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10846860
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog%20City%20Mavericks
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Fog City Mavericks
|
Fog City Mavericks is a 2007 American documentary film directed by Gary Leva. It chronicles the San Francisco Bay Area's most well known filmmakers through interviews and archival footage. It is narrated by Peter Coyote, who is also featured in the film.
The documentary also covers some of the movies made by these filmmakers such as American Graffiti, Star Wars, Indiana Jones, Apocalypse Now, The Godfather, The Black Stallion, Home Alone, Mrs. Doubtfire, and Toy Story.
Artists, producers and directors featured in the film
George Lucas
Brad Bird
Clint Eastwood
Bruce Conner
Francis Ford Coppola
Carroll Ballard
Philip Kaufman
Saul Zaentz
John Korty
Chris Columbus
Steven Spielberg
Cash Peters provides the voice of Charlie Chaplin.
Release
The film premiered at San Francisco's Castro Theater on April 29, 2007. George Lucas and John Lasseter attended as guest speakers.
References
External links
Fog City Mavericks on Vimeo
San Francisco Chronicle Article
American documentary films
Documentary films about the cinema of the United States
2007 films
Documentary films about San Francisco
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
| 1 | 1 |
3609602
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon%20Manumaleuna
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Brandon Manumaleuna
|
Brandon Michael Manumaleuna (; born January 4, 1980) is a former American football tight end. He played college football at Arizona and was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the fourth round of the 2001 NFL Draft.
Manumaleuna has also been a member of the San Diego Chargers and Chicago Bears.
Early years
Manumaleuna is of Samoan and African-American descent. He attended Narbonne High School in Harbor City, California. While at Narbonne High he was selected Second-team All-State as a defensive lineman. He also lettered in basketball and track.
College career
Manumaleuna attended the University of Arizona from 1997 - 2000, where he was a Second-team All-Pac-10 as a junior. While at Arizona he majored in political science.
Manumaleuna began his play at Arizona as a defensive lineman and made the switch to tight end and H-back. He finished his collegiate career with 40 receptions for 544 yards and three touchdowns.
Professional career
Pre-draft
St. Louis Rams
Manumaleuna was selected in the fourth round (129 overall) of the 2001 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Rams. He signed with the team on June 21, 2001. He agreed to a three-year $1.15 million contract including a $255,000 signing bonus. In 2001, Manumaleuna only had one reception on the season. He made his first career reception, a one-yard touchdown, against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In 2002, Manumaleuna recorded eight receptions on the season for 106 yards and one touchdown. Manumaleuna recorded two receptions against the San Francisco 49ers, San Diego Chargers, and Kansas City Chiefs. He had a season-high 38 receiving yards against the Chargers. He recorded his lone touchdown reception in the season-finale against the 49ers.
In 2003, Manumaleuna had a career year, with highs in receptions (29) yards (238) and touchdowns (two). Manumaleuna recorded a season-long reception of 39 yards against the Atlanta Falcons. He finished that game with a career-high 56 yards receiving. Manumaleuna recorded a season-high four receptions against the Green Bay Packers. He scored his first touchdown of the season on a four-yard pass at the Chicago Bears. Manumaleuna recorded his second touchdown of the season on an eight-yard pass at the Detroit Lions.
On March 12, 2004, Manumaleuna signed a five-year, $8.3 million offer sheet with the Carolina Panthers which the Rams matched four days later. In 2004, Manumaleuna recorded 15 receptions for 174 yards and one touchdown. Manumaleuna recorded a season-high three receptions for 33 yards and an eight-yard touchdown catch at the Seattle Seahawks. He also recorded three receptions for a season high 53 yards against the New England Patriots. Manumaleuna recorded career long 48-yard reception against the Patriots as well.
In 2005, Manumaleuna recorded 13 receptions for 129 yards and one touchdown. Manumaleuna recorded a six-yard touchdown catch in the season opener at the San Francisco 49ers. He was inactive for weeks four and five because of a knee injury. Manumaleuna recorded season highs with three receptions for 51 yards in Seattle, which included a season-long, 33-yard reception. He recorded a 29-yard receptions in the season finale against the Dallas Cowboys.
San Diego Chargers
On April 30, 2006, Manumaleuna was traded by the St. Louis Rams to the San Diego Chargers for a fourth-round pick. In 2006, Manumaleuna recorded 14 receptions for 91 yards and three touchdowns. Manumaleuna recorded a season high four receptions and his first touchdown reception of the season during week six at the Kansas City Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium. He recorded a touchdown reception on a halfback option pass from LaDainian Tomlinson, in the season opening win at the Oakland Raiders. Manumaleuna had an extensive role in blocking for a 216-yard, three touchdown rushing day against the Rams. He had a hand in the Chargers' win over the Cincinnati Bengals with a career-high two touchdown receptions. The first of which was for nine yards and the second was on a third-and-five play late in the fourth quarter. Manumaleuna recorded two receptions against the Denver Broncos was a run after a reception in which he broke several tackles and lost his helmet en route to a 19-yard gain on third-and-seven in the late second quarter.
In 2007, Manumaleuna recorded 10 receptions for 86 yards and one touchdown. Manumaleuna recorded one reception for four yards during the season opener against the Chicago Bears. During week six he recorded two receptions for 18 yards against the Oakland Raiders. In week eight against the Houston Texans, Manumaleuna recorded one reception for two yards. During week nine at the Minnesota Vikings, he recorded two receptions for 13 yards. In week 12, Manumaleuna recorded one reception for zero yards, against the Baltimore Ravens. The next week at the Kansas City Chiefs he recorded two catches for 48 yards. His 40-yard catch was his longest catch since 2004. During week 15 against the Detroit Lions, Manumaleuna recorded one reception for one yard and one touchdown on a pass from quarterback Philip Rivers. He recorded two receptions for 18 yards against the Tennessee Titans in the AFC Wild Card game. He then recorded one reception for three yards in the AFC Divisional Championship game.
In 2008, he played 16 games, starting 11, and caught 15 passes for 127 yards and two touchdowns. The following year, he played in 16 games with 5 starts and caught 5 passes for thirteen yards.
Chicago Bears
On March 5, 2010, Manumaleuna signed a five-year $15 million deal ($6.1 guaranteed) contract with the Chicago Bears on the first day of free agency. He was released on July 28, 2011, after one season in Chicago.
Personal
Manumaleuna means "bird-of-paradise". Manumaleuna’s off-the-field interests include playing basketball and spending time with his family. He is a second-generation NFL player. His father, Frank Manumaleuga, played linebacker for the Kansas City Chiefs from 1979 - 1981. Frank played at UCLA in the early 1970s. Brandon showed early signs of following in his father’s footsteps. At the age of 11, he won the NFL’s Punt, Pass, and Kick Competition.
Manumaleuna is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
References
External links
San Diego Chargers bio
1980 births
Living people
Latter Day Saints from California
American football tight ends
Arizona Wildcats football players
St. Louis Rams players
San Diego Chargers players
Chicago Bears players
American sportspeople of Samoan descent
African-American players of American football
People from Harbor City, Los Angeles
Players of American football from Los Angeles
Players of American football from Torrance, California
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people
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1091312
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim
|
Al-Musta'sim
|
Abu Ahmad Abdallah ibn al-Mustansir Billah (; 1213 – 20 February 1258), better known by his regnal name al-Musta'sim Billah () was the 37th and last caliph of the Abbasid dynasty, ruling from 1242 until his death in 1258. He was the last caliph to rule from Baghdad.
Biography
Abu Ahmad Abdallah al-Musta'sim was son of penultimate Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir, and his mother was Hajir. He was born in 1213. After the death of his father, al-Musta'sim succeeded to the throne in late 1242.
He is noted for his opposition to the rise of Shajar al-Durr to the Egyptian throne during the Seventh Crusade. He sent a message from Baghdad to the Mamluks in Egypt that said: "If you do not have men there tell us so we can send you men." However, al-Musta'sim had to face the greatest menace against the caliphate since its establishment in 632: the invasion of the Mongol forces that, under Hulagu Khan, had already wiped out any resistance in Transoxiana and Khorasan. In 1255/1256 Hulagu forced the Abbasid to lend their forces for the campaign against Alamut.
News of the murder of al-Muazzam Turanshah and the inauguration of Shajar al-Durr as the new Sultan reached Syria. The Syrian Emirs were asked to pay homage to Shajar al-Durr but they refused and the Sultan's deputy in Al Karak rebelled against Cairo. The Syrian Emirs in Damascus gave the city to an-Nasir Yusuf the Ayyubid Emir of Aleppo and the Mamluks in Cairo responded by arresting the Emirs who were loyal to the Ayyubids in Egypt. In addition to the Ayyubids in Syria, the Abbasid caliph al-Musta'sim in Baghdad also rejected the Mamluk move in Egypt and refused to recognize Shajar al-Dur as a Sultan. The refusal of the Caliph to recognize Shajar al-Durr as the new Sultan was a great setback to the Mamluks in Egypt as the custom during the Ayyubid era was that the Sultan could gain legitimacy only through the recognition of the Abbasid Caliph. The Mamluks, therefore, decided to install Izz al-Din Aybak as a new Sultan. He married Shajar al-Durr who abdicated and passed the throne to him after she had ruled Egypt as sultan for about three months. Though the period of Shajar al-Durr's rule as a sultan was of short duration, it witnessed two important events in history: one, the expelling of Louis IX from Egypt, which marked the end of the Crusaders' ambition to conquer the southern Mediterranean basin; and two, the death of the Ayyubid dynasty and the birth of the Mamluk state which dominated the southern Mediterranean for decades.
To please the Caliph and secure his recognition, Aybak announced that he was merely a representative of the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad. To placate the Ayyubids in Syria the Mamluks nominated an Ayyubid child named al-Sharaf Musa as a co-sultan. But this did not satisfy the Ayyubids and armed conflicts between the Mamluks and the Ayyubids broke out. The Caliph in Baghdad, preoccupied with the Mongols who were raiding territories not far from his capital, preferred to see the matter settled peacefully between the Mamluks in Egypt and the Ayyubids in Syria. Through negotiation and mediation of the Caliph that followed the bloody conflict, the Mamluks who manifested military superiority reached an agreement with the Ayyubids that gave them control over southern Palestine including Gaza and Jerusalem and the Syrian coast. By this agreement the Mamluks not only added new territories to their dominion but also gained recognition for their rule.
In 1258, Hulagu invaded the Abbasid domain, which then consisted of only Baghdad, its immediate surroundings, and southern Iraq. In his campaign to conquer Baghdad, Hulagu Khan had several columns advance simultaneously on the city, and laid siege to it. The Mongols kept the people of Abbasid Caliphate in their capital and executed those who tried to flee.
Baghdad was sacked on February 10 and the caliph was killed by Hulagu Khan soon afterward. It is reckoned that the Mongols did not want to shed "royal blood", so they wrapped him in a rug and trampled him to death with their horses. Some of his sons were massacred as well. One of the surviving sons was sent as a prisoner to Mongolia, where Mongolian historians report he married and fathered children, but played no role in Islam thereafter.
The Travels of Marco Polo reports that upon finding the caliph's great stores of treasure which could have been spent on the defense of his realm, Hulagu Khan locked him in his treasure room without food or water, telling him "eat of thy treasure as much as thou wilt, since thou art so fond of it."
Fall of Abbasids
Hulagu sent word to al-Musta'sim, demanding his acquiescence to the terms imposed by Möngke. al-Musta'sim refused, in large part due to the influence of his advisor and grand vizier, Ibn al-Alkami. Historians have ascribed various motives to Ibn al-Alkami's opposition to submission, including treachery and incompetence, and it appears that he lied to the caliph about the severity of the invasion, assuring al-Musta'sim that, if the capital of the caliphate was endangered by a Mongol army, the Islamic world would rush to its aid.
Although he replied to Hulagu's demands in a manner that the Mongol commander found menacing and offensive enough to break off further negotiation, al-Musta'sim neglected to summon armies to reinforce the troops at his disposal in Baghdad. Nor did he strengthen the city's walls. By January 11, the Mongols were close to the city, establishing themselves on both banks of the Tigris River so as to form a pincer around the city. Al-Musta'sim finally decided to do battle with them and sent out a force of 20,000 cavalry to attack the Mongols. The cavalry were decisively defeated by the Mongols, whose sappers breached dikes along the Tigris River and flooded the ground behind the Abbasid forces, trapping them.
Siege of Baghdad
The Abbasid Caliphate could supposedly call upon 50,000 soldiers for the defense of their capital, including the 20,000 cavalry under al-Musta'sim. However, these troops were assembled hastily, making them poorly equipped and disciplined. Although the caliph technically had the authority to summon soldiers from other sultanates (caliphate's deputy states) to defence, he neglected to do so. His taunting opposition had lost him the loyalty of the Mamluks, and the Syrian emirs, who he supported, were busy preparing their own defenses.
On January 29, the Mongol army began its siege of Baghdad, constructing a palisade and a ditch around the city. Employing siege engines and catapults, the Mongols attempted to breach the city's walls, and, by February 5, had seized a significant portion of the defenses. Realizing that his forces had little chance of retaking the walls, al-Musta'sim attempted to open negotiations with Hulagu, who rebuffed the caliph. Around 3,000 of Baghdad's notables also tried to negotiate with Hulagu but were murdered.
Five days later, on February 10, the city surrendered, but the Mongols did not enter the city until the 13th, beginning a week of massacre and destruction.
Destruction and Massacre
Many historical accounts detailed the cruelties of the Mongol conquerors. Baghdad was a depopulated, ruined city for several decades and only gradually recovered some of its former glory.
Contemporary accounts state Mongol soldiers looted and then destroyed mosques, palaces, libraries, and hospitals. Priceless books from Baghdad's thirty-six public libraries were torn apart, the looters using their leather covers as sandals. Grand buildings that had been the work of generations were burned to the ground. The House of Wisdom (the Grand Library of Baghdad), containing countless precious historical documents and books on subjects ranging from medicine to astronomy, was destroyed. Claims have been made that the Tigris ran red from the blood of the scientists and philosophers killed. Citizens attempted to flee, but were intercepted by Mongol soldiers who killed in abundance, sparing no one, not even children.
The caliph Al-Musta'sim was captured and forced to watch as his citizens were murdered and his treasury plundered. According to most accounts, the caliph was killed by trampling. The Mongols rolled the caliph up in a rug, and rode their horses over him, as they believed that the earth would be offended if it were touched by royal blood. All but one of Al-Musta'sim's sons were killed, and the sole surviving son was sent to Mongolia, where Mongolian historians report he married and fathered children, but played no role in Islam thereafter.
Hulagu had to move his camp upwind of the city, due to the stench of decay from the ruined city.
The historian David Morgan has quoted Wassaf (who himself was born 7 years after the razing of the city in 1265) describing the destruction: "They swept through the city like hungry falcons attacking a flight of doves, or like raging wolves attacking sheep, with loose reins and shameless faces, murdering and spreading terror...beds and cushions made of gold and encrusted with jewels were cut to pieces with knives and torn to shreds. Those hiding behind the veils of the great Harem were dragged...through the streets and alleys, each of them becoming a plaything...as the population died at the hands of the invaders."
Aftermath
Hulagu left 3,000 Mongol soldiers behind to rebuild Baghdad. Ata-Malik Juvayni was later appointed governor of Baghdad, Lower Mesopotamia, and Khuzistan after Guo Kan went back to the Yuan dynasty to assist Kublai's conquest over the Song dynasty. Hulagu's Nestorian Christian wife, Dokuz Khatun, successfully interceded to spare the lives of Baghdad's Christian inhabitants. Hulagu offered the royal palace to the Nestorian Catholicos Mar Makikha, and ordered a cathedral to be built for him.
Initially, the fall of Baghdad came as a shock to the whole Muslim world; after many years of utter devastation, the city became an economic center where international trade, the minting of coins and religious affairs flourished under the Ilkhans. The chief Mongol darughachi was thereafter stationed in the city.
Berke, who had converted to Islam in 1252, became enraged that Hulagu destroyed Baghdad. Muslim historian Rashid al Din quoted Berke Khan as sending the following message to Mongke Khan, protesting the attack on Baghdad, (not knowing Mongke had died in China): "He (Hulagu) has sacked all the cities of the Muslims. With the help of God I will call him to account for so much innocent blood."
Although hesitant at first to go to war with Hulagu out of Mongol brotherhood, the economic situation of the Golden Horde led him to declare war against the Ilkhanate. This became known as the Berke–Hulagu war.
Caliphate of Cairo
Al-Musta'sim was killed by Hulagu. Al-Musta'sim ruled from 5 December 1242 to 20 February 1258, for a period of 15 years, 2 months and 15 days. His death marked the final end of the caliphate as a political and religious entity in the Middle East.
The Mamluk Sultans of Egypt and Syria later appointed an Abbasid prince as caliph of Cairo, but these Mamluk Abbasid caliphs were marginalized and merely symbolic, with no temporal power and little religious influence. Even though they kept the title for about 250 years more, other than installing the Sultan in ceremonies, these caliphs had little importance. After the Ottomans conquered Egypt in 1517, the caliph of Cairo, al-Mutawakkil III was transported to Constantinople.
Centuries later, a tradition developed saying that, at this time, al-Mutawakkil III formally surrendered the title of caliph as well as its outward emblems—the sword and mantle of Muhammad—to the Ottoman sultan Selim I, establishing the Ottoman sultans as the new caliphal line. Some historians have noted that this story does not appear in the literature until the 1780s, suggesting that it was advanced to bolster the claims of caliphal jurisdiction over Muslims outside of the empire, as asserted in the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca.
See also
Sulaiman Shah Abbasid official and commander-in-chief
Yaqut al-Musta'simi a well-known calligrapher and secretary of al-Musta'sim.
Mongol invasions of the Levant
Tekuder, son of Hulagu and a Muslim convert.
References
Sources
Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
1213 births
1258 deaths
13th-century Abbasid caliphs
13th-century Arabs
13th-century executions
Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
Executed monarchs
Muslims of the Seventh Crusade
People executed by the Mongol Empire
Sons of Abbasid caliphs
| 1 | 1 |
51368706
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Howarth%20%28politician%29
|
Joe Howarth (politician)
|
Joseph Howarth Jr. (born August 27, 1955) is an American Republican Party politician who represented the 8th Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly since he was sworn into office on January 12, 2016. Howarth lost re-election in the 2019 GOP primary. He left office on January 14, 2020.
Early life
A resident of Evesham Township, New Jersey, Howarth received a bachelor's degree from Trenton State College (now The College of New Jersey) with a major in health and physical education. He has worked for the Lenape Regional High School District as a special education paraprofessional.
Burlington County Politics
Howarth served on the Board of Education of the Evesham Township School District from 2003 to 2007 and on the Evesham Township Council from 2009 to 2011. He was elected to the Burlington County Board of chosen freeholders and was sworn into office on January 3, 2012, as part of an all-Republican board. Howarth chose not to run for re-election in 2014 after serving a single term as a freeholder in order to allow himself an opportunity to take care of personal health issues.
New Jersey Assembly
Howarth was elected to the Assembly in November 2015 after Assemblyman Christopher J. Brown announced his retirement.
In September 2017, after two-term incumbent Maria Rodriguez-Gregg decided against running for election after an incident earlier that year in which police thought that she was driving under the influence following a traffic accident, the Burlington County Republican Committee chose Burlington County Freeholder Ryan Peters to run for the Assembly seat as Howarth's running mate.
In the November 2017 general election, Howarth (with 28,841; 25.1% of all ballots cast) and Peters (with 28,671 votes; 25.0%), defeated Democratic challengers Joanne Schwartz (28,321; 24.7%) and Maryann Merlino (28,196; 24.6%) to win both Assembly seats from the district for the Republicans. With Joanne Schwartz, the closest Democratic candidate 350 votes behind Peters, the Democratic Party had considered filing for a recount. Of all 40 districts, the race in the 8th District was the closest in the state, with 650 votes separating the first and fourth vote-getters.
After the 8th District's Senator Dawn Addiego switched her party from Republican to Democrat in early 2019, Howarth allegedly attempted to do the same. The Burlington County Republican Party dropped its support for Howarth, choosing to instead support Burlington County Sheriff Jean Stanfield to run with incumbent Ryan Peters.
In the primary election where he heavily tied himself to President Donald J. Trump, Howarth was defeated by Stanfield.
Tenure
The following Monday after Howarth's defeat, his nameplates where missing from the GOP caucus room fueling speculation he would switch parties or resign, however neither happened. Later that month, he proposed a bill that would take the pay away from legislators who are absent from a session.
Committee assignments
Law and Public Safety
Tourism, Gaming, and the Arts
District 8
New Jersey's 8th Legislative District encompasses parts of Burlington County, New Jersey, Camden County, New Jersey, and Atlantic County, New Jersey. The representatives from the 8th district to the 218th New Jersey Legislature were:
Senator Dawn Marie Addiego (D)
Assemblyman Joe Howarth (R)
Assemblyman Ryan Peters (R)
Electoral history
General Assembly
References
External links
Assemblyman Howarth's legislative web page, New Jersey Legislature
New Jersey Legislature financial disclosure forms - 2016 2015
1955 births
Living people
County commissioners in New Jersey
New Jersey city council members
Members of the New Jersey General Assembly
New Jersey Republicans
People from Evesham Township, New Jersey
The College of New Jersey alumni
21st-century American politicians
| 1 | 1 |
18785973
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo%20Franco%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201983%29
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Guillermo Franco (footballer, born 1983)
|
Guillermo Franco (born 21 May 1983 in Buenos Aires) is a retired Argentine football defender.
Football career
After playing for Los Andes and Defensa y Justicia, Franco joined Godoy Cruz in 2002. He played with the team in the Argentine Primera until 2009, when he dropped down a division to play for Independiente Rivadavia one season on loan. He returned to Godoy Cruz in 2010, but was immediately loaned to Atlético de Rafaela.
Outside football
In 2002, Franco became a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He resigned from Godoy Cruz in 2005 to serve as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Argentina Mendoza Mission. In 2007, he returned from his mission and was brought back into the Godoy Cruz squad.
References
Guillermo Franco – Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI
Guillermo Franco at BDFA.com.ar
team stats listing
article in Spanish about Franco serving a mission
Church News, August 9, 2008.
article about his being signed as a defender by Godoy Cruz
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine footballers
Association football defenders
Club Atlético Los Andes footballers
Defensa y Justicia footballers
Godoy Cruz footballers
Independiente Rivadavia footballers
Atlético de Rafaela footballers
Huracán de San Rafael players
Deportivo Maipú players
Deportivo Español footballers
Juventud Unida Universitario players
Argentine Primera División players
Primera Nacional players
Primera B Metropolitana players
Torneo Argentino A players
Torneo Argentino B players
Argentine Latter Day Saints
Argentine Mormon missionaries
Converts to Mormonism
Mormon missionaries in Argentina
21st-century Mormon missionaries
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8271042
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Serebriakoff
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Victor Serebriakoff
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Victor Serebriakoff (17 October 1912 – 1 January 2000) was one of the early members of Mensa. Serebriakoff is known for his contributions to lumber technology, writing intelligence quotient (IQ) tests, as well as organising and promoting Mensa.
Family background
Victor Serebriakoff was born in Camberwell, London, the eldest son of Vladimir and Ethel Serebriakoff (née Graham). Eventually, the family had five daughters and two sons. Vladimir's father was Esper Serebriakoff, who married Katherine Seitelman. Esper joined the Russian navy in 1870, but left in 1885 after rising to the rank of lieutenant, having become involved in revolutionary politics, leaving Russia in 1888. Esper's father, Alexander, was a lieutenant colonel in the Russian army.
Accomplishments
After leaving the army in 1947 he worked in the timber industry, becoming known for introducing automatic grading of timber for strength, eventually selling machines world wide. In the 1970s he led a British delegation to a timber metrification conference in the Soviet Union.
Serebriakoff wrote prolifically on the timber trade, Mensa and its history, and educating gifted children. He also wrote puzzle books. Many of his works were translated. He took greatest pride in his book Brain in which he set out a theory of how the brain operates.
Mensa
His first wife, Mary, encouraged Serebriakoff to join Mensa in 1949, when the number of members was only a few hundred. Initially, he wasn't heavily involved. Victor suffered a bereavement when Mary was found to have tongue cancer. She died in July 1952 after just 3 years of marriage and two children.
Win Rouse, a Lady Almoner or hospital social worker, (and ex-Bletchley Park staff) had helped Victor and Mary during the illness. By coincidence, she was a member of Mensa, having met Victor at meetings. After Mary died, they eventually became a couple and married in October 1953.
Victor became active in promoting Mensa. He and Win evaluated I.Q. tests at their home in Blackheath, London, and organised the Mensa annual general meeting from there. He was also a principal of the lively Blackheath Poetry Society in the 1950s, and a prolific author of light verse. Eventually Mensa could support paid staff, leading to National Mensa organisations starting in many countries. Victor often publicised Mensa in the worldwide media through the 1960s, '70s, and '80s.
Victor was elected International President of Mensa, an office that he held at his death.
Bibliography
Translated
References
1912 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
British non-fiction writers
Mensans
British male writers
Male non-fiction writers
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20885885
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman%20Mohyeldin
|
Ayman Mohyeldin
|
Ayman Mohyeldin (, ; born April 18, 1979) is an Egyptian-born journalist based in New York for NBC News and MSNBC. Previously the anchor of an MSNBC weekday afternoon show, Ayman Mohyeldin Reports (formerly MSNBC Live with Ayman Mohyeldin), he currently hosts Ayman on weekend evenings on MSNBC, and Fridays on Peacock. He previously worked for Al Jazeera and CNN. He was one of the first Western journalists allowed to enter and report on the handing over and trial of the deposed President of Iraq Saddam Hussein by the Iraqi Interim Government for crimes against humanity. Mohyeldin has also covered the 2008–09 Gaza War as well as the Arab Spring.
Early life
Mohyeldin was born in Cairo, Egypt, to an Egyptian father, Medhat Mohyeldin, and a Palestinian mother, Abla Awwad. His father is a certified public accountant in Marietta, Georgia. Mohyeldin has an older brother, Ahmed, who is a resident neurosurgeon at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and former professional soccer star for the Atlanta Silverbacks. Mohyeldin lived in Egypt until the age of 5 when his parents emigrated to the U.S. He attended North Cobb High School in Kennesaw, Georgia.
Mohyeldin received his undergraduate education at American University in Washington D.C., earning a BA in International Relations with a focus on the European Union. He received an MA in International Politics with a focus on Peace and Conflict Resolution. His graduate thesis was entitled, "The News Media Paradigm in the War on Terrorism," and, in 2002, it was accepted by the International Association of Media Researchers Conference in Barcelona, Spain. He lived in Iraq from 2003–2005 as a foreign news producer with CNN.
Career
Mohyeldin began his career in journalism working at NBC, as a desk assistant for the Washington D.C. bureau. Mohyeldin's first major assignments happened shortly after 9/11. In an interview with PRWeek, He describes the opportunities that arose in the aftermath of 9/11: "There was a real shortage of people with language skills or expertise in the Middle East. Just because of my language skills and the timing, so to speak, I got a lot of experience. I was thrown into a mix of things that normally desk assistants at my level would not have gotten. I started working on some big pieces that had to do with investigating 9/11 and all kinds of international terrorist connections... I was doing translation mostly, but I was also developing themes or threads to stories that either had some Middle East connection to them or some type of Arabic language skills required. So it was an unbelievable experience at a really young age."
Mohyeldin's coverage of major news events in the Arab World and Middle East include the Iraq War, the first multi-candidate presidential Egyptian elections in 2005, Israel's withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and the 2005 Palestinian elections in the Gaza Strip. He has covered the Sharm al-Sheikh resort bombing (July 2005) and the Jordan Hotel bombings (November 2005).
As a producer, Mohyeldin became the first journalist to enter one of Libya's nuclear research facilities after producing Col. Muammar al-Gaddafi's first interview announcing Libya would abandon all WMD programs. Mohyeldin's work in the CNN documentary "Iraq:progress report" about the daily struggles of Iraqis during the war was nominated for an Emmy Award. He served as an associate producer for the NBC News Special that also received Emmy nominations for "Ship at War: Inside the Carrier Stennis" and "Inside the Real West Wing." Mohyeldin has also covered the annual Muslim Pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca and was involved in the production of CNN specials "Islam: The Struggle Within" and "Hajj: A Spiritual Journey."
In 2008–2009, Mohyeldin covered the Israeli attack on Gaza. The coverage of his reporting, along with Sherine Tadros has been released in the documentary " The War Around Us". He reported on the intricate network of tunnels that were once used for smuggling of weapons and people across the Egyptian-Gaza border and are now a vital route into Gaza for medicine, food and fuel supplies.
In 2011, Mohyeldin left Al Jazeera English and returned to NBC where he extensively covered the second "Arab Uprising" in Egypt in 2013. He also covered the unrest in Ukraine, and most recently the unrest in Iraq.
2011 Egyptian revolution
Mohyeldin covered the 2011 Egyptian Revolution for Al Jazeera English. On January 28, 2011, he broadcast from the Al Jazeera news building in Cairo for several hours straight, reporting on the Egyptian protests as protesters and Egyptian police battled for control of the 6th October Bridge. On January 30, Anis El Fekki of the Egyptian Interior Ministry revoked Al Jazeera's broadcast license and forced the closure of their Cairo bureau, claiming the network was conspiring with opposition groups to overthrow the government. He was one of five Al Jazeera journalists arrested and briefly detained by Egyptian authorities the following day, after the network refused to cease broadcasting upon the loss of their accreditation.
On February 6, 2011, Mohyeldin was again arrested by the Egyptian military upon trying to enter Tahrir square. He was released nine hours later.
On September 20, 2011, Mohyeldin rejoined NBC News, where his career began.
In January 2012, Mohyeldin traveled to Syria to cover the months-old uprising. Among the cities he visited was Daraa.
In the summer of 2013 Mohyeldin extensively covered the removal of President Mohamed Morsi from power In Egypt. That fall he also extensively covered the Syrian civil war and the effects of refugees overflowing into neighboring Lebanon. Mohyeldin also covered the agreement of Syria to dispose of their chemical weapons program.
During the uprisings in Ukraine in 2014, Mohyeldin covered extensively in both Kiev and Donetsk. He traveled to the border in Eastern Ukraine and reported on Russian troop buildup, and the Ukrainian response. He also went "behind the scenes" into the occupied government buildings to report.
2014 Israel–Gaza conflict
Mohyeldin was sent by NBC as a correspondent to Gaza at the beginning of the one month-long 2014 conflict. His coverage was praised by media critics such as Glenn Greenwald for departing from "the standard pro-Israel coverage that dominates establishment American press coverage".
Two weeks into the conflict, on July 16, 2014, Mohyeldin witnessed and reported via a series of tweets, the death of 4 Palestinian children who were playing soccer and hide-and-seek on a Gaza beach. The first missile killed one child and the second killed the other 3. The killings were witnessed by many in the international press. Just moments earlier Mohyeldin was kicking a soccer ball with these boys in front of his hotel. The Israeli government claimed that the beach was shelled in response to Hamas rocket fire allegedly originating from that area, though journalists who attended the scene said the beach was empty but for a fisherman's hut and a few tools.
Although Mohyeldin was a live witness to the event, NBC correspondent Richard Engel reported the story from Tel Aviv. NBC followed by pulling Mohyeldin from Gaza and terminating his reporting duties from Gaza indefinitely. Engel was sent to replace him in Gaza. NBC was subsequently criticized by independent media outlets for removing Mohyeldin, with many believing he was singled out for portraying Palestinians with empathy and social media trends accusing NBC of pro-Israel bias.
Mohyeldin was returned to Gaza on July 18, 2014, after NBC received heavy criticism for pulling him out of Gaza. On Sunday, August 3, 2014, he announced via social media that after 4 weeks on the road he was "taking time to be with family.." Less than 48 hours later, Israel and Hamas agreed to a cease fire.
Allegation of bias during live news report
In October 2015 Mohyeldin was accused of false reporting and bias during live coverage of report where a Palestinian man wearing camouflaged clothing sprang out from a group of Israeli soldiers, wielding a knife and was subsequently shot. Mohyeldin initially reported during a live MSNBC broadcast that from where he was standing and the boy was lying he did not see a knife in the man’s open hands after he saw the dead body. However he was interrupted on air by the host at the time, José Díaz-Balart, who ran a picture of the assailant holding what seemed to be a knife in the air before he was killed. Following the MSNBC journalist's interruption, Mohyeldin reiterated that the assailant did not have a knife in his hands after he was dead and secured by the Israeli police.
Following his coverage of the June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting, an Israeli newspaper, The Jerusalem Post, criticized Mohyeldin for going "on a rambling, 35 second stream of consciousness in which he managed to squeeze in four mentions of 'the occupation' and three mentions of Israeli politics 'shifting to the right' or the 'extreme right,' while talking of Palestinian 'frustration' and Israeli oppression."
MSNBC shows
Mohyeldin has hosted a number of shows on MSNBC since joining NBC News in 2011, including First Look, an early-morning show, and Ayman Mohyeldin Reports (originally MSNBC Live with Ayman Mohyeldin), a weekday afternoon show. In September 2021, his program Ayman took over the weekend evening spot formerly held by Joshua Johnson's The Week with Joshua Johnson, and it also streams on Peacock on Fridays, while Hallie Jackson took over his weekday afternoon slot. He is also a fill in guest host on MSNBC's All In with Chris Hayes, Deadline: White House, The Beat with Ari Melber and The Rachel Maddow Show.
Shortly after the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Mohyeldin received a call from a high school classmate in Kennesaw, Georgia, whose sister-in-law Rosanne Boyland died in the attack. Investigating how Boyland died and how "a previously apolitical 34-year-old homebody [was] so quickly radicalized in the summer of 2020" led to a five-part podcast entitled American Radical that premiered in December 2021.
Personal life
Mohyeldin married Tunisian model Kenza Fourati on April 26, 2016 in a private ceremony in Marietta, Georgia, where his parents currently reside.
His wife revealed in a Vogue Arabia interview that the couple was expecting their first child in early 2017. Their daughter, Dora Fourati Mohyeldin, was born in New York on March 12, 2017. The couple welcomed their second child, Idris, in 2019.
References
External materials
Gazze'yi tek başına savunan gazeteci! Haber vaktim
GAZA STRIP: In praise of Al Jazeera, Part 1 LA Times
GAZA STRIP: In praise of Al Jazeera, Part 2 LA Times
For Civilians, 'There Is No Safe Zone In Gaza' NPR
Gideon Levy / My hero of the Gaza war Haarretz
Twilight Zone / Trumpeting for war Haarretz
Al Jazeera provides an inside look at Gaza conflict The International Herald Tribune
Al Jazeera English Beats Israel's Ban on Reporters in Gaza with Exclusive Coverage The Huffington Post
Al-Jazeera becomes the face of the frontline Financial Times
Gazze büyük bir hapishane Haber vaktim
Twitter page of Ayman Mohyeldin
The Dangers and Difficulties of Reporting from Gaza - video by Democracy Now!
Egyptian journalists
American male journalists
American Muslims
Al Jazeera people
1979 births
American University School of International Service alumni
Living people
MSNBC people
NBC News people
Egyptian emigrants to the United States
Egyptian people of Palestinian descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill%20%28disambiguation%29
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Windmill (disambiguation)
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A windmill is an engine powered by the wind to produce energy.
Windmill may also refer to:
Art and culture
Windmill (b-boy move), one of the best-known power moves in breakdancing
Windmills (Rick Roberts album)
Windmill (TV series), a 1980s BBC television series
Windmill, a guitar move credited to Pete Townshend of The Who
"Windmill" (song), a 1993 song on Helloween's Chameleon album
"Windmills", a song by Blackmore’s Night from their 2006 album The Village Lanterne
"The Windmill", a march chant sung by English members of the French Foreign Legion
The Windmill (1937 film), a 1937 British film
The Windmill (2016 film), a 2016 Dutch horror film
"Windmills", episode 1x07 of The Expanse (TV series)
Organizations
Windmill (company), a Japanese visual novel video game developer
Windmill Software, Canadian software company
Sports and games
Windmill (chess), a combination of moves where a series of discovered checks result in winning of material
Windmill (solitaire), a solitaire card game played with two decks of cards
Windmill (sailing dinghy), class of racing sailboat
Windmill (juggling), a juggling pattern
Places
Windmill, Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom
Windmill, New Mexico, United States
Windmill Islands, an Antarctic group of rocky islands and rocks
Windmill, a village near Pentre Halkyn, Wales, United Kingdom
The Windmill Theatre, in London, Egland, United Kingdom
The Old Windmill, a 15th century inn in Coventry, England, United Kingdom
The Old Windmill, Brisbane, the oldest surviving building in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
The Windmill, Brixton, Brixton, England, United Kingdom
The Windmill (restaurant), a hotdog restaurant in Long Branch, New Jersey and the Jersey Shore, United States
Other uses
Windmill restart, a maneuver that uses kinetic energy to restart a jet engine
Windmills (plant), plants in the genus Allionia
Operation Windmill, a U.S. Navy exploration and training mission to Antarctica in 1947–48
Windmill (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe
Original Heidelberg Platen Press, a letterpress printing press often referred to as the "Windmill"
Windmill cookies, an alternate name for Speculaas-type cookies
See also
Water Mill (disambiguation)
Wind (disambiguation)
Mill (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%2C%20Bishop%20of%20Veszpr%C3%A9m
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George, Bishop of Veszprém
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George () was a Hungarian prelate in the 11th century, who served as Bishop of Veszprém around 1061.
Bishop of Veszprém
George contributed to the foundation of Zselicszentjakab Abbey in 1061, when he already served as bishop. George formulated and drafted the establishing charter of the Benedictine monastery. Therefore, the prelate was granted a portion in the village Dorog in Somogy County with a vineyard and servants (present-day a borough of Patosfa) by ispán Otto Győr, the founder of Zselicszentjakab Abbey.
According to historian Bernát Kumorovitz, George edited the establishing charter based on a diploma of foreign origin, where he included the intent of the founder regarding the portion in Dorog alongside the donations to the newly established monastery. Kumorovitz considered George studied at a university in Western Europe or originated from there, since the wording of the diploma is very similar to the style of the private charters from the Carolingian period.
The establishing charter itself do not refer to Bishop George's episcopal see. Kumorovitz argued as he acted as testimony and drafter (
(testis et scriptor) during the foundation of Zselicszentjakab Abbey, he must have been the incumbent Bishop of Veszprém, as the monastery laid in the territory of that diocese, whose construction and consecration required the permission of the local bishop. Additionally, The monastery was built on the hill in honor of the Apostle St. James on a hill along the Kapos River, on the basics of a former ecclesiastical institution under episcopal jurisdiction. George's role in the establishment proves that Somogy County belonged to the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Veszprém in the 11th century, instead of the suzerainty of the Pannonhalma Abbey.
Accordingly, George was installed Bishop of Veszprém sometime after 1055, when his predecessor Nicholas (or Clement) is mentioned in the establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany. The next known bishop is John, according to a non-authentic charter with the date 1082. Archaeologist Endre Tóth considered – based on geographical names in the territory of the diocese – there was a bishop called Andrew, who served in this capacity sometime between 1062 and 1079 (or 1081).
References
Sources
Bishops of Veszprém
11th-century Hungarian people
11th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Hungary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoytsville%2C%20Utah
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Hoytsville, Utah
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Hoytsville is a census-designated place in western Summit County, Utah, United States. Hoytsville is named for early settler Samuel P. Hoyt. It is bordered by Coalville to the north, and by Wanship on the south. The population was 607 at the 2010 census. Interstate 80 passes through the area, as well as the Weber River. Hoytsville is home to a large chapel of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon), a cemetery, and a handful of businesses and farms. Farmers primarily focus on dairy farming, beef ranching, and raising sheep for wool. In the past, mink were also raised although that industry has declined in recent years.
Hoytsville is also the site of the Hoyt Mansion, considered by the Summit County Historical Society as "one of the most elegant 19th Century homes still standing in Utah today."
History
In 1859, Thomas Bradberry and others settled along the Weber River in the area of Hoytsville. The settlement was first known as East Plymouth. During the Utah Black Hawk War, the settlers united to build a fort for protection, the foundation of which is easily identifiable in Hoytsville today. The settlement was subsequently named Unionville. In 1863, Samuel P. Hoyt built the first flour mill in Summit County. He also ran the local post office from his house. The settlement was renamed Hoytsville in his honor.
The Mormon chapel in Hoytsville is the site of Historical Marker #37 of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers, which was erected on August 27, 1938. The plaque reads:
"OLD FORT AND HOYT GRIST MILL This monument is near the site of the old fort, 300 ft. So. West of here. It was on Old Emigrant Trail. Route also used by overland stage and part of Johnston's Army going East in 1861, to participate in the Civil War. The fort was built during the Black Hawk War in 1866, on advice of Pres. Brigham Young to Bishop Winters. 25 families moved their log cabins there. Centrally located it provided protection for families, livestock and grist mill. The mill was the first in this county. Built in 1862 by Samual P. Hoyt."
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 607 people living in the CDP. There were 225 housing units. The racial makeup of the town was 90.4% White, 0.3% Black or African American, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 7.2% some other race, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.5% of the population.
See also
List of census-designated places in Utah
References
External links
Hoytsville at Summit County Historical Society
Census-designated places in Utah
Census-designated places in Summit County, Utah
Populated places established in 1859
1859 establishments in Utah Territory
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3186448
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Central%20%28film%29
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South Central (film)
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South Central is a 1992 American crime-drama film, written and directed by Stephen Milburn Anderson. This film is an adaptation of the 1987 fictional novel, The Original South Central L.A. Crips by Donald Bakeer, a former high school teacher in South Central Los Angeles. The film stars Glenn Plummer, Byron Minns and Christian Coleman. South Central was produced by Oliver Stone and released by Warner Bros.
The movie received wide critical acclaim, with New Yorker Magazine praising it as one of the year's best independent films. Janet Maslin of The New York Times named Anderson in the "Who's Who Among Hot New Filmmakers" in 1992, along with Quentin Tarantino and Tim Robbins.
Plot
Upon his parole from the California Youth Authority, Hoover Street Deuces gang member Bobby Johnson meets with girlfriend Carole, son Jimmie, and fellow "Deuces" Ray Ray, Loco, and Bear. The gang attends a party thrown by a heroin dealer named Genie Lamp, who forces Bobby to snort a line of heroin. Bobby and Jimmie return home in the morning to find Carole passed out on the couch from smoking PCP. The Deuces return to Genie Lamp's club, where they shoot Genie's bodyguard and Bobby shoots Genie. Bobby returns home and tells Carole that they have to move immediately. Soon after, the gang is caught and Bobby gets a ten year prison sentence for the murder.
Ten years later, Bobby's son Jimmie has followed his father into the gang life. He begins stealing car stereos and selling them to Ray Ray for $20 each. Jimmie is shot in the back by a man named Willie Manchester while attempting to steal Willie's car radio. After recuperating in the hospital, he goes to a juvenile halfway house.
In prison, Bobby becomes a respected gang leader, falls from grace, and turns his life around with the help of his cellmate, Ali. Once released, he returns to South Central Los Angeles and drives to the halfway house to find Jimmie. Jimmie is shocked that his father has denounced the Deuce gang and will not seek revenge against Willie Manchester. Jimmie insults Bobby for not being the proud Deuce gang leader that he thought his father would be.
Jimmy breaks out of the halfway house and hides out with Ray Ray. Bobby goes to Ray Ray's warehouse and the two have a talk. Ray Ray opens up a door that reveals a kidnapped Willie Manchester. Ray Ray gives Jimmie a gun and tries to talk him into shooting Willie. Willie begs for his life and tells Jimmie that he did not mean to shoot him. Bobby takes Bear's gun and threatens to kill Ray Ray, but puts the gun down when he sees the look on Jimmie's face. Bobby talks to Jimmie about the mistake it would be if Jimmie killed Willie Manchester. Bobby states that Jimmie can replace goods that he steals from a man, but he cannot replace a man's life that he took. Jimmy lets go of the gun he had been holding.
Ray Ray lets go of Jimmie, Bobby, and Willie Manchester. Bobby tells Jimmie that they must start their lives over, but this time they will do it the right way. The scene fades to black as the two walk out of the warehouse together as father and son.
Cast
Glenn Plummer as 'OG' Bobby Johnson
Christian Coleman as Jimmie 'J-Rock' Johnson
Byron Keith Minns as Ray 'Ray-Ray' DeWitt
Carl Lumbly as Ali
Lexie Bigham as 'Bear' (Credited as Lexi D. Bigham)
Vincent Craig Dupree as 'Loco'
LaRita Shelby as Carole
Ivory Ocean as Willie Manchester
Vickilyn Reynolds as Mrs. Manchester, Willie's Wife
Tim DeZarn as 'Buddha'
Starletta Dupois as Nurse Shelly
Soundtrack
A soundtrack containing hip hop, soul and R&B music was released on September 18, 1992 by Hollywood Records.
Reception
South Central received positive reviews, with many praising Plummer’s performance. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote the film “offers a wrenching view of modern youth-gang violence by demonstrating, with desperate candor, that the civilized alternatives are fast disappearing”.
See also
List of hood films
References
External links
South Central at AllMovie
1992 crime drama films
1992 films
American gang films
American independent films
American crime drama films
Films set in Los Angeles
Hood films
Warner Bros. films
1992 directorial debut films
1992 independent films
Films about father–son relationships
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Godley%2C%201st%20Baron%20Kilbracken
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Arthur Godley, 1st Baron Kilbracken
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John Arthur Godley, 1st Baron Kilbracken, (17 June 1847 – 27 June 1932), was an Anglo-Irish aristocrat and British civil servant and the longest serving, and probably the most influential, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for India.
Early life
Arthur Godley was the only son of John Robert Godley, a colonial reformer, and Charlotte Godley, a letter-writer and community leader. From April 1850 to December 1852, he was with his parents in New Zealand; his father has become to be regarded as the founder of Canterbury. Godley Jr. was painted by Mary Townsend in 1851; the original is held by Canterbury Museum. He studied at Radley, Rugby, and Balliol College, Oxford (where he won the Gaisford Prize for Greek Verse).
Career
His first important role was acting as Assistant Private Secretary to William Ewart Gladstone, then Prime Minister, during the years 1872 to 1874 and called to Lincoln's Inn bar in 1876. He was elected a fellow of Hertford College, Oxford for the period 1874 to 1881. In 1880 Godley was appointed Commissioner for Inland Revenue, a position he held till 1882. Appointed Under-Secretary of State at the India Office in 1883, he remained there for 26 years, retiring in 1909. He was a member of the 'Royal Commission on Indian Finance and Currency' in 1913.
He was bestowed a GCB in the 1908 Birthday honours list, and on 8 December 1909 he was raised to the peerage as The Baron Kilbracken, of Killegar in the County of Leitrim.
His autobiography, Reminiscences of Lord Kilbracken, was published in 1931, the year before he died.
Personal life
Lord Kilbracken was a first cousin of the classical scholar A. D. Godley. He was married to Sarah (Sarina) James daughter of 1st Baron Northbourne on 26 September 1871 until her death on 13 September 1921. The union bore 2 sons and three daughters. The barony was inherited by his eldest and only surviving son, Hugh.
References
Book cited
1847 births
1932 deaths
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Fellows of Hertford College, Oxford
People educated at Radley College
People educated at Rugby School
Godley, Arthur
Godley, Arthur
Godley, Arthur
Peers created by Edward VII
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4148600
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirral%20Rugby%20Club
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Wirral Rugby Club
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Wirral Rugby Club is a rugby union club based in Thornton Common Road, Clatterbridge, Wirral, England. It has many mini, junior teams from under-7s upwards, and runs colts and four senior men's teams, and a ladies team (Wirral Warriors). The club was formed in 1937 and was based at the school in Hooton, and since 1967, at its present ground. The first team play in North Premier, a fifth level league in the English league system. The team used to be called the "Old Wirralians" due to its historical association with Wirral Grammar School. A former notable player is Matt Cairns who played for England against South Africa in the first test of 2007.
Honours
South Lancs/Cheshire 2 champions: 2001–02
Cheshire Plate winners: 2003
Cheshire Vase winners (2): 2009, 2018
South Lancs/Cheshire 1 champions: 2009–10
North 1 West champions: 2013–14
References
External links
Wirral RUFC
English rugby union teams
1937 establishments in England
Rugby clubs established in 1937
Sport in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
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133817
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade%20Township%2C%20Somerset%20County%2C%20Pennsylvania
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Shade Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania
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Shade Township is a township in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,452 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
Shade Township is named after Shade Creek. The township was incorporated in 1816. It was first settled in 1772 and was formed from Stoneycreek Township, which was one of the six original townships in Somerset County.
Some of the earliest settlers were Caspar Statler, Jacob Moses, Daniel Gibler, Christian Brollier, and George Lambert. Christian Brollier built the township's first gristmill sometime before 1800, and George Lambert built the first sawmill about 1800. William Oldham built a sawmill in 1830, a gristmill in 1833, and Rockingham Furnace in 1841.
The main Borough of Shade Township is Central City, which was first settled in 1848 and was incorporated on 6 May 1918. Hooversville, which sits astride the border of Shade and Quemahoning Townships, was first settled in 1836 and was incorporated in 1896.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 67.2 square miles (174.0 km2), of which 67.1 square miles (173.8 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2) (0.10%) is water. Shade Township is located in the northeastern portion of Somerset County. It is bounded to the north by Ogle and Paint Townships, to the west by Quemahoning Township, to the southwest by Stonycreek Township, to the southeast by Allegheny Township, and to the east by Bedford County. U.S. Route 30 / the Lincoln Highway runs along the township's southwestern border with Stonycreek Township. Pennsylvania Route 160 passes through Shade Township as it heads north from Stonycreek Township to Paint Township. Pennsylvania Route 160 & U.S. Route 30 / the Lincoln Highway intersect in Reels Corner.
Towns and Villages
Cairnbrook
In the central part of Shade Township is a mining town laid out in 1912 by the Lolayhanna Coal and Coke Company on the Jacob McGregor Farm. It is located on the west bank of Dark Shade Creek along State Route 160. It is the largest unincorporated town in Shade Township, with a present population of 750. The Cairnbrook post office was established here in 1914. The first postmaster was Charles Severn and the present one is Jennings Reitz (as of 1964). The Shade-Central City Union, Junior-Senior High, and elementary schools are located here. The Graef Lutheran Church and parsonage were erected here in 1917–18 at the corner of McGregor Avenue and Third Street. Dorfman and Hoffman established a clothing factory here in 1955, which employs approximately 185 workers at the present time.
Cairnbrook, although not incorporated, owns and operates its own water company, sewers and disposal plant, and street lighting, under the management of the Cairnbrook Improvement Company, Inc. Each property owner is a stockholder in the company. All streets are hard-surfaced and lighted.
The Cairnbrook Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.
Reitz #2
Reitz #2, a small mining town east of Cairnbrook, just off Route 160, was laid out on the Thomas Mock Farm in 1916 by the Reitz Coal Company.
Reitz #3 and #4
Reitz #3 and #4 are small mining towns southeast of Central City, along Dark Shade Creek. Reitz #3 was laid out by John Lochrie in 1916 on the George Manges Farm. Reitz # 4 was laid out under the management of the Reitz Coal Company in 1918–19 on the Moses Walker Farm. It is the second largest town in Shade Township.
Wilbur
Wilbur is a small mining town in the western part of the township, one-half mile off Route 403. The town was founded by the Wilbur Coal Mining Company in 1912 on lands formerly owned by Daniel Peterman and J. E. Johnson. The Otterbein United Methodist Church and cemetery are located here.
Rockingham
Rockingham is a small mining village along Dark Shade Creek on State Route 160. The village is located on the site of the old Rockingham Iron Furnace, erected in 1841. The village was rebuilt in 1916 by William Gahagen. The Rockingham post office was established in 1922.
Gahagen
Gahagen is a small mining village in the southeastern part of the township. It was established by the Gahagen Coal Company in 1919. The post office was established in 1922 and closed in 1956.
Buckstown
Buckstown is a small village in the southern part of Shade Township; part of this village is in northern Stonycreek Township. The village is located along the Lincoln Highway / U.S. Route 30, formerly known as the Pittsburgh-Philadelphia Turnpike and in colonial times as the Pennsylvania Road or Forbes Road. Edmunds Swamp, named for Edmund Cartlidge, is about 2.5 miles to the north.
Shade Furnace
Shade Furnace was the first furnace built in Somerset County. George Lambert from 1805 to 1808 held a warrant for a tract land called "furnace seat". Thomas Vikroy was owner from 1808 to 1819. Construction was started in 1808 and first blast in 1809 (bf). Per s&t Gerehart and Reynolds were the builders in 1807 or 1808 (s&t). It was then operated by various owners; Mark Richards and Benjamin Jones 1819 to 1846, forge constructed, Henry Little for 6 months in 1846, John and William Shyrock 1846–47, Robert Bingham, William Shyrock and Andrew Royer 1847 to 1850, Daniel Weyand 1850 to 1880. The furnace and forge were abandoned about 1858. The heirs of Daniel Weyland estate owned the property from 1880 to 1975, when the furnace property and 350 acres surrounding it were obtained by the Historical and Genealogical Society of Somerset County, who are attempting preservation and minor archaeological work in the area.
The Shade Furnace Archaeological District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,886. people, 1,171 households, and 832 families residing in the township. The population density was 43.0 people per square mile (16.6/km2). There were 1,276 housing units at an average density of 19.0/sq mi (7.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.38% White, 0.07% African American, 0.03% Native American, 0.03% Asian, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.52% of the population.
There were 1,171 households, out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.9% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.94.
In the township the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 103.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $28,802, and the median income for a family was $32,419. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $18,472 for females. The per capita income for the township was $13,497. About 11.6% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.3% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.
References
Townships in Somerset County, Pennsylvania
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22288993
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinci%20Montaner
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Vinci Montaner
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Francis Vincent "Vinci" R. Montaner (born November 27, 1976) is a Filipino singer best known for his work with the band Parokya ni Edgar where he served as a backup vocalist and one of its founding members. He left Parokya ni Edgar in late 2012 after a near 20-year stint with the band but returned in late 2016.
Early life and career
Montaner was born to Francisco and Mila Montaner and has three siblings nicknamed Chicco, Dikki and Chachi. He finished his lower education levels at the Ateneo de Manila University, and took a college degree course in Public Advertising at the University of the Philippines Manila.
He temporarily left the group in 2005 to finish his education but at the same time was able to contribute to their album Halina sa Parokya and appeared in some of the music videos. He later rejoined the band and appeared on their 2007 album Solid. Montaner is also popularly known by the band's audience as the resident prankster of the group both in music videos and in live performances.
The band's hit song "The Yes Yes Show" is a satirical song about Chito Miranda and Montaner arguing over the lead vocal duties. It eventually became one of the band's chart topping songs in local OPM hit charts. Montaner also performed the lead vocals in PNE's hit song "Picha Pie" (Filipino slang term for Pizza Pie), a parody cover of Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive".
He also had occasional gigs with the band Rivermaya after lead singer Jayson Fernandez left in mid-2011.
Departure from Parokya ni Edgar
At around 2AM of October 14, 2012, he announced through Parokya ni Edgar's official Facebook page that he left the band a couple of weeks back for personal reasons. Chito Miranda immediately confirmed Vinci's departure from the band.
Posted in official Parokya ni Edgar Facebook Fanpage:
His last gig with the band before leaving was on September 24, 2012 at 70s Bistro. His former bandmates respected his decision as they parted ways in good terms and still remain very good friends. Miranda stated in an official post that Montaner chose to have a new career path and opted to live privately.
Montaner temporarily reunited with Parokya ni Edgar during the band's launching of their 13th album Bente for its cover art and album signings. Montaner was also part of the recording of Gloc-9's 2014 single entitled "Businessman" and is being featured on its music video as well.
Return to Parokya
Montaner appeared on the Parokya's tenth studio album as a featured artist entitled Pogi Years Old, which was released on October 17, 2016. He eventually took part in album launches and later fully rejoined the band. He went in hiatus again in 2019.
Other works
Aside from Parokya ni Edgar, Montaner also owns a school for special children and is said to be one of the primary reasons he left Parokya ni Edgar as he wants to focus in managing the said school.
Personal life
Montaner married in August 2014. He is a devout Roman Catholic.
Discography
With Parokya ni Edgar
Khangkhungkherrnitz (1996)
Buruguduystunstugudunstuy (1997)
Jingle Balls Silent Night Holy Cow (1998)
Gulong Itlog Gulong (1999)
Edgar Edgar Musikahan (2002)
Bigotilyo (2003)
Inuman Sessions Vol.1 (2004)
Halina Sa Parokya (2005)
Matira Matibay: PG-13 (Singles 1994-2007) (2007)
Solid (2007)
Middle-Aged Juvenile Novelty Pop Rockers (2010)
Inuman Sessions Vol.2 (2012)
Bente (2013)
Pogi Years Old (2016)
Featured single
Businessman (Gloc 9, 2014)
References
1976 births
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
21st-century Filipino male singers
Musicians from Manila
Living people
University of the Philippines Manila alumni
20th-century Filipino male singers
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5038381
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Bantyshev
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Alexander Bantyshev
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Bantyshev, Alexander Olimpievich () (1804, Uglich - 1860) was a famous Russian tenor opera singer.
He was an ordinary member of a choir when, with the assistance of the composer Alexey Verstovsky, he was accepted by the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow as a soloist. He sang there with great success for 25 years. He had bright, beautiful tenor voice for which he was nicknamed the "Moscow Nightingale". His best role was the role of Torop (or Toropka) in Askold's Grave. He was also a composer of several romances.
References
1804 births
1860 deaths
People from Uglich
Russian operatic tenors
19th-century male opera singers of the Russian Empire
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2959847
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20AuCoin
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Les AuCoin
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Walter Leslie AuCoin ( ; born October 21, 1942) is an American politician. In 1974 he became the first person from the Democratic Party to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from , since it was formed in 1892. The seat has been held by Democrats ever since.
AuCoin's 18-year tenure—from the 94th United States Congress through the 102nd—is the sixth-longest in Oregon history. In his career, AuCoin took a prominent role in abortion rights, local and national environmental issues, multiple-use management of federal forests, and national security. During the presidency of Ronald Reagan, he wrote the ban to stop Interior Secretary James Watt's plan to open the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf to oil exploration. AuCoin was an early advocate of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and arms control with the Soviet Union, and a critic of U.S. support for the Nicaraguan Contras and the rightist government of El Salvador in the 1980s. At the time of his retirement in 1993, he was 84th in overall House seniority, dean of the Oregon House delegation, a majority whip-at-large, and a veteran member of the House Appropriations Committee.
AuCoin was a two-term member of the Oregon House of Representatives from 1971 to 1974. In his second term, he was House Majority Leader, at the age of 31. He is a full-time author, writer, lecturer and occasional blogger. AuCoin is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One. He and his wife Susan live in Portland.
Early life
AuCoin was born in Portland, Oregon, on October 21, 1942, to Francis Edgar AuCoin, a short order cook from Portland, Maine, and Alice Audrey Darrar, a waitress from Madras, Oregon. When he was four, his father abandoned the family. Les and his brother Leland moved with their mother to Redmond, Oregon, then a small Central Oregon sawmill and farming town, living on her restaurant wages and tips. AuCoin attended Redmond High School, where he was elected most valuable player on the school's basketball team. He also joined the staff of the school newspaper, where he discovered an aptitude for writing—a skill that would help propel him into journalism, Congress and, in political retirement, life as a writer. In 1960, he became the first male in his extended family to graduate from high school.
AuCoin enrolled at Pacific University in Forest Grove, Oregon, then transferred to Portland State University. In 1961, he enlisted in the United States Army. He was assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division and the 10th Mountain Division where he served as a public information specialist, writing dispatches to The Nashville Banner, the Louisville Courier-Journal, The Nashville Tennessean, Stars and Stripes, and Army Times, among other publications. AuCoin's Army postings included Fort Ord, California; Fort Slocum, New York; Fort Campbell, Kentucky; Fort Benning, Georgia; and Sullivan Barracks, West Germany. While stationed in the segregated South, AuCoin was caught up in a near race riot in reaction to a sit-in by blacks at an all-white lunch counter, an event that crystallized his zeal for progressive politics.
Following his Army career, AuCoin worked for one summer at The Redmond Spokesman newspaper, then returned to Pacific University, where he was hired as the director of the school's public information department and simultaneously completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism in 1969. He married Susan Swearingen in 1964, and the couple had two children: Stacy in 1965 and Kelly in 1967.
Oregon House of Representatives
In 1968, AuCoin's opposition to the Vietnam War led him to co-chair Eugene McCarthy's Presidential campaign in Oregon's Washington County, west of Portland. AuCoin stayed with McCarthy after President Lyndon B. Johnson dropped out of the race. McCarthy's upset victory over Robert F. Kennedy in the Oregon Democratic primary encouraged AuCoin to run for elective office in 1970, seeking and winning an open seat in the Oregon House of Representatives in Washington County. Two years later, he was re-elected to the 57th Oregon Legislative Assembly. The Democrats took control of the chamber and he was elected House Majority Leader, the second highest position in the House.
During his time in the Oregon House, AuCoin championed environmental, consumer protection, and civil rights issues.
As the Democratic floor leader, he helped pass maverick Republican Governor Tom McCall's plan (opposed by legislative Republicans and later rejected by voters) to provide 95% state funding for public schools, enacted statewide land use planning rules, reduced penalties for possession of small amounts of marijuana, and established funding of mass transit from highway funds that had been earmarked solely for roads. AuCoin also chaired the committee that led the efforts to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment.
U.S. Congress
In 1974, United States congressman Wendell Wyatt of Oregon's 1st congressional district announced that he would not seek a fourth term. AuCoin won a five-way Democratic primary with more than 50% of the vote and then faced Republican state public utility commissioner Diarmuid O'Scannlain in the general election. With the Watergate scandal fresh in the minds of voters, AuCoin became the first Democrat ever elected to the 1st district, winning 56% of the vote to O'Scannlain's 44%. He was subsequently re-elected eight times despite being initially targeted by the national Republican Party as "an easy mark." After AuCoin's departure, the Republican Party continued to regard the district as one they could expect to win, though the Democratic Party has held the seat ever since.
Defense
In 1981, AuCoin won a seat on the House Appropriations Committee, and two years later, was appointed to the subcommittee on Defense appropriations. AuCoin became a legislative critic of weaponizing space, opposing the Strategic Defense Initiative, basing his opposition on probability theory, holding that it could not fully defend the United States in the event of an attack. He also authored a legislative ban on U.S. flight tests of anti-satellite weapons, which carried the force of law unless the president certified that the Soviet Union tested a similar weapon of its own. His amendment effectively legislated arms control for the first time through an act of Congress.
AuCoin supported the nuclear freeze movement and was a leading critic of President Reagan's proposed MX missile, arguing that such "first strike" weapons would prompt the Soviet Union to match them, and, since a first strike ability favored the aggressor, reasoning that such an event would increase the vulnerability of the U.S.
Although he opposed the Reagan administration on strategic weapons, AuCoin used his position on the defense subcommittee to improve U.S. conventional arms. On an inspection tour at Fort Benning, he learned from the commander of the United States Army Infantry School that replacement of the aging M47 Dragon anti-tank missile was a major infantry priority because it exposed its operator to enemy return fire until his round found its target. AuCoin, himself a former infantryman, pressed for the development of a modern substitute, often resisting the U.S. Army Missile Command and other agencies that favored other technologies. AuCoin's legislation resulted in the adoption of the FGM-148 Javelin missile, which put its homing device in the round rather than the launcher to allow its operator to fire and immediately seek cover. The Javelin was first used in the 2003 Iraq War and is considered by some military scholars to be "revolutionary" in its potential to put infantry on a more equal footing against armor in conventional land warfare.
Foreign policy
AuCoin's opposition to U.S. support of authoritarian governments in El Salvador and Guatemala and the Nicaraguan Contras—irregular forces armed by the Reagan administration to topple the Sandinista government—led him to travel frequently to Central America to document right wing human rights abuses. In 1987, a constituent of AuCoin's named Ben Linder was killed by Contra forces while helping build a small hydroelectric electricity generator for Nicaraguan villagers. Pressed by AuCoin to investigate, the U.S. State Department noted discrepant accounts of Linder's death: the Contras asserted that Linder died in a firefight, but village witnesses claimed the Contras gave no opportunity to surrender and assassinated Linder at point-blank range.
In his second congressional term, AuCoin's 1978 amendment to grant partial most favored nation trade status to the People's Republic of China was the first China trade bill to reach the House floor. Though narrowly defeated, it presaged the United States' formal normalization of political and trade relations with China less than a year later. In February 1979, AuCoin led a trade mission of Oregon business leaders to China, the first such delegation from any U.S. state.
Oregon economy
AuCoin used his seat on the House Interior Appropriations Subcommittee to address a number of economic priorities throughout Oregon, including construction of the Oregon Trail Center in economically distressed Baker City, renovation of Crater Lake Lodge, restoration of the Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde and Confederated Tribes of Siletz, and construction of the Seafood Consumer Research Center in Astoria and the Fort Clatsop Memorial Visitors Center.
Working together, AuCoin and Oregon Senator Mark Hatfield secured federal funding for the construction of Portland's acclaimed east- and west-side light rail projects, the largest public works project in Oregon history. Since its unveiling, the rail system has guided urban growth and spawned an estimated $3.5 billion in new construction in the Portland metropolitan area. For his work on the project, a plaza at one of the stations is dedicated to him.
AuCoin had a hand in the rescue of Northwest lumber and plywood mills during the recession of the early 1980s. The mills faced financial ruin when federal timber sales contracts they had purchased at a face value of hundreds of millions of dollars were rendered worthless by the collapse of the lumber and plywood markets. Along with Senators Hatfield and Howard Metzenbaum, AuCoin helped write the Federal Timber Contract Payment Modification Act of 1984. After requiring timber companies to pay a penalty to the U.S. Treasury, the bill released the firms from their contracts and allowed them to return approximately 9.5 billion board feet of standing timber to the government, much of it commercially pre-thinned.
Environment
AuCoin's environmental record earned him the endorsement of major environmental organizations in each of his House elections. In addition to blocking offshore oil exploration, AuCoin prevented mining in the center of Oregon's Three Sisters Wilderness area by buying out a mining claim in the area's geologically significant Rock Mesa and served on the committee that helped write the 200-mile offshore economic zone, which would become known as the Magnuson Act. Although the Port of Portland shipyards, a major Oregon employer, stood to benefit from oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, AuCoin opposed the plan on environmental grounds. He also helped preserve Cascade Head on the Oregon Coast, supported the Columbia Gorge Scenic Protection Act, helped stop the construction of Salt Caves Dam on the last free-flowing stretch of the Klamath River, co-authored the 1988 bill quadrupling the designation of National Wild and Scenic Rivers in Oregon, and fought the construction of a plant at the Umatilla Chemical Depot to incinerate excess chemical weapons.
His work on the 1984 Oregon Wilderness Act, which doubled wilderness acreage in Oregon's federal forests, earned him a Distinguished Service award from the Sierra Club.
Timber harvest controversies
Soon after the decades-long effort to expand wilderness was resolved, annual timber harvests on Forest Service lands in Oregon and Washington had increased to reach a crisis point in the late 1980s. Critics charged that AuCoin, along with other Northwest members of Congress, were forcing unsustainable logging levels, noting Congress's proposed annual timber harvests of more than 4 billion board feet per year—well above historical averages of 2.6 to 3 billion board feet (bbf) for the region.
However, Randal O'Toole, a self-described libertarian and environmental economist, observed that the harvest numbers cited by critics included timber that had been sold, often commercially pre-thinned, returned to the government through the Timber Contract Relief Act, and therefore were inaccurately inflated. Excluding the "buy-back" volume net harvests of new "green" timber were lower than average: 2.6 billion board feet (bbf) in 1986 and 1987, 2.3 bbf in 1988, and 1.9 bbf in 1989.
AuCoin was also criticized for working with Senator Hatfield, Washington Representative Norman D. Dicks, and House Speaker Tom Foley for legislating a special timber sales program in 1990. The legislation, referred to disparagingly by some environmentalists as "The Rider from Hell," was in response to an injunction by federal judge William Lee Dwyer that shut down all logging in federal forests in the Pacific Northwest after the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management failed to develop management plans for the threatened northern spotted owl. Responding to the imminent collapse of jobs in timber and related industries, the amendment legislated a harvest, but also gave old-growth forests statutory status for the first time, directed that fragmentation of them be minimized, and banned logging of them in designated spotted owl habitat areas identified in the environmental impact statement., effectively overruling Judge Dwyer's order. While AuCoin and the other sponsors stated an intention for the law to be temporary while plans to protect forests and threatened species such as the spotted owl were put in place, it authorized a two-year harvest of more than 5 billion board feet in Oregon and Washington and became a precedent for future industry-supported environmental waivers long after AuCoin left Congress. In his last years in Congress, AuCoin worked to lower the regional harvest to 1.1 bbf in 1991, 0.8 bbf in 1992, and 0.6 bbf in 1993.
Abortion
AuCoin was one of the House's key leaders for abortion choice, helping to defeat the Hyde Amendment, which barred public funds for abortion services for pregnant Medicaid recipients as well as in U.S. military hospitals abroad. The amendment was dropped in the Senate when President George H. W. Bush threatened to veto the entire defense appropriation measure if it remained in.
Gun control
His opposition to gun control legislation angered many of his urban constituents while pleasing numerous rural voters. AuCoin switched his position during his legislative career, emphasized with an essay in The Washington Post, supporting what would become the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act which passed after he left office in 1993. At the time of his action, no other member of the Oregon delegation supported tighter gun control laws.
1992 race for the U.S. Senate
In 1992, AuCoin ran for the United States Senate against Republican incumbent Bob Packwood, giving up his seat in the House of Representatives. Both the Democratic primary and the general election were strongly contested, and involved several controversies.
As the election season got underway, analysts from both major parties predicted that Packwood would have one of the toughest seats to defend in what was anticipated to be a volatile election year. Packwood was regarded as one of the nation's "most powerful elected officials" with "extraordinary political instincts." But the state's largest newspaper, The Oregonian, had described AuCoin (Packwood's presumed main challenger) as having "persistence, imagination and clout [that] have made him the most powerful congressman in Oregon and one of the most influential members from the Northwest."
For AuCoin, however, first came the Democratic primary. He faced Portland attorney Joe Wetzel and Bend businessman Harry Lonsdale in what became a "brutal, bitter" contest. Lonsdale, who had run a close race against incumbent Mark Hatfield for Oregon's other Senate seat two years prior, emerged as AuCoin's principal rival; Wetzel, who criticized Packwood and AuCoin as long-term, ineffective members of Congress, trailed throughout the race, and was not invited to an April debate sponsored by the City Club of Portland. Lonsdale took on "the Les AuCoin-Mark Hatfield-Bob Packwood coalition" as his primary cause, stating "I consider Les AuCoin a good man who has been corrupted by PAC money over the years".
In a race the Seattle Times called "as negative as many voters can remember," Lonsdale attacked AuCoin as "corrupt" and tied to the timber industry. Lonsdale's environmental credentials also came under scrutiny, and AuCoin noted Lonsdale's reversal of support for nuclear power and belated opposition to the re-opening of Trojan Nuclear Power Plant. AuCoin turned accusations of undue influence back on Lonsdale, pointing out that his company (Bend Research) had received millions in federal defense contracts.
On the Republican side, Packwood had gone through a divorce in 1991, and his ex-wife threatened to run against him amid mounting concerns about his "eye for the ladies." The socially conservative Oregon Citizens Alliance (OCA) was at the apex of its statewide prominence with 1992's anti-gay Measure 9 and its newly formed American Heritage Party (AHP). The group endorsed Republican challenger Joe Lutz, who had run against Packwood in the past on a family values platform; but Lutz soon withdrew, announcing a divorce of his own. As early as January, the OCA considered backing former gubernatorial candidate Al Mobley as an independent or as a member of the AHP. Mobley decided in mid-August not to run, stating that he could not bear the idea that he might be responsible for causing AuCoin to be elected.
Even during the primary, Packwood and AuCoin traded barbs on various issues. Packwood joined Lonsdale in criticizing AuCoin for his involvement in what was reported as a rash of check-bouncing among members of Congress; AuCoin characterized the issue as a series of mistakes, rather than gross abuses. In what was believed to be an unprecedented move, Packwood attempted to influence the Democratic primary's outcome by running television ads against AuCoin.
The results of the Democratic primary were so close that an automatic recount was triggered. AuCoin held a news conference on May 23 in the South Park Blocks stating he would wait for the recount, but the margin was currently 248 votes in his favor. On June 18, over a month after the primary election, AuCoin was certified as having won by 330 votes. Upon conceding the race, Lonsdale pondered mounting a write-in campaign, reiterating that Oregon needed an "outsider" in the Senate.
By the end of June, when the recount was complete, AuCoin was nearly out of campaign funds; Packwood entered the general election race with $3.2 million and was ranked sixth nationwide among senators raising funds outside their home state during the 1990–1992 election season.
AuCoin opposed weakening the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to erase the northern spotted owl's impact on the timber industry, but Packwood ("one of the timber industry's chief allies," according to Oregon State University political scientist William Lunch) assailed "environmental extremists" and introduced legislation to convene a presidential cabinet committee to exempt the endangered owl from the ESA.
In September, Packwood pulled ads that had falsely criticized AuCoin for missing votes while speaking to special interest groups. By October, Packwood had raised $8 million, spending $5.4 million more than AuCoin, and leading all Senate incumbents. Yet that fall, the two candidates were in a dead heat, with Packwood continuing to criticize AuCoin on attendance, his House bank account and the spotted owl, and AuCoin echoing the campaign of popular presidential candidate Bill Clinton by accusing Packwood of favoring the wealthy over the middle class.
The outcome of the bruising race was too close to call on election night, but on the following day, Packwood emerged as the winner with about 52% of the vote to AuCoin's 48%. In his victory press conference, Packwood endorsed AuCoin for Secretary of the Interior in the Clinton administration. When told of Packwood's comments, AuCoin responded by saying "I think that's real special."
Magnifying the controversy of the race was a decision by the Washington Post to delay until after the election coverage of its year-long investigation into detailed claims of sexual abuse and assault made by 10 women against Packwood. The paper published the story two months after election day. Oregon's largest daily newspaper, The Oregonian, did not break the story either, despite its own investigation and its congressional correspondent being subjected to Packwood's advances. This led to a joke, "If it matters to Oregonians, it's in the Washington Post (a twist on the Oregonian's slogan, "If it matters to Oregonians, it's in the Oregonian.") The paper's editor would later admit to having been less than aggressive in pursuing the story due to concerns about "…ruining a man's career."
A group of Oregon voters battled Packwood lawyers in briefs before the Senate Rules Committee in an unsuccessful attempt to persuade the panel to refuse to seat the senator on the grounds of election fraud for lying about the abuses. The senator admitted to the acts in 1994 and was forced to resign after the Senate Ethics Committee censured him for his conduct in 1995.
AuCoin was considered for Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of the Army in the new Clinton administration, though he was not offered either post. When news of Packwood's resignation broke, AuCoin stated that he would not come out of retirement to run for the seat. He also stated that he would not engage in professional lobbying, but was criticized the next year for becoming the chairman of the government relations practice group in the law firm Bogle & Gates.
A decade later, Governor Ted Kulongoski nominated AuCoin for the Oregon Board of Forestry, reportedly to balance out the perceived dominance of the timber industry on that board. But the industry mounted an extensive lobbying campaign against the former congressman, accusing him of environmental extremism, and his appointment was derailed in the Oregon State Senate.
Life after political office
AuCoin went into higher education five years after leaving the Congress, joining the faculty at Southern Oregon University in Ashland as a visiting professor of political science and business ethics. He was named Outstanding Professor of the Year by the SOU chapter of Phi Kappa Phi, the nation's largest scholarly society. AuCoin was also voted by SOU students as one of the university's four "most popular professors." While at SOU, he won an Oregon Associated Press award for political commentary at Jefferson Public Radio. AuCoin writes on national issues for the Huffington Post, freelances magazine articles, and publishes book reviews for regional newspapers. He is co-author of The Wildfire Reader: A Century of Failed Forest Policy. In the 1960s, while working at Pacific University, he won several national awards for excellence in editing the school's official magazine.
AuCoin and his wife Sue campaigned in Wisconsin in 2004 for Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry for the last month of his presidential race. In 2008, they drove to Ohio to spend the last five weeks of the election cycle campaigning for Democratic nominee Barack Obama.
The former congressman lectures at and serves on the advisory board to the Maxwell School's National Security Studies program at Syracuse University in New York. In 2009, Defense Secretary Robert Gates appointed him to the Transformation Advisory Group of the Pentagon's U.S. Joint Forces Command. AuCoin is a corporate director at the Federal Home Loan Bank of Seattle and Teton Heritage Builders, Inc., a high-end residential housing contractor located in Jackson, Wyoming, and Bozeman, Montana. He has been an expert witness in federal district court on issues regarding fiduciary duties of corporate board directors, and he served as vice chair of the board of trustees of Pacific University. In 2014, Oregon governor John Kitzhaber named AuCoin to the inaugural board of trustees of Southern Oregon University. He is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.
In 2019, AuCoin wrote a political memoir, Catch and Release: An Oregon Life in Politics, published by Oregon State University Press.
References
External links
The Les AuCoin Blog
The Les AuCoin Podcast
Ohio Political Journal
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1942 births
American columnists
American people of Acadian descent
Educators from Oregon
Living people
Members of the Oregon House of Representatives
Pacific University alumni
Politicians from Ashland, Oregon
People from Forest Grove, Oregon
People from Redmond, Oregon
Politicians from Bozeman, Montana
Radio personalities from Oregon
Southern Oregon University faculty
United States Army soldiers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Oregon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carice%20van%20Houten
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Carice van Houten
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Carice Anouk van Houten (;) is a Dutch actress and singer (born 5 September 1976 in Leiderdorp). Her first leading role in the television film Suzy Q (1999) won her the Golden Calf for Best Acting in a Television Drama; two years later, she won the Golden Calf for Best Actress for Miss Minoes (2001).
She gained widespread recognition for her performance in Black Book (2006), the most commercially successful Dutch film to date, for which she won her second Golden Calf for Best Actress, in addition to nominations from the Chicago Film Critics Association, the European Film Academy, and the Online Film Critics Society. She was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for Valkyrie (2008), and won her fourth and fifth Golden Calf Awards for Best Actress for The Happy Housewife (2010) and Black Butterflies (2011). Her other notable English-language performances include Repo Men (2010), Black Death (2010), and Brimstone (2016).
Van Houten received international recognition for her role as Melisandre on the HBO television series Game of Thrones (2012–2019), for which she received nominations for two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series.
Early life
Van Houten was brought up watching silent films and in an interview she professed to prefer playing scenes without dialogue. She has a younger sister, Jelka van Houten, who is also an actress. Her paternal grandmother was Scottish. Van Houten went to the St. Bonifatiuscollege (high school) in Utrecht, where she played the leading role in Hugo Claus' Tijl Uilenspieghel, directed by Ad Migchielsen. Van Houten studied briefly at the Maastricht Academy of Dramatic Arts but continued her professional education after one year at the Kleinkunstacademie in Amsterdam.
Acting career
Van Houten played her first leading role in Martin Koolhoven's TV film Suzy Q. She won a Golden Calf for her part as Suzy. She also won the Pisuisse Award and the Top Naeff Award for her stage acting and another Golden Calf for her part as the kitten that becomes a woman in Miss Minoes (2001). The first time she could be seen in cinemas in the U.S. was when Martin Koolhoven's AmnesiA (2001) got a small theatrical release.
Van Houten won a Golden Calf for her performance as Rachel Stein in Black Book (2006) at the Netherlands Film Festival. Black Books director Paul Verhoeven said about her in a television interview: "Never in my life I have worked with an actress this talented", and when asked to compare her with Sharon Stone he said "Carice can really act." The international press was also enthusiastic about her role in Black Book.
In December 2006, Van Houten withdrew from a theatre production of Alex van Warmerdam due to personal reasons. According to a theatre spokesman it was because of a work overload.
In 2008, she starred in the non-commercial short movie Zingen in het donker (English: Singing in the dark), a drama on domestic violence. She appeared in the magazine Vanity Fair in the issue for March 2008, photographed by Wayne Maser. In 2008, Van Houten had a role opposite Leonardo DiCaprio in Body of Lies but her scenes did not make the final cut of the movie.
In April 2009, it was announced that Van Houten would star in Black Death by British director Christopher Smith and in the Dutch film Komt een vrouw bij de dokter (English title: Stricken), based on the novel of the same name by Ray Kluun. She also starred in the science fiction thriller Repo Men.
In July 2011, Van Houten was cast as the priestess Melisandre in the second season of HBO's fantasy TV series Game of Thrones. Her performance has garnered her praise and recognition, earning her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her final performance as the character in the season 8 episode "The Long Night" in 2019. After nominations were announced for the ceremony, Van Houten received considerable media attention for having been one of the three nominated actors from the show to have self-submitted and paid entry fees to be on the ballot for Emmy consideration after HBO had not done so for them. She has also received three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2014, 2016, and 2017 for the role.
In 2012, Van Houten appeared in Antony and the Johnsons' "Cut the world" video, which was directed by Nabil Elderkin and also starred Willem Dafoe and Marina Abramović.
In 2019, Van Houten starred as a prison therapist that becomes infatuated with one of her patients, a serial rapist, in Halina Reijn’s directorial debut Instinct. The film premiered at the Locarno Film Festival, receiving the Variety Piazza Grande Award and was selected as the Dutch submission for Best International Feature Film at the 92nd Academy Awards. Variety’s Guy Lodge described Van Houten as being "on electrifying form" and Reijn's direction "provides a fearsome reminder" of the former's breakthrough performance in Black Book.
Personal life
Van Houten is in a relationship with Australian actor Guy Pearce, who she met on the set of Brimstone. In August 2016, she gave birth to their son, Monte Pearce. She previously dated German actor Sebastian Koch; they met on the set of the 2006 film Black Book.
Van Houten speaks Dutch, English, German, and French.
Van Houten has stated that Hollywood makes her unhappy: "I have seen Hollywood, and although I have nothing against it, it's not my kind of life. My agent is shocked that I want to stay in Europe," adding, "If Hollywood offers me a great part, of course I'll take it, but I just don't want to live there".
Van Houten has been friends with fellow Dutch actress Halina Reijn since 1994. They worked together in the movies Black Book and Valkyrie. In 2013, the two published a book called Anti Glamour, a parody style guide and a celebration of their friendship, as well as a candid look into the unglamourous back-stage side of their lives.
Van Houten is a lifelong fan of Laurel and Hardy. In June 2016, she called into The Ross Owen Show on Black Sky Radio to talk about her love of the comedy duo.
Filmography
Television
Discography
Black Book (soundtrack) (2007) – vocals on four songs
See You on the Ice (2012)
"Fear Not" (2015) – featuring Michael Prins
"Bobbie Gentry's The Delta Sweete Revisited" (2019) by Mercury Rev - vocals on 'Parchman Farm'
"Once Upon a Time in Shaolin" (2015) by Wu-Tang Clan
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Carice van Houten at Virtual History
20th-century Dutch actresses
21st-century Dutch actresses
Dutch film actresses
Dutch stage actresses
Dutch television actresses
Dutch people of Scottish descent
EMI Records artists
Golden Calf winners
Living people
People from Leiderdorp
21st-century Dutch singers
21st-century Dutch women singers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Enrique%20Prado%20Herrera
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Carlos Enrique Prado Herrera
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Carlos Enrique Prado (born 1978) is a contemporary Cuban artist. He has work in different such as sculpture, ceramics, drawing, digital art, performance, installations and interventions. Between 2002 until 2012, he was professor at ISA University of Arts of Cuba (former Instituto Superior de Arte), where he was also the head of the sculpture program. He currently lives and works in Miami, Florida. He teaches ceramics and sculpture at University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. He recently completed the Ronald Reagan Equestrian Monument, located at Tropical Park, Miami. This public sculpture was commissioned by Miami-Dade County, Art in Public Places program.
Education
Master of Fine Art (Studio Art). ISA University of the Arts of Cuba (Instituto Superior de Arte), 2008.
Bachelor of Fine Art in Sculpture. ISA, University of the Arts of Cuba, 2002.
Graduated of Sculpture and Drawing at the San Alejandro National Academy of Fine Arts in Havana, 1996.
Teaching experience
Carlos has taught at the University of Miami since 2014 to the present. He has specialized in teaching the human figure in clay and all the techniques of ceramics hand-building. He was an assistant professor of sculpture and ceramics in the Visual Arts School at the University of Arts of Cuba -ISA, from 2002 to 2012. He taught the Art Studio Practice class in different academic levels and the course “The personal project in ceramics.” He was also a member of the admission exams committee and thesis committees. Between 2006 and 2011, he was head of the Sculpture Program of the Visual Art School. He taught the Live Modeling in Clay course at The Royal University College of Arts (KKH), Stockholm, Sweden, 2007, and the summer class Large-scale Ceramic Sculptures at the University of Mary Washington, Virginia, USA, 2011. He has done demonstrations on the Portrait in Clay in different universities in the USA, such as the Midwestern State University, Texas in 2011.
Visiting artist
Visiting artist. Florida International University, Miami, FL. 2015
Visiting artist. University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. 2014
Visiting artist. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. 2013
Visiting artist. East Los Angeles College, Los Angeles, CA. 2013
Artist in Residence. Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX. 2012
Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA. 2011
Midwestern State University, Texas, USA. 2011
University of Mary Washington, Virginia, USA. 2010
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA. 2010
Royal University College of Arts (KKH). Stockholm, Sweden, 2007
Awards
Second Prize of installation in the Biennial of Ceramics "The Vessel". National Museum of Ceramics in Havana, 2007.
Third Prize in VIII Biennial of Ceramics "Amelia Pelaez". National Museum of the Ceramics in Havana, 2006.
Mention awarded in VII Biennial of Ceramics "Amelia Pelaez". National Museum of the Ceramics in Havana, 2004.
Prize of the International Triennial of Ceramics Elit-Tile. Museum of Modern Arts in Santo Domingo. Dominican Republic, 2003.
Sculpture Prize in the Salon de la Academia 1996, International Event of Schools of Arts. San Alejandro National Academy of Fine Arts of Cuba, 1996.
Work in public places
2018
Ronald Reagan Equestrian Monument. Tropical Park, 7900 SW 40 St, Miami, FL 33155. Commissioned by Miami-Dade County, finished on April 13, 2018.
2009
Public bench, Sanitary Therapy series. Hacienda San Pancho Hotel y Villas. Nayarit. Mexico. Commissioned by San Pancho Cultural Center & Residence
2006
Bust of Alicia Alonso. National Museum of Dance, Havana, Cuba. Commissioned by the National Museum of Dance; finished on December 21, 2006.
2005
Atlases. National Museum of Ceramics, Havana, Cuba. Commissioned by National Museum of Ceramics
2004
Bust of Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring. The Museum of the City of La Habana. Havana, Cuba. Commissioned by the Office of the Historian of the City.
2002
Dulce María Loynáz Monument. Taoro Park, Ctra. Taoro, 7, 38400 Puerto de la Cruz, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. Commissioned by the City of Puerto de la Cruz, finished on December 12, 2002.
Collections
Among the most important public collections in which we can find the Carlos Enrique's artworks are: Miami-Dade County, Florida, Art in Public Places collection; National Museum of the Cuban Contemporary Ceramic in Havana; ASU Art Museum, Ceramic Research Center, Arizona, US; Museum of the Contemporary Ceramics (MCC) in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; The city of Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain; Museum of the Dance of Havana; Museum of the City of Havana; Cultural Center Dulce María Loynaz of Havana; Elf Genius art fundació de Barcelona, Spain; and PanAmerican Arts Projects, Miami, USA.
He has worked in multiple private collections in Cuba, USA, Spain, France, Switzerland, Sweden, Germany, Mexico, Dominican Republic, among others.
Arizona State University Art Museum
Solo exhibitions
2010
Preludio y Fuga (Prelude and fugue –escapes–). Digital prints and installation. Convent of San Francisco de Asis. Havana. The exhibition is part of the Biennial X of Ceramics of Havana.
2009
El icono escamoteado (The whisked away icon). Sculptures. Hispanic-American Center of Culture. Havana.
2008
Project Room: Carlos Enrique, recent works. Sculptures and digital prints. Pan-American Art projects. Miami city, USA.
Terapia sanitaria (Sanitary therapy). Sculptures. The Ludwig Foundation of Cuba. Havana.
2006
Re-Visiones (Re-visions). Sculptures. National Museum of Ceramics. Havana.
Todo para llevar (Everything to take). Portable sculptures. Galiano Gallery. Havana.
2005
Otra forma más de mirar lo mismo (A Different way of looking at the same thing). Digital prints. It was organized by the Contemporary Art Center Wifredo Lam and the Ludwig Foundation of Cuba. Gallery of the Cultural Center ICAIC. Havana.
2002
Mírate el mundo de otra manera (Look yourself at the world in a different way). Sculptures. La Acacia Gallery in Havana. Graduation exhibition.
Miradas Posibles (Possible Glances). Sculptures. Miramar Trade Center. Havana.
1996
Seudoexposición. San Alejandro Academy of Fine Arts. Havana.
Transfiguración (Transfiguration). Installation with drawings and sculptures. 23rd and 12th Gallery. Havana.
1994
Almas en pena (Grieving Souls). Drawings. Galiano Gallery. Havana.
1993
Con mi cruz a cuestas (With my cross on the back). Sculptures and drawings. Carmelo González Gallery, Cultural Center of Vedado. Havana.
1992
Adolescencia (Adolescence). Sculptures. 23 y 12 Gallery. Havana city.
Main and recent group exhibitions
2018
Twin Cups: National Ceramic Exhibition 2018. Potter Fine Arts Gallery, Missouri Western State University. St. Joseph, MO.
2017
Biennial of Ceramics -Murals and Vessels-. Hispanic-American Cultural Center gallery. Havana, Cuba.
2017 UM Faculty Exhibition. University of Miami Art Gallery at the Wynwood Building. Miami, FL.
2016
Biennial of Ceramics –Sculptures, Installations and Projects-. Hispanic-American Cultural Center gallery. Havana, Cuba.
2016 UM Faculty Exhibition. University of Miami Art Gallery at the Wynwood Building. Miami, FL.
La Escultura Dibujada. Centro Cultural, Hinojosa del Duque, Córdoba, Spain (January).
La Escultura Dibujada. Monasterio de Santa Clara, Belalcazar, Córdoba, Spain (March).
2015
Biennial of Ceramics -Murals and Vessels-. Organized by the National Museum of Ceramics. Hispanic-American Cultural Center gallery. Havana, Cuba.
2014
Two Streets from the Sand. The Wolfsonian-FIU Museum. Miami Beach, FL.
Annual Faculty Exhibition. CAS Gallery, University of Miami. Coral Gables, FL.
2013
Biennial of Ceramics -Murals and Vessels-. Organized by the National Museum of Ceramics. Hispanic-American Cultural Center gallery. Havana, Cuba.
2012
10 for 10 x2: 10th Anniversary New Acquisitions. ASU Art Museum, Ceramics Research Center. Tempe, AZ.
From the Clay Studio IV. Juanita Harvey Art Gallery, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX.
2011
Exhibition in Tribute to the 50 anniversary of the Association of Writers and Artists of Cuba (UNEAC). Acacia Gallery. Havana.
Exhibition Large-scale ceramic Sculptures. The University of Mary Washington and LibertyTown Arts Workshop Gallery. Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA.
Biennial of Ceramic “The Mural and the Vessel”. Organized by the National Museum of Ceramic. Hispanic-American Center of Culture. Havana.
Exhibition Ripped Eyes. House-Museum of Asia. Havana.
2010
X Biennial of Ceramic of Havana. Convent of San Francisco de Asis. Havana city.
2009
1st Symposium of Installations of San Pancho. Exhibition Irrational Relation. San Cultural Pancho Center & Residence. Nayarit. Mexico.
Exhibition Cronos. Contemporary Cuban Art. Gallery La Casona. Havana city.
CODEMA in the Biennial X of the Havana. Space of National CODEMA (Advisory Council for the Development of the Monumental and Environmental Sculpture).
The Human Body. National Museum of the Ceramic. Havana city.
Biennial of Ceramic “The Mural and the Vessel”. Organized by the National Museum of Ceramic. Convent of San Franciscode Asis. Havana city.
2008
The 13th Annual Los Angeles Art Show. Santa Monica Air Center. Santa Monica city, CA, USA.
ArtMadrid 2008, Modern and Contemporary Art Hall. Country House of Madrid. Spain.
IX Biennial of Ceramics (sculpture and installations). Organized by the National Museum of Ceramics. White Room Gallery of The San Francisco de Asis Convent. Havana city.
2007
Biennial of Ceramics "The Mural and the Vesse". Organized by the National Museum of Ceramics. San Francisco de Asis Convent . Havana City.
Exhibition Gracias por el fuego (Thank you for the fire), Cuban contemporary ceramics. Villa Manuela Gallery, National Association of Writers and Artists of Cuba (UNEAC). Havana City.
ArtMadrid 2007. Modern and Contemporary Art Hall. House of Field of Madrid. Spain.
Exhibition Visiones de un Mundo de Aromas( Visions from a world of Aromas). Havana City Convention Center.
2006
International Triennial of Ceramics Elit-Tile. Museum of Modern Arts in Santo Domingo. Dominican Republic.
VIII International Digital Art Hall. Cultural Center Pablo de la Torriente Brau. Havana City.
VIII Biennial of Ceramics “Amelia Peláez”, organized by the National Museum of Ceramics. San Francisco de Asis Convent. Havana City.
Exhibition Taller Abierto (Open Workshop). National CODEMA. Collateral Event at IX Biennial of Havana.
Exhibition. La ciudad otra - el hombre otro (The other city - another man). Hispanic-American Center of Culture. Collateral Event at IX Biennial of Havana.
ArtMadrid Modern and Contemporary Art Hall. Country House of Madrid. Spain.
Exhibition H2Oro. Gallery of the House of the Poetry. Havana City
2005
Exhibition of Contemporary Cuban Sculpture, organized by National CODEMA (Advisory Council for the Development of the Monumental and Environmental Sculpture) for the International Event "Culture and Development" at the Convention Center in Havana City.
Biennial of Ceramics "The Vessel". Organized by the National Museum of Ceramics. Fifth Cloister Gallery of the San Francisco de Asis Convent. Havana City.
2004
VII Biennial of Ceramics “Amelia Peláez”, organized by the National Museum of Ceramics. White Room Gallery of the Convent of San Francisco de Asis. Havana
City.
Exhibition Lo Clásico (The Classic Thing), Cuban contemporary ceramics. Hispanic-American Center of Culture. Havana city.
2003
Exhibition Bosque (Forest). Collateral Event to VIII Biennial of the Havana. National Museum of Ceramics. Havana City.
Exhibition “Without Title. The object in the Cuban contemporary sculpture”. Arts and Literature School at the University of Havana City.
Exhibition of the Higher Institute of Art in the Culture Pavilion of the Expocuba International fair.
Exhibition to celebrate a Dance Opening called: El violín descalzo at the Gran Teatro de la Habana City.
2002
Biennial of Ceramics "The Vessel". National Museum of Ceramics, Castillo de La Real Fuerza. Havana City.
Fair of Independent Art of Madrid (FAIM). House of Field of Madrid. Spain.
International Triennial of Ceramics Elit-Tile. Museum of Modern Arts in Santo Domingo. Dominican Republic.
Exhibition REMAKE. Arts and Literature School at the University of Havana.
Lectures
Overview of his work and Cuban ceramics. The Ceramics Research Center at the ASU Art Museum. Arizona State University, Arizona, USA. 2011.
Lecture about his personal work. Midwestern State University, Texas, USA. 2011.
A ceramist talks about a ceramist. Presentation of the personal artwork. National Museum of Ceramic. Havana. 2011.
Carlos Enrique artwork. Presentation on his personal work and the story of his professional development as an artist. Department of Arts and Art History. University of Mary Washington. Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA. 2010.
The State of Ceramic Art in Cuba. Bryant Conference Center Auditorium. University of Alabama. Tuscaloosa, USA, 2010.
The Cuban Contemporary Artistic Ceramic. College of Arts and Science, Department Modern Languages and Classics. University of Alabama. Tuscaloosa, USA, 2010.
The ceramic program at the University of Arts of Cuba. College of Arts and Science, Department Art & Art History. Tuscaloosa, USA. 2010.
Contemporary artistic projects in ceramic. Appreciation course on the development of the artistic ceramic in Cuba. Ceramic workshop, Mirta García Buch, Havana. 2009.
Sculpture in ceramic. Evident strategies from the sculpture workshop of the ISA. Professional school of Plastic arts, Island of the Youth. 2008.
Sanitary meditation. Presentation of the thesis in option to the grade of Master in Art. Ludwig Foundation of Cuba, Havana. 2008.
The ceramic workshop of the ISA, an alternative for the sculpture in Cuba. The Royal University College of Fine Arts (KKH). Stockholm, Sweden. 2007.
The creator and his work. An artist's history about how he became a"professional". A series of lectures developed at the VIII Biennial of Ceramic "Amelia Peláez" in the San Francisco de Asis Convent. Havana City, 2006.
The teaching of the ceramics in the Higher Institute of Art, developed at the San Francisco de Asis Convent. Havana City, 2005.
The experimentation in ceramics. Presentation of the Barro Espiritual Project, in the National Museum of Ceramics. Havana City, 2002.
Round table on the sculpture in Cuba. Points of view of creators from the different generations at the Arts and Literature Schoolof the University of Havana City, 1999.
The fine Arts creators within the digital world. 2nd meeting of specialists inVirtual Reality. Mass Media and Communication School. Higher Institute of Arts, 1998.
Bibliography
Alberdi, Virginia: “Otro Carlos Enrique: retrato de un artista adolescente”, revista Artecubano, No. 2, La Habana, 1995, pp. 42-45, ilus.
Alberdi, Virginia: “Ni inocente ni neutral”, Granma newspaper, No 207 – año 41, La Habana, miércoles 31 de agosto de 2005, ilus.
Alberdi, Virginia: “Carlos Enrique Prado: Ni inocente ni neutral”, Cubarte, portal de la cultura cubana. Noticias, 3 de septiembre de 2005, ilus.
Alonso, Alejandro G.: Todo para llevar (cat.), Galería Galiano, La Habana, agosto, 2006.
Alonso, Alejandro G.: Re-visiones (cat.), Museo Nacional de la Cerámica, La Habana, 2006.
Alonso, Alejandro G.: “X Bienal de Cerámica” (Una exposición personal), revista Artecubano, No 2, La Habana, 2010, pp 53, ilus.
"Arte Cubano Contemporaneo. Coleccion del Consejo Nacional de Artes Plasticas", ArteCubano Ediciones, 2014, pg 266-267, ilus.
Barreto, Emilio: “Prado transfigurado”, revista Cartelera Cultural, no. 64, La Habana, 1996, ilus.
Branscome, Jeff: “From Cuba to US: Clay connection”. The Free Lance-Star newspaper, Fredericksburg city, VA, USA. August 4, 2011.
Calvo, Onedys: “El ceramista escultor: Carlos Enrique, el artista”, revista Revolución y Cultura, no. 5-6, año 2009, pp. 59-65, ilus.
Castellanos, Israel: “La taza sanitaria emplaza”, revista digital La Jiribilla, No 223, La Habana 2005, ilus.
Noceda Fernández, José Manuel: “Carlos Enrique Prado: con un mirar diferente”, revista La Gaceta de Cuba, no. 3, La Habana, mayo-junio, 2006, pp. 46-48, ilus.
Noceda Fernández, José Manuel: “Carlos Enrique Prado: La ritualidad del objeto”, Otra forma más de mirar lo mismo (cat.), Centro Cultural ICAIC, La Habana, julio, 2005.
Pereira, María de los Ángeles: “Descubrir lo sublime”, Mírate el mundo de otra manera (cat.), Galería La Acacia, La Habana, junio, 2002.
Pereira, María de los Ángeles: “Carlos Enrique, escultor”, revista Artecubano, no 2-3, La Habana, 2003, pp 48-51, ilus.
Prado, Carlos: “Process”, Sights & Ceramics: Pittsburgh, Ceramics Monthly special NCECA Guide. Copyright @ 2018, The American Ceramic Society, All Rights Reserved. March, 2018, pp 44, 43, illus.
Prado Herrera, Carlos Enrique: “Terapia Sanitaria. Apuntes colaterales”, revista Noticias de Artecubano, no 8 año 9, La Habana, agosto de 2008, pp 7, ilus.
Prado Herrera, Carlos Enrique: Transfiguración (cat.), Centro de arte 23 y 12, La Habana, 1996.
Prado Herrera, Carlos Enrique: Todo para llevar (cat.), Galería Galiano, La Habana, 2006.
Reyes Cruz, Alain: “Aquí y allá. A propósito de la exposición personal Todo para llevar de Carlos Enrique Prado, en Galería Galiano”, revista Noticias de Artecubano, no 4 año 7, La Habana, septiembre-octubre de 2006, pp 3, ilus.
Rodríguez, Dianelys: “Todo para llevar”, Portal San Cristóbal de La Habana. Sept de 2006.
Sánchez Álvarez, Amalia: Almas en pena (cat.), Galería Galiano, La Habana, 1994.
Sweeten-Shults, Lana: “MSU resident artist: Torsos’ Travelers”. Times Record News newspaper. Wichita Falls, Texas. April 8, 2012.
Vasallo, María del Carmen: “Todo para llevar”, portal web Cubasí.cu, 28-08-2006.
Veigas Zamora, José: “La escultura en Cuba. Siglo XX”, Fundación Caguayo y Editorial Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, 2005, pp. 346-348, ilus.
References
External links
carlospradoart.com - Official Site
carlosenriqueprado.blogspot.com: News-Blog
News
Miami-Dade County News Release
MIAMI UNVEILS A STATUE IN HONOR OF FORMER PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN
Miami-Dade Minute - Ronald Reagan Sculpture Unveiling
Miami desvela una estatua en honor al expresidente Ronald Reagan
Visiting Arist: Carlos Enrique Prado Herrera
Cuban Sculptor Working With Students
Large Scale Ceramics
La taza sanitaria emplaza
Cuban contemporary artists
Cuban sculptors
21st-century sculptors
1978 births
Living people
Artists from Havana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegonychon
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Aegonychon
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Aegonychon is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae.
Its native range is Europe to Iran, Central China to Temperate Eastern Asia.
Species:
Aegonychon calabrum
Aegonychon purpurocaeruleum
Aegonychon zollingeri
References
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae genera
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49462482
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Batkuldina
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Aliya Batkuldina
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Aliya Batkuldina (born ) is a Kazakhstani female volleyball player. She is part of the Kazakhstan women's national volleyball team.
She participated in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix.
On club level she played for Astana in 2015.
References
External links
http://worldgrandprix.2015.fivb.com/en/finals-3/competition/teams/kaz-kazakhstan/players/aliya-batkuldina?id=44475
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2015-05/03/c_134205954_4.htm
1995 births
Living people
Kazakhstani women's volleyball players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Volleyball players at the 2014 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Kazakhstan
Volleyball players at the 2018 Asian Games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313%20Ohio%20State%20Buckeyes%20men%27s%20basketball%20team
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2012–13 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team
|
The 2012–13 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team represents Ohio State University in the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Their head coach is Thad Matta, in his ninth season with the Buckeyes. The team plays its home games at Value City Arena in Columbus, Ohio. They finished with a record of 29–8 overall, 13–5 in Big Ten play for a second place tie with Michigan State. They won the 2013 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament and receive an automatic bid in the 2013 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament which they were defeated by Wichita State in the Elite Eight.
Before the season
Previous season
The Ohio State Buckeyes began the 2011–12 season ranked #3 in the nation and would go on to an 8–0 start to the season, with their first loss coming at Allen Fieldhouse against the Kansas Jayhawks. Ohio State remained in the top three through the first two months of the season, until they lost their first conference game of the season on December 31 against the Indiana Hoosiers. Ohio State went 13–5 through Big Ten play and ended the season with a 25–6 record and won a share of the Big Ten regular season championship, sharing it with Michigan State and Michigan. Ohio State would end up losing in the championship game of the Big Ten tournament and enter the NCAA tournament as a #2 seed. Ohio State would go on to defeat Syracuse in the Elite Eight en route to the program's eleventh Final Four appearance. Ohio State lost to the Kansas Jayhawks in the Final Four and ended the season with a 31–8 record and #3 ranking. After the season, Jared Sullinger declared for the NBA Draft after his sophomore season, while Deshaun Thomas decided to return for his junior season.
Departures
Recruiting
Roster
Schedule
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!colspan=12| Exhibition
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!colspan=12| Regular season
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!colspan=12| Big Ten Tournament
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!colspan=9| NCAA Tournament
Source:
Rankings
References
Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball seasons
Ohio State
Ohio State
Ohio State Buckeyes
Ohio State Buckeyes
Big Ten Men's Basketball Tournament championship seasons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplo
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Diplo
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Thomas Wesley Pentz (born November 10, 1978), known professionally as Diplo, is an American DJ and music producer. He is the co-creator and lead member of the electronic dancehall music project Major Lazer, a member of the supergroup LSD with Sia and Labrinth, a member of electronic duo Jack Ü with producer and DJ Skrillex, and a member of Silk City with Mark Ronson. He founded and manages record company Mad Decent, as well as co-founding the non-profit organization Heaps Decent. His 2013 EP, Revolution, debuted at number 68 on the US Billboard 200. The EP's title track was later featured in a commercial for Hyundai and is featured on the WWE 2K16 soundtrack.
Diplo worked with and dated British musician M.I.A., an artist who is credited with giving him exposure in his early career. Later, he, M.I.A., and fellow producer Switch created a Jamaican dancehall project and cartoon series titled Major Lazer. Since then, Diplo has worked on production and mixtape projects with many other pop artists, such as Gwen Stefani, Die Antwoord, Britney Spears, Madonna, Shakira, Beyoncé, Ellie Goulding, No Doubt, Justin Bieber, Usher, Snoop Dogg, Trippie Redd, Chris Brown, CL, G-Dragon, Bad Bunny, Kali Uchis, Joji, MØ and Poppy. His alias, short for Diplodocus, derives from his childhood fascination with dinosaurs.
Career
Early life
Diplo was born on November 10, 1978, in Tupelo, Mississippi, the son of Barbara Jean (née Cox) and Thomas Pentz. He is of German and English descent. Diplo graduated from Hendersonville High School in Hendersonville, TN.
The influence of home-grown rap played a key role in helping shape Diplo's production style. Although he was born in Mississippi, he spent the majority of his youth in Miami, where he got a taste for the characteristic Miami bass. He began attending the University of Central Florida in 1997. During his time at UCF, he became a DJ at local radio station WPRK, the radio station at Rollins College. He moved to Philadelphia to continue his studies at Temple University, where he first garnered attention as a DJ. After frequently running into fellow DJ Low Budget, the two began throwing parties under the Hooked on Hollertronix moniker in 2003 as a way of maintaining control of what they were able to play during DJ gigs in Philadelphia. The success of these parties allowed the two to release mixtapes, both separately and together, gathering acclaim across the country. One such mixtape, Never Scared, was named one of The New York Times top ten albums of 2003, and the Hollertronix name became synonymous with parties featuring guests like Maluca Mala, Bun B, Spank Rock, M.I.A., among others. Hollertronix's sound has been described as "disparate genres to be smashed together for maximum attention-grabbing impact" an aesthetic which takes from the "organic, cohesive, whole" aesthetic of acts such as Bun B, Lil Jon, Drama, M.I.A., Björk, Busta Rhymes, and others.
Diplo accentuated the club aesthetic of his Hollertronix music for a more reflective sound on his solo debut, Florida, which was released on the Ninja Tune imprint, Big Dada Records. The album Florida was pressed twice, first with a CD and the second with a CD/DVD Set. The DVD was put together by System D-128, artist and filmmaker who has also collaborated with Diplo on audio and film projects. Before Floridas DVD accompaniment, another DVD surfaced called Diplo: "Banned in Libya" which was released by Money Studies, the first label to release a solo project by Diplo under his original DJ name Diplodocus. It was a 45 rpm record called "Thingamajawn" for which there is also a music video System D-128 directed. Similar to the Florida DVD, "Banned in Libya" is an experimental audio and video mix of some of Diplo's original music blended with a number of other unidentified sources. His particular affinity for one genre of music called baile funk, or favela funk, would spawn a series of mixtapes (Favela on Blast, Favela Strikes Back), which served to bring the Brazilian dance music of the ghettos to the United States.
It was not long before his Hooked on Hollertronix parties would provide him the success necessary to move to the next logical step and build a studio where music would become his full-time focus. With this goal in mind, Diplo built "The Mausoleum", a video studio, recording studio, record label office, gallery, and event space in Philadelphia. Since its inception, The Mausoleum has become the home to recordings by artists like Christina Aguilera, Shakira, M.I.A., Santigold, Spank Rock, Plastic Little, Blaqstarr, Paper Route Gangstaz, and hosted concerts by Glass Candy, Skream, Boys Noize, Nicos Gun, and more.
M.I.A.
After hearing one of his songs in 2004, M.I.A. approached Diplo when he was DJing one night at the Fabric Club in London. Coincidentally, Diplo was playing her songs "Galang" and "Fire Fire" as she entered the club, which he got from a worker at i-D magazine. Diplo added, "She came through and she wanted to meet me 'cause she'd heard my single and the funk mix from one of her A&Rs and she just thought I was right up her alley. Besides me being a white dude from Florida and her being a Sri Lankan girl in England, everything else was the same: [We were both] film graduates, [listened to] all the same music when we were kids, we're going in the same direction right now in music, it was amazing... I always wanted to make a beat with her, but all my beats were really shitty at the time."M.I.A. Confronts the Haters . Pitchfork. Retrieved on October 23, 2010. The two eventually collaborated on a mixtape, Piracy Funds Terrorism Vol. 1, where Arular track acapellas were mashed with other artists' songs. It was listed among 'Albums of the Year' by The New York Times and Pitchfork Media.Booty Call – Page 1 – Music – New York . Village Voice (December 14, 2004). Retrieved on October 23, 2010. The two continued to work together after the release. He was the tour DJ on her 2005 Arular Tour.
Diplo continued to work with M.I.A. and, through her, met London DJ Switch. Together, they created the Grammy-nominated track "Paper Planes", peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2015, during an interview with Rolling Stone, M.I.A said that Diplo resented her rise to fame in 2005, that he tried to hold her back, and fought with her about becoming successful.
Mad Decent
From this, Diplo went from an unknown DJ to taking off as a producer, landing him collaborations with artists like Shakira, Robyn, Kid Cudi, Bruno Mars, No Doubt and Snoop Dogg, as well as work with Maluca, Kid Sister, Die Antwoord, Alex Clare, Rolo Tomassi, Amanda Blank and Dark Meat. After taking a trip to Brazil to investigate the favela music scene, and fascinated with the energy the scene had to offer, Diplo decided to import a dance-funk group Bonde do Rolê from Brazil for release on his Mad Decent record label (also housed within 'The Mausoleum'). This group would serve to define funk carioca in the United States, spawning a host of others to join the movement. Diplo also spent some time documenting the music, and the favelas of Brazil.
Although favela funk remained an interest (the Favela on Blast documentary just saw release in 2009), his Mad Decent imprint would serve as a blank palette for Diplo to showcase the myriad different sounds he had come across while touring around the world. September 2009 even saw Diplo travel to China to play with Steve Aoki at a show organized by promoters Split Works. Diplo quickly developed a reputation for his extensive touring. In the April 2010 issue of Rolling Stone, Diplo was touted as one of '40 Reasons to be Excited About Music'. This kind of jet setting pushed his label far beyond the favela funk genre with which it initially began. Since its foundation in 2005 Diplo's Mad Decent label has released music by Santigold, Baauer, Lil' Jon, Gucci Mane, Peter Bjorn and John, Rusko, Bosco Delrey, Buraka Som Sistema, Savage Skulls, Dana Sibuea, Oliver Twizt, Jamie Fanatic, Douster, Boy 8-Bit, and Popo.Diplo's Mad Decent Label Teams Up With Downtown Recordings . Pitchfork (March 31, 2009). Retrieved on October 23, 2010.
As Mad Decent continues to grow and release tracks by big-name artists, Diplo's solo career continues to grow at the same rate. He's produced for artists such as Beyoncé, Justin Bieber, Lil Wayne, Britney Spears, Wale, Chris Brown, Ariana Grande, 2 Chainz, Travis Porter, Usher, Azealia Banks, Iggy Azalea, and AlunaGeorge. On October 16, 2015, Diplo released "Be Right There" along with fellow producer Sleepy Tom. The single charted in multiple countries and has over 100 million streams on Spotify. On April 23, 2016, Beyoncé released her critically acclaimed album, Lemonade. Diplo produced two tracks on the album, "All Night", and one of the three singles, "Hold Up". The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and was certified platinum on June 8, 2016. Along with producing tracks on Beyoncé's Lemonade, Diplo collaborated with Canadian DJ duo Zeds Dead on the release "Blame", which featured Swedish singer Elliphant. The track was officially released on July 14, 2016, via Zeds Dead's SoundCloud.
Major Lazer
Diplo's first collaborative full-length record was with Switch, this time under the guise of Major Lazer. Diplo incorporates such disparate influences as Miami Bass and Baile Funk into the high-tech eclecticism of his productions.
After landing a deal with Downtown Records before even recording a note of music, Diplo and Switch set out for Jamaica to record a project that, like most of Diplo's projects before it, would highlight the little-known subgenres, this time of Jamaica's dancehall scene. The two received support by many already established Jamaican artists such as Vybz Kartel, Elephant Man and Ms. Thing, and the resulting record Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do also featured vocals from Santigold, Amanda Blank, Nina Sky, Ricky Blaze and more. When discussing the Major Lazer project, Diplo described the dancehall sound as being "
the end of the world, all the little influences—house, soca, oldies, R&B, jazz—it all ends up in Jamaica." The track "Pon De Floor" from Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do was sampled for Beyoncé's single "Run the World (Girls)".
Major Lazer's first album was followed up with an EP, Lazers Never Die, which was released in 2010. Switch left Major Lazer in 2011, and was replaced by DJs Jillionaire and Walshy Fire. A second album, Free the Universe, was scheduled to be released in November 2012 but was delayed to February 2013, and then to April 15. It features artists such as Ezra Koenig, Bruno Mars, Ward 21, Wyclef, The Partysquad, Shaggy, Tyga, Flux Pavilion and Wynter Gordon. On February 8, 2015, during the Grammy Award ceremony, Diplo revealed details of the third Major Lazer album. He confirmed that the album would incorporate artists such as Ariana Grande, Ellie Goulding and Pusha T. It is called Peace Is the Mission. The first single, "Lean On", is a collaboration with French producer DJ Snake and features vocals from Danish recording artist MØ. The second single, "Powerful", featuring Ellie Goulding and Tarrus Riley, was released simultaneously with the album on June 1, 2015. On November 11, 2015, "Lean On" became Spotify's Most Streamed Song of All Time with over 800 million streams to date. Along with the streaming title, the official video for "Lean On" became one of the most viewed videos on YouTube. It currently has more than 2 billion views. Along with the streaming and viewing milestones, "Lean On" would also go on to achieve double platinum status.
On July 22, 2016, the group released the single "Cold Water", a collaboration with Canadian artist Justin Bieber and Danish singer MØ. The track has already reached over 200 million streams on Spotify, and achieved international commercial success, reaching number one in multiple countries. On November 29, 2016, Major Lazer and Bad Royale released "My Number", a track that samples "54-46 That's My Number" which Pitchfork describes as, "a genre-defining classic from legendary ska/reggae group Toots and the Maytals." This release contained newly recorded vocals from frontman Toots Hibbert specifically designed for Major Lazer, which changed the original lyrics to incorporate the group into the song while keeping the original melody. Their fifth studio album, Music Is the Weapon, features collaborations with Alessia Cara, French Montana, Anitta, Khalid, Skip Marley, Marcus Mumford, J Balvin, El Alfa, Mr Eazi and Nicki Minaj.
Jack Ü
Jack Ü is an American duo made up of Skrillex and Diplo. Jack Ü's debut performance took place at the Mad Decent Block Party in San Diego on September 15, 2013, which is a nationwide tour that record label Mad Decent puts together in order to showcase different artists signed to the label. Diplo announced the project by releasing the Mad Decent Block Party lineup with Jack Ü playing at multiple stops on the tour. After some guessing by many of who Jack Ü was, Diplo finally came out to reveal that "Jack Ü ... means Skrillex and Diplo together". After their New York debut at Electric Zoo was canceled in late August, the duo would soon return to the city for something bigger. On December 31, 2014, Jack Ü sold out Madison Square Garden for one of their biggest performances to date. The duo had support from Rudimental, Yellow Claw and A$AP Ferg.
On February 27, 2015, they released Skrillex and Diplo Present Jack Ü, a co-release between their respective labels Owsla and Mad Decent. It featured tracks with 2 Chainz, Kiesza, Justin Bieber, AlunaGeorge and Missy Elliott. The first single "Take Ü There" featuring Kiesza was the lead single on the duo's debut album. The single was released as the lead on October 4, 2014. It reached number sixteen on the UK Dance Chart. The official second single, "Where Are Ü Now", was released simultaneously with the album. The song which took both artists in a different direction, featured a collaboration with Canadian pop star Justin Bieber. Peaking at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, "Where Are Ü Now" became the duo's largest hit on both charts thus far. The song would also go on to peak at number three in Australia, which was the highest charting for the single worldwide. The song had huge success in Europe as well, reaching the top-ten in Sweden and Finland, and the top-twenty in Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark and Slovakia. The final place it had charting success was Bieber's home country, Canada, where it would end up peaking at number 6. On March 29, 2015, Jack Ü closed the main stage at Ultra Music Festival in Miami.
In 2016, the duo won two Grammy Awards for "Grammy Award for Best Dance Album" for "Skrillex and Diplo present Jack Ü" and "Grammy Award for Best Dance" for "Where Are Ü Now?" with Justin Bieber. The latter was also Bieber's first Grammy. They played two sold-out shows including Coachella Valley Music Festival in Indio, California and Lollapalooza in São Paulo, Brazil.
LSD
LSD is a pop supergroup composed of Diplo, Australian singer Sia, and British musician Labrinth. The trio have released five singles thus far, with their song "Thunderclouds" being featured in a commercial for the Samsung Galaxy Note9. Their singles "Genius" and "Audio" have seen official remixes from producers Banx & Ranx and Cid, respectively. LSD's debut album Labrinth, Sia & Diplo Present... LSD was released on April 12, 2019.
Silk City
On January 2, 2018, Diplo announced a new project with British DJ and singer Mark Ronson, entitled Silk City. The duo released their debut single "Only Can Get Better" featuring Daniel Merriweather on May 23, 2018. Their second single, "Feel About You" featuring Mapei, was released on July 20, 2018. The duo's third single, "Loud", saw Diplo reunite with previous collaborators GoldLink & Desiigner. Their 4th and most recent single features British singer/songwriter Dua Lipa, called "Electricity", which was released on September 5, 2018. The music video was released on the same day. In 2018, "Electricity" won a Grammy at the 61st Annual GRAMMY Awards for Best Dance Recording.
Additional work
Beyond Major Lazer and Mad Decent, Diplo has continued to show support for 'all the little influences', the lesser-known music scenes around the globe. Most recently his focus shifted to the Bounce scene in New Orleans, Louisiana for a television piece commissioned by Current.tv. Diplo was nominated for Non-Classical Producer of the Year at the 55th Grammy Awards and 58th Grammy Awards. Diplo had a late night show on BBC Radio 1 / 1Xtra on Saturdays 11:00 p.m.–1:00 a.m. (GMT) called 'Diplo and Friends' where he curates mixes from some of biggest names in dance music. He has now resigned from BBC Radio 1, per 2021. Diplo also has several syndicated Diplo and Friends shows in the United States in Boston, Bakersfield, Cleveland, Columbus, Las Vegas, Spokane, Albuquerque, Lafayette, Denver, and most notably on Los Angeles' 98.7 every Sunday at 9 p.m.
Beginning on October 2, 2015, Diplo, Jillionaire, Walshy Fire and Eric Hamilton debuted "Lazer Sound" on Apple Music's Beats 1. The newest radio show, curated by Diplo, and the Major Lazer crew, consists of interviews, moments on tour and brand new music. The show is on the air every other Saturday of the month. Throughout 2015 and 2016, Diplo performed with Major Lazer and Jack Ü on numerous live TV and award shows. He performed on The Tonight Show, Good Morning America, the iHeart Radio Music Festival, The NRJ Music Awards, the 2015 Latin Grammy Awards and the 2016 Grammy Awards.
In February 2016, Diplo was one of the first and very few mainstream Western artists to perform in Islamabad, Pakistan alongside Adil Omar, Talal Qureshi, SNKM and Elliphant. In 2018 Diplo returned to with Major Lazer for Islamabad's first Mad Decent Block Party alongside Adil Omar, SNKM, Talal Qureshi, Valentino Khan, Chrome Sparks, Lyari Underground and a host of other acts.
In January 2017, Diplo and Autoerotique (a house group from Toronto) released a music video titled "Waist Time" which was filmed in a warehouse in London. He was nominated for two Grammy's in 2016 (The 59th Annual GRAMMY Awards) for Album of the Year (for producer of Beyoncé's album Lemonade and producer for Justin Bieber's album Purpose). He also sang a song "Phurrr" in Bollywood in Imtiaz Ali's film Jab Harry Met Sejal starring Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma. In 2019, Diplo released the song "So Long" under the moniker Thomas Wesley, featuring American country singer Cam. In a press release, he stated that there are "several forthcoming collaborations with country artists" planned following "So Long", which came in the form of Diplo Presents Thomas Wesley, Chapter 1: Snake Oil released in 2020. The album included the song "Heartless" featuring Morgan Wallen.
Personal life
Diplo has three sons: Lockett and Lazer, with Kathryn Lockhart; and Pace, with Jevon King.
He dated rapper M.I.A. from 2003 to 2008. M.I.A. later said that their tumultuous relationship involved emotional abuse from him. Diplo dated singer Katy Perry for nearly a year in 2014 and 2015.
Diplo is a soccer and cricket fan and supporter of the U.S. men's national team. He also supports Arsenal F.C. and has attended two Tigres UANL matches. He created a mix for the 2014 World Cup and produced the 2018 World Cup official song "Live It Up". Diplo purchased a minority share of Phoenix Rising FC of the USL Championship on January 27, 2016. He stated: "I've been really fortunate to travel all over the world and experience different cultures through music. Wherever I am, Jamaica, Spain, England, China, etc., soccer is a social constant. I see soccer the same way I see music, as a connective tissue linking the world's cultures."
On February 24, 2016, Diplo endorsed Bernie Sanders as the Democratic presidential nominee. Sanders' ad "It's A Revolution" is soundtracked by Diplo's 2013 track "Revolution". On June 9, 2016, Diplo was featured on the cover of the American entertainment media magazine Billboard.
On May 1, 2019, Diplo live-streamed Joe Jonas' Las Vegas wedding to Sophie Turner on Instagram, "not knowing it was a serious wedding". Soon after the couple told the tabloids that Diplo ruined their wedding, the DJ responded on social media. Five months later, Diplo and the Jonas Brothers released a song titled "Lonely". The song's official music video chronicles Diplo's attempts to make amends with Joe Jonas and his brothers.
On July 9, 2020, Diplo joined Senator Kamala Harris and other artists for the "Get Up, Stand Up!" virtual fundraiser in support of Joe Biden's 2020 presidential campaign.
Sexual misconduct allegations
In November 2020, a Los Angeles woman named Shelly Auguste was granted a restraining order against Diplo. She alleged that he distributed revenge porn of her after she accused him of grooming her and other "very young girls", nonconsensual sexual behavior, hiring a private investigator in June 2020 to "scare [her] into remaining silent about [their] relationship" and to "scare other women out of coming forward", and threatening others who supported her, in a Twitter thread in October. According to court documents, the woman, who met Diplo in the summer of 2014, when she was 17 and he was 36, began trading sexually explicit images and had an intimate relationship. Sometime later, Diplo filed and was granted a restraining order of his own against Auguste.
On September 29, 2022, Diplo emerged victorious, and was awarded $1.2 million dollars by Los Angeles Superior Court in regards to the harassment case against his accuser in the situation mentioned above. The judge ruled in favor of Diplo, deciding that his accuser was in breach of a restraining order he had against her for multiple instances of harassment against both himself and his family.
In 2021, an unnamed woman sued Diplo for allegedly filming her while taking advantage of her sexually while she was intoxicated and unable to consent after a 2019 Las Vegas concert. She claims Diplo "invited her to a room, kicked out her friends, and would not let her leave until she performed oral sex". 10 days later, the accuser dropped her case, expressing regret about filing it.
DiscographyStudio albums'''
Florida (2004)
Diplo Presents Thomas Wesley, Chapter 1: Snake Oil (as Thomas Wesley) (2020)
MMXX (2020)
Diplo'' (2022)
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Listicles
References
External links
1978 births
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American singers
Ableton Live users
American DJs
American expatriates in England
American hip hop DJs
American hip hop musicians
American hip hop record producers
American male songwriters
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
Atlantic Records artists
Because Music artists
BBC Radio 1 presenters
BBC Radio 1Xtra presenters
Electronic dance music DJs
Grammy Award winners
Living people
LSD (group) members
Mad Decent artists
Major Lazer members
People from Miami
Phoenix Rising FC chairmen and investors
Record producers from Florida
Silk City (duo) members
Singers from Florida
Songwriters from Florida
Southern hip hop musicians
Temple University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20%26%20Order%3A%20Special%20Victims%20Unit%20%28season%2015%29
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Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 15)
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The fifteenth season of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit made its debut with a two-hour premiere episode on September 25, 2013, at 9pm/8c - 11pm/10c (Eastern), on NBC. The season ended on May 21, 2014.
Production
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit was renewed for a fifteenth season on April 26, 2013, which consists of 24 episodes. Cast member Mariska Hargitay (Detective Olivia Benson) revealed on May 25, 2013 that her contract had been renewed for the upcoming season. Ice-T (Detective Fin Tutuola) announced on Twitter that filming on the fifteenth season commenced on July 24, 2013.
In August 2013, Leight revealed that the storyline for the fifteenth season would pick up where the finale of the previous season had ended, with some high drama in particular for Benson; "Olivia will very much be dealing with and reeling from her encounter with Lewis...her character's got incredible empathy for others and yet has had a hard time looking out for herself. This is the season where she's talked the talk to others, but she hasn't had to walk the walk until now."
Cast changes
Returning cast and characters
On July 12, 2013, it was announced that Raúl Esparza would be elevated to the main cast as ADA Rafael Barba during this season. Esparza portrayed Barba in a recurring capacity during the series' fourteenth season. On the promotion, SVU executive producer and showrunner Warren Leight expressed, "Making [Esparza] a series regular is a small way of acknowledging his enormous contribution to our show." Barba is the first regular ADA on the series since Alexandra Cabot (Stephanie March) in the eleventh season.
On October 2, 2013, it was announced that Broadway actress Jessica Phillips would return to the series for a recurring role as ADA Pippa Cox. Phillips previously guest starred as ADA Cox in the fourteenth season's "Born Psychopath".
Departing cast and characters
On September 27, 2013, it was announced that Richard Belzer (Sergeant John Munch) would depart the main cast in the fifth episode, "Wonderland Story." The storyline showed Munch retiring from the Special Victims Unit after 15 years in order to move onto becoming a Special District Attorney Investigator, which allowed the character to make future recurring appearances on the series. Belzer, one of the series' original cast members, collectively portrayed Munch for 20 years as a regular on Homicide: Life on the Street (1993–99) and later SVU, in conjunction with guest appearances in other Law & Order universe shows.
On December 10, 2013, it was announced that Dann Florek (Captain Donald Cragen) would depart SVU in an episode airing in January 2014. The storyline was revealed in "Internal Affairs", in which he reveals to Benson (Hargitay) that like Munch, he too has his days left at SVU numbered, as he is approaching the mandatory retirement age limit. Like Belzer, Florek was one of the series' original cast members, portraying Cragen for fifteen consecutive seasons. Florek was the last link to the original series, portraying Captain Cragen in the first three seasons of Law & Order (1990–93), returning for guest appearances in later seasons, as well as appearing in Exiled: A Law & Order Movie (1998).
Cast
Main cast
Mariska Hargitay as Senior Detective / Sergeant Olivia Benson
Danny Pino as Junior Detective Nick Amaro
Kelli Giddish as Junior Detective Amanda Rollins
Richard Belzer as Senior Detective Sergeant John Munch (episodes 1–5; guest, episode 24)
Ice-T as Senior Detective Odafin "Fin" Tutuola
Raúl Esparza as Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba
Dann Florek as Captain Donald "Don" Cragen (episodes 1–11)
Special guest stars
BD Wong as FBI Special Agent Dr. George Huang
Tamara Tunie as Medical Examiner Melinda Warner
Crossover stars
Alana de la Garza as Assistant United States Attorney Connie Rubirosa (Crossing over with Law & Order)
Sophia Bush as Chicago Police Department Detective Erin Lindsay (Crossing over with Chicago P.D.)
Recurring cast
Dean Winters as Detective Brian Cassidy
Bill Irwin as Dr. Peter Lindstrom
Pablo Schreiber as William Lewis
Donal Logue as Lieutenant Declan Murphy
Leslie Odom Jr. as Reverend Curtis Scott
Robert John Burke as Internal Affairs Bureau Lieutenant Ed Tucker
Allison Fernandez as Zara Amaro
Josh Pais as Deputy Commissioner Hank Abraham
Elizabeth Marvel as Defense Attorney Rita Calhoun
Jason Cerbone as Defense Attorney Terrence Quinn
Michael Potts as Sergeant Cole Draper
Jessica Phillips as Assistant District Attorney Pippa Cox
Stefanie Scott as Clare Wilson
Greg Germann as Assistant District Attorney Derek Strauss
Laura Benanti as Maria Grazie Amaro
Thomas Sadoski as Nate Davis
Sarah Street as Dr. Janice Cole
Mel Harris as Eileen Switzer
Delaney Williams as Defense Attorney John Buchanan
Nia Vardalos as Defense Attorney Minonna Efron
Jeffrey Tambor as Defense Attorney Ben Cohen
David Pittu as Defense Attorney Linus Tate
Jacqueline Hardy as Defense Attorney Crane
Jayne Houdyshell as Judge Ruth Linden
Aida Turturro as Judge Felicia Catano
Curt Bouril as Detective Carlson
Nikki Estridge as Detective Delano
Skyler Day as Renee Clark
Jenna Stern as Judge Elana Barth
Peter Herrmann as Defense Attorney Trevor Langan
Stephen C. Bradbury as Judge Colin McNamara
Tabitha Holbert as Assistant District Attorney Rose Callier
Ami Brabson as Judge Karyn Blake
Sonia Manzano as Judge Gloria Pepitone
Michael Mastro as Judge Serani
Lauren Noble as Carmen
Karen Tsen Lee as Medical Examiner Susan Chung
Caris Vujcec as Detective Louise Campesi
Dashiell Eaves as Sergeant Kevin Donlan
Guest stars
After appearing in the fourteenth-season finale, Dean Winters (Brian Cassidy), Pablo Schreiber (William Lewis), and Lauren Ambrose (Vanessa Mayer) continued their respective portrayals in the season premiere episode, "Surrender Benson". Winters also starred in the subsequent episodes, "Imprisoned Lives", "Internal Affairs", and "Wonderland Story". Cybill Shepherd guest starred in the 'ripped from the headlines' third episode of the season, which combines the killing of Trayvon Martin case and the Paula Deen racial epithet controversy. Shepherd's character, Jolene Castille, thought she was being pursued by a rapist and turned around to discover it was a teenager. She shot him. Jeffrey Tambor reprised his role as Defense Attorney Ben Cohen in this episode, to represent Castille.
David Conrad, who had originally auditioned to play detective Nick Amaro, appeared in "Internal Affairs" as Officer West, together with Nadia Dajani as Officer Ryan Quinn, who were suspected of raping young women during their shifts.
In "Wonderland Story", Sofia Vassilieva guest starred as Sarah Walsh, a rape victim who needed the help of Detective Benson after being raped again. Vassilieva first appeared as Walsh in the thirteenth season's "True Believers". Munch's resignation in this episode welcomed back his ex-wives Gwen Munch (Carol Kane) and Billie Lou Hatfield (Ellen McElduff) and his former Homicide: Life on the Street co-worker, Baltimore Detective Meldrick Lewis (Clark Johnson).
Kirk Acevedo appeared as Eddie Garcia in "October Surprise", a childhood friend of ADA Rafael Barba (Raúl Esparza). Originally, Acevedo played District Attorney investigator Hector Salazar in the short-lived Law & Order spin-off, Law & Order: Trial by Jury. He had made an appearance on SVU in the sixth season's TBJ-SVU crossover episode "Night".
Tony Award winner Billy Porter guest starred in "Dissonant Voices" as singing coach and television personality Jackie Walker, who was accused of sexual abuse by his students. The X Factor season 2 contestant Carly Rose Sonenclar portrayed Grace Belsey in this episode. Ashanti, Clay Aiken and Taylor Hicks make cameos as judges on a reality show.
In "Military Justice", Shiri Appleby made a special appearance as Amelia Albers, a junior officer who appeared to have been raped by her group of soldiers. In the same episode, Laura Benanti returns as Maria Grazie, the ex-wife of Detective Amaro, who provides information about the case to the SVU squad. Terry Serpico appears as Lieutenant Commander Travers, the commanding officer of Albers, and Delaney Williams returns as Defense Attorney John Buchanan.
In "Rapist Anonymous", Nia Vardalos returned as Defense Attorney Minonna Efron, having previously appeared in the season 14 episode, "Criminal Hatred". In the same episode, former co-star of The Killing, Amy Seimetz and Thomas Sadoski guest starred. Mel Harris appears in "Rapist Anonymous" and "Amaro’s One-Eighty" as Eileen Switzer, the new girlfriend of Captain Cragen.
It was announced that Pablo Schreiber would return in the tenth episode of the season, "Psycho/Therapist", as William Lewis, when facing trial for kidnapping and assault to Detective Olivia Benson. Renée Elise Goldsberry guest stars in the same episode as the lawyer Martha Brown, who defends Lewis.
In "Amaro’s One-Eighty", Cathy Moriarty returned as Captain Toni Howard. In the same episode, Elizabeth Marvel reprises her role as defense attorney Rita Calhoun and Greg Germann returns as ADA Derek Strauss. In "Jersey Breakdown", Alana de la Garza returned as her Law & Order character, Connie Rubirosa, now as a federal prosecutor heading up a joint task force on underage sex trafficking. In the same episode, Bill Sage, Chazz Palminteri, Stefanie Scott, and Dayton Callie guest star.
Rosanna Arquette and Mark Boone Junior guest star in "Wednesday’s Child" playing a criminal couple, known for child endangerment and pornography. Josh Pais guest stars in the same episode playing Hank Abraham, who also appears in "October Surprise".
Sophia Bush guest stars as her Chicago P.D. character Detective Erin Lindsay in the first part of a planned Law & Order: Special Victims Unit/Chicago PD crossover slated to air on February 26, 2014 after the 2014 Winter Olympics. The episode is titled "Comic Perversion", Jonathan Silverman, Laura Slade Wiggins, and Elizabeth Marvel guest star, Skyler Day returns as Reneè Clark, a character who also plays in the episode "Girl Dishonored" in season 14.
In "Gridiron Soldier", Glenn Morshower and Greg Finley guest star. Thomas Sadoski returns as Nate Davis, a character who also appeared in the previous episode "Rapist Anonymous". In "Gambler's Fallacy", Donal Logue and Sherri Saum guest star as two club managers. Stefanie Scott returns as Clare Wilson. Donal Logue has a recurring role starting in this episode until the end of the season, as Lieutenant Declan Murphy.
Alec Baldwin returns to television in "Criminal Stories" playing Jimmy MacArthur, a controversial New York newspaper columnist who questions the SVU squad's motives during the investigation of a potential hate crime/rape case. The episode also marks the directorial debut of Mariska Hargitay, whose character, Sergeant Olivia Benson, goes head to head with MacArthur. Katie Couric also makes a cameo appearance, playing herself as a talk show host who quizzes MacArthur about the headline grabbing case. Summer Bishil and Questlove guest star.
In "Reasonable Doubt", Bradley Whitford, Celia Kennan-Bolger, Aida Turturro, Emma Bell, and Samantha Mathis guest star. This is the second appearance of Mathis on the show as she had first appeared in "Control", the ninth episode of the fifth season. She had also auditioned for the role of Detective Olivia Benson in 1999. Jeffrey Tambor returns as counselor Lester Cohen. Geraldo Rivera and Ann Curry make cameo appearances.
BD Wong guest stars as Dr. George Huang in the episode entitled "Thought Criminal". This marks Wong's third appearance on the show after his departure in season 12. Nia Vardalos and Laura Benanti return as counselor Minnona Efron and Marie Grazie respectively. Joshua Malina and Brian Baumgartner guest star.
Richard Belzer returns to SVU as DA Investigator John Munch in the season finale, "Spring Awakening". This is his first appearance on the series since his departure in the fifth episode of season 15. Peter Hermann who is married to Hargitay in real life, returns as counselor Trevor Langan. His last appearance in the show was in the third episode of the twelfth season. Jason Cerbone guest stars. Michael Potts makes his second appearance in the season. Jessica Phillips returns as ADA Pippa Cox in the episode, previously starring in Season 14 as well as two episodes in the fifteenth season. ADA Cox was in charge of the Baby Boy Doe case.
Episodes
Reception
References
15
2013 American television seasons
2014 American television seasons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland%20Lop
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Holland Lop
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Holland Lop is a breed of rabbit that was recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) in 1979 and by the Netherlands' Governing Rabbit Council in 1984. The Holland Lop, with a maximum weight of (as stipulated by ARBA), is one of the smallest lop-eared breeds.
Holland Lops are one of the most popular rabbit breeds in the United States and the United Kingdom. They were first bred by Adrian de Cock, as a hybrid of the French Lop and the Netherland Dwarf. Holland Lops are miniature rabbits that only weigh from about 2 to 4 pounds. They are muscular, relative to their compact stature, and have a wide variety of coat colours. Their lopped ears are one of their most distinctive features.
History
The history of Holland Lops began with Dutch breeder Adrian de Kock from Tilburg, Netherlands. Holland Lops are acknowledged by the American Rabbit Breed Association (ARBA) in 1979 and made known to the public in 1980.
When Adrian de Cock realized that French Lops were over-sized and Netherland Dwarfs were under-sized in 1949, he decided to breed the two with each other in hopes that their offspring will inherit the optimal size. French Lops weigh anywhere from 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms) to 15 pounds (6.8 kilograms) while Netherland Dwarfs only weigh around 1.1 pound (0.5 kilogram) to 2.5 pounds (1.13 kilogram). Unfortunately, the results were nothing like what de Cock expected. Their offspring were way too big and died as a result. The mother (female Netherland Dwarf) also died from the breeding process. In 1951, de Cock decided to try the breeding process again. Instead of using a Netherlands Dwarf doe, he used a male Netherland Dwarf buck. He did not think that this was possible at first, because the French Lop was much bigger than the Netherland Dwarf buck. The results exceeded de Cock's expectations. All of the offspring were normal-sized and had standard ear positions. In 1952, de Cock wanted the rabbits' ears to be lopped (hanging limply), so he let a French Lop's and a Netherland Dwarf buck's off-spring breed with the Sooty Fawn, an English Lop with visibly lopped ears. The results were one with lopped ears, 2 with normal ears, and one with semi-lopped ears. At the end of the breeding process in 1955, a Holland Lop weighing less than 6.6 pounds (2.7 kilograms) was born. 11 years after this significant event, de Cock announced Holland Lops weighing less than 4.4 pounds (2 kilograms). Another goal at the time was to publicize Holland Lops. In 1964, these rabbits were finally recognized by Dutch breeders and authorities, which led to the introduction of Holland Lops across many countries in Europe.
Sometime in 1965-1975, these rabbits made their first appearance in the United Kingdom thanks to George Scott, an English rabbit breeder from Yorkshire county who found these Holland Lops. At this time, the average weight of this breed was only about 3.3 pounds (1.5 kilogram). The history of the well-known Mini Lop is also related to the history of the Holland Lop. When Scott found these Holland Lops, he sought to make them even smaller, so he let the lightest Holland Lop off-springs breed with each other. The result of this breeding process was the Mini Lop, which was acknowledged by the British Rabbit Council in 1994. In 1976, Holland Lops made their way to the United States, where they were acknowledged by the American Rabbit Breeders Association 3 years later. Over the years, Holland Lops have traveled across the globe and their breeders' accepted maximum weight has changed insignificantly with the actual weight of these rabbits. Holland Lops are now one of the most well-known rabbit breeds in the United States and the United Kingdom.
Appearance
Fur
Similar to most rabbits, Holland Lops' fur is very diverse with a wide variety of colors and combinations. The most common color you will see is called a black tortoise or black tort1. The different colors like Chocolate, Lilac, Blue, Black, and Chestnut also a color called frosty. There are so many different types, some examples being broken color, tortoises, solid, Tri-Colored, and many more. Broken color means that there are patches of color mixed with white in between. Almost any normal color can come in a broken variant. When they are shown, it is in broken and solid groups according to the ARBA standard of perfection. There are also albino Holland Lops that have white fur and red eyes. There is also a type of mutation of fur. It's a dark orange color that's known as ASIP or Agouti Signaling Protein, which is very rare among Holland Lops, and its different from the normal light orange color.
Head
The ears are one of Holland Lops' most distinct features. As mentioned in the history of Holland Lops above, they inherit their lopped ears from the French Lop and Sooty Fawns. These almond-shaped ears are about 4.7 inches (12 centimeters) long. Since Holland Lops are very small, their legs are also short and stubby. They also have claws that are not used very often.
Their eye color is usually black, but can be brown or other colors.
Tail
Holland Lop's tails are fluffy and small
Feet
The feet of the Holland Lop can be categorized into 6 types: ideal, narrow hindquarters, pinched hindquarters, thin bone, thin long bone, pinched and narrow hindquarters.
Ideal Holland Lop feet are parallel and symmetrical. This foot type indicates that the rabbit will have heavy compact bone, and mass. Narrow hindquarters feet are closer, but still parallel. This indicates less width towards the back, but they still maintain a heavy bone and compact type. Pinched hindquarters heels point towards each other, causing the feet to create a V-shape. This may cause the feet to appear at the bottom when posing for a show. Thin boned feet are shorter and thinner than other structures. This indicates that the rabbit will have medium bone and will remain compact, however will have less mass. Thin, long boned foot structure can cause a change throughout other areas of the rabbit's body, making the head pointier, and the ears longer and thinner. In addition, the feet are longer than thin boned feet, and increase the overall size of the rabbit. Pinched and narrow hindquarters is a combination of the pinched hindquarters and narrow hindquarters foot structures. The heels point towards each other and are closer together, which leads to the hindquarters to appear more hollow.
Ideal appearance
According to the Holland Lop show standards, they are expected to be muscular for their short size. "Broad shoulders and deep hindquarters" are expected traits from a high quality Holland Lop, according to a judge from the Holland Lop Specialty Club. They also added that the legs should be "thick, short, and heavily boned." In shows, the body is worth a total of 32 points.
The Holland Lop is typically 60 cm wide when fully stretched, as well as 60 cm tall. The Holland Lop's flesh is known to be muscular and well-toned. This is especially true when applied to high ranking show Holland Lops. They have "short, rounded noses," which differentiates them from other lop breeds, such as the mini lop. Holland Lops usually weigh between 2-4 pounds. However, according to ARBA show standards, the Holland Lop at maximum weight, is 4 pounds.
Behavior
Holland Lops as a breed are considered to be very calm rabbits. As a result of this, owners can expect to spend time playing and relaxing with their Lops. In addition to exercise, Holland Lops also require toys to chew on. This is not only important for keeping them occupied, but also for avoiding potential dilemmas. If neglected, this could ensue in the destruction of personal items, or even walls, as reported by some owners.
As a whole, the Holland Lops is considered to be a friendly breed. Although there is individual variation for each rabbit, this is what is reported. Also, Male rabbits, or bucks, have been reported to be less nippy than female rabbits, although they do tend to experience a stage where they are shyer and nippy. This typically occurs when they would like to be bred. However, does are often much neater than bucks. Bucks have been known to mess up their cages or destroy things.
Health
The Holland Lop is a breed of rabbit that is healthy and simple to care for compared to other rabbits, since the majority requires only basic grooming. There are no hereditary diseases unique to Holland Lops, but they still can suffer from other common rabbit diseases. They are an active breed that requires plenty of physical stimulation and playtime to be happy and healthy pets. They live an average of seven to ten years. Holland Lops need weekly brushing in order to prevent intestinal blockages that can be the result of fur ingestion during self-grooming. Additional brushing is needed during the yearly two weeks of molting. Nails should be trimmed monthly.
Checking for overgrown teeth is a must as well, since these can be very painful for the rabbit. A diet consisting of plenty of timothy hay should be enough to prevent this from occurring. In the case that the teeth do become overgrown this can cause their mouth to shift and in turn lead to possible infection and abscesses. The Holland Lop diet should consist of around 70 percent timothy hay along with high quality pellet feed and a variety of fruits and vegetables. In addition, these rabbits need an unlimited supply of fresh water.
To maintain a healthy rabbit the correct housing is another essential element. Cages should be no smaller than 18 inches by 25 inches although it is always better for the cage to be larger than this. Wire bottoms must be avoided too as these are bad for their feet and will cause sore hocks. While they can be kept in a cage, they are very active rabbits that require plenty of physical activity and it is highly recommended to let them have out of cage time to release their energy. The Holland Lop is not at risk for any specific hereditary health issues, but they are still susceptible to the same common health issues as other rabbit breeds are. In younger baby rabbits under eight weeks old they should be watched for enteritis along with gut stasis and bloat. As a lop-eared breed of rabbit they can also suffer from ear infections such as otitis.
Parasites are another common issue to all breeds of rabbit, specifically cheyletiella mites which cause itching and hair loss. Although these can easily be treated by either a spot-on treatment or injection form of anti-mite preparations. Spaying and neutering also decrease the chance of reproductive system related diseases such as uterine cancer that can occur in does. Although spaying and neutering may reduce aggression, it can also lead to many other health problems. E Cuniculi is also a common parasite in rabbits. It is estimated that between 40-80% of all rabbits worldwide carry this parasite. While many rabbits carry it, only a small portion of domesticated rabbits show symptoms. These may include drinking more water than usual, frequent peeing, and in worse cases a tilted head (torticolis), seizures or even complete paralysis. It has been theorized that majorly stressful situations could worsen the symptoms.
See also
House rabbit
List of rabbit breeds
Lop rabbit
References
Works cited
“The History of the Mini Lop Rabbit and the True UK Mini Lop Standard.” Mini Lops Scotland, Mini Lop history article
“Holland Lop Rabbit Facts, Size, Lifespan and Care.” Caring for Pets, 14 Feb. 2019, Article on how to care for your rabbit.
Dickson, David. “Holland Lop Rabbit Who Loves to Chew (and Chew Some More).” Best Friends Animal Society, 29 Nov. 2017, Article on Holland Lop's teeth
Fletcher, Ann (2013). "Holland Lop Rabbits The Complete Owner's Guide to Holland Lop Bunnies How to Care for your Holland Lop Pet, including Breeding, Lifespan, Colors, Health, Personality, Diet and Facts", p. 68. Evolution Knowledge Limited.
Phil Batey, "History of the Holland Lop", dnarabbitry, Article on the history of Holland Lops
“Holland Lop Appearance.” hollandloprabbits, 1 Jan. 1970, Blog post on the appearance of Holland Lops
“Four Steps to Healthy Teeth.” Petplan, Article on how to take care of rabbit teeth
“Holland Lop - Breed Information and Advice.” Petplan, Article on the general information about Holland Lops
“Holland Lop Rabbit Breed.” Lafeber Co. - Small Mammals, 14 Feb. 2019, Article on the general information about Holland Lops
“Holland Lop Rabbit Health, Temperament, Coat, Health and Care.” PetGuide, 31 Jan. 2019, Article on health and behaviors of Holland Lops
“Holland Lop Type.” Holly's Hollands Rabbitry, Blog post regarding Holland Lops' appearance
“Introduction to Holland Lops.” Sand N Pines, Article on general information about Holland Lops
“Judging the Holland Lop.” Lots of Lops Rabbitry, Article on how to judge a Holland Lop
Tamsin. “Rabbit Hutch/Cage Size Guide.” The Rabbit House, 10 June 2014, Article on how to find the right Holland Lop cage size
Shapiro, Amy. "'Lops Are Mellow and Other Dangerous Myths'", House Rabbit Sociey, Article on myths about Holland Lops.
Stroupe, Laura. “Judging Lop Rabbits:Evaluating Ears and Crowns Holland, Mini, and Fuzzy Lops.” Show Rabbit Information, Article on how to judge Holland Lops
“The Ideal Diet for Rabbits.” PDSA, Article on the ideal diet for rabbits
Howard, Anthony. “Welcome to the HLRSC.” Hlrsc, Article on the history of Holland Lops
“What Is a Holland Lop? | How to Care, Lifespan, FAQ (With Pictures).” RabbitPedia, Article on how to care for Holland Lops
Rabbit breeds
Rabbits as pets
Lop rabbits
Rabbit breeds originating in the Netherlands
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizhiyil%20Vizhunthaval
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Vizhiyil Vizhunthaval
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Vizhiyil Vizhunthaval is a 2010 Tamil language romance film directed by Ajaz. The film stars newcomers Ajaz, Shilpa and Anaka, with Madhu, Anbu, Narayanan, Pavina, Amutha Ganeshan, and Gopi playing supporting roles. The film, produced by Iynul Ayman Athiya, had musical score by Pollack and was released on 23 July 2010.
Plot
Vinoth (Ajaz) is a young wealthy businessman and the owner of a company which had launched many innovative inventions. He falls in love at first sight with Mridula (Shilpa), who is from Australia, and appoints her as his new personal secretary. Vinoth tries to impress Mridula in many ways, but she is repulsed by his eccentric behavior and rejects his love proposal. A desperate Vinoth decides to make Mridula jealous, so he tries to seduce his new secretary Anitha (Anaka), who unexpectedly falls in love with him. Thereafter, Mridula is abducted by a psychopath. Vinoth and Anitha try to save her, They face many obstacles but successfully overcome them. They finally find Mridula in a deserted factory. Her abductor was waiting for Vinoth and tried to kill him. In the process, Anitha is shot dead by the psychopath, and Vinoth kills him in return. The psychopath was in fact paid by other company owners to kill Vinoth because they were jealous of his growth and success. Many years later, Vinoth and Mridula are a happily married couple and have two children.
Cast
Ajaz as Vinoth
Shilpa as Mridula
Anaka as Anitha
Madhu as Rajesh
Anbu as Suresh
Pavina as Anjali
Narayanan
Amutha Ganeshan
Gopi
Production
Ajaz, a software company owner, made his directorial debut with the romance film Vizhiyil Vizhunthaval under his own banner G-Ants Productions. Ajaz, who was also handling the story, screenplay, the dialogues and the editing, was playing the lead role in this film. Newcomers Shilpa and Anaka were selected to play the heroines. The film is based on the romance between the young generations of contemporary society. It pictures how the hero changes himself for his Love in terms of character, discipline and attitude have been clearly screen played. For one song, 56 costumes were changed in it revealed the choreographer Habib who had used special techniques for each song. Debutant music director Pollock has composed 7 songs and Biju Antony took care of camera work. The film director Ajaz said, "Being in the software industry and having been associated with a lot of back-end work for films, we have the right expertise, knowledge and infrastructure needed to produce hi-tech films. Vizhiyil Vizhunthavalwas quite graphic intensive (all the sets were created using graphics). We'll see how viewers accept Vizhiyil Vizhunthaval before deciding on our next production".
Soundtrack
The film score and the soundtrack were composed by Pollack. The soundtrack features 7 tracks. The audio was released on 12 October 2009 at the Sathyam cinemas in the presence of K. Bhagyaraj, Kalaipuli G. Sekaran, Youreka and Sivasakthi Pandian. A critic stated, "This composer has delivered a neat googly in this album. It pleases you with its seriousness and the sensible, unfussy use of background music. The songs, though westernized, have strong melodic touches that you really take to".
References
2010 films
2010s Tamil-language films
Indian romance films
2010 directorial debut films
2010 romance films
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199946
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbery%20Medal
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Newbery Medal
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The John Newbery Medal, frequently shortened to the Newbery, is a literary award given by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC), a division of the American Library Association (ALA), to the author of "the most distinguished contributions to American literature for children". The Newbery and the Caldecott Medal are considered the two most prestigious awards for children's literature in the United States. Books selected are widely carried by bookstores and libraries, the authors are interviewed on television, and master's and doctoral theses are written on them.
Named for John Newbery, an 18th-century English publisher of juvenile books, the winner of the Newbery is selected at the ALA's Midwinter Conference by a fifteen-person committee. The Newbery was proposed by Frederic G. Melcher in 1921, making it the first children's book award in the world. The physical bronze medal was designed by Rene Paul Chambellan and is given to the winning author at the next ALA annual conference. Since its founding there have been several changes to the composition of the selection committee, while the physical medal remains the same.
Besides the Newbery Medal, the committee awards a variable number of citations to leading contenders, called Newbery Honors or Newbery Honor Books; until 1971, these books were called runners-up. As few as zero and as many as eight have been named, but from 1938 the number of Honors or runners-up has been one to five. To be eligible, a book must be written by a United States citizen or resident and must be published first or simultaneously in the United States in English during the preceding year. Six authors have won two Newbery Medals each, several have won both a Medal and Honor, while a larger number of authors have won multiple Honors, with Laura Ingalls Wilder having won five Honors without ever winning the Medal.
History
The Newbery Medal was established on June 22, 1921, at the annual conference of the American Library Association (ALA). Proposed by Publishers Weekly editor Frederic G. Melcher, the proposal was well received by the children's librarians present and then approved by the ALA Executive Board. The award was administered by the ALA from the start, but Melcher provided funds that paid for the design and production of the medal. The Newbery Medal was inaugurated in 1922, considering books published in 1921. According to The Newbery and Caldecott Awards Melcher and the ALA Board agreed to establish the award for several reasons that related to children's librarians. They wanted to encourage quality, creative children's books and to demonstrate to the public that children's books deserve recognition and praise. In 1932 the committee felt it was important to encourage new writers in the field, so a rule was made that an author would win a second Newbery only if the vote was unanimous. The rule was in place until 1958. Joseph Krumgold became the first winner of a second Newbery in 1960. Another change, in 1963, made it clear that joint authors of a book were eligible for the award. Several more revisions and clarifications were added in the 1970s and 1980s. Significantly in 1971, the term Newbery Honor was introduced. Runners-up had been identified annually from the start, with a few exceptions only during the 1920s; all those runners-up were named Newbery Honor Books retroactively.
Medal
The physical medal was designed by Rene Paul Chambellan and depicts an author giving his work (a book) to a boy and a girl to read on one side and on the other side the inscription, "For the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". The bronze medal retains the name "Children's Librarians' Section", the original group responsible for awarding the medal, despite the sponsoring committee having changed names four times and now including both school and public librarians. Each winning author gets their own copy of the medal with their name engraved on it. Currently the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) is responsible for the award.
Committee
As Barbara Elleman explained in The Newbery and Caldecott Awards, the original Newbery was based on votes by a selected jury of Children's Librarian Section officers. Books were first nominated by any librarian, then the jury voted for one favorite. Hendrik van Loon's non-fiction history book The Story of Mankind won with 163 votes out of 212. In 1924 the process was changed, and instead of using popular vote it was decided that a special award committee would be formed to select the winner. The award committee was made up of the Children's Librarian Section executive board, their book evaluation committee and three members at large. In 1929 it was changed again to the four officers, the chairs of the standing committees and the ex-president. Nominations were still taken from members at large.
In 1937 the American Library Association added the Caldecott Award, for "the artist of the most distinguished American picture book for children published in the United States". That year an award committee selected the Medal and Honor books for both awards. In 1978 the rules were changed and two committees were formed of fifteen people each, one for each award. A new committee is formed every year, with "eight elected, six appointed, and one appointed Chair".
The Newbery Medal was named for eighteenth-century British bookseller John Newbery. It is awarded annually by the Association for Library Service to Children, a division of the American Library Association, to the author of the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children.
Selection process
Committee members are chosen to represent a wide variety of libraries, teachers and book reviewers. They read the books on their own time, then meet twice a year for closed discussions. Any book that qualifies is eligible; it does not have to have been nominated. The Newbery is given to the "author of the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children published by an American publisher in the United States in English during the preceding year." Newbery winners are announced at the Midwinter Meeting of the American Library Association, held in January or February. The Honor Books must be a subset of the runners-up on the final ballot, either the leading runners-up on that ballot or the leaders on one further ballot that excludes the winner.
The results of the committee vote are kept secret, and winners are notified by phone shortly before the award is announced. In 2015, K. T. Horning of the University of Wisconsin–Madison's Cooperative Children's Book Center proposed to ALSC that old discussions of the Newbery and Caldecott be made public in the service of researchers and historians. This proposal was met with both support and criticism by former committee members and recognized authors.
Criticism
In October 2008, Anita Silvey, a children's literary expert, published an article in the School Library Journal criticizing the committee for choosing books that are too difficult for children. Lucy Calkins, of the Reading and Writing Project at Columbia University's Teachers College, agreed with Silvey: "I can't help but believe that thousands, even millions, more children would grow up reading if the Newbery committee aimed to spotlight books that are deep and beautiful and irresistible to kids". But then–ALSC President Pat Scales said, "The criterion has never been popularity. It is about literary quality. How many adults have read all the Pulitzer Prize-winning books and... liked every one?"
John Beach, associate professor of literacy education at St. John's University in New York, compared the books that adults choose for children with the books that children choose for themselves and found that in the past 30 years there is only a five percent overlap between the Children's Choice Awards (International Reading Association) and the Notable Children's Books list (American Library Association). He has also stated that "the Newbery has probably done far more to turn kids off to reading than any other book award in children's publishing."
Recipients
Multiple award winners
Listed below are all authors who have won at least two Newbery Medals or who have three or more Medals and/or Honors. Won a Newbery Medal and Honor
See also
Carnegie Medal for a children's or young-adult book published in the UK
Michael L. Printz Award for a young-adult book published in the US
Caldecott Medal for illustration of an American children's picture book
Children's Literature Legacy Award for lifetime contribution to American children's literature
Hans Christian Andersen Award for lasting contribution to children's literature
Notes
References
External links
Online editions of Newbery Honor Books and Medal Winners by Women, 1922–1964
Newbery Medal winners at Faded Page (Canada)
The Newbery & Caldecott Awards Web Extra: an archive of "distinctive essays" from previous editions of the book.
The Newbery Video (Part 2), written by Mona Kerby and funded by the International Reading Association highlights favorite Newbery Award books and authors.
Choices Booklists: Children's Choices
Interview with Newbery Judge, on Beyond the Margins
Newbery Medal Winners and Honor Books (including cover art) at smallfrybooks
Caldecott and Newbery Medal Wins Bring Instant Boost to Book Sales
1922 establishments in the United States
American children's literary awards
American Library Association awards
Awards established in 1922
English-language literary awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1ichni%20proti%20v%C5%A1em
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Všichni proti všem
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Všichni proti všem is a 1977 Czechoslovak comedy film directed by Karel Steklý.
Cast
Vladimír Šmeral
Eduard Dubský
Jiřina Bohdalová
Vladimír Ráž
Stanislava Bartošová
Josef Vinklář
Kateřina Macháčková
Břetislav Slováček
References
External links
1977 films
1977 comedy films
Czechoslovak films
Czechoslovak comedy films
Czech-language films
Films directed by Karel Steklý
Czech films
Czech comedy films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowhead%20Mountain
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Yellowhead Mountain
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Yellowhead Mountain is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. It was named for Pierre Bostonais aka Tête Jaune. The mountain has four officially named summits: Bingley Peak, Leather Peak, Lucerne Peak, and Tête Roche.
Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Yellowhead Mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. In terms of favorable weather, July through September are the best months to climb.
See also
List of peaks on the British Columbia-Alberta border
List of mountains of Alberta
Mountains of British Columbia
References
Yellowhead Mountain
Yellowhead Mountain
Canadian Rockies
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43631956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle%20Sixth%20Form%20College
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Newcastle Sixth Form College
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Newcastle Sixth Form College is a Sixth-form college in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Opened in March 2014, the college forms part of the larger organisation, Newcastle College. It offers around 40 different A Level subjects, the International Baccalaureate, and an access to A Levels GCSE programme.
The college is located on Westmorland Road, in Newcastle City Centre. Due to its close proximity to both Central Station Metro station, and Newcastle Central Station, the college attracts students from across Tyneside and surrounding regions including Northumberland and Sunderland.
Facilities
Dance and drama studios
Digital media centre
Science laboratories
Art and design workshops
Art and design studio space
Art exhibition space
Darkroom
Free Wi-Fi
Interactive whiteboards
Debating chamber
Costa Coffee outlet
References
External links
Education in Newcastle upon Tyne
Further education colleges in Tyne and Wear
Higher education colleges in England
Learning and Skills Beacons
Workfare in the United Kingdom
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12035601
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontaine-de-Vaucluse
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Fontaine-de-Vaucluse
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Fontaine-de-Vaucluse (; or simply ) is a commune in the southeastern French department of Vaucluse. In 2018, it had a population of 585. Its name comes from the spring of the same name; the name Vaucluse itself comes from the Latin phrase vallis clausa or "closed valley".
Heraldry
The coat of arms of the village of Fontaine-de-Vaucluse is:"Blue, with a Trout and a Grayling, poised horizontally." (Malte-Brun, in France Illustrated, book V, 1884)
Geography
Situation
Fontaine-de-Vaucluse ("spring of Vaucluse") is built around the Fontaine de Vaucluse, a spring in a valley at the foot of the Vaucluse Mountains, between Saumane-de-Vaucluse and Lagnes, not far from L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue. It is named after the spring, the source of the River Sorgue.
Hydrography
The fountain, or spring, of Vaucluse, situated at the feet of a steep limestone cliff 230 metres high, is the biggest spring in France. It is also the fifth largest in the world with an annual flow of 630 million cubic metres.
The fountain of Vaucluse surges in March for about 5 weeks and then subsides. The increased flow of water swells the Sorgue to flood. The mechanism behind the surging remains somewhat of a mystery.
History
This village of about 600 inhabitants was once called Vaucluse or the "closed valley" (Vallis Clausa in Latin) and it gave its name to the French department of Vaucluse. Several trails indicate human occupation in the area since the neolithic era. Its spring has been the object of a major cult since Antiquity, and the Sorgue was used as a trade route by the Phoenicians of Massalia and later the Romans. Following some major discoveries from two cave dives by the SSFV, two archaeological sites under the protection of the SRA PACA has allowed more than 1600 antique coins from the first century BC to the 5th century AD to be brought back up to the surface.
In the Middle Ages, a hermit supposedly lived in the spot. Eventually, he performed miracles that led to his being consecrated as Bishop of Cavaillon. His successor, Walcaudus, received the consent of the ruling counts of the area to settle monks there. A monastery was constructed, but was ruined by the 11th century. Clement, the Bishop of Cavaillon, ordered its reconstruction by Isarn, abbot of Sainte-Victoire. The poet Petrarch made it his preferred residence in the 14th century, writing, "The illustrious source of the Sorgue, famous for itself long ago, became even more famous by my long stay and my songs." (Petrarch, Seniles, X, 2).
The poet left in 1353 after his son's death. The village was razed shortly afterward by bandits, who withdrew at the sight of the intimidating episcopal seat. A museum stands on the spot of Petrarch's house today, and the town is twinned with Arquà Petrarca, where the poet died. Following this attack, the village and valley fell into oblivion. Thought of as a wild place, it was avoided through the 16th and 17th centuries. Vaucluse was again popularized by a duel between the famous Honore Gabriel Riqueti and Louis-Francois de Galliffet. A letter published by Riqueti brought fame to the area again, and a column was built to honour Petrarch in the eighteenth century.
In 1946, Jacques Cousteau and another diver were almost killed while searching for the bottom of the spring. An air compressor used to fill their tanks had taken in its own exhaust fumes and produced carbon monoxide—nearly killing them before they could return to the surface from a depth of approximately 100 metres.
Demographics
Historical population:
Places and monuments
The principal point of interest is the source of the Sorgue at the foot of a cliff 240 metres high: Its average flow is 22 m3 / second, the highest in France, and can attain 110 m3 after the snow melts. It wasn't until 1985 that the mystery of its origin was partially revealed: in effect, the lowest point is at -308m depth attained by a robot belonging to the Spelunking Society of Fontaine de Vaucluse. The spring is the only exit point of a subterranean basin of 1200 km2 that collects the water from Mount Ventoux, the Vaucluse mountains and from the Lure mountain.
Ruins of the castle of the Bishop of Cavaillon
Ancient paper mill
Museum of the Resistance
Petrarch museum (on the site of his former house)
Santon museum
People related to Fontaine-de-Vaucluse
The following people are related to Fontaine-de-Vaucluse:
Veranus of Cavaillon
Philippe de Cabassoles
Fernand Meyssonnier
Gallery
References
External links
Official website
tourism : visit of Fontaine-de-Vaucluse
The History of the Fontaine de Vaucluse cave - SSFV : Fontaine de Vaucluse cave exploration and cave diving association (Société Spéléologique de Fontaine de Vaucluse, ".fr" link)
www.laSorgue.com
Fontaine-de-Vaucluse sur le site de l'Institut Géographique National
Fontaine-de-Vaucluse on the INSEE website
Société Spéléologique de Fontaine de Vaucluse (Speleological Society of the Vaucluse Resurgence), ".org" link - a holding page on last trying.
Office of Tourism
Communes of Vaucluse
Springs of France
Landforms of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela%20Luka
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Vela Luka
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Vela Luka (, ) is a small town and a municipality in Dubrovnik-Neretva County in southern Dalmatia, Croatia. The town is located on the western side of the island of Korčula at the bottom of a wide bay which has many indented coves. Vela Luka developed at the beginning of the 19th century in a deep sheltered bay. Its name means "big harbour" in Croatian chakavian. Inhabitants of the Island of Korčula and Pelješac often refer to it simply as "Luka" (the port/harbour). It has several hotels and a medical centre called Kalos (for rheumatic disorders and rehabilitation). The inhabitants are farmers, fishermen and workers in tourism. The town also has small industrial plants.
Population
In 2011, the total population of Vela Luka (not including Potirna where 22 people are living, mostly from Vela Luka) was 4,137. Croats make up an absolute majority with 97% of the population.
Culture, locations and events
Vela Luka has an average of over 2500 hours of sunny weather annually, and is the second largest place, in size, on the Adriatic islands. The diversity and richness of the cultural inheritance of Vela Luka can be seen in the exceptional museums and galleries that are located in the Center for Culture in the town center. The Center for Culture is located in the building that was constructed for school needs in the second half of the 19th century, so the building itself has historical significance. It is located near the Parish Church of St. Joseph. Together they create a magnificent urban structure in the typical Mediterranean spirit.
The museum/gallery is decorated with mosaics made in 1968 when the International Artist's Meeting of Painters was held in Vela Luka.
Vela Luka has many archaeological and architectural points of interest. On the south slope of the hill, Pinski Rat, there is an extraordinary archaeological site. It is called Vela Spila (Big Cave) and it is one of the most important prehistoric cave dwellings in Europe. Vela Spila provides a picture of life on the Mediterranean of Mesolithic and Neolithic people living in that region. Carbon dating has shown that there was human activity going back 20 000 years. The finds are on display at the Center for Culture in Vela Luka. The cave's interior measures approximately 1500 sq. meters and it is located several hundred meters above the beautiful Vela Luka Bay. Another panoramic view of the area can be seen from Hum Hill and the Forteca, an Austro-Hungarian fortress built in the 19th century. Vela Luka has a rich history of Klapa singing (an a cappella style). One of the best known is the Klapa Ošjak.
The following is on display in the museum and the gallery:
The Archaeological Collection of finds from the historical locality of the Big Cave and antique finds (ceramic dishes, animal & human bones, antique amphora)
The International Art Collection of drawings, graphic arts, and smaller statues from local artists (Edo Murtić, Picelj, Ujevic) and foreign artists (Soto, Hayer, Messagier),
Two sculptures by Henry Moore,
A Collection of ship models by Nedo Gugić,
The Ethnographic Collection of objects from the El Shatt Refugee Camp;
Folk costumes from Vela Luka.
The island of Korčula is known for its numerous chivalrous dance tournament unions . The tournaments are performed on many occasions and some incorporate the use of swords. On March 19, 2001 the feast of St. Joseph was celebrated as the day of the community of Vela Luka. This was exactly 75 years after the first celebration of the tournament “Kumpanija”. Thanks to the members of the town's council, the hardworking and persisting practise of about twenty young men of Vela Luka, the tradition continues today. The FD “Kumpanija” is a celebrated as the day of the community for Vela Luka. Saint Joseph is the patron Saint of the town.
Vela Luka's chivalrous dance tournaments festival activity:
On July 4 there is the international festival of chivalrous dance tournaments in Korcula,
On September 2 on Sunday there are events in Dubrovnik,
Chivalrous festival tournament in Madrid-Spain (organize by Consulate of Croatia & town council of Alicante).
Notable people from Vela Luka
Oliver Dragojević (1947–2018), singer who sang the song "Sjećanje na Vela Luku" (Croatian for 'Remembering Vela Luka').
Ivo Gugić (1920–1996), Roman Catholic prelate
Izidor Perera-Matić (1912–1944), physician
Perica Vlašić (1932–2004), rower
Jasna Zlokić (born 1955), singer
Domenica Žuvela (born 1992), singer
References
External links
Municipality of Vela Luka
Tourist Board of the Vela Luka Municipality
Parish Church of Saint Joseph Vela Luka
A Stratified Prehistoric Site VELA SPILA (island Korcula)
Radio M 90,1 MHz Vela Luka
Czech Vela Luka magazine
Korčula
Populated coastal places in Croatia
Populated places in Dubrovnik-Neretva County
Municipalities of Croatia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Francis
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John Francis
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John Francis may refer to:
John Francis (sculptor) (1780–1861), English sculptor
John Francis (publisher) (1811–1882), English businessman and campaigner against "taxes on knowledge"
John Francis (bushranger) (c. 1825–?), Australian bushranger
J. J. Francis (John Joseph Francis, 1839–1901), counsel in the British Colony of Hong Kong
John J. Francis (New Jersey judge) (1903–1984), American politician and State Supreme Court Justice
Jack Francis (John Charles Francis, 1908–2001), Australian cricketer and Australian rules football player
John Francis (boxer) (born 1965), Indian Olympic boxer
John Francis (environmentalist) (born 1946), American environmentalist
John Francis (footballer) (born 1963), English association football player
John Francis (English cricketer) (born 1980), English cricketer
John Francis (New Zealand cricketer) (1846-1891), New Zealand cricketer
John Brown Francis (1791–1864), United States Senator from Rhode Island
John F. Francis (1808–1886), American painter
John G. F. Francis (born 1934), English computer scientist
John M. Francis (1823–1897), American journalist and diplomat
John Francis (priest) (died 1724), Irish Anglican priest
John Deffett Francis, Welsh portrait painter and art collector
See also
Jon Francis (born 1964), former American football player
John Francis Regis (1597–1640), saint of the Roman Catholic Church
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane%20F.%20%28film%29
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Christiane F. (film)
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Christiane F. (, ) is a 1981 German biographical drama film directed by Uli Edel that portrays the descent of Vera Christiane Felscherinow, a bored 13-year-old growing up in mid-1970s West Berlin, to 14-year-old heroin addict. Based on the 1978 non-fiction book Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo (We Children from Zoo Station), transcribed and edited from tape recordings by Kai Hermann and Horst Rieck, the film immediately acquired cult status and features David Bowie as both composer and as himself. In 2013, Felscherinow published her autobiography Christiane F. – My Second Life.
Plot
13-year-old Christiane Felscherinow lives with her mother, younger sister, and her pet cat in their small apartment in an unkempt multi-storey, concrete social-housing building in a dull neighbourhood on the outskirts of West Berlin. She is tired of living there and is a huge fan of David Bowie. She hears of Sound, a new trending nightclub in the city's centre. Although she is not old enough to get in, she dresses up in high heels and make up, and asks a popular school friend, Kessi, who goes there regularly, to take her. Kessi also provides her with pills. At the club, she meets a boy named Detlev, who is a little older than she is and is part of a clique where everybody uses various types of drugs. The next morning, Christiane and Kessi are waiting for the subway when Kessi's mother sees them and angrily berates Kessi, grabbing her by the arm and telling Christiane to stay away from her daughter.
Christiane starts taking LSD in addition to abusing pills, and befriends a girl her age named Babsi. After a David Bowie concert, Christiane tries heroin for the first time. As she falls in love with Detlev, Christiane begins using heroin on a regular basis in order to be close to him, gradually becoming more and more dependent on the drug until she is a full-blown addict. After her 14th birthday, Christiane stops going home and spends more and more time at her cohorts' unkempt apartment; she is also drawn to Bahnhof Zoo, a large train and subway station notorious for the drug trafficking and prostitution that takes place in its underpasses and back alleys. Christiane also starts to prostitute herself, imitating Detlev, who sells sex favours to male clients on a regular basis in order to support his heroin addiction.
After being discovered unconscious on the bathroom floor at home due to a heroin overdose, Christiane tries going cold turkey with Detlev, an excruciating experience for both of them. However, they both relapse the moment they revisit Bahnhof Zoo. To fuel her addiction, Christiane steals from home, sells all her possessions, and sinks to abysmal levels. One day, Christiane and Detlev find their best friend and roommate, Axel, dead in the apartment from a fatal overdose, due to a bad batch of heroin he was sold on the streets that Detlev believes to be strychnine. Christiane and Detlev quickly run away, ending up at the apartment of one of Detlev's male clients. When Christiane walks in on the two having very loud anal intercourse, she has a breakdown and flees. She returns to the station in order to find Babsi, only to discover that she is dead of an overdose at barely 14 years old, as plastered all over the front pages of many newspapers. In despair over the deaths of numerous friends, as well as her inability to break free from her heroin addiction, Christiane tries to overdose too. The film abruptly breaks to an off-camera voiceover that says eventually Christiane recovered, but most of her cohorts either died or are still addicts, including Detlev, whose whereabouts and current condition are unknown.
Cast
Natja Brunckhorst as Christiane F.
Thomas Haustein as Detlev
Jens Kuphal as Axel
Rainer Wölk as Leiche
Jan Georg Effler as Bernd
Christiane Reichelt as Babsi
Daniela Jaeger as Kessi
Kerstin Richter as Stella
David Bowie as himself
Christiane Lechle as Christiane's mother
Production
The film was shot with a low budget in 1980 and released in 1981, but set between 1975 and 1977 in West Berlin. It skips the beginning and the end of the book, and concentrates on the main story, starting when Christiane begins her nightlife in Berlin at around 13 years old, and stops rather abruptly after her suicide attempt by stating that she recovered. In the real story, Christiane F. never fully recovered from her addiction, nor did her troubles end with going to Hamburg to begin withdrawal.
Originally the film was going to be directed by Roland Klick, but he was fired only two weeks before shooting, after a fallout with Bernd Eichinger. Uli Edel came in to direct the film. Cinematography is bleak and dreary, depicting a dilapidated, working-class Berlin with rundown structures and dirty, blighted backdrops.
The cast is composed mainly of first-time actors, most of whom were still in school at the time and have mostly not pursued acting careers since. Natja Brunckhorst is the only cast member who continued to act in German films and television, starting with 1982's Querelle by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, at the time the highest-grossing film with a strongly homosexual theme. Real life "Stella" (Catherine Schabeck), aged 18 at the time, has a short cameo as the drug dealer that sells the first dose of heroin to Detlev. Most of the extras at the railway station and at SOUND were actual drug users and prostitutes. In the scene where Christiane runs through the alleys of the station to find Babsi, the camera lingers on several drug users leaning against the walls of the underpass. In a 2011 interview, Thomas Haustein, who played Detlev and was still in school at the time, recalled how terrified he felt being surrounded by real-life addicts, but that he was able to successfully copy their behaviour for his character. It would now be illegal to have minors act in the film's graphic shoot-up, nudity and sex scenes; at the time, however, all the production needed was a written letter of consent from the parents to proceed with filming.
The David Bowie concert featured in the film actually took place in New York City, with only some of the crew and cast attending, because at the time Bowie was performing on Broadway several nights a week and could not shoot in Berlin. The close-up shots of Bowie were from this New York performance, whereas the mass audience scenes were from an AC/DC concert in Germany. The two were spliced together to seem as one event.
Natja Brunckhorst recalled a scene which was shot on Kurfürstenstraße where her character is standing alone waiting for someone to pick her up. "It was a long lens shot so the camera team was far away. A car drove up and I was about to get in when I saw, out of the corner of my eye, some of the crew running towards me shouting: "No! No! No!" And it came to me: this was a real guy, not an actor, trying to pick me up. I almost got into a car with someone who wanted to sleep with a 13-year-old," she said.
Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 71% rating based on 7 reviews.
Both the film and the book acquired cult status in Europe immediately after release, raising awareness of heroin addiction. The popularity of the film was greatly boosted by David Bowie's participation as both himself (portrayed giving a concert early in the film) and as the main contributor to the soundtrack. Bowie's music from his albums made in Berlin during 1976 and 1977 is heavily featured throughout the picture, and as he was at the very peak of his popularity during the late 1970s and early 1980s, his presence helped boost the film's commercial success.
Christiane and her cohorts are seen losing consciousness in decrepit lavatory cubicles amidst urine, vomit and blood, injecting in close-ups, cleaning and re-filling syringes directly from the toilet bowl, vomiting all over themselves and falling asleep right on top of it. In one particularly disturbing scene, a junkie climbs over a public toilet stall to steal Christiane's fix, inject himself in the neck, hand back the used syringe and thank her-all in front of the horrified gaze of an elderly woman. The depiction of young addicts from seemingly normal families was particularly alarming. At the time junkies were still perceived in popular culture as much older, wilder characters, such as those depicted in Dennis Hopper's Easy Rider or in Lou Reed's songs. Christiane turns 14 halfway through the film, the same age as her friend Babsi, who fatally overdoses. Christiane's boyfriend in the film is 15, portrayed by a 14-year-old actor. None of their companions, two of whom also fatally overdose, are older than 16, as reported by end titles recalling the birth and death dates of the real-life individuals portrayed in the film. The fact that the characters prostitute themselves, both hetero and homosexually, at such a young age, revolted audiences.
Soundtrack
All songs written by David Bowie except "Heroes/Helden" written by Bowie/Eno/Maas, "Boys Keep Swinging" and "Look Back In Anger", both written by Bowie/Eno. According to the book, the real Christiane F. had had her first experience with heroin at a David Bowie concert some years earlier; this is told in the film with David Bowie starring as himself. The concert scene was filmed in October 1980 at New York's Hurrah nightclub, which was redressed to resemble a Berlin nightclub (Bowie was appearing nightly on Broadway at the time so director Ulrich Edel had to shoot the sequence in New York).
"V-2 Schneider"
"TVC 15"
"Heroes/Helden"
"Boys Keep Swinging"
"Sense of Doubt"
"Station to Station" (Live)
"Look Back in Anger"
"Stay"
"Warszawa"
See also
Memento, a novel by Radek John
For Your Own Good, by Dr. Alice Miller, discusses Christiane F.'s case at length.
References
External links
Movie stills
1981 films
1981 directorial debut films
1981 drama films
1981 LGBT-related films
1980s biographical drama films
1980s coming-of-age drama films
1980s teen drama films
Biographical films about children
Coming-of-age films based on actual events
Films about child prostitution
Films about heroin addiction
Films about prostitution in Germany
Films based on non-fiction books
Films directed by Uli Edel
Films produced by Bernd Eichinger
Films scored by Jürgen Knieper
Films set in Berlin
Films set in West Germany
Films shot in Berlin
German biographical drama films
German coming-of-age drama films
1980s German-language films
German LGBT-related films
German teen drama films
LGBT-related coming-of-age films
LGBT-related drama films
LGBT-related films based on actual events
1970s in West Berlin
West German films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20S.%20Abbott
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Anthony S. Abbott
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Anthony "Tony" S. Abbott was an American college professor and writer. He taught at Davidson College for over 41 years. He received the North Carolina Award for Literature in 2015, the highest award bestowed to a civilian by the State of North Carolina. In November 2018, the Town of Davison, North Carolina awarded him the G. Jackson Burney Community Service Award. In 2020, he was inducted into the North Carolina Literary Hall of Fame.
Early life and education
Abbott was born on January 7, 1935 in San Francisco, California. He graduated from Princeton University in 1957, and received a masters (1960) and doctorate (1962) degree at Harvard University.
Career
He taught at Bates College from 1961–64. In 1964, he started teaching English at Davidson College and eventually became the Charles A. Dana Professor of English Emeritus. Davidson College recognized him with the Thomas Jefferson Award in 1969 and the Hunter-Hamilton Love of Teaching Award in 1997.
He authored two novels and six books of poetry. The book of poetry The Girl in the Yellow Raincoat received a Pulitzer Prize nomination. He was the recipient of the Sam Ragan Awards in 1996 and the Brockman-Campbell Award from the North Carolina Poetry Society in 2012. He served as the President of the North Carolina Writers Network and the Chairmen of the North Carolina Writers Conference.
References
1935 births
2020 deaths
Bates College faculty
Davidson College faculty
Poets from North Carolina
Princeton University alumni
Writers from San Francisco
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
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47652208
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edson%2C%20Moore%20%26%20Company
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Edson, Moore & Company
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Edson, Moore & Co was a dry goods, importing and wholesale store started in 1872 in Detroit, Michigan by James L. Edson, Ransom Gillis, George F. Moore and special partner, Stephen Baldwin. The company was in operation from 1872 through 1974 when assets were sold.
Establishing the firm
The firm began in 1872, when several former employees and partners of Allan Sheldon & Company (formerly Town & Sheldon) elected to form their own firm under the name Edson, Moore & Co. Those men were James L. Edson, George F. Moore, Ransom Gillis, Charles Buncher and Stephen Baldwin. Both Edson and Moore had been partners in the Allan Sheldon & Company firm. The new firm, Edson Moore, originally occupied the addresses of 190-192 Jefferson Avenue in Detroit. They quickly established themselves as one of the largest dry goods and wholesale businesses in Michigan occupying a larger store front on Jefferson Avenue from 194 through 204 in a building built expressly for their needs.
As a jobbing or wholesale house, they offered dry goods from American mills including flannel, percale, gingham and silk fabrics. They also offered finer articles of clothing from Europe including Irish and Scottish linens, hosiery and gloves from Saxony. In the early history of the firm, sales occurred only in the store itself and the items were packed by employees in the evening, for shipment. By 1887, they employed over 100 clerks and twelve travelling salesmen. In the early part of the 20th century the dry goods business changed, and the majority of business was conducted by travelling salesman. In 1908, for example, Edson Moore employed over 50 travelling salesmen covering sales in Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and Wisconsin.
Founders
James LaFayette Edson
Edson was born the oldest of five children in Batavia, New York on 31 July 1834 to Sarah Ames (Flint) and Lewis M. Edson. He had two brothers, John and Dallas, who died fighting for the Union side in the Civil War. After working at several dry goods stores in New York State, he moved to Michigan in December 1855. In Detroit he worked for and became a partner in the Allan Shelden & Company, a large dry goods store. There he met the future partners of the firm that would be his namesake.
In addition to founding the firm, he served as a director of the Peoples' Savings Bank and the Brush Electric Light Company. He promoted the Detroit Museum of Art and worked on the committee that selected the location of the post office in Detroit. He married Julia A. Collins and had two daughters, Mary A. and Lillian E. Edson died in Detroit on 25 August 1895.
George F. Moore
Moore was born one of twelve children to John and Clara Moore in Berkshire County, Massachusetts on 10 December 1832. Like James Edson, Moore worked in the dry goods business in New York State prior to coming to Detroit, which he did in 1859. Once in Detroit, he worked at the Sheldon firm, met Edson and together they started Edson, Moore and Co.
In 1855, he married Adela S. Mosher and together had five children: Edward H., George F., Jr., Willis Howard, Harriett L. and Adela S. Moore died on 25 March 1904 of heart trouble in Magnolia Springs, FL. He was the last surviving founder of the company. At the time of his death, he was survived by only one son and one daughter.
Ransom Gillis
Ransom Gillis was born 20 December 1838 in Washington County, New York to Alexander Gillis and Jane (Wilson). One of eight children, Ransom attended public schools and the Argyle Academy. He relocated to Detroit in 1864 and also found work at the Allen-Sheldon Dry Goods Company. When Edson, Moore & Co was started, Gillis did not have sufficient funds to put up to start the firm so he did not become a named partner. Ransom Gillis married Helen A. Gaylord in 1870 and together, they had three children: Ransom Fay, Gaylord Wilson, and Grace M. Both his son, Gaylord, and his grandson, Gaylord, Jr., succeeded him in business at Edson-Moore. On 31 December 1901, Ransom Gillis died of pneumonia.
Charles Buncher
Buncher was born in Lowell, Massachusetts to James and Maria (Leach) on 2 March 1839. After attending public schools, he joined a Boston dry goods firm by the name of Sweetser, Gookin and Company and later, Anderson, Cooke and Company. Those firms employed him as a representative of the then, western area, including Michigan. He then became associated with Edson Moore as a financial partner.
Buncher availed himself of other interests in his adopted home of Detroit, including the Detroit Museum of Art of which he was president during the 1898-1899 year. He was a trustee of the First Presbyterian church of Detroit and vice-president of the Detroit Archeological Institute of America. Buncher's first wife, Josephine Dillaway, died in 1871. His second wife, Julia Howland of Troy, New York, died in 1889. He had three daughters, Mable from his first marriage and Jessie and Myra from his second.
Stephen Baldwin
In the formation of the firm, Baldwin was cited as a "special partner" as he was a wealthy capitalist.
Baldwin was born in England on 31 July 1834 and emigrated to the United States with his parents, settling in New York State. In 1836, he moved to Pontiac, Michigan and after finishing school, was engaged in several businesses including farm implements and the produce and business commission in Pontiac. He became involved with oil, timber, and cloth manufacturing. In 1870, he purchased the Detroit Paper Company, selling in 1872, the year he assisted in the formation of Edson Moore Baldwin married Gertrude Hovey Baldwin in 1841 and died on 7 April 1909. He is buried in Oak Park Cemetery in Pontiac, Michigan.
Fire
During the lunch period on November 25, 1893, the building on Jefferson Avenue caught fire and was consumed by the flames. The fire started on the fifth floor near the elevators, where cotton batting and light goods were stored, and quickly spread to the remainder of the five story building. It was suspected that one of the employees, against company policy, was smoking and the cotton ignited. Five employees were killed due to the fire and smoke and an additional two, jumped 75 feet out of fifth story windows, to their deaths. George Moore's son, Charles W. Moore was in the building on the third floor during the fire and managed to escape. Inventory that had been recovered from the fire was sold at auction in Chicago, Illinois in February 1894.
In December 1893, an inquest was held to determine the fault of the fire. The firm of Edson, Moore and Company was exonerated and that the fault lay with the building inspectors. Although additional inspections were requested by Edson, himself, the inspectors routinely reported that the building was sufficient for providing means of escape during fires. They agreed with the national board of building inspectors who held that when a building has two or more means of escape by means of stairs, outside fire escapes are unnecessary. The jury in this case did not agree. They stated:
The jury find that while the evidence exonerates the firm of Edson, Moore & Co., from blame in the matter, it shows culpable neglect and inefficiency on the part of the public officials whose duty it is to determine and direct the erection of proper and adequate means of escape in case of fire or other disaster.
20th century
At the turn of the century, Edson Moore filed articles of incorporation and appointed their first president, Abram Sherrill, a former book-keeper turned partner with the firm.
In 1910, the journal "Trade" reported that the firm was opening a branch office in Calumet, Michigan. Before the announcement, travelling salesmen for the firm had to carry samples of the goods with them around the Upper Peninsula. One salesman had to carry fifteen trunks with him to demonstrate the wares of the company. The addition of the branch office was reported accordingly: "aggressive work like this cannot fail to add appreciably to the volume of business Detroit is getting from the upper peninsula". The business plan was to support the area around Calumet using the established trolley lines. They then added another Upper Peninsular branch office in Ishpeming which served Marquette and Negaunee, Michigan.
In November, 1913, Edson Moore moved into a $200,000 fireproof building (now the Corktown Lofts) designed by architects Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, located in Detroit at the corner of West Fort Street and the main line of the M.C.R.R. The structure was "let" by the Dodge Brothers with by Bryant and Detwiler operating as general contractors.(Bryant and Detwiler also built the Packard Plant in Detroit) The property on Jefferson Avenue was purchased by the D.U.R. in an effort to consolidate railway office locations.
In 1915, the firm announced that it purchased $225,000 in inventory of Sheldon Dry Goods Company, of Columbus Ohio. The Sheldon Dry Goods Company, founded by Robert Emmett Sheldon, went out of business in 1915.
In 1921, the city of Detroit changed its building numbering system and the address of Edson Moore became 1702 West Fort Street.
Closure
The company narrowed its product line to focus on hosiery and carpets. In 1958, the facility on Fort street was sold and the inventory warehoused at 7650 W. Chicago in Detroit. This new location afforded more warehouse space. The company could no longer compete with large department stores and sold the balance of its inventory to the New York Floor Covering Company in 1974 and closed its doors.
Gallery
References
External links
Riverfront View of Edson, Moore & Co. color (7th frame)
photograph of Edson, Moore & Co.
photograph of employees of Edson, Moore & Co.
Fort Street Warehouse under construction p.58
Defunct companies based in Detroit
American companies established in 1872
1872 establishments in Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakeskin%20gourami
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Snakeskin gourami
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The snakeskin gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis) is a species of gourami native to Southeast Asia. Prior to the merging of Belontidae to the family Osphronemidae, the snakeskin gourami was regarded as the largest member of its family. It is still the largest species in its genus and subfamily.
Etymology
The name Trichopodus comes from the Ancient Greek words θρίξ (thríx) which means hair and πούς (poús) which means foot while pectoralis comes from the Latin words pectus which means "chest" and ālis which means "of or pertaining to", refers to the large pectoral fins of the species.
Physical characteristics
The snakeskin gourami is an elongated, moderately compressed fish with a small dorsal fin. Its anal fin is nearly the length of the body and the pelvic fins are long and thread-like. The back is olive in color and the flanks are greenish gray with a silver iridescence. An obvious, irregular black band extends from the snout, through the eye, and to the caudal peduncle. The underparts are white. The rear part of the body may be marked with faint transverse stripes. The fins are also gray-green, and the iris of the eye may be amber under favorable water conditions. The dorsal fins of male fish are pointed and the pelvic fins are orange to red. The males are also slimmer than the less colorful females. Juvenile snakeskin gouramis have strikingly strong zig-zag lines from the eye to the base of the tail.
This species can grow up to TL in length though most only reach about .
Distribution and habitat
They are common in the Mekong and Chao Phraya basin of Cambodia, Thailand, Southern Vietnam, and Laos. They have also been introduced in the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, and New Caledonia.
Snakeskin gourami are found in rice paddies, shallow ponds, and swamps. They are found in shallow, sluggish, or standing water habitats with a lot of aquatic vegetation. It also occurs in flooded forests of the lower Mekong, and gradually moves back to rivers as floodwaters recede.
Ecology
Snakeskin gourami generally feeds on aquatic insects and other small living organisms in its habitat. Like other labyrinth fish, it can breathe air directly, as well as absorb oxygen from water through its gills.
Relationship to humans
Compared to other gourami species, the snakeskin gourami is less frequently sold as aquarium fish but is more commonly used as food fish in their native lands. The snakeskin gourami is a highly economical species that is captured and cultured for food and for export for the aquarium trade. It is one of the five most important aquacultured freshwater species in Thailand. Its flesh is of good quality, and may be fried, grilled or used for fish soup, like tom yam. In Thailand, there is a trade of dried snakeskin gourami for the benefit of people in areas where the live fish is not available.
Famous areas for snakeskin gourami farming in Thailand are Bang Bo and Bang Phli Districts in Samut Prakan Province with Don Kamyan Sub-District in Mueang Suphan Buri District, Suphan Buri Province, but the area with the largest number of farms is Ban Phaeo District, Samut Sakhon Province. All of these are in the central region.
In the aquarium
Trichopodus pectoralis are a hardy species recommended for a beginner in the fishkeeping hobby because, despite growing to a relatively large size, they are peaceful fish that can be kept in a community tank. They can be mixed with barbs, danios, tetras, Corydoras, angelfish, loaches, Loricariids and other gourami.
A snakeskin gourami is a bottom and middle tank level dweller. It requires a 24-inch (61 cm) length aquarium. A 10 or 20 gallon (38 to 76 liter) tank is sufficient for a fish of 4 inches (10 cm) length. A larger specimen should be kept in a 32-inch (81 cm) or 30 gallon (114 liter) tank. The recommended pH is 5.8 to 8.5 with a water hardness of 2 to 30 dH and a temperature of 72 to 86 °F (22–30 °C). A snakeskin gourami can grow up to 8 inches (20 cm) in captivity and its spawns are also unusually large.
Snakeskin gouramies, being omnivores, eat live food such as Tubifex worms, insects, insect larvae and crustaceans. They also consume flakes, pellets, chopped spinach and lettuce. They are not picky and will accept any food offered.
Breeding snakeskin gourami is not difficult. They will breed when they reach 5 inches (12.5 cm) length. It is the most prolific among all the gourami species. There can be as many as 5,000 fry from a single spawning period. The males are relatively nonaggressive, even at spawning times, which is unlike other labyrinth fishes. The parents will also not eat the fry. Fry can be raised by feeding progressively larger flake foods, in accordance with the size of the fry; occasionally feeding of live foods such as newly hatched brine shrimp is a welcome change in their diet. During breeding, like some of other labyrinth species, snakeskin gouramies are observed to vocalize sounds described as croaking, growling or cracking tones, to demonstrate territorial behavior.
References
Further reading
Snakeskin gourami
Commercial fish
Fauna of Southeast Asia
Fishkeeping
Fish described in 1910
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5762999
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERVAL
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MERVAL
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The S&P MERVAL Index (MERcado de VALores, ) is the most important index of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange. It is a price-weighted index, calculated as the market value of a portfolio of stocks selected based on their market share, number of transactions and quotation price. The base of MERVAL is set at 30 June 1986 = 0.01 Argentine pesos.
It is part of a joint-venture between S&P Dow Jones Indices and BYMA.
The corporations and weighted prices that compose MERVAL are updated every three months, based on their market share during the previous period.
As of 30 July 2021 the constituent companies of the index include Aluar (aluminium smelter), BBVA Argentina (financial services), Banco Macro (financial services), Sociedad Comercial del Plata (holding), Edenor (electricity), Grupo Financiero Galicia (financial services), Pampa Energía (energy), Ternium (steel), Telecom Argentina (telecommunications), and YPF (oil and gas).
Historical values
The following is a table showing the annual maximum, minimum and annual closing values of MERVAL between 1992 and 2021. During that period, the index hit its minimum value in 2001, some time before the explosion of the economic crisis, but recovered in an accelerated fashion after that.
The index experienced its biggest one-day intraday loss in history on 12 August 2019, when the index plummeted 16,824.29 points or 37.93% following the Argentine peso devaluation and the defeat of Mauricio Macri in the primary elections.
Record values
References
External links
Bloomberg page for MAR
Mercado de Valores de Buenos Aires
Bolsar
Historical chart
South American stock market indices
Finance in Argentina
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11482783
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicklasj%C3%B6n
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Sicklasjön
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Sicklasjön (Swedish: "Lake of Sickla") is a lake in eastern central Stockholm, Sweden. It is bordering the municipalities of Stockholm and Nacka and is named for the vicinity to the urban district Sickla.
Sicklasjön, historically known as Långsjön ("Long Lake"), is connected to Järlasjön east of it through a narrow strait and to Hammarby Sjö west of it through the canal and the sluice . The lake, forming the northern border of the Nacka Open-air Area (Nacka friluftsområde, colloquially known as Nackareservatet, "Nacka [Nature] Reserve"), is considered as of significant recreational and natural value. Water flow is periodically important but inconsiderable during summers when the lake remains relatively stratified.
Catchment area
The lake is the last lake in the Sicklaån water system formed in an east-west oriented fissure valley. The catchment area is highly exploited with most of it used for one-family houses, block of flats, offices, industrial areas, and roads. On the southern shore are patches of hardwood forests, a few feeder streams, a promenade, and the old farm south of which are several minor wetlands. The closed stock pile Hammarbybacken containing various types of excavated materials is located within the catchment area. Next to Sickla Kanal is a subterranean plant used to treat sludge disposal. New residential areas have been constructed in the western end of the lake.
Environmental influence
Approximately 400 kg phosphorus is transported through the lake annually, of which some 80 per cent comes from the other lakes in the water system. Surface runoff adds some 50 kg phosphorus and 600 kg nitrogen, while roughly 24 kg phosphorus is released from lake sediments and atmospheric deposits adds some 120 kg of nitrogen. Most of metal contribution, copper, lead, and zinc, comes from Hammarbybacken where high levels of arsenic, chromium, phthalates, PCB, and Carbon tetrachloride have also been recorded. Even though most of these pollutions are bound to particles, leachate from the eastern part of the tip is believed to leak into the lake. Chlorophyll content have decreased since the 1980s and is at present around 45 μg/L which gives a transparency of 1,5 m.
Flora and fauna
Most common phytoplankton species are filamentous cyanobacteria and diatoms, while zooplankton are represented by daphnia and copepods. Common aquatic plants in the water column include rigid hornwort and yellow water-lily coupled with a presence of Nuttall's waterweed, frogbit, common duckweed, white waterlily, amphibious bistort, and four species of pondweeds.
An inventory of lakebed fauna in 1997 documented 47 species/taxa, predominantly freshwater gastropods, beetles, and dragonflies. The same year, perch, roach, bleak, and a few other species were documented in the lake. Crayfish was introduced in 1992 and 1995-96. Except for seabirds such as the mallard and Eurasian coot, the thrush nightingale is present on the southern shore. Species of bats documented includes the northern bat, Nyctalus, Daubenton's bat, and Brandt's bat. Additionally, the area is a great locale for amphibians, with a presence of common toad and moor frog, and traces of beaver have been found around the lake.
See also
Geography of Stockholm
Lakes of Sweden
Notes
References
Geography of Stockholm
Lakes of Stockholm County
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71025906
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulai%20Abanga
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Abdulai Abanga
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Abdulai Abanga (born 25 May 1970) is a Ghanaian politician who is a member of the New Patriotic Party. He is the member of parliament for the Binduri constituency in the Upper East Region.
Early life and education
Abdulai was born in Akwatia a town in the Eastern region of Ghana on 25 May 1970 but he hails from Binduri/Bawku in the Upper East Region of Ghana. He attended Akwatia L/A Primary School and later continued at Bansi Primary School in Binduri and had his High school education at the Ghana Secondary School (Ghanasco), in Tamale.
References
Living people
1970 births
New Patriotic Party politicians
Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025
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38763779
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20Lincoln%20%28film%29
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Killing Lincoln (film)
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Killing Lincoln is an American television film inspired by the 2011 book of the same name by Bill O'Reilly and Martin Dugard. This two-hour political docudrama contains events surrounding the presidency and assassination of Abraham Lincoln. It was originally broadcast on National Geographic Channel on February 17, 2013. Narrated and hosted by American actor Tom Hanks, the film stars Billy Campbell as President Lincoln and Jesse Johnson as John Wilkes Booth. It was written and executive produced by Erik Jendresen (Band of Brothers), directed by Adrian Moat (Gettysburg), produced by Chris Cowen, Mark Herzog, Ridley Scott, Tony Scott, Mary Lisio, David Zucker, and Terri Weinberg.
The docudrama was aired in memorial tribute to producer Tony Scott, who was developing the film at the time of his death. The program averaged 3.4 million viewers, scoring about 1 million viewers in the 25–54 demographic. This is currently National Geographic's highest-rated television airing surpassing Inside 9/11, which drew 3 million in August 2005.
Killing Lincoln was made available on Blu-ray Disc on June 11, 2013. It features commentary by Erik Jendresen, an interview with Bill O'Reilly, and multiple behind-the-scenes featurettes.
Development
In January 2012, it was announced that Bill O'Reilly will be executive producing a two-hour documentary for National Geographic Channel inspired by his New York Times best selling novel Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever. In addition, filmmaking brothers Tony and Ridley Scott became attached to the project as producers.
Principal photography began on July 16, 2012, in Richmond, Virginia. It was at this time in which actor Billy Campbell was announced to play President Abraham Lincoln. On August 19, 2012, producer Tony Scott committed suicide. The film was dedicated in his memory.
On September 13, 2012, Tom Hanks was announced as the film's "host, narrator and historical commentator".
Cast
Billy Campbell as Abraham Lincoln the 16th President of the United States, and the main target of the assassination.
Jesse Johnson as John Wilkes Booth a famous actor from 1855 until his death, and the leader of the plot to kill Lincoln.
Geraldine Hughes as Mary Todd Lincoln wife to President Lincoln, thus First Lady.
Kam Dabrowski as James R. Tanner
Brett Dalton as Robert Todd Lincoln the President's son.
Graham Beckel as Edwin Stanton the Secretary of War.
Eleanor Perkinson as Clara Harris who accompanied the Lincolns at Fords Theater.
Todd Fletcher as Edman Spangler who held Booth's horse while Booth shot Lincoln.
Shawn Pyfrom as Pvt. John W. Nichols
Johnathan Tchaikovsky as Crawford
Matt Hackman as Charles Leale a Union surgeon who attended President Lincoln's mortal wounds.
Myke Holmes as Dr. F.A. King
Josh Murray as Lewis Powell (conspirator) A member of Booth's plot, who was assigned the task to kill Secretary of State William Seward.
Seamus Mulcahy as David Herold One of the conspirators, who aided Booth on his 12 day escape.
Vince Nappo as Harry Hawk the only actor on stage when Booth shot Lincoln, and jumped down to the stage.
Lucas N Hall as a Union Soldier
Lance Lemon as William Bell Secretary Seward's servant.
Greg Cooper as Alexander Gardner a photographer who took pictures of Lincoln and his assassins.
Andrew Collie as James McCollom
Ed Easterling as Chief Justice David Kellogg Cartter
Joe Inscoe as Doctor May
Benjamin Perkinson as Tad Lincoln President Lincoln's youngest son.
Logan Bennett as John McCullough
Geoffrey Culbertson as Honor Guard Soldier
Leiv Clegg as Proud Slave
Robin Lord Taylor as Sgt. Silas Cobb who led Booth cross the Navy Yard Bridge.
Reception
Ratings
Killing Lincoln aired on February 17, 2013, on National Geographic Channel, setting records for the cable network. The network's first factual drama project, Killing Lincoln'''s 3.4 million viewers was NGC's single highest telecast viewership since its launch in late 1997, only to be topped by 3000 viewers by Killing Kennedy'' on November 10, 2013. The viewership was especially high for individual broadcasts, with a 175 percent increase from typical broadcasts in that time slot.
Critical response
On Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
References
External links
Interactive Website
Filming of Killing Lincoln - Production Photos, Interviews, Videos
See also
Lincoln assassination conspirators
2013 biographical drama films
2013 crime films
2013 television films
2013 films
Abraham Lincoln in art
Biographical films about Abraham Lincoln
American documentary television films
Films about assassinations
Films based on non-fiction books
Films based on works by Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)
Films based on works by Martin Dugard (author)
Films set in 1865
Films shot in Virginia
National Geographic (American TV channel) original programming
Films set in the White House
American Civil War films
American drama television films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%27s%20Next%20Top%20Model
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India's Next Top Model
|
India's Next Top Model is an Indian reality television series, which premiered on 19 July 2015 and broadcast on MTV India. The series is an Indian version of Tyra Banks-created 2003 American reality television series America's Next Top Model. The viewers see several women compete for the title of India's Next Top Model, providing them with an opportunity to begin their career in the modeling industry.
The Head judge/Host of the series is Lisa Haydon later Malaika Arora, Judged by Dabboo Ratnani, Milind Soman (Season 3-4) And mentored by image consultant and grooming expert Neeraj Gaba and Anusha Dandekar. Bulldog Media & Entertainment had licensed the format rights from CBS Television Distribution and the series was premiered on 19 July 2015 on MTV India.
The show got rebooted into a new format in 2018 named Top Model India (season 1) in Colors Infinity , sister channel of MTV India that included both men and women competing for the title whereas MTV (Indian TV channel) created a new version for female only models named MTV Supermodel of the Year
Judges and mentors
Cycles
See also
Top Model India
MTV Supermodel of the Year
References
External links
2015 Indian television series debuts
Indian reality television series
MTV original programming
Hindi-language television shows
Indian television series based on American television series
Top Model
MTV (Indian TV channel) original programming
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4062959
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20Avedon%20Museum%20and%20Archive%20of%20Games
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Elliott Avedon Museum and Archive of Games
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The Elliott Avedon Museum and Archive of Games was a public board game museum housed at the University of Waterloo, in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It was established in 1971 as the Museum and Archive of Games, and renamed in 2000 in honour of its founder and first curator. It housed over 5,000 objects and documents related to games. It was administered by the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, and was found within B.C. Matthews Hall, near the north end of the main campus.
The museum had both physical and virtual exhibits about a diversity of board games and related objects. The resources of the museum contributed to the university's program in Recreation and Leisure Studies.
The University closed the museum in 2009 and transferred the physical collection to the Canadian Museum of Civilization (now known as the Canadian Museum of History) however information about the collection, which includes over 5000 objects and a large number of archival documents about games, is still hosted on the University website. There are over 700 web pages of virtual exhibits which includes videos, photographs, diagrams, other graphics, and textual information about games.
See also
History of games
History of video games
References
External links
Elliott Avedon Museum & Archive of Games website
Obituary for Elliott Avedon
University museums in Canada
Virtual museums
Archives in Canada
Museums in Waterloo, Ontario
University of Waterloo
Amusement museums in Canada
Defunct museums in Canada
2009 disestablishments in Ontario
1971 establishments in Ontario
Museums established in 1971
Board game websites
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30268710
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathaf%3A%20Arab%20Museum%20of%20Modern%20Art
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Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art
|
Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art (متحف : المتحف العربي للفن الحديث) in Doha, Qatar, offers an Arab perspective on modern and contemporary art and supports creativity, promotes dialogue and inspires new ideas. The museum boasts a collection of over 9,000 objects and also presents temporary exhibitions, library, and a robust educational program. Established in 2010, it is considered to be among the most important cultural attractions in the country.
History
Mathaf (متحف in Arabic) translates to "museum". The initial collection was gathered by Sheikh Hassan bin Mohammed Al Thani, and QMA provided the conditions of conservation as a public institution chaired by Sheikha Al-Mayassa Al Thani. Sheikh Hassan started building a collection in the early 1990s of art created by artists from the Arab world over the last 200 years with the aim of creating a museum that could capture and represent artists from this region. From the 1990s and early 2000s, the collection was housed in two private villas in Madinat Khalifa in Doha while Sheikh Hassan and early advisors and staff conceived of an idea of what an Arab perspective on modern and contemporary art and museums could be.
In 2010, the museum opened its doors in the Qatar Foundation's Education City in Doha in a former school building transformed by the French architect Jean-François Bodin. At the time, it was the first museum dedicated to modern and contemporary art in the country. Artist and former staff member Sophia Al-Maria recounts the early intentions of Sheikh Hassan and the founding team as shaping the institution to be a "twenty-first century ‘post-museum’…a fledgling term for transparent, interaction-oriented museum models.” The inaugural exhibitions included "Sajjil: A Century of Modern Art," featuring 240 artworks by more than 100 artists curated by Nada Shabout, Wassan Al-Khudhairi, and Deena Chalabi; "Interventions: A Dialogue Between the Modern and the Contemporary," curated by Nada Shabout; and "Told / Untold / Retold," curated by Sam Bardaouil and Till Fellrath and featuring newly commissioned works by 23 contemporary artists.
In 2013, Mathaf launched the Encyclopedia of Modern Art and the Arab World, a resource offering detailed biographies that have been researched by scholars and independent historians as well as essays, videos, and interviews.
Wassan Al-Khudhairi was the inaugural chief curator and director of the museum, where she served from 2007–2012. Michelle Dezember served as interim director from 2012–2013. Moroccan curator Abdellah Karroum was appointed director of Mathaf in June 2013, where he served until May 2021. In November 2021, Qatar Museums appointed Zeina Arida as the new director of Mathaf.
Collection
The 5,500-square-meter (59,000-square-foot) museum, located in a former school building in Doha’s Education City, has a collection of more than 9,000 artworks, as communicated in 2014, that offers a rare comprehensive overview of modern Arab art, representing the major trends spanning from the 1840s to the present. The collection was donated by Sheikh Hassan bin Mohamed bin Ali Al Thani to Qatar Foundation, and was later acquired by Qatar Museums Authority. It is thought to be one of the largest collections of Arab-produced paintings and sculptures in the world. Qatar Museums Authority chairwoman, Sheikha Al-Mayassa Al Thani, stated upon the opening of Mathaf in 2010 that, "[...] we are making Qatar the place to see, explore and discuss the creations of Arab artists of the modern era and of our own time."
Exhibitions
Mathaf permanent collection exhibition occupies seven galleries in the upper floor, while the atrium and five galleries are dedicated to temporary exhibitions. The museum looks at major modern and contemporary movements represented in the collection. The permanent collection includes works by Etel Adnan, Yousef Ahmad, Manal AlDowayan, Farid Belkahia, Kamal Boullata, Saloua Raouda Choucair, Jilali Gharbaoui, Shirin Neshat, Shakir Hassan Al Said, Wael Shawky, and Chaibia Talal.
Mathaf opened on 30 December 2010 with an exhibition called Sajjil, which means "act of recording" in Arabic, and featured a cross-section of Arab art over the previous 100 years. Simultaneously, the museum hosted Interventions (an exhibition of new commissions by five pivotal modernist Arab artists (Dia Azzawi, Farid Belkahia, Ahmed Nawar, Ibrahim el-Salahi and Hassan Sharif) and Told/Untold/Retold, an ambitious exhibition of new commissions by twenty-three contemporary Arab artists.
Mathaf's following exhibition, Cai Guo-Qiang: Saraab, ran from 5 December 2011 to 26 May 2012. The first solo show to be organized by the museum, Cai Guo-Qiang: Saraab showcased more than fifty works, including seventeen newly commissioned artworks, by the renowned contemporary artist Cai Guo-Qiang. Saraab ("mirage") re-imagined historical relations between China and the Persian Gulf region and reaffirmed Mathaf's commitment to presenting a unique Arab perspective on modern and contemporary art. The exhibition opened with Cai Guo-Qiang's largest ever daytime explosion event, Black Ceremony.
Tea with Nefertiti: the Making of the Artwork by the Artist, the Museum and the Public was held from November 2012 to March 2013. Through revisiting the contested histories of how Egyptian collections have been amassed by numerous museums from the 19th century onwards, this exhibition brings together antiquities, modernist works, archives and 26 international contemporary artists and artist collectives.
Other exhibitions organized by Mathaf include:
"Forever Now: Five Anecdotes from the Permanent Collection", which features new readings based on the works of five artists from Mathaf’s permanent collection.
"Selections from the Collection", conceived by the curatorial team of Mathaf.
"Khatt And After", which includes work from the permanent Collection of Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art.
"Adel Abdessemed: L'age d'or", curated by Pier Luigi Tazzi, November 2013 to January 2014.
"Magdi Mostafa: Sound Element", Project Space, Mathaf, 2013.
"Mathaf Permanent Collection: Paintings, sculptures and projects garden", December 2013 to February 2014.
"Mona Hatoum: Turbulence", 2014.
"Manal AlDowayan: Crash", 2014, curated by Laura Barlow.
"Etel Adnan In All Her Dimensions", 2014, curated by Hans Ulrich Obrist.
"The Closest I've Ever Come to a Scientific Experiment", by Ghadah Alkandari, curated by Ala Younis, 2014.
"Shirin Neshat: Afterwards", curated by Abdellah Karroum, November 2014 to February 2015.
"Wael Shawky: Crusades and Other Stories", 2015, curated by Abdellah Karroum.
"Dia Azzawi: A Retrospective (from 1963 until tomorrow)", curated by Catherine David, 2016.
"Fateh Moudarres: Colour, Exetnsity and Sense", curated by Sara Raza, October 2018
"Raqs Media Collective: Still More World", curated by Laura Barlow, 2019.
"M. F. Husain: Horses of the Sun", curated by Ranjit Hoskote, March 2019.
"El Anatsui: Triumphant Scale", curated by Okwui Enwezor, October 2019.
"Yto Barrada: My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nougat", curated by Laura Barlow, August 2020.
"Huguette Caland: Faces and Places", curated by Mohammed Rashid Al Thani, August 2020.
"Kader Attia: On Silence", curated by Abdellah Karroum, November 2021.
Education initiatives
As a museum founded on the premise of education and scholarship, there are a wide number of programs to engage multiple audiences including schools, universities, families, artists, and scholars. Highlights include the program Mathaf Voices, which trains local university students to give exhibition tours from their own perspectives, and Artist Encounters, which invites artists to discuss concepts and lead workshops based on their processes. The museum also houses a library.
Research initiatives
The museum, in collaboration with Qatar Foundation, has published an online encyclopedia containing the biographies of Arab artists. The Encyclopaedia of Modernity and the Arab World is published by Mathaf Curatorial and Research department, as a peer reviewed platform linking the museum to University.
Gallery
References
External links
Mathaf's
Qatar Museums Authority
Art Daily
The Arab Museum of Modern Art in Qatar
Buildings and structures in Doha
Art museums established in 2010
Art museums and galleries in Qatar
Contemporary art galleries
Modern art museums
2010 establishments in Qatar
Organisations based in Doha
Arab art scene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20Noon
|
Purple Noon
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Purple Noon (; ; also known as Full Sun, Blazing Sun, Lust for Evil, and Talented Mr. Ripley) is a 1960 crime thriller film directed by René Clément, loosely based on the 1955 novel The Talented Mr. Ripley by Patricia Highsmith. The French/Italian international co-production stars Alain Delon in his first major film, along with Maurice Ronet (as Philippe Greenleaf) and Marie Laforêt (as Marge); Billy Kearns (an expatriate American actor well-liked in France) plays Greenleaf's friend Freddy Miles, and Romy Schneider appears briefly in an uncredited role as Freddie Miles' companion. The film, principally in French, contains brief sequences in Italian and English.
Screenwriter Paul Gégauff wrote a variation on the same story in 1968 when he worked on Les biches for Claude Chabrol. Highsmith's source novel was adapted again in 1999 under the original title, The Talented Mr. Ripley.
Plot
The American Tom Ripley (Alain Delon) has been sent to Italy to persuade the wealthy Philippe Greenleaf (Maurice Ronet) to return to San Francisco and take over his father's business. Philippe intends to do no such thing and the impoverished Tom enjoys living a life of luxury, so the two men essentially spend money all day and carouse all night. Tom is fixated on Philippe and his girlfriend, Marge (Marie Laforêt), and covets the other man's life. Philippe eventually grows bored with Ripley's fawning and becomes cruel and abusive to him. The final straw is when, during a yachting trip, Philippe strands Tom in the dinghy and leaves him to lie in the sun for hours.
Back on board, Tom hatches a plan to kill Philippe and steal his identity. First, he leaves evidence of Philippe's philandering for an outraged Marge to find. After Marge goes ashore, Philippe confronts Tom, who admits his plan quite casually. Philippe, believing it to be a joke, plays along and asks Tom for the plan's details. Suddenly frightened, Philippe offers Tom a substantial sum to leave him and Marge alone, but Tom states that he can obtain this sum anyway and far more. At last, pretending to accept his offer, Tom stabs Philippe as the latter screams Marge's name. He casts the body overboard and returns to port.
Upon returning to shore, Tom informs Marge that Philippe has decided to stay behind. He then goes travelling around Italy using Philippe's name and bank account, flawlessly mimicking his voice and mannerisms; in effect, Tom has become Philippe, even affixing his own photo, with seal, in Philippe's passport. He rents a large suite in a Rome hotel.
When Philippe's friend, Freddie Miles (Billy Kearns), comes to the hotel to see Philippe and begins to suspect the truth, Tom murders him as well. Freddie's body is soon found and the Italian police become involved. Tom continues his charade, switching between his identity and Philippe's, depending on what the situation demands. After carrying out an elaborate scheme to implicate Philippe in Freddie's murder, Tom forges a suicide note and a will, leaving the Greenleaf fortune to Marge.
Tom survives a long string of close shaves, throwing the Italian police off his trail and seemingly having outwitted everyone. He even succeeds in seducing Marge, with whom he begins openly cohabiting. When Philippe's yacht is being pulled out of the water for inspection by a buyer, his canvas-wrapped body is found attached to the boat because the anchor cable it was wrapped in had become tangled around the propeller. The film ends with Tom being unknowingly called toward the police.
Cast
Alain Delon as Tom Ripley
Maurice Ronet as Philippe Greenleaf
Marie Laforêt as Marge Duval
Erno Crisa as Inspector Riccordi
Billy Kearns as Freddy Miles
Frank Latimore as O'Brien
Elvire Popesco as Madame Popova
Nicolas Petrov as Boris the dancer
Ave Ninchi as Signora Gianna, landlady in Rome
Lily Romanelli as Greenleaf's Housekeeper in Mongibello
Nerio Bernardi as the Ship's Agency Director
as The Belgian Lady
Paul Muller as The Blind Man (uncredited)
René Clément as a servant (uncredited cameo appearance)
Romy Schneider as Freddy's companion (uncredited cameo appearance; Schneider was Delon's girlfriend at that time)
Production
Delon was cast after the director saw him in Women Are Weak (1959).
Reception
Purple Noon was lauded by critics, and made Delon a star. In 1962, Clément and Paul Gégauff won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Foreign Film Screenplay. It enjoys a loyal cult following even today, with fans including film director Martin Scorsese.
Roger Ebert gave Purple Noon three stars (compared to the four-star review he gave to the 1999 version), writing that "the best thing about the film is the way the plot devises a way for Ripley to create a perfect cover-up", but criticized the "less than satisfactory ending", feeling that "Purple Noon ends as it does only because Clement doesn't have Highsmith's iron nerve".
James Berardinelli rated Purple Noon higher than The Talented Mr. Ripley, giving it a four-star review (compared to two and a half stars for The Talented Mr. Ripley). Berardinelli praised Delon's acting, saying that "Tom is fascinating because Delon makes him so" and also complimented the film for "expert camerawork and crisp direction." Berardinelli placed Purple Noon on his All-Time 100 list and compared it to the 1999 film: "The remake went back to the source material, Patricia Highsmith's The Talented Mr. Ripley. The result, while arguably truer to the events of Highsmith's book, is vastly inferior. To say it suffers by comparison to Purple Noon is an understatement. Almost every aspect of Rene Clement's 1960 motion picture is superior to that of Minghella's 1999 version, from the cinematography to the acting to the screenplay. Matt Damon might make a credible Tom Ripley but only for those who never experienced Alain Delon's portrayal." Nandini Ramnath wrote for Scroll.in, "The definitive portrayal of crime novelist Patricia Highsmith's most enduring creation was as early as 1960. Damon and Hopper come close to conveying the ruthlessness and ambition of Tom Ripley, but Delon effortless captures his mystique."
Highsmith's opinion of the film was mixed. She felt that Alain Delon was "excellent" in the role of Tom Ripley and described the film overall as "very beautiful to the eye and interesting for the intellect", but criticized the ending in which it is implied that Ripley is to be caught by the police: "[I]t was a terrible concession to so-called public morality that the criminal had to be caught."
Restoration and re-release
In 2012 StudioCanal funded a restoration of the movie by the laboratory, a restoration being all the more warranted as part of the film's atmosphere is due to the sun-drenched scenes mentioned in the film's original title. The restored version was to be shown at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival as part of an homage to Delon's career, prior to re-release in France at least.
On 4 December 2012, The Criterion Collection released the high-definition digital restoration of Purple Noon on Blu-ray and DVD. Special features include an interview with René Clément scholar and author Denitza Bantcheva, archival interviews with Alain Delon and Patricia Highsmith, the film's original English-language trailer, a booklet featuring an essay by film critic Geoffrey O'Brien and excerpts from a 1981 interview with Clément. The film has also been released on Blu-ray in the UK and Germany (Studiocanal, 2013), and Japan (Kinokuniya, 2011).
References
External links
Purple Noon: In Broad Sunlight, an essay by Geoffrey O'Brien at The Criterion Collection
Article about the yacht Marge at Sea Independent
1960 films
1960 crime films
1960 crime drama films
1960s crime thriller films
1960s psychological thriller films
1960s thriller drama films
Edgar Award-winning works
Films about con artists
Films about identity theft
Films based on American crime novels
Films based on works by Patricia Highsmith
Films directed by René Clément
Films produced by Robert and Raymond Hakim
Films scored by Nino Rota
Films set in Rome
Films set in the Mediterranean Sea
Films shot in Naples
Films shot in Rome
Films with screenplays by Paul Gégauff
French crime drama films
French crime thriller films
French films
French-language films
French psychological thriller films
Italian crime drama films
Italian crime thriller films
Italian films
Italian thriller drama films
Italian psychological thriller films
Seafaring films
Titanus films
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2942257
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larribar-Sorhapuru
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Larribar-Sorhapuru
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Larribar-Sorhapuru () is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
It is located in the former province of Lower Navarre.
See also
Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department
References
Communes of Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Lower Navarre
Pyrénées-Atlantiques communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
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296188
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Ko%E2%80%93Rado%20theorem
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Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem
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In mathematics, the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem of Paul Erdős, Chao Ko, and Richard Rado is an upper bound on families of sets in which every pair of sets has a non-empty intersection. It is part of the field of combinatorics, and one of the central results of
One way to construct an intersecting family of -element subsets of an -element set is to choose an element to belong to all the subsets, and then form all subsets that contain the chosen element. The Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem states that when is large enough for the problem to be nontrivial this construction produces the largest possible intersecting families. When there are other equally-large families, but for larger values of only the families constructed in this way can be largest.
The Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem can also be described in terms of hypergraphs or independent sets in Kneser graphs. Several analogous theorems apply to other kinds of mathematical object than sets, including linear subspaces, permutations, and strings. They again describe the largest possible intersecting families as being formed by choosing an element and forming the family of all objects that contain the chosen element.
Statement and history
Suppose that is a family of distinct subsets of an set and that each two subsets share at least one element. Then the theorem states that the number of sets in is at most the binomial coefficient
The requirement that is necessary for the problem to be nontrivial: all sets intersect, and the largest intersecting family consists of all sets, with
Paul Erdős, Chao Ko, and Richard Rado proved this theorem in 1938 after working together on it in England. Rado had moved from Berlin to the University of Cambridge and Erdős from Hungary to the University of Manchester, both escaping the influence of Nazi Germany; Ko was a student of Louis J. Mordell at However, they did not publish it with the long delay occurring in part because of a lack of interest in combinatorial set theory in the 1930s, and increased interest in the topic in The 1961 paper stated the result in an apparently more general form, in which the subsets were only required to be size and to satisfy the additional requirement that no subset be contained in any A family of subsets meeting these conditions can be enlarged to subsets of size either by an application of or by choosing each enlarged subset from the same chain in a symmetric chain decomposition
The same result can be formulated as part of the theory of hypergraphs. A family of sets may also be called a hypergraph, and when all the sets (which are called "hyperedges" in this context) are the same it is called an hypergraph. The theorem thus gives an upper bound for the number of pairwise overlapping hyperedges in an hypergraph with
The theorem may also be formulated in terms of graph theory: the independence number of the Kneser graph for is
This is a graph with a vertex for each subset of an set, and an edge between every pair of disjoint sets. An independent set is a collection of vertices that has no edges between its pairs, and the independence number is the size of the largest Because Kneser graphs have symmetries taking any vertex to any other vertex (they are vertex-transitive graphs), their fractional chromatic number equals the ratio of their number of vertices to their independence number, so another way of expressing the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem is that these graphs have fractional chromatic number
Maximum and maximal families
Families of maximum size
There are two different and straightforward constructions for an intersecting family of sets whose size exactly matches the Erdős–Ko–Rado bound. First, choose any fixed and let consist of all subsets that For instance, for 2-element subsets of the 4-element this produces the family
Any two sets in this family intersect, because they both
Second, when and with as above, let consist of all -element subsets that do not For the same parameters as above, this produces the family
Any two sets in this family have a total of elements among them, chosen from the elements that are unequal so by the pigeonhole principle they must have an element in common.
families of the first type (variously known as stars, dictatorships, juntas, centered families, or principal families) are the unique maximum families. In this case, a family of nearly-maximum size has an element which is common to almost all of its This property has been called although the same term has also been used for a different property, the fact that (for a wide range of parameters) deleting randomly-chosen edges from the Kneser graph does not increase the size of its independent
Maximal intersecting families
An intersecting family of sets may be maximal, in that no further set can be added without destroying the intersection property (even allowing new elements to be added), but not of maximum size. An example with and is the set of seven lines of the Fano plane, much less than the Erdős–Ko–Rado bound More generally, the lines of any finite projective plane of order form a maximal intersecting family that includes only sets, for the parameters and . The Fano plane is the case of this construction.
The smallest possible size of a maximal intersecting family of sets, in terms is unknown but at least for . Projective planes produce maximal intersecting families whose number of sets but for infinitely many choices of there exist smaller maximal intersecting families of
The largest intersecting families of sets that are maximal but not maximum have size
They are formed from an and an not by adding to the family of sets that include both and at least one element This result is called the Hilton–Milner theorem, after its proof by Anthony Hilton and Eric Charles Milner in
Proofs
The original proof of the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem used induction The base case, follows easily from the facts that an intersecting family cannot include both a set and its complement, and that in this case the bound of the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem is exactly half the number of all sets. The induction step for uses a method called shifting, of substituting elements in intersecting families to make the family smaller in lexicographic order and reduce it to a canonical form that is easier to
In 1972, Gyula O. H. Katona gave the following short proof using
It is also possible to derive the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem as a special case of the Kruskal–Katona theorem, another important result in Many other proofs are
Related results
Generalizations
A generalization of the theorem applies to subsets that are required to have large intersections. This version of the theorem has three parameters: , the number of elements the subsets are drawn from, , the size of the subsets, as before, and , the minimum size of the intersection of any two subsets. For the original form of the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem, In general, for large enough with respect to the other two parameters, the generalized theorem states that the size of a family of subsets is at
More precisely, this bound holds and does not hold for smaller values When the only families of this size are obtained by designating as the common intersection of all the subsets, and constructing the family of all subsets that include these designated
The corresponding graph-theoretic formulation of this generalization involves Johnson graphs in place of Kneser For large enough values of and in particular both the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem and its generalization can be strengthened from the independence number to the Shannon capacity of a graph: the Johnson graph corresponding to the subsets has Shannon
The theorem can also be generalized to families in which every subsets have a common intersection. Because this strengthens the condition that every pair intersects (for which these families have the same bound on their maximum size, when is sufficiently large. However, in this case the meaning of "sufficiently large" can be relaxed from
Analogs
Many results analogous to the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem, but for other classes of objects than finite sets, are known. These generally involve a statement that the largest families of intersecting objects, for some definition of intersection, are obtained by choosing an element and constructing the family of all objects that include that chosen element. Examples include the following:
There is a -analog of the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem for intersecting families of linear subspaces over finite fields. If is an intersecting family of -dimensional subspaces of an vector space over a finite field of then
where the subscript marks the notation for the Gaussian binomial coefficient, the number of subspaces of a given dimension within a vector space of a larger dimension over a finite field of In this case, a largest intersecting family of subspaces may be obtained by choosing any nonzero vector and constructing the family of subspaces of the given dimension that all contain the chosen
Two permutations on the same set of elements are defined to be intersecting if there is some element that has the same image under both permutations. On an set, there is an obvious family of intersecting permutations, the permutations that fix one of the elements (the stabilizer of this element). The analogous theorem is that no intersecting family of permutations can be larger, and that the only intersecting families of size are the cosets of one-element stabilizers. These can be described more directly as the families of permutations that map some fixed element to another fixed element. More generally, for any and sufficiently large , a family of permutations each pair of which has elements in common has maximum size , and the only families of this size are cosets of pointwise Alternatively, in graph theoretic terms, the permutations correspond to the perfect matchings of a complete bipartite graph and the theorem states that, among families of perfect matchings each pair of which share edges, the largest families are formed by the matchings that all contain chosen Another analog of the theorem, for partitions of a set, includes as a special case the perfect matchings of a complete graph (with even). There are matchings, where denotes the double factorial. The largest family of matchings that pairwise intersect (meaning that they have an edge in common) has size and is obtained by fixing one edge and choosing all ways of matching the remaining vertices.
A partial geometry is a system of finitely many abstract points and lines, satisfying certain axioms including the requirement that all lines contain the same number of points and all points belong to the same number of lines. In a partial geometry, a largest system of pairwise-intersecting lines can be obtained from the set of lines through any single
A signed set consists of a set together with sign function that maps each element Two signed sets may be said to intersect when they have a common element that has the same sign in each of them. Then an intersecting family of signed sets, drawn from an universe, consists of at most
signed sets. This number of signed sets may be obtained by fixing one element and its sign and letting the remaining elements and signs
For strings of over an alphabet of the largest families of strings in which every two have a common symbol are obtained by fixing the symbol in one position of the strings, and letting the rest of the positions vary arbitrarily. These families consist of strings, and are the only pairwise intersecting families of this size. More generally, the largest families of strings in which every two have symbols in common are obtained by choosing positions and symbols for those positions, for a number that depends on , , and , and constructing the family of strings that each have at least of the chosen symbols. These results can be interpreted graph-theoretically in terms of the
An unproven conjecture, posed by Gil Kalai and Karen Meagher, concerns another analog for the family of triangulations of a convex polygon with vertices. The number of all triangulations is a and the conjecture states that a family of triangulations every pair of which shares an edge has maximum An intersecting family of size exactly may be obtained by cutting off a single vertex of the polygon by a triangle, and choosing all ways of triangulating the remaining polygon.
Applications
The Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem can be used to prove the following result in probability theory. Let be independent 0–1 random variables with probability of being one, and let be any fixed convex combination of these variables. Then
The proof involves observing that subsets with large convex combinations must be non-disjoint and using the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem to bound the number of these
The stability properties of the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem play a key role in an efficient algorithm for finding monochromatic edges in improper colorings of Kneser graphs. The Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem has also been used to characterize the symmetries of the space of phylogenetic trees.
See also
Helly's theorem, on conditions ensuring that intersecting families of convex sets have a common intersection
Sperner's theorem, an upper bound on families of pairwise non-nested sets
Steiner system, maximum-sized uniform set families in which no pair (rather than every pair) has a large intersection
Sunflower (mathematics), a family of sets where (unlike the maximum intersecting families here) all pairs have equal intersections
Thrackle, an unsolved problem on the size of families of intersecting curves
References
Notes
Works cited
External links
Families of sets
Intersection
Theorems in discrete mathematics
Articles containing proofs
Factorial and binomial topics
Ko-Rado theorem
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3312535
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20duck
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Lake duck
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The lake duck (Oxyura vittata) is a small, South American stiff-tailed duck. It is also called the Argentine blue-bill, Argentine blue-billed duck, Argentine lake duck, or Argentine ruddy duck.
Description
The lake duck grows to . Females weigh and males . Males can be distinguished from Andean duck (Oxyura ferruginea), a similar species, by being smaller and having a flatter head.
Penis
The lake duck holds the Guinness World Record for having the largest avian reproductive organ, from a specimen in Córdoba, Argentina that had a penis measuring . It also has the longest penis of any vertebrate in relation to body length. The penis, which is typically coiled up in flaccid state, can reach about the same length as the animal itself when fully erect, but more commonly is about half the bird's length. It has a soft tip and spiny base. It is theorized that the size of their spiny penises with bristled tips may have evolved in response to competitive pressure in these highly promiscuous birds, removing sperm from previous matings in the manner of a bottle brush.
Although most male birds have no penis, ducks have a long corkscrew penis, and the females have a long corkscrew vagina, which spirals in the opposite direction. The males often try to force copulation, but the complex mating geometry allows the females to retain control—most forced copulations do not result in successful fertilization.
Behavior
Little is known about the lake duck's diet, but it is believed to consist of small invertebrates, seeds, and plant remains. The breeding season varies between countries, occurring from October to January in Argentina. Males produce popping noises and "mechanical rustling noises" for display.
Distribution
The lake duck is a partially migratory species. It lives in bodies of freshwater with large amounts of vegetation, such as wetlands and lakes. It is very widespread, naturally occurring in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, and having been introduced to Antarctica and the Falkland Islands. It has a stable population of 6,700–67,000, with no major threats. As of 2016, it is listed as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List.
References
External links
Oxyurinae
Ducks
duck, lake
duck, lake
Birds described in 1860
Taxa named by Rodolfo Amando Philippi
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24813169
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horpyna
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Horpyna
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Horpyna is a fictional character in the novel With Fire and Sword by Henryk Sienkiewicz. She is a witch living in Waładynka's Devil's Gorge. Her brother, Doniec, is a Cossack colonel. Horpyna is Bohun's friend.
Horpyna is portrayed by Ruslana Pysanka in the 1999 film by Jerzy Hoffman.
Story
When Horpyna first appeared in the novel, she visited wounded Bohun who was treated by Rzędzian. After capturing Bar, Bohun took Helena Kurcewiczówna to Horpyna's house, the Devil's Valley. Horpyna took care of the wounded girl and told Bohun's fortune. She foretold that Bohun will marry Helena, become a hetman and be betrayed by one of his friends. She also foretold her brother's death and the atrocities of the war in Ukraine. All predictions showed up to be true except for Bohun and Helena's marriage. Horpyna misinterpreted the vision of a hawk above Helena's head - she thought it symbolized Bohun but the hawk was an animal in Jan Skrzetuski's coat of arms. When Bohun left for war, she was to keep Helena in her care until his return. She was shot by Rzędzian who came with Zagłoba and Wołodyjowski to free Helena.
Sienkiewicz placed Horpyna's cave in the gorges around Valea Adîncă which is located in Transnistria.
Description
She is a brazen−faced giantess who is in friendship with devils, but she is a good−looking woman. When she laughs you would swear that a mare was neighing in the meadow. She has white teeth so strong that she might chew up a breastplate. When she walks the ground trembles.
References
Literary characters introduced in 1884
Characters in novels of the 19th century
Sienkiewicz's Trilogy
Horpyna
Fictional Cossacks
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65647665
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amol%20Arvindrao%20Kulkarni
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Amol Arvindrao Kulkarni
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Amol Arvindrao Kulkarni (born 1976) is an Indian research scientist at National Chemical Laboratory, Pune. He earned his PhD from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai in chemical engineering. His research expertise includes design and development of microreactors.
He helped in establishment the first of its kind microreactor laboratory in India. He has also successfully developed the first-ever scalable continuous process for silver nanowires.
He has been awarded the prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 2020. He has also been a research fellow at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA in 2010. He is also been young associate of the Indian Academy of Sciences (2011–14).
Awards and honors
VASVIK award for ‘Chemical Sciences & Technology’ (2016)
CSIR Young Scientist Award (2011)
AV Rama Rao Chair Professor
INSA Young Scientist Award (2009)
Humboldt Fellow (2004)
Selected Bibliography
Articles
Patents
Continuous Flow Process For The Preparation Of Sulphoxide Compounds (2012)
External links
References
Living people
Indian scientists
Chemical engineers
Humboldt Research Award recipients
People from Maharashtra
1976 births
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58266796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Burak
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Ron Burak
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Ron Burak (born 30 June 1953) is a Canadian rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
References
1953 births
Living people
Canadian male rowers
Olympic rowers of Canada
Rowers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Kirkland Lake
Pan American Games medalists in rowing
Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Rowers at the 1975 Pan American Games
Rowers at the 1983 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
20th-century Canadian people
21st-century Canadian people
| 1 | 1 |
4624574
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican%20Left%20%28Italy%29
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Republican Left (Italy)
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The Republican Left (, SR) was a social-liberal political party in Italy.
In January 1994 Giorgio La Malfa returned to the leadership of the Italian Republican Party (PRI), replacing Giorgio Bogi, and the party's national council decided to leave Democratic Alliance (AD) – of which the PRI had been a founding member – and to enter the Pact for Italy coalition. Therefore Bogi, Giuseppe Ayala, Libero Gualtieri and others left the PRI and launched the "Republican Left", which continued to be part of AD and joined the larger Alliance of Progressives.
In February 1998 the SR was merged, along with the Labour Federation, the Social Christians, the Unitarian Communists, the Reformists for Europe and the Democratic Federation, into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), thus founding the Democrats of the Left (DS). After that, the SR became an internal faction within the DS.
References
Defunct political parties in Italy
Defunct liberal political parties
Political party factions in Italy
Political parties established in 1994
1994 establishments in Italy
Political parties disestablished in 1998
1998 disestablishments in Italy
Liberal parties in Italy
Radical parties in Italy
Republican parties
Social liberal parties
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2373456
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid%20Lindman
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Arvid Lindman
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Salomon Arvid Achates Lindman (19 September 1862 – 9 December 1936) was a Swedish rear admiral, industrialist and conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of Sweden from 1906 to 1911 and again from 1928 to 1930.
He was also the leader of the conservative General Electoral Union (Allmänna valmansförbundet) between 1912 and 1935 as well as leader of Lantmanna- och borgarepartiet (a member party of the General Electoral Union) from 1913 to 1935, except for a short while during 1917 when he served as Minister for Foreign Affairs.
His two tenures as Prime Minister, from 1906 to 1911 and from 1928 to 1930, spanned the introduction of parliamentarianism and universal suffrage. Lindman married Annie Almström in 1888, with whom he had three children. He was a cousin of Alex Lindman.
Biography
Arvid Lindman was born in Österbybruk, Sweden, the son of managing director Achates Lindman and Ebba Dahlgren. His career as a naval officer 1882–92 reached its peak in 1907 when he was appointed as Rear Admiral in the naval reserve. During his political career following this he became known primarily as "the Admiral". Lindman was CEO of Iggesunds Bruk from 1892 to 1903 and of Strömbacka bruks AB between 1903 and 1923. In 1904, he also became Director-general of Televerket.
In 1902 he had declined the post as Minister for Finance in Boström's second cabinet but started a political career in 1905 when he became both Ministry for Naval Affairs (for the Navy and the Coastal Artillery) in Lundeberg's broad-based cabinet and a member of the Riksdag's first chamber.
Staaff's liberal cabinet had hoped to instate complete suffrage for all draft-abiding male citizens under the first past the post system, with implicit support for women's suffrage as well; during the proposal Lindman was appointed Prime Minister at head of a moderate-conservative government. Through great political skill Lindman managed to enact universal suffrage for male citizens according to the principle of "double proportionality" – in both chambers of parliament – in 1907–09. His six-year government oversaw a number of reforms in the areas of industry, schools and social politics. A defence committee was appointed, decisions were made to build up the navy, and the international position of Sweden was confirmed in the Nordic and Baltic Sea agreements. Political and economic opposition resulted in the general strike of 1909, but the strike failed, and Lindman's government was allowed to remain in power, ostensibly supported by the king.
Extended suffrage and proportional representation (under the d'Hondt method) had preserved the right as a parliamentary force yet contributed to a success for the left-wing coalition, when the Liberals and the Social Democrats won the election for the second chamber in 1911. Lindman transferred to the second chamber where he was chairman for the second-chamber right 1912-35, with an interruption in 1917 when he became Minister for Foreign Affairs in Swartz's cabinet. As a leading right-wing politician he had given advice to the King about the creation of the Hammarskjöld and Swartz cabinets, with the goal of blocking the more hard-edged conservative leader of the first-chamber right, Ernst Trygger.
During the years 1913-35, Lindman was chairman for the national organisation of right-wing parties, the General Electoral Union – the predecessor of the present Moderate Party – and as such was a driving force in the work to modernize the party organisation, especially after the constitutional change in 1918 which instituted universal male suffrage. Among other innovations he hired an airplane to take him on speaking tours of the country and introduced the political poster. The GEU lost its status as largest party in 1917 to the Social Democrats, which has retained it since (with near-equal support for the parties in the general election of 2010). Proportional representation, however, managed to sustain a considerable support though surpassed by both Liberals and Social Democrats; with the single-member constituencies advanced by Staaff's Liberals had likely diminished all influence.
After a hard-fought electoral campaign in 1928, when the Social Democrats had controversially formed a coalition with some Communists and suffered great losses in the election, Lindman formed a right-wing government in minority, after the liberals and the Freeminded (pro-Prohibition liberals) had turned down the King's request for a broader center-right majority government. Among the things this government did, the calling of the conference on peace in the workplace (a move to try to end frequent strikes and lock-outs) in 1928 is worth mentioning. The government resigned in 1930 after the Freeminded and the Social Democrats blocked the proposition for raised customs duty on grain, the goal of which was the strengthening of the agrarian sector. No party or union commanded a majority, which made the 1920s and early 1930s notoriously turbulent.
Lindman was a modern kind of party leader, who with involvement and eloquence turned directly to the voters. Both as an industrialist and as a politician he was energetic and goal-oriented. He was a pragmatic conservative without losing his principles and an effective political peace-broker, who sought a policy of compromise with his adversaries. During the growth of the anti-democratic movements in Europe he acted as a guardian for the principles of government by the people, and he spoke out strongly against nazism and fascism . When his party's youth organisation started organising uniformed fascist action groups in the 1930s, he saw to it that they were expelled from the party . The "honest thanks over the battle lines" from the social democratic leader Per Albin Hansson when Lindman resigned as party leader in favor of the younger academic and professor Gösta Bagge in 1935 was an expression of the wide-ranging respect that he had.
Lindman died in an aircraft crash on 9 December 1936, when the Douglas DC-2 in which he was travelling crashed into houses near Croydon Airport just after taking off in thick fog.
References
1862 births
1936 deaths
People from Östhammar Municipality
Leaders of the Moderate Party
Members of the upper house of the Riksdag
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in England
State leaders killed in aviation accidents or incidents
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Swedish Ministers for Foreign Affairs
Swedish Navy rear admirals
Members of the lower house of the Riksdag
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen
Great Depression in Sweden
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1936
Accidental deaths in London
Knights of the Order of Charles XIII
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
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30258789
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh%20Williams%20%28soccer%29
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Josh Williams (soccer)
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Josh Williams (born April 18, 1988) is an American professional soccer player who plays for Major League Soccer club Columbus Crew as a defender.
Youth and college
Born in Akron, Ohio, Williams was a three-sport athlete at Copley High School, lettering in soccer, basketball, and baseball. He was a co-captain and three-year varsity soccer player for the Indians, finishing his career tied for the school record with 124 career points. He tallied 44 goals and 21 assists across his junior and senior seasons, was named the Akron Touchdown Club's Soccer Player of the Year as a junior, and earned second team all-Ohio honors his senior season. During his prep career, Williams was twice named all-Suburban League, all-Northeast Region, and NSCAA all-region. He was additionally named to the Akron Beacon Journal's all-star first team as a junior and senior. Williams played point guard on the basketball team and was a shortstop on the baseball team. He was recruited as a baseball player by Kentucky and West Virginia, and received interest from Akron as a soccer player, but saw his only scholarship offer come from Cleveland State and head coach Ali Kazemaini.
Williams started every game of his collegiate career; his 74 starts for the Vikings is tied for third in program history, and his 74 appearances are tied for seventh. As a freshman, he appeared in 18 games and scored twice, helping the Vikings go from a winless season the year before he arrived to eight wins. Williams scored his first collegiate goal on October 18, 2006 as part of a 2–0 victory over Detroit, and followed it up 10 days later with his first postseason goal, in a 3–2 loss in the Horizon League Tournament against Loyola. He was named to the Horizon League All-Newcomer Team at the end of the season. Williams fell off slightly his sophomore season, only tallying one goal and three assists across 17 appearances. He found his lone goal on September 19 in a 4-1 defeat to Notre Dame College. Williams added assists in back-to-back games in October and finished the season second on the team in assists and points. As a junior, Williams helped the Vikings to a 9–8–3 season, their first year with more wins than losses since 1993. He notched three goals and three assists on the season; those three assists were good for a tie for second on the team. Williams scored in back-to-back games in October, a 3–2 victory over Valparaiso and a 1–0 victory over Detroit that marked his first career game-winning goal. He also scored against Wright State in the quarterfinals of the league tournament, helping the Vikings pick up their first postseason victory since 2002. Williams was named to the Horizon League All-Tournament Team, one of four Vikings players to earn the honor. His senior season at Cleveland State overlapped with the freshman season of Brad Stuver, who he would play alongside for two seasons in Columbus. Williams set career highs with his 20 appearances and six goals; those six goals tied for the team lead with Slavisa Ubiparipović. Williams scored the first goal of the season for the Vikings, as part of a 3–0 season-opening victory over St. Bonaventure, and also had a stretch of three straight games with a goal in mid-October. His three game-winning goals were the most on the team. Williams capped off his collegiate career by being named to the All-Horizon League First Team, alongside Ubiparipović. He appeared 74 times for Cleveland State across his four years, scoring 12 goals.
Cleveland Internationals
Williams had been a youth player for the Cleveland Internationals, and he joined the senior team in the USL Premier Development League following his freshman season at Cleveland State. He played sparingly for the Internationals during the 2007 PDL season, making just two appearances as the club finished sixth in the Great Lakes Division, 12 points outside of the playoff positions.
Following his sophomore season for the Vikings, Williams returned to the Internationals to help the club to the best season in their history. He scored once in 13 appearances during the regular season, as the Internationals placed second in the Great Lakes Division and qualified for the playoffs for the only time in club history. Williams saw action in both playoff games, picking up a yellow card in the Divisional Round victory over Toronto Lynx. He finished the season with one goal in 15 appearances for the Internationals.
Williams again joined the Internationals for the 2009 PDL season, but was unable to help the club repeat their achievements from 2008. He appeared 12 times for Cleveland, but the club finished 12 points outside the playoffs in the Great Lakes Division.
After going undrafted in the 2010 MLS SuperDraft and without a professional contract, Williams rejoined the Internationals for the 2010 PDL season. He appeared 11 times for the club, but could not prevent the Internationals from finishing at the bottom of the Great Lakes Division, with just eight points from 16 games. The senior club folded at the end of the season, although it continued to exist as a youth team. Williams appeared 40 times in all for the Internationals, with one goal.
Club career
Columbus Crew
Williams went on trial with MLS club Kansas City Wizards in the spring of 2010, and appeared for the reserve team of Columbus Crew in a match against Marshall. After spending the summer in the PDL with the Internationals, Williams signed with Columbus on September 16, 2010. He said the signing was "a dream come true", as he was a lifelong Crew fan and had attended the first game in club history in 1996. Williams made his club debut on September 29, in the group stage of the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League, away to Municipal. He started and went 67 minutes before being substituted for Steven Lenhart as Columbus fell 2–1. Williams also appeared in the group stage finale for the Crew, playing 82 minutes of a 4–1 victory away to Joe Public, but did not see time in any other competition and finished the season with only the two CCL appearances for Columbus.
In June 2011, Williams was suspended for 10 games and fined 10% of his salary after testing positive for methandienone metabolites, a performance-enhancing drug. The positive test came after Williams had used an over-the-counter supplement he purchased at a drugstore. His suspension took effect for a June 12 meeting with Chicago Fire and expired after an August 5 game against Colorado Rapids. Williams had already missed time prior to the suspension with a torn labrum in his hip; he was unavailable for 19 games on the season because of the injury and suspension. Williams did not make an appearance for Columbus in any competition, and was left unprotected for the 2011 MLS Expansion Draft, but was not selected and thus returned to the Crew for the 2012 season.
After two seasons with the Crew, Williams made his MLS debut on March 24, 2012, in a 2–0 victory over Montreal Impact. He came off the bench to replace Sebastián Miranda and played the final 15 minutes of the Columbus victory. Williams appeared just twice through the first month of the season, but was handed his first league start on April 21. He went the full 90 minutes against Houston Dynamo, helping the Crew tally a 2–2 draw. Williams won a place in the starting lineup, as he started the next 20 games in all competitions. The last of those games, against Philadelphia Union on August 29, saw Williams score his first career goal. From a Federico Higuaín free kick, Williams powered home a 41st minute header that helped Columbus to a 2–1 victory on the day. However, Williams was not on the field to see it, as he picked up his first career red card in the 68th minute after an off-the-ball scuffle with Antoine Hoppenot. Williams finished the season with 31 appearances for Columbus across all competitions, splitting time at left, center, and right back, and added one goal. On November 28, Columbus exercised the option on Williams' contract, ensuring his return to the club for 2013.
After playing all three defensive positions in 2012, Williams was installed as the primary right back for Columbus to begin the 2013 season, and did not take long to make an impact. In the season opener against Chivas USA, Williams started and scored just the second goal of his MLS career. His 89th minute tally helped the Crew to a 3–0 victory on the day. Williams continued to pour in the goals through the first two months of the season, also finding the back of the net in victories over D.C. United on March 23 and April 27. He would be slowed down by injuries in the back half of the season, however, missing time with left calf inflammation and a concussion. Williams finished the season with three goals in 27 appearances, all in league play, while appearing as a right and center back. His contract expired at the end of the season, but he re-signed for the Crew on November 26.
Williams kept his role as the starting right back to begin the 2014 season, starting the season opener against D.C. United and providing an assist to Jairo Arrieta as part of a 3–0 victory for the Crew. Williams appeared in the first 14 matches of the season, but then saw his season derailed by medical issues. He suffered a groin injury in June, then underwent surgery in July to remove a blood clot in his right arm. He returned to practice, but was facing a high risk of reclotting, and therefore underwent another surgery on July 16 to remove a rib and alleviate the issue. Williams was placed on the disabled list following the procedure, and missed the remainder of the regular season. He was able to return to action in the playoffs, coming off the bench to replace Eric Gehrig in the second leg of the conference semifinals against New England Revolution. Williams made his first appearance in more than five months and first career playoff appearance, but could not prevent a 3–1 defeat on the day and the elimination of the Crew from the playoffs. He finished the season having made 16 appearances across all competitions. On November 18, Williams was one of 16 players who had their contract options picked up by the club.
New York City FC
On December 8, 2014, Williams was traded to MLS expansion club New York City FC in exchange for allocation money. He became the eighth signing in club history, and the third defender to join the club ahead of its first season.
Williams was named to the starting 11 for the first match in NYCFC history, away to fellow expansion side Orlando City on March 8, 2015. He went the full 90 minutes as the match ended in a 1–1 draw. Williams also started the club's first home match at Yankee Stadium, going 79 minutes of a 2–0 victory over New England Revolution before being replaced by Shay Facey. Williams traveled with the team to face Colorado Rapids, but was sent to the emergency room on March 20 and eventually diagnosed with viral pericarditis. Two games after his return, he then suffered an adductor strain that caused him to miss all but one match until July. On July 25, Williams was waived by NYCFC. He finished his spell with the club having made five appearances, all in MLS play.
Toronto FC
On July 31, 2015, Williams was picked up off waivers by Toronto FC, the club's second defensive signing of the summer transfer window. He made his club debut on August 15, playing the full 90 minutes in a 3–0 defeat against New York Red Bulls. Williams started the final 12 matches of the regular season for the Reds after his arrival, helping Toronto qualify for the playoffs for the first time in club history. He started in the knockout round against Montreal Impact, pairing with Ahmed Kantari at center back as Toronto was eliminated by a 3–0 scoreline. Williams made 13 appearances across all competitions for Toronto. On December 1, he was one of 13 players who had their contract options picked up by the club, ensuring his return to Toronto for the 2016 season.
Williams made his 2016 season debut on March 13, as Toronto played away to his former club, New York City FC. He was named on the bench, and replaced Will Johnson in second half stoppage time to help preserve a 2–2 draw. Williams started just 11 matches on the season, his lowest total since 2011 with Columbus, but Toronto won in eight of those starts. He appeared for the final time on the season on August 24, starting a 2–1 victory away to Orlando City. Williams did not appear in any of Toronto's last eight regular season matches as the club qualified for the playoffs for a second season in a row. He was named on the bench for all six of Toronto's playoff matches, including MLS Cup 2016 against Seattle Sounders FC, but did not make an appearance in any match. Williams finished the season with 15 appearances, all in league play. At the end of the year, Williams' contract expired, and was not renewed by the club. He departed Toronto having made 28 appearances across two seasons.
Return to Columbus
On December 22, 2016, Williams was selected by his former club, Columbus Crew SC, with the third pick of Stage 2 of the 2016 MLS Re-Entry Draft. He officially re-signed for the club on January 5, 2017; per club policy, terms of the contract were not disclosed.
Prior to the season, Williams was named as part of the leadership council for Crew SC, alongside Federico Higuaín, Ethan Finlay, Justin Meram, and Jonathan Mensah. The five collectively served as vice-captains behind captain Wil Trapp. Although Williams was named as part of the council, he had to wait to make his season debut, starting on March 18 away to D.C. United and helping keep a clean sheet in a 2–0 victory. Williams played sporadically through the front half of the season, but jumped into the starting lineup after the sale of Nicolai Næss to Heerenveen, going on to start 16 of the last 17 games on the season. Late in the year, Williams found his scoring touch, pounding in headers in three of the club's last four games of the regular season. On September 23, Williams scored the winning goal in a 3–2 victory over New York Red Bulls, his first goal since 2013. He then scored his second game-winning goal in as many games on September 30, as part of a 2–0 takedown of D.C. United, and closed the regular season with the match-tying goal in a 2–2 draw with his former club, New York City FC. In the MLS Cup Playoffs, Williams started all five of Crew SC's matches, including facing both of his former clubs in the conference semifinals and finals. He finished the season having made 28 appearances across all competitions, and tied his career high with three goals. On December 1, Williams had his contract option exercised by Crew SC, ensuring his return to the club in 2018.
On November 28, 2018, it was announced that Josh Williams second-consecutive contract option was picked up by the club.
On October 28, 2020, Major League Soccer announced that it had suspended Williams for four matches due to a violation of league rules.
Career statistics
Honors
Toronto FC
Canadian Championship: 2016
Eastern Conference (Playoffs): 2016
Columbus Crew
MLS Cup: 2020
Campeones Cup: 2021
References
External links
Cleveland State profile
Columbus profile
Living people
1988 births
American soccer players
Soccer players from Akron, Ohio
Association football defenders
Cleveland State Vikings men's soccer players
Cleveland Internationals players
Columbus Crew players
New York City FC players
Toronto FC players
USL League Two players
Major League Soccer players
Doping cases in association football
Undrafted Major League Soccer players
Columbus Crew 2 players
MLS Next Pro players
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Kai Wagner
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Kai Wagner (born 15 February 1997) is a German professional footballer who plays as a left-back for the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer.
Club career
SSV Ulm 1846
Ahead of the 2015–16 season, Wagner signed his first professional contract at 18 years old with SSV Ulm 1846 competing in the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg, the fifth tier of German football. Wagner made 32 appearances and scored one goal, helping earn SSV Ulm the championship title and promotion to the fourth tier Regionalliga.
Schalke 04
In summer of 2016, Wagner secured a transfer to FC Schalke 04 II competing in the Regionalliga West, the fourth tier of German football.
Würzburger Kickers
In June 2017, Wagner secured a transfer to Würzburger Kickers competing in the 3. Liga, the third tier of German football after being relegated at the conclusion of the 2016–17 season.
Philadelphia Union
In February 2019, Wagner signed with Philadelphia Union in Major League Soccer for an undisclosed transfer fee. Wagner would emerge as one of the best left backs in MLS, contributing 30 appearances and 8 assists in his first season with the Union.
The 2020 season improved on the 2019 season, despite the disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic, Kai contributed to the Union's advancing to the semi-finals of the MLS is Back tournament including his first goal for the Union in a 2–1 win over Inter Miami FC. The Union finished the season with the best league record earning the team's first trophy, the 2020 Supporters' Shield. Wagner contributed 14 starts, one goal, and two assists in the Union's championship season.
In January 2021, Wagner signed a new contract with the Union through the 2022 season, with an option for 2023. In August 2021, Wagner was selected to the 2021 MLS All-Star Game versus the Liga MX All-Star team.
Career statistics
Notes
Honours
SSV Ulm 1846
Oberliga Baden-Württemberg: 2015–16
Philadelphia Union
Supporters' Shield: 2020
Individual
MLS All-Star: 2021
References
External links
Kai Wagner on worldfootball.net
1997 births
Living people
People from Göppingen (district)
German footballers
Association football defenders
SSV Ulm 1846 players
FC Schalke 04 II players
Würzburger Kickers players
Philadelphia Union players
Regionalliga players
3. Liga players
Footballers from Baden-Württemberg
Major League Soccer players
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1955 System
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The refers to the dominant-party system in Japan since 1955, in which the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has successively held a majority government with opposition parties incapable of forming a significant alternative. The terms '1955 system' or the 'one-and-a-half party system' are credited to Junnosuke Masumi, who described the system of 1955 as "a grand political dam into which the history of Japanese politics surge".
Under such a regime Japan witnessed a period of high economic growth during the late 20th century known as the Japanese economic miracle. This contributed to the dominance of the ruling LDP in the National Diet, and led to an undergirded tight connection between the bureaucracy and the business sector. Due to a series of resulting LDP scandals, and the 1992 burst of the Japanese asset price bubble (influenced by the Plaza Accord) the LDP was 33 seats short of a majority in the House of Representatives during the 1993 general election, which initially signified the end of the 1955 system. However, the opposition coalition would soon fall apart just a few months later due to infighting and lose much of its support, leading to the LDP's swift return by the next election.
Since the turn of the 21st century, similar circumstances from a decade earlier led to both the LDP briefly losing power in 2009 before subsequently regaining it in 2012, where it remains so today. The continued political dominance and its robust grip on the state apparatus by the LDP, as well as its considerable influence in both the public and private sectors, has led many political analysts and researchers to characterize Japan as having a one-party dominant system, as it would be arduous for non-LDP parties to stay in power for long even if they manage to win a significant amount of seats in the Diet.
Background
Pre-1955 multiparty system
After World War II, Japan was controlled by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), which aimed at the eradication of militarism and the promotion of democratization in Japan. SCAP therefore issued a series of policies to arrest suspected war criminals which shuffled the political power in Japan. The power of right-wing parties declined in the immediate post war periods due to the purge. The Japan Progressive Party lost about 90% of the seats in the purge, while the Japan Liberal Party lost about 45%. Meanwhile, since many parties on the left were only legalized under the command of SCAP after the WW2, they were barely influenced by the purge. As a result, the Japan Socialist Party led by Tetsu Katayama won the first general election (1947) after the enforcement of the constitution of Japan.
Although at the time no formal regulations about how to form a coalition government existed, there was a consensus among the major parties that a coalition government should be formed to manage the post-war economic problems. Nonetheless, which parties would be included in the coalition took a long process of negotiations. Both a four-party coalition excluding the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) and a three-party coalition excluding both the JCP and the Liberal Party were suggested within the socialists. The Liberal party, led by anticommunist Shigeru Yoshida, showed great reluctance of joining the coalition. At a meeting between Katayama and Yoshida on May 19, 1947, the Liberal Party asked Katayama to "break off with the leftists" in return for its participation in the coalition. Since the Socialist Party had already claimed to officially cut ties with the Communist Party earlier, it refused such demand. The lengthy coalition-building process ended up with a government headed by the Socialist Party, the Democratic Party, and the National Cooperative Party.
The Katayama-led coalition government did not last more than a year due to opposition from both inside the Socialist Party and outside. In order to form a coalition, Katayama had to make concessions which departed from original policy proposals, which further facilitated the split between the leftist faction and the rightist faction within the party. At the same time, policies which Katayama did implement, such as nationalization of coal and mine production, drove the conservatives away.
Yoshida hegemony
After the failure of Katayama cabinet, voters lost confidence in the Socialist Party, which led to the takeover of government by Shigeru Yoshida. In the general election of 1949, the Democratic Liberal Party led by Yoshida won a majority in the House of representatives with 269 seats out of 466 seats, while the Socialist Party won only 48 seats. This was the first majority cabinet in post-war Japan.
Yoshida Shigeru organized five cabinets as a prime minister between 1946 and 1954. The diplomatic, economic, and security policies which Yoshida adopted when he was in power were altogether referred as the "Yoshida Doctrine". These policies remained influential even after him being voted out of the office by a no-confidence motion by the "Yoshida students" who followed his ideology.
The Yoshida Doctrine has three major components:
1. Japan relies on its alliance with the U.S. for national security.
2. Japan preserves a low level of self-defense capacity.
3. Japan should concentrate on the reconstruction of domestic economy.
The Yoshida Doctrine set the tone for Japan's economic miracle and alignment with the West. However, Yoshida's "one man" leadership and anti-communist stance was criticized and eventually led to the defection of many Diet members from his party to the new Democratic Party, causing his cabinet to resign on December 7, 1954.
Fall of Shigeru Yoshida
The criticisms of Yoshida cabinet mainly focused on three issues:
In 1951, the San Francisco Peace Treaty and the Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan were signed under Yoshida cabinet. The Peace Treaty was signed without the Communist Bloc's presence, which was condemned by the Communist Party for its anti-communist stance. The Security Treaty was criticized by both the Communist Party and the Socialist Party for the risk of remilitarization, while also criticized by the conservatives for putting Japan in a subordinate position, since Japan was asked to provide military base for the U.S.'s force.
During the fifth Yoshida cabinet, several bills were passed with the strong opposition of the Left Socialist Party of Japan and the Right Socialist Party of Japan. These included: the Strike Control Act, the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement between Japan and the United States of America, two education acts which restricted the political participation of school teachers, amendment to the Police Act, Self-Defense Forces Act. Among which, the amendment to the Police Act was steamrolled with the opposition parties absent from the Diet.
The Yoshida cabinet was also involved in two major corruption cases. One is known as the . Masutomi Ito, the director of a financial institution Hozen Keizai Kai, was accused of fraud and suspected of making political bribery, which resulted in the arrests of several conservative politicians. The other is known as the , in which the shipping business and shipbuilding business were proved to be making pay-off to conservative politicians. Influential politicians in the ruling party such as Eisaku Sato and Hayato Ikeda were suspected as bribe takers. The Yoshida cabinet reacted to this incident by stopping the arrest of Eisaku Sato.
The three controversies led to the gathering of anti-Yoshida forces. On October 20, 1954, anti-Yoshida conservatives formed a coalition party: the Japan Democratic Party. The Japan Democratic Party along with the Left Socialist Party of Japan and the Right Socialist Party of Japan tabled a no-confidence motion against the cabinet on December 6 and won the majority. As a result, Yoshida Cabinet resigned on December 7 after six years of rule.
Establishment of the 1955 System
Merger of the Japan Socialist Party (JSP)
Within the Socialist party, ideological conflicts had long been a problem. The leftists in the party adopted a Marxist ideology, while the rightists leaned towards a socialist welfare nation under a capitalist system. The San Francisco Peace Treaty and the Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan signed in 1951 triggered the final split. The right socialists agreed on the San Francisco Peace Treaty but were against the Security Treaty, due to their constitutionalist stance, while the left socialists were against both treaties due to their exclusion of the Soviet Union. On October 23, 1951, the old Socialist Party officially split into the Left Socialist Party of Japan and the Right Socialist Party of Japan.
After the split, however, the socialists soon realized the necessity of merging into one party to fight against the anti-communist approach taken by the GHQ and the conservatives, which is commonly referred to as the . After the San Francisco Peace Treaty came into effect, influential members from the Right Socialist Party of Japan came back from the purge and boosted the power of the rightists. The Left Socialist Party of Japan also expanded its power with the support of the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan, also known as . Meanwhile, the conservative government was suffering criticisms from the public for the corruption scandals and Security Treaty. Sensing the possibility of success, despite their ideological differences, to take power from the political right and fight against the anti-communist movement, the socialists decided to reunite and formed the Japan Socialist Party (JSP) on October 13, 1955.
One crucial external factor that caused the merger of JSD is Sōhyō. Sōhyō, the abbreviation of the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan, was a trade confederation in Japan which was established on July 11, 1950, soon after the start of the Korean War. It incorporated about 48% of organized workers in Japan. Initially, Sōhyō was the unified body of anti-communist unions, but it soon changed from a centralist stance to a left stance due to the remilitarization tendency of Japan shown in the Korean War. Due to the rationalization strategy taken by the conservative government Japanese workers, particular those who worked in small and median-sized factories, were facing slow wage increase and even dismissals. In response, Sōhyō organized the anti-rationalization campaign and pressured the merger of JSP.
Merger of the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan (LDP)
In the 1955 general election, the conservative Japan Democratic Party won the ruling position. Meanwhile, the Left Socialist Party of Japan was able to win 17 more seats. The expansion of Left Socialist Party of Japan and the impending merger of the leftists and rightists in the socialist camp into the JSP established a more substantial threat for the conservatives. As a result, also in 1955, the Japan Democratic Party and the Japan Liberal Party merged as Liberal Democratic Party of Japan (LDP).
The expansion of the socialist power also worried the zaikai (business community). The zaikai had incentives to secure a conservative government since it would pump money into the big companies to keep their competitiveness, stay in a close relationship with the U.S. to maintain a liberal trade policy, and deal with the intensified labor movement. Therefore, to counter the socialist power, the zaikai pressured the Liberal Party and the Democratic Party to merge.
Outcome of the merger: 1955 System
After the formation of the two major parties, JSP and LDP, a general election was held in 1958. Although the Socialist Party was gaining more power at the time, the conservative Liberal Party and Democratic Party had more voters from the beginning, and were able to consolidate support after their merger. As a result, the LDP won almost twice as many seats as the JSP. The 1955 system, also known as the "one-and-a-half system," was established, in which the LDP maintained its status as the dominant party, while the JSP was never able to muster enough support to seriously challenge it.
The 1955 system centered around the two parties' confrontation over two major issues: the 1946 constitution and the Security Treaty. During the occupation years, Minister drafted the 1946 constitution under the demand of General Douglas MacArthur. Unsatisfied with the draft, SCAP revised it, and it served as the banner for SCAP's efforts to democratize and demilitarize Japan. The conservative parties had wished to revise the constitution since its enactment, particularly Article 9. At the same time, the socialist parties opposed any revision of the constitution.
Another issue was the Security Treaty signed in 1951, a product of the late occupation years. Unlike the 1946 constitution, designed to wipe out militarism in Japan, the Security Treaty was the result of the U.S. wishing to secure its military strength in Asia to counter the communist threat in the Cold War. The JSP strongly opposed the Security Treaty due to fears of rearmament or a revival of militarism in Japan, while the LDP argued that the presence of the U.S. army in Japan was merely for self-defense.
Challenge to the 1955 System: the 1960 Anpo Protests
In 1960, the JSP and the JCP, working in coalition with the Zengakuren student federation, the Sōhyō labor federation, and a variety of civic groups, managed to mount the massive, nationwide Anpo Protests against the attempt by the LDP to revise the Security Treaty. Because of the size of the protests and dogged JSP opposition in the Diet, ratification of the revised treaty proved extremely difficult. After Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi forcibly rammed the new treaty through the Diet against the objections of several factions of his own party, it looked like the 1955 System was on the verge of collapse, as several LDP factions began making plans to bolt from the party. However, intense public outrage at Kishi's actions exploded in even larger demonstrations, and Kishi was forced to resign. Kishi was replaced as prime minister by Hayato Ikeda, who managed to tame factional rivalries and stabilize the 1955 System.
LDP dominance in the 1955 system
Electoral system
The electoral system that was used under the 1955 system is known as the Single Nontransferable Vote (SNTV). Under SNTV, each constituency has multiple seats to be filled. Instead of voting for parties, voters vote for individual candidates, and seats of the constituency go to whoever wins the most votes. One problem of SNTV is that the fair allocation of seats to different parties are not taken into consideration: since the winners of most votes eventually get the seats, candidates of one party can take all the seats of one constituency.
Under such an electoral system, LDP with its massive political donations put other opposition parties at a disadvantage. Due to LDP's ties with big companies, the party command substantial financial resources. Which it directed to individual candidates to enabled them to promise patronage to their voters, with a focus on the agricultural population, as the reallocation of Diet seats did not keep up with the migration from rural to urban areas due to industrialisation. Aside from the pork barrel spending, the LDP candidates also cultivated rapport through koenkai in their own constituency. Politicians went to the locals' wedding, funeral, birthday parties and so on. In such occasions, politicians often brought considerable amount of cash gift. Candidates would even organise activities such as hot springs for their supporters.
On the account of its self-assertiveness, LDP unilaterally altered the rules for campaigning. Profiting off its constituted koenkai canvas, the competition rules were toughened for the opposition. The formal campaign periods were short (and shortened further over time), television and radio advertising being prohibited and low limits placed on posters and handbills. Through the campaign, however, each candidate was granted two five-minute slots on television when a stream of candidates would line up and take turns in front of a stationary microphone to run through their list of promises right after which the next candidate would take other. Such rules of play were discouraging and difficult for a would-be challenger while LDP benefited from the unfair restraints of participation by the sheer amount of runners.
Another neglected flaw of the electoral system, which bolstered LDP's dominance, was the urgent need for redistricting in the wake of the post-war rapid population shifts from the rural to urban areas. The swelling urban populations were much trickier for LDP politicians to fit within the distributed koenkai grassroot structure, as they were more peripatetic and atomized than the traditional rural household. These voters had new policy demands (e.g. issues related to environmental deterioration in the 1960s) which conflicted with the ones practiced by LDP for their industry and big-business support. Under the obsolete district constituencies, the farmers retained disproportionate political influence which, as a consequence of pork barrel desires rather than by concern over issues of broad social policy, stagnated democratic alternation.
Under the current electoral rules, LDP was motivated to develop loyal personal support for the farmer's voter group. Being a nationally organized group of voters and united around the single issue of agricultural protectionism, the party could tune higher import tariffs and subsidies to support the less productive small businesses which, because of their large numbers, could turn out at elections and vote in predictable ways.
Bureaucratization of policymaking
Since the establishment of the 1955 system, the legislative independence has been declining in the face of a growth in the combined legislative power of the bureaucracy and the ruling conservative party. Indicators that point to this are the success rates of governmental and individual member bills, the declining rate of amendments added, and the singular lack of success for opposition-sponsored bills. For example, the mere submission of non-governmentally sponsored measures is extremely difficult. In the Lower House, at least 20 representatives must support a "member" bill before it can be introduced, while in the Upper House ten supporters are required. Moreover, should the bill require the expenditure of state funds, fifty and twenty supporters respectively are necessary.
The chance for success of bureaucratic bills that was only 1.3 times greater than that for individual Diet-generated bills under the Occupation and about twice as great from 1952 to 1955, it augmented to 7 times greater by 1974, when approximately 90% of all successful legislation has been cabinet-sponsored. In addition, the Diet has not been notably active as a potential amender for which there are two devices open: it can either "amend" (shusei), or it can "add supplementary resolution of clarification" (futai ketsugi). From 1955 to 1960 just over one-third of all successful government legislation went through one or another of these processes. In the 48th Diet (1964-1965) this rate was 17% and in the 63rd Diet (1970) it was 15%. Finally, opposition bills had no chance of success: of 317 opposition bills introduced from the 37th (1960) through the 46th (1963-1964) Diets, not one became law. These numbers attest that by the time bills materialize in the Diet a general agreement has already been reached, both within and between the bureaucracy and the LDP. In such an environment, opposition and the generation of successful alternatives from within the Diet itself has become extremely difficult.
Furthermore, the bureaucracy wields considerable and increasing power through the use of non-legislative devices such a subordinances and communications, and through its varying degrees of dominance over technical and nonpartisan advisory groups.
Policy decision-making
The or "PARC" was the major policymaking body within the LDP. Its members were the LDP representatives in both legislative houses, and it was the basic forum in which the party discussed and negotiated government policy. The policymaking under this system did not comply with the usual model of a parliamentary cabinet government which involves strong cabinet leadership and coordination. Instead, representatives who were not in the cabinet were often the other pivot of policy through their formal roles within PARC. In consultation with bureaucrats and interested groups, the council already had input into policy before the cabinet and prime minister or upper party executives could shape it further. At its height in the mid-1980s, PARC had as many as seventeen divisions.
Industrial policy
Japan's industrial policy under the 1955 system was undergirded by a political logic that supports firms and whole industries that would not have been sustainable in a less-regulated economy, imposed high prices and taxes, limited choice in the marketplace, and rigid career paths. In spite of the fact that Japan came out of war with a theoretical comparative advantage towards light manufacturing which would match its profile of low-capital, abundant-labor economy, the war skewed its economic profile toward heavy industries. The large war companies lobbied for a development strategy favoring heavy industry and received subsidies and regulatory favoritism. In exchange, LDP members were awarded with campaign contributions to be able to stay electorally competitive against each other in the multi-member districts.
The Heavy Industries Bureau of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry assisted the heavy industries with policies such as:
Limiting entry and often regulating the market pricing to help stabilize profits.
Privileging access to cheap loans from the Development Bank of Japan.
Domestic government budget subsidies and tax breaks as well as favored access to foreign exchange and tariff protections.
Such strategy of developmental policy which has strong state involvement in developmental orientation is typical of late industrialising countries and in terms of international political economy, follows the model of the developmental state. Explicit implication implies a degree of corruption, which during Kakuei Tanaka's office in 1971-1972 resulted in media noticing corruption which, in one instance, resulted in the Lockheed scandal.
Brief fall of the system
Global pressure and the collapse of bubble economy
As a corollary of the Plaza Accord of 1985 when Japan agreed to allow substantial appreciation of the yen, the Japanese government reduced the interests marginally above the rate of inflation as a domestic relief strategy. This resulted in banks and corporations going on an enormous spending spree with nearly free money, bidding up the price of real estate and other assets.
Against the faith of many people that Japan would come to dominate the world economy, the Japanese asset price bubble led to a bubble crash after the raising of interest rates of the Bank of Japan in 1990 and firms together with their jobs were in mortal danger. In this context and on the background of LDP's short-term relieved pressure from the already shaky electoral coalition between exporters and the non-traded sectors, the voting public expressed disenchantment toward the ruling LDP. The LDP lost its majority following the 1993 election. The JSP joined the government with seven other opposition parties which exclude the JCP. But the coalition government only existed for 11 months. In June 1994, the JSP formed a grand coalition with the LDP.
After 1993
Following the 1994 Electoral reform bill a new electoral system was introduced which was claimed to reduce corruption and high elections costs, promote more policy debates, and encourage a two-party system. As a consequence of this reform, as well as the change of voter behavior and the change of the international environment, the system collapsed completely following the 2005 and 2009 general elections which demonstrated significant shifts in both the foundations of party support and the importance of national swings in support for one party or another. Since 2005, urban-rural differences in the foundations of the leading parties have changed dramatically, and Japan has moved from a system dominated by locally based, individual candidacies toward a two-party system in which both party popularity and personal characteristics influence electoral success or failure.
The specialist on theoretical knowledge of legislative institutions and electoral systems, Michael Thies, argues that majoritarian institutions of the Anglo-American variety would have pushed politics toward broader coalitions, reducing the premiums captured by organized groups with extreme preferences, and appealing more to the interests of unorganized, diverse voters. A study on the representation of unorganized groups under proportional representation (featuring multi-member voting-districts) concludes that closed-list proportional representation makes legislators generally more responsive to interest groups and less responsive to unorganized voters than single-member districts. An even representation would have given labor a persistent and politically potent voice of the kind seen in continental Europe.
See also
Government-business relations in Japan
Koenkai
Notes
References
Cold War history of Japan
History of Japan
Politics of Post-war Japan
Politics of Japan
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List of A Regra do Jogo episodes
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A Regra do Jogo (Rules of the Game) is a Brazilian primetime telenovela, created by João Emanuel Carneiro for Rede Globo, it premiered on August 31, 2015 at 9 pm timeslot. The cast includes Alexandre Nero, Giovanna Antonelli, Vanessa Giacomo, Cauã Reymond, Eduardo Moscovis, Marco Pigossi, Susana Vieira, Tony Ramos and Cássia Kis in the lead roles.
Episodes
2015
References
TV Globo
Lists of soap opera episodes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ema%20Saik%C5%8D
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Ema Saikō
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was a Japanese painter, poet and calligrapher celebrated for her Chinese-style art in the late Edo period. Her specialisation as a bunjin, a painter of Chinese-style art using monochrome ink, was the bamboo plant which she perfected and which inspired her pen name. Her kanshi poetry is known for being self-reflective and having autobiographical quality. She was one of the most well-known and most praised Japanese artists of her age.
Early life
Ema Saikō was born in 1787 in Ōgaki, Mino Province. She was the first daughter born into the wealthy Ema family. Not much is known about her mother or siblings. Her father was Ema Ransai, a scholar of rangaku (‘Dutch studies’), a discipline entailing knowledge of chemistry and anatomy brought in by the Dutch, only Western foreigners allowed contact to Japan. He soon recognised his daughter's talent in painting and began to support her education. Ema Saikō began to paint at an early age: her bamboo paintings date back to 1792, when she was five years old. The bamboo theme would remain her speciality throughout her career; it was considered one of the 'Four Gentlemen' – the plum, the orchid, the chrysanthemum and the bamboo – which were common subjects represented in art following Chinese fashion. At the age of 13, her father arranged for her to be mentored by Gyokurin, a monk-painter from the temple Eikan-do in Kyoto skilled in bunjinga. Due to the physical distance between student and tutor, she was taught through correspondence as was customary during the time. Thus, she received models from Gyokurin to copy and sent back her results which the monk would inspect to send her his annotations and criticism. Ema maintained correspondence until his death when she was 27, expressing her mourning in a poem.
Ema began to compose kanshi, verses in classical Chinese, in her teenage years – much later than she began to paint, but as a direct consequence of it. Chinese-style paintings often included kanshi which served as an addition and elaboration of the painting itself. It was assessed at the times that fluency in Chinese could be achieved by a dedicated and talented student but would take years of practice; and even then, composers would remain insecure about the quality of their verses, especially when leaving a homogenous Japanese environment and presenting their work to native Chinese speakers. Ema Ransai endorsed his daughter's education and aided her in her Chinese studies, enabling Ema Saikō to soon advance in the art and becoming a renowned kanshi poet.
Adulthood and career
From childhood onwards, there is evidence that Ema Saikō valued her studies and practice of her art highly. When her father selected a husband for his daughter, she refused marriage on the ground that she needed to focus on her paintings and verses. It shows the high respect and affection for his daughter that Ema Ransai adhered to this decision and married Saikō's suitor to her younger sister. The couple would become heads of the Ema household in which Ema Saikō lived her entire life.
In her twenties, Ema became increasingly well connected as appreciation for her art increased and intellectuals all over Japan began to recognise her talent. Her tutor Gyokurin had displayed her work, noting that it received more attention than that of his other pupils; the scholar Oyamada Tomokiyo cited a poem of hers in a publication in 1814.
Ema Saikō and Rai San’yō
The same year, at the age of 27, she met Rai San'yō, a rising scholar who was also accomplished in Chinese-style writing and calligraphy and an amateur in painting. Their relationship is seen as defining for both artists throughout their lives. Rai San’yō met Ema when visiting her father, to whom – a distinguished physician and scholar of Dutch medicine with a background of studies in Chinese culture – Rai San’yō paid a customary visit to increase his own reputation and connectedness. Rai San’yō was instantly captivated by Ema, detailing his infatuation in a letter to a friend in Kyoto, Konishi Genzui. In the letter, he describes his attraction to her, her previous abandonment of marriage ideas, insinuates that she should marry him and attests that she share similar feelings.
Ema and Rai San’yō met two more times that year. Through enquiry by her father, Ema became Rai San’yō's kanshi and calligraphy student to improve her verses. The exact nature of her feelings towards Rai San’yō remain unclear, as well as the circumstances of a potential union between the two. Some scholars believe that Rai San’yō did not ask her father for her hand in marriage, assessing himself – disowned by his father and with a struggling reputation – to be of no status to become marry into the prestigious Ema family. Other scholars assess that in her absence, Rai San’yō did ask Ema Ransai for Ema Saikō's hand in marriage. Following this version, Ema Ransai, adhering to Saikō's previous rejection of marriage in favour of her art, rejected Rai San’yō without the knowledge that the feeling might have been mutual. In any event, Rai San’yō married Rie, his seventeen-year-old maid, soon after. Ema Saikō remained his student until he died, mainly through correspondence. For teaching calligraphy, Rai San’yō would send her poems that he or other writer composed for her to copy them and send back the result for his inspection. Similarly, she sent him her composed Kanshi which he then would assess and return with his comments. The intimacy of their correspondence and the poems they wrote about each other has prompted speculation about a relationship which was more than platonic; while these primary sources do show closeness and positive feelings, there is no concrete evidence to support these claims and their exchange has not been judged as scandalous by their contemporaries.
Rai San’yō further acted as an agent for her poetry, distributing it to friends and colleagues and suggesting publishing her work. He also indicated that she distance her painting technique from the teachings of her late tutor Gyokurin. Ema refused a publication during her lifetime but continued intellectual exchange and travelling to further her art. In 1819, she was introduced to Uragami Shunkin who was proficient in Southern Sung style and agreed to tutor her through correspondence: her paintings began to mature and become more sophisticated, experimenting with different shades of ink which gave her paintings a more spacious look.
Later life and maturity
Two sides of Ema's life begin to emerge from her late thirties onwards. Living with her well-off family, she had little diversion from her art and practice. Her poems, a wide collection of which is known from the age of 27 until the year of her death often discuss solitude, monotonous daily life and quiet surroundings:
All day, as in any other year, the water clock moves slow.
A fine rain falls continuously, plums ripening.
By the afternoon window I have napped fully in my quiet room.
I am now ready to copy poems of the four female poets.In addition to an often repetitive daily life, however, Ema was active in literary and intellectual circles as well as travelling often. She was a co-founder of the kanshi-writing groups Hakuō Sha (late 1810s), Reiki Gin Sha (1846), and Kōsai Sha (1848). The groups would meet regularly, discuss kanshi and writing techniques as well as socialise with food and drinks. Ema was elected president for Reiki Gin Sha and Kōsai Sha and rose to prominence and admiration by her fellow poets. Additionally, she often travelled especially in later years, meeting Rai San’yō and other intellectuals. These travels often coincided to celebrate events such as the cherry blossoms, which Ema describes in several of her poems:White blossoms glow on all the cherry trees.
Remember leaving town, chasing the spring wind?
Fifteen years ago we were drunk here, just as now;
the river murmurs, just as it did then.In 1828, her step-mother to whom she had maintained a close relationship died, and in 1832, Rai San’yō died from tuberculosis.
Throughout her life, Ema remained close to her father Ema Ransai, who had continued to support her and her education. She wrote several kanshi in his honour. He died in 1839. After the death of the three people closest to her, Ema's work became more sombre and reflective. Some of her work show her as lonely in her old age, once mentioning ‘one mistake’ in her life which some scholars believe to allege to her relationship with Rai San’yō. Further, she discusses how most work written by female poets displays the themes of “loneliness, isolation, and longing for their heartless lovers”. On the other hand, she does diverge from these norms of non-married female poets. Her poems describe her not serving any mother-in-law or father-in-law due to not being married, and divorces herself from the traditional women's three obediences to a father, husband and eldest son. Others state that she did not regret dying childless as long as her art continues to exist. While she did discourage other women to take up art and poetry, her mature poems which she composed in her forties and later show that she perceives age as giving her a kind of freedom, and distinguishes her life from typical womanhood through her education, occupation, single status and age which allows her to disregard traditionally feminine qualities. She also took pride in the work of other female artists of the era: one of her scrolls listed paintings and calligraphy from 22 different women which Ema owned.
Last years and death
Ema Saikō had grown up in the late Edo period during which Japan was mostly sealed off its surroundings, with little intellectual or artistic exchange between the country and its neighbours. The Japanese were, however, well informed about Western advance into Asia, the Opium Wars in which China was reduced to a semi-colonial status and the West's imperial ambitions. In 1853, U.S. Navy Commodore Matthew Perry sailed to Yokohama in an attempt to open the country to serve U.S. interests. In the following year, he succeeded, resulting in the first trade relations, cultural exchange and foreigners living on Japanese soil in almost three centuries. Ema Saikō and her intellectual associates discussed these developments with interest and . The intellectual elite with which she was associated had formed a close to uniform opinion, viewing the U.S. aggressors as nanban, foreign barbarians without manners or culture who presented an active threat to Japanese lifestyle, culture and political status. Ema's associates as a free-thinking, modern intellectual circle feared Japan to suffer a fate similar to China's, which had experienced a humiliating defeat, decrease in power of its ruler and subjection to foreign commands.
In 1856, she suffered a cerebral hemorrhage which severely affected her health. She produced paintings for the Toda clan and was invited to Ōgaki Castle to be recognized for her work, but suffered a stroke in 1861 and died later that year.
Painting style: bunjin Ema Saikō
Ema Saikō's style of painting evolved throughout her life, influenced by going through different life stages and being taught by different mentors. Her main influence and object is the bamboo plant, which makes up almost all of her painted work. Her adopted first name, Saikō, is an allegory to the plant. Often, her bamboo paintings would incorporate other elements such as sparrows, rocks, or similar characteristics of nature. Temporary assessment states that her paintwork improved after she became a student of Uragami Shunkin in 1819: her style was composed of crisp and controlled brushwork. Bunjinga paintings were usually created in monochrome black ink; Ema began to experiment with this technique, creating bamboo plants with different intensity of ink. This way, she was able to show overlapping leaves while retaining a clear structure and distinction of the separate plants: her paintings created the illusion of space, receding planes and some plants closer to the viewer than others.
Poetry: kanshi composer Ema Saikō
While Ema Saikō was an accomplished painter and began to paint from an early age, modern scholarship pays closer attention to her poetry work. Kanshi are among the shortest poetic forms worldwide: the version used by Japanese poets in the late Edo period contained 20 syllables, distributed into four lines with five characters each – however, strict adherence to rule was not given and some longer kanshi poems exist. Also, in comparison to other Japanese forms of poetry such as the haiku, kanshi are known to diverge in their subject matter. Usually, the four lines of a kanshi are structured to include the beginning, amplification, transition, and conclusion, which Ema Saikō's poetry adheres to, such as in here poem ‘Autumn Night, Impromptu”:Though I ought to love the moonlight
I fear the harsh cold of the night air.
I call a maid, have all the windows shut:
Flowers in the vase suddenly fragrant.Ema left more than 1,500 poems upon her death, some of which were written on her art work. As the subject matter was flexible, her poems discuss many and diverging aspects of her life. Some of them reference daily occurrences, a large amount describes observations of nature after the Chinese model. Later, her poetry becomes self-reflective, discussing her age, single status and freedom. Also, many of her poems are dedicated to her relationships and mention her father and her family, Rai San’yō or her first tutor Gyokurin. This is the reason why her collected work is often referenced as somewhat autobiographical. Her description and reflection of her lifestyle, ageing and the people with whom she was associated reveal her personal thoughts; at times, however, they remain unspecific and reserved.
Legacy
Ema was a well-established poet and painter by the time of her death, having been featured in her contemporaries’ publications and leaving behind many works of art. Due to the volume of kanshi art produced in the Edo period and previously as well as the shift of Japanese intellectuals from learning Western languages rather than Classical Chinese, many poets are lost from today's records. Also, female poets tend to have been preserved or appreciated less accurately than their male counterparts. Still, Ema Saikō has been referenced continuously, many details of her life are known and many of her works preserved by her family. The perception of Ema Saikō changed over time: while she was an accomplished artist and poet during her lifetime, modern critics of the 20th century have focused intensively on her relationship to Rai San’yō. Especially critics that consider Rai San’yō's work and life primarily portray Ema as his mistress rather than his associate, student and a poet in her own right. Thus, part of modern scholarship have emphasised her marital status, life style and relationships rather than her paintings and the content of her art. Nevertheless, Ema was ranked as a top female poet by the Chinese poet and scholar Yü Yüeh (1821–1906), who included her poets in an anthology, and she was considered among the “three greatest women poets in Japan” by Tu Fu scholar Kurokawa Yōichi. More recently, scholar Kado Reiko published two volumes of Ema's poems including annotations and commentaries called Ema Saikō Shishū: ”Shōmu Ikō”. Another 150 of her poems were translated into English and published in the 1998 book “Breeze Through Bamboo: Kanshi of Ema Saikō” by Hiroaki Sato.
References
1787 births
1861 deaths
Japanese women poets
Japanese painters
Japanese calligraphers
Artists from Gifu Prefecture
19th-century Japanese poets
Women calligraphers
Writers from Gifu Prefecture
19th-century Japanese women writers
19th-century Japanese calligraphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Mitchell
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Edgar Mitchell
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Edgar Dean Mitchell (September 17, 1930 – February 4, 2016) was a United States Navy officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, ufologist and NASA astronaut. As the Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 14, he spent nine hours working on the lunar surface in the Fra Mauro Highlands region, making him the sixth person to walk on the Moon.
Before becoming an astronaut, Mitchell earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Management from Carnegie Institute of Technology and entered the United States Navy in 1952. After being commissioned through the Officer Candidate School at Newport, Rhode Island, he served as a Naval Aviator. In 1961, he received his second bachelor's degree, in aeronautical engineering, from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and three years later earned his doctorate in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). From 1965 to 1966, he attended the U.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School and graduated first in his class. During this period, he served as an instructor in advanced mathematics and navigation theory for astronaut candidates.
The legacy of his post-NASA scientific and parapsychology work is carried on through the Institute of Noetic Sciences.
Early life and education
Mitchell was born on September 17, 1930, in Hereford, Texas, to Joseph Thomas Mitchell (1910–1967) and Ollidean Margaret Mitchell ( Arnold; 1911–1977). He had three siblings: Joyce Alyene, who died in her infancy in 1933, Sandra Jo (1934–1988) and Jay Neely "Coach" (1937–2013), who was a member of the inaugural graduating class of the United States Air Force Academy in 1959, and a pilot with the United States Air Force (USAF), achieving the rank of Colonel. He came from a ranching family that moved to New Mexico during the Depression and considered Artesia, New Mexico (near Roswell) as his hometown. He first learned to fly at 13, receiving his private pilot license at 16, and was active in the Boy Scouts of America where he achieved its second highest rank, Life Scout. He was also a member of DeMolay International, part of the Masonic Fraternity, and was inducted into its Hall of Fame. Mitchell was a member of Artesia Lodge #29 in New Mexico. He enjoyed handball, tennis, and swimming, and his hobbies included scuba diving and soaring.
He graduated from Artesia High School in 1948. Mitchell received a Bachelor of Science degree in industrial management from the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in 1952, where he was a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity. That same year, he entered the United States Navy and completed basic training at San Diego Recruit Depot. While on active duty in the Navy, he earned a second bachelor's degree, in aeronautical engineering, from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in 1961 and an Doctor of Science degree in aeronautics and astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1964.
He was married to Louise Randall from 1951 to 1972. Following their divorce, he married Anita Rettig in 1973. The couple divorced in 1984 when he began an affair with former Playboy model Sheilah Ledbetter. He was father to two children with Randall, adopted Rettig's three children, and later was father to another child, this time with Ledbetter. Rettig served as chair of the Palm Beach County Republican Party, while Kimberly Mitchell (the eldest daughter from his union with Rettig) was a city commissioner in West Palm Beach, Florida. Ledbetter and Mitchell married in 1989 and divorced in 1999. He was survived by five children, nine grandchildren and one great-grandchild.
Flight experience
In May 1953, after completing instruction at the Officer Candidate School at Newport, Rhode Island, he was commissioned an Ensign. He completed flight training in July 1954 at Hutchinson, Kansas, was designated as a Naval Aviator and received the Daughters of the American Revolution Award for achieving the highest overall marks during flight training. After period of instruction from July to September 1954 at the Fleet Airborne Electronics Training Unit, U.S. Pacific Fleet, he was subsequently assigned to Patrol Squadron 29 (VP-29), flying land-based patrol planes, deployed to Okinawa.
From 1957 to 1958, he transitioned to carrier-based jet aircraft and flew the A3D Skywarrior while assigned to Heavy Attack Squadron Two (VAH-2) deployed aboard the aircraft carriers USS Bon Homme Richard and USS Ticonderoga. He qualified as a research pilot and flew with Air Development Squadron Five until 1959. Following the completion of his graduate studies, he served as Chief, Project Management Division of the Navy Field Office for the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) from 1964 to 1965. From 1965 to 1966, he attended the U.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School for certification as a test pilot, graduating first in his class. During this period, Mitchell served as an instructor in advanced mathematics and navigation theory for astronaut candidates.
He accumulated 5,000 hours' flight time, including 2,000 hours in jet aircraft.
NASA career
Mitchell was selected in 1966 as part of NASA's fifth astronaut group. He was assigned to the support crew for Apollo 9, then was designated as backup Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 10. This placed him in rotation for Apollo 13, but his crew was switched to Apollo 14 so that Commander Alan Shepard, who had been grounded by a medical problem since the Gemini program, could train longer.
During the Apollo 13 crisis, Mitchell was a part of the Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team and as such was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard M. Nixon in 1970. He worked in an Apollo simulator to help bring the crew back. One issue he worked on was how to "fly" (meaning control the attitude of) the Lunar Module with an inert Apollo Command/Service Module attached to it. (Usually, it was the other way around, but the Service Module was damaged during that mission.)
He then went to serve as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 14, landing with Shepard aboard the Lunar Module Antares on February 5, 1971, in the hilly upland Fra Mauro Highlands region of the Moon. They stayed on the Moon for 33 hours, deployed and activated lunar surface scientific equipment and experiments, and collected almost 100 pounds of lunar samples for return to Earth. Other Apollo 14 achievements include: only use of the Mobile Equipment Transporter (MET); first successful use of color television with a new Vidicon tube; longest distance traversed on foot on the lunar surface; largest payload placed in lunar orbit; first use of shortened lunar orbit rendezvous techniques; and first extensive orbital science period conducted during CSM solo operations.
In completing his first space flight, Mitchell logged a total of 216 hours and 42 minutes in space. He was subsequently designated to serve as backup Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 16.
During the mission, he took photos, including the one with Shepard raising the American flag. In the photo, Mitchell's shadow is cast over the lunar surface near the flag. That photo was listed on Popular Sciences photo gallery of the best astronaut selfies.
Post-NASA career
Mitchell's interests included consciousness and paranormal phenomena. On his way back to Earth during the Apollo 14 flight he had a powerful savikalpa samādhi experience, and also claimed to have conducted private ESP experiments with his friends on Earth. The results of these experiments were published in the Journal of Parapsychology in 1971.
He retired from NASA and the U.S. Navy with the rank of Captain in October 1972. Immediately thereafter, he founded Edgar D. Mitchell & Associates of Monterey, California, a "commercial organization promoting ecologically-pure products and services designed to alleviate planetary problems."
After moving to Atherton, California, he became founding chairman of the Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS) in Palo Alto, California in 1973 for the purpose of consciousness research and other "related phenomena". "Science and religion have lived on opposite sides of the street now for hundreds of years," Mitchell said toward the end of his life. "So here we are, in the twenty-first century, trying to put two faces of reality—the existence face and the intelligence or conscious face—into the same understanding. Body and mind, physicality and consciousness belong to the same side of reality.
Annie Jacobsen has asserted that Mitchell's Mind Science Institute (a Los Angeles, California-based organization ultimately subsumed by the Institute of Noetic Sciences) was employed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as a surreptitious conduit for payments to Andrija Puharich and Uri Geller while the latter was evaluated by an SRI International research group (led by Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ) in 1972. In 1976, Mitchell attempted to secure additional funding for the SRI group's remote viewing research in a private meeting with Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush. Although Bush demurred (citing post-Watergate investigations of the intelligence community), he suggested the pursuit of military sponsorship, leading to the formation of the Stargate Project in 1978.
From 1974 to 1978, he was president of the Palm Beach, Florida-based Edgar Mitchell Corporation. In 1975, he moved to nearby Lantana, Florida, where he resided for the rest of his life. He co-founded the Association of Space Explorers in 1983 and later served as chairman of the Mitchell Communications Company.
In 1997, Mitchell was interviewed for NASA's oral history program. In one excerpt from that, he talked about how he was drawn to the space program:
On June 29, 2011, the federal government of the United States filed a lawsuit against Mitchell in the United States district court in Miami, Florida after discovering that he placed a camera used on Apollo 14 for auction at the auction house Bonhams. The litigation requested the camera be returned to NASA. Mitchell's position was that NASA had given him the camera as a gift upon the completion of the Apollo 14 mission. Bonhams withdrew the camera from auction. In October 2011, attorneys representing the government and Mitchell reached a settlement agreement, and Mitchell agreed to return the camera to NASA, which in turn would donate it for display at the National Air and Space Museum. On September 20, 2012, Congress enacted H.R. 4158, confirming full ownership rights of artifacts to astronauts on Apollo (and Mercury and Gemini) space missions.
Remote healing
Mitchell claimed that a teenage remote healer living in Vancouver and using the pseudonym "Adam Dreamhealer" helped him heal kidney cancer from a distance. Mitchell said that while he never had a biopsy, "I had a sonogram and MRI that was consistent with renal carcinoma." Adam worked (distantly) on Mitchell from December 2003 until June 2004, when the "irregularity was gone and we haven't seen it since".
Views on UFOs
Mitchell publicly expressed his opinions that he was "90 percent sure that many of the thousands of unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, recorded since the 1940s, belong to visitors from other planets". Dateline NBC conducted an interview with Mitchell on April 19, 1996, during which he discussed meeting with officials from three countries who claimed to have had personal encounters with extraterrestrials. He offered his opinion that the evidence for such "alien" contact was "very strong" and "classified" by governments, who were covering up visitations and the existence of alien beings' bodies in places such as Roswell, New Mexico. He further claimed that UFOs had provided "sonic engineering secrets" that were helpful to the U.S. government. Mitchell's 1996 book, The Way of the Explorer, discusses his journey into mysticism and space.
In 2004, he told the St. Petersburg Times that a "cabal of insiders" in the U.S. government were studying recovered alien bodies, and that this group had stopped briefing U.S. Presidents after John F. Kennedy. He said, "We all know that UFOs are real; now the question is where they come from."
On July 23, 2008, Edgar Mitchell was interviewed on Kerrang Radio by Nick Margerrison. Mitchell claimed the Roswell crash was real and that aliens have contacted humans several times, but that governments have hidden the truth for 60 years, stating: "I happen to have been privileged enough to be in on the fact that we've been visited on this planet, and the UFO phenomenon is real." In reply, a spokesman for NASA stated: "NASA does not track UFOs. NASA is not involved in any sort of cover-up about alien life on this planet or anywhere in the universe. Dr Mitchell is a great American, but we do not share his opinions on this issue."
In an interview with Fox News on July 25, 2008, Mitchell clarified that his comments did not involve NASA, but quoted unnamed sources, since deceased, at Roswell who confided to him that the Roswell incident did involve an alien craft. Mitchell also claims to have subsequently received confirmation from an unnamed intelligence officer at the Pentagon.
In an interview for AskMen published March 6, 2014, Mitchell said that he had never seen a UFO, that no one had ever threatened him over his claims regarding UFOs, and that any statements about the covering up of UFOs being a worldwide cabal was "just speculation on my part".
In 2015, Mitchell said in an interview with the Daily Mirror that extraterrestrials "had been attempting to keep us from going to war [with Russia] and help create peace on Earth." He also said that "White Sands was a testing ground for atomic weapons—and that's what the extraterrestrials were interested in. They wanted to know about our military capabilities."
Other projects
Edgar Mitchell appeared in the documentaries In the Shadow of the Moon (2007), The Phoenix Lights...We Are Not Alone, and The Living Matrix (2009).
Mitchell wrote several articles and essays as well as several books. In The Way of the Explorer, Mitchell proposed a dyadic model of reality.
He was the Advisory Board Chairman of the Institute for Cooperation in Space, co-founded by Dr. Carol Rosin, and a member of INREES.
Mitchell was one of the initial supporters of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, which would be a first step towards a "world parliament".
Death
Mitchell died under hospice care in West Palm Beach, Florida, at the age of 85, on February 4, 2016, the eve of the 45th anniversary of his lunar landing. As Roosa and Shepard had died in the 1990s, Mitchell was the last surviving member of the Apollo 14 crew.
Organizations
He was a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; the Society of Experimental Test Pilots; Sigma Xi; Sigma Gamma Tau, New York Academy of Sciences; The Explorers Club; World Futures Society; International Platform Association; and he was also an honorary member of the Radio and Television Correspondents' Association.
Awards and honors
Presidential Medal of Freedom (1970)
Manned Spacecraft Center Superior Achievement Award (1970)
City of New York Gold Medal (1971)
Arnold Air Society's John F. Kennedy Award (1971)
Navy Astronaut Wings
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
NASA Distinguished Service Medal
Air Medal
National Defense Service Medal with bronze star
China Service Medal
three NASA Group Achievement Awards
Inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame (inducted 1979)
Along with 24 other Apollo astronauts, inducted into the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame on October 4, 1997.
Mitchell's other awards included:
Honorary Doctorates from:
New Mexico State University (1971)
Carnegie-Mellon University (1971)
University of Akron (1979)
Embry-Riddle University (1996)
American Astronautical Society's Flight Achievement Award
Carnegie Mellon University Alumni, Outstanding Man of the Year (1972)
Kappa Sigma, Man of the Year Award (1972)
Adventurers Club, Gold Medal Award for Exploration
Drexel University, Engineering and Science Award for Explorations in Consciousness (1974)
The Explorers Club, Lowell Thomas Award for Explorations in Human Consciousness (1980)
In media
In the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, Mitchell was played by Gary Cole.
He was the subject of a chapter of Chris Wright's book No More Worlds to Conquer, which asks how people who are famed for one moment moved on with their life. In it he talked at length about his beliefs in extraterrestrial visitation, the power of the mind, and his certainty that his cancer had been cured "by mind means".
Books
Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science (1974), G. Putnam & Sons,
The Way of the Explorer: An Apollo Astronaut's Journey Through the Material and Mystical Worlds (1996), G. Putnam & Sons, hardcover, , 2008 paperback edition: , audio cassette edition:
Earthrise: My Adventures as an Apollo 14 Astronaut (2014), Chicago Review Press, hardcover,
See also
List of spaceflight records
List of Apollo astronauts
The Astronaut Monument
References
External links
Interview with Edgar Mitchell for NOVA series: To the Moon WGBH Educational Foundation, raw footage, 1998
Astronautix biography of Edgar Mitchell
Spacefacts biography of Edgar Mitchell
Mitchell at Spaceacts
Mitchell at Encyclopedia of Science
Mitchell at International Space Hall of Fame
Edgar Mitchell, member of INREES Institute for Research of Extraordinary Experiences
1930 births
2016 deaths
1971 in spaceflight
Apollo 14
20th-century American businesspeople
American aerospace engineers
American Freemasons
American test pilots
Apollo program astronauts
Aviators from Texas
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Military personnel from Texas
Naval Postgraduate School alumni
Parapsychologists
People who have walked on the Moon
People from Hereford, Texas
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal
United States Naval Aviators
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
United States Navy astronauts
United States Navy officers
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
People from Artesia, New Mexico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven%20Seas%20Entertainment
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Seven Seas Entertainment
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Seven Seas Entertainment is an American publishing company located in Los Angeles, California. It was originally dedicated to the publication of original English-language manga, but now publishes licensed manga and light novels from Japan, as well as select webcomics. The company is headed by Jason DeAngelis, who coined the term "World Manga" with the October 2004 launch of the company's website.
History
In April 2005, Seven Seas became the first manga publisher to release downloadable manga content for the PlayStation Portable and, as a result, gained over 12,000 downloads in the first five days. Seven Seas followed the PlayStation Portable announcement with enlisting the platinum-selling Filipino group the J Brothers to create a theme song for its web OEL manga series Aoi House entitled "Itsumo Futaride". During Comic-Con 2005, Seven Seas Entertainment premiered the pilot of its No Man's Land flash anime series and later followed it with a flash animation music video based on Aoi House.
In October 2005, it announced plans for its first Japanese license for novels and manga from the Boogiepop series by Kouhei Kadono and Kouji Ogata.
In September 2006, Seven Seas announced a project to translate and publish Japanese light novels, including popular titles such as Strawberry Panic!.
In March 2008, Seven Seas Entertainment began publishing new editions of Rachel Robert's popular children's fantasy novel series Avalon: Web of Magic in conjunction with Red Sky Entertainment. A three-volume manga spin-off titled Avalon: The Warlock Diaries followed which started in June 2009. Seven Seas and Red Sky Entertainment also launched a dedicated website for the Avalon novel series in September 2008 at AvalonMagic.com.
On August 1, 2012, Seven Seas Entertainment launched the ad-supported free webcomic portal Zoom Comics in partnership with Pixie Trix Comix. The initial launch titles included Amazing Agent Jennifer, Dracula Everlasting, Paranormal Mystery Squad, and Vampire Cheerleaders.
On January 20, 2017, Seven Seas Entertainment announced that it had partnered up with online light novel publisher J-Novel Club to release their licensed properties in print.
On October 11, 2017, Seven Seas Entertainment announced a new manga imprint called Ghost Ship for its mature titles. Manga series licensed under this imprint are distributed through Diamond Book Distributors.
On October 5, 2018, Seven Seas Entertainment won the Harvey Award for Best Manga for its English version of My Lesbian Experience With Loneliness.
On November 13, 2020, Seven Seas Entertainment announced a new imprint called "Airship" for its light novel and Japanese prose novel licenses.
On November 20, 2020, Seven Seas Entertainment announced that it would be switching distributors worldwide, with all imprints moving to Penguin Random House Publisher Services from July 1, 2021.
On December 21, 2020, Seven Seas Entertainment announced that they would publish Hiveworks webcomics in print.
In early 2021, it was found that Seven Seas Entertainment had been making alteration to their English translations of certain light novels. This resulted in multiple lines or paragraphs being omitted from the English release. Some of the titles affected were Classroom of the Elite, I'm in Love with the Villainess, and Mushoku Tensei: Jobless Reincarnation.
On August 4, 2021, Seven Seas Entertainment began licensing Danmei novels from China, beginning with The Scum Villain's Self-Saving System, Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation, and Heaven Official's Blessing, all written by Mo Xiang Tong Xiu.
On January 5, 2022, Seven Seas Entertainment began releasing Korean webtoons in print, beginning with PULSE, Love is an Illusion!, and Killing Stalking all published on the Lezhin Comics web platform.
On January 26, 2022, Seven Seas Entertainment announced a new imprint called "Steamship" for its shōjo, josei and teens' love romance manga titles, beginning with GAME: Between the Suits, I'll Never be Your Crown Princess!, Ladies on Top, and Outbride: Beauty and the Beasts.
On May 23, 2022, employees of Seven Seas announced the formation of "United Workers of the Seven Seas", a union working with Communications Workers of America. On May 29, 2022, Seven Seas management announced that it would not voluntarily recognize the union and has requested an election with the NLRB.
On May 25, 2022, Seven Seas Entertainment began licensing manhuas from China, beginning with the manhua adaptation of Mo Xiang Tong Xiu's Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation.
On May 31, 2022, it was revealed that Seven Seas had hired the law firm of Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart to represent them in their NLRB case with their employees. In response the United Workers of the Seven Seas tweeted out that Seven Seas had hired "the union-busting firm Ogletree Deakins" to counter their union efforts.
On June 24, 2022, the United Workers of the Seven Seas announced that Seven Seas had agreed to voluntarily recognize the union after a majority card check.
Titles
Original series
Amazing Agent Jennifer
Amazing Agent Luna
Aoi House
Arkham Woods
Avalon: The Warlock Diaries
Avalon: Web of Magic
Blade for Barter
Captain Nemo
Dead Already
Destiny's Hand
Dracula Everlasting
Dungeon Crawlers Academy
Free Runners
Hollow Fields
InVisible
It Takes a Wizard
Laddertop
Last Hope
Mr. Grieves
My Little Pony: The Manga
No Man's Land
Paranormal Mystery Squad
Ravenskull
Ringworld
ROADQUEEN: Eternal Roadtrip to Love
Ten Beautiful Assassins
The Outcast
Unearthly
Vampire Cheerleaders
Hiveworks
Awaken
Life of Melody
Never Satisfied
Persephone: Hades' Torment
Sleepless Domain
Tiger, Tiger
Seven Seas Entertainment (manga)
5 Seconds Before a Witch Falls in Love
7th Time Loop: The Villainess Enjoys a Carefree Life Married to Her Worst Enemy!
12 Beast
A Centaur's Life
A Certain Scientific Accelerator
A Certain Scientific Railgun
A Certain Scientific Railgun: Astral Buddy
A Chinese Fantasy: The Dragon King's Daughter
A Life Turned Upside Down: My Dad's an Alcoholic
A Tale of the Secret Saint
A White Rose in Bloom
Absolute Duo
Accomplishments of the Duke's Daughter
Afro Samurai
Akashic Records of Bastard Magic Instructor
Akuma no Riddle: Riddle Story of Devil
Alice & Zoroku
Alice in the Country of Clover
Alice in the Country of Hearts
Alice in the Country of Joker
Alice Love Fables
Amnesia Labyrinth
Angel Para Bellum
Anti-Magic Academy: The 35th Test Platoon
Anti-Romance
Arifureta: From Commonplace to World's Strongest
Arifureta: From Commonplace to World's Strongest Zero
Arifureta: I Heart Isekai
Arpeggio of Blue Steel
Asumi-Chan is Interested in Lesbian Brothels
Backstabbed in a Backwater Dungeon: My Party Tried to Kill Me, But Thanks to an Infinite Gacha I Got LVL 9999 Friends and Am Out For Revenge
Barbarities
Battle Rabbits
Beasts of Abigaile
Beauty and the Beast Girl
Become You
Berserk of Gluttony
Bite Maker: The King's Omega
BL Metamorphosis
Black and White: Tough Love at the Office
Blank Canvas: My So-Called Artist's Journey
Blood Alone
Bloom Into You
Bloom Into You Anthology
Blue Giant
Bodacious Space Pirates: Abyss of Hyperspace
Boogiepop Doesn't Laugh
Box of Light
Boy Meets Maria
Call to Adventure! Defeating Dungeons with a Skill Board
Candy and Cigarettes
Captain Harlock: Dimensional Voyage
Captive Hearts of Oz
Cat Massage Therapy
Cats and Sugar Bowls
Chillin' in Another World with Level 2 Super Cheat Powers
Chronicles of an Aristocrat Reborn in Another World
Cinderella Closet
Citrus
Citrus+
Classmates
Classroom of the Elite
Classroom of the Elite: Horikita
Claudine
Clay Lord: Master of Golems
Colorless
Concrete Revolutio
Correspondence from the End of the Universe
Cosmo Familia
Creepy Cat
Crimson Empire
Crisis Girls
Crossplay Love: Otaku x Punk
Cube Arts
Cutie and the Beast
Cutie Honey
Cutie Honey a Go Go!
D-Frag!
Dai Dark
Daily Report about My Witch Senpai
Dance in the Vampire Bund
Dance in the Vampire Bund: A.S.O.
Dance in the Vampire Bund: Forgotten Tales
Dance in the Vampire Bund: The Memories of Sledgehammer
Dance in the Vampire Bund II: Scarlet Order
Dive in the Vampire Bund
Days of Love at Seagull Villa
Deadline Summoner
Devilman
Devilman Grimoire
Devilman VS. Hades
Devils and Realist
Dictatorial Grimoire
Didn't I Say to Make My Abilities Average in the Next Life?!
Didn't I Say to Make My Abilities Average in the Next Life?! Everyday Misadventures!
Die Even More Valiantly
Dinosaurs Sanctuary
Dirty Pair
DNA Doesn't Tell Us
Do Not Say Mystery
Does it Count if You Lose Your Virginity to an Android?
Don't Meddle With My Daughter
Doughnuts Under a Crescent Moon
Dragon Goes House-Hunting
Dragon Half
Dragon Quest Monsters+
Dragonar Academy
Dreamin' Sun
Drugstore in Another World: The Slow Life of a Cheat Pharmacist
Dungeon Builder: The Demon King's Labyrinth is a Modern City!
Dungeon Dive: Aim for the Deepest Level
Dungeon People
Dungeon Toilet
Entangled with You: The Garden of 100 Grasses
Even Dogs Go to Other Worlds: Life in Another World with My Beloved Hound
Even Though We're Adults
Evergreen
Ex-Yakuza and Stray Kitten
Failed Princesses
Failure Frame: I Became the Strongest and Annihilated Everything With Low-Level Spells
Fairy Tale Battle Royale
First Love Sisters
Fragtime
Franken Fran
Free Life Fantasy Online: Immortal Princess
Freezing
Futari Escape
Gakuen Polizi
Gal Gohan
Gap Papa: Daddy at Work and at Home
Generation Witch
Getter Robo Devolution
Ghost Diary
Ghostly Things
Giant Spider & Me: A Post-Apocalyptic Tale
Gigant
Girl Friends
Girls und Panzer
Girls und Panzer: Little Army
Go For It, Nakamura!
Go For It Again, Nakamura!
Golden Time
Goodbye, My Rose Garden
Great Pretender
Gunslinger Girl
Haganai
Hana & Hina After School
Happy Kanako's Killer Life
Harukana Receive
Hatsune Miku Presents: Hachune Miku's Everyday Vocaloid Paradise!
Hatsune Miku: Bad∞End∞Night
Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto
Hayate × Blade
He Is My Master
Headhunted to Another World: From Salaryman to Big Four!
Hello World
Hello, Melancholic!
High-Rise Invasion
Himouto! Umaru-chan
His Majesty the Demon King's Housekeeper
Hitomi-chan is Shy With Strangers
Holy Corpse Rising
Hour of the Zombie
How Heavy Are the Dumbbells You Lift?
How Many Light-Years to Babylon?
How Not to Summon a Demon Lord
How to Build a Dungeon: Book of the Demon King
How to Train Your Devil
How to Treat Magical Beasts: Mine and Master's Medical Journal
Hungry for You: Endo Yasuko Stalks the Night
Hunting in Another World With My Elf Wife
I Am a Cat Barista
I Am Alice: Body Swap in Wonderland
I Can't Believe I Slept With You!
I Didn't Mean to Fall in Love
I Don't Like You at All, Big Brother!!
I Don't Really Get It, but It Looks Like I Was Reincarnated in Another World
I Get the Feeling That Nobukuni-san Likes Me
I Got Caught Up In a Hero Summons, but the Other World was at Peace!
I Got Fired as a Court Wizard so Now I'm Moving to the Country to Become a Magic Teacher
I Had That Same Dream Again
I Married My Best Friend To Shut My Parents Up
I Swear I Won't Bother You Again!
I Think I Turned My Childhood Friend into a Girl
I Want to Eat Your Pancreas
I, Otaku: Struggle in Akihabara
I'm a Terminal Cancer Patient, but I'm Fine
I'm a Wolf, but My Boss is a Sheep!
I'm in Love with the Villainess
I'm Kinda Chubby and I'm Your Hero
I'm the Evil Lord of an Intergalactic Empire!
If It's for My Daughter, I'd Even Defeat a Demon Lord
Imaginary
In This Corner of the World
Inukami!
Jack the Ripper: Hell Blade
Juana and the Dragonewt's Seven Kingdoms
Kageki Shojo!!
Kageki Shojo!! The Curtain Rises
Kamen Rider
Kanokon
Karate Survivor in Another World
Kase-san
Kase-san and Yamada
Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl
Kemono Jihen
Kijin Gentōshō
Kindred Spirits on the Roof
Kingdom of Z
Kiruru Kill Me
Kisses, Sighs, and Cherry Blossom Pink
Kokoro Connect
Kuma Kuma Kuma Bear
Land of the Rising Dead
Lazy Dungeon Master
Les Misérables
Let's Buy the Land and Cultivate It in a Different World
Level 1 Demon Lord and One Room Hero
Little Devils
Lizzie Newton: Victorian Mysteries
Lord Marksman and Vanadis
Love in Hell
Love in Hell: Death Life
Love Me for Who I Am
Love on the Other Side – A Nagabe Short Story Collection
Lucifer and the Biscuit Hammer
Lupin III (Lupin the 3rd): Greatest Heists
Machimaho: I Messed Up and Made the Wrong Person Into a Magical Girl!
Made in Abyss
Made in Abyss Official Anthology
Magaimono: Super Magic Action Entertainment
Magia the Ninth
Magic Artisan Dahlia Wilts No More
Magical Angel Creamy Mami and the Spoiled Princess
Magical Girl Apocalypse
Magical Girl Site
Magical Girl Spec-Ops Asuka
Magika Swordsman and Summoner
Makeup is Not (Just) Magic: A Manga Guide to Cosmetics and Skin Care
Malevolent Spirits: Mononogatari
MaMaMa: Magical Director Mako-chan's Magical Guidance
Manly Appetites: Minegishi Loves Otsu
Marmalade Boy
Mars Red
Masamune-kun's Revenge
Mayo Chiki!
Merman in My Tub
Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid
Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid: Elma's Office Lady Diary
Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid: Fafnir the Recluse
Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid: Kanna's Daily Life
MoMo: The Blood Taker
Monologue Woven for You
Mononoke Sharing
Monotone Blue
Monster Girl Encyclopedia
Monster Guild: The Dark Lord's (No-Good) Comeback!
Monster Musume
Monster Musume: I Heart Monster Girls
Moonlight Meow
Muscles are Better Than Magic!
Mushoku Tensei: Jobless Reincarnation
Mushoku Tensei: Roxy Gets Serious
Mushroom Girls in Love
My Alcoholic Escape from Reality
My Androgynous Boyfriend
My Boyfriend is a Vampire
My Brain is Different: Stories of ADHD and Other Developmental Disorders
My Cute Little Kitten
My Deer Friend Nokotan
My Father is a Unicorn
My Girlfriend is a T-Rex
My Girlfriend's Child
My Lesbian Experience With Loneliness
My Lovey-Dovey Wife is a Stone Cold Killer
My Monster Secret
My Next Life as a Villainess: All Routes Lead to Doom!
My Next Life as a Villainess Side Story: Girls Patch
My Next Life as a Villainess Side Story: On the Verge of Doom!
My New Life as a Cat
My Pathetic Vampire Life
My [Repair] Skill Became a Versatile Cheat, So I Think I'll Open a Weapon Shop
My Room is a Dungeon Rest Stop
My Secret Affection
My Senpai Is Annoying
My Sister, The Cat
My Solo Exchange Diary
My Status as an Assassin Obviously Exceeds the Hero's
My Wife Has No Emotion
My Wandering Warrior Existence
Mythical Beast Investigator
Namekawa-san Won't Take a Licking!
Nameless Asterism
Necromance
New Game!
Nicola Traveling Around the Demons' World
Night of the Living Cat
Nightfall Travelers
Nirvana
No Game No Life
No Longer Human...In Another World
No Matter What You Say, Furi-san is Scary!
Non Non Biyori
Not Lives
Now Loading…!
NTR: Netsuzou Trap
Nurse Hitomi's Monster Infirmary
Ojojojo
Orange
Otaku Elf
Otome Mania!!
Our Dining Table
Our Dreams at Dusk
Our Teachers Are Dating!
Our Torsos Align: Human x Monster Love
Our Wonderful Days
Pandora in the Crimson Shell: Ghost Urn
Penguindrum
Please Tell Me! Galko-chan
Plum Crazy! Tales of a Tiger-Striped Cat
Plus-Sized Elf
Polar Bear Café
Pompo: The Cinéphile
Precarious Woman Executive Miss Black General
Primitive Boyfriend
Qualia the Purple
Rainbow and Black
Ramen Wolf and Curry Tiger
Re:Monster
Reborn as a Barrier Master
Reborn as a Space Mercenary: I Woke Up Piloting the Strongest Starship!
Red Riding Hood and the Big Sad Wolf
Reincarnated as a Dragon Hatchling
Reincarnated as a Sword
Reincarnated as a Sword: Another Wish
Restart After Coming Back Home
Restart After Growing Hungry
Ride Your Wave
Rise of the Outlaw Tamer and His Wild S-Rank Cat Girl
Robo Sapiens: Tales of Tomorrow
ROLL OVER AND DIE: I Will Fight for an Ordinary Life with My Love and Cursed Sword!!
Rozi in the Labyrinth
Sadako-san and Sadako-chan
Saint Seiya: Saintia Shō
Sakurai-san Wants to Be Noticed
Sarazanmai Official Anthology
Sarazanmai: Reo and Mabu
Satan's Secretary
Satoko and Nada
Sazan & Comet Girl
Scarlet
School Zone Girls
Seaside Stranger: Umibe no Étranger
Seaside Stranger: Harukaze no Étranger
Secret of the Princess
semelparous
Senran Kagura
Servamp
She Professed Herself Pupil of the Wise Man
Sheeply Horned Witch Romi
Shomin Sample
SHWD
Skeleton Knight in Another World
Skip and Loafer
Slow Life in Another World (I Wish!)
Slumbering Beauty
Soloist in a Cage
Sorcerous Stabber Orphen
Sorry for My Familiar
Soul Liquid Chambers
Space Battleship Yamato
Space Pirate Captain Harlock
Species Domain
Spirit Circle
Spriggan
Steam Reverie in Amber
Strawberry Panic!
Strike Witches: 1937 Fuso Sea Incident
Strike Witches: Maidens in the Sky
Strike Witches: The Sky That Connects Us
Strike Witches: One-Winged Witches
Succubus & Hitman
Super HxEros
Super Sentai: Himitsu Sentai Gorenger
Superwomen in Love! Honey Trap and Rapid Rabbit
Syrup: A Yuri Anthology
Tales of Zestiria
Tamamo-chan's a Fox!
Tetragrammaton Labyrinth
The Ancient Magus' Bride
The Ancient Magus' Bride: Jack Flash and the Faerie Case Files
The Ancient Magus' Bride: Wizard's Blue
The Brave-Tuber
The Bride & the Exorcist Knight
The Bride Was a Boy
The Case Files of Jeweler Richard
The Carp on the Chopping Block Jumps Twice
The Conditions of Paradise
The Conditions of Paradise: Our First Time
The Conditions of Paradise: Azure Dreams
The Cornered Mouse Dreams of Cheese
The Count of Monte Cristo
The Country Without Humans
The Dangers in My Heart
The Demon Girl Next Door
The Dragon Knight's Beloved
The Dungeon of Black Company
The Duke of Death and His Maid
The Eccentric Doctor of the Moon Flower Kingdom
The Evil Secret Society of Cats
The Exo-Drive Reincarnation Games: All-Japan Isekai Battle Tournament!
The Girl from the Other Side: Siúil, a Rún
The Girl I Want is So Handsome!
The Girl in the Arcade
The Haunted Bookstore – Gateway to a Parallel Universe
The Hidden Dungeon Only I Can Enter
The High School Life of a Fudanshi
The Idaten Deities Know Only Peace
The Ideal Sponger Life
The Invincible Shovel
The Invisible Man and His Soon to be Wife
The King of Fighters: A New Beginning
The Kingdoms of Ruin
The Knight Blooms Behind Castle Walls
The Last Uniform
The Legend of Dororo and Hyakkimaru
The Masterful Cat Is Depressed Again Today
The Most Heretical Last Boss Queen: From Villainess to Savior
The Most Notorious "Talker" Runs the World's Greatest Clan
The Muscle Girl Next Door
The NPCs in this Village Sim Game Must Be Real!
The Other Side of Secret
The Sacred Blacksmith
The Saint's Magic Power is Omnipotent
The Saint's Magic Power is Omnipotent: The Other Saint
The Savior's Book Cafe Story in Another World
The Seven Princes of the Thousand-Year Labyrinth
The Sorcerer King of Destruction and the Golem of the Barbarian Queen
The Summer You Were There
The Strange Adventure of a Broke Mercenary
The Tale of the Outcasts
The Testament of Sister New Devil
The Testament of Sister New Devil Storm!
The Titan's Bride
The Tunnel to Summer, the Exit of Goodbye
The Two Lions
The Two of Them Are Pretty Much Like This
The Voynich Hotel
The Walking Cat: A Cat's-Eye-View of the Zombie Apocalypse
The Weakest Contestant in All Space and Time
The Weakest Tamer Began a Journey to Pick Up Trash
The Wize Wize Beasts of the Wizarding Wizdoms
There's a Demon Lord on the Floor
There's No Freaking Way I'll be Your Lover! Unless...
Thigh High: Reiwa Hanamaru Academy
Though I am an Inept Villainess: Tale of the Butterfly-Rat Body Swap in the Maiden Court
Thunderbolt Fantasy
Time Stop Hero
Tokyo Revengers
Tokyo Undead
Tomo-chan Is a Girl!
Tomodachi × Monster
Toradora!
Total Eclipse of the Eternal Heart
Transparent Light Blue
Trapped in a Dating Sim: The World of Otome Games is Tough for Mobs
Ultra Kaiju Humanization Project
Unicorns Aren't Horny
Unmagical Girl
Until I Meet My Husband
Uzaki-chan Wants to Hang Out!
Venus Versus Virus
Versailles of the Dead
Voiceful
Wadanohara and the Great Blue Sea
We Swore to Meet in the Next Life and That's When Things Got Weird!
What the Font?! – A Manga Guide to Western Typeface
Who Says Warriors Can't be Babes?
Why Don't You Eat Me, My Dear Wolf?
Witch Buster
Witches
Wonder Cat Kyuu-chan
Wonderland
World End Solte
World War Blue
X-Gender
Yakuza Fiancé: Raise wa Tanin ga Ii
Yakuza Reincarnation
Yokai Cats
Yokai Rental Shop
Yokohama Kaidashi Kikō
You Like Me, Not My Daughter?!
Young Ladies Don't Play Fighting Games
Young Miss Holmes
Zero's Familiar
Ghost Ship (manga)
Steamship (manga)
Airship (novel/light novel)
Danmei
Seven Seas Webtoons
Manhua
Former titles
Original series
Seven Seas Entertainment (manga)
Novel/Light Novel
References
External links
Manga distributors
Webcomic publishing companies
2004 establishments in California
Privately held companies based in California
Companies based in Los Angeles
Publishing companies established in 2004
Book publishing companies based in California
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4403886
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi%20Bajestani
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Mehdi Bajestani
|
Mehdi Bajestani (in Persian مهدی بجستانی), (born in Bajestan) is an Iranian actor member of the Naqshineh Theatre group.
Acting credits
The Caucasian Chalk Circle, 1997, by Bertolt Brecht, directed by Hamid Samandarian, Tehran.
Waiting for Godot (1998), by Samuel Beckett, directed by Vahid Rahbani, Tehran and Paris.
Rhinoceros (2001), by Eugène Ionesco, directed by Vahid Rahbani, Tehran.
Poor Bitos (2002), by Jean Anouilh, directed by Hamid Mozaffari, Tehran.
Like Blood for Steak (2004), by Mohammad Charmshir, directed by Hassan Majooni, Tehran.
The Unexpected Man, 2005, by Yasmina Reza, directed by Vahid Rahbani, Tehran.
Julius Caesar, Told by a Nightmare, (2045), by Naghmeh Samini, directed by, Kioomars Moradi, Tehran.
The Invisible Cities (2005), by Akbar Alizad, directed by Hassan Majoni, Tehran.
Eleutheria (2005), by Samuel Beckett, directed by Vahid Rahbani, and Mohammad Reza Jozi Tehran.
Don Camillo (2006), written and directed by Kourosh Narimani, Tehran.
Holy Spider (2022), written and directed by Ali Abbasi
Short Film
Thirteen, (2003), directed by Vahid Rahbani.
External links
Biography from Naqshineh Theatre
1975 births
20th-century Iranian male actors
Iranian male stage actors
Living people
21st-century Iranian male actors
Iranian male film actors
| 1 | 1 |
34982053
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewa%20Singh
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Mewa Singh
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Mewa Singh (born 11 April 1951 in Maler Kotla), is an Indian primatologist, ethologist, and conservation biologist. He was a professor of ecology and animal behavior at University of Mysore Biopsychology Department in Mysore, Karnataka. Currently he is a Life-Long Distinguished Professor in University of Mysore. It is interesting to note that Singh has a Bachelor's degree in English, a Master's and a PhD degree in Psychology but was never formally trained in Biological or Conservation Sciences. Yet he is popular and revered for coordinating courses in Evolution, Genetics, Animal Behavior, Conservation Biology and Statistics not only in his department at the University of Mysore but at academic schools, conferences and faculty refresher courses throughout the country.
A new night frog Nyctibatrachus mewasinghi has been named after him which is endemic to the Western Ghats. It is generally referred to as Mewa Singh's Night frog.
Singh's research centers on primate social behavior, including conflict resolution, cooperation, inequity aversion,food-sharing, primate bereavement, etc. He is the author of the book Primate Societies and co-author of Macaque Societies: A Model for the Study of Social Organization. He has published more than 200 research articles on several animal species. Singh also studies the viability of primate populations and is frequently quoted in the media as an expert in this area.
He is a fellow of all three Science Academies of India: Indian Academy of Sciences Bangalore; Indian National Science Academy New Delhi; National Academy of Sciences Allahabad. He is also a Ramanna Fellow, DST, a Fellow of the National Academy of Psychology, India and a Distinguished SERB Fellow (2019).
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20111230065812/http://uni-mysore.ac.in/dr-mewa-singh/
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
1948 births
Living people
University of Mysore faculty
Primatologists
Ethologists
20th-century Indian biologists
Scientists from Karnataka
| 1 | 1 |
52910406
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada%20Ferrer
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Ada Ferrer
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Ada Ferrer is a Cuban-American historian. She is Julius Silver Professor of History and Latin American Studies at New York University. She was awarded the 2022 Pulitzer Prize in History for her book Cuba: An American History.
Early life
She was born in Havana, Cuba, migrated to the United States in 1963, and grew up in West New York, New Jersey. Ferrer holds an AB degree in English from Vassar College, 1984, an MA degree in History from University of Texas at Austin, 1988, and a PhD in History from the University of Michigan, 1995.
Career
She is currently a Julius Silver Professor of History and Latin American Studies at New York University.
She has won the 2015 Frederick Douglass Prize for her book Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution. The book also won the Friedrich Katz, Wesley Logan, and James A. Rawley prizes from the American Historical Association and the Haiti Illumination Prize from the Haitian Studies Association. Ferrer received the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians Book Prize for her book Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation and Revolution 1868–1898, which was shortlisted for the 2022 Cundill Prize.
She is a 2018 Guggenheim Fellow.
Bibliography
Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868–1898 . University of North Carolina Press, 1998
Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution. Cambridge University Press, 2014
Cuba: An American History. Scribner, 2021
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
21st-century American historians
Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies alumni
Vassar College alumni
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
New York University faculty
People from West New York, New Jersey
Historians from New Jersey
| 1 | 1 |
1921297
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20H.%20Patterson
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C. H. Patterson
|
Cecil Holden Patterson (1912 – 2006) was an American psychologist. He was an Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the United States. He worked directly with Carl Rogers and practiced person-centered (Rogerian) therapy throughout his career.
Patterson was born June 22, 1912 in Lynn, Massachusetts. He received his bachelor's degree in Sociology from the University of Chicago in 1938, and his Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Minnesota in 1955. He was the author of many publications in the fields of educational psychology and counseling.
He served in the Army during World War II. In 1942, he married Frances Spano, a nutritionist whom he met at Fels Research Institute in Yellow Springs, Ohio. They had seven children. His second-eldest child is Francine Patterson, a researcher who taught a modified form of American Sign Language to a gorilla named Koko. He also loved good food and retired in the Asheville, NC area in later life where he established a well loved restaurant.
Patterson's publications used in counselor education include Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy and The Therapeutic Relationship: Foundations for an Eclectic Psychotherapy.
He died May 26, 2006.
External links
1912 births
2006 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
American psychologists
People from Yellow Springs, Ohio
20th-century psychologists
University of Chicago alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
| 0 | -1 |
4436871
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20delimitation%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union
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National delimitation in the Soviet Union
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National delimitation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was the process of specifying well-defined national territorial units (Soviet socialist republics – SSR, autonomous Soviet socialist republics – ASSR, autonomous oblasts (provinces), raions (districts) and okrugs) from the ethnic diversity of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its subregions. The Russian-language term for this Soviet state policy was razmezhevanie (, natsionalno-territorialnoye razmezhevaniye), which is variously translated in English-language literature as "national-territorial delimitation" (NTD), "demarcation", or "partition". National delimitation formed part of a broader process of changes in administrative-territorial division, which also changed the boundaries of territorial units, but was not necessarily linked to national or ethnic considerations.
National delimitation in the USSR was distinct from nation-building (), which typically referred to the policies and actions implemented by the government of a national territorial unit (a nation state) after delimitation. In most cases national delimitation in the USSR was followed by korenizatsiya (indigenization).
Policies of national delimitation in the Soviet Union
Pre-1917 Russia was an imperial state, not a nation. In the 1905 Duma elections the nationalist parties received only 9 percent of all votes. The many non-Russian ethnic groups that inhabited the Russian Empire were classified as inorodtsy, or aliens. After the February Revolution, attitudes in regards to this topic began to change. In early 1917, a Socialist Revolutionary publication called Dyelo Naroda, No. 5 called for Russia to be transformed into a federal state along the lines of the United States. Specifically, separate constituent units inside of this federal state would be created for the various regions and ethnic groups of Russia (such as Little Russia, Georgia, Siberia, and Turkestan).
The Soviet Russia that took over from the Russian Empire in 1917 was not a nation-state, nor was the Soviet leadership committed to turning their country into such a state. In the early Soviet period, even voluntary assimilation was actively discouraged, and the promotion of the national self-consciousness of the non-Russian populations was attempted. Each officially recognized ethnic minority, however small, was granted its own national territory where it enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy, national schools, and national elites. A written national language (if it had been lacking), national language planning, native-language press, and books written in the native language came with the national territory, along with cultural institutions such as theaters.
The attitudes towards many ethnic minorities changed dramatically in the 1930s–1940s under the leadership of Joseph Stalin (despite his own Georgian ethnic roots) with the advent of a repressive policy featuring abolition of the national institutions, ethnic deportations, national terror, and Russification (mostly towards those with cross-border ethnic ties to foreign nation-states in the 1930s or compromised in the view of Stalin during the Great Patriotic War in the 1940s), although nation-building often continued simultaneously for others.
After the establishment of the Soviet Union within the boundaries of the former Russian Empire, the Bolshevik government began the process of national delimitation and nation building, which lasted through the 1920s and most of the 1930s. The project attempted to build nations out of the numerous ethnic groups in the Soviet Union. Defining a nation or politically conscious ethnic group was in itself a politically charged issue in the Soviet Union. In 1913, Stalin, in his work Marxism and the National Question, which subsequently became the cornerstone of the Soviet policy towards nationalities, defined a nation as "a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological makeup manifested in a common culture". Many of the subject nationalities or communities in the Russian Empire did not fully meet these criteria. Not only did cultural, linguistic, religious and tribal diversities make the process difficult, but also the lack of a political consciousness of ethnicity among the people was a major obstacle. The process relied on the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, adopted by the Bolshevik government on 15 November 1917, immediately after the October Revolution, which recognized equality and sovereignty of all the peoples of Russia; their right for free self-determination, up to and including secession and creation of an independent state; freedom of religion; and free development of national minorities and ethnic groups on the territory of Russia.
The Soviet Union (or more formally USSR – the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was established in 1922 as a federation of nationalities, which eventually came to encompass 15 major national territories, each organized as a Union-level republic (Soviet Socialist Republic or SSR). All 15 national republics, created between 1917 and 1940, had constitutionally equal rights and equal standing in the formal structure of state power. The largest of the 15 republics – Russia – was ethnically the most diverse and from the very beginning it was constituted as the RSFSR – the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, a federation within a federation. The Russian SFSR was divided in the early 1920s into some 30 autonomous ethnic territories (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics – ASSR and autonomous oblasts – AO), many of which exist to this day as ethnic republics within the Russian Federation. There was also a very large number of lower-level ethnic territories, such as national districts and national village soviets. The exact number of ASSR and AO varied over the years as new entities were created while old entities switched from one form to another, transformed into Union-level republics (e.g., Kazakh and Kyrgyz SSR created in 1936, Moldovan SSR created in 1940), or were absorbed into larger territories (e.g., Crimean ASSR absorbed into the RSFSR in 1945 and Volga German ASSR absorbed into RSFSR in 1941).
The first population census of the USSR in 1926 listed 176 distinct nationalities. Eliminating excessive detail (e.g., four ethnic groups for Jews and five ethnic groups for Georgians) and omitting very small ethnic groups, the list was condensed into 69 nationalities. These 69 nationalities lived in 45 nationally delimited territories, including 16 Union-level republics (SSR) for the major nationalities, 23 autonomous regions (18 ASSR and 5 autonomous oblasts) for other nationalities within the Russian SFSR, and 6 autonomous regions within other Union-level republics (one in Uzbek SSR, one in Azerbaijan SSR, one in Tajik SSR, and three in Georgian SSR).
Higher-level autonomous national territories in the Soviet Union
Map showing the ethnic republics of the Russian Federation (2008) that succeeded the national territories of Russian SFSR (pre-1990)
Despite the general policy of granting national territories to all ethnic groups, several nationalities remained without their own territories in the 1920s and the 1930s. In many cases these groups were either widely dispersed, or these minorities were concentrated in areas already designated as the national republic for a different group, for example Poles and Jews (who were considered a nationality) represented up to a third of the population in some areas of the Ukrainian or Belorussian SSRs or nearly half of the population in some cities and towns, yet no particular territorial entity was created (though a Jewish Autonomous Oblast was established in the Russian Far East in 1934). For the largely Yiddish-speaking Jews in these areas, policies were implemented such as the designation of Yiddish as an official language of Byelorussian SSR and a corresponding national public education system in Yiddish, along with the promotion of Yiddish literature and theatre in these areas as well as in the larger Russian cities. Other minorities included Bulgarians, Greeks, Hungarians, Romani, Uigurs, Koreans, and Gagauz (today the Gagauz live in a compact area known as Gagauzia in the south of Moldova, where they enjoy a measure of autonomy). The Volga Germans lost their national territory with the outbreak of World War II in 1941. The peoples of the North had neither autonomous republics nor autonomous oblasts, but since the 1930s they have been organized in 10 national okrugs, such as the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Koryak Autonomous Okrug, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and others.
Besides national republics, oblasts, and okrugs, several hundred national districts (with populations between 10,000 and 50,000) and several thousand national townships (population 500 to 5,000) were established. In some cases this policy required voluntary or forced resettlement in both directions to create a compact population. The immigration of cross-border ethnic groups and the return of non-Russian émigrés to the Soviet Union during the New Economic Policy, albeit perceived as an easy cover for espionage, were not discouraged and proceeded quite actively, contributing to nation-building.
Soviet fear of foreign influence gained momentum from sporadic ethnic guerilla uprisings along the entire Soviet frontier throughout the 1920s. The Soviet government was particularly concerned about the loyalty of the Finnish, Polish, and German populations. However, in July 1925 the Soviet authorities felt secure enough and in order to project Soviet influence outwards, exploiting cross-border ethnic ties, granted national minorities in the border regions more privileges and national rights than those in the central regions. This policy was implemented especially successfully in the Ukrainian SSR, which at first indeed succeeded in attracting the population of Polish Kresy. However, some Ukrainian communists claimed neighboring regions even from the Russian SFSR.
National delimitation in Central Asia
Rationale
Russia had conquered Central Asia in the 19th century by annexing the formerly independent khanates of Kokand and Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara. After the Communists took power in 1917 and created the Soviet Union it was decided to divide Central Asia into ethnically based republics in a process known as National Territorial Delimitation (NTD). This was in line with Communist theory that nationalism was a necessary step on the path towards an eventually communist society, and Joseph Stalin's definition of a nation as being “a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture”.
NTD is commonly portrayed as being nothing more than a cynical exercise in divide and rule, a deliberately Machiavellian attempt by Stalin to maintain Soviet hegemony over the region by artificially dividing its inhabitants into separate nations and with borders deliberately drawn so as to leave minorities within each state. Though indeed Russia was concerned at the possible threat of pan-Turkic nationalism, as expressed for example with the Basmachi movement of the 1920s, closer analysis informed by the primary sources paints a much more nuanced picture than is commonly presented.
The Soviets aimed to create ethnically homogenous republics, however many areas were ethnically-mixed (especially the Ferghana Valley) and often proved difficult to assign a ‘correct’ ethnic label to some peoples (e.g. the mixed Tajik-Uzbek Sart, or the various Turkmen/Uzbek tribes along the Amu Darya). Local national elites often strongly argued (and in many cases overstated) their case and the Russians were often forced to adjudicate between them, further hindered by a lack of expert knowledge and the paucity of accurate or up-to-date ethnographic data on the region. Furthermore, NTD also aimed to create ‘viable’ entities, with economic, geographical, agricultural and infrastructural matters also to be taken into account and frequently trumping those of ethnicity. The attempt to balance these contradictory aims within an overall nationalist framework proved exceedingly difficult and often impossible, resulting in the drawing of often tortuously convoluted borders, multiple enclaves and the unavoidable creation of large minorities who ended up living in the ‘wrong’ republic. Additionally the Soviets never intended for these borders to become international frontiers.
Creation of new SSRs and autonomous regions
NTD of the area along ethnic lines had been proposed as early as 1920. At this time Central Asia consisted of two Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSRs) within the Russian SFSR: the Turkestan ASSR, created in April 1918 and covering large parts of what are now southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, as well as Turkmenistan), and the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirghiz ASSR, Kirgizistan ASSR on the map), which was created on 26 August 1920 in the territory roughly coinciding with the northern part of today's Kazakhstan (at this time Kazakhs were referred to as ‘Kyrgyz’ and what are now the Kyrgyz were deemed a sub-group of the Kazakhs and referred to as ‘Kara-Kyrgyz’ i.e. ‘black Kyrgyz’). There were also the two separate successor ‘republics’ of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva, which were transformed into the Bukhara and Khorezm People's Soviet Republics following the takeover by the Red Army in 1920.
On 25 February 1924 the Politburo and Central Committee of the Soviet Union announced that it would proceed with NTD in Central Asia. The process was to be overseen by a Special Committee of the Central Asian Bureau, with three sub-committees for each of what were deemed to be the main nationalities of the region (Kazakhs, Turkmen and Uzbeks), with work then exceedingly rapidly. There were initial plans to possibly keep the Khorezm and Bukhara PSRs, but it was decided in April 1924 to partition them, over the often vocal opposition of their local Communist Parties. The Khorezm CP in particular were reluctant to destroy their PSR and had to be strong-armed into voting for their own dissolution in July of that year.
The Turkestan ASSR was officially partitioned into two Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR), the Turkmen SSR and the Uzbek SSR. The Turkmen SSR roughly matched the borders of today's Turkmenistan and it was created as a home for the Turkmens of Soviet Central Asia. The Bukhara and Khorezm People's Soviet Republics were largely absorbed into the Uzbek SSR, which also included other territories inhabited by Uzbeks as well as those inhabited by ethnic Tajiks. At the same time, the Tajik ASSR was created within the Uzbek SSR for the Tajik ethnic population and, in May 1929, it was separated from Uzbek SSR and upgraded to the status of a full Soviet Socialist Republic (the Tajik SSR). The Kirghiz SSR (today's Kyrgyzstan) was created only in 1936; between 1929 and 1936 it existed as the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (province) within the Russian SFSR. The Kazakh SSR was also created at that time (5 December 1936), thus completing the process of national delimitation of Soviet Central Asia into five Soviet Socialist Republics that in 1991 would become five independent states.
Particularly bitter debates accompanied the partition of the Uzbek and Tajik SSRs in 1929, focusing especially on the status of the cities of Bukhara, Samarkand, and the Surxondaryo Region, all of which had sizeable, if not dominant, Tajik populations. The final decision negotiated by the Uzbek and Tajik parties, not without strong involvement of the Communist Party, left these three largely Tajik-populated territories within the Turkic-populated Uzbek SSR. The Tajik SSR was created on 5 December 1929 as the home for most of the ethnic Tajiks in Soviet Central Asia within the boundaries of present-day Tajikistan.
Nation-building for ethnic minorities
In the 1920s and the 1930s, the policy of national delimitation, which assigned national territories to ethnic groups and nationalities, was followed by nation-building, attempting to create a full range of national institutions within each national territory. Each officially recognized ethnic minority, however small, was granted its own national territory where it enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy, in addition to national elites. A written national language was developed (if it had been lacking), national language planning was implemented, native teachers were trained, and national schools were established. This was always accompanied by native-language press and books written in the native language, along with other facets of cultural life. National elites were encouraged to develop and take over the leading administrative and Party positions, sometimes in proportions exceeding the proportion of the native population.
With the grain requisition crises, famines; troubled economic conditions; international destabilization and the reversal of the immigration flow in the early 1930s, the Soviet Union became increasingly worried about the possible disloyalty of diaspora ethnic groups with cross-border ties (especially Finns, Germans and Poles), residing along its western borders. This eventually led to the start of Stalin's repressive policy towards them.
Following the introduction of the Soviet passport system in 1932, each adult citizen's ethnicity () was necessarily recorded in their passport. Where parents' nationalities differed, a citizen was able to choose which nationality to register in their passport. This practice did not exist in the Russian empire and has been abolished in the Russian Federation, although it remains law in some former-Soviet republics, including Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
The Bolsheviks’ plan was to identify the total sum of all national, cultural, linguistic, and territorial diversities under their rule and establish scientific criteria to identify which groups of people were entitled to the description of 'nation'. This task relied on the existing work of tsarist-era ethnographers and statisticians, as well as new research conducted under Soviet auspices. Because most people did not know what is meant by a nation, some of them simply gave names when asked about ethnic group. Many groups were thought to be biologically similar, but culturally distinct. In Central Asia, many identified their "nation" as "Muslim." In other cases, geography made the difference, or even whether one lived in a town versus the countryside. Principally, however, dialects or languages formed the basis for distinguishing between various nations. The results were often contradictory and confusing. More than 150 nations were counted in Central Asia alone. Some were quickly subordinated to others, with communities which had hitherto been counted as "nations" now deemed to be simply tribes. As a result, the number of nations shrunk over the decades.
See also
Islam in the Soviet Union
Soviet people
Korenizatsiya
Soviet Central Asia
References
Notes
Citations
Further reading
John Everett-Heath (2003) Central Asia: History, Ethnicity, Modernity, Routledge-Curzon,
Arne Haugen (2004) The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia, Palgrave Macmillan,
Terry Martin(2001). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, Cornell University Press,
Oliver Roy (2000) The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations, NYU Press,
Rogers Brubaker, Nationhood and the National Question in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Institutionalist Account. Theory and Society, 23 [1] (February 1994): 47–78.
Subdivisions of the Soviet Union
Decentralization
Soviet internal politics
Soviet ethnic policy
Soviet phraseology
Soviet Union
Geography of the Soviet Union
Post-Soviet states
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill%20Slattery
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Jill Slattery
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Gillian "Jill" Slattery (born 25 May 1945) is a female retired British swimmer.
Swimming career
Slattery won a bronze medal in the 200 metres breaststroke at the 1966 European Aquatics Championships. She competed in the same event at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics and finished fifth in 1964.
At the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games she won a gold and a silver medal in the 220 yards and 110 yards breaststroke, respectively. At the ASA National British Championships she won the 110 yards breaststroke title in 1964 and the 220 yards breaststroke title in 1967 and 1968.
References
External links
1945 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Sheffield
Swimmers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers of Great Britain
Female breaststroke swimmers
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
English breaststroke swimmers
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Swimmers at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%20University%20East%20station
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Boston University East station
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Boston University East station is a surface-level light rail station on the MBTA Green Line B branch located in Boston, Massachusetts. The station is located in the center median of Commonwealth Avenue, between Granby Street and the east end of Cummington Street, surrounded by the Boston University campus. It consists of two side platforms, which serve the B branch's two tracks.
Boston University East is one of seven surface stations on the branch that are accessible (the others being , , , , and the B branch's terminus at ).
History
Owing to its location in front of Warren Towers dormitory and Boston University's College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University East has the sixth-highest ridership of any station on the B branch. In the early 2000s, the MBTA modified key surface stops with raised platforms for accessibility. Construction at Boston University Central and Boston University East was part of a $32 million modification of thirteen B, C, and E branch stations. During construction, an interim station with temporary platforms between the two stops was used. Construction began on March 18, 2002, a week behind schedule due to delays in finishing up similar work at Harvard Avenue and Washington Street. The project was then expected to be completed within six months.
However, poor weather and limited work periods (as most work could only be done during the four hours at night that no trains used the line) delayed the completion date first to December 2002, then March 2003. The contractor informed the MBTA in early 2003 that they would be unable to complete the work; a new contractor was chosen in mid-2003, but work did not resume until September. The stations were completed and reopened on November 18, 2003.
References
External links
MBTA – Boston University East Station
Google Maps Street View: Granby Street entrance, Cummington Street entrance
Green Line (MBTA) stations
Railway stations in Boston
Railway stations in Massachusetts at university and college campuses
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1894
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%20Swedish%20general%20election
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1968 Swedish general election
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General elections were held in Sweden on 15 September 1968. Held in the wake of the crushing of the Prague spring, it resulted in a landslide victory for the Social Democratic government and Prime Minister Tage Erlander. It is one of two general elections in Swedish history where a single party received more than half of the vote (the other being the election of 1940). Erlander would resign the following year after an uninterrupted tenure of 23 years as head of government.
The Social Democrats had held the office of Prime Minister since 1932 except a three-month "holiday cabinet" in 1936. This was due to the Social Democrats' absolute majority in the First chamber and a steady majority for them in general elections and also at large in municipality and county council elections, of which the latter gave them the majority in the First chamber. When they did not have an absolute majority in the Andra kammaren, the Social Democrats could rely on a passive support from the Communists as the Social Democrats almost always nearly had half of the seats there. The two socialist parties in the Riksdag did not however win a majority in the general elections of 1952 and 1956.
Results
Notes
References
General elections in Sweden
Sweden
General
Sweden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve%20M.%20Troutt%20Powell
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Eve M. Troutt Powell
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Eve M. Troutt Powell is an American historian of the Middle East and North Africa and Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of History in the Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania. She is a previous recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship.
Life
She graduated with a B.A from Radcliffe College and an M.A., and Ph.D. from Harvard University.
She later taught at the University of Georgia.
She was a presidential intern at the American University of Cairo (AUC).
She is a member of the American Historical Association.
She is an expert on Egypt, Sudan, and slavery in the Nile Valley.
Awards
2003 MacArthur Fellows Program
Select Bibliography
A Different Shade of Colonialism, Egypt Great Britain and the Mastery of Sudan, University of California Press, 2003,
The African Diaspora in the Mediterranean Lands of Islam, Editors John O. Hunwick, Eve Troutt Powell, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2002,
"The Tools of the Master: Slavery and Empire in Nineteenth Century Egypt", School of Social Science
Tell This in My Memory: Stories of Enslavement from Egypt, Sudan, and the Ottoman Empire, Stanford University Press, 14 nov. 2012, 264 p.,
Open-Access Resources
Written interview for Afropop Worldwide, 2011
Audio episode of The Ottoman History Podcast, 2016 ("Narratives of Slavery in Late Ottoman Egypt")
Recorded video conversation for Afikra, 2022
References
External links
"Eve Troutt Powell: African Slaves in Islamic Lands", Afropop, Banning Eyre, 2006
University of Pennsylvania faculty
University of Georgia faculty
MacArthur Fellows
Living people
21st-century American historians
American women historians
Radcliffe College alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne%20Cricket%20Ground
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Melbourne Cricket Ground
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The Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), also known locally as "The 'G", is an Australian sports stadium located in Yarra Park, Melbourne, Victoria. Founded and managed by the Melbourne Cricket Club, it is the largest stadium in the Southern Hemisphere, the 11th largest globally, and the second largest cricket ground by capacity. The MCG is within walking distance of the city centre and is served by Richmond and Jolimont railway stations, as well as the route 70, route 75, and route 48 trams. It is adjacent to Melbourne Park and is part of the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct.
Since it was built in 1853, the MCG has undergone numerous renovations. It served as the centerpiece stadium of the 1956 Summer Olympics, the 2006 Commonwealth Games and two Cricket World Cups: 1992 and 2015. It will also serve as the host for the opening ceremonies of the 2026 Commonwealth Games. Noted for its role in the development of international cricket, the MCG hosted both the first Test match and the first One Day International, played between Australia and England in 1877 and 1971 respectively. It has also maintained strong ties with Australian rules football since its codification in 1859, and has become the principal venue for Australian Football League (AFL) matches, including the AFL Grand Final, the world's highest attended league championship event. It is set to hold the Grand Final for the 2022 T20 World Cup.
Home to the Australian Sports Museum, the MCG has hosted other major sporting events, including international rules football matches between Australia and Ireland, international rugby union matches, State of Origin (rugby league) games, and FIFA World Cup qualifiers. Concerts and other cultural events are also held at the venue with the record attendance standing at 143,750 for a Billy Graham evangelistic crusade in 1959. Grandstand redevelopments and occupational health and safety legislation have limited the maximum seating capacity to approximately 95,000 with an additional 5,000 standing room capacity, bringing the total capacity to 100,024.
The MCG is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and was included on the Australian National Heritage List in 2005. In 2003, journalist Greg Baum called it "a shrine, a citadel, a landmark, a totem" that "symbolises Melbourne to the world".
Early history
The MCG is built atop a Wurundjeri camping ground and site of numerous corroborees. Founded in November 1838 the Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) selected the current MCG site in 1853 after previously playing at several grounds around Melbourne. The club's first game was against a military team at the Old Mint site, at the corner of William and La Trobe Streets. Burial Hill (now Flagstaff Gardens) became its home ground in January 1839, but the area was already set aside for Botanical Gardens and the club was moved on in October 1846, to an area on the south bank of the Yarra about where the Herald & Weekly Times building is today. The area was subject to flooding, forcing the club to move again, this time to a ground in South Melbourne.
It was not long before the club was forced out again, this time because of the expansion of the railway. The South Melbourne ground was in the path of Victoria's first steam railway line from Melbourne to Sandridge (now Port Melbourne). Governor La Trobe offered the MCC a choice of three sites; an area adjacent to the existing ground, a site at the junction of Flinders and Spring Streets or a ten-acre (about 4 hectares) section of the Government Paddock at Richmond next to Richmond Park.
Between European settlement in 1835 and the early 1860s, this last option, which is now Yarra Park, was known as the Government or Police Paddock and served as a large agistment area for the horses of the Mounted Police, Border Police and Native Police. The north-eastern section also housed the main barracks for the Mounted Police in the Port Phillip district. In 1850 it was part of a stretch set aside for public recreation extending from Governor La Trobe's Jolimont Estate to the Yarra River. By 1853 it had become a busy promenade for Melbourne residents.
An MCC sub-committee chose the Richmond Park option because it was level enough for cricket but sloped enough to prevent inundation. That ground was located where the Richmond, or outer, end of the current MCG is now.
At the same time the Richmond Cricket Club was given occupancy rights to six acres (2.4 hectares) for another cricket ground on the eastern side of the Government Paddock.
In 1861, a board of trustees was appointed to be responsible for the ground. Over the first forty years, most of the trustees were appointed by the MCC, giving the cricket club relative autonomy over the use of the ground. In 1906, the state governments' Lands ministry appointed five new trustees, putting the government-appointed trustees in the majority; and the government has appointed and overseen the trust since. This gives the state government, via the trust, a level of control over the ground's use.
At the time of the land grant, the Government stipulated that the ground was to be used for cricket and cricket only. This condition technically remained until 1933 when the Melbourne Cricket Ground Act 1933 widened its allowable uses. The 1933 act has been replaced by separate acts in 1989 and 2009.
In 1863, a corridor of land running diagonally across Yarra Park was granted to the Melbourne & Hobson's Bay Railway Company and divided Yarra Park from the river. The Mounted Police barracks were operational until the 1880s when it was subdivided into the current residential precinct bordered by Vale Street. The area closest to the river was also developed for sporting purposes in later years including Olympic venues in 1956.
Stadium development
The first grandstand at the MCG was the original wooden members' stand built in 1854, while the first public grandstand was a 200-metre long 6000-seat temporary structure built in 1861. Another grandstand seating 2000, facing one way to the cricket ground and the other way to the park where football was played, was built in 1876 for the 1877 visit of James Lillywhite's English cricket team. It was during this tour that the MCG hosted the world's first Test match.
In 1881, the original members' stand was sold to the Richmond Cricket Club for £55. A new brick stand, considered at the time to be the world's finest cricket facility, was built in its place. The foundation stone was laid by Prince George of Wales and Prince Albert Victor on 4 July and the stand opened in December that year. It was also in 1881 that a telephone was installed at the ground, and the wickets and goal posts were changed from an east–west orientation to north–south. In 1882 a scoreboard was built which showed details of the batsman's name and how he was dismissed.
When the Lillywhite tour stand burned down in 1884 it was replaced by a new stand which seated 450 members and 4500 public. In 1897, second-storey wings were added to 'The Grandstand', as it was known, increasing capacity to 9,000. In 1900 it was lit with electric light.
More stands were built in the early 20th century. An open wooden stand was on the south side of the ground in 1904 and the 2084-seat Grey Smith Stand (known as the New Stand until 1912) was erected for members in 1906. The 4000-seat Harrison Stand on the ground's southern side was built in 1908 followed by the 8000-seat Wardill Stand in 1912. In the 15 years after 1897 the grandstand capacity at the ground increased to nearly 20,000, while the full ground capacity was almost 60,000.
In 1927, the second brick members' stand was replaced at a cost of £60,000. The Harrison and Wardill Stands were demolished in 1936 to make way for the Southern Stand which was completed in 1937. The Southern Stand seated 18,200 under cover and 13,000 in the open and was the main public area of the MCG. The maximum capacity of the ground under this configuration, as advised by the Health Department, was 84,000 seated and 94,000 standing.
The Northern Stand, also known as the Olympic Stand, was built to replace the old Grandstand for the 1956 Olympic Games. By Health Department regulations, this was to increase the stadium's capacity to 120,000; although this was revised down after the 1956 VFL Grand Final, which could not comfortably accommodate its crowd of 115,802. Ten years later, the Grey Smith Stand and the open concrete stand next to it were replaced by the Western Stand; the Duke of Edinburgh laid a foundation stone for the Western Stand on 3 March 1967, and it was completed in 1968; in 1986, it was renamed the W.H. Ponsford Stand in honour of Victorian batsman Bill Ponsford. This was the stadium's highest capacity configuration, and the all-time record crowd for a sporting event at the venue of 121,696 was set under this configuration in the 1970 VFL Grand Final.
The MCG was the home of Australia's first full colour video scoreboard, which replaced the old scoreboard in 1982, located on Level 4 of the Western Stand, which notably caught fire in 1999 and was replaced in 2000. A second video screen added in 1994 almost directly opposite, on Level 4 of the Olympic stand. In 1985, light towers were installed at the ground, allowing for night football and day-night cricket games.
In 1988, inspections of the old Southern Stand found concrete cancer and provided the opportunity to replace the increasingly run-down 50-year-old facility. The projected cost of $100 million was outside what the Melbourne Cricket Club could afford so the Victorian Football League took the opportunity to part fund the project in return for a 30-year deal to share the ground. The new Great Southern Stand was completed in 1992, in time for the 1992 Cricket World Cup, at a final cost of $150 million. It was renamed the Shane Warne Stand after Victorian bowler Shane Warne in 2022 shortly after his death.
The 1928 Members' stand, the 1956 Olympic stand and the 1968 W.H Ponsford stand were demolished one by one between late 2003 to 2005 and replaced with a new structure in time for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Despite now standing as a single unbroken stand, the individual sections retain the names of W.H. Ponsford, Olympic and Members Stands. The redevelopment cost exceeded 400 million and pushed the ground's capacity to just above 100,000. Since redevelopment, the highest attendance has been 100,022 at the 2018 AFL Grand Final.
From 2011 until 2013, the Victoria State Government and the Melbourne Cricket Club funded a $55 million refurbishment of the facilities in the Great Southern Stand, including renovations to entrance gates and ticket outlets, food and beverage outlets, etc., without significantly modifying the stand. New scoreboards, more than twice the size of the original ones, were installed in the same positions in late 2013.
From November 2019 until February 2020 all the playing field lights, including those in the light towers, were replaced with LED sports lighting with the lighting under the roof and in two of the light towers completed in time for the Boxing Day Test against New Zealand.
Cricket
Early years
The first cricket match at the venue was played on 30 September 1854, while the first inter-colonial cricket match to be played at the MCG was between Victoria and New South Wales in March 1856. Victoria had played Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) as early as 1851 but the Victorians had included two professionals in the 1853 team upsetting the Tasmanians and causing a cooling of relations between the two colonies. To replace the disgruntled Tasmanians the Melbourne Cricket Club issued a challenge to play any team in the colonies for £1000. Sydney publican William Tunks accepted the challenge on behalf of New South Wales although the Victorians were criticised for playing for money. Ethics aside, New South Wales could not afford the £1000 and only managed to travel to Melbourne after half the team's travel cost of £181 was put up by Sydney barrister Richard Driver.
The game eventually got under way on 26 March 1856. The Victorians, stung by criticism over the £1000 stake, argued over just about everything; the toss, who should bat first, whether different pitches should be used for the different innings and even what the umpires should wear.
Victoria won the toss but New South Wales captain George Gilbert successfully argued that the visiting team should decide who bats first. The MCG was a grassless desert and Gilbert, considering players fielded without boots, promptly sent Victoria into bat. Needing only 16 to win in the final innings, New South Wales collapsed to be 5 for 5 before Gilbert's batting saved the game and the visitors won by three wickets.
In subsequent years conditions at the MCG improved but the ever-ambitious Melburnians were always on the lookout for more than the usual diet of club and inter-colonial games. In 1861, Felix William Spiers and Christopher Pond, the proprietors of the Cafe de Paris in Bourke Street and caterers to the MCC, sent their agent, W.B. Mallam, to England to arrange for a cricket team to visit Australia.
Mallam found a team and, captained by Heathfield Stephenson, it arrived in Australia on Christmas Eve 1861 to be met by a crowd of more than 3000 people. The team was taken on a parade through the streets wearing white-trimmed hats with blue ribbons given to them for the occasion. Wherever they went they were mobbed and cheered by crowds to the point where the tour sponsors had to take them out of Melbourne so that they could train undisturbed.
Their first game was at the MCG on New Year's Day 1862, against a Victorian XVIII. The Englishmen also wore coloured sashes around their waists to identify each player and were presented with hats to shade them from the sun. Some estimates put the crowd at the MCG that day at 25,000. It must have been quite a picture with a new 6000 seat grandstand, coloured marquees ringing the ground and a carnival outside. Stephenson said that the ground was better than any in England. The Victorians however, were no match for the English at cricket and the visitors won by an innings and 96 runs.
Over the four days of the 'test' more than 45,000 people attended and the profits for Speirs and Pond from this game alone was enough to fund the whole tour. At that time it was the largest number of people to ever watch a cricket match anywhere in the world. Local cricket authorities went out of their way to cater for the needs of the team and the sponsors. They provided grounds and sponsors booths without charge and let the sponsors keep the gate takings. The sponsors however, were not so generous in return. They quibbled with the Melbourne Cricket Club about paying £175 for damages to the MCG despite a prior arrangement to do so.
The last match of the tour was against a Victorian XXII at the MCG after which the English team planted an elm tree outside the ground.
Following the success of this tour, a number of other English teams also visited in subsequent years. George Parr's side came out in 1863–64 and there were two tours by sides led by William Gilbert Grace. The fourth tour was led by James Lillywhite.
On Boxing Day 1866 an Indigenous Australian cricket team played at the MCG with 11,000 spectators against an MCC team. A few players in that match were in a later team that toured England in 1868. Some also played in three other matches at the ground before 1869.
First Test match
Up until the fourth tour in 1877, led by James Lillywhite, touring teams had played first-class games against the individual colonial sides, but Lillywhite felt that his side had done well enough against New South Wales to warrant a game against an All Australian team.
When Lillywhite headed off to New Zealand he left Melbourne cricketer John Conway to arrange the match for their return. Conway ignored the cricket associations in each colony and selected his own Australian team, negotiating directly with the players. Not only was the team he selected of doubtful representation but it was also probably not the strongest available as some players had declined to take part for various reasons. Demon bowler Fred Spofforth refused to play because wicket-keeper Billy Murdoch was not selected. Paceman Frank Allan was at Warrnambool Agricultural Show and Australia's best all-rounder Edwin Evans could not get away from work. In the end only five Australian-born players were selected.
The same could be said for Lillywhite's team which, being selected from only four counties, meant that some of England's best players did not take part. In addition, the team had a rough voyage back across the Tasman Sea and many members had been seasick. The game was due to be played on 15 March, the day after their arrival, but most had not yet fully recovered. On top of that, wicket-keeper Ted Pooley was still in a New Zealand prison after a brawl in a Christchurch pub.
England was nonetheless favourite to win the game and the first ever Test match began with a crowd of only 1000 watching. The Australians elected Dave Gregory from New South Wales as Australia's first ever captain and on winning the toss he decided to bat.
Charles Bannerman scored an unbeaten 165 before retiring hurt. Sydney Cricket Ground curator, Ned Gregory, playing in his one and only Test for Australia, scored Test cricket's first duck. Australia racked up 245 and 104 while England scored 196 and 108 giving Australia victory by 45 runs. The win hinged on Bannerman's century and a superb bowling performance by Tom Kendall who took 7 for 55 in England's second innings.
A fortnight later there was a return game, although it was really more of a benefit for the English team. Australia included Spofforth, Murdoch and T.J.D. Cooper in the side but this time the honours went to England who won by four wickets.
Two years later Lord Harris brought another England team out and during England's first innings in the Test at the MCG, Fred Spofforth took the first hat-trick in Test cricket. He bagged two hauls of 6 for 48 and 7 for 62 in Australia's ten wicket win.
Cricket uses
Through most of the 20th century, the Melbourne Cricket Ground was one of the two major Test venues in Australia (along with the Sydney Cricket Ground), and it would host one or two Tests in each summer in which Tests were played; since 1982, the Melbourne Cricket Ground has hosted one Test match each summer. Until 1979, the ground almost always hosted its match or one of its matches over the New Year, with the first day's play falling somewhere between 29 December and 1 January; in most years since 1980 and every year since 1995, its test has begun on Boxing Day, and it is now a standard fixture in the Australian cricket calendar and is known as the Boxing Day Test. The venue also hosts one-day international matches each year, and Twenty20 international matches most years. No other venue in Melbourne has hosted a Test, and Docklands Stadium is the only other venue to have hosted a limited-overs international.
The Victorian first-class team plays Sheffield Shield cricket at the venue during the season. Prior to Test cricket being played on Boxing Day, it was a long-standing tradition for Victoria to host New South Wales in a first-class match on Boxing Day. Victoria also played its limited overs matches at the ground. Since the introduction of the domestic Twenty20 Big Bash League (BBL) in 2011, the Melbourne Stars club has played its home matches at the ground. It is also the home ground of the Melbourne Stars Women team, which plays in the Women's Big Bash League (WBBL).
By the 1980s, the integral MCG pitch – grown from Merri Creek black soil – was considered the worst in Australia, in some matches exhibiting wildly inconsistent bounce which could see balls pass through as grubbers or rear dangerously high – a phenomenon which was put down to damage caused by footballers in winter and increased use for cricket during the summers of the 1970s. The integral pitch has since been removed and drop-in pitches have been cultivated and used since 1996, generally offering consistent bounce and a fair balance between bat and ball. The decade-and-a-half-old pitches degraded again through the late 2010s, seeing the pitch receive the first official International Cricket Council 'poor' rating by an Australian pitch in 2017, and saw another Sheffield Shield match abandoned in 2019; a new set of drop-in pitches will be grown and ready for use by the early 2020s.
Highlights and lowlights
The highest first class team score in history was posted at the MCG in the Boxing Day match against New South Wales in 1926–27. Victoria scored 1107 in two days, with Bill Ponsford scoring 352 and Jack Ryder scoring 295.
One of the most sensational incidents in Test cricket occurred at the MCG during the Melbourne test of the 1954–55 England tour of Australia. Big cracks had appeared in the pitch during a very hot Saturday's play and on the rest day Sunday, groundsman Jack House watered the pitch to close them up. This was illegal and the story was leaked by The Age newspaper. The teams agreed to finish the match and England won by 128 runs after Frank Tyson took 7 for 27 in the final innings.
An incident in the second Test of the 1960–61 series involved the West Indies player Joe Solomon being given out after his hat fell on the stumps after being bowled at by Richie Benaud. The crowd sided with the West Indies over the Australians.
Not only was the first Test match played at the MCG, the first One Day International match was also played there, on 5 January 1971, between Australia and England. The match was played on what was originally scheduled to have been the fifth day of a Test match, but the Test was abandoned after the first three days were washed out. Australia won the 40-over match by 5 wickets. The next ODI was played in August 1972, some 19 months later.
In March 1977, a Centenary Test Match was held between Australia and England to mark the 100th anniversary of the first Test match. The match was the idea of former Australian bowler and MCC committee member Hans Ebeling who had been responsible for developing the cricket museum at the MCG. England's Derek Randall scored 174, Australia's Rod Marsh also got a century, Dennis Lillee took 11 wickets, and David Hookes, in his first Test, hit five fours in a row off England captain Tony Greig's bowling. Rick McCosker opened the batting for Australia and suffered a fractured jaw after being hit by a sharply rising delivery. He left the field but came back in the second innings with his head swathed in bandages. Australia won the match by 45 runs, exactly the same margin as the first Test in 1877.
Another incident occurred on 1 February 1981 at the end of a one-day match between Australia and New Zealand. New Zealand, batting second, needed six runs off the last ball of the day to tie the game. Australian captain, Greg Chappell instructed his brother Trevor, who was bowling the last over, to send the last ball down underarm to prevent the New Zealand batsman, Brian McKechnie, from hitting the ball for six. Although not in the spirit of the game, an underarm delivery was quite legal, so long as the arm was kept straight. The Laws of cricket have since been changed to prevent such a thing happening again. The incident has long been a sore point between Australia and New Zealand.
In February and March 1985 the Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket was played at the MCG, a One Day International tournament involving all of the then Test match playing countries to celebrate 150 years of the Australian state of Victoria. Some matches were also played at Sydney Cricket Ground.
The MCG hosted the 1992 Cricket World Cup Final between Pakistan and England with a crowd of more than 87,000. Pakistan won the match after an all-round performance by Wasim Akram who scored 33 runs and took 3 wickets to make Pakistan cricket world champions for the first and, to date, only time.
During the 1995 Boxing Day Test at the MCG, Australian umpire Darrell Hair called Sri Lankan spin bowler Muttiah Muralitharan for throwing the ball, rather than bowling it, seven times during the match. The other umpire did not call him once and this caused a controversy, although Muralitharan was later called for throwing by other umpires in different matches.
The MCG is known for its great atmosphere, much of which is generated in the infamous Bay 13, situated almost directly opposite to the members stand. In the late 1980s, the crowd at Bay 13 would often mimic the warm up stretches performed by Merv Hughes. In a 1999 One-Day International, the behaviour of Bay 13 was so bad that Shane Warne, donning a helmet for protection, asked the crowd to settle down at the request of opposing England captain Alec Stewart.
The MCG hosted three pool games as part of the 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup as well as a quarter-final, and then the final on 29 March. Australia comfortably defeated New Zealand by seven wickets in front of an Australian record cricket crowd of 93,013.
The 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup Final was held on International Women's Day between Australia and India. Australia won by 85 runs in front of a record crowd for women's cricket of 86,174.
Australian rules football
Origins
Despite being called the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the stadium has been and continues to be used much more often for Australian rules football. Spectator numbers for football are larger than for any other sport in Australia, and it makes more money for the MCG than any of the other sports played there.
Although the Melbourne Cricket Club members were instrumental in founding Australian Rules Football, there were understandable concerns in the early days about the damage that might be done to the playing surface if football was allowed to be played at the MCG. Therefore, football games were often played in the parklands next to the cricket ground, and this was the case for the first documented football match to be played at the ground. The match which today is considered to be the first Australian rules football, played between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College over three Saturdays beginning 7 August 1858 was played in this area.
It wasn't until 1869 that football was played on the MCG proper, a trial game involving a police team. It was not for another ten years, in 1879, after the formation of the Victorian Football Association, that the first official match was played on the MCG and the cricket ground itself became a regular venue for football. Two night matches were played on the ground during the year under the newly invented electric light.
In the early years, the MCG was the home ground of Melbourne Football Club, Australia's oldest club, established in 1858 by the founder of the game itself, Thomas Wills. Melbourne won five premierships during the 1870s using the MCG as its home ground.
The first of nearly 3000 Victorian Football League/Australian Football League games to be played at the MCG was on 15 May 1897, with beating 64 to 19.
Several Australian Football League (AFL) clubs later joined Melbourne in using the MCG as their home ground for matches: (1965), (1985), (1992), (started moving in 1994, became a full-time tenant in 2000) and (2000). Melbourne used the venue as its training base until 1984, before being required to move to preserve the venue's surface when North Melbourne began playing there.
Finals and grand finals
The VFL/AFL grand final has been played at the MCG every season since 1902, except for between 1942 and 1945, when the ground was used by the military during World War II; in 1991 as the construction of the Great Southern Stand had temporarily reduced the ground's capacity below that of Waverley Park; and both 2020 and 2021, when restrictions in Victoria due to the COVID-19 pandemic prompted the games to be moved to the Gabba in Queensland and Perth Stadium in Western Australia respectively. All three grand final replays have been played at the MCG.
Before the MCG was fully seated, a grand final could draw attendances above 110,000. The record for the highest attendance in the history of the sport was set in the 1970 VFL Grand Final, with 121,696 in attendance.
Since being fully seated, grand final attendances are typically between 95,000 and 100,000, with the record of 100,022 in the 2018 grand final, followed by 100,021 at the 2017 AFL Grand Final.
In the modern era, most finals games held in Melbourne have been played at the MCG. Under the current contract, 10 finals (excluding the grand final) must be played at the MCG over a five-year period. Under previous contracts, the MCG was entitled to host at least one match in each week of the finals, which on several occasions required non-Victorian clubs to play "home" finals in Victoria. The MCG is contracted to host the grand final every year until 2058.
All Melbourne-based teams (and most of the time Geelong) play their "home" finals at the MCG unless if four Victorian teams win the right to host a final in the first week of the finals.
MCG and the VFL/AFL
For many years the VFL had an uneasy relationship with the MCG trustees and the Melbourne Cricket Club. Both needed the other, but resented the dependence. The VFL made the first move which brought things to a head by beginning the development of VFL Park at Mulgrave in the 1960s as its own home ground and as a potential venue for future grand finals. Then in 1983, president of the VFL, Allen Aylett started to pressure the MCG Trust to give the VFL a greater share of the money it made from using the ground for football.
In March 1983 the MCG trustees met to consider a submission from Aylett. Aylett said he wanted the Melbourne Cricket Club's share of revenue cut from 15 per cent to 10 per cent. He threatened to take the following day's opening game of the season, Collingwood vs Melbourne, away from the MCG. The money was held aside until an agreement could be reached.
Different deals, half deals and possible deals were done over the years, with the Premier of Victoria, John Cain, Jr., even becoming involved. Cain was said to have promised the VFL it could use the MCG for six months of the year and then hand it back to the MCC, but this never eventuated, as the MCG Trust did not approve it. In the mid-1980s, a deal was done where the VFL was given its own members area in the Southern Stand.
Against this background of political manoeuvring, in 1985 became the third club to make the MCG its home ground. In the same year, North played in the first night football match at the MCG for almost 110 years, against Collingwood on 29 March 1985.
In 1986, only a month after Ross Oakley had taken over as VFL Commissioner, VFL executives met with the MCC and took a big step towards resolving their differences. Changes in the personnel at the MCC also helped. In 1983 John Lill was appointed secretary and Don Cordner its president.
Shortly after the Southern Stand opened in 1992, the Australian Football League moved its headquarters into the complex. The AFL assisted with financing the new stand and came to an agreement that ensures at least 45 AFL games are played at the MCG each year, including the Grand Final in September. Another 45 days of cricket are also played there each year and more than 3.5 million spectators come to watch every year.
As of the end of 2011, Matthew Richardson holds the records for having scored the most goals on the MCG and as of 2021 Scott Pendlebury holds the record for playing the most matches. Two players have scored 14 goals for an AFL or VFL game in one match at the MCG, Gary Ablett, Sr. in 1989 and 1993 and John Longmire in 1990.
Before an AFL match between and on 27 August 1999, the city end scoreboard caught on fire due to an electrical fault, causing the start of play to be delayed by half an hour.
World War II
During World War II, the government requisitioned the MCG for military use. From 1942 until 1945 it was occupied by (in order): the United States Army Air Forces, the Royal Australian Air Force, the United States Marine Corps and again the RAAF. Over the course of the war, more than 200,000 personnel were barracked at the MCG. From April to October 1942, the US Army's Fifth Air Force occupied the ground, naming it "Camp Murphy", in honor of officer Colonel William Murphy, a senior USAAF officer killed in Java. In 1943 the MCG was home to the legendary First Regiment of the First Division of the United States Marine Corps. The First Marine Division were the heroes of the Guadalcanal campaign and used the "cricket grounds", as the marines referred to it, to rest and recuperate. On 14 March 1943 the marines hosted a giant "get together" of American and Australian troops on the arena.
In 1977, Melbourne Cricket Club president Sir Albert Chadwick and Medal of Honor recipient, Colonel Mitchell Paige, unveiled a commemorative plaque recognizing the Americans' time at the ground.
In episode 3 of the 2010 TV miniseries, The Pacific, members of the US Marines are shown to be camped in the war-era MCG.
Olympic Games
The MCG's most famous moment in history was as the main stadium for the 1956 Olympic Games, hosting the opening and closing ceremonies, track and field events, and the finals in field hockey and soccer. The MCG was only one of seven possible venues, including the Melbourne Showgrounds, for the Games' main arena. The MCG was the Federal Government's preferred venue but there was resistance from the MCC. The inability to decide on the central venue nearly caused the Games to be moved from Melbourne. Prime Minister Robert Menzies recognised the potential embarrassment to Australia if this happened and organised a three-day summit meeting to thrash things out. Attending was Victorian Premier John Cain, Sr., the Prime Minister, deputy opposition leader Arthur Calwell, all State political leaders, civic leaders, Olympic officials and trustees and officials of the MCC. Convening the meeting was no small effort considering the calibre of those attending and that many of the sports officials were only part-time amateurs.
As 22 November, the date of the opening ceremony, drew closer, Melbourne was gripped ever more tightly by Olympic fever. At 3 pm the day before the opening ceremony, people began to line up outside the MCG gates. That night the city was paralysed by a quarter of a million people who had come to celebrate.
The MCG's capacity was increased by the new Olympic (or Northern) Stand, and on the day itself 103,000 people filled the stadium to capacity. A young up and coming distance runner was chosen to carry the Olympic torch into the stadium for the opening ceremony.
Although Ron Clarke had a number of junior world records for distances of 1500 m, one mile (1.6 km) and two miles (3 km), he was relatively unknown in 1956. Perhaps the opportunity to carry the torch inspired him because he went on to have a career of exceptional brilliance and was without doubt the most outstanding runner of his day. At one stage he held the world record for every distance from two miles (3 km) to 20 km. His few failures came in Olympic and Commonwealth Games competition. Although favourite for the gold at Tokyo in 1964 he was placed ninth in the 5,000 metres race and the marathon and third in the 10,000 metres. He lost again in the 1966 Commonwealth Games and in 1968 at altitude in Mexico he collapsed at the end of the 10 km race.
On that famous day in Melbourne in 1956 the torch spluttered and sparked, showering Clarke with hot magnesium, burning holes in his shirt. When he dipped the torch into the cauldron it burst into flame singeing him further. In the centre of the ground, John Landy, the fastest miler in the world, took the Olympic oath and sculler Merv Wood carried the Australian flag.
The Melbourne Games also saw the high point of Australian female sprinting with Betty Cuthbert winning three gold medals at the MCG. She won the 100 m and 200 m and anchored the winning 4 x 100 m team. Born in Merrylands in Sydney's west she was a champion schoolgirl athlete and had already broken the world record for the 200 m just before the 1956 Games. She was to be overshadowed by her Western Suburbs club member, the Marlene Matthews. When they got to the Games, Matthews was the overwhelming favourite especially for the 100 m a distance over which Cuthbert had beaten her just once.
Both Matthews and Cuthbert won their heats with Matthews setting an Olympic record of 11.5 seconds in hers. Cuthbert broke that record in the following heat with a time of 11.4 seconds. The world record of 11.3 was held by another Australian, Shirley Strickland who was eliminated in her heat. In the final Matthews felt she got a bad start and was last at the 50 metre mark. Cuthbert sensed Isabella Daniels from the USA close behind her and pulled out a little extra to win Australia's first gold at the Games in a time of 11.5 seconds, Matthews was third. The result was repeated in the 200 m final. Cuthbert won her second gold breaking Marjorie Jackson's Olympic record. Mathews was third again.
By the time the 1956 Olympics came around, Shirley Strickland was a mother of 31 years of age but managed to defend her 80 m title, which she had won in Helsinki four years before, winning gold and setting a new Olympic record.
The sensational incident of the track events was the non-selection of Marlene Matthews in the 4 x 100 m relay. Matthews trained with the relay team up until the selection was made but Cuthbert, Strickland, Fleur Mellor and Norma Croker were picked for the team. There was outrage at the selection which increased when Matthews went on to run third in both the 100 m and 200 m finals. Personally she was devastated and felt that she had been overlooked for her poor baton change. Strickland was disappointed with the way Matthews was treated and maintained it was an opinion held in New South Wales that she had baton problems. One of the selectors, Doris Magee from NSW, said that selecting Matthews increased the risk of disqualification at the change. But Cuthbert maintained that the selectors made the right choice saying that Fleur Mellor was fresh, a specialist relay runner and was better around the curves than Matthews.
The men did not fare so well. The 4 x 400 m relay team, including later IOC Committee member Kevan Gosper, won silver. Charles Porter also won silver in the high jump. Hec Hogan won bronze in the 100 m to become the first Australian man to win a medal in a sprint since the turn of the century and despite injury John Landy won bronze in the 1500 m. Allan Lawrence won bronze in the 10,000 m event.
Apart from athletics, the stadium was also used for the soccer finals, the hockey finals, the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, and an exhibition game of baseball between the Australian National Team and a US armed services team at which an estimated crowd of 114,000 attended. This was the Guinness World Record for the largest attendance for any baseball game, which stood until a 29 March 2008 exhibition game between the Boston Red Sox and Los Angeles Dodgers at the Los Angeles Coliseum (also a former Olympic venue in 1932 and 1984) drawing 115,300.
The MCG was also used for another demonstration sport, Australian Rules. The Olympics being an amateur competition meant that only amateurs could play in the demonstration game. A combined team of amateurs from the VFL and VFA were selected to play a state team from the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA). The game was played 7 December 1956 with the VAFA side, wearing white jumpers, green collars and the Olympic rings on their chests, winning easily 81 to 55. One of the players chosen for the VFA side was Lindsay Gaze (although he never got off the bench) who would go on to make his mark in another sport, basketball, rather than Australian Rules.
The MCG's link with its Olympic past continues to this day. Within its walls is the IOC-endorsed Australian Gallery of Sport and Olympic Museum.
Forty-four years later at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the ground hosted several soccer preliminaries, making it one of a few venues ever used for more than one Olympics.
Commonwealth Games
The Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the 2006 Commonwealth Games were held at the MCG, as well as athletics events during the games. The games began on 15 March and ended on 26 March.
The seating capacity of the stadium during the games was 80,000. A total of 47 events were contested, of which 24 by male and 23 by female athletes. Furthermore, three men's and three women's disability events were held within the programme. All athletics events took place within the Melbourne Cricket Ground, while the marathon and racewalking events took place on the streets of Melbourne and finished at the main stadium.
The hosts Australia easily won the medals table with 16 golds and 41 medals in total. Jamaica came second with 10 golds and 22 medals, while Kenya and England were the next best performers. A total of eleven Games records were broken over the course of the seven-day competition. Six of the records were broken by Australian athletes.
Rugby union
The first game of Rugby Union to be played on the ground was on Saturday, 29 June 1878, when the Waratah Club of Sydney played Carlton Football Club in a return of the previous year's contests in Sydney where the clubs had competed in both codes of football. The match, watched by a crowd of between 6,000 and 7,000 resulted in a draw; one goal and one try being awarded to each team.
The next Rugby match was held on Wednesday 29 June 1881, when the Wanderers, a team organised under the auspices of the Melbourne Cricket Club, played a team representing a detached Royal Navy squadron then visiting Melbourne. The squadron team won by one goal and one try to nil.
It was not until 19 August 1899 that the MCG was again the venue for a Union match, this time Victoria v the British Lions (as they were later to be called). During the preceding week the Victorians had held several trial and practice matches there, as well as several training sessions, despite which they were defeated
30–0 on the day before a crowd of some 7,000.
Nine years later, on Monday, 10 August 1908, Victoria was again the host, this time to the Australian team en route to Great Britain and soon to be dubbed the First Wallabies. Despite being held on a working day some 1,500 spectators attended to see the visitors win by 26–6.
On Saturday, 6 July 1912 the MCG was the venue, for the only time ever, of a match between two Victorian Rugby Union clubs, Melbourne and East Melbourne, the former winning 9–5 in what was reported to be ‘... one of the finest exhibitions of the Rugby game ever seen in Victoria.' It was played before a large crowd as a curtain raiser to a State Rules match against South Australia.
On Saturday 18 June 1921, in another curtain raiser, this time to a Melbourne-Fitzroy League game, a team representing Victoria was soundly beaten 51–0 by the South African Springboks in front of a crowd of 11,214.
It was nine years later, on Saturday 13 September 1930, that the British Lions returned to play Victoria, again before a crowd of 7,000, this time defeating the home side 41–36, a surprisingly narrow winning margin.
The first post war match at the MCG was on 21 May 1949 when the NZ Maoris outclassed a Southern States side 35–8 before a crowd of close to 10,000. A year later, on 29 July 1950, for the first and only time, Queensland travelled to Victoria to play an interstate match, defeating their hosts 31–12 before a crowd of 7,479.
In the following year the MCG was the venue for a contest between the New Zealand All Blacks and an Australian XV . This was on 30 June 1951 before some 9,000 spectators and resulted in a convincing 56–11 win for the visitors.
Union did not return to the MCG until the late 1990s, for several night time Test matches, both Australia v New Zealand All Blacks as part of the Tri Nations Series. The first, on Saturday 26 July 1997, being notable for an attendance of 90,119, the visitors decisively winning 33–18 and the second, on Saturday 11 July 1998, for a victory to Australia of 24–16. Australia and New Zealand met again at the MCG during the 2007 Tri Nations Series on 30 June, the hosts again winning, this time by 20 points to 15 in front of a crowd of 79,322.
Rugby league
Rugby league was first played at the ground on 15 August 1914, with the New South Wales team losing to England 15–21.
The first ever State of Origin match at the MCG (and second in Melbourne) was Game II of the 1994 series, and the attendance of 87,161 set a new record rugby league crowd in Australia. The MCG was also the venue for Game II of the 1995 State of Origin series and drew 52,994, the most of any game that series. The second game of the 1997 State of Origin series, which, due to the Super League war only featured Australian Rugby League-signed players, was played there too, but only attracted 25,105, the lowest in a series that failed to attract over 35,000 to any game.
The Melbourne Storm played two marquee games at the MCG in 2000. This was the first time that they had played outside of their normal home ground of Olympic Park Stadium which held 18,500 people. Their first game was held on 3 March 2000 against the St. George Illawarra Dragons in a rematch of the infamous 1999 NRL Grand Final. Dragons player Anthony Mundine said the Storm were 'not worthy premiers' and they responded by running in 12 tries to two, winning 70–10 in front of 23,239 fans. This was their biggest crowd they had played against until 33,427 turned up to the 2007 Preliminary Final at Docklands Stadium which saw Melbourne defeat the Parramatta Eels 26–10. The record home and away crowd record has also been overhauled, when a match at Docklands in 2010 against St George attracted 25,480 spectators. Their second game attracted only 15,535 spectators and was up against the Cronulla Sharks on 24 June 2000. Once again, the Storm won 22–16.
It was announced in June 2014 that the ground would host its first State of Origin match since 1997. Game II of the 2015 series was played at the venue, with an all-time record State of Origin crowd of 91,513 attending the match. The attendance is 19th on the all time rugby league attendance list and the 4th highest rugby league attendance in Australia.
The MCG hosted its fifth State of Origin match on 6 June 2018. In front of a crowd of 87,122, the third largest State of Origin crowd in Victoria, New South Wales defeated Queensland 22-12.
Soccer
On 9 February 2006 Victorian premier Steve Bracks and Football Federation Australia chairman Frank Lowy announced that the MCG would host a world class soccer event each year from 2006 until 2009 inclusive.
The agreement sees an annual fixture at the MCG, beginning with a clash between Australia and European champions Greece on 25 May 2006 in front of a sell-out crowd of 95,103, before Australia left to contest in the World Cup finals. Australia beat Greece 1–0. The Socceroos also hosted a match in 2007 against Argentina, losing 1–0, as well as 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification matches in 2009 against Japan, which attracted 81,872 fans as Australia beat Japan 2–1 via 2 Tim Cahill headers after falling behind 1–0 late in the 1st half. In 2010 it was announced that as a warm up to the 2010 FIFA World Cup which the Australians had qualified for, they would play fellow qualified nation New Zealand on 24 May at the MCG.
Other matches played at the MCG include the following:
The Olympic final played between USSR and Yugoslavia on 8 December 1956
An exhibition match between Australia and Juventus played on 13 June 1984
A 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier between Australia and Iran on Saturday 29 November 1997 with 98,000 in attendance. The match was drawn 2–2, with Iran progressing on the away goals rule.
An exhibition match between Manchester United and Australia on 15 July 1999 with 60,000 people in attendance.
A friendly match between Brazil B and Australia on 17 November 1999 with 70,795 in attendance.
An Olympic Tournament group match between Italy and the Olyroos on 13 September 2000 with 93,252 in attendance. Plus other preliminary matches during the Olympics which also included quarter final and the Semi final between Chile and Cameroon who went on to win the gold medal.
A 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier between the Australia and Uruguay on 20 November 2001 with 84,656 in attendance. The Socceroos won 1–0, however Uruguay progressed after later winning the second leg 3–0.
A friendly match between Australia and the then European champions, Greece – which was played as a warmup to the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
A friendly match between Australia and Argentina with 70,171 in attendance – Argentina had a full strength side with superstars such as Lionel Messi and Carlos Tevez
A friendly match between Australia and the All Whites as a warm up before the 2010 FIFA World Cup in which Australia won in the last play of the game.
A pre-season friendly in July 2013 between A-League outfit Melbourne Victory and Premier League side Liverpool, as part of Liverpool's pre-season tour of Australia and South East Asia drawing a crowd of 95,446.
The final match of the 2015 International Champions Cup in Australia, between Real Madrid and Manchester City, which drew a soccer MCG record crowd of 99,382
Brasil Global Tour matches between Argentina and Brazil, and Australia and Brazil in June 2017.
Tennis
In 1878 the Melbourne Cricket Club's Lawn Tennis Committee laid an asphalt court at the MCG and Victoria's first game of tennis was played there. A second court of grass was laid in 1879 and the first Victorian Championship played on it in 1880. The first inter-colonial championship was played in 1883 and the first formal inter-state match between NSW and Victoria played in 1884 with Victoria winning.
In 1889 the MCC arranged for tennis to be played at the Warehousemen's Cricket Ground (now known as the Albert Cricket Ground), at Albert Park, rather than at the MCG.
Cycling
It was at the MCG in 1869 that one of Australia's first bicycle races was held. The event was for velocipedes, crude wooden machines with pedals on the front wheels. In 1898 the Austral Wheel Race was held at the MCG attracting a crowd of 30,000 to see cyclists race for a total of £400 in prize money, with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winning £240, £120, and £40 respectively.
Other uses
Queen Elizabeth II visited the MCG in 1954 twice for an assembly and display. She attended a Richmond versus Fitzroy match on 5 April 1970, and also attended the Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony at the ground on 15 March 2006.
A record for attendance at the grounds was set by religious leader Billy Graham whose event in 1959 was attended by at least 143,000 people.
The first rock concert to be held at the ground was one by David Cassidy in 1974. In 1978 David Bowie held a concert there. In 1993, Paul McCartney, U2 and Madonna held three concerts, with the highest attendances for a music concert at MCG, with 147,241 tickets sold. The Rolling Stones held concerts in 1995, Michael Jackson in 1996, the Three Tenors in 1997, Elton John and Billy Joel in 1998.
Pope John Paul II held a service at the MCG on 27 November 1986, and a celebration there of the Polish community the next day.
The MCG hosted The Police with Special Guests Fergie & Fiction Plane on Australia Day 2008; the first MCG concert in 10 years.
The MCG hosted Sound Relief, a concert donating all revenues to the Red Cross Victorian Bushfire Appeal with performances from Kings of Leon, Midnight Oil, Split Enz, Paul Kelly, Hunters & Collectors, Wolfmother, Jet and Bliss N Eso, among others. It was held on 14 March 2009.
On 5 November 2010, the MCG hosted the Starting Line and opening challenge for The Amazing Race Australia 1. This episode aired on 16 May 2011.
The MCG held a Guns N' Roses concert on 14 February 2017.
The MCG held a free The Killers concert on 30 September 2017, after the 2017 AFL Grand Final.
On 6 October 2018, The MCG hosted WWE Super Show-Down.
The MCG held an Eminem concert on 24 February 2019 with the highest attendance for a single concert at the MCG with 80,708 tickets sold.
On 30 March 2022, the MCG hosted the state memorial service for Shane Warne.
The MCG will hold a Guns N' Roses concert on 3 December 2022.
The MCG will hold two Ed Sheeran concerts on 2 and 3 March 2023 as part of the +-=÷x Tour.
General records
Sporting records
First ever Test Cricket match (Australia v England) – 1877
First ever One day international Cricket match – 1971
Highest first class cricket score – 1107 (Victoria v NSW, 1926)
Australia's first international Lacrosse match (Australia v Canada, 1907, 30,000)
Fastest ball bowled in a Cricket match in Australia, 3rd fastest in the world – 160.7 km/h (Shaun Tait, Australia v Pakistan, 5 February 2010)
Attendance records
Highest Australian religious event attendance – 143,750 (Billy Graham crusade, 1959)
Highest VFL/AFL attendance at a home-and-away match – 99,256 (Melbourne v Collingwood, 1958).
Highest VFL/AFL attendance at a final and highest2022
Australian sporting event attendance – 121,696 (Collingwood v Carlton, 1970)
Highest soccer crowd at MCG (Clubs International Friendly) – 99,382 (International Champions Cup, Manchester City v Real Madrid, 24 July 2015)
Highest soccer crowd at MCG (National Team vs National Team) – 97,103 (Australia v Greece, 2006)
Highest single-day attendance in Test Cricket history – 91,092 (2013 Boxing Day Test, Day 1 – Australia v England)
Highest One Day International Cricket crowd – 93,013 (2015 Cricket World Cup Final Australia v New Zealand)
Highest Twenty20 International Cricket crowd – 84,041 (Australia v India, 2008)
Highest Twenty20 Domestic Cricket crowd – 80,883 (Melbourne Stars v Melbourne Renegades, 2015–16 Big Bash League season)
Highest women's cricket crowd - 86,174 (2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup Final Australia Women v India Women)
Highest State of Origin rugby league crowd – 91,513 (Game II, 17 June 2015)
Stadium records
World's first all colour cricket scoreboard with instant replays
World's first electronic sight screens
World's first super sopper
World's first scrolling signage at an oval-shaped ground
First time an international Cricket match was played on a one-piece portable pitch, Boxing Day Test, 2000
World's tallest floodlights
Test match records
Batting
Bowling
Team records
Partnership records
All records correct as of 8 July 2021.
ODI records
Highest ODI Total: 8/344 – ICC World XI vs. ACC Asian XI, World Cricket Tsunami Appeal, 10 January 2005
Highest Individual ODI Score: 180 – Jason Roy, England vs Australia, 14 January 2018
Best ODI Innings Bowling Figures: 6/42 – Ajit Agarkar, India vs. Australia, 9 January 2004 and Yuzvendra Chahal, India vs. Australia, 18 January 2019
Highest ODI Partnership: 225 (for the 2nd wicket) – Adam Gilchrist & Ricky Ponting, Australia vs. England, 15 December 2002
Twenty20 International records
Highest Twenty20 Total: 3/184 – India vs. Australia, 29 January 2016
Highest Individual Twenty20 Score: 89 (43) – David Warner, Australia vs. South Africa, 11 January 2009
Best Twenty20 Innings Bowling Figures: 4/30 – Josh Hazlewood, Australia vs. England, 31 January 2014
Highest Twenty20 Partnership: 97 (for the 1st wicket) – Rohit Sharma & Shikhar Dhawan, India vs. Australia, 29 January 2016
VFL/AFL records
Highest Team Score:
32.24 (216) – vs. , 1 August 1992
31.25 (211) – vs. , 13 April 1985
32.19 (211) – vs. , 27 May 1989
32.17 (209) – vs. , 6 April 1990
31.19 (205) – vs. , 30 April 1988
Largest Winning Margin:
165 pts – (197) def. (32), 13 August 2011
162 pts – (193) def. (31), 8 July 2012
160 pts – (216) def. (56), 1 August 1992
151 pts – (187) def. (36), 25 August 1996
148 pts – (184) def. (36), 6 April 2013
Lowest Team Score:
0.8 (8) – vs. , 13 July 1912
1.2 (8) – vs. , 8 June 1903
0.9 (9) – vs. , 13 May 1911
0.9 (9) – vs. , 19 August 1911
1.6 (12) – vs. , 27 June 1908
Most Goals in a Game:
14 – Gary Ablett, Sr., vs. , 1 May 1993
14 – Gary Ablett, Sr., vs. , 27 May 1989
14 – John Longmire, vs. , 7 July 1990
13 – Matthew Lloyd, vs. , 10 April 1999
12 – Jason Dunstall, vs. , 15 August 1992
Most Disposals in a Game:
54 – Tom Mitchell, vs. , 24 March 2018
53 – Gary Ablett, Jr., vs. , 3 June 2012
51 – Lachie Neale, vs. , 25 August 2019
50 – Tom Mitchell, vs. , 20 May 2017
49 – Dane Swan, vs. , 21 July 2012
Most Games Played:
200 – Kevin Bartlett ()
193 – Scott Pendlebury ()
186 – Dustin Fletcher ()
169 – David Neitz ()
165 – Nathan Jones ()
Most Goals Kicked:
464 – Matthew Richardson ()
461 – Matthew Lloyd ()
386 – David Neitz ()
380 – Wayne Carey (, )
379 – Kevin Bartlett ()
All records correct as of 26 August 2019.
Statues
Founding statue
Tattersall's Parade of Champions
The Tattersall's Parade of the Champions undertaking is a gift to the people of Australia by Tattersall's and is a focal point of the Yarra Park precinct.
The MCG is a magnet for tourists worldwide and the statues reinforce the association between the elite sportsmen and women who have competed here and the stadium that rejoiced in their performances.
Australia Post Avenue of Legends
In 2010, the Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) announced an expansion to the list of sporting statues placed around the MCG precinct in partnership with Australia Post.
The Australia Post Avenue of Legends project aimed to place a minimum of five statues in Yarra Park, extending from the gate 2 MCC members entrance up the avenue towards Wellington Parade. The most recent addition of Kevin Bartlett was unveiled in March 2017.
See also
Australian landmarks
History of Test cricket (to 1883)
History of Test cricket (1884 to 1889)
History of Test cricket (1890 to 1900)
List of Test cricket grounds
List of international cricket centuries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground
List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at the Melbourne Cricket Ground
National Sports Museum, a museum dedicated to Australian sport, located within the Melbourne Cricket Ground
List of Australian rules football statues, a list of Australian rules football-related statues across Australia
Motera Stadium
List of national stadiums
References
Further reading
Cashman, Richard (1995) Paradise of Sport Melbourne: Oxford University Press
Cuthbert, Betty (1966) Golden Girl
Gordon, Harry (1994) Australia and the Olympic Games Brisbane: University of Queensland Press
Hinds, Richard (1997) Low blows. Sport’s top 10 Sydney Morning Herald 1 November
Linnell, Garry (1995) Football Ltd Sydney: Ironbark Pan Macmillan Australia
Pollard, Jack (1990) Australia Test Match Grounds London: Willow Books
Plan of the Town and Suburbs of Melbourne 1843
Vamplew, Wray; Moore, Katharine; O’Hara, John; Cashman, Richard; and Jobling, Ian [editors] (1997) The Oxford Companion to Australian Sport Second Edition Melbourne: Oxford University Press
External links
Notable Events at Melbourne Cricket Ground
Virtual tour of the Melbourne Cricket Ground
Description at sportsvenue-technology.com
"Around the Grounds" – Web Documentary – MCG
Australian Football League grounds
Test cricket grounds in Australia
Athletics (track and field) venues in Australia
Landmarks in Melbourne
Olympic stadiums
Olympic athletics venues
Olympic field hockey venues
Olympic football venues
Soccer venues in Melbourne
Australia
Venues of the 2000 Summer Olympics
2006 Commonwealth Games venues
Venues of the 1956 Summer Olympics
Australian National Heritage List
Melbourne Football Club
Victorian Heritage Register
Music venues in Melbourne
Sports venues in Melbourne
Multi-purpose stadiums in Australia
1853 establishments in Australia
Sports venues completed in 1853
Rugby league stadiums in Australia
Melbourne Storm
Philip Cox buildings
Women's Big Bash League
1992 Cricket World Cup stadiums
2015 Cricket World Cup stadiums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Gaughan%20%28Irish%20republican%29
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Michael Gaughan (Irish republican)
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Michael Gaughan (5 October 1949 – 3 June 1974) was a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) hunger striker who died in 1974 in Parkhurst Prison on the Isle of Wight, England.
Background
Gaughan, the eldest of six children, was born in Ballina, County Mayo, in 1949. Gaughan grew up at Healy Terrace and was educated at St Muredach's College, Ballina, and after finishing his schooling, he emigrated from Ireland to England in search of work.
Whilst in London, Gaughan became a member of the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA) through Official Sinn Féin's English wing Clann na hÉireann and became an IRA volunteer in a London-based Active Service Unit. In December 1971, he was sentenced at the Old Bailey to seven years imprisonment for his part in an IRA fundraising mission to rob a bank in Hornsey, north London, which yielded just £530, and for the possession of two revolvers.
Gaughan was initially imprisoned at Wormwood Scrubs, where he spent two years before being transferred to the top security Albany Prison on the Isle of Wight. Whilst at Albany Prison, Gaughan requested political status; this was refused, and he was then put in solitary confinement. He was later transferred to Parkhurst Prison, where four of the Belfast Ten were on hunger strike for political status.
On 31 March 1974, Gaughan, along with current Sinn Féin MLA Gerry Kelly, Paul Holme, Hugh Feeney and fellow Mayoman Frank Stagg, went on hunger strike to support the fight of Dolours and Marian Price to obtain political status and to be transferred to a jail in Ireland. The prisoners' demands were as follows.
The right to political status
The right to wear their own clothes
A guarantee that they would not be returned to solitary confinement
The right to educational facilities and not engage in penal labour
The setting of a reasonable date for a transfer to an Irish prison
On 10 April 1974 Gaughan and Stagg were both transferred to the prison hospital for observation; force-feeding began two weeks later.
Force-feeding
British policy at this time was to force feed hunger strikers. According to the National Hunger Strike Commemoration Committee, "six to eight guards would restrain the prisoner and drag him or her by the hair to the top of the bed, where they would stretch the prisoner's neck over the metal rail, force a block between his or her teeth and then pass a feeding tube, which extended down the throat, through a hole in the block."
After visiting Michael in jail, his brother John described his condition: "His throat had been badly cut by force feeding and his teeth loosened. His eyes were sunken, his cheeks hollow and his mouth was gaping open. He weighed about six stone."
During his hunger strike, his weight dropped from 160 lb to 84 lb Gaughan was force-fed from 22 April and this occurred 17 times during course of his hunger strike. The last time he was force-fed was the night before his death on Sunday 2 June. After a hunger strike that lasted 64 days, he died on Monday 3 June 1974, aged 24 years old. Gaughan was one of 22 Irish republicans to die on hunger strike in the 20th century, the largest hunger strike was the 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes.
The cause of his death was disputed. The British government stated that he died of pneumonia; the Gaughan family stated that he died after prison doctors injured him fatally when food lodged in a lung punctured by a force-feeding tube.
Gaughan's death caused controversy in English medical circles, as some forms of treatment can be classed as assault if given without the express permission of the patient.
The timing of his death came just one week after the British Government had capitulated to the demands of the loyalist Ulster Workers' Council strike. After Gaughan's death, the British government's policy of force-feeding ended, and the remaining hunger strikers were given assurances that they would be repatriated to Irish prisons. However, these promises were reneged on by the British government.
Final message
Michael Gaughan left a final message:
His death is referenced in the song Take me Home to Mayo, also known as The Ballad of Michael Gaughan, composed by Seamus Robinson and performed and recorded by many Irish musicians including Christy Moore, the Wolfe Tones and Derek Warfield and the Dublin City Ramblers.
Funeral
Gaughan's body was initially removed from London and on Friday, 7 June, and on Saturday, 8 June 1974, over 3,000 mourners lined the streets of Kilburn and marched behind his coffin, which was flanked by an IRA honour guard, to a Requiem Mass held in the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
On Saturday, his body was transported to Dublin, where again it was met by mourners and another IRA guard of honour who brought it to the Adam and Eve's Franciscan church on Merchant's Quay, where thousands filed past as it lay in state. The following day, his body was removed to Ballina, County Mayo. The funeral mass took place on 9 June, at St. Muredach's Cathedral, and the procession then led to Leigue Cemetery. Gaughan was given a full IRA funeral and was laid to rest in the republican plot, where Frank Stagg would join him after being reburied in November 1976. His funeral was attended by over 50,000 people and was larger than the funeral of former president Éamon de Valera the following year.
Ballina republican Jackie Clarke presided at the last obsequies, and the oration at his graveside was given by Dáithí Ó Conaill, who stated that Gaughan had "been tortured in prison by the vampires of a discredited empire who were joined by decrepit politicians who were a disgrace to the name of Irishmen".
His coffin was draped in the same Tricolour that was used for Terence McSwiney's funeral 54 years earlier. It would later be used for the funeral of James McDade, an IRA member killed in a premature explosion in Coventry.
The funeral embarrassed the anti-republican Fine Gael/Labour coalition government in Dublin at the time and its Taoiseach, Liam Cosgrave. Paddy Cooney, Minister for Justice at the time, claimed that the IRA intimidated businesses in the towns that the funeral procession passed through, forcing them to close.
Commemoration
There are annual lectures and commemorations in honour of Gaughan, Frank Stagg and Sean McNeela (a Ballycroy IRA man who died on hunger strike in Dublin in 1940) at the republican plot in Ballina by both Republican Sinn Féin and Sinn Féin, which includes a march from the Humbert monument in Ballina to Leigue Cemetery. The Republican Sinn Féin cumann in Mayo is named the McNeela-Gaughan-Stagg Cumann.
On 12 February 2006, a mural, dedicated to Stagg and Gaughan, was unveiled on the Falls Road in Belfast. In August 2020 a mural was erected on his behalf in the lane behind his home house of Healy Terrace.
External links
Take Me Home To Mayo, the ballad of Michael Gaughan
References
1949 births
1974 deaths
Irish bank robbers
Irish people imprisoned abroad
Irish people who died in prison custody
Irish prisoners who died on hunger strike
Irish republicans
Official Irish Republican Army members
People from Ballina, County Mayo
Prisoners who died in England and Wales detention
Provisional Irish Republican Army members
Republicans imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict
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38684629
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Shadows%20%282001%20film%29
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In the Shadows (2001 film)
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In the Shadows is a thriller film directed and written by Ric Roman Waugh and starring Matthew Modine, James Caan, Joey Lauren Adams, Lillo Brancato and Cuba Gooding Jr. It was released in the United States on June 22, 2001. In the film, Modine plays hit man Eric O'Bryne, who is sent to kill veteran Hollywood stuntman Lance Huston (Caan), falls in love with the target's daughter (Adams) and then decides to become a stuntman himself.
Plot
Hit man Eric O'Byrne (Matthew Modine) has orders from the mob: kill Hollywood stunt coordinator Lance Huston (James Caan). In order to make the hit, Eric travels to Miami and insinuates himself into Lance's world as a stuntman. He also slips into a dangerous romance with Lance's daughter, Clarissa (Joey Lauren Adams). As time draws near to O'Byrne deadly act, he starts to grow a conscience, a development that could be his greatest asset or his fatal weakness.
Reception
DVD Talk rated the film favorably, writing that "Ric Roman Waugh is competent behind the camera for his directorial debut, and the film benefits from a strong cast." TV Guide was more negative, as they felt that "This overly complicated wise-guy adventure makes good use of the stunt work background. But it falters in the areas of characterization, plot resolution and general narrative credibility."
References
External links
2001 crime thriller films
2001 films
American crime thriller films
American mystery films
2000s English-language films
Films about stunt performers
Films directed by Ric Roman Waugh
Films set in Miami
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Miami
2000s American films
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11275363
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Duncum
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Sam Duncum
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Samuel Duncum (born 18 February 1987) is an English semi-professional footballer who plays for Worksop Town as a winger.
Career
Born in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, Dumcum started his career with Rotherham United in 2005 and made his debut in a 3–1 defeat to Gillingham in the Football League Championship on 5 March 2005. He finished the 2004–05 season with two appearances and made one appearance the subsequent season. He made two substitute appearances during the 2006–07 season as Rotherham were relegated to League Two.
He joined Conference Premier side York City on a one-month loan on 20 February 2008, which was extended for a further month in March, despite his having aggravated a hamstring injury. He finished this loan spell in April with three appearances and was invited to return to the club in pre-season to attempt to win a contract. He however signed for Ilkeston Town in May.
Following two loan spells with Worksop Town during the 2010–11 season, Duncum joined the club on a permanent basis in June 2011.
After being released by Worksop in January 2012, he returned to the New Manor Ground, signing for Ilkeston. Duncum's first goal for the reformed club came in his second appearance, scoring in a Derbyshire Senior Cup quarter-final against Buxton. However, Duncum was subsequently found to have been ineligible for the competition, resulting in Ilkeston's disqualification. Including this voided game, he made 15 appearances for the club in all competitions, scoring six goals as Ilkeston were promoted via the playoffs. He subsequently played for Buxton and Belper Town.
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Sheffield
English footballers
Association football wingers
Rotherham United F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Ilkeston Town F.C. (1945) players
Eastwood Town F.C. players
Worksop Town F.C. players
Ilkeston F.C. players
Buxton F.C. players
Belper Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players
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21457029
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Velonirina
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Marcel Velonirina
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Marcel Velonirina is a Malagasy politician. A member of the National Assembly of Madagascar, he was elected as a member of the Tiako I Madagasikara party; he represents the constituency of Andapa.
References
Profile on National Assembly site
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Madagascar)
Tiako I Madagasikara politicians
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Sava Region
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