flew a twin-engined Beech 18 (C-45) for Air Laos Commerciale, a concern that was often referred to by the name 'Air Opium'. The drug trade was organized by Bonaventure 'Rock' Francisci of the Corsican Mafia. The loads of raw opium were picked up on dirt strips in Northern Laos and transported to drop points in South Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Gulf of Thailand for onward transport to the Marseilles 'French Connection' heroin trade. Death On 21 November 1962, Déricourt took off from Vientiane, Laos for Sayaboury with a load of gold and four passengers, but the plane crashed short of the landing strip due to fuel starvation. There were no survivors. His body was never recovered. References Bibliography Robert Marshall, All the King's Men (Collins, 1988) Jean Overton Fuller, Dericourt: The Chequered Spy (Michael Russell, 1989) , Bob Maloubier and Jean Lartéguy, Triple jeu. L'espion Déricourt, Robert Laffont, 1992, . Anthony Cave Brown, "Bodyguard of Lies" (Harper & Row, 1975) 1909 births 1962 deaths French Special Operations Executive personnel Secret Intelligence Service personnel World War II spies for Germany Triple agents Smugglers	1	1
2192442	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra%20Club%20Canada	Sierra Club Canada	Sierra Club Canada (SCC) is a Canadian environmental organization. Its roots date back to 1969, when Terry A. Simmons incorporated the Sierra Club BC, affiliating the local organization with the Sierra Club of the United States. Several members of this club from Vancouver were prominent in the founding of Greenpeace. In 1989, Sierra Club Canada spread to the entire country and was legally incorporated as a Canadian organization in 1992. it has approximately 10,000 members and supporters with its head office in Ottawa. Organization Sierra Club Canada is governed by a nine-member Board of Directors, three members of which are elected each year in an election in which all SCC members can vote. Two of the seats are reserved for youth members of the Club. SCC currently has five Chapters (Atlantic, British Columbia, Ontario, Prairies, and Quebec) and the Sierra Youth Coalition. It has offices in Edmonton, Halifax, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, and Victoria. In addition, SCC includes several local groups working mostly at the municipal level. Executive Directors 1989–2006: Elizabeth May 2006–2009: Stephen Hazell 2009–present: John Bennett Affiliates and subsidiaries SCC is also affiliated with the Sierra Club Canada Foundation and the Sierra Club British Columbia Foundation. The Sierra Youth Coalition is the youth-led wing of the Sierra Club Canada. SCC is a major member of the Canadian Environmental Network. Successes Over the years Sierra Club Canada has influenced environmental policy and legislative initiatives. The following list of milestones provides an indication of some of the campaigns that Sierra Club has been involved in, both in coalition with others and as a leading advocate. 2009 Reducing smog pollution – Sierra Club Canada initiated and led a joint industry/environmental group coalition that has brought together provincial and federal governments with other stakeholders in a collaboration for a comprehensive federal and provincial regulatory regime to improve air quality standards, an air zone approach to managing air quality, and a multi-stakeholder Air Quality Council to oversee the regime Raising public awareness about oil sands development - Sierra Club Canada and Sierra Club Prairie raise public awareness about the adverse environmental impacts of oil sands development. 2008 Stopping the Digby Neck Basalt Quarry and Marine Terminal - Working closely with local citizens' groups, Sierra Club Canada and Sierra Club Atlantic persuaded an environmental review panel to oppose construction of a basalt quarry and marine terminal, the ships from which would have damaged threatened right whales and damaged a community committed to sustainability. The federal and Nova Scotian governments accepted the panel's recommendations; the quarry and terminal were never built Ensuring that greenhouse gas emissions are assessed in oil sands projects - Sierra Club Canada won a lawsuit in the Federal Court of Canada requiring that greenhouse gas emissions are assessed as part of the federal environment assessment for an oil sands mine, specifically the Kearl Oil Sands Project. 2007 The cleanup of the Sydney Tar Ponds in Nova Scotia will not include an incinerator for toxic waste, which would have further polluted local communities. The Mackenzie Gas Project has been delayed for five years and may never be built. Federal funding has been committed to protect the Great Bear Rainforest in British Columbia, which is a quarter of the Earth’s remaining ancient coastal temperate rainforests. Phase-out of a federal tax subsidy to oil sands companies, as well as growing support for a moratorium on new Alberta tar sands projects. 2006 The announcement that two million hectares of temperate rainforest would be protected from logging. The Great Bear Rainforest announcement is British Columbia’s decade-long effort that saw blockades, international markets campaigns, and an agreement between as unlikely allies as logging companies and environmentalists. 2005 Stopping proposal to transport Great Lakes water out of the watershed via the Sustainable Water Resources Agreement. Achieving the commitment to a minimum of 5 percent mix of biofuels in gasoline and diesel by the end of 2010. The passage of Bill C-15, which is designed to bring an end to the dumping of bilge oil from ships, which results in the deaths of some 300,000 seabirds annually off the coast of Newfoundland alone. 2004 Both the Ontario Government and the federal government accepted Sierra Club Canada's position against any diversions from the Great Lakes. The plan to allow diversions was halted. The Sierra Club was the first environmental group to identify the proposed Annex from the Council of Great Lakes Governors as a major threat to the lakes The federal Ministers of Environment and Natural Resources jointly committed to push the car makers to 25% decreases in greenhouse gas emissions by 2010, directly in response to a Sierra Club of Canada campaign The British Columbia government received a report from public hearings, chaired by Roland Priddle, clearly stating that British Columbians were massively opposed to lifting the moratorium on offshore oil and gas development. SCC and our BC Chapter had been heavily involved in the coalition opposing oil and gas The Quebec environmental assessment agency (Bureau d'Audiences Publique -BAPE) issued a report harshly critical of the threat to whales from seismic testing – the first step in oil and gas exploration – an issue which SCC had been coordinating and to which we had appeared in order to give evidence. The Quebec government blocked testing at the mouth of the St. Lawrence in the Gulf After years of pressure, the federal government came through with $4 billion for the clean-up of toxic waste sites, with a very specific mention of the need to clean up the Sydney Tar Ponds. By May, the federal and provincial governments signed a $400 million agreement to clean up the notorious toxic site. SCC has been the only environmental group, national or provincial, championing the plight of the local environment and Sydney residents The precedent created by Sierra Club of Canada's victory in the Federal Court, quashing a permit for a massive mussel aquaculture facility in Cape Breton, was preserved when the company dropped its appeal. Although the aquaculture facility is proceeding under a new permit, it has been forced to adopt a phased approach Nine municipalities drafted pesticide by-laws, and five adopted them in 2004. Often their efforts were supported by our materials and local volunteers. A total of 70 municipalities now have by-laws restricting the use of toxic chemical pesticides for cosmetic purposes. 2003 Passage of Species at Risk Act Reform of the Pest Control Products Act Pesticide bylaws in 65 municipalities to date Sierra Club successfully intervenes in Supreme Court of Canada which upholds Canadian Patent Board's refusal to patent Oncomouse (Harvard Mouse Case) $4 billion committed to Toxic Waste Site Clean Up in the federal budget Sierra Club was the only intervener in environmental hearings in Fort McMurray appearing to oppose any expansion in the Athbasca Tar Sands. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge protected another year Failure of the WTO in September in Cancun Key role in developing a strong new National Forest Strategy ITER project In 2003, Sierra Club Canada lobbied extensively to stop Canadian participation in the ITER project. The SCC, arguing that the research project was a subsidy, influenced public opinion against the project. Canada is now no longer involved in ITER. Archives There is a Sierra Club Canada fonds at Library and Archives Canada. Archival reference number is R8161. References External links Sierra Club Canada Foundation Sierra Youth Coalition Sierra Club Environmental organizations based in Ontario Organizations based in Ottawa	0	-1
20519273	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recollections%20of%20Pavlovsk	Recollections of Pavlovsk	Recollections of Pavlovsk () is a 1984 Soviet short documentary film directed by Irina Kalinina. At the 57th Academy Awards it was nominated for Best Documentary Short. References External links 1984 films 1984 short films 1984 documentary films Soviet short documentary films 1980s Russian-language films 1980s short documentary films	1	1
184730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Ghats	Western Ghats	The Western Ghats or the Sahyadri Mountain range is a mountain range that covers an area of in a stretch of parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula, traversing the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight biodiversity hotspots in the world. It is sometimes called the Great Escarpment of India. It contains a very large proportion of the country's flora and fauna, many of which are endemic to this region. According to UNESCO, the Western Ghats are older than the Himalayas. They influence Indian monsoon weather patterns by intercepting the rain-laden monsoon winds that sweep in from the south-west during late summer. The range runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain called Konkan along the Arabian Sea. A total of 39 areas in the Western Ghats, including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests, were designated as world heritage sites in 2012 – twenty in Kerala, ten in Karnataka, six in Tamil Nadu and four in Maharashtra. The range starts near south of the Tapti river and runs approximately through the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa, Kerala and Tamil Nadu ending at Marunthuvazh Malai near the southern tip of India. These hills cover and form the catchment area for complex riverine drainage systems that drain almost 40% of India. The Western Ghats block the southwest monsoon winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau. The average elevation is around . The area is one of the world's ten "hottest biodiversity hotspots." It has over 7,402 species of flowering plants, 1,814 species of non-flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species, 227 reptile species, 179 amphibian species, 290 freshwater fish species, and 6,000 insect species. It is likely that many undiscovered species live in the Western Ghats. At least 325 globally threatened species occur in the Western Ghats. Etymology The word Ghat is explained by numerous Dravidian etymons such as the Tamil gattu (hill and hill forest), Kannada gaati and ghatta (mountain range), Tulu gatta (hill or hillside), and ghattam in Malayalam (mountainous way, riverside and hairpin bends). Ghat, a term used in the Indian subcontinent, depending on the context could either refer to a range of stepped-hill such as the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats; or the series of steps leading down to a body of water or wharf, such bathing or cremation place along the banks of a river or pond, Ghats in Varanasi, Dhoby Ghaut or Aapravasi Ghat. Roads passing through ghats are called Ghat Roads. Geology The Western Ghats are the mountainous faulted and eroded edge of the Deccan Plateau. Geologic evidence indicates that they were formed during the break-up of the supercontinent of Gondwana some 150 million years ago.Geophysical evidence indicates that the west coast of India came into being somewhere around 100 to 80 mya after it broke away from Madagascar. After the break-up, the western coast of India would have appeared as an abrupt cliff some in elevation. Basalt is the predominant rock found in the hills reaching a thickness of . Other rock types found are charnockites, granite gneiss, khondalites, leptynites, metamorphic gneisses with detached occurrences of crystalline limestone, iron ore, dolerites and anorthosites. Residual laterite and bauxite ores are also found in the southern hills. Geography The Western Ghats extend from the Satpura Range in the north, stretching from Gujarat to Tamil Nadu. It traverses south through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala. Major gaps in the range are the Goa Gap, between the Maharashtra and Karnataka sections, and the Palghat Gap on the Tamil Nadu and Kerala border between the Nilgiri Mountains and the Anaimalai Hills. The mountains intercept the rain-bearing westerly monsoon winds, and are consequently an area of high rainfall, particularly on their western side. The dense forests also contribute to the precipitation of the area by acting as a substrate for condensation of moist rising orographic winds from the sea, and releasing much of the moisture back into the air via transpiration, allowing it to later condense and fall again as rain. The northern portion of the narrow coastal plain between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is known as the Konkan, the central portion is called Kanara and the southern portion is called Malabar. The foothill region east of the Ghats in Maharashtra is known as Desh, while the eastern foothills of the central Karnataka state is known as Malenadu. The range is known as Sahyadri in Maharashtra and Karnataka. The Western Ghats meet the Eastern Ghats at the Nilgiri mountains in northwestern Tamil Nadu. The Nilgiris connect the Biligiriranga Hills in southeastern Karnataka with the Shevaroys and Tirumala hills. South of the Palghat Gap are the Anamala Hills, located in western Tamil Nadu and Kerala with smaller ranges further south, including the Cardamom Hills, then Aryankavu pass, and Aralvaimozhi pass near Kanyakumari. The range is known as Sahyan or Sahian in Kerala. In the southern part of the range is Anamudi (), the highest peak in the Western Ghats. Ooty is called the Queen of the Western ghats. Peaks The Western Ghats have many peaks that rise above , with Anamudi () being the highest peak. Water bodies The Western Ghats form one of the four watersheds of India, feeding the perennial rivers of India. The major river systems originating in the Western Ghats are the Godavari, Kaveri, Krishna, Thamiraparani and Tungabhadra rivers. The majority of streams draining the Western Ghats join these rivers, and carry a large volume of water during the monsoon months. These rivers flow to the east due to the gradient of the land and drain out into the Bay of Bengal. Major tributaries include the Bhadra, Bhavani, Bhima, Malaprabha, Ghataprabha, Hemavathi and Kabini rivers. The Periyar, Bharathappuzha, Pamba, Netravati, Sharavathi, Kali, Mandovi and Zuari rivers flow westwards towards the Western Ghats, draining into the Arabian Sea, and are fast-moving, owing to the steeper gradient. The rivers have been dammed for hydroelectric and irrigation purposes with major reservoirs spread across the states. The Western Ghats account for 80% of India's hydropower generation. The reservoirs are important for their commercial and sport fisheries of rainbow trout, mahseer and common carp. There are about 50 major dams along the length of the Western Ghats. Most notable of these projects are the Koyna in Maharashtra, Linganmakki and krishna Raja Sagara in Karnataka, Mettur and Pykara in Tamil Nadu, Parambikulam, Malampuzha and Idukki in Kerala. During the monsoon season, numerous streams fed by incessant rain drain off the mountain sides leading to numerous waterfalls. Major waterfalls include Dudhsagar, Unchalli, Sathodi, Magod, Hogenakkal, Jog, Kunchikal, Shivanasamudra, Meenmutty, Adyanpara, Athirappilly, and Coutrallam. Talakaveri is the source of the river Kaveri and the Kuduremukha range is the source of the Tungabhadra. The Western Ghats have several man-made lakes and reservoirs with major lakes at Ooty () in Nilgiris, Kodaikanal () and Berijam in Palani Hills, Pookode lake, Karlad Lake in Wayanad, Vagamon lake, Devikulam () and Letchmi () in Idukki, Kerala. Climate The area including Agumbe, Hulikal and Amagaon in Karnataka, Mahabaleshwar and Tamhini in Maharashtra are often referred to as the "Cherrapunji of southwest India" or the "rain capital of southwest India". Kollur in Udupi district, Kokkali and Nilkund in Sirsi, Samse in Mudigere of Karnataka, and Neriamangalam in the Ernakulam district of Kerala are the wettest places in the Western Ghats. Heavy precipitation does occur in the surrounding regions due to the long continuity of the mountains without passes and gaps. Changes in the direction and pace of the wind do affect the average rainfall and the wettest places might vary. However, Maharashtra and the northern part of Western Ghats in Karnataka on average receive heavier rainfall than Kerala and the southern part of Western Ghats in Karnataka. The climate in the Western Ghats varies with altitudinal gradation and distance from the equator. The climate is humid and tropical in the lower reaches tempered by the proximity to the sea. Elevations of and above in the north and and above in the south have a more temperate climate. The average annual temperature is around . In some parts frost is common, and temperatures reach the freezing point during the winter months. Mean temperatures range from in the south to in the north. It has also been observed that the coldest periods in the South Western Ghats coincide with the wettest. During the monsoon season between June and September, the unbroken Western Ghats chain acts as a barrier to the moisture-laden clouds. The heavy, eastward-moving rain-bearing clouds are forced to rise and in the process deposit most of their rain on the windward side. Rainfall in this region averages to with localised extremes reaching . The eastern regions of the Western Ghats, which lie in the rain shadow, receive far less rainfall (about ), resulting in an average rainfall of across all regions. The total amount of rain does not depend on the spread of the area; areas in northern Maharashtra receive heavy rainfall followed by long dry spells, while regions closer to the equator receive lower annual rainfall and have rain spells lasting several months in a year. Rainfall The Karnataka region on average receives heavier rainfall than the Kerala, Maharashtra and Goa regions. Meanwhile, the Ghats in Karnataka have fewer passes and gaps and therefore the western slopes of Karnataka receive heavy rainfall, over 400 cm more than other regional parts of the Western Ghats. Some of the wettest places in the Western Ghats are: Ecoregions The Western Ghats are home to four tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregions – the North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, North Western Ghats montane rain forests, South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, and South Western Ghats montane rain forests. The northern portion of the range is generally drier than the southern portion, and at lower elevations makes up the North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests ecoregion, with mostly deciduous forests made up predominantly of teak. Above 1,000 meters elevation are the cooler and wetter North Western Ghats montane rain forests, whose evergreen forests are characterised by trees of the family Lauraceae. The evergreen forests in Wayanad mark the transition zone between the northern and southern ecoregions of the Western Ghats. The southern ecoregions are generally wetter and more species-rich. At lower elevations are the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, with Cullenia the characteristic tree genus, accompanied by teak, dipterocarps, and other trees. The moist forests transition to the drier South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests, which lie in its rain shadow to the east. Above 1,000 meters are the South Western Ghats montane rain forests, also cooler and wetter than the surrounding lowland forests, and dominated by evergreen trees, although some montane grasslands and stunted forests can be found at the highest elevations. The South Western Ghats montane rain forests are the most species-rich ecoregion in peninsular India; eighty percent of the flowering plant species of the entire Western Ghats range are found in this ecoregion. Biodiversity protection Historically the Western Ghats were covered in dense forests that provided wild foods and natural habitats for native tribal people. Its inaccessibility made it difficult for people from the plains to cultivate the land and build settlements. After the establishment of British colonial rule in the region, large swathes of territory were cleared for agricultural plantations and timber. The forest in the Western Ghats has been severely fragmented due to human activities, especially clear-felling for tea, coffee, and teak plantations from 1860 to 1950. Species that are rare, endemic and habitat specialists are more adversely affected and tend to be lost faster than other species. Complex and species rich habitats like the tropical rainforest are much more adversely affected than other habitats. The area is ecologically sensitive to development and was declared an ecological hotspot in 1988 through the efforts of ecologist Norman Myers. The area covers five percent of India's land; 27% of all species of higher plants in India (4,000 of 15,000 species) are found here and 1,800 of these are endemic to the region. The range is home to at least 84 amphibian species, 16 bird species, seven mammals, and 1,600 flowering plants which are not found elsewhere in the world. The Government of India has established many protected areas including 2 biosphere reserves, 13 national parks to restrict human access, several wildlife sanctuaries to protect specific endangered species and many reserve forests, which are all managed by the forest departments of their respective state to preserve some of the ecoregions still undeveloped. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, comprising of the evergreen forests of Nagarahole and deciduous forests of Bandipur in Karnataka, adjoining regions of Wayanad-Mukurthi in Kerala and Mudumalai National Park-Sathyamangalam in Tamil Nadu, forms the largest contiguous protected area in the Western Ghats. Silent Valley in Kerala is among the last tracts of virgin tropical evergreen forest in India. In August 2011, the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) designated the entire Western Ghats as an Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA) and assigned three levels of Ecological Sensitivity to its different regions. The panel, headed by ecologist Madhav Gadgil, was appointed by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests to assess the biodiversity and environmental issues of the Western Ghats. The Gadgil Committee and its successor, the Kasturirangan Committee, recommended suggestions to protect the Western Ghats. The Gadgil report was criticised as being too environment-friendly and the Kasturirangan report was labelled as being anti-environmental. In 2006, India applied to the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) for the Western Ghats to be listed as a protected World Heritage Site. In 2012, the following places were declared as World Heritage Sites: Kali Tiger Reserve, Dandeli, Karnataka Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park, Tamil Nadu Mundigekere Bird Sanctuary, Sirsi, Karnataka Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala Srivilliputtur Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu Eravikulam National Park, Kerala Grass Hills National Park, Tamil Nadu and Kerala Karian Shola National Park, Karnataka Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala Silent Valley National Park, Kerala Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala Mukurthi National Park, Tamil Nadu Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala Kudremukh National Park, Karnataka Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka Kaas Plateau, Maharashtra Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra Chandoli National Park, Maharashtra Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala Pambadum Shola National Park, Kerala Anamudi Shola National Park, Kerala Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala Mathikettan Shola National Park, Kerala Kurinjimala Sanctuary, Kerala Karimpuzha National Park, Kerala Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary Ranipuram National Park Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park, Tamil Nadu Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu Bandipur National Park , Karnataka Nagarhole National Park, Karnataka Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu Mudumalai National Park, Tamil Nadu Fauna The Western Ghats are home to thousands of animal species including at least 325 globally threatened species. Mammals There are at least 139 mammal species. Of the 16 endemic mammals, 13 are threatened. Among the 32 threatened species are the tiger, leopard, lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri tahr, Asian elephant, Nilgiri langur and gaur. The endemic Malabar large-spotted civet is estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals, with no sub-population greater than 50 individuals. The Nilgiri marten, brown palm civet, stripe-necked mongoose, Indian brown mongoose, small Indian civet and leopard cat are the small carnivores living in the forests of the Western Ghats. The hill ranges constitute important wildlife corridors and form an important part of Project Elephant and Project Tiger reserves. The largest tiger population lives in the Western Ghats, where there are seven populations with an estimated population size of 1200 individuals occupying of forest in three major landscape units spread across Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Western Ghats ecoregion has the largest Indian elephant population in the wild with an estimated 11,000 individuals across eight distinct populations. The endemic Nilgiri tahr, which was on the brink of extinction, has recovered and has an estimated 3,122 individuals in the wild. About 3500 lion-tailed macaques live scattered over several areas in the Western Ghats. Reptiles At least 227 species of reptiles are found in the Western Ghats. The major population of the snake family Uropeltidae is restricted to the region. Several endemic reptile genera and species occur here, including the cane turtle Vijayachelys silvatica, lizards like Salea, Ristella, Kaestlea, and snakes such as Melanophidium, Plectrurus, Teretrurus, Platyplectrurus, Xylophis, and Rhabdops. Species-level endemism is much higher and is common to almost all genera present here. Some enigmatic endemic reptiles include venomous snakes such as the striped coral snake, the Malabar pit viper, the large-scaled pitviper and the horseshoe pitviper. The region has a significant population of the mugger crocodile. Amphibians The amphibians of the Western Ghats are diverse and unique, with more than 80% of the 179 amphibian species being endemic to the rainforests of the mountains. The purple frog was discovered in 2003. Several species of frogs, namely of the genera Micrixalus, Indirana, and Nyctibatrachus, are endemic to this region. Endemic genera include the toads Pedostibes, Ghatophryne, and Xanthophryne; arboreal frogs such as Ghatixalus, Mercurana, and Beddomixalus; and microhylids like Melanobatrachus. New frog species were described from the Western Ghats in 2005, and more recently a new species, monotypic in its genus Mysticellus, was discovered. The region is also home to many caecilian species. There are many species of amphibians which are yet to be discovered at every elevation of the Western Ghats. Fish , 288 freshwater fish species were listed for the Western Ghats, including 35 also known from brackish or marine water. Several new species have been described from the region since then (e.g., Dario urops and S. sharavathiensis). There are 118 endemic species, including 13 genera entirely restricted to the Western Ghats (Betadevario, Dayella, Haludaria, Horabagrus, Horalabiosa, Hypselobarbus, Indoreonectes, Lepidopygopsis, Longischistura, Mesonoemacheilus, Parapsilorhynchus, Rohtee and Travancoria). There is a higher fish richness in the southern part of the Western Ghats than in the northern, and the highest is in the Chalakudy River, which alone holds 98 species. Other rivers with high species numbers include the Periyar, Bharatapuzha, Pamba and Chaliyar, as well as upstream tributaries of the Kaveri, Pambar, Bhavani and Krishna rivers. The most species rich families are the Cyprinids (72 species), hillstream loaches (34 species; including stone loaches, now regarded a separate family), Bagrid catfishes (19 species) and Sisorid catfishes (12 species). The region is home to several brilliantly coloured ornamental fishes like the Denison (or red line torpedo) barb, melon barb, several species of Dawkinsia barbs, zebra loach, Horabagrus catfish, dwarf pufferfish and dwarf Malabar pufferfish. The rivers are also home to Osteobrama bakeri, and larger species such as the Malabar snakehead and Malabar mahseer. A few are adapted to an underground life, including some Rakthamichthys swampeels, and the catfish Horaglanis and Kryptoglanis. According to the IUCN, 97 freshwater fish species from the Western Ghats were considered threatened in 2011, including 12 critically endangered, 54 endangered and 31 vulnerable. All but one (Tor khudree) of these are endemic to the Western Ghats. An additional 26 species from the region are considered data deficient (their status is unclear at present). The primary threats are from habitat loss, but also from overexploitation and introduced species. Birds There are at least 508 bird species. Most of Karnataka's five hundred species of birds are from the Western Ghats region. There are at least 16 species of birds endemic to the Western Ghats including the endangered rufous-breasted laughingthrush, the vulnerable Nilgiri wood-pigeon, white-bellied shortwing and broad-tailed grassbird, the near threatened grey-breasted laughingthrush, black-and-rufous flycatcher, Nilgiri flycatcher, and Nilgiri pipit, and the least concern Malabar (blue-winged) parakeet, Malabar grey hornbill, white-bellied treepie, grey-headed bulbul, rufous babbler, Wayanad laughingthrush, white-bellied blue-flycatcher and the crimson-backed sunbird. Insects There are roughly 6,000 insect species. Of 334 Western Ghats butterfly species, 316 species have been reported from the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The Western Ghats are home to 174 species of odonates (107 dragonflies and 67 damselflies), including 69 endemics. Most of the endemic odonate are closely associated with rivers and streams, while the non-endemics typically are generalists. There are several species of leeches found all along the Western Ghats. Mollusks Seasonal rainfall patterns of the Western Ghats necessitate a period of dormancy for its land snails, resulting in their high abundance and diversity including at least 258 species of gastropods from 57 genera and 24 families. A total of 77 species of freshwater molluscs (52 gastropods and 25 bivalves) have been recorded from the Western Ghats, but the actual number is likely higher. This include 28 endemics. Among the threatened freshwater molluscs are the mussels Pseudomulleria dalyi, which is a Gondwanan relict, and the snail Cremnoconchus, which is restricted to the spray zone of waterfalls. According to the IUCN, 4 species of freshwater molluscs are considered endangered and 3 are vulnerable. An additional 19 species are considered data deficient. Flora The dominant forest type here is tropical rainforest. Montane forests, tropical dry forests and tropical moist forests are also found here. Of the 7,402 species of flowering plants occurring in the Western Ghats, 5,588 species are native or indigenous and 376 are exotics naturalised; 1,438 species are cultivated or planted as ornamentals. Among the indigenous species, 2,253 species are endemic to India and of them, 1,273 species are exclusively confined to the Western Ghats. Apart from 593 confirmed subspecies and varieties; 66 species, 5 subspecies and 14 varieties of doubtful occurrence are also reported, amounting to 8,080 taxa of flowering plants. Various plant species are endemic to the Western Ghats, including the palm tree Bentinckia condapanna and the flower Strobilanthes kunthiana. A number of plant species are also Critically Endangered, such as Dipterocarpus bourdillonii and Phyllanthus anamalayanus. Echinops sahyadricus is endemic to the mountains, and the specific epithet sahyadricus is refers to them. Threats The Western Ghats face a lot of issues. Poaching, Deforestation, Forest fires, Extra hunting and Dangers to native tribes are the main threats. Despite the 1972 Indian law of that banned poaching, people still tend to illegally hunt down animals such as tigers, elephants and chital for skin, fur or tusks. Forests here are being destroyed for farming or livestock. Animals that eat livestock are also being killed by farmers. Forest fires take place annually during the dry summer season, especially in the Nagarhole-Bandipur-Wayanad-Mudumalai-Satyamangalam-BRT block which has the most biodiverse locations in the Western Ghats with the largest populations of tigers and elephants residing there. Native tribes of the Western Ghats are being evicted from their homelands. This results in degradation of the tribal culture. The rich biodiversity in both flora and fauna have made the Western Ghats a target for many corporate companies to gain resources. This however is checked by the Government of India and the State Governments to protect the Western Ghats. See also Ghat Roads Eastern Ghats Notes References Mahajan, Harshal. A rendezvous with Sahyadri Ingalhalikar, Shrikant. Flowers of Sahyadri. Corolla Publication; Pune Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC. Kapadia, Harish. Trek the Sahyadris Daniels, R.J. Ranjit, Wildlife institute of India, "Biodiversity in the Western Ghats" Ajith Kumar, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, India, Ravi Chellam, B.C.Choudhury, Divya Mudappa, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, N.M.Ishwar, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, India, Barry Noon, Department of Fish and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, U.S. (2002) "Impact of Rainforest Fragmentation on Small Mammals and Herpetofauna in the Western Ghats, South India", Final Report, pp. 146, illus. Full text retrieved 14 March 2007 Verma Desh Deepak (2002) "Thematic Report on Mountain Ecosystems", Ministry of Environment and Forests,13pp, retrieved 27 March 2007 Thematic Report on Mountain Ecosystems Full text, detailed data, not cited. Abstracts, Edited by Lalitha Vijayan, Saconr. Vasudeva, University of Dharwad, Priyadarsanan, ATREE, Renee Borges, CES, ISSC, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Atree & WCSP. Pramod, Sacon, Jagannatha Rao, R., FRLHTR. J. Ranjit Daniels, Care Earth, Compiled by S. Somasundaram, Sacon (1–2 December 2005) Integrating Science and Management of Biodiversity in the Western Ghats, 2nd National Conference of the Western Ghats Forum, Venue: State Forest Service College Coimbatore, Organized by Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty, Coimbatore – 641108, India. Sponsored by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Supported by The Arghyam Foundation, The Ford Foundation & Sir Dorabiji Trust Through Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) Shifting Cultivation, Sacred Groves and Conflicts in Colonial Forest Policy in the Western Ghats. M.D. Subash Chandran; Chapter 22 External links Western Ghats, UNESCO World Heritage site Western Ghats, WWF Mountain ranges of India Physiographic provinces World Heritage Sites in India Geography of Coimbatore Landforms of Tamil Nadu Landforms of Maharashtra Landforms of Karnataka Landforms of Kerala Landforms of Goa Landforms of Gujarat Mountains in Buddhism Freshwater ecoregions	0	-1
62670720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20things%20named%20after%20Joe%20Biden	List of things named after Joe Biden	This article lists things named after Joe Biden, the 46th and current president of the United States (2021–present). Holding various political offices over the last 50 years, he previously served as a New Castle County councilman in Delaware (1971–1973), a seven-term United States senator (1973–2009), and a two-term vice president under the 44th president, Barack Obama (2009–2017). Educational institutions In 2017, Biden established the Biden Institute, a policy center at his alma mater, the University of Delaware. The University of Delaware renamed its public policy school the Joseph R. Biden, Jr. School of Public Policy & Administration in 2018. In 2017, the University of Pennsylvania established the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement, which is based in Washington, D.C. Other facilities The Biden Welcome Center, a welcome center along Interstate 95 in Christiana, Delaware, was named after the Biden family in 2018 by a state legislative resolution. Also in 2017, the pool in Brown-Burton-Winchester Park in Wilmington, Delaware was renamed the Joseph R. Biden Jr. Aquatic Center. It had previously been known as the Prices Run Pool, and Biden himself served as the only white lifeguard there in the summer of 1962. Biden has said he took the job at the pool, which is in a predominantly black neighborhood, to try to learn more about the black community. The Joseph R. Biden Jr. Railroad Station, an Amtrak and SEPTA Regional Rail station in Wilmington, Delaware, was renamed in Biden's honor in 2011. Streets Biden Street in Scranton, Pennsylvania, renamed from Spruce Street in 2021 North Washington Avenue in Scranton, Pennsylvania renamed Joe Biden Way in 2020 President Biden Expressway in Scranton, Pennsylvania, renamed from Central Scranton Expressway in 2021 Ice cream In 2017, Cornell University named a flavor of chocolate chip vanilla ice cream Big Red, White, and Biden in Biden's honor. Deanna Simons, academic program coordinator at Cornell Dairy, got the idea after one of her interns told her that Biden loved ice cream. After delivering a speech at Cornell's Convocation that year, Biden tasted the ice cream named after him, which he described as "really good". Planet The discovery of the minor planet 2012 VP113 was announced in 2014. Because its name includes "VP", which often stands for "Vice President", the astronomers who discovered the planet nicknamed it Biden, after the then-Vice President of the United States. Organisms Joe the Pigeon, an individual tumbler pigeon from Australia. Syllipsimopodi bideni, a fossil basal species of vampire squid found in Carboniferous Bear Gulch Limestone in Montana, was named "... to celebrate the recently inaugurated (at the time of submission) 46th President of the United States, Joseph R. Biden" by paleontologists Christopher D. Whalen and Neil H. Landman, of the American Museum of Natural History. References Namesakes Biden	1	1
3056586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%20Mishra	Amit Mishra	Amit Mishra (born 24 November 1982) is an Indian cricketer. He is an right-arm leg-break bowler and right-handed tail-ender batsman. He plays for Haryana in the domestic Ranji Trophy and currently appears for the T20 franchise Delhi Capitals in the Indian Premier League. In addition, he has represented India in Test, ODIs and T20s. International career Test career Mishra was initially called into the Indian squad for a Test against the West Indies in 2002, but was not selected. Mishra made his Test cricket debut against Australia in the Second Test at Mohali (PCA stadium) after captain and first-choice leg spinner Anil Kumble was injured. He took 5 wickets for 71 runs in Australia's first innings and then 2/35 in the second, making him the leading wicket-taker in the match as India proceeded to a decisive victory. Despite this, Indian coach Gary Kirsten said that Mishra would be dropped if Kumble recovered for the Third Test. However, Harbhajan Singh was injured so Mishra retained his place when Kumble came in. Kumble was then injured during the Test and retired, leaving Mishra as India's first-choice Test leg spinner. Mishra was selected for the early-2009 Test tour of New Zealand, but India opted to field only one spinner, and he watched as Harbhajan performed the spin duties alone. India's next Test was not until November 2009. Mishra took only one wicket in the high-scoring drawn First Test and he was dropped for the Second Test in favour of left arm orthodox spinner Pragyan Ojha, who retained his position for the Third Test as the second spinner. Mishra was recalled for the tour of Bangladesh and played in the First Test in Chittagong as the only spinner after Harbhajan suffered an injury. He made 50 in the second innings as a night-watchman and took seven wickets. However, he was once again dropped in the next Test for Ojha. Later in the Indian cricket team in England in 2011 he got his highest score ever in the last test match of 84. Mishra was included in the squad for India's 2016 tour of West Indies. He played two tests and picked up six wickets. Limited over career Mishra made his One Day International (ODI) debut against South Africa during the TVS Cup in 2003. Mishra played in the 2009 ICC Champions Trophy in South Africa. At the start of the Bangladesh tour, Mishra played in two ODIs against Sri Lanka and Bangladesh in a triangular tournament after Harbhajan was rested for the final two round-robin matches. He has been recalled for one day series against Zimbabwe July 2013. He won man of the match award for his 4/47 bowling against Zimbabwe in 3rd ODI played on 28 July 2013. Mishra managed to get most wickets by any bowler in a 5-match series or tournament against Zimbabwe July 2013. The spinner also equalled Indian bowling great Javagal Srinath's world record for the most wickets in a bilateral ODI series with 18 wickets. Srinath managed his feat in 7 matches so Mishra equaled the record in less matches. Mishra bowled a fine spell for two wickets against Pakistan in the 6th match of Asia Cup on 2 February 2014. Mishra's bowling figures of 2 for 28 from his 10 overs were the sixth best economical bowling figures in Asia Cup history (bowlers who have bowled a minimum of 10 overs are only considered). He was selected in the 2nd XI of the 2014 ICC World T20 Cup by Cricinfo. Mishra was included in the squad for India's 2016 tour of West Indies. He took three wickets in one of the two T20I games, taking his career-best 3/24 in it. In New Zealand's 2016–17 tour of India, he was included in the ODI side. He took 15 wickets in the five games, which included 5/18 in the final game that helped India win the series 3–2, and was awarded the Player of the Series. He was the leading wicket-taker for Haryana in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy, with sixteen dismissals in nine matches. IPL career On 17 April 2013 in season 6 of Indian Premier League (IPL 2013) he took a hat-trick playing for Sunrisers Hyderabad against Pune Warriors India and with this hat-trick, he became the first player in IPL history to take three hat-tricks. He has previously taken hat-trick in IPL 2008 playing for Delhi Daredevils against Deccan Chargers and then again in IPL 2011 playing for Deccan Chargers against Kings XI Punjab. For his performances in 2013, he was named in the Cricinfo IPL XI. Mishra suffered a finger injury during DC's win over KKR in Sharjah. Mishra bowled only 2 overs before walking off the field. Mishra has now dismissed Rohit Sharma the most number of times in IPL Mishra equaled Zaheer and Sandeep's record for dismissing a batsman most number of times in IPL. He played for Delhi Daredevils in IPL 2015, IPL 2016, and IPL 2017. In January 2018, he was bought by the Delhi Daredevils in the 2018 IPL auction. He was retained in 2019 IPL. In the 2020 IPL, Mishra started out remarkably well, taking 3 wickets at an economy rate of 7.20. Amit Mishra is the third highest wicket taker in Indian Premier League history behind Lasith Malinga (170 wickets) and Dwayne Bravo (170 wickets) . Personal life Health Mishra was tested positive for COVID-19 on 4 May 2021 during 2021 IPL. Assault In 2015, Mishra was arrested as a suspect in a sexual assault case. He was granted bail shortly after. See also List of India cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut References External links Unlucky Cricketer 1982 births Living people Indian cricketers India Test cricketers India One Day International cricketers India Twenty20 International cricketers Haryana cricketers North Zone cricketers Central Districts cricketers Cricketers from Delhi Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut Delhi Capitals cricketers Deccan Chargers cricketers Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers India Blue cricketers	1	1
33492153	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronika%20Chvojkov%C3%A1	Veronika Chvojková	Veronika Chvojková (born 31 March 1987) is a Czech professional tennis player. Her career high singles ranking is No. 250, achieved on 26 May 2008 and high doubles ranking is No. 172, achieved on 26 February 2007. She has won 1 singles and 8 doubles ITF titles. Career statistics Singles finals: 3 (1–2) Doubles finals: 18 (8–10) External links Living people 1987 births People from Benešov Czech female tennis players Sportspeople from the Central Bohemian Region	0	-1
52955224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper%20Ocean%20Terminal	Jasper Ocean Terminal	The Jasper Ocean Terminal (JOT) is a planned deepwater container port that will be built in South Carolina on the Savannah River, about downstream from Savannah, Georgia. JOT is planned to open between 2035 and 2037. The terminal was originally planned because additional capacity was needed by both the Georgia Ports Authority (GPA) and the South Carolina Ports Authority (SCPA). However, the SCPA transferred its half-interest in the property to Jasper County in 2021. The GPA has until September, 2021, to state whether it will develop the port with Jasper County officials. The SCPA cited differing markets as the main cause for pulling out of the deal. The project has been in various stages of planning since 2007 and in 2008 the GPA and SCPA signed an early agreement to jointly build and operate the facility. However, political tensions regarding plans to dredge the river slowed progress, and little money was invested—by 2016 only about $10 million had spent on planning and permits. In November 2015, the ports authorities signed an updated agreement to develop the terminal, and in late 2016 a new round of design work began, with an estimated $100 million cost. In January 2017, the Army Corps of Engineers began the environmental impact statement for the dockside portion of Jasper Terminal. The total cost of building the port is estimated at $4.5 billion. At full build-out, JOT will cover 1,500 acres, with ten berths. It will be dredged to a depth, able to accommodate ships carrying as many as 20,000 TEU containers, with an annual capacity of seven million TEUs. Access to the facility will be via a new four lane highway connecting to US Route 17, and rail connections to both CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Railway lines. References Container terminals Transportation in Jasper County, South Carolina Ports and harbors of South Carolina	0	-1
24369686	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Baylor%20Bears%20football%20team	2009 Baylor Bears football team	The 2009 Baylor Bears football team represented Baylor University in the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Art Briles. The Bears played their home games at Floyd Casey Stadium in Waco, Texas. Baylor finished the season with a record of 4–8 and 1–7 in Big 12 play. Before the season Program history The Baylor Bears football program finished 2008 with a 4–8 record and a 521–523–43 (0.499) all-time record, marking the first time in decades that Baylor's overall record was losing. The program has not won its conference or attended a bowl game since 1994, when it both won the Southwest Conference and played in the 1994 Alamo Bowl; it has not had a winning season record since 1995. The Bears are currently the only Big 12 team to not have made a bowl game since the Big 12's inception, and the team has gone the longest of any team in a BCS conference without a bowl game appearance (Duke Blue Devils last played in a bowl game two days later in the 1995 Hall of Fame Bowl) Recruiting defensive recruiting coordinator: Kim McCloud offensive recruiting coordinator: Kendal Briles Spring scrimmage Predictions ESPN analyst Tim Griffin criticized Baylor's decision to move its 2009 home game against Texas Tech to the Cowboys Stadium, a more neutral and media-friendly location. Facilities In fall 2008, two new facilities, the Highers Athletic Complex and the Simpson Athletics and Academic Center, were completed. The 2009 football season is the first in which the two facilities are available for use year-round. With five consecutive record-breaking fund-raising years for the Baylor Bear Foundation and the "Above and Beyond" and "Victory with Integrity" Board of Regents campaigns, the Highers Athletic Complex and Simpson center were built and Grant Teaff Plaza and club seating were improved, in addition to various other non-football construction and improvements. Highers Athletic Complex The Alwin O. and Dorothy Highers Athletic Complex is a set of three full-size practice football fields, two of natural turf and the third of artificial turf. Located on the main Baylor Campus next to the Baylor Marina, the Highers Athletic Complex is now the main location of football practice. Its location is much closer than that of Floyd Casey Stadium, the current home stadium of Baylor and previous practice location. Construction began in November 2008 for the Jay and Jenny Allison Indoor Practice Facility. The final facility of the Highers Athletic Complex was completed in August 2009 and offers an 80-yard synthetic turf field with ten-yard end zones. At an estimated $11 million cost, the facility provides Baylor its first indoor practices ever, allowing for practice in most weather, including extreme heat, cold, and rain. Simpson Athletic and Academic Center The Simpson Athletic and Academic Center is located adjacent to the Highers Athletic Complex and Baylor Marina. The Simpson Center has the main athletics training room and equipment room for most Baylor athletes, the football locker room and weight room, football coaches' offices, football meeting rooms, academic center for all student-athletes, and the Baylor Athletic Department administrative offices. In 2008, for the third straight year, Baylor University had the highest NCAA Graduation Success Rate in the Big 12 Conference. Floyd Casey Stadium Floyd Casey Stadium, located about four miles from the Baylor University campus, is the site of the Baylor Bears' home games. The stadium, built in 1950, has an official capacity of 50,000 and has an artificial turf field, fixed aluminum bleachers, and the Big 12's largest locker room. Coaching Art Briles remained at Baylor as head coach for his second season there, following four seasons as head coach at the University of Houston and other previous coaching jobs at Texas Tech and various high schools in Texas. As a head coach at Baylor, Briles has a 4–8 record, and a career head coach record of 38–36. In the 2008 season, all Baylor victories were achieved with the opponent scoring 21 points or fewer, and all Baylor losses taken when the opponent scored more than 21 points. Randy Clements and Philip Montgomery are the offensive co-coordinators, Brian Norwood is the defensive coordinator, and Dino Babers is the Special Teams coordinator. Colin Shillinglaw is the 2009 director of football operations. Team Roster Note: the following is the preseason roster and has been since changed Schedule Game summaries Wake Forest Baylor University entered their season opener as underdogs by two to three points; the game score over-under given by various bookmakers ranged from 51.5 to 54 points. Never trailing at any point in the game, Baylor won on the road, 24–21 (for a combined score of 45), for the first time in the ten games since 22 September 2007. The game also was Baylor's first win in a season opener since 2005, four years prior; Baylor had lost 13 straight road season openers, dating back to 1965. Following the game, Baylor received 17 votes in the AP Poll for week 2, giving the Bears an unofficial #40 rank, and 15 votes in the week 3 poll, for an unofficial #38 ranking. The Coaches' Polls awarded Baylor 2 votes in week 2, for an unofficial #47 rank, and no votes in week 3. Several Baylor players received honors. Baylor had the highest net average punting yardage (46.0 yards per punt) in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) after weeks 1 and 2. In addition, Baylor had the second-highest turnover margin (3.0) in the FBS after week 2, behind Arizona State. Baylor's defense was ranked 37th nationally using the pass efficiency defense rating, and 36th nationally in total defense. Series history Baylor's 2009 game at Wake Forest's BB&T Field in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, is the first away game in the Baylor-Wake Forest series and sixth overall; including the 2009 game, the past four games in the series have been the season openers for both teams. Baylor first played Wake Forest on 1 January 1949, at the 1948 postseason Dixie Bowl in Birmingham, Alabama; Baylor's first bowl game and Wake Forest's second ended in a 20–7 victory. Baylor hosted Wake Forest for the 17 November 1951 game, in which #10 Baylor won 42–0; this remains Baylor's largest margin of victory in a shutout ever, and the last shutout in a season opener victory. In the 20 September 1952 game, Baylor won at home again, 17–14. Baylor again welcomed Wake Forest on 23 September 1961 and won 31–0. On 28 August 2008, Baylor hosted Wake forest for the first time in over 40 years; Wake Forest won for the first time in series history, 41–13. Connecticut For the Bears' second game, they hosted Connecticut at Floyd Casey Stadium during Baylor's Parents Weekend. Various bookmakers gave Baylor a ten- to eleven-point advantage for the game, with the over-under within 44 to 45.5 combined points, and sports pundits were divided on which team would win. Series history Baylor had only played Connecticut once before, in the preceding 2008 season. In that 19 September 2008 game at Rentschler Field in East Hartford, Connecticut, the Huskies won by a narrow 31–28 points. The game was Baylor's first away game of the season. Northwestern State Baylor held its second home game and third overall at home, hosting the Northwestern State Demons. Baylor received the ball first, but a fourth-down rushing attempt failed, and the Demons recovered the ball, eventually resulting in a touchdown. Baylor responded with four consecutive touchdowns before Northwestern State could finally score again, with a field goal; the Bears finished the first half with two more touchdowns. Quarterback Robert Griffin III did not return for the second half due to an injury that required season-ending surgery, but Blake Szymanski still helped the Bears to four more touchdown passes before initiating the quarterback kneel in the fourth quarter to prevent Baylor from scoring further; the Demons managed one field goal in each of the third and fourth quarters. Baylor's score was the team's largest since its 68–0 shutout of the Blackland Army Air Field football team in 1942; the 55-point margin of victory was Baylor's largest since the 20 October 1979 55–0 result in the away game against the Army Black Knights. Series history Baylor has played and beaten Northwestern State, of the Football Championship Subdivision, twice before. On 9 September 2006, Baylor hosted Northwestern State and won 47–10. On 6 September 2008, Baylor hosted again and won 51–6 in Robert Griffin III's first game as starting quarterback; the score was the largest margin of victory for Baylor since the 24 November 2001 home game against Southern Illinois University, also of the FCS. Kent State The general bookmaker consensus for this game was a Baylor win by at least 20 points, with a combined score of about 50. The Bears opened up the game worried about how their season would progress without Robert Griffin III. Third string quarterback Nick Florence showed himself capable of maintaining Baylor dominance of the Mid-American Conference as he passed 20-27 without an interception, only getting sacked twice throughout the whole game, and rushing for two touchdowns. Series history Baylor has never played a football game against Kent State until this season. Oklahoma Baylor entered Oklahoma Memorial Stadium seeking their first-ever win against Oklahoma, with the nation's longest current home game winning streak (at 26 games), and their first win since 2004 against a ranked opponent. Uncertainty about the outcome of the game was expressed by many, due largely to the fact that 2008 Heisman Trophy winner Sam Bradford was not certain to lead Oklahoma against Baylor following a shoulder injury that left him out of earlier games. A few days before the game, though, Bradford was confirmed as starting quarterback for the game; bookmakers listed Oklahoma as the obvious favorite, with the spread at least 25 points and a combined score over/under of about 54. Despite a strong showing from the Baylor defense, keeping Oklahoma scoreless until midway through the second quarter, the offense, led by third string Nick Florence, was just as unable to score. After Oklahoma made two touchdowns to bring the game to 14–0, Baylor was able to act as well, responding with a touchdown of their own. In the second half, Oklahoma consistently moved the ball down the field, but was held by Baylor's defense to four field goals, before finally scoring a touchdown late in the fourth quarter. Blake Szymanski, Baylor's second-string quarterback, led the Bears' final drive; despite a 42-yard pass from Szymanski to David Gettis, Baylor did not score due to an end zone interception. Series history Baylor has played Oklahoma eighteen times, with thirteen games in Big 12 play. The Bears have never defeated the Sooners, making Oklahoma the only opponent Baylor has faced at least five times and never beaten. The closest recent game was in 2005, when the Sooners won 37–30 in a double-overtime game. Iowa State Baylor meets Iowa State for a game that will break a losing streak for one of the teams. Baylor has lost twelve consecutive Big 12 road games dating back to 2006, and Iowa State has lost eleven straight Big 12 games, including a loss to Baylor at Floyd Casey Stadium in 2008 (Iowa State also has lost fifteen consecutive Big 12 road games, dating back to 2005). For Iowa State, the game is particularly important, as it aims for its first Homecoming game victory since 2005. Sports betting websites gave Iowa State a narrow 1.5-point advantage, with an over/under between 50 and 55. Despite scoring first with a field goal, Baylor was kept out of the endzone for nearly the whole game, finally scoring a touchdown in the final minute of play. Iowa State University, dominant throughout the entire game, secured their first conference win since 2007. Starting quarterback Blake Szymanski threw three interceptions, the most by a Baylor player since the 2007 game against Texas. Series history Baylor and Iowa State have met eight times, splitting victories equally between them. Baylor has won their last two meetings; in 2008, the Bears won one their two conference games against Iowa State, 38–10. Oklahoma State Having lost its last nineteen games against ranked opponents, Baylor was hoping for a Homecoming miracle to beat #12 Oklahoma State. Unfortunately, Oklahoma State, facing major injuries like Baylor, was preparing for its showdown with the Texas Longhorns for the Big 12 South leadership, and used Baylor to do it. OSU quarterback set a team record with his 85 percent completion rate, and Baylor scored its first points, a touchdown and successful try, in the fourth quarter. Statistically, the teams' efforts were similar, except in OSU's much better ability to rush the ball, and its better kickoff yardage. Nebraska Missouri Texas Texas A&M Series history Texas Tech After the season Awards NFL draft References Baylor Baylor Bears football seasons Baylor Bears football	1	1

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