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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Summers
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Lawrence Summers
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Lawrence Henry Summers (born November 30, 1954) is an American economist who served as the 71st United States secretary of the treasury from 1999 to 2001 and as director of the National Economic Council from 2009 to 2010. He also served as president of Harvard University from 2001 to 2006, where he is a professor and director of the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government at Harvard Kennedy School.
Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Summers became a professor of economics at Harvard University in 1983. He left Harvard in 1991, working as the Chief Economist of the World Bank from 1991 to 1993. In 1993, Summers was appointed Under Secretary for International Affairs of the United States Department of the Treasury under President Bill Clinton's administration. In 1995, he was promoted to Deputy Secretary of the Treasury under his long-time political mentor Robert Rubin. In 1999, he succeeded Rubin as Secretary of the Treasury. While working for the Clinton administration, Summers played a leading role in the American response to the 1994 economic crisis in Mexico, the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and the Russian financial crisis. He was also influential in the Harvard Institute for International Development and American-advised privatization of the economies of the post-Soviet states, and in the deregulation of the U.S financial system, including the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act.
Following the end of Clinton's term, Summers served as the 27th president of Harvard University from 2001 to 2006. Summers resigned as Harvard's president in the wake of a no-confidence vote by Harvard faculty, which resulted in large part from Summers's conflict with Cornel West, financial conflict of interest questions regarding his relationship with Andrei Shleifer, and a 2005 speech in which he offered three reasons for the under-representation of women in science and engineering, including the possibility that there exists a "different availability of aptitude at the high end", in addition to patterns of discrimination and socialization.
After his departure from Harvard, Summers worked as a managing partner at the hedge fund D. E. Shaw & Co., and as a freelance speaker at other financial institutions, including Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers. Summers rejoined public service during the Obama administration, serving as the Director of the White House United States National Economic Council for President Barack Obama from January 2009 until November 2010, where he emerged as a key economic decision-maker in the Obama administration's response to the Great Recession. After his departure from the NEC in December 2010, Summers worked in the private sector and as a columnist in major newspapers. In mid-2013, his name was widely floated as the potential successor to Ben Bernanke as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, though Obama eventually nominated Federal Reserve Vice-Chairwoman Janet Yellen for the position. As of 2017, Summers retains his Harvard University status as former president emeritus and Charles W. Eliot University Professor. He also regularly writes opinion columns for The Washington Post.
Family and education
Summers was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on November 30, 1954, into a Jewish family, the son of two economists, Robert Summers (who changed the family surname from Samuelson) and Anita Summers (of Romanian-Jewish ancestry), who are both professors at the University of Pennsylvania. He is also the nephew of two Nobel laureates in economics: Paul Samuelson (brother of Robert Summers) and Kenneth Arrow (brother of Anita Arrow Summers). He spent most of his childhood in Penn Valley, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, where he attended Harriton High School.
At age 16, he entered Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he originally intended to study physics but soon switched to economics (S.B., 1975). He was also an active member of the MIT debating team and qualified for participation in the annual National Debate Tournament three times. He attended Harvard University as a graduate student (Ph.D., 1982). In 1983, at age 28, Summers became one of the youngest tenured professors in Harvard's history. It was also during this time that Summers was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma. He underwent treatment and has since remained cancer-free. He was a visiting academic at the London School of Economics in 1987. Summers has three children (older twin daughters Ruth and Pamela and son Harry) with his first wife, Victoria Joanne (Perry). In December 2005, Summers married English professor Elisa New, who has three daughters (Yael, Orli and Maya) from a previous marriage. He lives in Brookline, Massachusetts.
Career
Academic economist
As a researcher, Summers has made important contributions in many areas of economics, primarily public finance, labor economics, financial economics, and macroeconomics. Summers has also worked in international economics, economic demography, economic history and development economics. He received the John Bates Clark Medal in 1993 from the American Economic Association. In 1987, he was the first social scientist to win the Alan T. Waterman Award from the National Science Foundation. Summers is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Some of his popular courses today, as Charles W. Eliot University Professor at Harvard University, include American Economic Policy and The Political Economy of Globalization.
Public official
Summers was on the staff of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Reagan in 1982–1983. He also served as an economic adviser to the Dukakis Presidential campaign in 1988.
Chief Economist at the World Bank
Summers left Harvard in 1991 and served as Vice President of Development Economics and Chief Economist for the World Bank until 1993.
According to the World Bank's Data & Research office (March, 2017), Summers returned to Washington, D.C. in 1991 as the World Bank's Vice President of Development Economics and Chief Economist. As such, Summers played a "key role" in designing strategies to aid developing countries, worked on the bank's loan committee, guided the bank's research and statistics operations, and guided external training programs.
The World Bank's official site also reports that Summer's research included an "influential" report that demonstrated a very high return from investments in educating girls in developing nations.
According to The Economist, Summers was "often at the centre of heated debates" about economic policy, to an extent exceptional for the history of the World Bank in recent decades.
"Dirty industries" controversy
In December 1991, while at the World Bank, Summers signed a memo that was leaked to the press. Lant Pritchett has claimed authorship of the private memo, which both he and Summers say was intended as sarcasm. The memo stated that "the economic logic behind dumping a load of toxic waste in the lowest wage country is impeccable and we should face up to that. ... I've always thought that under-populated countries in Africa are vastly underpolluted." According to Pritchett, the memo, as leaked, was doctored to remove context and intended irony, and was "a deliberate fraud and forgery to discredit Larry and the World Bank."
Service in the Clinton Administration
In 1993, Summers was appointed Undersecretary for International Affairs and later in the United States Department of the Treasury under the Clinton Administration. In 1995, he was promoted to Deputy Secretary of the Treasury under his long-time political mentor Robert Rubin. In 1999, he succeeded Rubin as Secretary of the Treasury.
Much of Summers's tenure at the Treasury Department was focused on international economic issues. He was deeply involved in the Clinton administration's effort to bail out Mexico and Russia when those nations had currency crises.
Summers set up a project through which the Harvard Institute for International Development provided advice to the Russian government between 1992 and 1997. Later there was a scandal when it emerged that some of the Harvard project members had invested in Russia, and were therefore not impartial advisors.
Summers encouraged then-Russian leader Boris Yeltsin to use the same "three-'ations'" of policy he advocated in the Clinton Administration – "privatization, stabilization, and liberalization."
Summers pressured the Korean government to raise its interest rates and balance its budget in the midst of a recession, policies criticized by Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz. According to the book The Chastening, by Paul Blustein, during this crisis, Summers, along with Paul Wolfowitz, pushed for regime change in Indonesia.
Summers was a leading voice within the Clinton Administration arguing against American leadership in greenhouse gas reductions and against US participation in the Kyoto Protocol, according to internal documents made public in 2009.
As Treasury Secretary, Summers led the Clinton Administration's opposition to tax cuts proposed by the Republican Congress in 1999.
During the California energy crisis of 2000, then-Treasury Secretary Summers teamed with Alan Greenspan and Enron executive Kenneth Lay to lecture California Governor Gray Davis on the causes of the crisis, explaining that the problem was excessive government regulation. Under the advice of Kenneth Lay, Summers urged Davis to relax California's environmental standards in order to reassure the markets.
Summers hailed the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act in 1999, which lifted more than six decades of restrictions against banks offering commercial banking, insurance, and investment services (by repealing key provisions in the 1933 Glass–Steagall Act): "Today Congress voted to update the rules that have governed financial services since the Great Depression and replace them with a system for the 21st century," Summers said. "This historic legislation will better enable American companies to compete in the new economy." Many critics, including President Barack Obama, have suggested the 2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis was caused by the partial repeal of the 1933 Glass–Steagall Act. Indeed, as a member of President Clinton's Working Group on Financial Markets, Summers, along with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Chairman Arthur Levitt, Fed Chairman Greenspan, and Secretary Rubin, torpedoed an effort to regulate the derivatives that many blame for bringing the financial market down in Fall 2008.
Views on banking regulation
On May 7, 1998, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) issued a Concept Release soliciting input from regulators, academics,
and practitioners to determine "how best to maintain adequate regulatory safeguards without
impairing the ability of the OTC (over-the-counter) derivatives market to grow and the ability of U.S. entities to remain competitive in the global financial marketplace." On July 30, 1998, then-Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Summers testified before the U.S. Congress that "the parties to these kinds of contract are largely sophisticated financial institutions that would appear to be eminently capable of protecting themselves from fraud and counterparty insolvencies." At the time Summers stated that "to date there has been no clear evidence of a need for additional regulation of the institutional OTC derivatives market, and we would submit that proponents of such regulation must bear the burden of demonstrating that need."
In 1999 Summers endorsed the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act which removed the separation between investment and commercial banks, saying "With this bill, the American financial system takes a major step forward towards the 21st Century."
When George Stephanopoulos asked Summers about the financial crisis in an ABC interview on March 15, 2009, Summers replied that "there are a lot of terrible things that have happened in the last eighteen months, but what's happened at A.I.G. ... the way it was not regulated, the way no one was watching ... is outrageous."
In February 2009, Summers quoted John Maynard Keynes, saying "When circumstances change, I change my opinion", reflecting both on the failures of Wall Street deregulation and his new leadership role in the government bailout. On April 18, 2010, in an interview on ABC's "This Week" program, Clinton said Summers was wrong in the advice he gave him not to regulate derivatives.
President of Harvard
In 2001, when George W. Bush became President, Summers left the Treasury Department and returned to Harvard as its 27th president, serving from July 2001 until June 2006. He is considered Harvard's first Jewish president, though his predecessor Neil Rudenstine had Jewish ancestry, and received praise from Harvard's Jewish community for his support.
A number of Summers's decisions at Harvard have attracted public controversy, either at the time or since his resignation.
Cornel West affair
In an October 2001 meeting, Summers criticized African American Studies department head Cornel West for allegedly missing three weeks of classes to work on the Bill Bradley presidential campaign, and complained that West was contributing to grade inflation. Summers also claimed that West's "rap" album was an "embarrassment" to the university. West pushed back strongly against the accusations. "The hip-hop scared him. It's a stereotypical reaction", he said later. West, who later called Summers both "uninformed" and "an unprincipled power player" in describing this encounter in his book Democracy Matters (2004), subsequently returned to Princeton University, where he had taught prior to Harvard University.
Differences between the sexes
In January 2005, at a Conference on Diversifying the Science & Engineering Workforce sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research, Summers sparked controversy with his discussion of why women may have been underrepresented "in tenured positions in science and engineering at top universities and research institutions". The conference was designed to be off-the-record so that participants could speak candidly without fear of public misunderstanding or disclosure later.
Summers had prefaced his talk, saying he was adopting an "entirely positive, rather than normative approach" and that his remarks were intended to be an "attempt at provocation."
Summers then began by identifying three hypotheses for the higher proportion of men in high-end science and engineering positions:
The high-powered job hypothesis
Different availability of aptitude at the high end
Different socialization and patterns of discrimination in a search
The second hypothesis, the generally greater variability among men (compared to women) in tests of cognitive abilities, leading to proportionally more males than females at both the lower and upper tails of the test score distributions, caused the most controversy. In his discussion of this hypothesis, Summers said that "even small differences in the standard deviation [between genders] will translate into very large differences in the available pool substantially out [from the mean]". Summers referenced research that implied differences between the standard deviations of males and females in the top 5% of twelfth-graders under various tests. He then went on to argue that, if this research were to be accepted, then "whatever the set of attributes ... that are precisely defined to correlate with being an aeronautical engineer at MIT or being a chemist at Berkeley ... are probably different in their standard deviations as well".
Summers then concluded his discussion of the three hypotheses by saying:
So my best guess, to provoke you, of what's behind all of this is that the largest phenomenon, by far, is the general clash between people's legitimate family desires and employers' current desire for high power and high intensity, that in the special case of science and engineering, there are issues of intrinsic aptitude, and particularly of the variability of aptitude, and that those considerations are reinforced by what are in fact lesser factors involving socialization and continuing discrimination. I would like nothing better than to be proved wrong, because I would like nothing better than for these problems to be addressable simply by everybody understanding what they are, and working very hard to address them.
Summers then went on to discuss approaches to remedying the shortage of women in high-end science and engineering positions.
This lunch-time talk drew accusations of sexism and careless scholarship, and an intense negative response followed, both nationally and at Harvard. Summers apologized repeatedly. Nevertheless, the controversy is speculated to have contributed to his resigning his position as president of Harvard University the following year, as well as costing Summers the job of Treasury Secretary in Obama's administration.
Summers's protégée Sheryl Sandberg has defended him, saying that "Larry has been a true advocate for women throughout his career" at the World Bank and Treasury. Referring to the lunch talk, Sandberg said, "What few seem to note is that it is remarkable that he was giving the speech in the first place – that he cared enough about women's careers and their trajectory in the fields of math and science to proactively analyze the issues and talk about what was going wrong".
In 2016, remarking upon political correctness in institutions of higher education, Summers said:
There is a great deal of absurd political correctness. Now, I'm somebody who believes very strongly in diversity, who resists racism in all of its many incarnations, who thinks that there is a great deal that's unjust in American society that needs to be combated, but it seems to be that there is a kind of creeping totalitarianism in terms of what kind of ideas are acceptable and are debatable on college campuses.
Summers' opposition and support at Harvard
On March 15, 2005, members of the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences, which instructs graduate students in Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and undergraduates in Harvard College, passed 218–185 a motion of "lack of confidence" in the leadership of Summers, with 18 abstentions. A second motion that offered a milder censure of the president passed 253 to 137, also with 18 abstentions.
The members of the Harvard Corporation, the University's highest governing body, are in charge of the selection of the president and issued statements strongly supporting Summers.
FAS faculty were not unanimous in their comments against Summers. Influential psychologist Steven Pinker defended the legitimacy of Summers's January lecture. When asked if Summers's talk was "within the pale of legitimate academic discourse," Pinker responded "Good grief, shouldn't everything be within the pale of legitimate academic discourse, as long as it is presented with some degree of rigor? That's the difference between a university and a madrassa. There is certainly enough evidence for the hypothesis to be taken seriously."
Summers had stronger support among Harvard College students than among the college faculty. One poll by The Harvard Crimson indicated that students opposed his resignation by a three-to-one margin, with 57% of responding students opposing his resignation and 19% supporting it.
In July 2005, a board member of Harvard Corporation, Conrad K. Harper, resigned saying he was angered both by the university president's comments about women and by Summers being given a salary increase. The resignation letter to the president said, "I could not and cannot support a raise in your salary, ... I believe that Harvard's best interests require your resignation."
Support of economist Andrei Shleifer
Harvard and Andrei Shleifer, a close friend and protégé of Summers, controversially paid $28.5 million to settle a lawsuit by the U.S. government over the conflict of interest Shleifer had while advising Russia's privatization program. The US government had sued Shleifer under the False Claims Act, as he bought Russian stocks while designing the country's privatization. In 2004, a federal judge ruled that while Harvard had violated the contract, Shleifer and his associate alone were liable for treble damages.
In June 2005, Harvard and Shleifer announced that they had reached a tentative settlement with the US government. In August, Harvard, Shleifer, and the Department of Justice reached an agreement under which the university paid $26.5 million to settle the five-year-old lawsuit. Shleifer was also responsible for paying $2 million worth of damages.
Because Harvard paid almost all of the damages and allowed Shleifer to retain his faculty position, the settlement provoked allegations of favoritism by Summers. His continued support for Shleifer strengthened Summers's unpopularity with other professors, as reported in The Harvard Crimson:
In an 18,000-word article "How Harvard Lost Russia" in Institutional Investor by David McClintick (January 2006), the magazine detailed Shleifer's alleged efforts to use his inside knowledge of and sway over the Russian economy in order to make lucrative personal investments, all while leading a Harvard group, advising the Russian government, that was under contract with the U.S. The article suggests that Summers shielded his fellow economist from disciplinary action by the university, and it noted that Summers had forewarned Shleifer and his wife Nancy Zimmerman about the conflict-of-interest regulations back in 1996. Summers's friendship with Shleifer was well known by the corporation when it selected him to succeed Rudenstine and Summers recused himself from all proceedings with Shleifer, whose case was actually handled by an independent committee led by former Harvard president Derek Bok.
Connection to Jeffrey Epstein
An article in The Harvard Crimson in 2003, during Summers's tenure as president, detailed a reportedly "special connection" between Summers and Jeffrey Epstein. Epstein pledged to donate at least $25 million to Harvard during Summers's tenure to endow Harvard's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, and Epstein was given an office at Harvard for his personal use. Epstein otherwise had no formal connection to Harvard. Summers's ties to Epstein reportedly began "a number of years...before Summers became Harvard’s president and even before he was the Secretary of the Treasury." Flight records introduced as evidence in the 2021 trial of Epstein associate Ghislaine Maxwell show that Summers flew on Jeffrey Epstein's private plane on at least four occasions, including once in 1998 when Summers was United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury and at least three times while Harvard president. A charity funded by Epstein also donated to the production of a PBS show hosted by Summers's wife and Harvard professor Elisa New.
Winklevoss twins and Facebook
In February 2004, the Winklevoss twins requested a meeting with Summers in order to ask him to intervene on their behalf in an ongoing dispute they had with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg. The Winklevosses believed that Zuckerberg had stolen their idea for a social networking website and launched Facebook on his own, after they had asked him to be a part of their project, then called HarvardConnection. Summers believed that the matter was outside the university's jurisdiction, and advised the twins to take their complaint to the courts.
Resignation as Harvard President
On February 21, 2006, Summers announced his intention to step down at the end of the school year effective June 30, 2006. Harvard agreed to provide Summers on his resignation with a one-year paid sabbatical leave, subsidized a $1 million outstanding loan from the university for his personal residence, and provided other payments. Former University President Derek Bok acted as Interim President while the University conducted a search for a replacement which ended with the naming of Drew Gilpin Faust on February 11, 2007.
Post-Harvard presidency career
After a one-year sabbatical, Summers subsequently accepted Harvard University's invitation to serve as the Charles W. Eliot University Professor, one of 20 select University-wide professorships, with offices in the Kennedy School of Government and the Harvard Business School. In 2006 he was also a member of the Panel of Eminent Persons which reviewed the work of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. He is a member in the Group of Thirty. He also currently serves on the Berggruen Institute's 21st Century Council, and was part of a 2015 Berggruen-organized meeting with Chinese president Xi Jinping.
Business interests
On October 19, 2006, Summers was hired as a part-time managing director of the New York-based hedge fund D. E. Shaw & Co. for which he received $5 million in salary and other compensation over a 16-month period. At the same time Summers earned $2.7 million in speaking fees from major financial institutions, including Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers. Upon being nominated Treasury Secretary by President Clinton in 1999, Summers listed assets of about $900,000 and debts, including a mortgage, of $500,000. By the time he returned in 2009 to serve in the Obama administration, he reported a net worth between $17 million and $39 million. He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group. In 2013, Summers became an early angel investor in India's first car rental company, Zoomcar, which was started by his former Harvard Teaching Fellow.
National Economic Council
Upon the inauguration of Barack Obama as president in January 2009, Summers was appointed to the post of director of the National Economic Council. In this position Summers emerged as a key economic decision-maker in the Obama administration, where he attracted both praise and criticism. There had been friction between Summers and former Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker, as Volcker accused Summers of delaying the effort to organize a panel of outside economic advisers, and Summers had cut Volcker out of White House meetings and had not shown interest in collaborating on policy solutions to the economic crisis. On the other hand, Obama himself was reportedly thrilled with the work Summers did in his first few weeks on the job. And Peter Orszag, another top economic advisor, called Summers "one of the world's most brilliant economists." According to Henry Kissinger Larry Summers should "be given a White House post in which he was charged with shooting down or fixing bad ideas."
In January 2009, as the Obama Administration tried to pass an economic stimulus spending bill, Representative Peter DeFazio (D-OR.) criticized Summers, saying that he thought that President Barack Obama is "ill-advised by Larry Summers. Larry Summers hates infrastructure." DeFazio, along with liberal economists including Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz, had argued that more of the stimulus should be spent on infrastructure, while Summers had supported tax cuts. In late 2008, Summers and economic advisors for then-President-elect Obama presented a memo with options for an economic stimulus package ranging from $550 billion to $900 billion. According to The New Republic, economic advisor Christina Romer initially recommended a $1.8-trillion package, which proposal Summers quickly rejected, believing any stimulus approaching $1 trillion would not pass through Congress. Romer revised her recommendation to $1.2 trillion, which Summers agreed to include in the memo, but Summers struck the figure at the last minute.
According to the Wall Street Journal, Summers called Senator Chris Dodd (D-CT) asking him to remove caps on executive pay at firms that have received stimulus money, including Citigroup.
On April 3, 2009 Summers came under renewed criticism after it was disclosed that he was paid millions of dollars the previous year by companies which he now had influence over as a public servant. He earned $5 million from the hedge fund D. E. Shaw, and collected $2.7 million in speaking fees from Wall Street companies that received government bailout money.
Post-NEC career
Since leaving the NEC in December 2010, Summers has worked as an advisor to hedge fund D. E. Shaw & Co, Citigroup and the NASDAQ OMX Group while resuming his role as a tenured Harvard professor. In June 2011 Summers joined the board of directors of Square, a company developing an electronic payment service, and became a special adviser at venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. He joined the board of person-to-person lending company Lending Club in December 2012. In July 2015 Summers joined the Board of Directors of Premise Data, a San Francisco-based data and analytics technology company that sources data from a global network of on-the-ground contributors.
In April 2016, he was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the United Kingdom to remain a member of the European Union ahead of the June 2016 Referendum.
Summers referred to the United Kingdom's "Brexit" vote on June 23, 2016—which concluded in favor of leaving the European Union—as the "worst self-inflicted policy wound that a country has done since the Second World War". However, Summers cautioned that the result was a "wake up call for elites everywhere" and called for "responsible nationalism" in response to simmering public sentiment.
In June 2016, Summers also wrote, "I believe the risks to the US and global economies of Mr Trump’s election as president are far greater [than passage of Brexit]. If he is elected, I would expect a protracted recession to begin within 18 months. The damage would be felt far beyond the United States."
2020 presidential election
A coalition of progressive groups called on Joe Biden's 2020 presidential campaign to no longer use Summers as an advisor, after reports surfaced that Summers was advising the campaign on economic policy. Progressive groups like the Sunrise Movement and Justice Democrats petitioned the campaign to disavow Summers, saying, "Summers's legacy is advocating for policies that contributed to the skyrocketing inequality and climate crisis we’re living with today." Following the outcry, Summers stated he would not be joining a future Biden administration, in the event that Biden defeated Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election.
Candidacy for chairmanship of the Federal Reserve and governorship of the Bank of Israel
In 2013, Summers emerged as one of two leading candidates, along with Janet Yellen, to succeed Ben Bernanke as chair of the Federal Reserve. The possibility of his nomination created a great deal of controversy with some senators of both parties declaring opposition. On September 15, Summers withdrew his name from consideration for the position, writing: "I have reluctantly concluded that any possible confirmation process for me would be acrimonious and would not serve the interest of the Federal Reserve, the Administration or, ultimately, the interests of the nation's ongoing economic recovery."
During the 2013, Summers had been reported as preferred candidate by the Cabinet of Israel and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to succeed Stanley Fischer as governor of the Bank of Israel. Netanyahu personally asked him to take the post, an offer he turned down.
Criticism of the Biden Administration
Summers emerged as an early opponent of the macroeconomic policy employed by President Joe Biden, charging the $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 as "the least responsible macroeconomic policy we’ve had in the last 40 years." The macroeconomic framework, Summers holds, risks an economic recession and market destabilization.
In popular culture
The 2010 film The Social Network, which deals with the founding of the social networking site Facebook, shows Summers (played by Douglas Urbanski), in his then-capacity as President of Harvard, meeting with Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss to discuss their accusations against Mark Zuckerberg.
In the 2010 documentary Inside Job, Summers is presented as one of the key figures behind the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Charles Ferguson points out the economist's role in what he characterizes as the deregulation of many domains of the financial sector.
In The Simpsons episode "E My Sports" (S30 E17), first broadcast March 17, 2019, the character Principal Seymour Skinner looks at a $100 bill and remarks "$100 bill, autographed by Lawrence Summers. Such a carefree signature, before the great recession."
See also
Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration
References
External links
Faculty page at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University
Profile at the U.S. Treasury Department
Lawrence Summers at Big Think
Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Lawrence Summers from the US Holocaust Museum, February 15, 2007
Robert Scheer on Resignation of Lawrence Summers – video report by Democracy Now!, September 22, 2010
Summers' policy proposals to ameliorate the "devastating consequences" of the capacity of capital employing robots, 3-D printing, artificial intelligence, and similar technologies "to replace white-collar as well as blue-collar work," Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Issue #32, Spring 2014
Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood%2C%20Los%20Angeles
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Brentwood, Los Angeles
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Brentwood is a suburban neighborhood in the Westside region of the City of Los Angeles.
History
General
Modern development began after the establishment of the Pacific Branch of the National Home for Disabled Soldiers and Sailors in the 1880s. A small community sprang up outside that facility's west gate, taking on the name Westgate. Annexed by the City of Los Angeles on June 14, 1916, Westgate's included large parts of what is now the Pacific Palisades and a small portion of today's Bel-Air. Westgate Avenue is one of the last reminders of that namesake.
Local traditions include a Maypole erected each year on the lawn of the Archer School for Girls, carrying on that set by the Eastern Star Home previously housed there. This building was the exterior establishing shot for the "Mar Vista Rest Home" that provided a key scene in the 1974 film Chinatown.
Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone designation
The State Cal-Fire Authority officially designated Brentwood from Mulholland down to Sunset Boulevard a Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone, due to the long, uninterrupted border of urban-wildlife interface in the hillsides that has resulted in multiple fires over many years, destroying entire neighborhoods and requiring numerous evacuations. For this reason, the Brentwood community has been strongly in favor of halting all further development in the hillside and canyon areas.
On November 6, 1961, a construction crew working in Sherman Oaks in the San Fernando Valley north of Brentwood on the far side of the Santa Monica Mountains noticed smoke and flames in a nearby pile of rubbish. Within minutes, Santa Ana winds gusting up to sent burning brush aloft and over the ridge into Brentwood.
More than 300 police officers helped evacuate 3,500 residents during the 12-hour fire, and some 2,500 firefighters battled the blaze, pumping water from neighborhood swimming pools to douse flames. Pockets of the fire smoldered for several days. Even as firefighters battled what was to become a Bel Air disaster, another fire erupted in Santa Ynez Canyon to the west. That blaze was contained the next day after consuming nearly and nine structures and burning to within a mile of Bel Air and Brentwood. The fires were the fifth-worst conflagration in the nation's history at the time, burning , destroying more than 484 homes and 190 other structures and causing an estimated $30 million in damage.
O. J. Simpson murder case
Brentwood was the site of the 1994 stabbing deaths of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman, outside Nicole Brown Simpson's Bundy Drive townhouse. Nicole's ex-husband, football player and actor O. J. Simpson, was acquitted of the murders, but was later found liable for the deaths in a civil trial. O. J. Simpson's Brentwood home was subsequently sold. The new owners demolished Simpson's home and built a new residence.
Geography
Boundaries
The district is located at the base of the Santa Monica Mountains, bounded by the San Diego Freeway on the east, Wilshire Boulevard on the south, the Santa Monica city limits on the southwest, Sullivan Canyon/Westridge Trail on the west and Mulholland Drive on the north.
Environment
Brentwood, like nearby Santa Monica, has a temperate climate influenced by marine breezes off the Pacific Ocean. Residents frequently wake to a "marine layer", a cover of clouds brought in at night which burns off by mid-morning. The topography is generally split into two characters, broadly divided by Sunset Boulevard: the area north of Sunset is defined by ridges and canyons of the Santa Monica Mountains and is located in a Cal-Fire designated Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone; south of Sunset the area is mostly flat. The area South of San Vicente features an underground spring which bubbles up into a small creek along "the Gully" near the Brentwood Country Club.
Demographics
The 2000 U.S. census counted 31,344 residents in the 15.22-square-mile Brentwood neighborhood—or 2,059 people per square mile. In 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 33,312. Since 2010, the population has gradually shifted to younger families with children in local schools looking for single family homes north of San Vicente Blvd and executives seeking to live in higher-end, low maintenance condos within walking distance to the San Vicente commercial center.
The racial breakdown is whites, 84.2%; Asians, 6.5%; Latinos, 4.5%; blacks, 1.2%; and others, 3.6%. Iran (27.2%) and the United Kingdom (4.8%) were the most common places of birth for the 21.1% of the residents who were born abroad—which was a low percentage for Los Angeles as a whole.
Brentwood has made strong efforts to have inclusive housing stock, with 49% of residents living in single family homes and 51% living in dense zoning/multifamily residences. The median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $112,927 and renters occupied 48.4% of the housing stock. As of June 2020, 20% of Brentwood multifamily units qualified for Fannie Mae loans and the starting price of studio apartments and one bedrooms was within $100 of HUD vouchers in Los Angeles, allowing residents across a range of income levels to find housing in the community.
Notable sights
San Vicente Boulevard is divided by a wide median on which stand many large coral trees. This green belt replaced a Pacific Electric trolley track, and the trees have been named a City of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.
Brentwood features a number of residential sub-districts:
Brentwood Circle: a gated community east of Barrington and north of Sunset that was created when the Getty Museum was built.
Brentwood Glen: an area bounded by Sunset, the 405 Freeway, and the Veterans Administration, it is an enclave of small lots and single family homes
Bundy Canyon: home to Mount St. Mary's College and an emergency ingress entrance to Getty Center (though the latter is accessible only from Sepulveda for the public)
Crestwood Hills: includes a cluster of protected, architecturally significant mid-century modern residences located in the northern part of Kenter Canyon
Mandeville Canyon: westernmost part of Brentwood, north of Sunset; extends about three miles to the north and is the longest dead end street in the City of Los Angeles.
Sullivan Canyon: a mostly equestrian neighborhood with a private riding ring.
The "Polo Field": situated at Will Rogers State Park near Paul Revere Middle School and the Riviera Golf Club
Brentwood Park: large estates located in a zone bordered by Oakmont, San Vicente, Allenford and Cliffwood Drive.
Brentwood Terrace: Located between the Brentwood Country Mart and Brentwood Country Club
Each sub-district is represented by a different homeowners association.
Recreation
Brentwood's Barrington Recreation Center has an indoor gymnasium which converts into a small auditorium with a capacity of 250. Outdoors is a lighted baseball diamond, an unlighted baseball diamond, lighted indoor basketball courts, lighted outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, picnic tables and lighted tennis courts. As of March 2018, Barrington Park received a grade of "D" from the Los Angeles Parks and Rec Department due its poor facilities; upon investigation, the Brentwood Community Council discovered $1.1M in missing funds that were supposed to be used for capital upgrades at the park and fought the city for their return - successfully. With the funds back in place, the Community has worked to improve the park. The Barrington Dog Park is across the street from the recreation center and is part of Barrington Veterans Park, which is owned by the West LA VA and leased to the City of Los Angeles.
Economy and businesses
The vast majority of office space in Brentwood is rented to professional services firms: accountants, lawyers, medical care.
There are three upscale commercial areas: Brentwood Country Mart, Barrington Plaza and the San Vicente Business District, which include restaurants, clothing stores, and other high-end retailers.
A few long time businesses should be noted: Brent-Air Pharmacy, run by the founding Lassoff family from its inception until June 2007, served Brentwood for more than 50 years. The drug store has been the scene of many famous scandals and, like its defunct West Hollywood cousin Schwab's, is known as the pharmacy to the stars, where many now-notable actors and actresses worked as delivery boys or "candy counter" girls.
The Brentwood Country Mart, near the corner of San Vicente Blvd and 26th Street next to the Santa Monica city limit, is a shopping and food center that first opened in 1948.
Vicente Foods is an independently owned and operated grocery market that has served Brentwood since 1948. Other local markets include Whole Foods and Ralphs.
A popular area for dining and coffee for local residents is located in Brentwood Village at the intersection of Barrington and Sunset. More than a dozen restaurants and coffee shops are located within a two-block stretch offering a wide variety of cuisine.
Dutton's Brentwood Books, a local landmark called by Sunset magazine "the last of the truly independent bookstores", closed its doors in April 2008.
Government and infrastructure
Brentwood leadership and city services
Brentwood and Pacific Palisades both chose to form community councils in order to have an independent voice with regard to issues that impact their communities, such as their joint Community Plan, which is a City approved document that governs the aesthetics of zoning and design for the neighborhoods. The Brentwood Community Council holds monthly public meetings, as does its Land Use Committee, and has been a powerful and effective voice for the community since the 1990s. The BCC Board includes members from all local HOA's, plus members representing schools, business, environment, transportation, civic affairs and a group dedicated only to residents under 40, called Brentwood '49. City Services are provided by the Los Angeles Fire Department Station 19 is in Brentwood. The Los Angeles Police Department operates the West Los Angeles Community Police Station in West Los Angeles, serving Brentwood. The City of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power provide utilities. All areas of Brentwood are served by a Residents Association of some kind.
Homelessness, the West LA VA and VA Master Plan Redevelopment
While the annual County of Los Angeles homeless count rarely attributes more than 50 persons as homeless in Brentwood, they are invariably residents of the persistent homeless encampment along San Vicente Blvd, next to the West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs property. The majority of the homeless persons are Veterans. While the VA does have available beds and treatment programs, many Veterans find it hard to take the first step to accept VA assistance for a variety of reasons, including deep mistrust of the VA, dishonorable discharges that prevent them from receiving services, the mandatory sober living environment on the VA campus. The Brentwood Community Council took the lead in 2013 to help establish Veteran safe parking and safe camping programs, which allow Veterans to take an 'intermediate step" between homelessness and accepting full VA assistance and these programs have been successful and have grown over time. Some Veterans believed the VA was derelict in its duty to provide housing and successfully sued the VA, proving that multiple leases of VA property had been used for fraudulent means. Several individuals went to prison, including a former VA executive. As a result of the settlement in the Veterans civil suit against the VA, the $1B VA Master Plan Redevelopment of the West LA VA property, including 2000+ units of housing, was approved by Congress in 2019 and breaks ground in late 2020.
County
The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services SPA 5 West Area Health Office serves Brentwood. The Supervisor for this area is Sheila Kuehl.
State
Brentwood is represented in the California State Senate by Ben Allen and in the California State Assembly by Richard Bloom.
Federal
The United States Postal Service operates the Barrington Post Office in Brentwood. Ted Lieu represents the area in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Education
Seventy percent of Brentwood residents aged 25 and older had earned a four-year degree by 2000, a high percentage for the city and the county. The percentages of residents in that age range with a bachelor's degree or greater were high for the county.
Schools within the Brentwood borders are:
Public
The elementary schools in the area are Kenter Canyon Elementary School (an LAUSD charter school) and Brentwood Science Magnet Elementary School (an LAUSD alternative school). Paul Revere Charter Middle School is Brentwood's middle school. University High School in West Los Angeles, and Palisades Charter High School, in the nearby neighborhood of Pacific Palisades.
Private
The following private schools are located in the Brentwood area:
Westland School, elementary
The Mirman School
Berkeley Hall School, elementary
Milken Community High School
Brentwood School, K–12
Archer School for Girls
Saint Martin of Tours School, elementary
Notable people
James Arness – Actor (1923–2011)
Bea Arthur – Actress (1922–2009)
Eli Broad - Businessman, investor and philanthropist (1933-2021)
Dr. Dre - Rapper, record producer, and entrepreneur
Tom Brady – National Football League quarterback
Andrew Breitbart – Author, commentator and website publisher (1969–2012)
Gisele Bündchen – Model and entrepreneur
Dee Caruso – Screenwriter and producer
Mickey Cohen – Gangster (1913-1976)
Dabney Coleman – Actor
Bert Convy – Actor, game show host, singer and panelist (1933–1991)
Joan Crawford – Actress
Stephen W. Cunningham – UCLA graduate manager and Los Angeles City Council member
Don DeFore – Actor (1913–1993)
Dane Elkins (born 1999) – Professional racquetball player
Glenn Frey – Musician, co-founder of the rock band Eagles (1948–2016)
James Garner - Actor, star of Maverick and The Rockford Files
Ronald Goldman - Murder victim and restaurant waiter
Mark Harmon – Actor
Leland Hayward – Entertainment industry agent and producer
LeBron James – National Basketball Association player
Monica Lewinsky – Activist, television personality, fashion designer, and former White House intern
Robert Loggia – Actor (1930–2015)
Lea Michele – Actress
Marilyn Monroe – Actress
Alanis Morissette – Musician
Former President and First Lady Richard Nixon and Pat Nixon
Conan O'Brien - Television talk show host, comedian
Gwyneth Paltrow -Actress, entrepreneur
Gregor Piatigorsky - Cellist (1903-1976)
David Baerwald – Musician
Faye Resnick – Reality TV personality
Arnold Schoenberg – Composer
Arnold Schwarzenegger – Actor, bodybuilder, former governor of California
Maria Shriver – Journalist, author and former first lady of California
Oliver Stone Director and screenwriter
Nicole Brown Simpson – Murder victim and ex-wife of O.J. Simpson
O. J. Simpson – National Football League player, broadcaster and actor
Margaret Sullavan – Actress
Robert Taylor – Actor
Reese Witherspoon - Actress
Betty White - Actress (1922-2021)
See also
List of districts and neighborhoods in Los Angeles
References
External links
Brentwood Community Council
Brentwood Homeowners Association
Kenter Canyon Elementary School
Los Angeles City Brentwood-Palisades area map
San Vicente Blvd. Brentwood
Brentwood crime map and statistics
Neighborhoods in Los Angeles
Populated places in the Santa Monica Mountains
Venues of the 1932 Summer Olympics
Olympic modern pentathlon venues
Westside (Los Angeles County)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izetta%3A%20The%20Last%20Witch
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Izetta: The Last Witch
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is a 2016 Japanese fantasy anime television series. The project was announced through the opening of an official website and a video on June 10, 2016. The series, produced by Ajia-do Animation Works and directed by Masaya Fujimori, aired from October 1 to December 17, 2016.
Plot
Set in an alternate Earth on the eve of the Second World War, the story follows Izetta, the last surviving member of a clan of witches that possesses the ability to magically manipulate any object that they touch. Izetta pledges to help protect Princess Finé and the tiny Alpine country of Eylstadt from invasion by the imperialistic forces of Germania.
Characters
Main characters
Izetta, age 15, is the titular main character who met Princess Finé when they were children, and the last known descendant of the Weisse Hexe of Eylstadt (see below). Prior to the beginning of the series, she attempted to keep her witch heritage a secret by traveling around different countries with her grandmother, which made her shy and self-conscious. With the outbreak of the war she devotes herself to Finé's and Eylstadt's protection, thus breaking her taboo not to use her powers to intervene with mankind's fate. Izetta's magical powers include animating and enhancing objects into tank-busting weapons. They are, however, hugely dependent on the presence of ley lines, which, depending on her current location, limits the frequency at which she can employ them. She is usually seen riding a modified Boys anti-tank rifle in place of a broom, although she can use any rod-shaped object, such as medieval cavalry lances, in a pinch. In the first few episodes of the series, she seen riding a modified PTRS-41 anti tank rifle.
Finé is the crown Princess of Eylstadt and only heir to the throne. Tomboyish, kind, and strong-willed, she is most beloved by her people and is forced to take command of her country's defense when her father dies from illness shortly after the beginning of the Germanian invasion of Eylstadt. Finé and Izetta met in their childhood, but instead of being afraid, Finé came to admire Izetta's magical powers and became her closest friend, once even shielding her against a peasant mob who accused Izetta of setting a shed on fire. Because of her affection for her, and the role her ancestor played in the death of the original Weisse Hexe (see below), she is reluctant to send Izetta into battle, fearing for her safety.
Eylstadt
Eylstadt is a small, alpine duchy whose capital is Landsbruck. The country's location is based on what is western Austria today consisting of the states Tyrol and Vorarlberg, and its capital based on Innsbruck. The motto of its national flag reads "Ich bin tapfer und bin fromm" (literal translation: "I am valiant and am pious"). Their military equipment is patterned largely after the French Army's from the time between World War I and II. Germania intends to conquer Eylstadt simply to open a shorter road to their ally, the Romulus Federation, enabling a joint invasion of the Mediterranean and Africa.
The Archduke of Eylstadt who dies from illness soon after the Germanian invasion begins, forcing his daughter to assume the throne in his place.
Sieghart "Sieg" Müller is a counselor at the Duchal Palace, and a member of a family which has served the Duchal Family for generations. He is in charge of the principality's intelligence and counter-intelligence operations. When Jonas discovers the secret about Izetta's limits in her powers, he kills him in the name of "raison d'etat", but is haunted by his deed. For that reason, Müller loses his life in the final episode to a young Germanian soldier he has mistaken for Jonas.
Bianca is leader of Eylstadt's Royal Guard and Princess Finé's bodyguard. Initially distrustful of Izetta, she comes to care for her as much as for Finé once convinced of Izetta's sincerity.
Lotte is an energetic, happy-to-go maid in the Duchal Palace and ordered by Princess Finé to be of service to Izetta. While on chamber duties in the palace, she carries a footstool strapped to her back in order to ease her work with taller persons. Her family owns an inn in Eylstadt's old capital, where the castle of the Weisse Hexe is located.
Elvira is Princess Finé's personal tutor and a former reporter for several newspapers and radio stations in the United States of Atlanta. Upon Müller's suggestion, she is hired by the Princess to become Izetta's public advertiser in order to improve Eylstadt's morale.
The supreme commander of Eylstadt's military forces.
Finé's prime minister and one of her chief councillors.
Hans is the leader of Eylstadt's Schweizen Fortress garrison. After the fortress' fall in the beginning stage of the Germanian invasion, and his subsequent assistance to Finé and Izetta during their escape from Berkman's henchmen, he has become a trusted member of Finé's inner circle.
A spy for hire who is often employed by Müller for any shadow operations in the service of the Archduchal family.
A young spectacled soldier recently enlisted into Eylstadt's army, who is part of a large family with a younger brother and two sisters. After inadvertently overhearing a conversation about Izetta's weakness, he is critically wounded by the Germanian spy Lorenz to make him talk, and later killed by Müller to keep the information secret.
Tobias was one of Princess Finé's bodyguards who accompanied her to Westria. He is shot and killed by Berkman as he tries to help Princess Finé escape from a train.
One of Princess Finé's bodyguards who accompanied her to Westria. He is shot by Germanian secret commandos during Finé's capture in the first episode.
The Weisse Hexe (German for "white witch") is Eylstadt's legendary protector in a past age. She and a Prince of Eylstadt met and fell in love; but briefly before dying, the Prince, fearing that the story of the witch could reach the Church and put his kingdom in danger of being accused of heresy, with his last breath ordered to sell her out to the Inquisition and send her to the stake. However, using a cell sample recovered from her remains, the Germanian Weapons Design Division 9 cloned her to become Germania's own magical weapon of conquest. (See Sophie, below, for details.)
Germania
Germania is a powerful military country based on Nazi Germany, although it is portrayed as a monarchical empire similar to the pre-war German Empire. Its capital bears the name Neu-Berlin, and its appearance is patterned after Albert Speer's designs for Hitler's new "World Capital Germania". Its military standard is a diagonally shifted Balkenkreuz with a short dagger blade replacing one of its arms. The vast majority of its armor and equipment are identical to the pre- and early-WWII Wehrmacht, including the Panzer III, Panzer IV, Heinkel 111, Messerschmitt 109, Junkers Ju-87, Karabiner 98k rifles, MP40 submachine guns, etc. Its victory parole is "Sieg Reich" (derived from real Nazi Germany's "Sieg Heil"), but it is not entirely clear whether it's supposed to mean "Sieg [für das] Reich"/"Sieg [dem] Reich" (both "Victory [for the] Reich") or "siegreich" ("victorious").
Terribly cunning and a superb analyst, Berkmann is a Major (later promoted to Lieutenant Colonel) of the Germanian Special Unit. While he appears to serve his country faithfully on the surface, he is actually a cynical survivalist who shifts his loyalties as the wind of fate blows. After he is dismissed from the Germanian Witch project by Otto and thus outlived his usefulness to the Emperor, he readily sells out his knowledge to the Eylstadtians. After the end of the war, he is last seen selling himself and the secrets of Design Division 9 to the United States of Atlanta.
A clone of the original Weisse Hexe created by the Germanian Weapons Design Division 9. Born without a mind of her own, Sophie depended on Izetta's blood to awaken her consciousness. Embittered by the treason she suffered under the ancient Eylstadtians, she has become the Emperor's willing tool in their quest for world domination in exchange for being allowed to destroy all of Eylstadt personally. She uses one half of a magic stone which drains and concentrates magic from the land, but at the cost of draining its wielder of their lifeforce, as her primary weapon. She dies when Izetta concentrates all the world's magic power into one gigantic power blast, tempting her to attempt the same, thereby over-exerting herself and rendering her too weak to survive.
A Second Lieutenant in Berkmann's Special Unit, Rickert is his right-hand man and the young heir to a noble family who has decided to make his own way in the world. With the help of Germanian spy Lorenz, he infiltrates Eylstadt's old capital castle to uncover the secret room of the Weisse Hexe, but is killed by Bianca after they are found out.
The whimsical and megalomanic ruler of Germania, loosely based on both Adolf Hitler and Wilhelm II. Unlike most of his peers, he believes that witches exist since the actual existence of the Weisse Hexe was substantiated, and he intends to use their power in his bid for world conquest. He commits suicide in his bunker under the Imperial Palace in late 1941, briefly before Neu-Berlin's fall against the Allies.
Elliot is the Emperor's often-ignored prime counselor.
A Germanian air force captain and ace pilot whose squadron was wiped out by Izetta during her first rescue of Finé, and who seeks to settle the score with her to erase the blot on his pride. He leads a Germanian task force to intercept Finé before she can reach a Germanian-led surrender conference, but is unable to prevent Berkmann, whom he accuses a traitor, from defecting. Loyal to his country to the end, he departs with his plane in the final days of the war to a probable last suicide mission.
A high-ranking female Germanian officer and head of the Imperial Technology Arsenal's Design Division 9.
A Germanian captain and spy who has infiltrated Eylstadt's army and becomes aware of Jonas discovering Izetta's weakness. He is later killed by the Royal Guard after he and Rickert infiltrate a castle which contains the secrets of the Weisse Hexe. (Note: In English translations, his name is spelled in its anglicized form Laurence.)
Officer and leader of a Germanian task force assigned to bring Finé and Izetta to Neu-Berlin at the beginning of the series. He is killed when Izetta awakens from her suspended animation and her magic rips the plane they are travelling on in half.
He is interested in witchs and he appeares to be suspicious of Izetta.
Others
The Britannian Foreign Secretary who is sympathetic to Eylstadt's cause.
Izetta's grandmother and tutor in the magic arts. She died at an unspecified time before the series' beginning, but appears several times in flashbacks whenever Izetta remembers her lessons.
Media
Anime
The series, produced by Ajia-do Animation Works, aired in Japan from October 1 to December 17, 2016. The series was simulcast by Crunchyroll, with Funimation streamed an English dub from October 19, 2016. The opening theme is "Cross the Line" by Akino with bless4, while the ending theme is by May'n.
Episode list
Notes
References
External links
Official website
2016 anime television series debuts
Ajia-do Animation Works
Alternate history anime
Anime with original screenplays
Crunchyroll anime
Historical fantasy anime and manga
Funimation
Japanese LGBT-related animated television series
Military in anime and manga
Witchcraft in anime and manga
World War II television series
Witchcraft in television
Yuri (genre) anime and manga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrections%20Class
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Corrections Class
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Corrections Class () is a 2014 Russian drama film directed by Ivan Tverdovskiy. It premiered on 4 June 2014 at Kinotavr where it won the prize for Best Debut and the Prize of Film Distributors Jury. The film also received the East of the West Award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.
Plot
Lena is a bright, disabled girl with myopathy who must use a wheelchair to get around. After years being homeschooled by her protective mother, she is keen to get back to school. She is assigned to a special class for physically and psychologically disabled students who have to present themselves before a school commission at the end of the year in order to prove that they merit being moved back into a "normal" class. There she meets a group of students; Mishka, brother and sister Mitka and Vitka, Olya, and Anton. Though initially appearing to be her friends, they quickly display high degrees of callousness when they treat it as a joke when one of their classmates is killed trying to lie beneath a moving train, an activity the group indulges in out of boredom. Their teachers, meanwhile, treat the corrections class with contempt and show absolutely no desire to motivate the students or help them improve.
Anton, however, treats Lena with kindness, and the two soon begin a relationship. Lena admonishes the group for their behavior and urges them to concentrate on passing the commission so they can get back to normal school. Lena and Anton's relationship, however, upsets the rest of the group, particularly Mishka, who concocts a plan with the rest of the group to have sex with Lena. After stealing her wheelchair, they separate her from Anton, and Mishka and Mitka attempt to rape Lena while Vitka and Olya shoot video on their phones. However, they find they cannot complete the act, and leave her beaten and bruised on the side of the train tracks.
The final day of school arrives and the students get their results - every one of them has passed, except for Lena, who the commission votes to keep on in the corrections class another year. When Lena asks the group why they did what they did, they cruelly insult her. Anton, who does not know about the rape, also begins ignoring her. The final scene is of Lena's mother collapsing in the school hallway in tears, when Lena appears behind her - walking unassisted without her wheelchair.
Analysis
The title "Corrections Class" implies that these individuals with disabilities require a sort of correcting in order to become "normal". However, when these individuals seem to act "normal" and partake in typical teenager activities, they are punished. This film shows the harsh reality of the struggles of individuals with disabilities in schools and throughout their lives. "Corrections Class is also a film about the helplessness of children and parents facing the power of a school headmaster who has absolute control over the pupils’ lives assigning them either to correction or normal school life. In the figure of the headmaster the film shows us the ugly abuse of power which is given to individuals by the very institutions they form and represent. Tverdovskii provides us with a powerful image combining all these topics – that of newly installed tracks for Lena’s wheelchair which prove useless."
Cast
Reception
The film had a positive reception and received praise from GQ, The Hollywood Reporter, Gazeta.ru.
References
External links
2014 drama films
Russian drama films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathe%20%28Better%20Call%20Saul%29
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Breathe (Better Call Saul)
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"Breathe" is the second episode of the fourth season of the AMC television series Better Call Saul, a spin-off series of Breaking Bad. The episode aired on August 13, 2018, on AMC in the United States. Outside of the United States, the episode premiered on streaming service Netflix in several countries.
Plot
Jimmy McGill looks for a job while serving the suspension of his law license. He interviews for a sales position at Neff Copiers and notices a collection of Hummel figurines in their office. The owners show apprehension about his recent exit from the law and say they will get back to him after interviewing other candidates. He starts to leave but turns back and makes an aggressive case to be hired on the spot. The owners are impressed and offer him the job. He then refuses, contemptuous at how easily they fell for his con.
Lydia Rodarte-Quayle meets with Mike Ehrmantraut to discuss his recent security audit, reminding him that his contracted consulting work for Madrigal was only meant to be a paper transaction to launder the money he stole. Mike says the audits provide a plausible cover story if anyone questions the payments. When Lydia complains to Gus Fring, he tacitly approves of Mike's actions.
Howard Hamlin meets with Kim Wexler and Rebecca Bois to discuss Chuck McGill's estate. The bequests include a sealed letter from Chuck and for Jimmy, which Kim recognizes as a tactic that prevents Jimmy from challenging the will. After Rebecca leaves, Kim furiously accuses Howard of treating Jimmy poorly to ease his own guilt about Chuck's death. That evening, Kim holds off on giving the documents to Jimmy. Suspecting from his previous knowledge that a Neff Hummel is worth thousands of dollars, Jimmy searches online to confirm his hunch, then calls Mike.
Gus learns that Hector Salamanca is comatose and arranges for Dr. Bruckner, a skilled physician from Johns Hopkins to oversee his recovery. She speaks fluent Spanish and explains Hector's course of treatment to Leonel and Marco Salamanca. Tyrus Kitt brings Gus a copy of Hector's medical file, and Gus realizes that Nacho Varga tried to kill Hector.
Nacho and Arturo arrive at the Los Pollos Hermanos chicken farm to pick up their share of the next drug shipment. Arturo strongarms Gus's men for an extra kilo as he saw Nacho do on a previous occasion. As they leave, Arturo brags about his success, but Gus ambushes them and suffocates Arturo with a plastic bag. He then tells Nacho that he knows Nacho switched Hector's medication but has not told the Salamancas, so Nacho is now under his control.
Production
The episode's centerpiece, Kim's confrontation with Howard over how he has treated Jimmy in the wake of Chuck's death, was written by the series' executive producer Thomas Schnauz. The producers considered how both Howard and Kim had been reacting to Jimmy, with Howard feeling guilt for ousting Chuck from HHM and believing it led to Chuck's suicide, and Kim aware that something was causing Jimmy to feel emotionally hurt, but neither aware of Jimmy's role in Chuck's ouster. This led the producers to consider the situation between the characters from Kim's point of view, rather than Jimmy's. When coupled with Howard's past treatment of Kim, they believed the interplay between Howard and Kim would result in a powerfully emotional scene.
One scene in "Breathe" shows Mike watching his granddaughter Kaylee on a playground swing. This shot was added as an Easter egg, as it is similar to a scene in the Breaking Bad episode "Say My Name", which was Mike's final appearance. In "Say My Name", Mike is watching Kaylee swing in a park when he learns that the DEA is about to arrest him, and he is forced to flee without saying goodbye. Both "Say My Name" and "Breathe" were written by Thomas Schnauz.
Reception
"Breathe" received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it garnered a 94% rating with an average score of 8.4/10 based on 17 reviews. The site consensus reads, "Better Call Sauls exceptional ensemble continues its excellent character work in 'Breathe'." Matt Fowler of IGN gave "Breathe" a positive review, with an 8.8 out of 10 rating and wrote that the episode "was a sublime example of how an excellently-crafted, extended scene, featuring impeccable character beats, can easily outshine the grit and grime of TV's natural tendency to wow us with shocking violence."
Ratings
"Breathe" was watched by 1.55 million viewers in the United States on its original air date.
Notes
References
External links
"Breathe" at AMC
Better Call Saul (season 4) episodes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Herdenstam
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Anna Herdenstam
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Anna Maria Ingeborg Herdenstam born Magnusson 21 October 1965 in Malmö, Sweden is a Fashion Model, Journalist and news anchor who works at Expressen. She has also been a News Anchor at TV4 Nyheterna. Herdenstam was stationed in the United States as the Foreign Correspondent for TV4 Nyheterna 2014–2015. She hosted Expressen TV's coverage from the US Presidential Election in 2016. Herdenstam has also reported live onsite from the Terror Attacks in Paris 2015, Brussels 2016 and Stockholm 2017.
In 2000, Herdenstam wrote along with Olle Bergman the book Den lilla sorgen: en bok om missfall.
Anna Herdenstam married film director Måns Herngren in 1988. In 2007, she got remarried and changed her last name from Normelli (which she had at the time) to Herdenstam. She is married to Mika Packalén since 2017.
Bibliography
2000 – Den lilla sorgen: en bok om missfall
References
1965 births
Writers from Malmö
Living people
21st-century Swedish journalists
Swedish women journalists
Swedish television hosts
Swedish women television presenters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20Glove%20Award
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Gold Glove Award
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The Rawlings Gold Glove Award, usually referred to as simply the Gold Glove, is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball (MLB) players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League (NL) and the American League (AL). Winners are determined from voting by the managers and coaches in each league, who are not permitted to vote for their own players. Additionally, a sabermetric component provided by the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) accounts for approximately 25 percent of the vote.
In 1957, the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position. Winners receive a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base. In the inaugural year, one Gold Glove was awarded to the top fielder at each position in MLB; since 1958, separate awards have been given to the top fielders in each league. Thus, 18 Gold Gloves are normally awarded annually, one at each of the nine fielding positions for each league.
Since 2016, a Gold Glove is also awarded each year to one fastpitch softball player in the National Pro Fastpitch league.
History
For the first four seasons of the award (1957 to 1960), individual awards were presented to left fielders, center fielders, and right fielders. From 1961 through 2010, the phrase "at each position" was no longer strictly accurate, since the prize was presented to three outfielders irrespective of their specific position. Any combination of outfielders, often three center fielders, could win the award in the same year. Critics called for awarding a single Gold Glove for each individual outfield position, arguing that the three outfield positions are not equivalent defensively. Starting in 2011, separate awards for each outfield position were once again presented. In the 1985 American League voting, a tie for third-place resulted in the presentation of Gold Glove Awards to four outfielders (Dwayne Murphy, Gary Pettis, Dwight Evans and Dave Winfield); this scenario was repeated in the National League in 2007 (Andruw Jones, Carlos Beltrán, Aaron Rowand, and Jeff Francoeur).
Before the involvement of the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) in the voting process, The Boston Globe writer Peter Abraham said the Fielding Bible Awards "are far more accurate (and accountable)" than the Gold Glove awards since statistics are used along with the opinions of an expert panel. The Gold Gloves are selected by managers and coaches that may have seen a player as few as six times during the season. Bill Chuck of Comcast SportsNet New England wrote that Gold Glove voters frequently counted only errors to determine winners. Geoff Baker of The Seattle Times said the votes for the Gold Gloves rely largely on a player's past reputation. The Associated Press wrote that "some fans have viewed the Gold Gloves as mostly a popularity contest, even suggesting that a player's performance at the plate helped draw extra attention to his glove." After winning the AL Gold Glove at first base in both 1997 and 1998, Rafael Palmeiro won again in 1999 with the Texas Rangers while only appearing in 28 games as a first baseman; he played in 128 games as a designated hitter that season, resulting in a controversy. Derek Jeter, winner of five Gold Gloves, believes that many defensive factors cannot be quantified. In 2013, Rawlings collaborated on the Gold Glove Award with SABR, who provided the SABR Defensive Index (SDI) to add a sabermetric component to the selection process. The index accounted for 25 percent of the vote, while managers and coaches continued to provide the majority. Afterwards, Jay Jaffe of Sports Illustrated wrote that the Gold Gloves "appear to have significantly closed the gap on their more statistically-driven counterparts." SABR and FiveThirtyEight believed that the impact to the voting results by SDI, which is also included on the voters' ballots, went beyond its own 25% weight and also influenced the managers' and coaches' voting.
The most Gold Gloves ever won by one player is 18 by pitcher Greg Maddux. He won 13 consecutive awards from 1990 to 2002, all in the National League. Brooks Robinson has the most wins for a position player, with 16 Gold Gloves, all at third base, and is tied for the second-highest total overall with pitcher Jim Kaat, who won his 16 awards consecutively. Iván Rodríguez has won the most Gold Gloves as a catcher, with 13 career awards in the American League. Ozzie Smith has 13 wins at shortstop; he and Rodríguez are tied for the fourth-highest total among all winners. Among outfielders, Roberto Clemente and Willie Mays, who played primarily right field and center field, respectively, are tied for the lead with 12 Gold Gloves. Keith Hernandez, the leader at first base, has won 11 times, and Roberto Alomar leads second basemen with 10 wins. Other players with 10 or more wins include shortstop Omar Vizquel (11), catcher Johnny Bench (10), third baseman Mike Schmidt (10), and outfielders Ken Griffey Jr., Ichiro Suzuki, Andruw Jones, and Al Kaline (10 each).
The only player to win Gold Gloves as an infielder and outfielder is Darin Erstad, who won Gold Gloves as an outfielder in 2000 and 2002 and as a first baseman in 2004, all with the Anaheim Angels. The only other player to win Gold Gloves at multiple positions is Plácido Polanco, who won at second base (2007, 2009 AL) and third base (2011 NL). Family pairs to win Gold Gloves include brothers Ken and Clete Boyer (third base), brothers Sandy Alomar, Jr. (catcher) and Roberto Alomar (second base), Bengie and Yadier Molina (catcher), father and son Bobby and Barry Bonds (outfield), and father and son Bob (catcher) and Bret Boone (second base).
The 2021 St. Louis Cardinals hold the record for most Gold Gloves by a single team in a single season with five.
Winners
won as a left fielder
won as a center fielder
won as a right fielder
All-time Gold Glove Team
On February 20, 2007, Major League Baseball and Rawlings announced that an all-time Gold Glove Team would be named during the 50th anniversary of the first Gold Glove Awards. Rawlings asked 70 baseball reporters, former players, and former managers to select 50 names for the ballot, from an initial selection of 250 names. The team was selected by fans, who voted at the Rawlings Gold Glove website, at United States Postal Service offices, and at sporting goods stores. The results were announced at the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.
Teammates
Middle infield duos
In the history of the Gold Glove Award, there have been twelve double-play combinations, or pairs of middle infielders, that have won awards in the same year. Shortstops and second basemen depend upon each other for the majority of double plays. The most common type of double play occurs with a runner on first base and a ground ball hit towards the middle of the infield. The player fielding the ball (generally the shortstop or second baseman) throws to the fielder covering second base, who steps on the base before the runner from first arrives to force that runner out, and then throws the ball to the first baseman to force out the batter for the second out. Mark Belanger won four Gold Gloves with the Baltimore Orioles alongside winning partner Bobby Grich, and Joe Morgan paired with Dave Concepción for four combination wins with the Cincinnati Reds. The most recent teammates to accomplish the feat are Andrelton Simmons and Ian Kinsler, who won with the Los Angeles Angels in 2018.
Batteries
Since 1957, there have been five Gold Glove batteries. The pitcher and catcher, collectively known as the battery, are the only two players on the field involved in every pitch. In particular, the pitcher and catcher control the running game with tools such as pickoffs or the strength of the catcher's throwing arm. The first pitcher and catcher on the same team to win Gold Gloves in the same year were Jim Kaat and Earl Battey, with the Minnesota Twins in 1962. Only two pairs of batterymates have won Gold Gloves together more than once: Iván Rodríguez and Kenny Rogers won with the Texas Rangers in 2000, and again with the Detroit Tigers in 2006. Yadier Molina and Adam Wainwright matched the feat, winning in both 2009 and 2013.
Platinum Glove Award
In 2011, Rawlings added an annual Platinum Glove Award awarded to the best defensive player in each league, as selected by fans from the year's Gold Glove winners. Numbers after a player's name indicate that he has won the award multiple times.
National Pro Fastpitch
In 2016, Rawlings announced it would begin awarding a gold glove annually to a female fastpitch softball player in the National Pro Fastpitch (NPF) league.
NPF coaches and managers vote for a winner (excluding those on their respective teams). This award is in addition to the collegiate and high school awards added in 2007, the 50th anniversary of the inaugural Gold Glove Awards.
See also
Wilson Defensive Player of the Year Award
Esurance MLB Awards – Best Defensive Player
Rawlings Woman Executive of the Year Award – a minor league award also presented by Rawlings
Notes
References
External links
MLB Awards (Gold Glove Winners)
Rawlings Gold Glove Award website
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper%20Rawson
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Cooper Rawson
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Sir Alfred Cooper Rawson (26 July 1876 – 11 January 1946) was a British businessman and Conservative Party politician. After a decade in local government, he sat in the House of Commons from 1922 to 1944.
Business career
Born in Leicester, Rawson established himself in the road stone industry, becoming chairman of several companies, including the Montsorrel Granite Company, the Endaby Stoney Stanton Granite Company, John Ellis and sons, and Durex Ltd. He was a delegate to the International Road Congress in 1923 and in 1926, and in 1930 he was president of the Granite Guild; the following year he was president of the Institute of Quarrying.
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
During World War I, he joined the Royal Naval Division as a sub-lieutenant, transferring in 1916 to the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR). He served the rest of the war with the RNVR at The Crystal Palace, becoming a temporary lieutenant commander.
Rawson remained involved with the RNVR after the war, and in 1925 was made an honorary commander, attached to the RNVR's Sussex Division; in 1940 he was made an honorary Captain of the RNVR.
Politics
Rawson political career began in 1911, when he was elected to Wandsworth Council. He was a Wandsworth councillor for 11 years, serving as mayor in 1918 to 1919, and was elected to the London County Council (LCC) in 1913.
He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Brighton at the 1922 general election, replacing the Conservative MP Charles Thomas-Stanford, who had retired. He stood down from local government on his election to Westminster and held his seat in the Commons at the next five general elections. Rawson holds the record for the largest number of votes ever polled by a candidate at a British general election, a record he achieved in the 1931 election by polling 75,205 votes. Such a feat also makes Rawson the record holder for the largest majority for an MP, at 62,253. This record was typical of a wider contest which saw an overwhelming Conservative victory.
Rawson told his local Conservative Association in October 1943 that he wanted to be relieved of his Parliamentary duties as soon as possible, and retired from Parliament on 17 January 1944, by resigning his seat through the procedural device of accepting appointment as Steward of the Manor of Northstead.
Honours
Rawson was knighted in the 1926 New Year Honours List, and in 1927 he was awarded the Legion of Honour by the government of France, for his work with the British League of Help.
In July 1929, he was presented with a silver dinner bell by the National Federation of Granite and Roadstone Quarry Owners, in recognition of his services to the industry, and in particular of his efforts in blocking a Bill in Parliament which would have led to the expansion of council-owned quarries.
Family
Rawson married Elizabeth Robson in 1902. He died on 11 January 1946 at Hove, Sussex, aged 69.
References
External links
1876 births
1946 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Knights Bachelor
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Members of London County Council
Councillors in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Members of Wandsworth Metropolitan Borough Council
Mayors of places in Greater London
British construction businesspeople
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War I
Businesspeople in construction
Royal Navy officers of World War I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20Top
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Silver Top
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Silver Top is a 1938 British crime film directed by George King and starring Marie Wright, Betty Ann Davies, David Farrar and Marjorie Taylor. It was made at Shepperton Studios as a quota quickie.
Synopsis
A gang of criminals decide to swindle an elderly sweet shop owner living in a country village out of her money by producing her "long-lost son" who is really one of their gang. However, once he takes up his disguise he begins to become entranced with the quiet country village and falls in love with the Vicar's daughter. He ends up refusing to help his former criminal associates and reveals his true identity to the villagers.
Cast
Marie Wright as Mrs Deeping
Betty Ann Davies as Dushka Vernon
Marjorie Taylor as Hazel Summers
David Farrar as Babe
Brian Buchel as Flash Gerald
Bryan Herbert as Jem Withers
Polly Emery as Martha Bains
Isobel Scaife as Aggie Murbles
References
Bibliography
Chibnall, Steve. Quota Quickies: The Birth of the British 'B' Film. British Film Institute, 2007.
Shafer, Stephen C. British Popular Films, 1929-1939: The Cinema of Reassurance. Routledge, 1997.
External links
1938 films
Films directed by George King
1938 crime films
British crime films
Films shot at Shepperton Studios
Films set in England
Quota quickies
British black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
1930s British films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewa%20Kopacz
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Ewa Kopacz
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Ewa Bożena Kopacz (; née Lis; born 3 December 1956) is a Polish politician who has served as a Vice-President of the European Parliament since 2019. She previously was Marshal of the Sejm from 2011 to 2014, the first woman to hold the office, as well as Prime Minister of Poland from 2014 to 2015. In addition, Kopacz was Minister of Health from 2007 until 2011. Since 2001, she has been a member of Civic Platform, which she chaired from 2014 to 2016. Kopacz succeeded Donald Tusk as Prime Minister, becoming the second woman to hold the office after Hanna Suchocka (1992–1993). Her term as Prime Minister ended on 16 November 2015, when she was succeeded by Beata Szydło.
Prior to entering politics, Kopacz was a pediatrician and general practitioner. She was described as one of the leaders of the European Union during her tenure as Prime Minister. She was ranked as the world's 40th most powerful woman by Forbes magazine in 2015, placing her ahead of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and American television personality Ellen DeGeneres.
Early life
Ewa Kopacz was born in Skaryszew. She is the daughter of Mieczysław and Krystyna Lis. Her father was employed as a mechanic and her mother worked as a tailor. She was raised in the city of Radom, where she graduated from high school. In 1981 she graduated from the Medical University of Lublin. She did a residency in family medicine ("second-degree specialisation") with a focus on pediatrics ("first degree"). She worked at the clinics in the villages of Orońsko and Chlewiska, then town of Szydłowiec, where until 2001 she headed the local health care facility.
Political career
In the 1980s, Kopacz joined the United People's Party. She entered active politics after her late husband, Marek Kopacz, a prosecutor, stood unsuccessfully for parliament.
In the 1990s, Kopacz joined the Freedom Union and chaired the party's structures in the province of Radom. In the local elections in 1998, the regional council elected her as the councilor for the Masovian Voivodship.
In 2001, Kopacz left the Freedom Union to join the newly established Civic Platform political party. She was then elected to the Parliament in 2005, where she became head of the Health Committee. She worked as the chairperson of the Civic Platform structures of Masovia.
Sejm of the Republic of Poland
Kopacz was first elected as a deputy to the Sejm in 2001. She was subsequently re-elected in 2005, 2007 and 2011. In November 2011 she was elected the Marshal of the Sejm.
Minister of Health, 2007–2011
In 2009 Kopacz gained some degree of international fame by requesting pharmaceutical companies to present the advantages of swine flu vaccines, and demanding they take full responsibility for the side effects. She advised the Polish government to wait until proper testing had been done on the vaccine before investing in it, citing the fact that seasonal flu exceeds the current WHO criteria for pandemic every year but there has been no declaration of a pandemic of this much more dangerous seasonal flu. The Polish government refused to purchase the vaccine in question.
Prime Minister, 2014–2015
On 22 September 2014 Ewa Kopacz was sworn in as Prime Minister, after Donald Tusk resigned to take office as President of the European Council, and formed a cabinet. On 8 November 2014 she was sworn in as leader of the Civic Platform.
In her first major policy speech as prime minister, Kopacz promised more continuity in Poland's foreign policy. She said her government would not stand for a break-up of neighboring Ukraine and would push for a greater U.S. military presence in Poland as a deterrent to possible Russian aggression. For domestic political reasons she decided to replace Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski with her party rival Grzegorz Schetyna. Instead, she made Sikorski the speaker of the parliament.
At her first EU summit in October 2014, Kopacz managed to persuade the other Member States that Poland deserved lucrative concessions as part of a deal to cut European carbon emissions. After the European Commission opened infringement proceedings against Poland for violating particle pollution levels and was investigating reports that it has also exceeded limits on nitrogen oxides, Kopacz's government declared 2015 to be the Year of Improving Air Quality and backed a proposal to empower regional authorities to clamp down on pollution from vehicles and from the burning of coal and wood in homes.
Poland's 2014 local elections, a ballot expected to provide a solid show of support for Kopacz, saw her party instead attract fewer votes than the opposition for the first time in almost a decade.
As part of a cabinet reshuffle in June 2015, Kopacz purged Sikorski and three ministers from her government after the surprise defeat of President Bronislaw Komorowski, a party ally of Kopacz, in the presidential elections. She also demoted the official who oversees Poland's intelligence services. Instead, she appointed a group of relative political unknowns to her government in an effort to regain voters' trust and avoid defeat in the upcoming elections. The appointments included a former Olympic rower, Adam Korol, who was named sports and tourism minister, and Marian Zembala, a celebrated heart surgeon, who became the new minister for health.
In the national elections, Kopacz received 230 894 votes, which was the highest individual score in the country, and she received a mandate deputy of parliament VIII term. However, her party lost the elections. In accordance with the constitution, she resigned along with all other members of her cabinet at the first sitting of the newly elected Sejm. She remained in office until her successor Beata Szydło was sworn in on 16 November 2015.
Member of the European Parliament, 2019-present
Since becoming a Member of the European Parliament following the 2019 European elections, Kopacz has been serving as one of its Vice-Presidents; in this capacity, she has been part of the Parliament's leadership under Presidents David Sassoli (2019–2022) and Roberta Metsola (since 2022). Within the centre-right European People's Party Group (EPP), she is part of the leadership team around chairman Manfred Weber. She later also joined the Special Committee on Beating Cancer (2020) and the Special Committee on the COVID-19 pandemic (2022).
In addition to her committee assignments, Kopacz is a member of the MEPs Against Cancer group.
Personal life
When Tusk's sister Sonia suffered a stroke in 2005, Kopacz became involved in her treatment, travelling to hospitals around Poland with her.
She was married to Marek Kopacz until 2008. and has a daughter, Katarzyna from her marriage.
See also
Cabinet of Ewa Kopacz
History of Poland (1989–present)
List of political parties in Poland
List of politicians in Poland
Politics of Poland
References
External links
Ewa Kopacz - parliamentary page – includes declarations of interest, voting record, and transcripts of speeches
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1956 births
Civic Platform politicians
Female heads of government
Female heads of government in Poland
Health ministers of Poland
Living people
Marshals of the Sejm of the Third Polish Republic
Members of the Polish Sejm 2001–2005
Members of the Polish Sejm 2005–2007
Members of the Polish Sejm 2007–2011
Members of the Polish Sejm 2011–2015
MEPs for Poland 2019–2024
People from Radom County
Polish women physicians
Prime Ministers of Poland
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
Women government ministers of Poland
Women members of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland
Women MEPs for Poland
Women prime ministers
Women legislative speakers
20th-century Polish women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20Batanes%20earthquake
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2019 Batanes earthquake
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The 2019 Batanes earthquake was a magnitude 6.0 earthquake which struck Batanes, Philippines on July 27, 2019. It was preceded by a 5.4 magnitude foreshock. Nine people were killed by the combined effects of the earthquakes.
Earthquake
The main shock of the 2019 Batanes earthquake was the 6.0 magnitude earthquake which had a depth of focus of . The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOLCS) earlier recorded the tectonic earthquake as a magnitude 6.4 but later revised their records. The earthquake occurred at 7:38 a.m. (UTC+8) on July 27, 2019 near Itbayat, Batanes.
A noted foreshock of the earthquake was the magnitude 5.4 earthquake which struck the same town at 4:16 a.m. (UTC+8). It had a depth of focus of
One of the stronger aftershocks was a magnitude 5.8 earthquake which occurred at 9:24 a.m. (UTC+8).
Intensity
According to the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale, the earthquake was most felt in the town of Itbayat, Batanes at Intensity VII while the other towns of the same province reported a lesser intensity; Basco at Intensity V, Sabtang and Ivana at Intensity IV. According to the United States Geological Survey, the earthquake had a maximum intensity of VI or has caused "Strong" shaking according to the Modified Mercalli intensity scale.
No tsunami warning was raised following the main earthquake.
Casualties and damages
At least 9 people were killed and 60 injured due to the earthquakes. The historic, Santa Maria de Mayan Church in Itbayat, built in 1888, sustained heavy damage from the earthquake with its bell tower falling off. Several stone houses, two schools, and two health centers were also damaged.
According to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), 911 families or 2,963 individuals were affected by the Batanes earthquakes. The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) on their part made an estimate that the damage caused by the earthquake costed at least .
Response
President Rodrigo Duterte made a visit to Batanes on July 28, 2019 to personally check the situation in the province. He also made a pledge for the government to release for the construction of a new clinic with Duterte citing the uncertainty regarding the integrity of the still functional Itbayat District Hospital which sustained minimal cracks. Vice President Leni Robredo also visited the island province.
The NDRRMC also provided tents and other relief goods to people displaced due to earthquake via C-130. Other provinces and private organizations also provided aid to Batanes. The agency also shipped construction materials for new houses meant for the victims of the earthquake.
By August 1, 2019, the whole province of Batanes has been placed under a state of calamity.
China through its embassy in Manila donated as aid following the earthquake.
See also
List of earthquakes in 2019
List of earthquakes in the Philippines
2019 Luzon earthquake
2019 Visayas earthquake
Manila Trench
Philippine Trench
References
External links
Batanes earthquakes
History of Batanes
July 2019 events in the Philippines
Earthquakes in the Philippines
2019 earthquakes
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65005866
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop%20Bullshit
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Stop Bullshit
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Stop Bullshit () was a queer anarchist collective in Warsaw with the goal of fighting homophobia and transphobia, founded in May 2019 by Małgorzata "Margot" Szutowicz and Zuzanna "Łania" Madej, opposing the actions of the Pro Foundation.
A series of direct actions carried out by the collective in the summer of 2020 provoked a wide media attention and a deeply polarized social discussion on the rights of LGBT+ people, attended by, among others representatives of the world of culture, science, the highest levels of Polish politics or the hierarchs of the Catholic Church in Poland.
Activity
The collective started its activity in May 2019, in opposition to the activity of the Pro Foundation, whose volunteers collected signatures under the civic legislative initiative Stop Pedophilia Act. The draft act assumed increased penalties for pedophilic acts, but also, under the pretext of counteracting these acts, penalized sex education. The impulse for an organized action, and at the same time a clear turning point, marking the transformation of current activist activity by Małgorzata "Margot" Szutowicz and Łania Madej into the Stop Bzdurom collective were the repercussions after a verbal skirmish between them and several passers-by with the Pro Foundation volunteers, which took place on May 15, 2019 at the Warsaw "Pan" (the square in front of the Metro Centrum entrance). As a result, there was a struggle between passers-by and members of the Foundation and the police. Several people were arrested at that time, including Małgorzata Szutowicz.
After the events in the center of Warsaw, Łania Madej and Małgorzata Szutowicz decided to set up the Stop Bzdurom collective. Initially, its aim was to oppose the activities of the Pro Foundation, as well as to create more theories about anti-LGBT rhetoric, as well as the fight against disinformation regarding sex education. The collective advocates a radical and grass-roots fight for the rights of LGBT+ people. It often expresses its attachment to anarchist ideas and skepticism towards mainstream politics.
The collective initially organized a series of dance events in front of the stands of the Pro Foundation. They aroused interest in the public space, thanks to which the collective engaged in further activities; launched a website and a fanpage on Facebook, through which it denied the information provided by the Pro Foundation. Leaflets explaining what sex education is and explaining some of the terms related to it were also printed and distributed. The collective was involved in many other educational and support activities for the LGBT community in Poland.
In June 2020, during the election campaign preceding the presidential election, the collective organized an event in front of the Presidential Palace in Warsaw, entitled "A provocation of LGBT ideology", which was supposed to be a response to the statement of President Andrzej Duda, who said during a rally in Brzeg that LGBT people are not people, but ideology.
Destruction of banners on delivery vans
One of the goals of the Pro Foundation is to limit the right to perform abortion. Its attitude is popularized by, among others by showing pictures of dead children and fetuses in public spaces. The organization does this most often by displaying banners, placing posters on billboards, as well as trucks with photos driving around the city. These actions, organized in various Polish cities, aroused much controversy and were also directly attacked. After launching the "Stop Pedophilia" campaign, the Foundation started putting vans with banners on the roads, with slogans about alleged links between homosexuality and pedophilia, as well as opposing sex education. The Stop Bzdurom collective expressed its firm opposition to the methods used by the foundation. Already in 2019, people associated with the collective had destroyed one of the anti-abortion vans.
The event on Wilcza Street
In June 2020, there were posts on the collective's Facebook profile regarding the stoppage of trucks of the Pro Foundation, as well as the painting over their license plates and tarpaulins. On June 27, at Wilcza Street in Warsaw (near the Syrena squat), one of the vans was detained and then destroyed by a group of people. During the incident, Małgorzata Szutowicz was alleged to have attacked the driver of the vehicle. The fragment of the recording of the incident, published by the foundation, shows that Łania Madej also participated in the event.
On the morning of July 14, the police in civilian clothes entered the apartment where Małgorzata Szutowicz was staying. According to the reports of those present at the scene, the officers first threatened to force the door open, and after opening it, they did not give the reason for the attack and did not allow their date to be written down. The activist was led out of the apartment without shoes and not informed of her whereabouts. On the following day, the District Court for Warsaw-Mokotów rejected the prosecutor's request for a 2-month detention of Małgorzata Szutowicz.
Hanging flags on monuments
On the night of July 28-29, the Stop Bzdurom, Gang Samzamęt and Poetka collectives organized a civil disobedience campaign involving the display of rainbow flags on Warsaw monuments. There was also an ideological proclamation next to each one, and on some of them pink scarves with the symbol of queer anarchism were hung. The monuments with flags were the monuments of Józef Piłsudski, Nicolaus Copernicus, Jesus Christ, Wincenty Witos, and the Mermaids. The action generated discourse on the Internet almost immediately. It also caused a lot of controversy, especially related to the hanging of the flag on the statue of Jesus Christ at the Holy Cross Church in Warsaw. The case was discussed in nationwide media, and conservative circles accused the people participating in the action of profanation. Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki also reacted to the event by lighting a candle at the statue of Jesus Christ on July 29 and commenting on the event with the words: “We will not make the mistakes of the West. Tolerance towards barbarity leads to this”. On August 6, after being sworn in for another term, Andrzej Duda laid flowers at the monument.
In the days following the hanging of flags on Warsaw's monuments, the Warsaw Police Headquarters arrested three people associated with the action, including members of the Stop Bzdurom collective. The manner in which Małgorzata Szutowicz was arrested, who was detained by plainclothes officers in the middle of the day on the street, was particularly criticized. These actions were carried out at the request of the Deputy Minister of Justice Sebastian Kaleta, who applied to the prosecutor's office for insulting religious feelings and insulting Warsaw monuments. The activists were released soon, but on August 7, the Warsaw court examined the complaint of the District Prosecutor's Office in Warsaw against the court's earlier decision not to arrest and ordered Małgorzata Szutowicz to be detained for 2 months. The grounds for the decision were initially classified by the prosecutor's office, but were eventually disclosed. The reasons were given as "fear of fleeing or hiding", "high probability of committing the alleged act", as well as the fear of "taking unlawful actions influencing the course of the proceedings". The decision was negatively addressed by, inter alia, the Council of Europe's Human Rights Commissioner - Dunja Mijatović and the President of Court Watch Polska - Bartosz Pilitowski.
Protests on August 7
During the next arrest of Małgorzata Szutowicz, which took place in front of the Campaign Against Homophobia, there were protests, during which 48 people were arrested. After the events, police actions were criticized as being too brutal and also far exceeding the required minimum. The Ombudsman, Adam Bodnar, referred to the case, noting that the police caught random people on the street and then arrested them. The Polish authorities have been accused in many media of using the police repressive apparatus to persecute sexual minorities. In response to allegations of brutality, on August 10, the police released videos of the protesters' behavior. After the events related to the arrest of Małgorzata Szutowicz, solidarity actions were organized all over Poland and abroad. Demonstration in Warsaw at the Parade Square gathered several thousand people. The foreign media also spoke about the whole case. An open letter was also sent to the Polish authorities, demanding that Małgorzata Szutowicz be released from custody and that the rights of LGBT persons be guaranteed. The letter was signed by several hundred scholars from around the world, including: Natalia Aleksiun, Maurice Aymard, Daniel Beauvois, Judith Butler, Noam Chomsky, Natalie Zemon Davis and Galit Hasan-Rokem. There was also a letter signed by people of culture (signed, among others, by Pedro Almodóvar, Margaret Atwood, Richard Flanagan, Ed Harris, Slavoj Žižek and Olga Tokarczuk), as well as persons supporting Margot (including Adam Boniecki, Maja Komorowska, Michael Schudrich, Paula Sawicka, Alfred Wierzbicki and Jacek Jassem). At the end of August 2020, Margot was released from detention.
After August 7
After the protests of August, the leaders of Stop Bzdurom dissolved it since they no longer wanted to work as a public group. In an interview, Małgorzata Szutowicz said that having a public position with the media was not helpful for reaching her goals and that she was now working in the background to support other groups.
References
External links
Stop Bzdurom official website
2019 establishments in Poland
LGBT organisations in Poland
Anarchist organizations in Poland
LGBT anarchism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20%26%20Phil
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Willie & Phil
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Willie & Phil is a 1980 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Paul Mazursky and starring Michael Ontkean, Margot Kidder, and Ray Sharkey.
Plot
The film is set in late 1970s New York City, amidst the counterculture chic of that era. Willie, a high school English teacher who plays jazz piano, and Phil, a fashion photographer, meet coming out of the Bleecker Street Cinema, where Jules et Jim has just been shown, and become friends. They both fall in love with Jeannette, a girl from Kentucky.
Cast
Michael Ontkean - Willie Kaufman
Margot Kidder - Jeannette Sutherland
Ray Sharkey - Phil D'Amico
Jan Miner - Maria Kaufman
Tom Brennan - Sal Kaufman
Julie Bovasso - Mrs. D'Amico
Louis Guss - Mr. D'Amico
Kathleen Maguire - Mrs. Sutherland
Kaki Hunter - Patti Sutherland
Kristine DeBell - Rena
Jerry Hall - Karen
Critical responses
The film was reviewed by Pauline Kael in The New Yorker. "It could be that the theme of Jules et Jim, which preoccupies Mazursky - woman as the source of life and art, and woman as destroyer - is just what he can't handle. The ad for Willie & Phil does bring out the film's latent subject: we see the open mouth of a giant goddess who is holding two men in the palm of her hand. They reach up to her with their offerings - one with a bottle of wine, the other with a bunch of flowers. She may be breathing life into these dwarf suitors or preparing to devour them along with their gifts. Either way, she's a source of awe and terror. All through the picture, Mazursky has been trying to demystify what he experiences as mystifying. This movie is a little monument to screwed-up notions of what women are."
References
External links
1980 comedy-drama films
1980 films
1980s romantic comedy-drama films
20th Century Fox films
American films
American romantic comedy-drama films
English-language films
Fictional duos
Films directed by Paul Mazursky
Films set in New York City
Films set in the 1970s
Films shot in New York City
Films scored by Claude Bolling
| 0 | -1 |
30915473
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20S.%20Farland
|
Joseph S. Farland
|
Joseph Simpson Farland (August 11, 1914 – January 28, 2007) served as United States Ambassador to four countries.
Farland was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia and raised in that city as well as in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. He received his bachelors and a law degree from West Virginia University and did further studies at Princeton University and Stanford University. Farland was a practicing lawyer for several years.
During World War II Farland worked with the FBI and then was in the Navy. After the war besides continuing his law activities Farland also served as president of coal companies. Farland became United States Ambassador to the Dominican Republic in 1957. He was then appointed Ambassador to Panama in 1960 serving in that post until 1963. In 1963 Farland returned to practicing law in Washington, D.C. Farland later served as United States Ambassador to Pakistan from 1969 to 1972 and then as Ambassador to Iran from 1972 to 1973. During his term as ambassador to Pakistan, Farland arranged for Henry Kissinger to visit China via Pakistan in 1971. Kissinger's clandestine meeting with Chou En-lai paved the way for President Richard Nixon's own visit to China. Farland was then appointed Ambassador to New Zealand, but did not accept the position and returned to the practice of law. He retired to Winchester, Virginia, where he died on January 28, 2007.
References
External links
1914 births
West Virginia University alumni
Princeton University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Ambassadors of the United States to the Dominican Republic
Ambassadors of the United States to Panama
Ambassadors of the United States to Pakistan
Ambassadors of the United States to Iran
2007 deaths
Lawyers from Clarksburg, West Virginia
People from Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Federal Bureau of Investigation agents
People of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American diplomats
| 1 | 1 |
69534441
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej%20Skurko
|
Andrej Skurko
|
Andrej Skurko is a Belarusian journalist, chief editor of "Nasha Niva" newspaper in 2006-2017. In July 2021 he was arrested for alleged debts of the newspaper to the state electric company. On March 15, 2022, he was sentenced to 2.5 years in prison. Human rights activists recognized him as a political prisoner.
Biography
Career
Andrej graduated from the BSU Philological faculty, he wrote to "Nasha Niva" since 1998. In 2000 he became vice chief editor. In 2006 he was elected vice chairman of the , where he stayed until 2019. Also since December 1, 2006, he was the chief editor of "Nasha Niva" and stayed at this post for 11 years, the longest term among other NN chief editors. In 2017 he was succeeded by Yahor Martsinovich and became the head of the marketing and advertising departments.
Skurko has a wife Paulina and a son.
Arrest
In 2021 he headed the advertising and marketing department at Nashs Niva. Together with the current editor-in-chief Yahor Martsinovich and journalist, head of NN publications ‘Nasha Historyja’ and ‘Arche’ Andrej Dyńko, Skurko was detained on July 8, 2021. He was charged under part 2 of Art.216 of the Belarusian Criminal Code for alleged NN debts to the "Minenergo" company. According to the police, the NN failed to pay utility bills for 4 years and damaged the company by 3500 thousand Belarusian roubles. Skurko should have been released on July 16, 2021, but he was charged under another article of Criminal Code for alleged causing of mass disorders. The Viasna Human Rights Centre, the Belarusian Helsinki Committee, the Belarusian Association of Journalists, and other human rights organizations recognized him as a political prisoner.
At the end of July Skurko developed symptoms of Covid-19, his health deteriorated. The Belarusian Association of Journalists filed a request to transfer him into civilian hospital because he is an insulin-dependent diabetic who are most vulnerable to Covid. After the BAJ request the MVD stated that Skurko was moved to the prison’s medical unit and received proper care.
As of October 14, 2021, Skurko was still in the detention centre without any new information regarding his case.
On March 15, 2022, Marcinovič and Skurko were sentenced to 2.5 years in prison for estimated material damage of 10,000 Belarusian rubles ($3000). According to the investigators, in May 2017 they opened offices in Skurko's apartment but kept paying for electricity as individuals, while Belarusian law obliges legal persons to pay increased rates.
References
Living people
People from Brest, Belarus
Belarusian journalists
Belarusian media executives
1978 births
| 0 | -1 |
20065660
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hironobu%20Takesaki
|
Hironobu Takesaki
|
is a Japanese lawyer and a former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan. He is a graduate of the University of Tokyo Faculty of Law and of Columbia Law School.
At age 64, Takesaki replaced Niro Shimada as the Chief Justice when November 21, 2008, the date of Shimada's mandatory retirement, came. He retired in March 2014.
Takesaki has been harshly criticized by former judge Hiroshi Segi in his book Zetubo no Saibansho, where he is alleged to have "ensured judges who issued rulings or published academic papers running counter to his leadership policies were denied promotion and banished to rural areas. As a result, terrified judges learned to kowtow to their superiors and shy away from handing down nonconforming rulings."
Takesaki was replaced by Itsurō Terada as the new Chief Justice on April 1, 2014, the date of Takesaki's retirement.
References
Chief Justices of Japan
Japanese lawyers
Living people
Columbia Law School alumni
University of Tokyo alumni
1944 births
| 0 | -1 |
11292408
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Collins%20%28record%20producer%29
|
Peter Collins (record producer)
|
Peter Julian Alexander Collins (born 14 January 1951) is an English record producer, arranger, and audio engineer. He has produced records by Gary Moore, Bon Jovi, Billy Squier, Rush, Air Supply, Alice Cooper, Nik Kershaw, Blancmange, Suicidal Tendencies, Queensrÿche, Indigo Girls, Nanci Griffith, Ultraspank, Jermaine Stewart, Jane Wiedlin, October Project, The Cardigans, Rosetta Stone, Josh Joplin, Tracey Ullman, Drake Bell and The Brian Setzer Orchestra.
Career
In 1976, Collins was signed to Magnet Records and formed a group called Madison, along with Sippy, Peter Spooner and Page 3 girl Cherri Gilham, to perform the pop song "Let It Ring". Collins acted as producer, but the record failed to chart and the group soon disbanded.
Collins formed a production company with Pete Waterman and his early credits as a producer included producing the first two albums for The Lambrettas and their chart hit "Poison Ivy". He moved to Canada in 1985 to produce albums for Rush, first working on Power Windows (1985) and then Hold Your Fire (1987). Known at the time as a pop producer, he brought a more heavily synthesised sound to Rush. After reluctantly declining to work with Rush for their albums Presto and Roll the Bones, he later returned to collaborate with the band for Counterparts and Test for Echo. In both cases, he emphasised a return to Rush's heavier rock sound.
In 1991, he produced Alice Cooper's Hey Stoopid album, which peaked at No. 47 on the Billboard 200 and was the follow-up to the Desmond Child produced Trash album. He also produced the Queensrÿche albums Operation: Mindcrime, Empire (No. 7 on the Billboard 200) and Hear in the Now Frontier. For a time, Collins was referred to as "Mr Big".
References
Further reading
Inglis, Sam (March 2002). "Peter Collins". Sound on Sound.
English record producers
English audio engineers
1951 births
Living people
Musicians from London
| 1 | 1 |
644358
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Vashon
|
James Vashon
|
Admiral James Vashon (9 August 1742 – 20 October 1827) was a British officer of the Royal Navy. He saw service during the Seven Years' War, the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He was first captain of HMS Dreadnought, between 1801 and 1802. Previously, he had commanded Alert (1781), Europa (1786), and Formidable.
Washington's Vashon Island was named after him by the explorer George Vancouver, who had been Vashon's subordinate in Europa. Vashon rose to the rank of Admiral of the White. He is reported to have been stationed for many years in the West Indies.
Family and early life
James Vashon was born on 9 August 1742 in the village of Eye, near Leominster, Herefordshire. He was the son of the Vicar of Eye, the Reverend James Volant Vashon. The family was descended from Peter Vashon, a Huguenot apothecary c. 1636, who had immigrated from Paris. The family name is of French origins and became English. James Vashon entered the Royal Navy at age thirteen, in 1755, and first served aboard the 28-gun frigate under Captain Cornwall. As a midshipman he served on a number of vessels and saw combat service in the Mediterranean, the coast of North America, and in the Caribbean. In 1763 he passed his examination for lieutenant, but continued to serve as a midshipman until 1772 for lack of a lieutenant's posting. Vashon was serving on when the Seven Years' War ended and went ashore on half-pay until 1774 when the Navy began re-arming for the approaching American War of Independence.
American War of Independence
He was appointed lieutenant on the frigate and was assigned to the West Indies. He was quickly promoted to first-lieutenant when Lieutenant Peter Rainier (for whom Mount Rainier was named) was promoted and transferred off the Maidstone. He achieved recognition with his action during the capture of the French ship Lion, when he was given command of the prize and over 200 prisoners, and successfully reached the British naval base at Antigua. As a reward, he was returned to England, promoted to commander, and given command of the 14-gun brig . During 1780–81, Alert served on convoy duty in the North Atlantic and in the Caribbean. During the second tour in the Caribbean for the Alert, Joseph Baker (after whom Mount Baker was named) served as cabin boy for Commander Vashon. Because of distinguished action as commander of the Alert during the battle of the Saintes, Vashon was promoted to captain and given command of the 64-gun ship-of-the-line . He then served as flag captain aboard , and then the frigate . With the end of the American wars, Vashon again went ashore on half pay in 1783. He and his wife Jane Bethell, who married in 1779, had a son in 1784, but Jane died suddenly in 1786. Vashon then married Sarah Rainier, the sister of his earlier shipmate Peter Rainier.
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
In late 1786 Vashon was recalled to service and took command of the 50-gun , where serving under him were Midshipmen James Baker and Peter Puget, and Lieutenant George Vancouver, who would become significant in future explorations of the area of Washington state. Vashon commanded a series of ships during the period from 1789 to 1804 including the 64-gun ships , , , and the 80-gun HMS Pompee. It was during this period that George Vancouver commanded the Pacific Northwest expedition that bears his name and during which Vancouver named a number of prominent features of the Northwest after his colleagues and friends in the Royal Navy. On 28 May 1792 Vancouver named Vashon's Island in honour of Captain Vashon. In 1842 Charles Wilkes of the United States Exploring Expedition named Maury Island as a separate island and the usage began to change to Vashon Island.
In April 1804 Vashon was promoted to Rear-Admiral in command of the Leith Station, Scotland with his flag aboard . He instituted a formal convoy system out of Leith to protect this vital shipping route, and was so successful that he was promoted to Vice-Admiral in 1808. When Vashon decided to retire in late 1808, the merchants and leaders of Leith were so pleased that they gave him a public dinner, awarded him two commemorative plates, and honoured him as a Freeman of the City of Edinburgh.
After the Navy
Vashon retired to Ludlow where he lived at Number 54 Broad Street (which is marked with a Ludlow Civic Society blue plaque). He was promoted to Admiral in 1814, and died on 27 October 1827 at the age of 85. He was buried at St Laurence Church in Ludlow.
References
Sources
1742 births
1827 deaths
Military personnel from Herefordshire
Royal Navy admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the Seven Years' War
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
People from Herefordshire
People from Ludlow
Huguenot participants in the American Revolution
| 0 | -1 |
53433047
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Naigle
|
Nancy Naigle
|
Nancy Naigle is an author of romance, mystery, women’s fiction, and holiday stories. She has written for Montlake Romance, St. Martin’s Press, Center Point Large Print, Hallmark Publishing, Waterbook (a division of Penguin Random House), and Crossroads Publishing House. A native of Virginia Beach, she now calls North Carolina home.
She began her writing career while working as Senior Vice President for Bank of America. She has since retired from the financial industry and devotes her time to writing, antiquing, cooking, trail riding on her Palomino.
Early life
In grade school, Naigle wanted to be a zoologist in charge of creating habitats at the zoo in Washington, D.C. However, once graduating from Kempsville High school out of Virginia, she landed in the information technology field and eventually took a job with Bank of America which led to a successful career as a Senior Vice President.
Beyond her love for animals and her success in the financial world, Naigle grew up in a creative environment. Her mother was a poet with a couple of songs recorded. Her creative roots surfaced once Naigle found herself in some of life’s rough patches. It was books by authors such as Jayne Ann Krentz that provided solace for her dark times. “Those books got me from bad to good. They inspired me to write something that could give another woman some strength, a break, or hope. I can’t solve world hunger, but maybe, just maybe, I can solve a bad day for someone else.”
Career
In 2003, Naigle made the firm decision to pursue writing balancing her writing with her position at the Bank of America. In 2011, she published her first novel, Sweet Tea and Secrets, a contemporary romance with a dash of suspense, which kicked off her popular Adams Grove series. Sweet Tea and Secrets hit the “Amazon Top 100” in Kindle Romantic Suspense, and Naigle went on to publish Out of Focus, book two in the series.
Out of Focus, before being published, placed in numerous contests: first place, mainstream/literary category in the Maryland Writers’ Association; first place, mainstream category in the CT The Write Stuff Contest; 2010 finalist, single title category in the Silicon Valley RWA Gotcha! Contest; 2010 finalist, novel with romantic elements category in the San Diego RWA Spring Into Romance Contest). Despite being book two in the Adams Grove series, Out of Focus was written before Sweet Tea and Secrets and is the novel that catapulted Naigle forward in her writing career driving her to continue pursuing writing.
In 2012, Naigle signed a four-book deal for the Adams Grove series with Montlake Romance, an Amazon Publishing imprint. Sweet Tea and Secrets along with Out of Focus were re-published by Montlake and Naigle continued to publish four additional books to the series. In August 2013, Naigle’s box set, authored with nine other authors, became a USA Today Bestseller. A year later, she took an early retirement from Bank of America to write full time, and has since penned multiple series such as the Book Creek Novels and the G Team Mysteries. It was book one, In for a Penny, of the G Team series that landed Naigle back on the USA Today Bestsellers list in June 2016.
In March 2017, Naigle’s Christmas Joy sold to Crown Media and Hallmark for their holiday season programming. This kickstarted a current flourishing relationship with Hallmark. Christmas Joy premiered on the Hallmark Channel, November 3, 2018. A second novel, Hope at Christmas, sold to Crown Media and Hallmark and premiered, November 20, 2018. Naigle has also signed deals for the novelization of two Hallmark movies, Christmas in Evergreen (July 10, 2018) and Christmas in Evergreen: Letters to Santa (July 16, 2019), as well as an original novel, The Secret Ingredient (February 12, 2019) which aired on Hallmark Channel as an original movie in February 2020.
Nancy Naigle continues to write small-town romances and keeps her writing diverse by also penning single title novels, holiday-themed novels, short stories, and has co-authored a young adult novel. She is active in several writer organizations including American Christian Fiction Writers, Mystery Writers of America, and International Thriller Writers.
Naigle is represented by The Steve Laube Agency, LLC.
Bibliography
Adams Grove Novels
Sweet Tea and Secrets (2011)
Out of Focus (2011)
Wedding Cake and Big Mistakes (2013)
Pecan Pie and Deadly Lies (2013)
Mint Juleps and Justice (2014)
Barbecue and Bad News (2015)
Boot Creek Series
Life After Perfect (2015)
Every Yesterday (2016)
Until Tomorrow (2017)
Seasoned Southern Sleuths (formerly G-Team)
In For A Penny (2020, re-release)
Collard Greens & Catfishing (2020, re-release)
Christmas Cookies & A Confession (2020, re-release)
Deviled Eggs & Deception (2020, re-release)
Sweet Tea & Second Chances (2020, re-release)
Fried Pickles & a Funeral (2020, re-release)
Wedding Mints & Witnesses (2020, re-release)
Christmas In Evergreen
Christmas in Evergreen (2018)
Christmas in Evergreen: Letters to Santa (2019)
Christmas in Evergreen: Tidings of Joy (2020)
Main Street Romance Series
Recipe For Romance (2019)
Stand Alone Novels
inkBLOT (2011)
Sand Dollar Cove (2015)
Christmas Joy (2016)
The Christmas Shop (2019, formally Dear Santa)
The Secret Ingredient (2019)
Christmas Angels (2019)
A Heartfelt Christmas Promise (2020)
Hope At Christmas (2020, re-release)
The Shell Collector (2021) (in 2022 this story was released as Fox Nation's first original film.)
The Wedding Ranch (2022)
Short Works
Pretty Little Liars: The Path To Relaxation (2013)
Pretty Little Liars: The Liars' Liar (2013)
Pretty Little Liars: Secret Talent (2013)
Wrapped Around Your Heart (2014)
50 Shades of Cabernet (2017)
Anthologies
Wild Deadwood Tales (2018)
Christmas Actually (2020)
References
External links
Living people
American women novelists
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American novelists
American romantic fiction novelists
Women romantic fiction writers
1962 births
Novelists from North Carolina
Writers from Norfolk, Virginia
Bank of America executives
American women bankers
American bankers
Novelists from Virginia
| 1 | 1 |
70359420
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryonn%20Bain
|
Bryonn Bain
|
Bryonn Bain is a poet, actor, prison activist, scholar, author, hip hop artist and professor of African American Studies and World Arts & Cultures in the School of the Arts and the School of Law at the University of California at Los Angeles.
His one-man show, Lyrics From Lockdown, won "Best Solo Performance" from the LA Weekly and NAACP executive produced by Harry Belafonte, the show tells stories of wrongful incarceration through spoken word poetry, hip hop theater, calypso, comedy and classical music. Bain founded the Prison Education Program at UCLA in 2015. In 2019, the program and his performances at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts were featured on the debut episode of LA Stories which won an Emmy Award. Bain hosted My Two Cents, a current affairs talk show on BET for five consecutive seasons, and starred in Pig Hunt, the last film directed by Academy Award winner James Isaac.
Work
Poetry
Bain was the Boston Grand Slam Champion in 1999, and in 2000, he was the Nuyorican Grand Slam Poetry Champion. Bain ranked #1 in the nation and placed second in the world during the 2000 International Poetry Slam.
Blackout Arts Collective
Bain founded the Blackout Arts Collective in 1997. He organized artists, activists and educators of color to create a space to organize justice movement campaigns, produce social impact-focused art, and facilitate political education workshops in public schools and prisons around the country. At its peak, BAC had chapters in 10 cities around the country.
Prison Education Programs
Bain has developed and taught courses linking prisons with Columbia University, New York University, The New School, Long Island University, University of California at Los Angeles and internationally at Oxford and Cambridge, in the UK and Muteesa I Royal University in Uganda.
His work has reached prisons in 25 states in the United States including Rikers Island, Sing Sing, Wallkill, DC Jail, Metropolitan Detention Center, Boys Town Detention Center, California Institution for Women, Custody to Community Transitional Reentry Program, Barry J Nidorf Juvenile Hall, Central Juvenile Hall and Folsom. Bain founded the Prison Education Program at UCLA in 2015. In 2019, the program and his performances at the Kennedy Center were featured on the debut episode of LA Stories which won an Emmy Award.
Performance
Bain’s work has been featured at the Apollo Theater, Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center, The Public Theater, The National Black Theatre, Rikers Island (New York), New Jersey Performing Arts Center (Newark), The Actor’s Gang Theater (Culver City), Los Angeles Theater Center (Los Angeles), Festival de Liege (Belgium), M-1 Theater Festival (Singapore), Universidad de las Americas (Mexico) and Muteesa Royal University (Uganda), Marion Prison (Ohio), TEDX at Ironwood State Prison and Sing Sing Prison.
Published works
The Prophet Returns: the hip hop generation remix of a classic. New York. 2011. ISBN 978-0-615-46982-9. OCLC 812712654.
The ugly side of beautiful: rethinking race and prison in America. Mumia Abu-Jamal, Lani Guinier (1 ed.). Chicago. 2012. ISBN 978-0-88378-344-3. OCLC 825113457.
Fish & Bread/Pescado y Pan, Brown Girls Books, 2015
Rebel Speak: A Justice Movement Mixtape. UC Press. 2022. ISBN 9780520388437.
References
External links
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
African-American poets
American male poets
21st-century American poets
20th-century American poets
African-American activists
Prison reformers
Black studies scholars
Hip hop activists
African-American male rappers
| 0 | -1 |
13650612
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Neil
|
James Neil
|
James Matthew Neil (born May 15, 1968) is an American rower who competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in the men's coxed four. In a team with Teo Bielefeld, Sean Hall, Jack Rusher, and Tim Evans as cox, he came fourth.
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
American male rowers
Olympic rowers of the United States
Rowers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
World Rowing Championships medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in rowing
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Rowers at the 1995 Pan American Games
Rowers at the 1999 Pan American Games
| 0 | -1 |
45532390
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Property%20Fund%20of%20Ukraine
|
State Property Fund of Ukraine
|
State Property Fund of Ukraine is a central body of executive power with special status and being administrated by the Cabinet of Ukraine.
History
State Property Fund of Ukraine was established in 1991 according to the Cabinet of Ministers' Resolution N.158 for the purpose of the implementation of the state policy of the privatization of state property. The activities of the Fund is regulated by the "Law on the State Property Fund of Ukraine" adopted in December 2011.
Directors
1991-1994 Volodymyr Pryadko
1994-1997 Yuriy Yekhanurov
1997-1998 Volodymyr Lanovy (acting)
1998-2003 Oleksandr Bondar
2003-2005 Mykhailo Chechetov
2005-2008 Valentyna Semenyuk-Samsonenko
2008-2010 Dmytro Parfenenko (acting)
2010-2014 Oleksandr Ryabchenko
2014-2015 Dmytro Parfenenko (acting)
2015-2017 Ihor Bilous
2017 Dmytro Parfenenko (acting)
2017-2019 Vitaliy Trubarov (acting)
2019-2021 Dmytro Sennychenko
Facts
At least two former directors of the State Property Fund committed suicide (Mykhailo Chechetov and Valentyna Semenyuk-Samsonenko) after the events of Euromaidan and after the former President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych left the country.
References
External links
Official website
Independent agencies of the Ukrainian government
Presidency of Ukraine
| 0 | -1 |
48077296
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20Storm%20Kit
|
Tropical Storm Kit
|
The name Kit has been used for four tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.
Typhoon Kit (1963) (Rosing), a category 4 typhoon
Tropical Storm Kit (1974) (Delang)
Tropical Storm Kit (1978) (Uding), a severe tropical storm
Tropical Storm Kit (1988) (Maring), a severe tropical storm which made landfall on the extreme northern tip of Luzon Island and then Hong Kong
Kit
| 1 | 1 |
3723738
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine%20Carr
|
Antoine Carr
|
Antoine Labotte Carr (born July 23, 1961) is an American retired basketball player. Nicknamed "Big Dawg", he played power forward (and sometimes center) for six different teams in the National Basketball Association across 16 seasons.
Early life
Antoine Carr was born in Oklahoma City. and was a star basketball player at Wichita Heights High School (class of 1979). He accepted a scholarship to play locally at Wichita State University. A four-year player, Carr was a major contributor on a team that included future NBA players Xavier McDaniel and Cliff Levingston, averaging 17 points per game while shooting over 55% during his college career. In his final college game, he scored a school-record 47 points against Southern Illinois on March 5, 1983.
He played for the US national team in the 1982 FIBA World Championship, winning the silver medal.
Professional career
Coming off a senior season where he'd averaged 22.5 points and 7.6 rebounds a game in a strong college program, Carr was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the first round (eighth pick overall) of the 1983 NBA draft. Carr was unable to agree to a contract with the Pistons and played the 1983–84 season in Italy with Simac Milano after the club offered him a $200,000 contract for the year. Returning to the NBA in the 1984–85 season, he played six full seasons with the Atlanta Hawks, who had acquired his rights, before moving to the Sacramento Kings in the middle of the 1989–90 campaign. While in Sacramento, Carr averaged 20 points per game and was one of the team's stars. He scored 1,551 points that season, his only time topping 1,000 points and by far his best scoring season. Carr also played for the San Antonio Spurs, where he led the team in field goal percentage. He also played a notable first-round series in 1994 against the Utah Jazz. Carr was filling in for an injured David Robinson, who had a fractured hand. Carr put on what could be considered the best games of his career, but the Spurs still lost the series 1–3. Carr was signed as a free agent by the Utah Jazz on October 29, 1994, where he was a periodic starter at the center position beside power forward Karl Malone. When not starting, he settled in as his role as the energetic and jovial sixth man. Coach Jerry Sloan utilized Carr extensively during the two years that the Jazz reached the NBA finals – relying on his experience and ability to control the ball. Carr helped the Jazz to victory in Game 5 of the 1998 Finals against the Chicago Bulls with several clutch jump shots. Carr finished his career with the Houston Rockets and Vancouver Grizzlies, playing 18 games with Houston and 21 with Vancouver in a reserve role.
Carr scored 9,176 points in his NBA career. Carr had a strong ability to manage the ball down low, even as a small center. He was known for his power and dunking, and his ability to hit medium to long jump shots under pressure. He made 50% of his attempts from the floor and shot 78% from the free-throw line. After receiving an eye injury, Carr wore orange-tinted protective glasses for the rest of his NBA career.
Following his final season with Vancouver, Carr played one season for the Kansas City Knights of the ABA, and one season with the Greek club Ionikos NF.
His younger brother Henry Carr played for Wichita State, and was drafted in 1987 by the Los Angeles Clippers.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
| 62 || 15 || 19.3 || .528 || .333 || .789 || 3.7 || 1.3 || 0.5 || 1.3 || 8.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
| 17 || 0 || 15.2 || .527 || – || .667 || 3.1 || 0.8 || 0.4 || 0.9 || 6.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
| 65 || 2 || 10.7 || .506 || .333 || .709 || 2.4 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 0.7 || 5.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
| 80 || 2 || 18.5 || .544 || .250 || .780 || 3.6 || 1.3 || 0.5 || 1.0 || 8.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
| 78 || 12 || 19.1 || .480 || .000 || .855 || 3.5 || 1.2 || 0.4 || 0.8 || 7.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
| 44 || 0 || 18.3 || .516 || .000 || .775 || 3.4 || 1.2 || 0.3 || 0.8 || 7.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 33 || 4 || 28.0 || .482 || .000 || .806 || 5.2 || 2.0 || 0.5 || 1.0 || 18.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 77 || 48 || 32.8 || .511 || .000 || .758 || 5.5 || 2.5 || 0.6 || 1.3 || 20.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
| 81 || 27 || 23.0 || .490 || .200 || .764 || 4.3 || 2.8 || 1.4 || 1.2 || 10.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
| 71 || 46 || 27.4 || .538 || .000 || .777 || 5.5 || 1.4 || 0.5 || 1.2 || 13.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
| 34 || 0 || 13.7 || .488 || .000 || .724 || 1.5 || 0.4 || 0.3 || 0.6 || 5.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| 78 || 4 || 21.5 || .531 || .250 || .821 || 3.4 || 0.9 || 0.3 || 0.9 || 9.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| 80 || 0 || 19.2 || .457 || .000 || .792 || 2.5 || 0.9 || 0.4 || 0.8 || 7.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| 82 || 0 || 17.8 || .483 || .000 || .780 || 2.4 || 0.9 || 0.3 || 0.8 || 7.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Utah
| 66 || 8 || 16.5 || .465 || – || .776 || 2.0 || 0.7 || 0.2 || 0.8 || 5.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Houston
| 18 || 0 || 8.4 || .404 || .000 || .714 || 1.7 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 0.6 || 2.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Vancouver
| 21 || 0 || 10.5 || .438 || – || .786 || 1.5 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 0.3 || 3.2
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 987 || 168 || 20.0 || .503 || .130 || .780 || 3.4 || 1.1 || 0.4 || 0.9 || 9.3
Playoffs
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1987
|style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
|9||0||18.0||.696||–||.813||3.0||1.4||0.3||0.9||11.6
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1988
|style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
|12||0||17.5||.529||.000||.643||3.4||1.3||0.3||1.4||6.8
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1989
|style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
|5||0||16.2||.619||–||.727||1.6||1.4||0.0||0.8||6.8
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1992
|style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
|3||3||36.3||.545||.500||.625||7.7||1.0||0.7||3.7||19.7
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1993
|style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
|8||8||21.4||.527||–||.600||4.8||1.1||0.4||1.1||10.5
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1994
|style="text-align:left;"|San Antonio
|3||0||12.3||.455||–||.889||0.3||1.0||0.3||0.7||6.0
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1995
|style="text-align:left;"|Utah
|5||0||22.8||.452||–||.833||3.0||1.4||0.6||1.0||9.6
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1996
|style="text-align:left;"|Utah
|18||0||18.8||.474||–||.680||1.9||1.2||0.2||0.8||6.1
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1997
|style="text-align:left;"|Utah
|20||0||14.0||.482||–||.750||2.0||0.5||0.3||0.5||4.9
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1998
|style="text-align:left;"|Utah
|20||0||14.6||.456||–||.750||2.1||0.6||0.1||0.6||4.4
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1999
|style="text-align:left;"|Houston
|4||0||9.3||.364||–||–||1.8||1.0||0.0||0.3||2.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 107 || 11 || 17.1 || .514 || .333 || .740 || 2.6 || 1.0 || 0.3 || 0.9 || 6.8
References
External links
at NBA.com
1961 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
All-American college men's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American men's basketball players
Atlanta Hawks players
Basketball players from Wichita, Kansas
Basketball players from Oklahoma
Centers (basketball)
Detroit Pistons draft picks
Houston Rockets players
Ionikos N.F. B.C. players
Kansas City Knights players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Olimpia Milano players
Power forwards (basketball)
Sacramento Kings players
San Antonio Spurs players
Sportspeople from Oklahoma City
United States men's national basketball team players
Utah Jazz players
Vancouver Grizzlies players
Wichita State Shockers men's basketball players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
1982 FIBA World Championship players
20th-century African-American men
21st-century African-American men
| 1 | 1 |
3634101
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefi%20Atta
|
Sefi Atta
|
Sefi Atta (born January 1964) is a prize-winning Nigerian-American novelist, short-story writer, playwright and screenwriter. Her books have been translated into many languages, radio plays have been broadcast by the BBC, and her stage plays have been performed internationally.
Awards she has received include the 2006 Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa and the 2009 Noma Award for Publishing in Africa.
Biography
Sefi Atta was born in Lagos, Nigeria, in January 1964, to a family of five children. Her father Abdul-Aziz Atta was the Secretary to Federal Government and Head of the Civil Service until his death in 1972, and she was raised by her mother Iyabo Atta.
She attended Queen's College, Lagos, and Millfield School in England. In 1985, she graduated with a B.A. degree from Birmingham University. She qualified as a chartered accountant in England and as CPA in the United States, where she migrated in 1994. She earned an MFA in creative writing from Antioch University Los Angeles in 2001.
She is married to Gboyega Ransome-Kuti, a medical doctor, and son of Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, and they have one daughter, Temi.
Atta's Lagos-based production company Atta Girl supports Care to Read, a program she initiated to earn funds for legitimate charities through staged readings.
She currently divides her time between Nigeria, England and the United States.
Writing
Atta graduated from the creative writing program at Antioch University in Los Angeles. Her short stories have appeared in literary journals such as The Los Angeles Review, Mississippi Review and World Literature Today. Her articles on Lagos and Nigeria have appeared in publications such as Time and Libération. Her books have been translated into several languages. Her first novel, Everything Good Will Come, won the Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa.
Novels
2005: Everything Good Will Come, US: Interlink Books, . UK: Myriad Editions,
2010: Swallow, Interlink Books,
2013: A Bit of Difference, Interlink Books,
2019: The Bead Collector, US: Interlink Books, . UK: Myriad Editions,
2022: The Bad Immigrant, Interlink Books,
Short-story collections
2010: News from Home, Interlink Books,
Children's books
2018: Drama Queen, Mango Books, Nigeria,
Play collections
2019: Sefi Atta; Selected Plays, Interlink Books,
Stage play premieres
2005: The Engagement, MUSON Centre, Lagos
2011: The Cost of Living, Lagos Heritage Festival
2011: Hagel auf Zamfara, Theatre Krefeld, Germany
2012: The Naming Ceremony, New World Nigeria, Theatre Royal Stratford East, London
2012: An Ordinary Legacy, The MUSON Festival, MUSON Centre, Lagos
2014: Last Stand, Terra Kulture, Lagos
2018: Renovation, The Jos Festival of Theatre
2019: The Death Road, The Jos Festival of Theatre
Radio plays
2002: The Engagement, BBC Radio
2004: Makinwa's Miracle, BBC Radio
2007: A Free Day, BBC Radio
Screenplays
2021: Swallow, a Netflix original movie based on Sefi Atta's second novel, Swallow, co-written by Atta and Kunle Afolayan, premieres on October 1.
Selected awards and recognition
2002: Macmillan Writers Prize For Africa, shortlist
2002: BBC African Performance, 2nd Prize
2002: Zoetrope Short Fiction Contest, 3rd Prize
2003: Red Hen Press Short Story Award, 1st prize
2003: Glimmer Train′s Very Short Fiction Award, finalist
2004: BBC African Performance, 2nd Prize
2005: PEN International David TK Wong Prize, 1st Prize
2006: Caine Prize for African Writing, shortlist
2006: Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa
2009: Noma Award for Publishing in Africa
2009: The American Zoetrope Screenplay Competition, quarter-finalist
2019: WeScreenPlay Diverse Voices Lab, finalist
2019: The American Zoetrope Screenplay Competition, finalist
2021: The National Playwrights Conference, semifinalist
Visiting Writer
2006: University of Southern Mississippi
2008: Northwestern University
2010: Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon
Atta was on the jury for the 2010 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and a judge for the 2019 Caine Prize for African Writing.
A critical study of her works, Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illuminates African Culture and Tradition, edited by Professor Walter P. Collins, III, was published by Cambria Press in 2015.
References
External links
Sefi Atta's website
Nigerian women novelists
Nigerian dramatists and playwrights
Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States
People educated at Millfield
1964 births
Living people
Writers from Lagos
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Antioch University alumni
University of Southern Mississippi people
Northwestern University faculty
Yoruba women writers
Queen's College, Lagos alumni
21st-century Nigerian novelists
English-language writers from Nigeria
Ransome-Kuti family
Yoruba women academics
Nigerian women academics
21st-century Nigerian women writers
| 0 | -1 |
40492671
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeria%20Lukyanova
|
Valeria Lukyanova
|
Valeria Valeryevna Lukyanova (; ; born 1990/1991) is a Moldova-born Ukrainian model and entertainer of Russian origin famous for her resemblance to a Barbie doll. She currently lives in Russia. To enhance the Barbie effect Lukyanova uses makeup and contact lenses over her naturally green/gray/blue eyes. She has stated that she has had breast implants, but that the rest of her body is natural and slender due to daily gym workouts and a particular diet.
Early life
Lukyanova was born on August 23, 1985, in Tiraspol, in what was then part of Moldavian SSR in the Soviet Union. She is of Russian origin. Her mother, Irina, worked for the military sector and her father was a builder who also worked part-time as a disc jockey. Lukyanova lived in Odesa, Ukraine from age 16 until 2014, when she moved to Moscow.
Modelling career
In 2007, Lukyanova won the worldwide beauty contest "Miss Diamond Crown of the World". The beauty pageant was open to any woman, had about 300 contestants, and had no rule forbidding plastic surgery or body modification. She subsequently had multiple photo sessions and interviews published in Russian media, including erotic photos. Lukyanova developed a worldwide following for her Barbie doll-like appearance after she posted photos and videos of herself on the web. She gained notoriety after reports of her "almost inhuman beauty" surfaced online. The first notable coverage of her from outside Russia was on the Jezebel blog, followed by a photo session in V by Sebastian Faena. The media described her as being like a living Barbie doll.
There has been scepticism of Lukyanova. ABC News suggested that Lukyanova was a hoax aided by image editing software. Diane Levin regarded Lukyanova as an example of the negative effects of media objectification. To counter the image editing accusations, Lukyanova posted videos on YouTube and appeared on Russia-1 and Channel One Russia TV channels. Lukyanova admitted to having breast augmentation but no other plastic surgery, and denies that she had ribs removed to make her waist smaller. Lukyanova blamed people unconnected to her for altering photos of her younger self in a malicious attempt to imply she had received body modifications.
In 2013, Lukyanova was the subject of an episode of Vice'''s My Life Online documentary series entitled Space Barbie. In 2013 she participated in the documentary movie The Phase, which was released on YouTube in 7 languages.
In 2015, Lukyanova participated in Dosso Dossi's fashion show as a model.
Music, acting, and spirituality
Lukyanova is an instructor at the School of Out-of-Body Travel, described as "an international school in which our instructors show students how to leave their physical body and travel in their spiritual body." Her spiritual name is Amatue.
She is a composer, an opera singer, and has recorded two albums of new-age music, Sun in the Eyes and 2013 using the name Amatue. she wrote a book, Astral Travel Amatue, about her astral trips which she made available in 2012 as an RTF file to download for free from her website.
She had her debut starring role in a feature film in The Doll (2017), a horror movie directed and written by Susannah O’Brien. The film, which also includes Mindy Robinson and Ron Jeremy, revolves around Lukyanova's character, an escort made from doll parts created by a doctor to recruit others to kill, and the two men who requested her. The movie presented at the Cannes Film Festival in 2017.
Personal life
She is of Russian origin. She has a bachelor's degree in architecture from Odesa State Academy of Constructions and Architecture.
She is married to Ukrainian businessman Dmitry Shkrabov, her childhood friend. However, Lukyanova said that she does not want to have children or a "family lifestyle."
Lukyanova is a strict raw vegetarian, living on a liquid diet. She said that her weight was 45 kg (100 lb) in 2012. In 2014 she stated she was training herself to live off only light and air and converting to breatharianism. This is a cult with the central belief that food and possibly water are not necessary for survival. However, later she stopped this experiment, stating: "I still would like to do breatharianism someday. But right now I am far from it, and I do not know when I will do it".
In 2014, because of the War in Donbas, Ukraine, Lukyanova moved from Odessa to Moscow.
Attacks
In 2014, Lukyanova reported to police that she was punched and strangled by two men outside her home, after receiving anonymous threats for over the past two years. She was hospitalized and released a week later.
Political views
Lukyanova caused controversy when she expressed support of Russia during the War in Donbas. She wrote, after posing in the Crimea region: "Do not give up! fight! Our grandfathers fought with bare hands against the fascists! Do not disgrace the honour of the Great Warrior! Be aware that Russia is always with you!"
She has also expressed racist views. She claimed, in a 2014 interview, that race-mixing caused "degeneration" and said that race-mixing was the reason why there are presumably less beautiful women today. About her own looks, she said, "I have white skin; I am a Nordic type - perhaps a little Eastern Baltic, but closer to Nordic." She went as far as to say that a girl born to a Russian mother and an Armenian father would need to go through plastic surgery to reduce the size of her nose.
Nicknames
Throughout her career, she has received various nicknames referring to her Barbie-like appearance. She has most commonly been referred to as "The Human Barbie".
In Russian-speaking media, she's often been referred to as "The Russian Barbie," "The Ukrainian Barbie," and "The Odessa Barbie."
Lukyanova, has expressed anger at the nickname of "Human Barbie", as she feels that it's "a little degrading and insulting" but that she's used to it now as it's the image her fans "requested" so she has to "comply with it because it's become part of my aesthetic image, but I don't like it".
Discography
Albums
2009: Sun in the Eyes 2013: 2013 Single appearances
"One Expectation" (2013) – by Alessandra Ambrosio ft. Amatue
Music videos
2010: "Venus"
2011: "Endless eternity"
Bibliography
Astral Travel Amatue (2012)
Filmography
The Phase (2013) – documentary movie
The Doll'' (2017)
See also
Sarah Burge
Venus Angelic
References
External links
1990s births
Living people
Ukrainian beauty pageant winners
Ukrainian female models
Ukrainian people of Russian descent
People from Tiraspol
Musicians from Odessa
Moldovan emigrants to Ukraine
Ukrainian YouTubers
21st-century Ukrainian women singers
Models from Odessa
Barbie
| 0 | -1 |
356593
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20Environment%2C%20Food%20and%20Rural%20Affairs
|
Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
|
The secretary of state for environment, food and rural affairs, also referred to as the environment secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with overall responsibility for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, 15th in the ministerial ranking.
The office holder works alongside the other Defra ministers. The corresponding shadow minister is the shadow secretary of state for environment, food and rural affairs.
The incumbent is George Eustice, following his appointment by Prime Minister Boris Johnson in July 2019.
Responsibilities
The secretary of state has three main responsibilities at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, to:
bear overall responsibility for all departmental issues.
lobby for the United Kingdom in other international negotiations on sustainable development and climate change.
List of environment secretaries
Secretaries of State for the Environment (1970–1997)
Secretaries of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions (1997–2001)
Secretaries of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2001–present)
* Incumbent's length of term last updated: .
See also
List of Secretaries of state for the environment; Secretaries of state for the environment, transport and the regions
References
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Agriculture in England
Ministerial offices in the United Kingdom
Rural society in the United Kingdom
2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
pl:Ministrowie środowiska Wielkiej Brytanii
| 0 | -1 |
65558996
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittoria%20Baldino
|
Vittoria Baldino
|
Vittoria Baldino is an Italian politician. She was elected to be a deputy to the Parliament of Italy in the 2018 Italian general election for the Legislature XVIII of Italy.
Career
Baldino was born on May 28, 1988 in Rossano.
She was elected to the Italian Parliament in the 2018 Italian general election, to represent the district of Lazio for the Five Star Movement. She was subsequently replaced by Angela Salafia (it), but was subsequently reinstated in a different Lazio district.
References
Living people
Five Star Movement politicians
1988 births
Deputies of Legislature XVIII of Italy
21st-century Italian women politicians
People from Rossano
| 1 | 1 |
35557641
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Yap
|
Richard Yap
|
{{family name hatnote|Yap (Chinese patronymic surname), and his middle name is Uy (Hokkien matronymic surname)'}}
Richard Edison Uy Yap (born May 18, 1967) is a Filipino actor, singer, model and businessman of Chinese descent. He is best known for portraying Richard "Sir Chief" Lim in Be Careful with My Heart and "Papa Chen" in My Binondo Girl.
Career
In 2011, Yap launched his acting career in ABS-CBN via My Binondo Girl where he played Kim Chiu's father, Chen Sy.
In 2012, Yap played a recurring character in Walang Hanggan as Henry de Dios. But his role as Richard "Sir Chief" Lim in the daytime drama Be Careful with My Heart catapulted him to fame spreading to other countries and made him a household name. The show ran from 2012 to 2014 due to its large following and loyal fanbase. Be Careful with My Heart would go on to have worldwide tours, concerts, an album, and has been aired in numerous other continents.
After Be Careful with My Heart, Yap starred in Nasaan Ka Nang Kailangan Kita, where his character was paired with Vina Morales, and FPJ's Ang Probinsyano, portraying a criminal underworld character by the name of Philip Tang, and had a special participation in My Super D and Till I Met You.
In 2016, he and Sta. Maria reunited onscreen and topbilled the romantic film The Achy Breaky Hearts which was a box office success. Because of this, there is a strong clamor for them to also reunite on television.
On his singing career, Yap along with Richard Poon collaborated in an album and a major concert.
He topbilled the 2016 installment of Regal Films' Mano Po 7: Chinoy.On December 16, 2020, he signed his management contract with GMA Artist Center.
Filmography
Television
Film
Music
Soundtracks
– 2013 She's the One (Film) (performer: "Don't Know What to Do, Don't Know What to Say")
– 2013 Four Sisters and a Wedding (Film) (performer: "Salamat")
– 2012 Sarah G Live (TV Series) (performer – 1 episode)
– Robi Domingo/Richard Yap/K Brosas/Ate Gay/Kedebon Colim/Cacai Bautista/Bb. Gandanghari (2012) ... (performer: "The Way You Look Tonight")
– 2012 Be Careful with My Heart'' (TV Series) (performer – 1 episode)
– Maya Is Determined to Chase Her Dreams (2012) ... (performer: "Please Be Careful with My Heart")
Awards and nominations
Politics
Yap was a candidate for representative of Cebu City's north district in the 2019 elections. Running under BARUG-PDP–Laban, he failed to unseat the incumbent Raul del Mar. Yap finished second out of four candidates.
Yap ran once again for the same congressional seat in the 2022 elections under the National Unity Party but did not win.
Personal life
Yap was born and raised in Cebu City. He graduated from Sacred Heart School in Cebu and then to De La Salle University for College. Coming from a family who loves to cook, Yap aspired a to be chef in his younger years. He owns/co-founded several food businesses, such as a gastropub and Asian cuisine restaurant.
In 1993, he married Melody Yap, with whom he has two children, Ashley and Dylan.
References
External links
Living people
Male actors from Cebu
Filipino people of Chinese descent
Filipino Roman Catholics
Star Music artists
21st-century Filipino male singers
Filipino actors of Chinese descent
People from Cebu City
Cebuano people
De La Salle University alumni
ABS-CBN personalities
GMA Network personalities
1967 births
| 1 | 1 |
1930542
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Kennedy%20%28Scottish%20footballer%29
|
John Kennedy (Scottish footballer)
|
John Kennedy (born 18 August 1983) is a Scottish professional football coach and former player who is the assistant manager of Scottish Premiership club Celtic. Since retirement, Kennedy has served as a scout, first-team coach and assistant manager to Neil Lennon, Ronny Deila, Brendan Rodgers and Ange Postecoglou, respectively.
He played as a centre-back for Celtic and Norwich City, and won one international cap for Scotland. He suffered a serious knee injury on his international debut in March 2004, and retired in 2009 having failed to fully recover.
Since retiring from playing, Kennedy has worked as a scout and a coach for Celtic. In February 2019, he was appointed assistant manager of the club, and he became caretaker manager in February 2021 after Neil Lennon left Celtic. After the appointment of Ange Postecoglou as manager, he went back to being assistant manager.
Early life
John Kennedy was born on 18 August 1983 in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire. He is the maternal grandson of Celtic and Manchester United forward Jimmy Delaney and nephew of Motherwell defender Pat Delaney.
Playing career
Celtic
Kennedy came through Celtic's youth system and signed his first professional contract on the same day as fellow defender Stephen McManus. He made his first-team debut aged 16 during the 1999–2000 season. Kennedy was the youngest Celtic player to be called up to the first-team squad and then the youngest debutant. He played in the U18 team in 2000–01, and lost the Scottish Youth Cup final to Aberdeen. In the 2003–04 season, he had a run in the Celtic starting eleven and came under scrutiny from scouts of A.C. Milan who contacted Celtic about making a move. It was during this season that Kennedy scored his only goal for Celtic, against Dundee in the SPL.
Kennedy received high praise for his performance in a 0–0 draw with Barcelona in a UEFA Cup last-16 clash at the Camp Nou in March 2004.
Within weeks he was given his international debut, but was seriously injured by a dangerous tackle during that match. Kennedy required several operations by Richard Steadman before he could even attempt a comeback. Following his injury, the SFA compensated Celtic with respect to Kennedy's wages, as it had been suffered while he was playing in an international match. Before his injury, Kennedy made enough appearances to qualify for a title medal and played twice in the Scottish Cup win that season.
Kennedy finally resumed training in late 2006, and was an unused substitute for Celtic's Champions League match against A.C. Milan on 20 February 2007. He played his first competitive match since the injury on 22 April 2007, when Celtic clinched the SPL championship by winning 2–1 against Kilmarnock. Four days later, on 26 April, Kennedy signed a new three-year contract with the club.
Kennedy made further appearances for Celtic over the next several months, but during a Champions League match against Shakhtar Donetsk on 28 November 2007, he was stretchered off after he twisted his knee on landing from an aerial challenge. The initial diagnosis was that he sustained damage to his lateral meniscus and the posterior lateral complex of the same knee he had previously injured, ruling him out for three months. This match proved to be Kennedy's final appearance for Celtic.
Norwich City (loan)
On 14 July 2008, BBC Sport reported that Kennedy had joined Motherwell on a six-month loan deal, but this report was denied by Celtic later that day. Kennedy did, however, meet up with the Motherwell squad in Austria, on trial. Soon afterwards Kennedy joined Norwich City on loan until January 2009. He made his Norwich debut in a 2–0 defeat to Coventry City at the Ricoh Arena on 9 August 2008. Kennedy's performances for Norwich were impressive, and he scored in games with Derby County and Preston North End.
Retirement
Kennedy suffered ankle ligament damage during his time at Norwich, and he returned to Celtic after further damaging his troubled knee in December 2008. On 13 November 2009, it was announced that, at the age of just 26, Kennedy had retired from football on medical grounds.
He was awarded a Special Recognition award at Celtic FC end of season awards in 2010.
International
Kennedy played in both legs of the play-off defeat to Croatia U21s to qualify for the Under-21 Euros in 2003. He was the only remaining regular fit Scotland U21 centre-back going in to the second leg. His only goal at under-21 level came from a Michael Stewart set piece in a 2–1 against Israel U21s in 2002.
Following fine performances for Celtic, Kennedy was called up to the Scotland squad for a friendly against Romania on 31 March 2004, and was selected to start the match. After 14 minutes, Kennedy sustained a serious injury to his leg after a late challenge by Ionel Ganea, which eventually ruled him out of action for almost three years.
Testimonial matches
A testimonial fixture for Kennedy between Scotland and Celtic was discussed, while a match between Finn Harps and Celtic had been arranged for 28 November 2010, but was postponed. The game was then played on Sunday 6 March, with Celtic winning 4–1. A further testimonial match was arranged for Sunday 22 May 2011 at Celtic Park between Celtic and some of the Celtic team that reached the 2003 UEFA Cup Final, including then manager Martin O'Neill. This match was also postponed, and eventually replaced with a match between a team of Celtic Legends, managed by Martin O'Neill, and a team of Manchester United Legends. The match was played on 9 August 2011 with Celtic winning 5–2, and the proceeds were donated to Oxfam's East Africa charity appeal.
Coaching career
After retiring as a player, Kennedy became a first-team scout for Celtic in 2010, working in this capacity for the club until 2011, travelling around Europe to help find new players for the club.
Kennedy gained coaching qualifications and worked as a coach with the club's U19 squad in season 2011–12, and the Development Squad (reserve team) from 2012 to 2014. He led the Celtic youth team to a league an cup double in 2011–12 and 2012–13 and a third straight title in 2013–14. Kennedy also oversaw the Under-19 team compete in the NextGen Series in 2011–12, a pan-European competition for youth teams.
He became first-team coach in 2014 after the appointment of Ronny Deila as manager, winning the Scottish league championship in each of Deila's two seasons in charge, as well as the Scottish League Cup in 2014–15. He continued in the role under Brendan Rodgers from 2016, and Celtic won domestic trebles in both 2016–17 and 2017–18. In February 2019, Kennedy was promoted to assistant manager when Neil Lennon replaced Rodgers as manager.
After the resignation of Neil Lennon in February 2021, Kennedy was appointed caretaker manager of Celtic.
Charity work
In the summer of 2010, Kennedy joined the board of Directors of the UK based charity Football Aid. Kennedy is also a patron of Les Hoey's Dreammaker Foundation.
Managerial statistics
Honours
Player
Celtic
Scottish Premier League: 2003–04, 2007–08
Manager
Celtic
SPFL Development League: 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14
Scottish Youth Cup: 2011–12, 2012–13
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Airdrie, North Lanarkshire
Scottish footballers
Association football defenders
Celtic F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
English Football League players
Scottish football managers
Scottish Professional Football League managers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Scotland B international footballers
Scotland international footballers
Association football coaches
Association football scouts
Celtic F.C. non-playing staff
| 1 | 1 |
59740288
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detainment%20%28film%29
|
Detainment (film)
|
Detainment is a 2018 Irish short drama film written and directed by Vincent Lambe, about the murder of James Bulger. It was nominated for the Best Live Action Short Film at the 91st Academy Awards.
Plot
A re-enactment partially altered for dramatic purposes of the real-life event of what happened to James Bulger shows 10-year-old boys Jon Venables and Robert Thompson each asked questions in different Liverpool police stations about what happened to James. They constantly blame each other, and flashbacks are shown of their time together with James. Eventually, they are found guilty of murdering James, and both boys are arrested offscreen.
Cast
Ely Solan as Jon Venables
Leon Hughes as Robert Thompson
Will O'Connell as Detective Dale
David Ryan as Detective Scott
Tara Breathnach as Susan Venables
Killian Sheridan as Neil Venables
Reception
Detainment received generally positive reviews from critics with many praising the performances, particularly Solan's, and the handling of its subject matter, although many have criticised Lambe's decision to make the film without the consent of James Bulger's family. In January 2019, it was nominated for the Best Live Action Short Film at the 91st Academy Awards. Denise Fergus, the mother of James Bulger, stated that she was "disgusted and upset" by the film and its subsequent nomination because the film was made without contacting her family. She had previously circulated a petition to have it removed from Oscar consideration, which drew more than 227,000 signatures by 29 January 2019, and wrote to the film's director Vincent Lambe to withdraw it from the Oscars. Lambe said that he would not be doing so, saying "It's like saying we should burn every copy of it. I think it would defeat the purpose of making the film." The film has approval rating from critics on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews, and an average rating of .
Malcolm Stevens, who oversaw the detention of the killers as the former Home Secretary's professional adviser, defended the making of the film in an editorial, saying that it raised questions regarding the treatment of young offenders which he felt "successive governments have striven to avoid".
References
External links
2018 drama films
2018 films
2018 short films
2010s historical drama films
British historical drama films
Drama films based on actual events
English-language Irish films
Films set in 1993
Irish historical drama films
Irish short films
2010s English-language films
2010s British films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyslope%20High%20School
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Sunnyslope High School
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Sunnyslope High School is in the Glendale Union High School District in Phoenix, Arizona and offers courses for grades 9–12.
Description
Sunnyslope was designed by the local architecture firm Edward L. Varney Associates. The construction contract to build the school was awarded to Farmer & Godfrey Construction Co.
Athletics
Recent titles
The boys' basketball team won its first state championship in 2002 and its 2nd in 2009 and were runners-up in 2010 and 2016. In 2017 and 2018, the boys' basketball team won back-to-back 5A titles under coach Ray Portela. Additionally, the volleyball team won titles in 2017, 2014, 2013, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, and 2006 . The boys' and girls' swim teams won titles in 2005, with the boys winning again in 2006. Sunnyslope's girls' badminton team won the 4A state title in 2009 and the 5a title in 2016. and were runners-up in 2010.
Awards and recognition
Sunnyslope High School has been given the "Excelling" status by Arizona in accordance with the No Child Left Behind Act for eight years in a row. Sunnyslope was also named a top high school by the U.S. News & World Report
See also
References
External links
SHS Website
1980 Reunion
Sunnyslope Football
high schools in Phoenix, Arizona
public high schools in Arizona
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Sears
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Bryan Sears
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Bryan Christopher Sears (born March 28, 1982) is an American sprinter who specializes in the 100 meters and 200 metres. He participated in the 1999 World Youth Championships in Athletics, winning silver and bronze, respectively, over these distances.
A native of Hinesville, Georgia, Sears attended Liberty County High School. He beat Jamel Ashley twice during his sophomore year in 1998, the only high school sprinter to do so.
Sears later attended the University of Florida.
References
External links
DyeStat profile for Bryan Sears
Florida Gators bio
1982 births
Living people
People from Hinesville, Georgia
American male sprinters
African-American male track and field athletes
Florida Gators men's track and field athletes
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American men
21st-century African-American men
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20Russia
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Automotive industry in Russia
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Automotive production is a significant industry in Russia, directly employing around 600,000 people or 1% of the country's total workforce. Russia produced 1,767,674 vehicles in 2018, ranking 13th among car-producing nations in 2018, and accounting for 1.8% of the worldwide production. The main local brands are light vehicle producers AvtoVAZ and GAZ, while KamAZ is the leading heavy vehicle producer. Eleven foreign carmakers have production operations or are constructing their plants in Russia.
History
Early history
The Russian Empire had a long history of progress in the development of machinery. As early as in the eighteenth century Ivan I. Polzunov constructed the first two-cylinder steam engine in the world, while Ivan P. Kulibin created a human-powered vehicle that had a flywheel, a brake, a gearbox, and roller bearings. One of the world's first tracked vehicles was invented by Fyodor A. Blinov in 1877. In 1896, the Yakovlev engine factory and the Freze carriage-manufacturing workshop manufactured the first Russian petrol-engine automobile, the Yakovlev & Freze.
The turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was marked by the invention of the earliest Russian electrocar, nicknamed the "Cuckoo", which was created by the engineer Hippolyte V. Romanov in 1899. Romanov also constructed a battery-electric omnibus. In the years preceding the 1917 October Revolution, Russia produced a growing number of Russo-Balt, Puzyryov, Lessner, and other vehicles, held its first motor show in 1907 and had car enthusiasts who successfully participated in international motor racing. A Russo-Balt car placed 9th in the Monte Carlo Rally of 1912, despite the extreme winter conditions that threatened the lives of the driver and riding mechanic on their way from Saint Petersburg, 2nd in the San Sebastián Rally and covered more than 15,000 km in Western Europe and Northern Africa in 1913. The driver of the car, Andrei P. Nagel, was personally awarded by Emperor Nicholas II for increasing the prestige of the domestic car brand.
By 1915, about 1,000 motor vehicles had been built in Russia. Imported vehicles vastly exceeded domestic production, with the latter accounting for less than 10% of total stock by 1914.
In February 1916 the Tsarist government allocated funds for the construction of six automotive plants: AMO in Moscow, Russo-Balt in the village of Fili, the State Plant of Military Self-Propelled Vehicles (KZVS) in Mytishchi, Russian Renault in Rybinsk, Aksai in Nakhichevan-on-Don, and Lebedev in Yaroslavl. None of the plants were completed before the October Revolution.
Soviet era
After the 1917 October Revolution, Russo-Balt was nationalised on 15 August 1918, and renamed to Prombron by the new leadership. It continued the production of Russo-Balt cars and launched a new model on 8 October 1922, while AMO built FIAT 15 Ter trucks under licence and released a more modern FIAT-derived truck developed by a team of AMO designers, the AMO-F-15. About 6,000–6,500 F-15s were built in the years 1924–1931.
In 1927, engineers from the Scientific Automobile & Motor Institute (NAMI) created the first original Soviet car NAMI-I, which was produced in small numbers by the Spartak State Automobile Factory in Moscow, between 1927 and 1931.
In 1929, due to a rapidly growing demand for automobiles and in cooperation with its trade partner, the Ford Motor Company, the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy established GAZ. A year later, a second automobile plant was founded in Moscow, which would become a major Soviet car maker after World War II and earn nationwide fame under the name Moskvitch.
The beginning of the 1960s saw the release of the Moskvitch 408, intended to be an economy car that would spread the use of cars among the population. Other manufacturers such as MZMA, GAZ and ZAZ were offering a variety of cars intended for the mass market. The Soviet government opted to build an even larger car manufacturing plant that would produce a people's car and help to meet the demand for personal transport. For reasons of cost-efficiency, it was decided to produce the car on the basis of an existing, modern foreign model. After considering several options, the Fiat 124 was chosen because of its simple and sturdy design, being easy to manufacture and repair.
The plant was built in just 4 years (1966–1970) in the small town of Stavropol Volzhsky, which later grew to a population of more than half a million and was renamed Togliatti to commemorate Palmiro Togliatti. At the same time, the Izhmash car plant was established in the city of Izhevsk as part of the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant, with the initiative coming from the Minister of Defence and in order to increase the overall production of cars in the Soviet Union. It produced Moskvitchs and Moskvitch-based kombi hatchbacks. KamAZ, Europe's largest heavy truck plant, was built in Naberezhnye Chelny, while GAZ, ZIL, UralAZ, KrAZ, MAZ, BelAZ, and plants continued to produce other types of trucks.
By the early 1980s, Soviet automobile industry consisted of several main plants, which produced vehicles for various market segments. In late 1987, the industry produced 2 million cars, satisfying 45% of the domestic demand.
Post-Soviet adjustments
In the early 1990s the Russian car market expanded dramatically, largely due to a drastic cut on import duties, so that by 1993 foreign-made imported cars made up 49% of all sales. At the same time, Russian automakers were integrated into a market economy and immediately hit by a crisis due to the loss of financial support, economic turmoil, criminal activities and stiffer competition in the domestic market during the 1990s.
The main domestic manufacturers in the early 1990s were AvtoVAZ, AZLK, IzhAvto, GAZ and UAZ. Some of them, like AvtoVAZ, turned to cooperation with other companies (such as GM-AvtoVAZ) in order to obtain substantial capital investment and overcome the crisis.
By 1993, total output was down 14% compared to 1990 levels. Lada's declining sales during the 1990s, and toughening European Union emissions requirements, saw exports to Western Europe discontinued by the end of the decade. Lada had enjoyed particularly strong sales in Britain, peaking at more than 30,000 sales a year in the late 1980s, but had failed to remain competitive with other budget brands over the subsequent few years.
850,000 cars were sold in 1996. As demand kept rising, local brands continued to be affected by a reputation for poor manufacturing quality. It was estimated in 1996 that a newly bought AvtoVAZ car needed $1–2,000 worth of repairs to bring it to a comfortable level of safety.
The 1998 Russian financial crisis affected the industry, as car manufacturers stopped using imported components because of higher import prices. Nevertheless, the industry quickly recovered in subsequent years.
In 1997, car production increased by 13.2% in comparison with 1996 and achieved 981,000. AvtoVAZ and UAZ extended their output by 8.8 and 52 percent respectively, whereas KamAZ doubled it. The overall truck production in Russia increased by 7 percent, reaching 148,000 in 1997 and 184,000 in 2000. The overall production of cars rose from about 800,000 in 1993 to more than 1.16 million in 2000, or 965,000 (969,235 according to OICA) excluding commercial vehicles.
Throughout the 1990s, the unavailability of dealer financing meant that cars had to be purchased in cash.
2000 to 2008
In the early 2000s, the Russian economy recovered. Russian metal companies, having achieved significant profits on foreign markets, sought to invest in Russia's automotive sector. Siberian Aluminum initially bought Pavlovo Bus Factory and accumulated increasing ownership stakes in GAZ. At the same time, Severstal gained control of UAZ.
In 2001 Ford became the first western manufacturer to establish its own assembly plant in Russia, investing $150 million in their Vsevolozhsk factory, manufacturing the Ford Focus, which briefly became the best-selling foreign-branded car in Russia.
In 2003 Russian manufacturers still accounted for over 90% of car production in Russia, either under their own brand or in partnership with a foreign company. The six main automotive groups were AvtoVAZ, SOK Group, Kamaz, RusPromAvto, SeverstalAvto and AZLK. Just 11,000 cars were locally assembled by foreign manufacturers in 2002.
Macroeconomic trends were strong and growing incomes of the population led to a surging demand, and by 2005 the Russian car market was booming. In 2005, 1,446,525 new cars were sold, including 832,200 Russian models and 614,325 foreign ones.
During the first quarter of 2005, foreign-branded cars outsold local ones for the first time in Russian history (including used imports). Foreign companies started to massively invest in production in Russia: the number of foreign cars produced in the Russian Federation surged from 157,179 in 2005 to 456,500 in 2007. To keep up with the competition, local brands launched more modern-looking models, such as Lada Kalina.
The value of the Russian market grew at a brisk pace: 14% in 2005, 36% in 2006 and 67% in 2007—making it the world's fastest growing automotive market by 2008. Foreign companies started flocking to enter Russia in the 2000s, seeing it as a local production location and export powerhouse. Russia's labour, material and energy costs were only 1/6 compared to those in Western Europe.
To boost the market share of locally produced vehicles, the Russian government implemented several protectionist measures and launched programs to attract foreign producers into the country. In late 2005, the Russian leadership enacted legislation to create special economic zones (SEZ) with the aim of encouraging investments by foreign automotive companies. The benefits of operating in the special economic zones include tax allowances, exemption from asset and land taxes and protection against changes in the tax regime. Some regions also provide extensive support for large investors (over $100 million.) These include Saint Petersburg/Leningrad Oblast (Toyota, GM, Nissan) and Kaluga Oblast (VW). Kaluga has been especially successful in attracting foreign companies, as has been Kaliningrad Oblast.
Global financial crisis
Russia's automotive industry was hit hard by the late 2000s recession. Production of passenger cars dropped from 1,470,000 units in 2008 to just 597,000 units in 2009. Lorry production fell from 256,000 to 91,000 in the same period.
In late 2008, the Russian government introduced protectionist measures, worth $5 billion, to improve the situation in the industry. This included $2 billion of bailouts for troubled companies and $3 billion of credits for buyers of Russian cars. Prime minister Vladimir Putin described the move as vital in order to save jobs. The tariffs for imported foreign cars and trucks were increased to a minimum of 50% and go up to 100%. The tariffs are linked to the engine size of the vehicle. The increased duties led to protests in Russian cities, most notably in Vladivostok, where the importation of Japanese cars is an important sector of the city's economy. To compensate for the losses of the Vladivostok businesses, Prime Minister Putin ordered the car manufacturing company Sollers to move one of its factories from Moscow to Vladivostok. The move was completed in 2009, and the factory now employs about 700 locals. It was planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010.
The most efficient anti-crisis measure executed by the Russian government was the introduction of a car scrappage scheme in March 2010. Under the scheme, buyers of new cars could receive a subsidy of up to 600,000 rubles (US$20,000). Sales of Russia's largest carmaker Avtovaz doubled in the second quarter of 2010 as a result, and the company returned to profit.
Recent developments
By the end of 2010, automotive production had returned to pre-crisis levels. Nine out of the ten most sold models in Russia in 2010 were domestically produced, with Avtovaz's Lada models topping the list. In the first 7 months of 2010, sales of Lada cars increased by 60%, the Korean KIA reported a jump of 101%, and Chevrolet's sales rose by 15%.
In 2010, Russia was the world's 15th largest producer of cars. The Russian automotive industry currently (as of 2010) accounts for about 2% of worldwide car production.
The market share of Russian-branded vehicles fell to 34% in 2010 and to 21% in 2012. At the same time, the market share of foreign-branded cars made in Russia kept rising, reaching 45% in 2012. Imported vehicles account for a sizable portion of the Russian automotive market: in 2014 they made up 27% of cars and 46% of trucks.
The 2014 economic crisis led to a new fall in car sales and production levels, and reduced forecasts for future growth.
The number of cars on Russian roads reached 40,629,200 in 2016. Lada cars accounted for 34.6% of the total, down from 41.6% five years earlier. Almost half of those cars were over ten years old, and the single most popular car model was still the classic Lada Riva.
While Chinese cars are a long way off from conquering the market, they have significantly bolstered their positions. The best dynamics are being demonstrated by Chery, while other Chinese brands, such as Haval and Geely, are also gaining popularity in Russia.
In 2022, Russia reduced requirements for airbags and seatbelt pretensioners, anti-lock braking system (ABS) and lowering emissions standards.
Electronic stability control system may also be removed.
Manufacturers
The Russian automotive industry can be divided into four types of companies: local brand producers, foreign OEMs, joint ventures and Russian companies producing foreign brands. In 2008, there were 5,445 companies manufacturing vehicles and related equipment in Russia. The volume of production and sales amounted to 1,513 billion rubles.
Cars with diesel engines are not popular in Russia, accounting for just 7.6% of all sales as of 2015, compared to half of the market in much of Western Europe. There are 145,000 natural gas vehicles in Russia as of 2016, or 0.3% of all vehicles in the country. The sale of leaded gasoline was outlawed in 2003.
Domestic car brands
The four most popular cars in Russia in 2009 were all AvtoVAZ models. The economy car Lada Priora topped the list with 84,779 sold units. Lada Samara was second with 77,679 units sold in Russia, and the classic Lada 2105/2107 was third with sales of 57,499. Lada 2105 was expected to considerably increase sales following the car scrappage scheme launched in March 2010. The higher-end Lada Kalina was the fourth most sold car in Russia in 2009, selling 52,499 units that year.
In the light commercial vehicle sector, the GAZelle van, manufactured by GAZ has been very popular, occupying a market share of 49% in 2009 and selling 42,400 units. The Avtoperevozchik magazine declared GAZelle as the most successful vehicle of 2009 in the Russian automotive market.
The largest company of Russia's automotive industry is Avtovaz, located in the city of Tolyatti. It currently employs more than 130,000 people, and its Lada models dominate the Russian car market. Avtovaz models account for about 50% of Russia's total car production.
Russian car manufacturing companies are represented by two associations, ASM-Holding (АСМ-холдинг) and the Association of Russian Automakers (Объединением автопроизводителей России).
Foreign car brands
Russia's second largest car manufacturer is Avtotor, located in Kaliningrad Oblast. Avtotor performs SKD, CKD or full-cycle assembly of foreign models, such as BMW, Kia, and General Motors' Cadillac and Chevrolet vehicles. In 2009, Avtotor produced 60,000 cars and accounted for 10% of Russian car production.
Avtoframos, the third largest car manufacturer, produced 49,500 cars in 2009. Its plant is located in the south-east part of the city of Moscow. Avtoframos is a joint venture between France's Renault and the Moscow city administration, but is majority owned by Renault. The company manufactures Renault Logan and Renault Sandero models. The ratio of Russian-made parts is 54%. The figure was expected to rise to 74% by 2012.
The fourth and fifth largest carmakers in Russia are Volkswagen and Ford, respectively. In total, the five largest companies of the industry account for 80% of all cars made in Russia. In 2016, Hyundai Solaris became the first foreign-branded car to be the best-selling vehicle in the country since sales statistics began in 1970 ending 45 years of Lada domination.
In 2019 Chinese automaker Great Wall Motors started production of Haval F7 vehicles at a plant in the Tula region of central Russia with a manufacturing capacity of 80,000 cars a year.
Commercial and heavy vehicles
In the heavy vehicle sector, the largest company is the truckmaker Kamaz. It is also one of the largest companies in the whole Russian automotive industry. In 2010, Kamaz sold a total of 32,293 trucks; 28,254 in Russia and 4,039 in foreign countries.
Another very important company is GAZ, which makes vans, trucks and busses, among other products. Its most popular product is the GAZelle van, which has a market share of 49% in the light commercial vehicle market. In 2009, the company launched an improved version, called GAZelle Business.
In the bus sector, the GAZ Group Bus Division occupied a market share of 77%. In 2009 it sold 6,169 buses in the small-class, 1,806 in the medium class and 1,156 in the large class.
Russia's largest tractor maker, and one of the largest machine building companies in the world, is Concern Tractor Plants, located in Cheboksary. The company employs around 45,000 people.
Short-lived projects
The Marussia brand, produced by Marussia Motors, became the first modern sports car and the first supercar produced in Russia. The Marussia B1 was launched on 16 December 2008 in the New Manezh Hall in Moscow. On 10 September 2010 the first Marussia Motors show room opened in Moscow. Marussia Motors was led by Nikolay Fomenko, a notable Russian showman, singer, actor and racer. His company acquired a 'significant stake' in the Virgin Racing Formula One team, which was renamed Marussia Virgin Racing from 2011. This team is to become the first ever Russian-owned team in Formula One. Marussia Motors declared bankruptcy and ceased both support for their F1 team and overall trading in 2014.
Another short-lived project was the Yo-mobile, a city car that could burn both gasoline and natural gas and was connected to a pair of electric motors. The car was introduced on 13 December 2010 in Moscow, a product of a joint venture between Yarovit, a producer of trucks based in St. Petersburg, Russia and the Onexim investment group, headed by Mikhail Prokhorov, who was the leader and financier of the project. In 2014 the entire project was sold to the Russian government for a nominal sum, thus signalling the abandonment of the idea. No actual vehicles other than a few concept cars were ever produced.
Economic and political significance
Russia's automotive industry is a significant economic sector. It directly employs 600,000 people and supports around 2–3 million people in related industries. It is politically a very important part of the country's economy: firstly, due to the large number of employed people and secondly, because many citizens depend on the social services provided by automotive companies. For example, the well-being of the giant AvtoVAZ factory in Tolyatti is massively important to the city or to the region of Samara Oblast. Tolyatti is a typical monotown, a city whose economy is dependent on a single company. The factory employed around 100,000 people of the city's population of 700,000 in 2009.
In 2009, former President Dmitry Medvedev launched the Medvedev modernisation programme, which aims to diversify Russia's raw materials and energy-dominated economy, turning it into a modern high-tech economy based on innovation. Following this, Russia's automotive industry has been in the spotlight due to its great potential for modernisation.
Former Prime Minister and current President Vladimir Putin has taken a personal interest in the automotive industry. In a symbolic gesture of support, Putin made a highly publicized road trip on the new Amur Highway in August 2010, driving 2,165 kilometers in a Lada Kalina Sport. Putin described the car as "excellent, even beyond my expectations", and praised it as "comfortable" and "almost noise-free." The event was intended to show support for AvtoVAZ, which was recovering from the serious economic crisis.
Sales statistics
Top ten manufacturers and car models on the Russian market according to AEB sales figures for 2016:
Manufacturers
Car models
Best-selling model by year
2008: Lada 2105/2107
2009: Lada Priora
2010: Lada 2105/2107
2011: Lada Kalina
2012: Lada Priora
2013: Lada Granta
2014: Lada Granta
2015: Lada Granta
2016: Hyundai Solaris
2017: Kia Rio
2018: Lada Vesta
Factories
Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast
Hyundai: established in 2010, produced over 200,000 vehicles in 2016. As of 2016 the plant is the second largest in Russia, and employs 2,200 workers.
Nissan: started production in June 2009, produced 33,600 vehicles in 2015.
Toyota: manufactured 39,000 vehicles in 2016. Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia (TMMR), 224-ha factory in Shushary laid down in 2005 and launched production on 21 December 2007. In 2007 it produced 20,000 2.4L and 3.5L Toyota Camry vehicles per year.
General Motors: opened in July 2008, closed in 2015.
Scania AB, truck plant Scania-Piter, established in 2002. Produces Scania P, R, G.
MAN Truck & Bus truck plant, established in 2013.
Ford Sollers in Vsevolozhsk: opened in 2002. It was the first foreign-owned car plant to be established in Russia.
Caterpillar Inc. in Tosno, established in 2000, produces rigid dump trucks.
Kaluga
Volkswagen: started production in November 2007, produced 110,000 cars in 2016. A 200 m2 facility with a projected full annual output capacity of 150,000 vehicles, reached during 2010, with employees rising to 3,000. All vehicles produced were initially semi knock downs (SKD), with full production planned to start 2010. Served by Grabtsevo Airport, part of Volkswagen Group Russia (OOO Volkswagen Rus).
Peugeot Citroen Mitsubishi Automotive: opened in April 2010, produced 25,733 vehicles in 2015.
Volvo Vostok truck plant in Kaluga, established in 2009. Produces Volvo FH, Volvo FMX, Volvo FM, Renault Premium, Renault Kerax.
Volga Federal District
Nizhny Novgorod - GAZ, produced 41,691 vehicles in 2015. The plant also produces Volkswagen and Skoda vehicles due to a partnership between Volkswagen Group Rus and GAZ Group.
Tolyatti
AvtoVAZ, produced 356,602 vehicles in 2015.
GM-AvtoVAZ, produced 34,218 vehicles in 2015.
Izhevsk: IzhAvto (Nissan), produced 72,884 vehicles in 2015.
Naberezhnye Chelny: Sollers - Naberezhnye Chelny, produced 10,000 vehicles in 2015.
Yelabuga: Ford Sollers, produced 10,300 vehicles in 2015.
Naberezhnye Chelny: Kamaz truck plant, also produces Mercedes-Benz trucks under a joint venture established in 2010. Produces Mercedes-Benz Axor, Mercedes-Benz Actros, Mercedes-Benz Unimog.
Syzran: JBC truck plant, established in 2014 on the production facilities of the former RosLada plant. Produces JBC SY1041, JBC SY1060.
Moscow and Moscow Oblast
Esipovo, Moscow Oblast: Mercedes-Benz plant under construction.
Khimki: Hino Motors Russia factory, opened in 2017 and started manufacturing trucks in 2019.
Moscow: Renault Russia, produced 73,633 vehicles in 2015.
Rest of Russia
Kaliningrad: Avtotor (Kia, Hyundai, BMW), produced 92,200 vehicles in 2015.
Vladivostok: Sollers JSC (Toyota, Mazda, Ssangyong, Isuzu), produced 31,823 vehicles in 2015.
Cherkessk - Derways (Lifan, Geely, Great Wall Hover, Chery), produced 24,800 cars in 2014.
Argun: ChechenAvto - produced 6,700 cars in 2016.
Yaroslavl, Komatsu Limited established in 2010, produces rigid dump trucks.
Miass, Iveco truck plant (Iveco AMT, former joint venture Iveco-UralAZ) established in 1994. Produces Iveco Trakker, Iveco Stralis.
Uzlovaya: Great Wall Motors plant under construction.
Lipetsk: Lifan plant under construction.
Manufacturers of automobile engines
AvtoVAZ, based in Togliatti and established in 1966. Manufactures gasoline engines for passenger cars under the Lada brand.
Cummins Kama, based in Naberezhnye Chelny and established in 2006 as a joint venture between Cummins and Kamaz. Manufactures diesel engines for trucks under the Kamaz brand.
Ford Sollers, engine plant established in 2015.
Kamaz, based in Naberezhnye Chelny and established in 1969. Manufactures diesel engines for heavy-duty trucks and large buses under the brands KAMAZ, NefAZ, and also for the BTR-80.
Tutaev Motor Plant (TMZ), based in Tutaev and established in 1969. Manufactures diesel engines for heavy trucks under the brands MZKT (MZKT-742910), BAZ.
Ulyanovsk Motor Plant (UMZ), based in Ulyanovsk and established in 1944, part of the GAZ Group. Manufactures gasoline and gasoline-gas engines for light commercial vehicles and SUVs under the brands GAZ (GAZ Gazelle, GAZ Sobol), UAZ (UAZ-3151 military performance).
Volkswagen Group Rus, plant in Kaluga producing 1.6 MPI engines.
Yaroslavl Motor Plant (YaMZ), based in Yaroslavl and established in 1916 (as Autoworks), 1958 (conversion to the production of engines), part of the GAZ Group. Manufactures diesel engines for trucks, small buses, large buses, armored vehicles, armored personnel carriers under the brands PAZ (PAZ-3205, PAZ-4234), LiAZ (LiAZ-5256), BTR-80, GAZ Tigr (AMZ Tigr), BAZ, MAZ, KrAZ, MZKT, BelAZ (younger models with BelAZ-7540-7547 to BelAZ-7547), MoAZ (MoAZ-7505).
Zavolzhye Motor Plant (ZMZ), based in Zavolzhye and established in 1958, owned by UAZ. Manufactures petrol and diesel engines for off-road vehicles, light commercial vehicles and small buses under the brands UAZ, PAZ (PAZ-3203, PAZ-3204, PAZ-3205).
ZiL, based in Moscow and established in 1916. Manufactures gasoline engines for medium trucks under the brands ZiL (ZiL-4331).
Gallery
See also
List of automobile manufacturers of Russia
References
Russia
Industry in Russia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri%20Vershkov
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Dmitri Vershkov
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Dmitri Aleksandrovich Vershkov (; born 27 May 2002) is a Russian football player.
Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League for FC Rotor Volgograd on 24 April 2021 in a game against FC Zenit Saint Petersburg.
References
External links
2002 births
Living people
Russian footballers
Association football defenders
FC Rotor Volgograd players
Russian Premier League players
Russian Football National League 2 players
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4515124
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20blanket
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Electric blanket
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An electric blanket is a blanket that contains integrated electrical heating wires. Types include underblankets, overblankets, throws, and duvets. An electric underblanket is placed above the mattress and below the bottom bed sheet. This is the most common type in the UK and Commonwealth countries, where it is known by default as an "electric blanket"; in the U.S. and Canada, where it is less common, it is called an electric heated mattress pad. An electric overblanket is placed above the top bed sheet, and is the most common type in the U.S. and Canada, where it is called an "electric blanket".
Electric blankets usually have a control unit that adjusts the amount of heat the blanket produces by pulsing current at different intervals. Blankets for two-person beds often have separate controls for each side of the bed. The electric blanket may be used to pre-heat the bed before use or to keep the occupant warm while in bed.
Electric blankets use between 15 and 115 watts.
Some modern "low voltage" electric blankets have thin carbon fiber wires and work on 12 to 24 volts.
Mechanism
Much like heating pads, electric blankets use an insulated wire or heating element inserted into a fabric that heats when it is plugged in. The temperature control unit, located between the blanket and the electrical outlet, manages the amount of current entering into the heat elements in the blanket.
Some modern electric blankets use carbon fiber elements that are less bulky and conspicuous than older heating wires. Carbon fiber is also used as the heating element in many high-end heated car seats. Blankets can be purchased with rheostats that regulate the heat by managing body heat and blanket temperatures, ensuring a comfortable experience.
Safety
Overheating
Newer electric blankets have a shutoff mechanism to prevent the blanket from overheating or catching fire. Older blankets (prior to about 2001) may not have a shut-off mechanism; users run the risk of overheating. Older blankets are considered fire hazards.
Some electric blankets work on relatively low voltage (12 to 24 volts), including those that plug in to ordinary household electrical outlets. In the US, such blankets are sold by Soft Heat, Serta, and Select Comfort. Such blankets also include 12-volt blankets designed for in-car use; they tend to shut off automatically every 45 minutes or so.
Old or damaged blankets are a concern of fire safety officials, due to the combination of heat, electricity, the abundance of flammable bedding material, and a sleeping occupant. In the United Kingdom, it is estimated that 5,000 fires per year are caused by faulty electric blankets,.
Electric blankets also present a burn risk to those who cannot feel pain, such as those with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, or who are unable to react to it, such as small children, quadriplegics, and the elderly.
Cancer
No mechanism by which SLF (Super low frequency)-EMFs (Electromagnetic field) or radiofrequency radiation could cause cancer has been identified. Unlike high-energy (ionizing) radiation, EMFs in the non-ionizing part of the electromagnetic spectrum cannot damage DNA or cells directly. Some scientists have speculated that SLF-EMFs could cause cancer through other mechanisms, such as by reducing levels of the hormone melatonin . There is some evidence that melatonin may suppress the development of certain tumors.
In popular culture
A cartoon electrical blanket with its electrical temperature control acting as an anthropomorphic face named "Blanky" was portrayed in the 1987 Disney film The Brave Little Toaster.
In the 1951 film The Thing from Another World, a haphazardly thrown electric blanket melted the block of ice that encased the alien monster, releasing it.
See also
Bed warmer
Heating pad
Kotatsu, a Japanese item of furniture composed of a table with blankets warmed with an electric heater.
Hot water bottle. This is a container filled with hot water in the evening to keep a bed warm overnight.
References
External links
Safety information from the city of Fairfax, Virginia
Detailed UK study on electric blanket safety (in Internet Archive)
A 1998 CPSC document detailing differences in heating element construction between the US and European electric blankets
Blankets
American inventions
Heating
20th-century inventions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Taylor
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Van Taylor
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Nicholas Van Campen Taylor (born August 1, 1972), known as Van Taylor, is an American businessman and Republican politician from Plano, Texas. He is the U.S. representative for Texas's 3rd congressional district.
The district includes much of Collin County, a suburban county north of Dallas. A veteran of the Iraq War he represented the 8th district in the Texas Senate from 2015 to 2019. He also previously served in the Texas House of Representatives for the 66th district in southwestern Collin County. On March 2, 2022, Taylor admitted to an extramarital affair and announced that he would suspend his reelection campaign and retire at the end of the 117th Congress.
Early life, education, and career
A seventh-generation Texan, Taylor was born in Dallas. He is a descendant of Humble Oil co-founder Robert Lee Blaffer. He grew up in Midland, Texas, where he attended the Hillander School and San Jacinto Junior High School. He graduated from St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. With numerous AP credits, he subsequently graduated in three years from Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, from which he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in history. He earned a Master of Business Administration from Harvard Business School in 2001.
From January 2002 to December 2018, Taylor worked for Churchill Capital Company, a real estate investment banking and principal investment firm, as a real estate investment banker. He previously worked for McKinsey & Company and Trammell Crow Company.
Taylor married Anne Coolidge, a real estate investment manager, in 2004.
Military service
In Iraq, Taylor was assigned to the Marine Corps' Company C, 4th Reconnaissance Battalion and fought with 2nd Force Reconnaissance Company. As a captain, Taylor led missions in advance of Task Force Tarawa during Operation Iraqi Freedom, which detected and defeated several Fedayeen ambushes. He also participated in a casualty evacuation of 31 wounded Marines, transporting them safely to medical treatment.
Taylor's military decorations include the Navy Commendation Medal with "V", the Combat Action Ribbon, and the Presidential Unit Citation. Taylor left the Marine Corps Reserve as a major.
2006 campaign for U.S. House
In 2005 and 2006, Taylor ran for Texas's 17th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives. He won the Republican primary with 54.03% of the vote. With 40.31% of the vote in the general election, he lost to incumbent Democrat Chet Edwards.
Texas House of Representatives
2010 campaign
On December 2, 2009, Taylor announced his candidacy for the District 66 Texas State House seat. Plano city council member Mabrie Jackson had already resigned from the council to enter the House race. On November 30, 2009, incumbent representative Brian McCall announced that he would not run for reelection. Observers speculated that McCall had told Jackson that he would step down so that she could get a head start in the campaign. McCall also endorsed Jackson as his successor.
The candidates in the March 2 Republican primary were Wayne Richards, Jackson, and Taylor. While Jackson earned the largest number of votes (41%) in the primary, she was shy of the 50% plus one vote required to win the nomination outright. Richards promptly endorsed Taylor, who then defeated Jackson in the April run-off election. McCall left the House seat early, and Taylor was sworn into office on April 20, 2010, by Collin County Judge Keith Self.
Texas State Senate
2014 campaign
On August 2, 2013, Taylor announced he would seek the Republican Party's 2014 nomination for the Texas Senate, District 8 seat held by Ken Paxton, who was stepping down to run for state attorney general.
Political positions
Taylor is considered a major ally of the Tea Party movement. He was endorsed by the North Texas Tea Party for his 2014 campaign for Texas Senate, District 8.
In 2017, Taylor introduced legislation to establish a registry of individuals who have been barred from employment at an educational facility. The measure, if adopted, would prevent any school employee, not just administration and faculty, from working at a school if the person is found to have engaged in an improper relationship with a student.
Juneteenth
Taylor was one of two House Republicans to co-sponsor the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act.
Foreign policy
Taylor was among 129 Republicans to oppose President Donald Trump's withdrawal from Syria.
U.S. House of Representatives
Elections
2018
In August 2017, Taylor announced his candidacy for the United States House of Representatives for Texas's 3rd congressional district. Incumbent 13-term Republican Sam Johnson had announced his retirement. Taylor was endorsed by the Club for Growth, a national conservative group, and With Honor, a cross-partisan political group supporting next-generation military veterans. Taylor secured the nomination after easily winning the March 6 primary. He won the November 6 general election with 54.3% of the vote.
Taylor's victory continued a run of Republican control in one of the first areas of Texas to turn Republican. The GOP has held the seat without interruption since a 1968 special election, and Taylor is only the fourth person to represent it since then. At the same time, it was the closest race in the district in over half a century; indeed, it was the first time since the regular 1968 election that a Democrat had crossed the 40% mark.
2020
Taylor was unopposed in the 2020 Republican primary. In the general election, he faced Democrat Lulu Seikaly. Some observers considered him potentially vulnerable due to the district's demographic changes and its high population of college-educated voters, who had been trending away from the GOP in recent years. Taylor was reelected by over 12 percentage points even as President Donald Trump carried the district by only 1.
Tenure
On May 19, 2021, Taylor was one of 35 Republicans to join all Democrats in voting for legislation to establish the January 6 commission meant to investigate the storming of the U.S. Capitol. During his 2022 reelection campaign, this vote became a focal point for conservative critics and his opponents in the Republican primary, despite Taylor's conservative voting record on other issues.
2022 campaign and allegations of infidelity
On February 27, 2022, two days before the Republican primary, right-wing media outlet National File posted an interview with Tania Joya, a British woman then living in Plano, who claimed that she and Taylor had a nine-month sexual affair in 2020 and 2021. Joya is the widow of John Georgelas, an American who gained notoriety for joining the Islamic State (commonly known as ISIS) in 2013, and has been dubbed the "ISIS bride" by the British tabloid press.
Claiming that she and Taylor met during a "reprogramming" session for former jihadists, Joya shared salacious details about the affair and said that Taylor had given her $5,000 for her credit card bills and personal expenses. Her allegations were repeated the next day by Breitbart News and circulated widely on social media. The Texas Tribune could not independently verify any of Joya's claims. In a statement to The Dallas Morning News, Joya said that she was "annoyed at having to see her ex-lover's face on billboards" and approached Taylor's Republican primary opponent Suzanne Harp, hoping that Harp would privately persuade Taylor to drop out of the race, but Taylor did not do so, prompting Joya to make the allegations public.
On March 1, 2022, Taylor won 49% of the vote in the Republican primary, just short of the 50% cutoff to win the election outright, triggering a May 24 runoff election against runner-up and former Collin County judge Keith Self. The next day, in an email to supporters, Taylor announced the suspension of his reelection campaign: "About a year ago, I made a horrible mistake that has caused deep hurt and pain among those I love most in this world. I had an affair, it was wrong, and it was the greatest failure of my life. I want to apologize for the pain I have caused with my indiscretion, most of all to my wife Anne and our three daughters." Taylor is expected to serve the remainder of his current term, but a campaign spokesperson said that Taylor would withdraw from the congressional race. Taylor formally withdrew from the runoff two days later, making Self the Republican nominee by default.
Committee assignment
Committee on Financial Services
Caucus memberships
For Country Caucus, Co-Chair
Problem Solvers Caucus
Republican Study Committee
Electoral history
References
External links
Congressman Van Taylor official U.S. House website
Campaign website
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1972 births
21st-century American politicians
American Episcopalians
American investment bankers
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
Businesspeople from Texas
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
Living people
McKinsey & Company people
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
People from Dallas
People from Midland, Texas
People from Waco, Texas
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Texas Republicans
Texas state senators
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps reservists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba%20skills
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Scuba skills
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Scuba skills are skills required to dive safely using self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba set). Most of these skills are relevant to both open-circuit scuba and rebreather scuba, and many are also relevant to surface-supplied diving. Certain scuba skills, which are critical to divers' safety, may require more practice than is provided during standard recreational training.
Some skills are generally accepted by recreational diver certification agencies as necessary for any scuba diver to be considered competent to dive without direct supervision. Others are more advanced, although some diver certification and accreditation organizations may consider some of these to also be essential for minimum acceptable entry-level competence. Divers are instructed and assessed on these skills during basic and advanced training, and are expected to remain competent at their level of certification, either by practice or refresher courses. Many organizations recommend one of these options if a diver has a lapse of six to twelve months without a dive to qualify for more advanced activities or trainings.
Skill categories include selection, functional testing, preparation and transport of scuba equipment, dive planning, preparation for a dive, kitting up for the dive, water entry, descent, breathing underwater, monitoring the dive profile (depth, time, and decompression status), personal breathing gas management, situational awareness, communicating with the dive team, buoyancy and trim control, mobility in the water, ascent, emergency and rescue procedures, exit from the water, removal of equipment after the dive, cleaning and preparation of equipment for storage and recording the dive, within the scope of the diver's certification.
Basic open circuit equipment
Preparing and dressing in the diving suit
A certified scuba diver is expected to be able to assess what type of diving exposure suit is suitable for the planned dive, to check that it is in safe and usable condition, to check that it is the right size, and to dress correctly in it.
Entry-level skills usually cover wet suits, but in countries where the water and/or weather conditions are cold, dry suit skills may be considered to be entry-level skills. Using a dry suit safely during dives requires specific skills, including equalizing, buoyancy control, inversion recovery, emergency venting, and blowup recovery. Recreational divers trained in warm tropical waters may not acquire diving suit skills.
Preparing the equipment
Divers are personally responsible for the function of their equipment, and when diving as buddies with other divers, they are expected to ensure that they are familiar with any part of the buddy's equipment that they might need to operate in an emergency.
Scuba assembly
The set is usually stored and transported as separate major components: harness, and , buoyancy compensator, and assembled for each use. Correct assembly and function is critical to the dive, and in some cases to the survival of the diver. All certification agencies require the diver to be competent to assemble their own set.
Scuba assembly generally entails mounting the on the harness, connecting the to the cylinder valves, ensuring an uncontaminated and pressure-tight seal, and connecting the low pressure hose to the buoyancy compensator inflation valve. Validating the function of the regulator and inflation valve is part of scuba assembly, and reviewed as part of pre-dive checks. Given a significant interval between assembly and use, the check is commonly done twice.
Pre-dive checks
Pre-dive checks include equipment inspection and testing, and review of the dive plan with the dive team. Such checks can reveal problems that could make it necessary to abort the dive, including some which could be potentially fatal to the diver.
Some pre-dive checks are done as part of donning the dive equipment. Establishing a routine for the order of donning and checking can help avoid skipping critical checks; a written checklist may be more reliable. The risk of skipping a check is increased if the process is disrupted, and it is good practice not to distract a diver unnecessarily during this process. The value of a written checklist increases with the complexity of the equipment used, and if there are distractions.
For a shore entry, kitting up may be broken up into stages, with the suit, scuba set and weights fitted at a convenient place, and the mask and fins upon entering the water. In this case some of the equipment may be checked both when it is donned and again just before committing to the water. If a long surface swim is necessary, the scuba set function and pressure may be checked again just before descent.
Responsibility for pre-dive checks for professional divers is more complex, based on the duty of care, and is usually defined in an organisational operations manual, which may stipulate recorded checklists for the equipment in use and the participation of other diving team members.
Entry and exit
Getting into and out of the water in a range of circumstances appropriate to a certification is a necessary skill. Divers with disabilities or otherwise physically unable to make a safe entry or exit are expected to identify the conditions for which they need help, and to arrange for assistance, or to refrain from diving in those conditions.
The default condition for water entry is with positive buoyancy, but negatively buoyant entry is appropriate in some circumstances, for example given a strong surface current. Negative buoyancy is generally considered a higher risk procedure. It requires the buoyancy compensator and dry suit to be deflated before entry, more precise control of weighting, confidence in the ability to equalise during rapid descent, and the ability to control descent rate and achieve neutral buoyancy without delay. An acceptably safe negative entry requires pre-dive checks on regulator and BC inflation function, and a sufficiently accurate balance of BC and/or suit inflation to ballast dive weights. This becomes more complex when large amounts of breathing gas are carried, as the weighting must allow neutral buoyancy at the shallowest decompression stop when the gas is expended, and the diver is therefore relatively more heavily weighted at the start of the dive.
Common entry and exit points include:
poolside
small boat
large boat
beach or rocky shoreline
jetty or dockside
Into/out of deep water
Into/out of shallow water
surf line
Entries
Standard water entries that are generally taught to entry level divers include:
Stride entry: This is the standard method of entry from a standing position at a moderately low height above sufficiently deep water. The diver simply steps forward and remains upright during the short drop to the water. The fins strike the water first and reduce impact. Depth of immersion can be limited by performing a scissor-kick immediately after striking the water. If an unexpected obstacle is present or the water is shallower than expected, the feet hit it first. The regulator and mask are vulnerable to water impact in this entry technique, so they are held in place with one hand. If the buoyancy compensator is inflated, the buoyancy and drag limit the depth of penetration. The diver may need to quickly clear the area below the entry point so that other divers can follow when there is a large group, or a current.
Seated entry: Sometimes also known as a controlled seated entry or silent entry. This technique is suitable from a platform where the diver can sit facing the water with the legs hanging into the water, like the side of a swimming pool, a floating jetty, or a swim platform on a large boat. It requires sufficient upper body strength to support the divers weight on the arms while rotating to face the platform, then lowering oneself into the water in a controlled manner. The diver sits at the waterside in full equipment with feet over the side in the water, places both hands palm down both on the deck on the same side of the body, and takes their weight on straight arms as they rotate their body to face the platform before lowering themselves into the water.
Backward roll: The backward roll entry is used from small boats where the diver completes the preparations to dive while seated on the side of the boat with their feet on the deck and the water behind them, and is particularly suited to inflatable boats and other small, open vessels with a gunwale freeboard of about half a metre or less. Falling backward into the water from this position is relatively safe and easy, and can be done simultaneously by all the divers seated along the gunwale. The backward roll is suitable when the distance to the water is short, it is safe and comfortable to sit on the side deck, tube or gunwale and the diver will not rotate more than about 120° during the roll. It eliminates the need to stand up and walk to an alternative entry point on a moving platform while encumbered by equipment and can be done with back-mount or side-mount equipment. The back-mounted diving cylinder makes first contact with the water surface, and the more sensitive mask and demand valve, and any other sensitive equipment, are shielded from the initial impact by the diver's body. Care must be taken not to fall on divers already in the water. A multiple diver backward toll entry is usually coordinated by a crew-person, who voices a count-down so all go at the same time. The more delicate and loosely fitted equipment should be held securely in place while rolling. In the case of sling or side-mount cylinders, these should be held in place by the arms to prevent them from hitting the diver in the face.
Forward roll: This is an alternative entry to the stride entry which can be used from a low to moderate height standing position. It is seldom used as the risk of injury, damage or loss of equipment is higher than for the stride entry, and rarely offers advantages. The technique is to stand at the edge of the deck, fully kitted, with the fins beyond the foot pocket overhanging the edge. The diver holds the mask and DV with one hand and bends forward at the hips, keeping the legs straight, curls in the head, and falls forward, rotating so that the top of the back-mounted cylinder strikes the water first.
Ladder descent: A ladder descent is a relatively controlled and low impact entry method. Few ladders are suitable for descending while wearing fins, so they are usually carried over an arm or clipped to the diver, and put on once in the water. Putting fins on in the water can be tricky in a seaway or current, especially for less buoyant fins.
Surf and beach entries: These entries are complicated by breaking waves. A small break is not usually a problem, but a wave with sufficient energy to knock the diver over is usually best avoided by going under it, if it cannot be avoided. The safe limit differs among divers, and depends on the equipment used. Going under the break requires the mask and fins to be worn while the diver breathes through the regulator. It is easier to walk backwards through the broken wave if the fins are worn, and the type and height of break can be important. A plunging breaker is much more difficult and dangerous than a spilling breaker for both entries and exits.
Entry from a steep rocky shore: Depending on the details of the shoreline topography, water depth, and the wave action, the diver may be able to jump in fully kitted, sit at the water's edge to fit mask and fins, then slide or step in, or may have to climb down into the water and fit their fins in the water. Equally important are knowing how to time the entry to minimise the effects of waves, and knowing when entry is unacceptably risky. The skill and fitness of the diver, and the equipment in use all influence the risk, and must be considered.
Jump entries: Jumps from heights of 3 m or more may be taught by some agencies. Relatively high jumps require the diver to strike the water upright with overlapped fins to reduce the risk of knocking them off, and to hold loose equipment in place, particularly the mask and demand valve. Demand valves should be desensitised where possible to reduce the risk of inducing a free-flow. High jump entries may be unsuitable for rebreathers, sidemount configurations or other configurations where a cylinder or other equipment is mounted in a way that may allow it to swing and strike the diver when it hits the water, or where the impact may damage equipment.
Negative entry
Negative entries are entries where the diver has negative buoyancy established before entering the water, allowing immediate descent, which can be useful when it is important to get below the surface as quickly as possible, in the presence of a strong surface current and a small descent target. This procedure requires all pre-dive checks to be done before entering the water, and the consequences of getting buoyancy settings wrong or neglecting a breathing gas setup check can be serious. Failing to connect inflator hoses, zip up a dry suit, or open the cylinder valve sufficiently can quickly lead to an emergency. Other problems can arise if the diver is too negative and has trouble equalising, or sinks so fast that the inflator valves cannot fill the dry suit or BCD fast enough to compensate for the compression of descent.
Exits
Standard exit procedures include:
poolside
pool by ladder
small boat (over the side): heavy equipment is usually removed first and pulled onto the boat by a person onboard. Fins are commonly left on to help boost the diver out of the water. Depending on the height and shape of the boats topsides, the presence and type of handholds, and the skill and strength of the diver, it may be possible to climb out unaided, or may be necessary for one or more persons on the boat to help haul the diver in over the side.
large boat (ladder): An exit by ladder may require the diver to remove their fins first. Fins may then be passed up to someone on the boat, clipped off to the diver, carried hanging over the wrists by the straps, or lifted on board in a net or basket or clipped to a rope with other gear. Depending on circumstances, such as the height of the climb and weight of equipment, the diver may remove other equipment and pass or send it up, or climb the ladder while wearing it. The procedure may be complicated by motion of the boat, waves, or current, as the diver may have difficulty getting back to the ladder if they drift away after removing their fins.
jetty (steps or ladder).
Surf/beach exit
Rocky shore exits.
Breathing from the demand valve
Breathing from a demand valve must be done correctly to make effective use of a limited air supply, and to avoid drowning. Most recreational scuba diving is done with a half mask, so the demand valve is held in the mouth, gripped by the teeth, and sealed by the lips. Over a long dive this can induce jaw fatigue, and for some people, a gag reflex. Various mouthpiece styles are available off the shelf or as customised items, and one of them may work better if either of these problems occurs. Air is inhaled and exhaled through the mouth, and the diver must be able to seal off the nasal passages from the pharynx so that breathing remains possible with a flooded or dislodged mask. Under most circumstances scuba breathing differs little from surface breathing. A full-face mask may allow the diver to breathe through the nose or mouth as preferred.
The demand valve adds a little respiratory dead space to the airway, and the is greater due to hydrostatic pressure differences between the depth of the demand valve and the lungs, and due to cracking pressure and flow resistance in the demand valve. These factors make a slow and deep breathing cycle more energy efficient and more effective at carbon dioxide elimination. Part of the skill is learning to relax under water, part is to minimize effort by learning good buoyancy, trim, maneuvering and propulsion skills and part is to breathe more slowly and deeply. Breathing too slowly or too shallow does not ventilate the lungs sufficiently and risks hypercapnia (carbon dioxide buildup). Breathing effort increases with depth, as density and friction increase in proportion to the increase in pressure, with the limiting case where all the diver's available energy may be expended on the task, leaving none for other purposes. This may cause carbon dioxide buildup. If this cycle is not broken, panic and drowning may follow. The use of a low density inert gas, typically helium, in the breathing mixture can reduce this problem (as well as diluting the narcotic effects of the other gases).
Scuba divers are typically taught to not to hold their breath underwater, as in some circumstances this can result in lung overpressure injury. This is a risk only during ascent, as that is when air expands in the lungs. During ascent the airways must remain open. Holding the breath at constant depth for short periods with a normal lung volume is generally harmless, providing there is sufficient ventilation on average to prevent carbon dioxide buildup, and is a standard practice by underwater photographers to avoid startling their subjects. Breath holding during descent can eventually cause lung squeeze, and may allow the diver to miss warning signs of a breathing gas supply malfunction until it is too late to correct.
Skilled open circuit divers make small adjustments to buoyancy by adjusting their average lung volume during the breathing cycle. This adjustment is generally in the order of a kilogram (corresponding to a litre of gas), and can be maintained for a moderate period, although it is more comfortable to adjust the volume of the buoyancy compensator over longer periods.
The practice of shallow breathing or skip breathing should be avoided as it may cause carbon dioxide buildup, which can result in headaches and a reduced capacity to recover from a breathing gas supply emergency. It is not an efficient method to conserve breathing gas.
The skills appropriate to single and twin hose scuba regulators differ sufficiently to require relearning for a change from one to the other, but twin hose open circuit is obsolescent, and single hose skills are portable between models.
Demand valve clearing and recovery
Divers may remove their demand valves from their mouths under water for several reasons, both intentionally and unintentionally. In all cases, the casing may fill with water that must be removed before the diver can breathe again. This is known as clearing or purging the demand valve. The two clearing techniques for single hose regulators are:
Exhaling through the demand valve with the exhaust valve at the low point displaces the water with exhaled gas. Normal exhalation clears the demand valve with each exhalation provided that no parts of the internal volume are below the exhaust valve.
Blocking the mouthpiece (usually with the tongue) and pressing the purge button displaces the water with gas from the cylinder. If the exhaust valve is at the low point, the water will flow out through the valve. This method is more usual if the diver does not have sufficient breath left to clear by exhalation, as it consumes significant breathing gas, particularly when done frequently.
Divers may become nauseous and vomit underwater. Vomit left inside the DV must be cleared before breathing can resume. In this case it is usual to remove the DV from the mouth, flood it to rinse, and clear using the purge button. The process may be repeated as necessary. If the DV breathes wet after purging, something may be stuck in the exhaust valve. Flooding the DV and clearing again with the mouthpiece blocked usually clears the exhaust valve.
If the DV is dislodged from the diver's mouth unintentionally, it may end up in a place out of view of the diver. Three or more methods aid recovery:
The reach method, (or hose trace method), works in all cases where the DV is not snagged. The diver reaches back over the right shoulder to the hose feeding the DV, loops thumb and fingers round the hose, then slides the hand along the hose, pulling it forward and over the shoulder until the DV arrives in the right hand, after which it can be placed in the mouth.
The sweep method is quick and works in the common scenario in which the DV drops down on the diver's right side, while still draped over the right shoulder. In this situation the diver is usually between face down and upright, and sweeps the right hand across the waist from left to right, and around to the back, remaining in contact with the body or scuba set, and reaching as far back as possible, then straightens the arm backwards and swings it around outwards and forwards in an arc until it is pointing forwards. This captures the hose, moving it where the left hand can find it by sweeping along the arm from the right hand to the neck. This method fails if the DV is on the left side of the cylinder.
The inversion method works best when the DV has swung over to the left side of the cylinder behind the diver's back. The diver simply rolls forward into a head down position with the body near vertical, and relies on gravity to bring the DV down to where it can be captured.
If the diver has difficulty locating the demand valve by these methods, the octopus DV or bailout set can be used in the interim. Occasionally the DV gets snagged in such a way that it cannot be easily recovered. In some cases it may be prudent to abort the dive and surface, but this may not be practicable and it may be necessary to remove the harness partially or completely to recover the primary, after which the harness can be readjusted. A dive buddy can usually find the DV easily. If the DV cannot be reached it is prudent to terminate the dive, as a free-flow could empty the cylinder in minutes.
Mask clearing
Water commonly leaks into the mask, which can interfere with clear vision, and the diver needs to flush the water. Reasons for leakage include poor fit, leaking through hair, facial muscle movement that causes temporary leaks, or impact of external objects against the mask. Most diving masks can fog up due to condensation on the inside of the faceplate. This is avoided by applying an anti-fog surfactant to the inner surface before the dive. Otherwise, the diver can deliberately flood it slightly to rinse off the droplets, and then clear the mask.
Half mask
A half mask is not directly connected to the air supply. The only available source of air to displace the water is the diver's nose. The procedure involves exhaling through the nose into the mask until the water has been displaced by air. During this process, the air must be prevented from escaping at a high point, or the water will not be expelled. If the mask does not fit in such a way that the top of the skirt remains sealed, the diver must press the upper part against the face. A half mask is held in place by a single strap, which though generally reliable and easy to inspect, has been known to fail. The skills are portable between models.
Full-face mask
Several types of full-face mask exist, and the procedure for clearing them depends on the construction. In models that use an internal mouthpiece, the procedure is the same as with a half mask. Others automatically drain through the exhaust port of the demand valve provided the water can get to it. Models that use an oral/nasal internal seal usually drain to the demand valve or an additional drain valve at a low point when the diver's face is roughly upright or face down, and these clear during normal breathing for small leaks, and may be cleared of major flooding by using the DV's purge button to fill the mask with air.
Buoyancy control, trim and stability
Buoyancy control
The diver needs to be able to establish three states of buoyancy at different stages of a dive, using weights and a buoyancy compensator to control buoyancy. In the water the diver adjusts the BC's volume to increase or decrease buoyancy, in response to various effects that alter the diver's overall density.
Negative buoyancy: to descend or settle on the bottom.
Neutral buoyancy: when the diver wants to remain at constant depth.
Positive buoyancy: when the diver wants to float on the surface. A small amount of positive buoyancy my be used to ascend, but it must be constantly and continuously monitored to ensure that ascent does not accelerate to an excessive rate.
To achieve negative buoyancy, divers may need to carry supplemental weight to counteract any excess buoyancy of the diver and buoyant equipment.
Neutral buoyancy matches the average density of the diver and equipment to that of the water. This is achieved by increasing the buoyancy when the diver is too heavy, usually by adding gas to the BC, or decreasing buoyancy when the diver is too buoyant, usually by venting gas from the BC. Any uncompensated change in depth from a position of neutrality accelerates the change, making buoyancy control a continuous procedure—the diving equivalent of balance, in a positive feedback environment.
It is always necessary to vent gas during ascent to maintain a neutral or moderate level of positive buoyancy and control the ascent. Similarly, during a descent, gas must be added to prevent a runaway descent.
Buoyancy control compensates for changes of volume of the diving suit with changes of depth, and changes of mass due to using up the breathing gas.
Trim
Diver trim is the orientation and posture of the body in the water, determined by the distribution of weight and buoyancy along the body as well as by the other forces acting on the diver. The stability and static trim of a scuba diver are important both at the surface and under water. Trim must be maintained under water at neutral buoyancy, while surface trim must be held at positive buoyancy.
When the BC is inflated at the surface to provide positive buoyancy, the centre of buoyancy and centre of gravity of the diver are generally different. The vertical and horizontal separation of these centroids determines the static trim. The diver can usually overcome the trimming moment of buoyancy, which requires directed effort. The diver can adjust trim to suit circumstances such as swimming face down or face up, or remaining vertical. The diver's centre of gravity is determined by the distribution of weight, and buoyancy is determined by the equipment in use, particularly supplemental weights and the buoyancy compensator, which can significantly influence the position of the centre of buoyancy as it is inflated and deflated. Stable trim implies that the centre of buoyancy is directly above the centre of gravity. Any horizontal offset generates a moment that rotates the diver until the equilibrium condition is restored.
In almost all cases, the centre of buoyancy with an inflated BC is nearer the head than the centre of gravity, and BCs are designed to provide this as the default condition, as an inverted diver floating at the surface is at risk of drowning. The offset in the forward/backward axis is quite frequently significant, and is usually the dominant factor in determining static trim. At the surface, it is generally undesirable to be trimmed strongly face down, but it is useful to be able to trim face down at will. Vertical trim is acceptable providing it can be overcome for swimming.
Underwater trim is the diver's attitude (orientation) in the water, in terms of balance and alignment with the direction of motion. The free-swimming diver may need to trim erect or inverted at times, but in general, a horizontal trim has advantages both for reduction of drag when swimming horizontally, and for observing the bottom. A slightly head down horizontal trim allows the diver to direct propulsive thrust from the fins directly to the rear, which minimizes disturbance of sediments on the bottom, and reduces the risk of striking delicate benthic organisms with the fins. A stable horizontal trim requires that diver's centre of gravity is directly below the centre of buoyancy (the centroid). Small errors can be compensated fairly easily, but large offsets may make it necessary for the diver to constantly exert significant effort towards maintaining the desired attitude. The position of the centre of buoyancy is largely beyond the control of the diver, though the may be shifted in the harness by a small amount, and the volume of the BC has a large influence when inflated. Most of the control of trim available to the diver is in the positioning of ballast weights. Fine tuning of trim can be done by placing smaller weights along the length of the diver to bring the centre of gravity to the desired position.
Mobility and maneuvering
The scuba diver usually uses legs and fins to move in the water, occasionally walking on the bottom as required by circumstances. Hands are occasionally used to grasp solid objects to remain in a position in a current, but are generally not used for propulsion and maneuvering by a competent diver, as they are often needed for other purposes while finning. Techniques for effective propulsion using fins include:
Flutter kick and modified flutter kick: Flutter kick is the finning style most frequently used. In its basic form it resembles the flutter kick of surface swimmers, but slower and with a larger stroke to make effective use of the fins' large surface area. The modified flutter kick is done with bent knees, pushing water up and behind the diver to avoid stirring up sediment on the bottom.
Scissor kick: Scissor kick is an asymmetrical stroke also known as split kick. It is similar to the side kick, but with the diver trimmed face downward. It combines characteristics of the flutter kick, in that the stroke is up and down, and the frog kick, in that most of the power is generated in the closing part of the stroke. At the surface the diver can use the same action rotated 90° as a side kick. It is a powerful thruster, but not very fast.
Frog kick and modified frog kick: The frog kick is like the swimming action of a frog or the kick used in breaststroke. Both legs operate together and produce thrust which is directed more consistently backwards than flutter kick, and is suitable for finning near a soft silty bottom as it is less likely to stir up silt and degrade visibility. The modified form is done with bent knees, and though less powerful, produces almost no down-thrust. It is often used in cave diving and wreck diving where silt out can cause dramatic loss in visibility and may compromise the divers' ability to exit the overhead environment.
Dolphin kick: Feet are kept together and moved up and down. This is the only stroke possible with a monofin, and can be effective for the skilled practitioner. It is not good for precise maneuvering. Muscles of the back and abdomen are used.
Techniques for maneuvering using fins include:
Reverse, back, or backward kick is used to swim backwards along the main body axis. It is probably the most difficult finning technique, and is not suited to some styles of fin. The stroke starts with the legs extended backwards at full stretch, heels together and toes pointed . The power stroke involves flexing the feet to extend the fins sideways, feet splayed outwards as much as possible, close to right angles to the legs and pulling the fins towards the body by flexing the legs at the knees and hips in a motion that pulls the diver backwards. Part of the thrust is due to flow across the width of the fins, as they are swept outward and forward. The fins are then pointed backwards to reduce drag, heels moved together, and legs extended to the start position. Fairly stiff, wide bladed fins are reputed to be most suitable for this stroke, which generally produces little thrust for the effort expended, but is the only method of finning which moves the diver backward. Reverse kick is an advanced skill.
Helicopter turn: Rotation around a vertical axis. The diver bends the knees so that the fins are approximately in line with, but raised slightly above the body axis, and ankle movements are used to scull water sideways. The fin is rotated to maximise sideways projected area, then a combination of rotation of the lower leg and knee produces sideways thrust. The fin is feathered to reduce drag for the return stroke. Thrust away from the centerline is more effective for most divers.
Most of these skills are trivially portable between models, with the exception of back kick, which may not work with soft and flexible fins, and monofins, which do not work with finning techniques which require relative movement of the feet.
Ascents and descents
Ascent and descent are the phases of a dive where ambient pressure is changing, and this comes with hazards. Direct hazards include barotrauma, while indirect hazards include buoyancy instability and physiological effects of gas solubility changes, mainly the risk of bubble formation by supersaturated inert gas in body tissues, known as decompression sickness. The skill of equalization is essential to avoid injury during both activities.
Descent
Barotrauma of descent is caused by pressure differences between the increasing ambient pressure and the internal pressure of gas filled spaces of the diver's body and equipment. More complex, but also more straightforward in practice, is buoyancy control and descent rate. The diver must control descent rate by adjusting the buoyancy compensator and, if worn, the dry suit. The diver must be able to limit descent rate to match the ability to equalise, particularly the ears and sinuses, and must be able to stop the descent quickly without going into an uncontrolled ascent. In most cases the bottom provides a physical limit to descent, but this is not always the case, as in a wall dive or blue-water diving. A skilled diver can stop at the desired depth or distance above the bottom, adjust to neutral buoyancy, trim level, and be ready to proceed with the dive.
Ascent
Barotrauma of ascent is caused by the same pressure differences, but during ascent. The two organs most susceptible to barotraumas of ascent are the sinuses and lungs, although both normally equalise automatically during ascent. Problems may arise in the middle ear if the Eustachian tubes become blocked during the dive, and the lungs can be injured if the diver forcibly holds their breath during ascent, which can occur during an emergency free ascent. As lung over-expansion is potentially life-threatening, entry level diver training emphasises developing the practice of not holding breath while diving on scuba, and slow continuous exhalation during emergency ascents. Techniques for clearing blocked Eustachian tubes during ascent are also taught at entry level.
Uncontrolled ascent can increase risk of decompression sickness and lung over-expansion injury even when diving within the no-stop limits of the decompression tables. The skills of controlling buoyancy during ascent are included in all entry level training, but the criteria for competence vary among the certification agencies. Most agencies require the diver to be able to limit ascent rate and to be able to achieve neutral buoyancy at a specified depth during an ascent without significantly overshooting the target depth, while using only a depth gauge or dive computer as a reference to depth and ascent rate, but this is a skill that usually requires more practice than is provided in recreational entry level training. The skills involve venting the buoyancy compensator and dry suit at a rate that provides neutral or slight negative buoyancy at all stages of the ascent, or a slightly positive buoyancy to assist ascent at the desired rate, and neutral buoyancy when a stop is required.
Most dry suits are fitted with an automatic dump valve, which can be adjusted to provide an approximately constant volume of gas in the suit, so the diver can concentrate on controlling ascent rate via the buoyancy compensator. These skills become critical when decompression stops are required, and even divers with excellent buoyancy control make use of aids to reduce risk. Shot lines are used at all levels of diving, and are in common use during entry level training, as a visual aid to ascent rate and depth control, and as a fall-back physical aid. The skills of deploying and using surface marker buoys and decompression buoys are generally considered advanced skills for recreational divers, but may be considered entry level skills for professional divers.
Equalising
During ascent and descent, gas spaces in the diver and diving equipment experience pressure changes that cause the gas to expand or compress where possible, possibly damaging those pressurised spaces. Some spaces, such as the mask, release excess gas when the pressure breaks the seal to the face, but have to be equalised during compression to avert mask squeeze. Others, such as the buoyancy compensator bladder, expand until the over-pressure valve opens. The ears usually vent naturally through the Eustachian tubes, unless they are blocked. During descent they do not typically equalise automatically, and the diver must equalise deliberately.
Communications
Divers need to communicate underwater to co-ordinate their dive, to warn of hazards, to indicate items of interest and to signal distress.
Most professional diving equipment using full-face diving masks and diving helmets includes voice communication equipment, while recreational divers generally rely on hand signals and occasionally on light signals, touch signals and text written on a slate Through-water voice communications equipment is available for recreational diving, but requires full-face masks.
Rope signals can be used by a diver who is connected to another diver or tender by a rope or umbilical. A few codes using "pulls" and "bells" (short tugs, grouped in pairs) are partly standardised. These are mostly used as backup signals by professional divers should voice communications fail, but can be useful to recreational and particularly technical divers, who can use them on their surface marker buoy lines to signal to the surface support crew.
Hand signals are generally used when visibility allows. These signals are often also used by professional divers. A set of instructional hand signals is used during training. Recreational divers are expected to be familiar with the hand signals used by their certification agency. These have to a large extent been standardised internationally and are taught on entry level diving courses. A few additional hand signals are commonly used by technical divers.
Light signals are made using a dive light in dark places with reasonable visibility, although few have been standardised. A light can also be used to illuminate hand signals. There are also a few touch signals used by in situations of extremely low visibility.
Emergency procedures
Procedures for managing reasonably foreseeable emergencies have been developed and standardised, and are included in training when the scope of diving encompassed by the training programme may put the diver at risk of those emergencies, some of which are included in entry level training.
Loss of breathing gas
The diver has a limited ability to survive without breathing gas. Any interruption of the supply for more than a few seconds constitutes a life-threatening emergency. The diver must be prepared to cope with any reasonably foreseeable loss. Temporary interruptions due to flooding or dislodging the demand valve are addressed by recovery and clearing of the demand valve. More extensive interruptions require other skills. Ending the dive with an emergency ascent is appropriate in some circumstances. Other solutions involve accessing an alternative gas supply, either from an alternative source carried by the diver, or from another diver.
Managing regulator malfunctions
There are several ways a regulator can malfunction. Some can be managed to a greater or lesser extent by the diver, but others, like a burst hose are not recoverable during the dive, though on a manifolded twin or a single cylinder with dual regulators, some of the gas can be saved if the cylinder valve is closed in time. Divers should learn the skill appropriate to the equipment they plan to use, so that the best response is possible in case of a malfunction.
Free-flow can be managed by feather breathing (manual cylinder valve operation to control gas flow) if the cylinder valve is easily reached. This is usually limited to side or sling mounted cylinders.
Regulator icing is a problem in cold water, particularly with regulators not rated for cold water operation. Freezing of the water in contact with the first stage can lock the first stage open, initiating a free-flow which will further cool the regutator, The only way it can be stopped is to close the supply valve from the cylinder, at which point the diver must necessarily switch to an alternative regulator supplied by a different cylinder valve. A similar problem can occur with the second stage, and a heavy free flow will commonly cause icing of both stages even in water that is not particularly cold.
Water leaks and wet breathing are usually caused by damage to the second stage regulator exhaust valve, diaphragm, or mouthpiece. The diver should switch to alternative second stage if available, though careful breathing and placement of the tongue in the air path can minimise salt spray aspiration.
Gas leaks – Most leaks cannot be corrected underwater, and the diver should consider the risk of the leak getting worse, when deciding when to terminate the dive.
Excessive work of breathing – Some second stages can be adjusted to reduce breathing effort at depth, others cannot. The diver may have the option to switch to an alternative gas supply or alternative regulator, but should consider the consequences of the problem deteriorating further when deciding whether to terminate the dive.
Juddering, moaning and popping are signs of mechanical problems, some of which may get worse during the dive, but do not themselves constitute an emergency. Popping is usuially a sign of a slow first stage leak.
Emergency air sharing
Emergency air sharing may involve sharing a single demand valve, or one diver providing a secondary air source to another. The gas may be from the same scuba set or from a separate cylinder. The preferred technique of air sharing is donation of a demand valve that is not needed by the donor.
The standard approach is "octopus donation" in which the buddy offers the secondary "octopus" demand valve to the diver in trouble, although this is not universal. A variation on this approach is for the buddy to offer their primary demand valve to the diver in trouble, while switching to the octopus. The reasoning is that this is more likely to calm a diver in trouble, as they will know that the gas will be appropriate for the depth.
Alternatively, two divers can share a single demand valve. This is known as buddy breathing. Buddy breathing is no longer taught as widely, although some groups still teach it. The standard buddy breathing technique is for the divers to alternately breathe from the demand valve, each taking two breaths, although since the receiver is likely to initially be out of breath, he/she may need a few more breaths at first to stabilise.
Once air sharing has been established, the dive terminates, unless the underlying problem can be resolved. Assisted ascents using a secondary demand valve are simpler than buddy breathing ascents, the risk to both divers is lower, gas consumption may be less, and this skill is quicker to learn.
Emergency ascents
An emergency ascent happens when no procedure allows a dive to continue safely.
Emergency ascents are independent ascents, where a single diver manages the ascent alone, or is assisted by another diver, who provides gas, propulsion, buoyancy, or other assistance.
In an emergency ascent the diver initiates the ascent intentionally, and chooses the procedure. Ascents that are involuntary or unintentionally uncontrolled are classed as accidents.
In a buoyant ascent the diver is propelled by positive buoyancy.
In a controlled emergency swimming ascent (CESA) the ascent remains under control and is performed at a safe rate.
In an emergency swimming ascent (ESA) the diver swims to the surface at either negative or approximately neutral buoyancy.
Other forms of ascent which may be considered emergency ascents are:
In a tethered ascent, the diver controls the ascent rate by use of a ratchet reel with the line secured to the bottom. This may be used if weights have been lost at depth and it will not be possible to maintain neutral buoyancy throughout the ascent, and the diver has a decompression obligation. The line must be long enough to reach the surface, and may have to be abandoned.
In a lost mask ascent, the diver surfaces without reading instruments. It may not be possible to accurately monitor depth, rate of ascent or decompression stops. Instead another diver can monitor the ascent, or the diver can use the dive computer's audible alarms to know when to slow down or a tangible indicator such as a DSMB line, shotline or anchor line can regulate the ascent. As a last resort, rising more slowly than the smallest exhaled bubbles is generally safe when decompression stops are not required. A technique for trapping an air bubble at an eye may be used to make occasional instrument checks.
In a lost buoyancy ascent, the diver loses the ability to establish neutral or positive buoyancy without dropping weights. This can be due to a buoyancy compensator failure or dry-suit flood.
Emergency ascent training policy differs considerably among the certification agencies, and has generated controversy regarding risk-benefit. Some agencies consider it irresponsible to fail to teach a skill which could allow a diver to safely manage a foreseeable emergency, others claim the probability of ever needing the skill to be low enough to disregard, and the risk of injury during training to be higher. Accident statistics are inconclusive.
Buoyancy compensator failure
It may be necessary for the diver to establish positive buoyancy if the buoyancy compensator fails. The following methods are available:
A dry suit may be inflated. This increases the risk of inversion and an uncontrolled inverted ascent, so is less risky when done trimmed feet down. The automatic dump valve must be adjusted to retain more gas. This is a preferred method when available, as no equipment is abandoned, and full control of buoyancy is retained throughout the ascent.
Weights may be dropped. Ideally only enough weight to establish neutral buoyancy, but this is not always possible. At the surface, more weight may be dropped at only the cost of the weights. If no weights can be dropped, it may become necessary to abandon the scuba set. This method is not reversible if too much weight is dropped.
Some buoyancy compensators have a backup bladder, which may be inflated if the primary fails. However, if it is possible to unintentionally inflate the backup bladder, it may lead to a runaway buoyant ascent.
A decompression buoy or lifting bag can be deployed on a reel line and the line used to control depth. There are hazards in deployment, but it is a standard procedure, and once the buoy is at the surface, the method allows excellent depth control if the buoy is big enough. The diver can control ascent by controlling the rate at which the line is wound back on the reel. A ratchet reel is preferable for this procedure, as it will not unwind under load unless the ratchet is released. It is necessary to keep the buoy inflated once the diver has surfaced unless another method for providing positive buoyancy is used.
Weights can be removed from the diver and fastened to the end of a reel line clipped to the diver, whereupon the diver lets out line to control rate of ascent. This is the same procedure used to control surfacing when weights are lost and the reel line is tied off to the bottom used in the CMAS self-sufficient diver qualification, but using the weights, which may be recovered later using the reel.
Buoyancy compensator blowup
Given a continuous gas leak into the buoyancy compensator, the diver can continuously dump excess gas while disconnecting the low pressure supply hose. If upright or trimmed even slightly heads-up, this usually allows gas to exit faster than it enters. The ability to disconnect the inflation hose under pressure is an important safety skill, as an uncontrolled buoyant ascent puts the diver at risk of lung overpressure injury, and depending on decompression obligation, at severe risk of decompression sickness. Once disconnected, the diver can neutralise buoyancy by oral inflation or further deflation. If using a full-face mask, the hose can be temporarily reconnected to add gas when needed.
Dry suit flooding
A dry suit leak can range from a trickle to a flood. Two aspects to a catastrophic flood put the diver at risk.
Damage to the lower part of the suit can admit cold water for winter divers, or contaminated water or chemicals for hazmat divers. This may not materially affect buoyancy, and the risk is mainly hypothermia or contamination. A normal ascent is typically feasible, but exiting the water may be difficult due to the weight of trapped water.
Damage to the upper part of the suit can cause a sudden gas venting, significantly or catastrophically reducing buoyancy and triggering uncontrolled descent and flooding. The buoyancy loss may exceed the buoyancy compensator's capacity. The simplest remedy is to drop sufficient weight to allow the buoyancy compensator to function effectively. This requires sufficient detachable weight. Some divers do not prepare for this contingency in their weight distribution, and such planning is not covered by all training standards.
A flooded suit may hold so much water that the diver cannot exit the water because of the weight and inertia. It may be necessary to cut a small slit in the lower part of each flooded leg to drain the water.
Dry suit blowup
The possible consequences of a dry suit blowup are similar to a BCD blowup, and the method of management fairly similar. The instinctive reaction of trying to swim downwards is usually counterproductive, as it will prevent the automatic dump valve from releasing excess gas, while at the same time inflating the suit legs, making it difficult to fin, and if the boots slip off, impossible to fin. The diver must ensure that the dump valve is fully open, at the high point of the suit, and urgently disconnect the inflation hose. Many suits will release air at the neck or cuff seal if those are the highest point of the suit. It may be necessary to descend after this to compensate for rapid ascent, and to do this it may be necessary to dump gas from the BCD. After achieving neutral buoyancy, a normal ascent is usually possible, as it is seldom necessary to add air to the suit during ascent. The type of inflation hose connection can make a large difference to the urgency of the situation. The CEJN connector allows a much faster gas flow than the Seatec quick-disconnect fitting, and the Seatec is considered safer by the DIR community for this reason.
Manifolded twins
One of the standardised configurations used with manifolded twins was developed by the Doing It Right movement for cave exploration. The procedures are in general use by a many technical divers. The diver normally breathes from the right side primary second-stage regulator, mounted on a long hose which is tucked under at the waist and looped behind the head for quick deployment. A secondary second-stage regulator is carried just beneath the chin, suspended by a breakaway elastic loop around the neck, and supplied from the left side first stage cylinder by a shorter hose. The cylinder valves and manifold isolation valve are normally open:
Should another diver experience an out-of-air emergency, the donor diver offers the primary regulator, because it is known to be working correctly. The donor then switches to the secondary regulator. The entire gas supply is available to both divers. The primary hoses are long enough that they are able to separate by a sufficient distance to pass through tight restrictions with the donor ahead of the recipient.
If the primary regulator malfunctions, the diver closes the right-shoulder cylinder valve and switches to the secondary regulator. The entire gas supply remains available.
If the secondary regulator malfunctions, the diver closes the left-shoulder cylinder valve, continuing to breathe through the primary regulator. The entire gas supply remains available.
Cylinder to manifold connection malfunction can result in violent gas loss. Should the right side manifold connection leak, the diver closes the isolating valve to secure the gas in the left cylinder, and continues to use the gas from the right cylinder, switching to the secondary regulator if needed. At least half of the remaining gas volume is available once the isolation valve has been closed.
Should the left side manifold connection leak, the diver closes the isolating valve and switches to the secondary regulator to use the gas in the left cylinder while possible, switching back to the primary regulator after the secondary is exhausted. At least half of the remaining gas is available once the isolation valve has been closed.
Dive management skills
These are the skills of following the dive plan when undesirable events are avoided. They include planning and monitoring the dive profile, gas usage and decompression, navigation, communication, and modifying the plan to suit actual circumstances.
Monitoring depth and time, and decompression status
Whenever a dive may require decompression stops, it is necessary to monitor dive depth and duration to ensure that appropriate decompression procedures are followed if necessary. This process may be automated via a dive computer, in which case the diver must understand how to read the output and respond correctly to the information displayed, and for more complex dive plans, to input the appropriate settings. The display and operation of dive computers is not standardised, so the diver must learn to operate the specific model of computer. Accurate monitoring of depth and time is particularly important when diving using a schedule requiring decompression according to decompression tables, when a diving watch and depth gauge are used.
Undertaking dives with obligatory Decompression stops requires the diver to follow the appropriate decompression profile. This requires the ability to maintain depth for the necessary interval and to ascend at the correct rate. Ideally the diver should be able to do this without a static reference, referring only to instrument displays, but a decompression buoy or shotline may be used to indicate appropriate stopping points, thereby reducing the associated risk. Decompression stops are considered an advanced skill for recreational divers, but may be considered a basic skill for professional divers. Recreational divers are required to be able to avoid incurring a staged decompression obligation as a basic skill.
Breathing gas management
Management of breathing gas during the dive is a critical skill to avoid potentially fatal consequences. For the basic case of no-decompression open-water diving, which allows a free emergency ascent, this requires ensuring sufficient air remains for a safe ascent (plus a contingency reserve) and for the possibility of an assisted ascent, where the diver shares air with another diver. Gas management becomes more complex when solo diving, decompression diving, penetration diving, or diving with more than one gas mixture.
A submersible pressure gauge is used to indicate the remaining gas pressure in each diving cylinder. The amount of available gas remaining can be calculated from the pressure, the cylinder internal volume, and the planned reserve allowance. The time that he diver can dive on the available gas depends on the depth, gas mixture, work load, and the fitness of the diver. Breathing rates can vary considerably, and estimates are largely derived from experience. Conservative estimates are generally used for planning purposes. The diver must turn the dive and start the exit and ascent while there is enough gas to surface safely.
Navigation
The two basic aspects of scuba navigation are surface navigation to find the dive site, and underwater navigation, to find specific places underwater and to reach the ascent point.
Underwater navigation includes observing natural features, operating a compass, estimating distance travelled, and distance lines, used to navigate underwater. Basic navigation is normally taught as part of entry level certification. Advanced underwater navigation is usually part of advanced recreational diver training.
Use of auxiliary equipment
These are generally considered advanced techniques for recreational divers, but basic skills for professional divers.
Bailout to a redundant gas supply: Switching to a bailout cylinder in case of main gas supply failure. Techniques depend on how the cylinder is carried and mask type.
Surface marker buoys: A buoy indicates the position of the to people on the surface. Control of line tension is important to prevent entanglement and snags.
Decompression buoys: Inflatable buoys allow the diver to signal that the ascent has begun, and indicate the position of the diver to people on the surface, often the boat crew who recover the divers after the dive. Deployment skills include controlled inflation, paying out line while avoiding snags and jams, maintaining appropriate depth control during deployment and control of line tension during ascent.
Distance lines: Line carried on a reel or spool and laid out as a guide for the return.
Shot lines: Shot lines are used to allow divers to follow the line and reach the bottom at the right place, and ascend to the surface where the surface crew expects them. The choice, rigging and deployment of shotlines to suit the dive profile and environmental conditions is another skill.
Nitrox diving: The safe use of nitrox mixtures depends on remaining at depths where the partial pressure of oxygen is within acceptable limits, which requires knowledge of the oxygen fraction, which is necessary to calculate the maximum operating depth.
Switching gases for accelerated decompression: This requires positive identification of the appropriate breathing gas in use at any time, as decompression mixtures are typically dangerous to breathe at maximum depth of the dive.
Helium based breathing gases (trimix and heliox): These gases are used to reduce nitrogen narcosis at greater depths, and advanced skills of dive planning, gas switching, dive monitoring and decompression are needed. This is considered advanced skill for both professional and recreational diving.
s and s: The use of a lifeline is a team skill. The diver's line tender controls the deployment and recovery of the line, and ensures that slack is kept to a minimum. The diver informs the tender by line signals when to let out more line and when to pull in line, and must avoid getting the line snagged on underwater obstacles, or inadvertently passing under things which may prevent direct ascent to the surface. Buddy lines may be used to prevent buddy separation in darkness or low visibility. The divers mus be able to release the line at their own end in an emergency, and must avoid getting it snagged on underwater obstacles.
Logging the dive
The diver's log is a record of the diving experience of the owner, and professional divers are required to keep theirs up to date and correctly filled in. This requires the diver to take note of the data required in terms of the logbook data sheets, and fill it in correctly. It is usually required for the diving supervisor to countersign each page of a professional diver's logbook to maintain the it as a legal document. Recreational logbooks are generally not required outside of training, but are recommended as a record of experience, which may be inspected by a service provider as evidence of experience when applying to take further training or participate in dives requiring specific experience. Electronic logs are becoming more popular as the later generation dive computers will download the dive data they collect automatically in a reasonably user-friendly format. Some information must be input by the user, such as the venue, dive buddy and what was seen and done on the dive.
Diver rescue
Diver rescue is the process of avoiding or reducing further exposure to diving hazards and bringing a compromised diver to safety, such as a boat or shore, where first aid can be administered and additional medical treatment is available. Rescue skills are considered by some agencies to be beyond the scope of entry level divers, while others consider them entry level diving skills required as part of the professional skill set for a stand-by diver.
Diver rescue skills include:
Controlled buoyant lift - a technique used to safely raise an incapacitated diver to the surface.
Making the diver buoyant on the surface.
Attracting help
Towing a diver on the surface
Landing the diver.
In-water artificial respiration
CPR
Oxygen first aid
General first aid
More than one technique may be taught for some of these skills.
Dry suits
Skills necessary for the safe use of dry suits include:
Choosing a suit of appropriate size and fit. The suit should allow freedom of movement to work and reach all necessary accessories, valves etc. when worn over suitable undergarments. The seals should be tight enough to seal reliably, but not so tight as to restrict blood flow, particularly the neck seal.
Selecting appropriate undergarments for the water temperature. Undergarments should provide appropriate insulation for the water temperature, fit the diver without constraining movement, fit under the suit comfortably, and provide sufficient insulation in case of a major leak to allow the diver to safely ascend and exit the water.
Inspection of the suit for damage and defects before the dive, zip lubrication, and a check of seal condition.
Putting the suit on without damaging the wrist and neck seals, using a suitable lubricant if applicable, and adjusting the seals to lie smoothly on the skin of the neck and wrists, without folds or leak paths caused by hair or clothing.
Closing the zip correctly to avoid damage or leaks. A smooth pull while supporting the zip, and ensuring that the zip does not snag on ta fold of the suit, undergarments or hair. The sealing surfaces must be free of any contamination which could cause the zip to jam, dislocate or leak.
Removing excess gas after putting on the suit. Usually done by opening the dump valve and squatting down, hugging the knees to compress the suit as much as possible.
Choosing and distributing ballast weight to provide correct trim and buoyancy at the start and end of the dive.
Maintaining an appropriate gas volume in the suit during the dive to avoid suit squeeze or large bubbles of excess air.
Buoyancy control during descent, at constant depth, and during ascent, by adding gas when needed via the inflator valve, and dumping excess, usually by keeping the dump valve high and adjusted correctly.
Inflation and dumping excess gas - setting the auto-dump valve. A correctly set auto-dump valve will seldom require adjustment during ascent.
Maintaining appropriate trim and attitude underwater and at the surface. To a large extent this depends on correct weighting and weight distribution.
Undressing from the suit without damaging zip or seals. Withdrawing the hands through the wrist seals can take some practice. This is a time when seals are easily damaged. A lubricant that does not harm the seal can help.
Post dive cleaning and maintenance.
Managing contingencies:
Connecting and disconnecting a pressurised inflator hose: It is possible, with a little effort, to connect an inflator hose under pressure, as long as the locking balls are free to retract and the locking ring has been slid back to release the balls. It just requires being pushed on far enough that the locking system engages. However, in rare cases the hose end is not entirely compatible with the nipple on the valve, and the incompatible combinations will not connect regardless of whether they are pressurised, so it is important that compatibility is checked on hired or new equipment. If the dry-suit and buoyancy compensator use the same connector, they can be swapped out if one malfunctions. Buoyancy compemsators have an oral inflation option, so if the dry-suit inflator hose does not supply air for any reason during a dive the BC hose can be used, and it will normally be swapped out under pressure, so the cylinder valves do not have to be closed and regulators purged for the swap, which is likely to leave the diver without breathing gas while making the swap. When a hose is connected underwater a small amount of water will be trapped in the connector and blown into the suit when the valve is operated. This is minor issue.
Managing a stuck inflation valve: Inflation valves are quite simple, but can jam open or closed. If the valve jams open and a few pushed don't loosen it up, it will be necessary to disconnect the inflator hose or constantly dump gas from the suit.Depending on the leak flow rate either of these options may work, though a disconnection will usually be safer, and it should not be necessary to add gas to the suit during ascent.
Recovery from inversion.
Recovery from uncontrolled buoyant ascent/blowup.
Managing a leak or flood.
Rebreather
Rebreather skills are necessary when using a rebreather for recreational or technical diving. Due to the technical complexity of mixed gas rebreather design and construction, and the significantly larger number of possible failure modes compared with open circuit diving, the skill set required is more complex and generally requires more training and practice to master. As with most diving equipment, there are preparation skills, in-water standard operating skills, emergency skills and after use maintenance skills involved, all of which may have details specific to the model of rebreather in ise, though there are common principles involved.
Preparing the rebreather: Parts of the rebreather may require assembly before use, after which it must be tested for correct function. The scrubber canister must be filled with the correct amount of absorbent material. Positive and negative pressure tests are typically conducted. The positive pressure test ensures that the unit does not lose gas while in use, and the negative pressure test ensures that water does not leak into the breathing loop where it can degrade the scrubber medium or the oxygen sensors.
Prebreathing the unit (usually for about 3 minutes) shortly before entering the water ensures that the scrubber material warms to operating temperature, and in closed circuit rebreathers, that the partial pressure of oxygen is controlled correctly.
Correct weighting, trim and buoyancy control (different from open circuit).
Ascents and descents
Monitoring oxygen partial pressure: Partial pressure is of critical importance on CCR's and is monitored at frequent intervals, particularly during descent, where oxygen toxicity is possible, and ascent, where the risk of hypoxia is highest.
Monitoring carbon dioxide level: Carbon dioxide buildup is a hazard, and most rebreathers do not provide CO2 monitoring. The diver must watch for indications.
Mask clearing and dive/surface valve draining
Switching to alternative gas supply: Bailout to open circuit is generally considered a good option given any uncertainty about the problem or whether it can be solved. The bailout procedure depends on rebreather details and the bailout equipment. Methods include:
Switch the mouthpiece bailout valve to open circuit.
Open a bailout demand valve already connected to the full face mask, or by nose-breathing, where applicable.
Close and exchange the rebreather mouthpiece for a separate demand valve.
Close the mouthpiece and switch to the mouthpiece of another rebreather.
Bailout ascent: Unless the problem can be corrected quickly and reliably, bailout requires aborting the dive.
Diluent flush: Many diver training organizations teach the "diluent flush" technique as a safe way to restore the mix to an appropriate level of oxygen. It works only when partial pressure of oxygen in the diluent would not cause hypoxia or hyperoxia, such as when using a normoxic diluent and observing the diluent's maximum operating depth. The technique involves simultaneously venting the loop and injecting diluent. This flushes out the old mix and replaces it with a known proportion of oxygen.
Drain the loop: Regardless of whether the particular rebreather has the facility to trap water, it may be necessary to remove excess water from the loop.
After-dive maintenance. Stripping, cleaning and preparation for storage.
Special applications
Special applications require additional skills. In many cases such skills can be shared across applications, with only a few specific to that application. Many underwater work and activity skills are not directly related to the use of scuba equipment.
Example applications:
. The skills of monitoring gas use, and monitoring and control of ascent rate are critical for decompression safety. In open water the use of a decompression buoy to control depth during ascent can significantly reduce risk of accidentally violating decompression obligations.
. It is often critical to diver safety to use the correct gas mixture for the current dive depth when several are carried, and the mixture used can make a large difference to decompression obligation.
. Multiple cylinders may be used to carry a larger supply of gas to extend possible dive duration, or to provide breathing gas appropriate to the depth and for accelerated decompression. The diver must be aware of which mixture is appropriate and which is in use, and be able to make the correct adjustments to decompression procedure to suit the gases.
. In penetration diving the most important specialist skill is the use of guide lines for navigation, to ensure that the divers can find their way out from under the overhead and surface without running out of breathing gas.
Training, assessment and certification
Scuba skills training is primarily provided by practical instruction directed by a registered or certified diving instructor. Additional practice and skills maintenance are the diver's responsibility. Recreational divers may attend refresher courses, which may involve revisions to earlier practices. Service providers such as dive shops and charter boats may require a checkout dive for divers unfamiliar with the region, or who haven't dived for some time. The checkout dive allows the diver to demonstrate basic skills relevant to the expected conditions.
It is the individual diver's responsibility to maintain sufficient skill and fitness to dive safely and not endanger themselves or others, and to judge whether they are ready to handle the anticipated conditions.
Recreational diver training
Many recreational diver training organizations offer diver training. Successful completion is shown by the issuance of a "diving certification", also known as a "C-card", or qualification card.
Recreational diver training courses range from minor specialties which require one classroom session and an open water dive, and which may be completed in a day, to complex specialties which may take days to weeks, and require classroom sessions, confined water skills training and practice, and an open-water dives, followed by assessment of knowledge and skills. Accurate schedules are generally only available from the specific school or instructor who presents that course, as this will depend on local conditions and other constraints.
The initial open water training for a person who is medically fit to dive and a reasonably competent swimmer is relatively short. Many dive shops in popular holiday locations offer courses intended to teach a novice to dive in a few days, which can be combined with diving on the vacation. Other instructors and dive schools provide longer and more thorough training.
Diving instructors affiliated to a diving certification agency may work independently, or through a university, a dive club, a dive school or a dive shop. They offer courses that satisfy the standards of a certification organization.
Technical diver training
Technical diver training generally follows a similar pattern to recreational training, but provides more theoretical information, and in many cases, an exhaustive level of skill training, with higher standards for assessment, as the risks are higher and the necessary competence to manage reasonably foreseeable contingencies is more complex.
Professional diver training
Professional diver training is typically provided by schools affiliated to or approved by one or more commercial, scientific or other professional diver certification or registration organisations Professional diver training standards require significantly higher skill level than recreational certification. The professional diver is expected to manage most contingencies and still perform the planned work under difficult conditions. Professional training may include confidence training or stress training, where simulated emergencies are enacted, or unlikely contingencies are simulated, to develop the diver's confidence in their ability to safely manage contingencies. The amount of time spent on skill and confidence development is generally proportional to the length of the training programme, as basic skills are usually learned fairly quickly.
Skills retention
Although many scuba skills are safety critical, most are straightforward and are easily retained once learned, given occasional practice. The routine skills that are exercised on most dives or every dive are usually well retained, but emergency skills may be seldom practiced outside of the training environment, and are consequently often poorly retained and inadequate in the face of a real emergency. Even in the training environment they are not often overlearned to the point of integrating with the divers muscle memory. In many cases it is likely that if an emergency occurs during a dive under stressful conditions, the diver will be unable to manage the challenge safely. Refresher training is recommended by some training agencies when the diver has not dived for an arbitrary period, such as six months, but the actual need for relearning is not so easily identified, and checkout dives are a common requirement of service providers for divers without a convincing logbook showing recent appropriate experience.
References
See also
Underwater diving procedures
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son%20of%20the%20Dragon%20%28film%29
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Son of the Dragon (film)
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Son of the Dragon is the first Hallmark Movie Channel original television film. It premiered on Hallmark Movie Channel on Wednesday, April 2, 2008, and helped launch the new channel. It was also the first movie for either of the two American cable networks to be shot and shown in HDTV.
Plot summary
The classic Arabian Nights tale "The Thief of Bagdad" is retold and relocated to ancient China.
D.B. (or "Devil Boy") (John Reardon) was abandoned at birth and rescued from the docks of Shanghai to grow into an impetuous thief who steals to provide food for the street children he considers his family. Now the young man and his wise partner Bird (David Carradine), have their eyes on stealing the royal court's jewels. They devise a plan to get into the court by wooing the Governor's daughter, Princess Li Wei (Desiree Siahaan) with whom he is immediately attracted to. However, they are met with strong competition from other potential suitors, especially the Prince of the North (Rupert Graves) who is the Governor's personal choice. The Princess, however, finds D.B. most intriguing and manages to convince her father to challenge all her suitors with rigorous trials to prove their worth.
As various suitors proceed with the tests put before them, the Princess sends along her lady-in-waiting, Ting Ting (Theresa Lee), disguised as a man to keep D.B. safe. However, the Princess doesn't know that Ting Ting already knows D.B. and has her own secret feelings for him.
Cast
John Reardon as D.B. (or "Devil Boy")
David Carradine as Bird
Desiree Ann Siahaan as Princess Li Wei
Rupert Graves as The Prince of the North
Theresa Lee as Ting Ting
Kay Tong Lim as Governor
Eddy Ko as Lord Shing
Michael Chow as Bo
Filming locations
Filming took place in Hengdian TV City, China, and Yong Kang Shiguliao Film and Television Studio in Zhejiang Province, China. The location houses an exact replica of the Forbidden City.
Home Media
This film was released in DVD format in October 2007, with English audio, no subtitles, and a running time of 174 min., by RHI Entertainment. In July 2015 it was released in DVD format by Mill Creek Entertainment, with English audio, no subtitles, and a running time of 178 min.
See also
Hallmark Movie Channel
References
External links
Son of the Dragon at RHI Entertainment
Son of the Dragon at Hallmark Channel's Press Site
2008 television films
2008 films
Hallmark Channel original films
English-language Canadian films
Sonar Entertainment miniseries
2008 drama films
Canadian drama television films
American drama television films
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph%20Luetgert
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Adolph Luetgert
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Adolph Louis Luetgert (December 27, 1845 – July 7, 1899) was a German-American businessman in Chicago, Illinois, convicted of murdering his second wife Louisa Bicknese in 1897 and dissolving her body in a sausage vat filled with lye at his A.L. Luetgert Sausage & Packing Company.
Luetgert, born in Gütersloh, Westphalia (now Germany), moved to Chicago in the 1870s. He married Louisa Bicknese on January 18, 1878, some months after his first wife died. They had four children together. Luetgert had founded his own business, the successful A.L. Luetgert Sausage & Packing Company, and was considered the "sausage king" of Chicago.
Prosecuted by State's Attorney Charles S. Deneen, later a two-term governor of Illinois, Luetgert was convicted and sentenced to life in prison on February 9, 1898. He died in prison a year and a half later.
After the trial was publicized, rumors spread that Luetgert had ground up his wife's remains as sausage and sold this "sausage" to unknowing consumers. Sales of sausage in Chicago dropped off for a while. The tale was later proved false, as her body was shown to have been dissolved and the remains mostly burned, but the legend persists to this day. Another common legend related to the murder is that the ghost of Louisa Luetgert haunts the old factory grounds and the couple's former home in Chicago.
Early life
Adolph Louis Luetgert, born on December 27, 1845, was originally named Adolph Ludwig Lütgert. He was born in Gütersloh, located in the province of Westphalia, which is now a part of Germany. His parents, Christian Heinrich Lütgert and Margreta Sophia Severin, had a total of sixteen children; twelve other sons and two daughters. Adolph was the fourth born in the family. He had a twin brother named Heinrich Friedrich "Fritz" Luetgert, who died in 1894 or 1895. While Adolph Luetgert and his twin were growing up, their father dealt with animal hides and tallow wool, as well a dabbling in real estate.
Luetgert's schooling lasted from about the age of seven until the age of fourteen, as was typical of the time for tradesmen's sons. He worked as an apprentice under Ferdinand Knabel, who taught him about the tanning business. During his apprenticeship, Luetgert continued to live in Westphalia, and lived with his boss instead of his family. After working for Knabel for two and a half years, Luetgert began to travel around Germany, working wherever he could. At the age of nineteen, Luetgert traveled to London, England, where he stayed for about six months. He left because he was unable to find a job other than scrubbing restaurant floors.
Life in America
Luetgert immigrated to New York City around 1865 or 1866, when he was about twenty years old. He had heard that thousands of his countrymen were going to America with very little money but were able to find work. With about thirty dollars to his name, Luetgert boarded a ship bound for the United States.
After a short time in New York, Luetgert traveled to Quincy, Illinois, to join some friends of his eldest brother Henry, who were living there. He stayed in Quincy for about four months before moving to Chicago in search of a job at a tannery, which he found at Union Hide and Leather Company. Luetgert did not have a steady job or constant pay at the tannery, so he began also to take on random jobs such as working as a moving man. From 1867 to 1868, Luetgert worked at another tannery called Engle, Crossley & Co. He next worked at a tannery called Craig, Clark & Company, but returned to the Engle tannery, working there until 1872. He had saved four thousand dollars and started his own business, initially dealing in liquor before starting his eponymous sausage company in 1879.
Luetgert married his first wife, Caroline Roepke, on April 13, 1872, at Chicago, Illinois; their two sons, Max and Arnold, were born there in 1873 and 1875. Caroline died on November 17, 1877. He married his second wife Louisa Bicknese, two months after Caroline's death, on January 18, 1878. Luetgert fathered a total of six children—two with Caroline and four with Louisa. Only three of these children survived past the age of 2.
Murder and police investigation
Louisa Luetgert was reported as missing on May 1, 1897. Adolph Luetgert told their children that their mother had gone to visit her sister on the previous night but never came back. After a few days, Louisa's brother, Diedrich Bicknese, went to the police to report her disappearance. Luetgert told the police that she ran away with another man.
During their investigation, the police learned that the couple had a history of domestic violence and that they fought on a regular basis. According to a source, Luetgert had financial difficulties during the Panic of 1896. He had started courting a rich widow whom he planned to marry once he got rid of his wife.
The police discovered that on the night of May 1, 1897, the night Louisa disappeared, she was seen entering the sausage factory with her husband at 10:30pm. A watchman from the factory confirmed the account, saying that Luetgert gave him an errand to run and told him that he could take the rest of the night off. The police also came across bills that documented Luetgert having bought arsenic and potash the day before the murder. Due to all the accumulated evidence, they were convinced that Luetgert had killed his wife, boiled her in lye, and disposed of her remains by burning them in the factory furnace.
The officers started searching in the furnace, where they found burned foul sausages and human remains. They also found two of Louisa's rings, including one that had the initials "LL" engraved on it. Bone fragments identified by a forensic anthropologist included metatarsal bones, toe phalanx, and the head of rib. Due to the overwhelming evidence, Luetgert, still claiming his innocence, was arrested and tried.
Trials
Luetgert's first murder trial began in August 1897 and took place in the Cook County courthouse with Judge Richard Tuthill presiding. Luetgert was defended by William Vincent and prosecuted by State's Attorney Charles S. Deneen. The latter was later elected as governor of Illinois for two terms, and as US Senator for Illinois.
The prosecution presented bone fragments and the ring inscribed "LL", recovered from one of the grinders in Luetgert's sausage factory, as its main evidence that Louisa had been killed there. The defense argued that Louisa Luetgert had left her house freely on May 1, 1897, citing many claims of people around the US who said that they had seen her after the trial began. During the trial, observers thought that Luetgert seemed unconcerned and overly confident that he would be found innocent. The jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict, resulting in a hung jury.
The case was retried in January 1898 at the same courthouse. The prosecution used George Amos Dorsey, an anthropologist from the Field Columbian Museum in Chicago, as an expert witness to prove that the bones found were human. This time, the jury came to a unanimous verdict that Luetgert was guilty. Luetgert was convicted and sentenced to life in prison on February 9, 1898. Eighteen months later, on July 7, 1899, Luetgert was found dead in his cell at the Illinois State Penitentiary. The official cause of death was "fatty degenerative heart disease".
This case was one of the first trials to be widely covered by the media. Newspapers from Chicago reported on it daily, and some of the reporters tried to eavesdrop on the jury deliberations. It is credited with making murder trials a subject of general interest in the media. This case also was one of the earliest to use an anthropologist as a forensic expert in a trial.
Myths about Mrs. Luetgert
There were many "sightings" of Louisa Luetgert after the trial began. She was sighted in twelve different states but never found. One of the most famous myths was that she was seen boarding a ship in New York bound for Europe. When Adolph Luetgert heard this, he said that he thought she was definitely fleeing the country. Louisa, however, was never reported as seen outside the United States.
The factory
Some claim that the Luetgert factory burned to the ground in 1902. Robert Loerzel documented that the factory still stands, although a fire took place there on June 26, 1904. Today, the factory stands on the south side of the 1700 block of West Diversey Parkway. It has been converted into residential condominiums.
References
External links
Kelleher, "Dark Destinations — The A. L. Luetgert Sausage and Packing Company", The Cabinet website
Troy Taylor, "The Sausage Vat Murder", Weird and Haunted Chicago website, 2001
1845 births
1899 deaths
Murder in Illinois
American people of German descent
Businesspeople from Chicago
American people convicted of murder
German people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American food company founders
Incidents of domestic violence
19th-century American businesspeople
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19069427
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunion%20Hill
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Reunion Hill
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Reunion Hill is a 1997 album by singer-songwriter Richard Shindell. It was Shindell's third and final studio album for Shanachie Records. Allmusic calls the album "songcraft at its finest." The album includes a cover of "I'll Be Here in the Morning" by Townes Van Zandt who died earlier that same year.
Shindell composed the title song in 1996 for Joan Baez,
who later included it on her Gone From Danger album. It was also covered by Fairport Convention on their 2011 CD Festival Bell and Show of Hands on their 2012 album Wake the Union. The song is written from the perspective of a Civil War widow.
Track listing
All songs by Richard Shindell except where noted
"The Next Best Western" – 4:35
"Smiling" (Larry Campbell, Shindell) – 4:43
"May" – 4:37
"I Saw My Youth Today" – 3:18
"Reunion Hill" – 4:28
"Beyond the Iron Gate" – 5:24
"Darkness, Darkness" (Jesse Colin Young) – 3:56
"Money for Floods" – 3:46
"Easy Street" – 3:58
"The Weather" – 3:49
"I'll Be Here in the Morning" (Townes Van Zandt) – 4:18
Personnel
Musicians:
Richard Shindell – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmony, percussion
Larry Campbell – acoustic, electric and baritone guitars, bouzouki, mandolin, pedal steel, lap steel, fiddle, percussion
Lucy Kaplansky – harmony
Frank Vilardi – drums, percussion
Radoslav Lorković – piano, Hammond B3, harmonium, accordion
Dave Richards – electric and upright bass
Robby Walsh – Bodhran
Teresa Williams – harmony
Production
Produced by Larry Campbell
Recorded by Tim Conklin at Sorcerer Sound New York City
and by Al Hemberger, Matt Baxter and Roy Matthews at The Loft Bronxville, New York
Mixed at The Loft by Larry Campbell, Al Hemberger, and Richard Shindell
References
External links
Reunion Hill page at richardshindell.com
1997 albums
Albums produced by Larry Campbell (musician)
Richard Shindell albums
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19327051
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20and%20exploration%20of%20the%20Solar%20System
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Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
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Discovery and exploration of the Solar System is observation, visitation, and increase in knowledge and understanding of Earth's "cosmic neighborhood". This includes the Sun, Earth and the Moon, the major planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, their satellites, as well as smaller bodies including comets, asteroids, and dust.
In ancient and medieval times, only the Sun, Moon, five classical planets and comets were visible to the naked eye, along with phenomena now known to take place in Earth's atmosphere, like meteors and aurora. Ancient astronomers were able to make geometric observations with various instruments. The collection of precise observations in the early modern period and the invention of the telescope helped determine the overall structure of the solar system and discover new planets and asteroids. Telescopic observations resulted in the discovery of more planets and asteroids and moons, and determination of the distances to some other stars. The composition of stars and planets was investigated with spectroscopy. Observations of Solar System bodies with other types of electromagnetic radiation became possible with radio astronomy, infrared astronomy, ultraviolet astronomy, X-ray astronomy, and gamma-ray astronomy.
Robotic space probes, the Apollo program landings of humans on the Moon, and space telescopes have vastly increased human knowledge about atmospheric, geologic, and electromagnetic phenomena on other planets, giving rise to the new field of planetary science.
The Solar System is one of many planetary systems in the galaxy. The planetary system that contains Earth is named the "Solar" System because the local star, the Sun, is named Sol, after the Latin word for Sun, "solis". Anything related to the Sun is called "solar"; for example, stellar wind from the Sun is called solar wind.
Pre-telescope
The first humans had limited understanding of the celestial bodies that could be seen in the sky. The Sun, however, was of immediate interest, as it generates the day-night cycle. Even more, the dawn and sunset always take part at roughly the same points of the horizon, which helped to develop the cardinal directions. The Moon was another body of immediate interest, because of its higher visual size. The Lunar phases allowed to measure time in longer periods than those of days, and predict the duration of seasons.
Prehistoric beliefs about the structure of the universe were highly diverse, often rooted in religious cosmology, and many are unrecorded. Many associated the classical planets (those visible with the naked eye) with deities. Systematic astronomical observations were performed in many areas around the world, and started to inform cosmological knowledge. Early historic civilizations in Egypt, the Levant, pre-Socratic Greece, Mesopotamia, and Ancient China, recorded beliefs in a Flat Earth. Vedic texts proposed a number of shapes, including a wheel (flat) and a bag (concave). Ancient models were typically geocentric, putting the Earth at the center of the universe, though the Vedic texts likely promote a spherical earth, which they refer to as bhugol (or भूगोल in Hindi and Sanskrit), which literally translates to spherical land or earth. Some traditions in Chinese cosmology proposed a surface to which planets and the Sun and Moon were attached; another proposed they were free-floating.
One important discovery made at different times in different places is that the bright planet sometimes seen near the sunrise (called Phosphorus by the Greeks) and the bright planet sometimes seen near the sunset (called Hesperus by the Greeks) were actually the same planet, Venus.
Though unclear if motivated by empirical observations, the concept of a Spherical Earth apparently first gained intellectual dominance in the Pythagorean school in Ancient Greece in the 5th century BC. Meanwhile, the Pythagorean astronomical system proposed the Earth and Sun and a Counter-Earth rotate around an unseen "Central Fire". Influenced by Pythagoran thinking and Plato, philosophers Eudoxus, Callippus, and Aristotle all developed models of the solar system based on concentric spheres. These required more than one sphere per planet in order to account for the complicated curves they traced across the sky. Aristotelian physics used the Earth's place at the center of the universe along with the theory of classical elements to explain phenomena such as falling rocks and rising flames; objects in the sky were theorized to be composed of a unique element called Aether (classical element). A later model developed by Ptolemy attached smaller spheres to a smaller number of large spheres to explain the complex motions of the planets, a system known as deferent and epicycle. Published in the Almagest, this model of celestial spheres surrounding a spherical Earth was reasonably accurate and predictive, and became dominant among educated people in various cultures, spreading from Ancient Greece to Ancient Rome, Christian Europe, the Islamic world, South Asia, and China via inheritance and copying of texts, conquest, trade, and missionaries. It remained in widespread use until the 16th century.
Various astronomers, especially those who had access to more precise observations, were skeptical of the geocentric Ptolemaic model and proposed alternatives, including the heliocentric theory (now known to be correct) where the planets and the Earth orbit the Sun. Many proposals did not diffuse outside the local culture, or did not become locally dominant. Aristarchus of Samos had speculated about heliocentrism in Ancient Greece; in Al-Andalus, Arzachel proposed that Mercury orbits the Sun, and heliocentric astronomers worked in the Maragha school in Persia. Kerala-based astronomer Nilakantha Somayaji proposed a geoheliocentric systems, in which the planets circled the Sun while the Sun and Moon and stars orbiting the Earth. Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus developed a system called Copernican heliocentrism, in which the planets and the Earth orbit the Sun, and the Moon orbits the Earth. Though the by-then-late Copernicus' theory was known to Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, he did not accept it, and proposed his own geoheliocentric Tychonic system. Brahe undertook a substantial series of more accurate observations. German natural philosopher Johannes Kepler at first worked to combine Copernican system with Platonic solids in line with his interpretation of Christianity and an ancient musical resonance theory known as Musica universalis. After becoming an assistant for Brahe, Kepler inherited the observations and was directed to mathematically analyze the orbit of Mars. After many failed attempts, he eventually made the groundbreaking discovery that the planets moved around the Sun in ellipses. He formulated and published what are now known as Kepler's laws of planetary motion from 1609 to 1615. This became the dominant model among astronomers, though as with celestial sphere models, the physical mechanism by which this motion occurred was somewhat mysterious and theories abounded.
It took some time for the new theories to diffuse across the world. For example, with the Age of Discovery already well underway, astronomical thought in America was based on the older Greek theories, but newer western European ideas began to appear in writings by 1659.
Telescopic observations
Early telescopic discoveries
The invention of the telescope revolutionized astronomy, making it possible to see details about the Sun, Moon, and planets not available to the naked eye. It appeared around 1608 in the Netherlands, and was taken up by Kepler and many other astronomers.
Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei was an early user and made prolific discoveries, including the Phases of Venus, which definitively disproved the arrangement of spheres in the Ptolemaic system.
Galileo discovered that the Moon was cratered, that the Sun was marked with sunspots, and that Jupiter had four satellites in orbit around it. Christiaan Huygens followed on from Galileo's discoveries by discovering Saturn's moon Titan and the shape of the rings of Saturn. Giovanni Domenico Cassini later discovered four more moons of Saturn and the Cassini division in Saturn's rings.
Around 1677, Edmond Halley observed a transit of Mercury across the Sun, leading him to realise that observations of the solar parallax of a planet (more ideally using the transit of Venus) could be used to trigonometrically determine the distances between Earth, Venus, and the Sun. In 1705, Halley realised that repeated sightings of a comet were recording the same object, returning regularly once every 75–76 years. This was the first evidence that anything other than the planets orbited the Sun, though this had been theorized about comets in the 1st century by Seneca. Around 1704, the term "Solar System" first appeared in English.
Newtonian physics
English astronomer and mathematician Isaac Newton, incidentally building on recent scientific inquiries into the speed at which objects fall, was inspired by claims by rival Robert Hooke of a proof of Kepler's laws. Newton was able to explain the motions of the planets by hypothesizing a force of gravity acting between all solar system objects in proportion to their mass and an inverse-square law for distance - Newton's law of universal gravitation. Newton's 1687 Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica explained this along with Newton's laws of motion, for the first time providing a unified explanation for astronomical and terrestrial phenomena. These concepts became the basis of classical mechanics, which enabled future advancements in many fields of physics.
Discovery of additional planets
The telescope made it possible for the first time to detect objects not visible to the naked eye. This took some time to accomplish, due to various logistical considerations such as the low magnification power of early equipment, the small area of the sky covered in any given observation, and the work involved in comparing multiple observations over different nights.
In 1781, William Herschel was looking for binary stars in the constellation of Taurus when he observed what he thought was a new comet. Its orbit revealed that it was a new planet, Uranus, the first ever discovered telescopically.
Giuseppe Piazzi discovered Ceres in 1801, a small world between Mars and Jupiter. It was considered another planet, but after subsequent discoveries of other small worlds in the same region, it and the others were eventually reclassified as asteroids.
By 1846, discrepancies in the orbit of Uranus led many to suspect a large planet must be tugging at it from farther out. Urbain Le Verrier's calculations eventually led to the discovery of Neptune. The excess perihelion precession of Mercury's orbit led Le Verrier to postulate the intra-Mercurian planet Vulcan in 1859, but that would turn out not to exist: the excess perihelion precession was finally explained by Einstein's general relativity, which displaced Newton's theory as the most accurate description of gravity on large scales.
Further apparent discrepancies in the orbits of the outer planets led Percival Lowell to conclude that yet another planet, "Planet X", must lie beyond Neptune. After his death, his Lowell Observatory conducted a search that ultimately led to Clyde Tombaugh's discovery of Pluto in 1930. Pluto was, however, found to be too small to have disrupted the orbits of the outer planets, and its discovery was therefore coincidental. Like Ceres, it was initially considered to be a planet, but after the discovery of many other similarly sized objects in its vicinity it was reclassified in 2006 as a dwarf planet by the IAU.
Discovery of the solar system as one among many
Although it is debatable when the Solar System was truly "discovered", three 19th century observations determined its nature and place in the Universe beyond reasonable doubt. First, in 1838, Friedrich Bessel successfully measured a stellar parallax, an apparent shift in the position of a star created by Earth's motion around the Sun. This was not only the first direct, experimental proof of heliocentrism, but also revealed, for the first time, the vast distance between the Solar System and the stars. Then, in 1859, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, using the newly invented spectroscope, examined the spectral signature of the Sun and discovered that it was composed of the same elements as existed on Earth, establishing for the first time a physical similarity between Earth and the other bodies visible from Earth. Then, Father Angelo Secchi compared the spectral signature of the Sun with those of other stars, and found them virtually identical. The realisation that the Sun was a star led to the hypothesis that other stars could have systems of their own, though this was not to be proven for nearly 140 years.
Observational cosmology began with attempts by William Herschel to describe the shape of the galaxy. In 1785, he proposed the Milky Way was a disk, but assumed the Sun was at the center. This heliocentric theory was overturned by galactocentrism in the 1910s, after more observations by Harlow Shapley placed the Galactic Center relatively far away.
Extrasolar planets and the Kuiper belt
In 1992, the first evidence of a planetary system other than our own was discovered, orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12. Three years later, 51 Pegasi b, the first extrasolar planet around a Sunlike star, was discovered. NASA announced in March 2022 that the number of discovered exoplanets reached 5,000, of several types and sizes.
Also in 1992, astronomers David C. Jewitt of the University of Hawaii and Jane Luu of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology discovered 15760 Albion. This object proved to be the first of a new population, which became known as the Kuiper belt; an icy analogue to the asteroid belt of which such objects as Pluto and Charon were deemed a part.
Mike Brown, Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz announced the discovery of Eris in 2005, a scattered disc object initially thought to be larger than Pluto, which would make it the largest object discovered in orbit around the Sun since Neptune. New Horizons fly-by of Pluto in July 2015 resulted in more-accurate measurements of Pluto, which is slightly larger, though less massive, than Eris.
Observations by spacecraft
Since the start of the Space Age, a great deal of exploration has been performed by robotic spacecraft missions that have been organized and executed by various space agencies.
All planets in the Solar System have now been visited to varying degrees by spacecraft launched from Earth. Through these uncrewed missions, humans have been able to get close-up photographs of all the planets and, in the case of landers, perform tests of the soils and atmospheres of some.
The first artificial object sent into space was the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1, launched in 1957, which successfully orbited Earth until 4 January the following year. The American probe Explorer 6, launched in 1959, was the first satellite to image Earth from space.
Flybys
The first successful probe to fly by another Solar System body was Luna 1, which sped past the Moon in 1959. Originally meant to impact with the Moon, it instead missed its target and became the first artificial object to orbit the Sun. Mariner 2 was the first planetary flyby, passing Venus in 1962. The first successful flyby of Mars was made by Mariner 4 in 1965. Mariner 10 first passed Mercury in 1974.
The first probe to explore the outer planets was Pioneer 10, which flew by Jupiter in 1973. Pioneer 11 was the first to visit Saturn, in 1979. The Voyager probes performed a grand tour of the outer planets following their launch in 1977, with both probes passing Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980–1981. Voyager 2 then went on to make close approaches to Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989. The two Voyager probes are now far beyond Neptune's orbit, and are on course to find and study the termination shock, heliosheath, and heliopause. According to NASA, both Voyager probes have encountered the termination shock at a distance of approximately 93 AU from the Sun.
The first flyby of a comet occurred in 1985, when the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) passed by the comet Giacobini–Zinner, whereas the first flybys of asteroids were conducted by the Galileo space probe, which imaged both 951 Gaspra (in 1991) and 243 Ida (in 1993) on its way to Jupiter.
Launched on January 19, 2006, the New Horizons probe is the first human-made spacecraft to explore the Kuiper belt. This uncrewed mission flew by Pluto in July 2015. The mission was extended to observe a number of other Kuiper belt objects, including a close flyby of 486958 Arrokoth on New Year's Day, 2019.
As of 2011, American scientists are concerned that exploration beyond the Asteroid Belt will hampered by a shortage of Plutonium-238.
Orbiters, rovers and landers and flying probes
In 1966, the Moon became the first Solar System body beyond Earth to be orbited by an artificial satellite (Luna 10), followed by Mars in 1971 (Mariner 9), Venus in 1975 (Venera 9), Jupiter in 1995 (Galileo), the asteroid 433 Eros in 2000 (NEAR Shoemaker), Saturn in 2004 (Cassini–Huygens), and Mercury and Vesta in 2011 (MESSENGER and Dawn respectively). Dawn is orbiting the asteroid–dwarf planet Ceres as of 2015.
The first probe to land on another Solar System body was the Soviet Luna 2 probe, which impacted the Moon in 1959. Since then, increasingly distant planets have been reached, with probes landing on or impacting the surfaces of Venus in 1966 (Venera 3), Mars in 1971 (Mars 3, although a fully successful landing didn't occur until Viking 1 in 1976), the asteroid 433 Eros in 2001 (NEAR Shoemaker), and Saturn's moon Titan (Huygens) and the comet Tempel 1 (Deep Impact) in 2005. The Galileo orbiter also dropped a probe into Jupiter's atmosphere in 1995, this was intended to descend as far as possible into the gas giant before being destroyed by heat and pressure.
, three bodies in the Solar System, the Moon, Mars and 162173 Ryugu have been visited by mobile rovers. The first robotic rover to visit another celestial body was the Soviet Lunokhod 1, which landed on the Moon in 1970. The first to visit another planet was Sojourner, which travelled 500 metres across the surface of Mars in 1997. The first flying probe on in solar system is Vega balloons, while first powered flight was undertook by Ingenuity. The only crewed rover to visit another world was NASA's Lunar Roving Vehicle, which traveled with Apollos 15, 16 and 17 between 1971 and 1972.
Spacecraft exploration
Overview of some missions to the Solar System.
See also the categories for missions to comets, asteroids, the Moon, and the Sun.
Crewed exploration
The first human being to reach space (defined as an altitude of over 100 km) and to orbit Earth was Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut who was launched in Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961. The first human to walk on the surface of another Solar System body was Neil Armstrong, who stepped onto the Moon on July 21, 1969 during the Apollo 11 mission; five more Moon landings occurred through 1972. The United States' reusable Space Shuttle flew 135 missions between 1981 and 2011. Two of the five shuttles were destroyed in accidents.
The first orbital space station to host more than one crew was NASA's Skylab, which successfully held three crews from 1973 to 1974. True human settlement in space began with the Soviet space station Mir, which was continuously occupied for close to ten years, from 1989 to 1999. Its successor, the International Space Station, has maintained a continuous human presence in space since 2001. In 2004, U.S. President George W. Bush announced the Vision for Space Exploration, which called for a replacement for the aging Shuttle, a return to the Moon and, ultimately, a crewed mission to Mars.
Exploration by country
Legend:
☄ - orbit or flyby
Ѫ - successful landing on an object
⚗ - sample return
⚘ - crewed mission
ↂ - permanent inhabited space station
Exploration survey
Bodies imaged up close:
Sample return
Moon (Misc. missions including Apollo, Luna and Chang'e)
Comet dust (Stardust)
Solar wind (Genesis)
Asteroid (Hayabusa and Hayabusa2)
See also: Meteorites and Cosmic dust
See also
List of Solar System probes
Timeline of space exploration
Timeline of spaceflight
Timeline of Solar System exploration
References
Bibliography
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16853115
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Steele
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Brian Steele
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Brian Steele is an American actor who has had many roles as monsters and creatures on television and in films. In 2018, he appeared as The Robot in Lost in Space. Steele stands at 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m).
Career
On television, Steele was the third (of three) actor to play the Bigfoot called Harry in the series Harry and the Hendersons, starting in 1992, before moving on to play creatures in theatrical motion pictures, with roles like Mr. Wink in Hellboy 2: The Golden Army wearing over 130 pounds of makeup. Steele has portrayed Drake Beast in Blade: Trinity, Sammael in Hellboy, Lycan werewolves in Underworld and Underworld: Rise of the Lycans, William Corvinus in Underworld: Evolution, T-600 in Terminator Salvation, Berzerker Predator in Predators, and a Bigfoot in the Eduardo Sánchez horror-thriller film Exists.
Personal life
Filmography
References
External links
(archived by archive.is) official website
American male film actors
Living people
Male actors from Michigan
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Milford, Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Stakes%20Duel
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High Stakes Duel
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High Stakes Duel is an American poker television program that airs on PokerGO, and premiered on July 30, 2020. The original series was announced by PokerGO on July 22, 2020, and would see two players play heads-up No-Limit Hold'em in a poker tournament format to decide a winner.
The show is filmed exclusively in the PokerGO Studio at ARIA Resort & Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, and is aired on PokerGO and PokerGO's YouTube channel.
For each round of High Stakes Duel there are three episodes - The Hype Show, The Weigh-In, and the actual match between the two players. Ali Nejad and Nick Schulman host The Hype Show, while Schulman sits with both players for The Weigh-In. For the match, both Nejad and Schulman provide commentary. For Round 3 of High Stakes Duel II, Maria Ho filled in for Schulman.
The winner of High Stakes Duel receives the High Stakes Duel Championship Belt.
Format
The first round of High Stakes Duel has a $50,000 buy-in with the two players involved playing No-Limit Hold'em in a poker tournament format to decide the winner who advances to Round 2. The player that lost the match has the first option to challenge the winner to a rematch in Round 2 where the stakes will double to $100,000. If the player lost decides not to challenge, then the challenger seat is open to any player. The stakes double each round, and in order for a player to walk away with the prize pool, they must win three consecutive matches before Round 6, or two consecutive matches from Round 5 onwards.
Results
History
After premiering on July 30, 2020, High Stakes Duel is now into the third series as Phil Hellmuth looks to defend his back-to-back series wins against Fox Sports 1's Nick Wright.
High Stakes Duel I
Round 1 of High Stakes Duel premiered on July 30, 2020, with Phil Hellmuth and Antonio Esfandiari facing off in the inaugural match of this PokerGO original series with each player buying in for $50,000.
Esfandiari took the early lead in the match before Hellmuth turned the tide and mounted a comeback. The final hand saw Hellmuth win a race holding pocket sevens against Esfandiari's queen-jack. Following the match, Esfandiari immediately issued his challenge for Round 2.
Round 2 of High Stakes Duel aired on September 24, 2020, with Hellmuth and Esfandiari putting up the $100,000 buy-in each. The two went back-and-forth throughout the match before Esfandiari's jack-ten couldn't outdraw Hellmuth's king-ten. Like in Round 1, Esfandiari challenged for the final time.
Round 3 of High Stakes Duel aired on October 21, 2020, with Hellmuth and Esfandiari playing for $400,000 having each bought in for $200,000. Hellmuth dominated Esfandiari throughout the match as the final hand saw Esfandiari all-in with ace-three against Hellmuth's ace-ten. Both players flopped an ace, and Esfandiari's chop outs never fulfilled as he was handed his third consecutive loss to Hellmuth. Esfandiari was out of challenges, and with Hellmuth having the option to cash out the $400,000 prize pool or take on a new challenger in Round 4, Hellmuth decided to cash out and was crowned the High Stakes Duel winner and awarded the High Stakes Duel Championship Belt.
High Stakes Duel II
High Stakes Duel II was announced in March 2021 with a highly anticipated match between the defending champion Phil Hellmuth and his newest challenger Daniel Negreanu. Round 1 of High Stakes Duel II premiered on March 31, 2021, with Hellmuth and Negreanu each buying in for $50,000. Negreanu dominated the match from the start before Hellmuth mounted an epic comeback that saw him as low as 7,000 of the 100,000 chips in play. Once the tide had turned and Negreanu was short, he would run into Hellmuth's pocket nines and fail to improve. Negreanu immediately challenged Hellmuth for Round 2.
Round 2 of High Stakes Duel II aired on May 5, 2021, with Hellmuth and Negreanu each buying in for $100,000. Unlike the previous match, this one saw many lead changes between Hellmuth and Negreanu before the final hand saw Hellmuth shove ace-four and Negreanu called with a pair. Hellmuth would make a runner-runner flush and secure his second consecutive victory over Negreanu.
Round 3 of High Stakes Duel II aired on June 23, 2021, with Hellmuth and Negreanu buying in for $200,000 each. The long battle would see just a few lead changes before the final hand saw both players turn a gutshot straight. Hellmuth held the higher superior, and with all the chips in the middle, Negreanu was unable to find a chop on the river to lose his third consecutive match against Hellmuth. Negreanu was out of challenges, and like in High Stakes Duel, Hellmuth elected to cash out the $400,000 prize pool instead of taking on a new challenger in Round 4.
High Stakes Duel III
High Stakes Duel III was announced in June 2021 on PokerGO's video podcast No Gamble, No Future. The show was set to reveal Phil Hellmuth's opponent for High Stakes Duel III, and No Gamble, No Future hosts Jeff Platt and Brent Hanks introduced Fox Sports 1's Nick Wright as Hellmuth's Round 1 opponent. Round 1 of High Stakes Duel III premiered on July 28, 2021, with Hellmuth and Wright each buying in for $50,000. Wright took the early lead in the match before Hellmuth staged a comeback before the final hand saw both players turn a flush with Hellmuth's being superior. Wright announced via Twitter that he would not challenge Hellmuth for Round 2.
Tom Dwan was revealed as Hellmuth's Round 2 opponent which premiered on August 25, 2021 with each buying in for $100,000. The Round 2 match began with Dwan taking the early lead before it rotated back-and-forth between both players. Dwan would push Hellmuth off a small pair and then make a straight against his bluff to take his biggest lead in the match. Hellmuth eventually sunk down to around 20 big blinds before he limped with pocket aces. Dwan flopped a pair and the rest of the chips entered the middle with Hellmuth at-risk. Dwan turned two pair, and when Hellmuth failed to improve on the river, he was dealt his first High Stakes Duel loss.
Round 3 of High Stakes Duel III was announced for January 26, 2022, with Dwan and Hellmuth buying in for $200,000 each. Hellmuth would rejoin the winner's circle when he shoved all-in with ace-king and Dwan called all-in with pocket eights. A king landed on the flop, and Hellmuth advanced into Round 4.
Dwan was originally scheduled to play Hellmuth in Round 4, but due to a scheduling conflict, backed out. Dwan's replacement would be announced as Scott Seiver, and the two would face off on May 17, 2022. Both players battled back and forth during Round 4 before Hellmuth flopped two pair against Seiver's top pair. All the money went in, and when Seiver was unable to improve, it would be Hellmuth advancing to Round 5.
During the 2022 World Series of Poker, Hellmuth announced via Twitter that he would face Seiver in August in the Round 5 match for $1,600,000.
References
Poker television shows
Television shows set in Las Vegas
Poker in North America
2020 American television series debuts
Poker in Las Vegas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirbelia%20rubiifolia
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Mirbelia rubiifolia
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Mirbelia rubiifolia, commonly known as heathy mirbelia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a diffuse, spreading shrub with narrowly egg-shaped to linear, sharply-pointed leaves and clusters of pink to purple flowers.
Description
Mirbelia rubiifolia is a diffuse, spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of up to and has angular stems, sometimes covered with soft hairs pressed against the surface. Its leaves are arranged in whorls of three, and are narrowly egg-shaped to lance-shaped or linear, mostly long, long and sharply pointed, on a petiole up to long. The upper surface has a conspicuous network of veins and the lower surface sometimes has a few scattered hairs. The flowers are arranged in clusters in leaf axils or in racemes on the ends of branches on silky-hairy pedicels up to long. The sepals are long and joined at the base, the upper two lobes almost completely fused. The petals are long and pink to purple, rarely white, the standard petal kidney-shaped and the keel much shorter than the wings. Flowering occurs from October to December and the fruit is a oval pod about long.
Taxonomy
Heathy mirbelia was first formally described in 1804 by Henry Cranke Andrews who gave it the name Pultenaea rubiaefolia in The Botanist's Repository for New, and Rare Plants, from material that had been taken to England and cultivated by Lee and Kennedy in Hammersmith in 1792. James Edward Smith changed the name to Mirbelia reticulata in 1805, noting that "[t]he leaves are elegantly reticulated with transverse veins, as if stitched with thread" but the name is illegitimate. In 1832, George Don changed the name to Mirbelia rubiifolia in A General History of Dichlamydeous Plants.
The specific epithet (rubiifolia) refers to the resemblance of its leaves to those of the genus Rubus.
Distribution and habitat
Heathy mirbelia is found in sclerophyll forest and woodlands, as well as in heath on sandy soils on the coast or tablelands, often in areas liable to inundation. It is found from Croajingolong National Park in Victoria northward through New South Wales to Queensland.
Use in horticulture
Mirbelia rubiifolia is rarely cultivated, but adapts well to a part-shaded spot in a subtropical garden. Supplementary water in dry spells is beneficial. It can be an untidy and scrambling shrub which can look better with pruning.
References
Mirbelioids
rubiifolia
Fabales of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Flora of Victoria (Australia)
Plants described in 1804
Taxa named by Henry Cranke Andrews
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal%20%28cricket%29
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Appeal (cricket)
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In cricket, an appeal (locally known as a “Howzat”) is the act of a player (or players) on the fielding team asking an umpire for a decision regarding whether a batter is out or not. According to Law 31 of the Laws of Cricket, an umpire may not rule a batter out unless the fielding side appeals for a decision. However, in practice most umpires will give a batter out to an obvious bowled or caught. On many occasions when a batter has otherwise technically been out, the fielding team has not realised, so neglected to appeal, and so the umpire has not declared them out. An appeal may be made at any point before the bowler starts their run-up for the next ball.
Cricket rules
According to the Laws of Cricket, an appeal is a verbal query, usually in the form of, "How's that?" to an umpire. Since the taking of a wicket is an important event in the game, members of the fielding team often shout this phrase with great enthusiasm, and it has transmuted into the slightly abbreviated form, "Howzat?", often with a greatly extended final syllable. Sometimes one or other syllable is omitted entirely, the player emitting an elongated cry of simply "How?" or "Zat?". Sometimes, players may turn to the umpire and simply just shout or cheer. Players often also raise their arms or point towards the umpire as part of the appeal.
Although technically an appeal is required for the umpire to make a decision, in practice it is often obvious to all that a batter is out, and the batter may walk off the field without waiting for the decision of the umpire. This is often the case when a batter is out bowled or to an obvious catch. However, the batter is always entitled to stand their ground and wait for a decision from the umpire. In cases where they consider they might not be out, such as a catch taken low near the grass or where it is not clear whether the ball hit the bat, batsmen will not take the walking option. It is then up to the fielding team to appeal for a decision. Sometimes a batter will walk even when it is not clear to others that they are out, if in their own mind they are certain they were out; this is considered to be the epitome of sportsmanship.
Decisions
Some decisions, such as leg before wicket, always require an appeal from the fielding side and the umpire's decision, as no batter will preempt the umpire on what, in practice, requires fine judgment of several factors. Run-outs and stumpings are usually appealed and are decided by an umpire, unless the batter is very clearly out of their ground and obviously out. Appealing differs vastly from sledging in the context that appealing is not supposed to be offensive, intimidating or directly taunting to the other team, and is more of a celebration to the appealing team. However, excessive appealing is specifically against the ICC's Code of Conduct.
Unsportsmanlike appealing
Under the ICC Cricket Code of Conduct, it is considered unsportsmanlike to:
appeal excessively;
appeal in an intimidating manner towards an umpire; or
appeal under the knowledge that the batter is not out.
Any instances of such behaviour are punishable by awarding penalty runs, as adjudicated and imposed by the umpires, or fines or match bans, as adjudicated and imposed by the match referee.
See also
Appeal play - a similar concept in baseball
Cricket terminology
Umpire Decision Review System
References
Cricket terminology
Cricket laws and regulations
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2421352
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Questor%20Tapes
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The Questor Tapes
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The Questor Tapes is a 1974 American made-for-television sci-fi drama film about an android (portrayed by Robert Foxworth) with incomplete memory tapes who is searching for his creator and his purpose. Conceived by Gene Roddenberry, who is credited as executive consultant, the script is credited to Roddenberry and fellow Star Trek alumnus Gene L. Coon. The pilot was directed by Richard Colla.
A novelization, written by D. C. Fontana (another Star Trek alumnus), was dedicated to Coon, who died before the program was broadcast.
Plot
Project Questor is the brainchild of the genius Emil Vaslovik, Ph.D., a Nobel laureate. Vaslovik had developed plans to build a superhuman android. A team of the world's foremost experts is able to build the android even though they do not understand the components with which they are working — they are only able to follow the instructions and install the parts left by Vaslovik, who has disappeared. Attempts to decode the programming tape were worse than merely unsuccessful—they also erased approximately half of the tape's contents. They decide to substitute their own programming, over the objections of Jerry Robinson (Mike Farrell), the only team member who had actually worked with Dr. Vaslovik. He is overruled by the head of the project, Geoffrey Darrow (John Vernon). When the android's body has been finished, the new tape is loaded, but with no apparent results. In desperation, Robinson persuades Darrow to allow Vaslovik's tape — what remains of it — to be loaded. Again, the team is disappointed, as there appears to be no response.
Once left alone, the android comes to life. It adds various cosmetic touches to a previously featureless outer skin, transforming itself from an "it" to a "him", and he (Robert Foxworth) then leaves the laboratory to visit Vaslovik's office and archives; it is there that he first identifies himself as "part of Project Questor". The android then seeks out Robinson, whom he forces to accompany him in a search for Vaslovik, with Darrow in pursuit of both, following a minuscule datum in his original programming.
Questor (who becomes more "human" as the story progresses) only knows that it has something to do with an "aquatic vehicle" — a boat — and that if he does not find Vaslovik before the end of a countdown, the nuclear generator in his abdomen will overload and explode. Vaslovik had programmed this into him to prevent his creation from being misused, and time is running out. The pair, traveling to England, escape from custody and travel to the home of Lady Helena Trimble (Dana Wynter), who had known and worked with Vaslovik. (Her name was an homage to Bjo Trimble, who had led the fan campaign to keep Star Trek on the air.) After Robinson refuses Questor's naïve suggestion that the scientist seduce Lady Helena as a way to get information, Questor announces that he will make the attempt, adding, "I am fully functional."
Just as Questor deciphers the clues and tells Robinson that he knows where Vaslovik is, he is machine gunned by a British soldier in a park, whereupon he returned to the laboratory. Robinson repairs Questor, and Darrow gives him two options: If Robinson puts a homing transmitter inside the android, they will be given a plane to go find Vaslovik, but if Robinson refuses, the android will simply be flown to a safe location where the explosion will not endanger anyone. Robinson implants the beacon, and they jet off to Mount Ararat; the "boat" imperative, as Questor had realized just minutes before being shot, had referred to Noah's Ark.
Robinson and Questor reach a cave concealed inside Mount Ararat with seconds to spare. Questor's timer is made safe, and he has found Emil Vaslovik (Lew Ayres), who tells Questor and Robinson that he, too, is an android. Questor is the last of a series, going back to "the dawn of this world," left there by "Masters" to serve and protect mankind. They functioned by a law which Vaslovik quotes to Questor:
Each of the Masters' previous androids had a lifespan of several hundred years, at the end of which each assembled its replacement. The unexpected, rapid advent of nuclear physics and the radioactive fallout from above-ground nuclear testing had damaged Vaslovik. Questor's design corrected these failures, and finally Vaslovik is able to die in peace, after asking Robinson to help Questor learn about humanity.
Darrow, having followed the pair, has heard enough to know how important it is that Questor be allowed to fulfill his mission. Unfortunately, he has brought the military with him to destroy the android. The cynical Darrow believes that this is proof that humanity does not deserve Questor's help. Questor convinces him otherwise.
Deciding to sacrifice his own life for Questor's sake, Darrow takes the transmitter and leaves, telling the military commander that not only Vaslovik had gone insane, but also that the android has escaped, and to send in jet fighters when the beacon signal is picked up. He then takes off in the jet that Questor and Robinson had used, turning on the transmitter as he goes so that they will think that the android is aboard.
Robinson and Questor, now outside the cave, look up into the sky. Robinson tells Questor that he cannot see anything, to which the android replies, "I wish that I could not." This is notably his first verbal expression of emotion, Questor's first visual expression of emotion had occurred when his timer had been made safe; he had then regarded Robinson with a smile. The plane is then destroyed, killing Darrow. Questor and Robinson begin their mission together.
Cast
Robert Foxworth as Questor
Mike Farrell as Jerry Robinson
John Vernon as Geoffrey Darrow
Lew Ayres as Dr. Emil Vaslovik
James Shigeta as Dr. Chen
Robert Douglas as Dr. Michaels
Dana Wynter as Lady Helena Trimble
Majel Barrett as Dr. Bradley
Ellen Weston as Allison Sample
Fred Sadoff as Dr. Audret
Walter Koenig as Administrative Assistant
Production
Development
The Questor Tapes was a pilot for a television series. A 13-episode go-ahead was given for the series before the television movie was aired, with both Foxworth and Farrell having signed to reprise their roles. Joining the actors behind the scenes were producers Michael Rhodes and Earl Booth and story editor Larry Alexander. The green-lighted series was slated for Friday nights at 10 p.m. on NBC — the "death slot" where the final season of the original Star Trek had withered.
Conflict between Roddenberry and both Universal and NBC over the content of the proposed series doomed it, most notably ignoring the revelation at the end of the TV movie and eliminating the key character of Jerry Robinson. These changes were too much for Roddenberry, who abandoned the project. No episodes were produced.
The Questor Tapes was one of a series of television movies in which Roddenberry was involved, which also included Genesis II, Planet Earth, Strange New World and Spectre. All were intended as pilots; none led to a series.
Casting
Originally Leonard Nimoy was asked to play Questor. He posed in makeup for production photos and agreed to do the weekly series if picked up. However, Roddenberry hired Robert Foxworth. Mike Farrell was cast as Jerry Robinson.
Thematic origins
The Questor Tapes was Roddenberry's second treatment of the idea of an outside force benevolently aiding human development. In 1968, he co-wrote, with Art Wallace, an episode of Star Trek which also served as a potential spin-off series pilot, "Assignment: Earth". In this story, Gary Seven was a human whose ancestors were abducted from Earth around 4000 BCE. Returning to Earth in the late 20th century, his mission was to make sure mankind did not destroy itself with nuclear weapons. In the would-be series, he would have carried out other missions to protect mankind.
In The Questor Tapes, Questor's origin is also extraterrestrial, and his mission to serve and protect mankind remains the same as Gary Seven's.
Music
The music for The Questor Tapes was scored by Gil Mellé, who was a jazz musician as well as a saxophonist, composer, and also noted as a painter. (Some of his music for The Questor Tapes later made its way into Kolchak: The Night Stalker. Both properties were developed at, and produced out of, Universal Studios.) Mellé also was known for scoring My Sweet Charlie, That Certain Summer, and Frankenstein: The True Story. His most well-known film score was The Andromeda Strain, whose director, Robert Wise, later directed Star Trek: The Motion Picture.
Reception
Release
The Questor Tapes aired on NBC on January 23, 1974. The telefilm was released, as a MOD (Manufacture-On-Demand) DVD on September 18, 2012, by Universal Pictures's Vault Series in Region 0.
Awards
In 1975, The Questor Tapes was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation.
Legacy
In Star Trek: The Next Generation
Gene Roddenberry's son, Rod, has confirmed that the Questor android was an inspiration for the character of Data, from Roddenberry's later Star Trek: The Next Generation. In a casino scene situated in a London nightclub, Questor successfully detects weighted ("loaded") dice, and their subsequent realignment in his precise, powerful hand was later duplicated by Data in the second season Star Trek: The Next Generation installment "The Royale".
Another Questor/Data inside joke came from a scene in which Questor discussed the human trait of "negotiating" through sexual activity, informing Robinson, "I am fully functional." While there is no such activity in The Questor Tapes, in "The Naked Now", an episode of The Next Generation Data also comments, to Tasha Yar, "I am fully functional."
Proposed remake
Herbert J. Wright, who had a long friendship with Roddenberry, had strong ties to the series that was never made. The two had met when Wright became aware of the movie, fell in love with the story, and wanted to be a part of the series. After some sample submissions, Wright was allowed to join, but he never had the chance, as the series was scrapped after Roddenberry's creative differences with the studio. Wright kept the idea alive, with hope of the series coming to fruition throughout the years.
When the rights finally came back to the Roddenberry family in the early 2000s, Wright secured the rights with the blessing of Roddenberry's family to produce the series. Wright made several promotions for the series in 2003 at conventions. Wright even reserved production locations while working on a first script. The show suffered what was at first a simple setback when Wright fell ill within a year, which delayed the show's development. Wright died in 2005 before he could finally bring the show to life.
In January 2010, Roddenberry Productions announced that it was working with Imagine Television on a pilot for a new version of The Questor Tapes. No further information was ever made available.
References
Citations
Sources
External links
1974 television films
1974 films
1970s science fiction films
Android (robot) films
American robot films
NBC network original films
Television pilots not picked up as a series
Films directed by Richard A. Colla
Films produced by Gene Roddenberry
Films with screenplays by Gene Roddenberry
Films scored by Gil Mellé
Films set in Turkey
Television films as pilots
American science fiction television films
Fictional artificial intelligences
Mount Ararat
1970s English-language films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina%20Rodriguez
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Katarina Rodriguez
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Katarina Sonja Rodriguez (; born August 1, 1992) is an American-born Filipino actress, athlete, model, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss World Philippines 2018. She represented the Philippines at the Miss World 2018 pageant but was unplaced. Previously, she was crowned Binibining Pilipinas Intercontinental 2017 and placed 1st Runner-Up in Miss Intercontinental 2017.
She rose to fame after placing third in the second season of Asia's Next Top Model in 2014.
Early life and education
Rodriguez was born in Orlando, Florida, United States to Filipino parents. Her mother is from Manila while her dad is from Davao. She spent her childhood going back and forth the United States and the Philippines every other year.
She attended high school in Orlando and recounted the bullying she experienced at school, which would later on help her develop "tough skin" before finally moving permanently to the Philippines with her family. In Manila, she pursued and completed a double major in Business Management and Philosophy from the De La Salle University.
She is also a cycling instructor, a competitive long-distance runner, and participated as a member of the De La Salle University Women's Track and Field Team.
Modeling career
At the encouragement of her two close friends, Katarina auditioned for the second season of Asia's Next Top Model. She was selected as part of the show's final three contestants along with fellow Filipina candidate Jodilly Pendre, finishing as a runner-up.
Pageantry
After her appearance in Asia's Next Top Model, Rodriguez caught the attention of well-known beauty queen trainer, Jonas Gaffud of Aces and Queens, who encouraged her to try out pageantry.
Binibining Pilipinas 2017
Rodriguez joined the Binibining Pilipinas 2017 pageant and won the title of Binibining Pilipinas Intercontinental 2017 during the coronation night held at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on April 30, 2017, gaining her the right to represent the Philippines at Miss Intercontinental 2017.
On March 18, 2018, Rodriguez crowned Karen Gallman as her successor at the Binibining Pilipinas 2018 pageant held at the Smart Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Philippines.
Miss Intercontinental 2017
Rodriguez represented the Philippines at the Miss Intercontinental 2017 pageant held in Hurghada, Egypt on January 24, 2018 where she finished as 1st runner-up to Veronica Salas Vallejo from Mexico. She also won the Miss Media Popularity award and 1st runner-up in Best in National Costume.
Miss World Philippines 2018
Representing Davao City, she was crowned as Miss World Philippines 2018 by the outgoing titleholder Laura Lehmann on October 7, 2018.
On September 15, 2019, Rodriguez crowned Michelle Dee as her successor at the Miss World Philippines 2019 pageant held at the Smart Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Philippines.
Miss World 2018
She represented the Philippines at the Miss World 2018 in Sanya, China on December 8, 2018. She is one of favorite contestants in Miss World 2018 but failed to place in the semifinals, ending the Philippines' seven-year streak of consecutive placements, from 2011 through 2017. The event was won by Vanessa Ponce of Mexico.
Filmography
Film
Television
Personal life
Rodriguez is an advocate of peace and HIV-AIDS awareness. In 2019, she became the ambassador of Save the Children Philippines. In October 2021, she announced that she was expecting a son with her partner, businessman Niño Barbers.
Notes
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Top Model finalists
Binibining Pilipinas winners
Filipino psychologists
Filipino women psychologists
People from Davao City
De La Salle University alumni
Filipino women medical doctors
21st-century Filipino medical doctors
Miss World Philippines winners
Miss World 2018 delegates
21st-century women physicians
American people of Filipino descent
American people of Spanish descent
Filipino people of Spanish descent
People from Orlando, Florida
People from Florida
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7224803
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking%20Tall%20%282004%20film%29
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Walking Tall (2004 film)
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Walking Tall is a 2004 American action film directed by Kevin Bray. It is the remake of the 1973 film of the same name, and stars Dwayne Johnson (credited as The Rock) and Johnny Knoxville. The film revolves around a discharged U.S Army soldier, who returns to his hometown only to become the town's sheriff, when he finds that the town is laced with heinous crimes and corruption.
Plot
Honorably discharged U.S. Army Special Forces sergeant Chris Vaughn returns to his small home town in Kitsap County, Washington after a series of combat deployments. Looking for work, he finds the local cedar mill was closed down three years prior by its heir, Jay Hamilton, who opened a new casino that now accounts for the majority of revenue for the local area. Hamilton, who was also Chris's school friend, invites him to a night of fun at the casino. While checking out the VIP lounge, Chris stumbles upon his childhood friend Deni, who is now working as a stripper. Later, he notices the craps dealer using loaded dice and demonstrates this to the patrons by placing a bet and calling out the roll before throwing the dice. When the floorman declares no payout, Chris instigates a fight. Although he beats down most of the security guards, he is subsequently subdued with a cattle prod and knocked unconscious. The security staff take Chris into the basement and Hamilton's right-hand man and head of security Booth tortures him by cutting his torso with a utility knife before dumping him on a roadside.
Chris is found by a trucker and hospitalized, but recovers quickly. Chris goes to the sheriff, Stan Watkins, to press charges against the guards, but Sheriff Watkins refuses to allow him to do so because the casino is viewed as too important to the town's economy, stating that because of its position, the casino is considered a "no fly zone". Not long after this, Chris learns that his nephew, Pete, experimented with crystal meth, which was sold to his friends by the casino security guards. Infuriated, Chris arrives at the casino, and using a piece of lumber as a club, begins destroying casino property, and brutally beats the security guards when they attempt to stop him. Chris is apprehended by Sheriff Watkins and his deputies as he is driving away from the scene. In the ensuing trial, all of Hamilton's security and staff testify against Chris. When the judge allows Chris to present his defense, he fires his appointed attorney, who is implicitly under Hamilton's employ. After making a civic speech about the town's great former self. Chris tells the jury and the rest of the town that if he is cleared of the charges, he will run for sheriff and clean up the town.
To further emphasize his plea, Chris reveals the grotesque scars on his torso from being tortured by the casino staff, and is then acquitted and wins the election for sheriff. Upon taking office, Chris summarily dismisses the entire police force and deputizes his friend, Ray Templeton, whom Chris feels he can trust, as well as help Chris learn about narcotics (Templeton revealed earlier that he served time in prison after becoming a drug addict). Chris and Templeton plant drugs on Booth and they take him into custody. In an attempt to make him reveal information on the town drug operation, they hold him captive in a garage and proceed to strip his truck into pieces in front of him, but he does not talk. Chris assigns Templeton to stand watch over his house, as he knows Hamilton will likely target his family. Chris himself remains at the sheriff's office to supervise Booth. He is visited by Deni, stopping by under the pretense of bringing him food and reveals that she quit her job as the casino stripper. The next morning, Watkins and his deputies arrive at the Chris's office where they blow up his truck and fire upon the building with machine guns.
Recognizing his dangerous predicament, Booth pleads for Chris to let him out of his cell, prompting Chris to use Booth's perilous situation as leverage for information. Booth reveals that the old mill is where the drugs are being produced, but is immediately killed by the indiscriminate fire of the attackers. Chris manages to kill all of the attackers with Deni's help. Chris's parents's house is attacked, but Templeton and Chris's father are able to dispatch the gunmen. After ensuring their safety, Chris heads for the mill where he discovers a meth lab as well as Hamilton, calmly waiting in a control room. Hamilton attempts to kill Chris with the mill equipment by dropping him through a trap door, but Chris drags Hamilton down with him and the two fall through a chute. Chris, whose leg is injured, manages to tend to his injury in a nearby forest before Hamilton attacks him with an axe. The two fight for their lives, with Chris coming out on top by crippling and defeats Hamilton, who is arrested and taken into custody, and with Templeton's assistance, Chris shuts down the casino and the local cedar mill is back in use.
Cast
Dwayne Johnson (credited as The Rock) as Christopher "Chris" Vaughn, Jr.
Johnny Knoxville as Ray Templeton
Neal McDonough as Jay Hamilton
Michael Bowen as Sheriff Stan Watkins
Kevin Durand as Booth
Kristen Wilson as Michelle Vaughn
Ashley Scott as Deni
Barbara Tarbuck as Connie Vaughn
Khleo Thomas as Pete Vaughn
John Beasley as Christopher Vaughn Sr.
Cobie Smulders as Exotic Beauty
Reception
The film received mixed reviews from critics and audience. Based on 136 reviews collected by the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 26% of critics gave Walking Tall a positive review, with an average rating of 5.4/10, with the critics consensus: "The Rock makes a competent hero, but the movie is content to let a 2×4 do all the talking." Metacritic gave the film a score of 44 based on 31 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
The film grossed $57 million (worldwide total), with a budget of $46 million. and was a commercial success at the box office.
Sequel
Walking Tall: The Payback and Walking Tall: Lone Justice are two direct-to-video sequels that have been released starring Kevin Sorbo.
See also
Vigilante film
References
External links
Walking Tall (films)
2004 films
2004 action films
Remakes of American films
WWE Studios films
Films shot in Vancouver
Films set in Washington (state)
Films directed by Kevin Bray (director)
Mandeville Films films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films scored by Graeme Revell
Films about United States Army Special Forces
American action films
American vigilante films
2000s vigilante films
Films produced by David Hoberman
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius%20Paulose
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Athanasius Paulose
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St.Paulose Mor Athanasios , popularly known as Aluvayile Valiya Thirumeni, was the Metropolitan of the Angamaly Diocese and malankara Metropolitan of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church.
The Feast of Mor Athanasius is held annually on 26 January.
Career
On 25 November 1898, Valiya Thirumeni was ordained as a priest (Kassisso) by Saint Geevarghese Mar Gregorios Chathuruthiyil. On 28 November, he was elevated to monk (ramban) by the then Malankara Metropolitan Pulikkottil Mar Dionysius 5 , Geevarghese Mar Gregorios Chathuruthiyil and Kadavil Paulose Mar Athanasios .
In December 1917, head of Patriarch faction Kochuparambil Paulose Mor Koorilos died, Valiya Thirumeni was selected to lead the Patriarch Faction of Malankara Church. He took office in January 1918.
Thirumeni also founded the Brotherhood of St. Antonios and the St. Mary's Sisterhood, with the aim of building a base for the monastic movement in Malankara. He also encouraged the development of a centre for theological studies at Thrikkunnathu Seminary.
In 1931, Patriarch Mor Ignatius Elias III visited India to strive for peace in the Malankara Syrian church. Thirumeni accompanied Patriarch Mor Ignatius Elias 3 throughout the apostolic visit and participated in the meetings that were held with the aim of achieving a long-standing peace. However Patriarch Elias died before accomplishing his peace mission, and was entombed at the St. Ignatius Monastery, Manjinikkara. Thirumeni led the ceremony of the Patriarch's last rites
Patriarch Mor Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum of the Apostolic See of Antioch and All the Eascalled e ihuremani the title "Defender of the True Faith" (Sathya Viswasa Samrakshakan) after he haledethe Patriarch Faction of the f Malankara Churrs.
Metropolitans ordained by / with the assistance of Paulose Mar Athanasius
After becoming metropolitan of Angamaly Diocese , the following Metropolitans were ordained to serve with him in the Malankara Church:
Edavazhikkal Geevarghese Mar Severios, ordained as the first metropolitan of Knanaya diocese in August 1910 by Patriarch Ignatius Abded Aloho II.
Michael Mar Dionysius ordained in 1926 by Patriarch Mor Ignatius Elias III.
Augen Mar Thimotheos for Kandanad diocese, ordained in 1926 by Patriarch Mor Ignatius Elias III.
Thoma Mar Dioscoros for Knanaya diocese, ordained in 1926 by Patriarch Mor Ignatius Elias III.
Mar Diascoros later joined the newly formed Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. Augen Mar Thimotheos later left to join the dissident Malankara Orthodox Church.
In 1945, due to his advancing age, Mar Athanasios requested additional help. Fr. Geevarghese Vayaliparambil and Ramban Paulose Mulayirickal were elected and consecrated bishops Geevarghese Mar Gregorios Vayaliparambil and Mulayirickal Paulose Mar Severios by Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem I. Vayaliparambil Mar Gregorios served under Mar Athanasius in the Angamali diocese and Mar Severious was assigned to the Kochi diocese.
In 1951 Abraham Mor Clemis was ordained to the Knanaya diocese, and in 1952, Paulose Mor Philoxenos was consecrated.
He assumed the charge of the diocese just two weeks before the death of Mar Athanasios.
Death
Valiya Thirumeni died on 25 January 1953 at the age of 84. The next day he was buried at the northern side of the madbho (altar) of St. Mary's Church in Thrikkunnathu Seminary.
Memorials
The Mar Athanasios College of Engineering at Kothamangalam, the Mar Athanasios High School at Nedumbassery, and the Mar Athanasios English Medium School at Puthencuriz are all named after Valiya Thirumeni. In 2006, the Mar Athanasios Cathedral was founded in Puthencruz.
The sandalwood cot presented to Valiya Thirumeni by his uncle is kept in a separate room of the office of his home parish, the Mor Sabor Mor Aphroth jacobite Church at Akaparambu.
The celebration of Holy Qurbana on the 50th anniversary of the death of Mor Athanasios was presided over by Baselios Thomas I catholicose of the Jacobite Syrian Church assisted by the Metropolitans of the Jacobite Syrian Orthodox church, at St. Mary's Church in Aluva on 26 January 2003.
Beatification
Two miracles have been attributed to Valiya Thirumeni:
A woman claimed to have suffered from haemorrhage for several years despite medical treatments. She approached Valiya Thirumeni for help. He prayed for her and she was reportedly healed of the disease.
A man called Varkey claimed to have suffered from an evil spirit for 20 years. Valiya Thirumeni placed his sleeba (cross) on the man's forehead and prayed for him. The man claimed that he was immediately cured.
On 18 September 2009, the Patriarch signed bull No.152/2009. It permitted the reciting of the name of St. Athanasius Paulose in the 5th Tubden. Henceforth, he name was remembered in all Malankara Jacobite Syrian churches worldwide, after the names of St. Gregorios Abdul Jaleel and St. Osthatheos Sleeba.
The bull was read at the Kothamangalam Mar Thoma Church on 2 October 2009 during the 324th memorial feast of Maphryono St. Baselios Yeldho in the presence of the Catholicos, the visiting Archbishop Mor Thimotheos Mousa Al Shamani of Nineveh and the Abbot of Mor Mattai Dayro, Mosul, Iraq and all the Metropolitans of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church.
References
1869 births
1953 deaths
Indian Christian saints
Syriac Orthodox Church bishops
20th-century Oriental Orthodox bishops
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56187843
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margold
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Margold
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Margold is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Nathan Ross Margold (1899–1947), Romanian-born American lawyer
William Margold (1943–2017), American pornographic film actor and porn film director
See also
Mangold
| 1 | 1 |
50377152
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarcus%20Ayers
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Demarcus Ayers
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Demarcus Ayers (born July 7, 1994) is an American football and Canadian football wide receiver who is a free agent. He played college football at Houston, and was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the seventh round of the 2016 NFL Draft.
College career
Ayers was Houston's starting kick returner in his freshman season and was named to the 2013 AAC First Team as a kick returner. He had 37 returns for 1,021 yards, breaking a Houston freshman record.
In 2014, in his sophomore season, he had 33 receptions for 335 yards and two touchdowns at receiver. He also made 34 returns for 592 yards at kick returner.
In 2015, in his junior season, Ayers led the American Athletic Conference in receptions with 98 and ranked sixth in the nation in receptions. He totaled 1,221 receiving yards, 18th in the nation. He was named to The American first team at both wide receiver and kick returner.
College statistics
Professional career
Coming out of college, Ayers was projected by many analysts to not be selected in the 2016 NFL Draft. He was ranked the 53rd best wide receiver out of the 414 available by NFLDraftScout.com. He was invited to the NFL Combine and did the majority of the workout and positional drills. He was unable to do the 20-yard shuttle, 3-cone drill, and the bench press because of an injury to his hand and finger. He participated at Houston's Pro Day and chose to try to improve on his combine numbers and did all of the drills and workouts besides the bench and improved on everything except the broad jump.
Pittsburgh Steelers
Ayers was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the seventh round, 229th overall, in the 2016 NFL Draft. The 7th round pick used to select Ayers was traded from the New York Giants to the Steelers in exchange for punter Brad Wing. On May 5, 2016, Ayers signed a four-year contract with the Steelers. On September 3, 2016, he was released by the Steelers as part of final roster cuts and was signed to the practice squad the next day. On December 12, 2016, he was promoted to the active roster. Ayers made his professional debut on December 25, 2016, and caught his first career reception on a nine-yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger, helping the Steelers defeat the Baltimore Ravens 31–27. The following week, he earned his first career start in a 27–24 overtime win over the Cleveland Browns and caught a season-high five passes for 44 receiving yards and caught his first career touchdown on an 11-yard pass from Landry Jones.
On September 2, 2017, Ayers was waived by the Steelers after only one season.
New England Patriots
On September 4, 2017, Ayers was signed to the New England Patriots' practice squad. He was released on September 23, 2017.
Chicago Bears
On November 23, 2017, Ayers was signed to the Chicago Bears' practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Bears on January 1, 2018. He was waived by the team on September 1, 2018.
San Antonio Commanders
On November 9, 2018, Ayers signed with the San Antonio Commanders of the Alliance of American Football (AAF) for the 2019 season. The league ceased operations in April 2019.
New York Guardians
Ayers was drafted in the 5th round of the 2020 XFL Draft to the New York Guardians. He was waived before the start of the regular season on January 28, 2020.
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Ayers signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League on February 19, 2020. After the CFL canceled the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Ayers chose to opt-out of his contract with the Roughriders on August 25, 2020. He opted back in to his contract on January 20, 2021. He was released on July 3, 2021.
References
External links
University of Houston bio
1994 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Chicago Bears players
Houston Cougars football players
New England Patriots players
New York Guardians players
People from Lancaster, Texas
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Texas
San Antonio Commanders players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Sportspeople from the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
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8896161
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20Allyn%20Root
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Wayne Allyn Root
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Wayne Allyn Root (born July 20, 1961) is an American conservative television and radio host, author, activist, conservative political commentator and conspiracy theorist. He is the host of two new television shows, daily at 7 PM ET on Lindell TV network (FrankSpeech.com) and Saturdays at Noon ET "America's Top Ten Countdown with Wayne Allyn Root" on Real America's Voice TV Network. He is also the radio host of "Wayne Allyn Root: Raw & Unfiltered" on AM 670 in Las Vegas and nationally-syndicated on the USA Radio Network, and formerly on Newsmax TV. Root was an opinion columnist for the Las Vegas Review-Journal. His newspaper columns are currently nationally syndicated on Sundays by Creators Syndicate.
Root was the vice presidential nominee for the Libertarian Party in the 2008 presidential election. In 2012, he left the Libertarian Party, rejoined the Republican Party, and endorsed and voted for Mitt Romney and Donald Trump in 2016 and 2020. He later expressed regret for his support of Romney, but has remained a staunch supporter of Trump.
Root is the CEO of the publicly traded company VegasWinners.com, (WNRS symbol) who recently partnered with the MGM Hotel's BetMGM.
Early life and education
Root attended the Thornton-Donovan School in New Rochelle, New York and was a member of the class of 1983 at Columbia University, studying pre-law and political science.
In June 2016, Root described himself as a "Jew turned Evangelical Christian". As of November 2016, Root described himself as Jewish, and says he considers Donald Trump to be the first Jewish president, in the same sense that Bill Clinton was often called the "first black president".
Career
Root worked for WNBC radio (now WFAN) in the early 1980s. From 1989 to 1991, he worked with the Financial News Network before its subsumption into CNBC.
Root was founder and chairman of Winning Edge International Inc. In the 2000s, he hosted Wayne Allyn Root's Winning Edge, a television show which promoted Root's sports handicapping operation.
Root co-hosted King of Vegas on Spike TV. He produced Ghost Adventures on the Travel Channel.
Politics
Root had been a longtime Republican Party member and supporter who self-identified as a Libertarian Republican. He ran for a seat on the Westchester County Board of Legislators in 1983. In 2007, Root ended his association with the Republican Party and joined the Libertarian Party. Root's book outlining his libertarian views, The Conscience of a Libertarian, was published in 2009.
2008 presidential campaign
On May 4, 2007, Root declared his candidacy for the Libertarian Party's 2008 presidential nomination. On May 25, 2008, Root advanced to the fifth ballot of the Libertarian Party presidential nomination vote at the 2008 Libertarian National Convention before being eliminated and endorsing Bob Barr, who became the party's presidential nominee. Root then became the Libertarian Party vice presidential nominee, securing the nod in the third round of voting for that nomination.
Though in the same graduating class as Barack Obama at Columbia University, Root has stated on a number of occasions that he has no recollection of having met or seen Obama at Columbia. He has "stopped short" of actually claiming that Obama did not attend Columbia.
In 2010, Root ran for the position of chair of the Libertarian National Committee of the Libertarian Party. He was defeated by Mark Hinkle by a vote of 228–281 in the third round. He subsequently succeeded in being elected to the Libertarian National Committee as an at-large member. At the 2012 Libertarian National Convention, Root again was elected to the Libertarian National Committee as an At-Large Member, despite being seen by some LP members as being part of the "top-down faction." The party's 2012 presidential candidate and former Republican New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson endorsed Root.
Return to the Republican Party
In September 2012, Root resigned all Libertarian Party positions, re-joined the Republican Party and endorsed Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election. He predicted Romney would win the election against incumbent president Barack Obama, citing, among other factors, that the "Enthusiasm Factor" for Romney was "huge".
Root had announced that he intended to run as a Republican candidate for the U.S. Senate in Nevada in 2016, for the seat held by retiring Democratic Senator Harry Reid. However, he did not run. He supported and voted for Republican nominee Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election and 2020 presidential election.
Root was the opening speaker for Trump's rally in Las Vegas in late October 2016 during the presidential campaign. At the rally, Root, suggested that he wished ill upon Hillary Clinton and Huma Abedin, hoping they met the same ending as Thelma & Louise. The lead characters in the film take their own lives by driving off a cliff. In his speech, Root said "Trump warriors" armed with "pitchforks, jack hammers and blow torches" would violently take over Washington D.C.: "We're coming to tear it down. We're coming to rip it up. We're coming to kick your ass. And we're coming to put you in prison", he said referring to a fantasy he had about Clinton and Abedin. Kellyanne Conway, Trump's campaign manager, later told CNN that Root's "conduct is completely unacceptable and does not reflect our campaign or our candidate".
In August 2019, Root praised President Trump. Following Trump's assertion that Jews voting for the Democrats show "either a total lack of knowledge or great disloyalty", a comment which was rejected by his critics who said he was following an antisemitic canard, Root countered the claim. Root said that "Trump is the greatest President for Jews and for Israel in the history of the world, not just America, he is the best President for Israel in the history of the world...and the Jewish people in Israel love him like he's the King of Israel. They love him like he is the second coming of God." Later, President Donald Trump thanked Root on Twitter for "the very nice words" and shared what was said about him.
In October 2019, while speaking at a pro-Trump conference in Miami, Florida at the Trump National Doral Miami, Root reportedly boasted about a time in his childhood when, as one of the few white students at a predominantly black high school, he knocked one classmate unconscious and shattered another kid's teeth. "My buddies and I were high-fiving and laughing," Root reportedly said during his speech. "Man, it was funny." He reportedly went on to say that "you've got to be a natural-born killer" to win in politics.
Criticism and controversies
Promotion of conspiracy theories and falsehoods
Root is known for spreading conspiracy theories and false information.
Root was a leading proponent of the conspiracy theory that President Barack Obama was not born in the United States. Root falsely claimed that Obama was not a student at Columbia University. He later stated in a 2012 interview with Sean Hannity that he believed Obama was a "foreign exchange student" there. He has repeatedly described Obama as a "Marxist, anti-American, anti-Israel, globalist, middle class-hating, Muslim sympathizer". In 2017, he claimed that Obama was gay, called him "Bathhouse Barry" and said that he had info from Obama's "friends in Chicago" about his "sordid past". In 2014, he described Obama as a "Manchurian candidate", possibly hired by the Bilderberg Group to destroy the United States and "kill all of us".
Root promoted conspiracy theories around the murder of Seth Rich, and at various times suggested that Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Hillary Clinton, Donna Brazile, Bill Clinton, Eric Schneiderman and John Podesta were involved in the murder.
During the white supremacist Unite the Right rally, Root falsely claimed that blaming white supremacist James Alex Fields Jr. for killing Heather Heyer was "such B.S. Probably paid actors & infiltrators hired by Soros. No conservative I've ever met commits violence. EVER."
On the night of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, in which 58 people were shot and killed by Stephen Paddock (including himself) and 2 of them shot by Paddock later died of their injuries in 2019 and 2020 respectively, Root tweeted: "Clearly coordinated Muslim terror attack." Police later determined only one shooter—a non-religious American—was involved.
In 2018, Root argued that Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election is motivated by "penis envy", because "Mueller's is smaller than Trump's."
On February 6, 2021, Twitter permanently suspended Root's account for "violating Twitter rules".
Legal problems
On , Chief Health Care Bureau Lisa Landau and New York Attorney General Letitia James ordered Root to stop advertising My Doctor Suggests, LLC on KBET and USA Radio Network citing violations of state laws on deceptive acts and practices.
On April 29, 2020, Gordon Pedersen of My Doctor Suggests LLC and GP Silver LLC was ordered by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) under the Trump administration to permanently stop advertising and selling all of these products out there. A hearing on the government's request for a preliminary injunction was set for May 12, 2020. The products were discontinued and the website was permanently shut down as a result.
Bibliography
References
External links
Interview on Wikinews
YouTube page
1961 births
Living people
2008 United States vice-presidential candidates
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American politicians
9/11 conspiracy theorists
American columnists
American conspiracy theorists
American finance and investment writers
20th-century American Jews
American male non-fiction writers
American men podcasters
American motivational writers
American podcasters
American political writers
American Protestants
American talk radio hosts
American television personalities
American YouTubers
Candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election
Christian libertarians
Christians from Nevada
Christians from New York (state)
Christians from Utah
Columbia University alumni
Fake news
Journalists from Nevada
Journalists from New York (state)
Journalists from Utah
Libertarian Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
American male YouTubers
Moon landing conspiracy theorists
Nevada Libertarians
Nevada Republicans
People from Henderson, Nevada
People from Mount Vernon, New York
People from Park City, Utah
People from Summerlin, Nevada
Radio personalities from the Las Vegas Valley
Utah Libertarians
Utah Republicans
Writers from Mount Vernon, New York
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35837760
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Harwood%20%28watchmaker%29
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John Harwood (watchmaker)
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John Harwood (1893–1964) was a British watchmaker who invented a self-winding wristwatch.
Early life
Harwood was born in Bolton, Lancashire. During World War I he served as an armoury staff sergeant, developing an automatic pistol and a screwdriver whose blade turned on impact.
Career
After the war he served a watchmaking apprenticeship with Hirst Brothers and Co of Oldham. In 1922 he moved to the Isle of Man to set up his own watch repair business.
In 1923, supported by a local businessman, he developed a self-winding wristwatch and applied for a patent in Switzerland, which was granted in September, 1924. His design ensured that the watch could be hermetically sealed against the ingress of water or dust. The hands could be reset by a rotating bezel. After four years, supported by funds from two Manchester brothers, Louis and Philip Alexander, he persuaded Swiss watch manufacturers Anton Schild S.A. and Walter Vogt of Fortis to manufacture the design. Blancpain also made them under licence in 1928 for sale in France and the Perpetual Self-Winding Watch Company manufactured them for sale in North America. The watches were first shown at the Basel Fair in 1926. He set up the Harwood Self-Winding Watch Company in 1928 to market the watches in the UK, but the company failed in September 1931, not having sufficient financial resources to withstand the effects of the Great Depression. The watches also proved difficult to mass-produce and very delicate in use.
Awards and honours
In 1957 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the British Horological Institute.
Trivia
John Harwood had a son, John (d. 13 August 2019), who followed his father's career, becoming too, a horologist, initially in Harrow, Middlesex, before moving to Dunster, Somerset, where he maintained a shop for many years.
References
External links
Harwood Watch Co
1893 births
1964 deaths
People from Bolton
British Army personnel of World War I
English watchmakers (people)
American emigrants to the United Kingdom
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43352894
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20R.%20Moore%20%28minister%29
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Charles R. Moore (minister)
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Charles Robert "Charlie" Moore (July 18, 1934 – June 23, 2014) was an American Methodist minister, social justice and anti-racist activist who drew attention to himself when he committed suicide by setting himself on fire in the East Texas town of Grand Saline and is the subject of the documentary Man on Fire (2018 film). He also drew attention to how the United Methodist Church (UMC) treated gays and lesbians by going on a hunger strike years earlier. He had aligned himself with several progressive, liberal and left-leaning causes throughout his life, leaving behind a typed letter urging the community of Grand Saline and the United States to repent for its racism.
Biography
Moore was born near Grand Saline and grew up in a town he described as a stronghold of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) that was blighted by racial discrimination. As a 10-year-old boy, he was deeply affected by accounts of people of color who had been brutally decapitated and had their heads placed on poles.
Moore graduated from Tyler Junior College in 1954, then earned a B.A. degree from Southern Methodist University (SMU) in 1956 and a B.D. from Perkins School of Theology at SMU in 1956. He served in various Texas churches from 1953 until 1965 when he began post doctorate studies at Harvard Divinity School and Boston University. In the mid 1960s he moved to Chicago and began working for the Ecumenical Institute. This work took him to Africa, Brussels, India, and the Middle East. In 1990, Moore led Grace Methodist church in Austin, Texas, where he opened the doors to gays and lesbians.
Protests
While serving in San Antonio in 1972, Moore organized a meeting of Methodists to bring attention to what he saw as the injustice of the Vietnam War.
When the United Methodist bishops held a worldwide meeting in Austin in 1995, Moore's 15-day hunger strike ended only after the bishops acknowledged their role in contributing to stigma and ostracism of gays and lesbians.
Moore helped organize the Texas Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty (TCADP), which operates as a resource for those opposed to capital punishment. In 2000 he received awards from Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) and TCADP.
Death
On June 23, 2014, Moore drove from his home in the Dallas suburb of Allen, Texas, to Grand Saline, about 75 miles east of Dallas. He parked his car in a shopping center parking lot on the far eastern part of the city. He then proceeded to pour gasoline on himself and set himself ablaze. Bystanders retrieved a store fire extinguisher and put out the blaze. He was taken by helicopter to Parkland Hospital in Dallas, and died there later that night.
Explanation of death
Moore left a typed note on his car stating he was born in Grand Saline and grew up around racial discrimination. The note explained that his act was a protest of what he saw as Grand Saline's long-standing racist culture. He said that the Grand Saline community shunned blacks and resorted to violence, including hangings, burnings, and decapitations. Declaring himself heartbroken, he lamented that America and Grand Saline had never really repented for the atrocities of slavery.
Moore himself predicted that some would judge him insane. His papers and personal notes were released to the media, revealing his thinking and intentions. In the weeks leading up to his death, he wrote that his mental and physical health were good, but he was frustrated that he had been unable to bring about the social change he felt was so urgent. In the notes, Moore sometimes criticizes himself harshly for not acting more decisively on social justice issues. He wanted the act of his death to get more people to care about gay rights, the death penalty, civil rights, and racism.
Initially he had planned his self-immolation on the SMU campus on June 19, the annual Juneteenth commemoration, because of the decision by SMU to house the George W. Bush Presidential Center. He changed his mind and went to Grand Saline four days later to carry out his plan. After reading Moore's notes, family members concluded that his final act was an extension of his lifelong commitment to social justice.
An in-depth article in Texas Monthly examining Moore's death quoted family members, "He wanted his death to count for something."
References
External links
Man on Fire, a 2018 documentary film chronicling Moore's life, his self-immolation, and the pervasive racism that led to his act of protest
1934 births
2014 suicides
Methodist ministers
American clergy
Hunger strikers
Suicides by self-immolation
LGBT rights activists from the United States
People from Grand Saline, Texas
Suicides in Texas
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46598738
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soolam
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Soolam
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Soolam () is a 1980 Indian Tamil-language film produced, directed and written by M. Bhaskar. The film stars Rajkumar Sethupathi and Raadhika, with Sudheer, Pushpalatha, Thengai Srinivasan and Manorama in supporting roles. It was released on 12 December 1980.
Plot
Cast
Rajkumar Sethupathi
Raadhika as Annamma
Sudheer as Peter
Pushpalatha
Thengai Srinivasan
Manorama
Production
Soolam is the first film produced by Bhaskar through his company Oscar Movies.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.
References
External links
1980 films
1980s Tamil-language films
Films directed by M. Bhaskar
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
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55718488
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita%20Prieto%20Yegros
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Margarita Prieto Yegros
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Margarita Prieto Yegros (18 November 1936 – 10 October 2017) was a Paraguayan writer, historian, and journalist. She was a recipient of the Honor al Mérito Juana María de Lara.
Biography
Margarita Prieto Yegros was born 18 November 1936.
She received a doctorate in History at the University of Asunción and a master's degree in Political Science in 1993. She was a member of the Society of Paraguayan Writers and of the PEN Club of Paraguay. A regular contributor to Tupasy Ñe'e, a women's magazine, she was a columnist in numerous newspapers in the capital and from 1986 she was part of a short story workshop which was directed by Professor Hugo Rodríguez-Alcalá.
In 1995 she published Verdad y fantasía (1995), and in 1998 she published a book of short stories, entitled En Tiempo de Chivatos. In 2001 she published Cuentos de la Guerra Grande. Other notable works include Consultorio sentimental (2006), Nuevos cuentos de la Guerra Grande (2006) and El Tratado de Tordesillas. She also authored ten ecological stories, urging protection of the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest. In her later years she was a pedagogical coordinator at the Universidad del Norte.
Awards
In 2011, she was a recipient of the Honor al Mérito Juana María de Lara.
References
1936 births
2017 deaths
Paraguayan women writers
Paraguayan journalists
Paraguayan women journalists
Paraguayan historians
People from Asunción
20th-century Paraguayan women writers
21st-century Paraguayan women writers
20th-century Paraguayan writers
21st-century Paraguayan writers
| 0 | -1 |
65168290
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kani%2C%20Republic%20of%20Dagestan
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Kani, Republic of Dagestan
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Kani (; ) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kulinsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 292 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.
Geography
Kani is located 13 km northwest of Vachi (the district's administrative centre) by road. Khoykhi and Vikhli are the nearest rural localities.
Nationalities
Laks live there.
References
Rural localities in Kulinsky District
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61977262
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Spirit
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London Spirit
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London Spirit are a franchise 100-ball cricket side based in North London. The team represents the historic counties of Middlesex, Essex and Northamptonshire in The Hundred, which took place for the first time during the 2021 English and Welsh cricket season. Both the men's and women's sides play their home games at Lord's.
History
The announcement of the new eight-team men's and women's tournament series in 2019 was not without controversy, with the likes of Virat Kohli criticising the England and Wales Cricket Board for pursuing a shift away from Test cricket, while others argued the format should have followed the established and successful Twenty20 format. The ECB however decided it needed a more unique format to draw crowds.
In August 2019 the side announced that former Australian spinner Shane Warne would be the men's team's first coach, while former Australia Women coach Lisa Keightley was appointed coach of the Women's team.
The inaugural Hundred draft took place in October 2019 and saw the Spirit claim Rory Burns as their headline men's draftee, and Heather Knight as the women's headliner. They are joined by England One-Day captain Eoin Morgan and Essex's Dan Lawrence for the men's team, while Freya Davies joins Knight in the women's side.
Honours
Men's honours
The Hundred
8th place: 2021 (highest finish)
Women's honours
The Hundred
4th place: 2021 (highest finish)
Ground
Both the London Spirit men's and women's sides play at the home of Cricket, Lord's, in the St. John's Wood area of London. The women's side had been due to play at the home of Essex County Cricket Club, the County Ground in Chelmsford, and the home of Northamptonshire, the County Ground in Northampton but both teams were brought together at the same ground as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Players
Current squad
Men's side
Bold denotes players with international caps.
denotes a player who is unavailable for rest of the season.
Women's side
Bold denotes players with international caps.
denotes a player who is unavailable for rest of the season.
See also
List of London Spirit cricketers
List of cricket grounds in England and Wales
List of Test cricket grounds
References
Further reading
BBC: The Hundred player draft – covering the first draft signings for each region's team
External links
Official web page
Middlesex County Cricket Club
Essex County Cricket Club
Northamptonshire County Cricket Club
Cricket in Middlesex
Cricket in Essex
Cricket in Northamptonshire
Sport in London
Sport in Chelmsford
Sport in Northampton
The Hundred (cricket) teams
2019 establishments in England
London Spirit
| 0 | -1 |
13221982
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavai%20dance
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Bhavai dance
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Bhavai is a genre of folk dance popular in Gujarat state in western India. The male or female performers balance a number of earthen pots or brass/metal pitchers as they dance nimbly, pirouetting and then swaying with the soles of their feet perched on the top of a glass bottles, on the edge of the sword, on the rim of a brass/metal thali (plate) and on the broken glass during the performance.
The first Bhavai Dancer of India was Mrs. Krishna Vyas Chhangani, who was born in Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
The Dance form consists of veiled women dancers balancing up to 22 brass/metal pitchers on their head with lit the fire up to 9 pitchers as they dance nimbly, pirouetting and then swaying with the soles of their feet perched on the top of a glass or on the edge of the sword. There is a sense of cutting-edge suspense and nail-biting acts in the dance.
The accompaniment to the dance is provided by the male performers singing melodious songs and playing a number of musical instruments, which include pakhawaj, dholak, jhanjhar, sarangi, and harmonium.
History
Traditionally, this genre of dance was performed by the female performers belonging to the Jat, Bhil, Raigar, Meena, Kumhar, and Kalbelia communities of Rajasthan. It is assumed that this genre of dance was evolved from the exceptional balancing skills of the females of these communities developed to carry a number of pots of water on head over a long distance in the desert.
See also
Dance in India
Ghoomar: Ghoomar is a traditional women's folk dance of Rajasthan, India
Notes
Folk dances of Rajasthan
| 1 | 1 |
33260179
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTE%207-31
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JTE 7-31
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JTE 7-31 is a selective cannabinoid receptor agonist invented by Japan Tobacco. It is a reasonably highly selective CB2 agonist, but still retains appreciable affinity at CB1, with a Ki of 0.088nM at CB2 vs 11nM at CB1.
Legality
JTE 7-31 is illegal in Alabama.
See also
A-834,735
JTE-907
MDA-19
N-(S)-Fenchyl-1-(2-morpholinoethyl)-7-methoxyindole-3-carboxamide
S-444,823
XLR-12
References
External links
Cannabinoids
Japan Tobacco
| 1 | 1 |
63266554
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next%20Irish%20general%20election
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Next Irish general election
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The next Irish general election to Dáil Éireann, the lower house of Ireland's parliament, the Oireachtas, will be held in or before March 2025, to elect between 171 and 179 TDs across Dáil constituencies of between 3 and 5 seats.
No Taoiseach with a mandate to form a government was nominated by the Dáil when it first met on 20 February 2020 after the 2020 general election. Leo Varadkar resigned as Taoiseach, but continued to carry out the duties pending the appointment of his successor. Negotiations concluded on 27 June 2020 with the election of Micheál Martin as Taoiseach in a three-way coalition government, consisting of Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, and the Green Party. It was agreed that Martin would resign as Taoiseach on 15 December 2022, and that the parties would then support the nomination of the leader of Fine Gael as Taoiseach, who would serve for the remainder of the 33rd Dáil. The Dáil will be dissolved by the president on a date on the advice of the Taoiseach, who may decline only if the Taoiseach has ceased to retain a majority in the Dáil.
Constituency review
The size of the Dáil will increase from 160 TDs at the next election. Current law requires the Constituency Commission to recommend a Dáil of 166 to 172 TDs. Under the Electoral Reform Bill 2022, which has passed all stages in the Dáil and is being considered by the Seanad, the proposed electoral commission (a permanent body which would replace the Constituency Commission) would be required to recommend a size of the Dáil of between 169 and 179 TDs. This range reflects the growth in the population of the state, and the requirement of Article 16.6.2° of the Constitution of Ireland that there be one TD elected for no less than every 20,000 of the population and no more than every 30,000. The preliminary results of the 2022 census revealed a population of over 5.1 million, which would require a minimum Dáil size of 171 TDs. This would be the largest number in the history of the State, surpassing the previous number of 166 TDs from 1981 to 2016. The number of constituencies may also change, depending on the recommendations of the constituency review. Each constituency will return between three and five TDs, elected on the system of single transferable vote, in which voters rank candidates on their ballot papers.
Electoral system
When the ballot papers are counted, a quota is determined by dividing the number of valid votes by the number of seats, plus one. Any candidate receiving a number of votes exceeding the quota is elected. If fewer candidates reach the quota than the number of seats to be filled, the last-placed candidate is removed from the count and the second or subsequent preferences on those ballot papers are redistributed until a candidate is elected. If such a candidate now has more votes than the quota, their surplus is given to other candidates in order of ranking on the ballot papers. This is repeated until sufficient candidates have passed the quota to fill the available seats, or where a seat remains to be filled in a constituency and no candidate is capable of achieving a quota as there is nobody left to eliminate for a distribution then the highest place candidate without a quota is deemed elected at that point.
The outgoing Ceann Comhairle will be returned automatically unless they announce to the Dáil that they wish to retire as a TD.
Date of election
The current Dáil must be dissolved no later than Wednesday 19 February 2025. This date derives from the Electoral Act 1992, Section 33, which states that the same Dáil shall not continue for a longer period than five years from the date of its first meeting. The writ for the election must be moved on the dissolution of the Dáil. The election must take place on a day 18 to 25 days (disregarding any excluded day) after the writs have been moved.
Retiring incumbents
The following members of the 33rd Dáil are not seeking re-election:
Opinion polls
In the run-up to the election, various organisations are conducting opinion polls to gauge voting intentions. Results of such polls are displayed in this list.
The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous Irish general election, held on 8 February 2020, to the next election, which can be held no later than 20 February 2025.
Notes
References
General elections in the Republic of Ireland
Future elections in Europe
2020s in Irish politics
Irish general election
2020s elections in the Republic of Ireland
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55690824
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbinder%20Kaur%20Brar
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Gurbinder Kaur Brar
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Gurbrinder Kaur Brar (1922–2013) was an Indian National Congress (INC) politician from the state of Punjab, India.
Early life
Gurbinder Kaur was born in Kairon village of Amritsar district on 12 August 1922 to Jaswant Singh and his wife. She graduated from Kinnaird College, Lahore and received her Master of Arts degree from Government College, Lahore. She was a niece of Partap Singh Kairon.
Career
In her youth Brar joined the Indian National Congress party and in recognition of her work, she was appointed the head of Ferozepur district's Congress Committee in 1964, a post she held till 1970. She also served as the vice-president of Bharatiya Grameen Mahila Sangh.
Brar contested her first assembly election in 1972 from Malout and defeated Gurmeet Singh of the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) by a margin of 11,676 votes. The following year, Zail Singh, then Chief Minister of Punjab included Brar in his cabinet. She was made a Minister of State for Housing and Slum Clearance, Relief and Rehabilitation, Urban Development and Urban Estates and Habitat.
Later the Congress party fielded Brar in Faridkot for the elections to the 7th Lok Sabha, from where she defeated SAD's Balwant Singh Ramoowalia, polling 50.43% of votes against his 46.06%. During her tenure as a Member of Parliament, she served on the Committee on Public Undertakings. A year after completing her term in the central legislature, she contested the 1985 Punjab assembly election from Muktsar and defeated her nearest rival by 5,277 votes. SAD formed the government after gaining absolute majority while Brar was chosen the leader of the opposition in the state assembly.
After her husband Harcharan Singh Brar became the chief minister, she acted as Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee's de facto chief for a short time in 1996.
Personal life
Gurbinder married Harcharan Singh Brar on 24 February 1948. Together they had a son Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar and a daughter Kamaljit 'Babli' Brar. She died on 7 September 2013 at Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh.
References
1922 births
2013 deaths
Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India
People from Amritsar district
Kinnaird College for Women University alumni
Government College University, Lahore alumni
7th Lok Sabha members
Women members of the Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India
Punjab, India MLAs 1972–1977
Punjab, India MLAs 1985–1990
Leaders of the Opposition in Punjab, India
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24992479
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudmyla%20Suprun
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Liudmyla Suprun
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Liudmyla Pavlivna Suprun () (born January 7, 1965 in Zaporizhia) is a Ukrainian politician and former candidate in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election.
Biography
After graduating from Kyiv University, Suprun worked as an academic researcher till 1992. Since then she worked in the field of agriculture. In 1997 Suprun was recognized as "Business Woman Ukraine 1997".
During the 1998 Ukrainian parliamentary election she was elected into the Ukrainian parliament for constituency #100 in Kirovohrad Oblast where she became a member of the faction of the People's Democratic Party. In 2002 Suprun was re-elected on a Labour Ukraine ticket as part of For United Ukraine. At the parliamentary elections 2006 the People's Democratic Party took part in the alliance "Block of people's democratic parties" () (together with the Democratic Union and the Democratic Party of Ukraine) but this alliance did not overcome the 3% threshold (winning only 0.49% of the votes) and therefore no seats. After taking responsibility for the defeat Valeriy Pustovoitenko resigned as leader of the People's Democratic Party. In his place the party was led by Suprun. In the 2007 elections, the People's Democratic Party failed again as part of Election Bloc Liudmyla Suprun - Ukrainian Regional Asset to win parliamentary representation. The current Chairman of the party is still Liudmyla Suprun.
Suprun was a candidate in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election nominated by People's Democratic Party, during the election she received 0,19% of the votes.
Suprun tried to return to parliament in the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election as an independent candidate, single-member district number 101 (first-past-the-post wins a parliament seat) located in Kirovohrad Oblast; but she finished third in this district with 17.1% of the votes.
Suprun did not participate in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election.
In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election Suprun again as an independent candidate tried and failed to win a parliamentary seat in, single-member districts number 198 (first-past-the-post wins a parliament seat) located in Cherkasy Oblast. She finished fourth with 4.32% of the votes.
References
External links
1965 births
People from Zaporizhzhia
Living people
People's Democratic Party (Ukraine) politicians
Third convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Fourth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Candidates in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election
Independent politicians in Ukraine
21st-century Ukrainian women politicians
Laureates of the Honorary Diploma of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine
Recipients of the Honorary Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
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3936669
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.%20John%27s%20Gumbo
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Dr. John's Gumbo
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Dr. John's Gumbo released in 1972 is the fifth album by New Orleans singer and pianist Dr. John, a tribute to the music of his native city. The album is a collection of covers of New Orleans classics, played by a major figure in the city's music. It marked the beginning of Dr. John's transition away from the eccentric stage character that earned him a cult following, and toward a more straightforward image based on New Orleans' R&B traditions.
In 2012, the album was ranked number 404 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album cover was shot in front of the huge mural adorning the wall of The Farmer John Company, (also seen in the movie Carrie), located at Soto Street and Vernon in Vernon, California. The album was on the Billboard 200 charts for eleven weeks, charting as high as #112 on June 24, 1972.
Track listing
"Iko Iko" (James "Sugar Boy" Crawford) – 4:08
"Blow Wind Blow" (Huey "Piano" Smith, Izzy Cougarden) – 3:17
"Big Chief" (Earl King) – 3:25
"Somebody Changed the Lock" (Mac Rebennack) – 2:42
"Mess Around" (Ahmet Ertegun) – 3:09
"Let the Good Times Roll" (Earl King) – 3:56
"Junko Partner" (Bob Shad) – 4:27
"Stack-A-Lee" (Traditional; arranged by Leon T. Gross (Archibald)) – 3:28
"Tipitina" (Professor Longhair) – 2:04
"Those Lonely Lonely Nights" (Earl King, Johnny Vincent) – 2:30
"Huey Smith Medley" (Huey "Piano" Smith, Johnny Vincent) – 3:17
"High Blood Pressure"
"Don't You Just Know It"
"Well I'll Be John Brown"
"Little Liza Jane" (Huey "Piano" Smith, Johnny Vincent) – 2:59
"Thanks to Peter Wolf of the J. Geils Band for the suggestion to cut "Iko Iko""
Personnel
Dr. John – guitar on "Let the Good Times Roll"; piano, cornet, vocals
Lee Allen – tenor saxophone
Ronnie Barron – organ, electric piano, backing vocals; piano on "Let the Good Times Roll"
Harold Battiste – clarinet on "Somebody Changed the Lock"; saxophone, vocal and horn arrangements
Moe Bechamin – saxophone, backing vocals
Jimmy Calhoun – bass
Sidney George – harmonica on "Let the Good Times Roll"; saxophone
Shirley Goodman, Tami Lynn, Robbie Montgomery, Jessica Smith – backing vocals
Ken Klimak – guitar
Dave Lastie – saxophone
Melvin Lastie – trumpet, cornet
John Ewing – trombone
Alvin Robinson – guitar, backing vocals
Freddie Staehle – drums, percussion
Richard "Didimus" Washington – percussion
Technical
Harold Battiste – producer
Jerry Wexler – producer
Keith Olsen, Gary Brandt – engineer
Tom Wilkes – design, photography
Barry Feinstein – design, photography
References
1972 albums
Dr. John albums
Albums produced by Jerry Wexler
Albums produced by Harold Battiste
Atco Records albums
Albums recorded at Sound City Studios
Rhythm and blues albums by American artists
Rock-and-roll albums
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59632001
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood%20Critics%20Association
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Hollywood Critics Association
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The Hollywood Critics Association (HCA) (formerly the Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society) is a film critic organization founded in 2016 in Los Angeles, California.
History
It was founded in 2016 by Scott Menzel, Scott Mantz, and Ashley Menzel, who noted that Los Angeles only had one film critic organization, and sought a critics group that is diverse and supports underrepresented voices.
It originally separated directing honors by gender. "There has been so much conversation about the power of female filmmakers and we wanted to embrace it," said Scott Mantz.
On January 10, 2018, the group held its first annual HCA Film Awards.
In 2019, the HCA had a film discussion podcast called "Film Critics Weekly" on the online broadcasting network "Popcorn Talk".
On August 22, 2021, the HCA held its inaugural Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards in Los Angeles. Ashley Menzel said: “Over these past fourteen months, many of us have been watching more television than ever before. This is why we are absolutely delighted that our first in-person event for 2021 will begin with a brand-new event paying tribute to the best of television.”
On August 30, 2022, The Hollywood Reporter reported that nine of the group's members had recently resigned and one was expelled, a departure of "roughly 7 percent of its membership tally just two weeks ago." The article added that the group "which is comprised almost entirely of young writers from small independent outlets — has come increasing skepticism, from both inside and outside the group’s membership, about the financial and ethical conduct of its leadership."
Organization
The board of directors and officers of the organization, as of 2022, are:
Scott Menzel, Chairman
Ashley Menzel, COO
Nestor Bentancor, Vice President
Morgan Rojas, Secretary
Dan Murrell, Public Information Officer
Fund-raising
To collect funds for Covid-19 recovery initiatives, the Hollywood Critics Association organized a Film & Television Triviathon in 2020.
Film Award categories
Each December, the association releases the nominations for the HCA Film Awards, which are hosted in January of the following year.
Current Categories
Best Picture (since 2017)
Best Actor (since 2017)
Best Actress (since 2017)
Best Supporting Actor (since 2017)
Best Supporting Actress (since 2017)
Best Animated or VFX Performance (since 2017)
Best Original Screenplay (since 2017)
Best Adapted Screenplay (since 2017)
Best Action Film (since 2017)
Best Animated Film (since 2017)
Best Comedy or Musical (since 2017)
Best Documentary (since 2017)
Best Indie Film (since 2017)
Best Foreign Film (since 2017)
Best First Feature (since 2017)
Best Score (since 2017)
Best Cinematography (since 2017)
Best Editing (since 2017)
Best Stunts (since 2017)
Best Visual Effects (since 2017)
Best Ensemble Cast (since 2018)
Best Original Song (since 2018)
Best Horror (since 2019)
Best Costume Design (since 2019)
Best Hair & Makeup (since 2019)
Best Short Film (since 2020)
Best Production Design (since 2020)
Best Director (since 2021)
Discontinued Categories
Best Blockbuster (2017 to 2019)
Best Female Director (2017 to 2020)
Best Male Director (2017 to 2020)
Best Sci-Fi/Horror (2017 to 2018)
Honorary Awards
Trailblazer Award (since 2017)
Newcomer Award (since 2018)
Acting Achievement Award (since 2018)
Filmmaking Achievement Award (since 2019)
Artisans Achievement Award (since 2019)
Game Changer Award (since 2019)
Star on the Rise (since 2019)
Filmmaker on the Rise (since 2019)
Inspire Award (since 2019)
Spotlight Award (since 2019)
Timeless Award (since 2020)
End of a Decade Awards
Filmmaker of the Decade Award (2019 only)
Actress of the Decade Award (2019 only)
Actor of the Decade Award (2019 only)
Producer of the Decade Award (2019 only)
Next Generation Award (2019 only)
Midseason Award categories
Halfway through the year, the association releases the nominations for the HCA Midseason Film Awards, which honor films that come out in the first half of the respected year. The nominations are announced the last week of June, and winners are announced the first week of July.
Current Categories
Best Picture (since 2018)
Best Actor (since 2018)
Best Actress (since 2018)
Best Supporting Actor (since 2018)
Best Supporting Actress (since 2018)
Best Screenplay (since 2018)
Best Indie Film (since 2019)
Most Anticipated Film (since 2021)
Best Director (since 2022)
Best Horror (since 2022)
Discontinued Categories
Best Female Director (2018 to 2020)
Best Male Director (2018 to 2020)
Best Filmmaker (2021 only)
TV Award categories
The Hollywood Critics Association announced that they were launching the HCA TV Awards on March 24, 2021. The inaugural TV awards ceremony took place on August 22, 2021. The following is a list of the current and discontinued categories of the television awards as of 2022.
Current Categories
Best Actor in a Broadcast Network or Cable Series, Comedy (since 2021)
Best Actor in a Broadcast Network or Cable Series, Drama (since 2021)
Best Actor in a Streaming Series, Comedy (since 2021)
Best Actor in a Streaming Series, Drama (since 2021)
Best Actress in a Broadcast Network or Cable Series, Comedy (since 2021)
Best Actress in a Broadcast Network or Cable Series, Drama (since 2021)
Best Actress in a Streaming Series, Comedy (since 2021)
Best Actress in a Streaming Series, Drama (since 2021)
Best Broadcast Network Series, Comedy (since 2021)
Best Broadcast Network Series, Drama (since 2021)
Best Broadcast Network or Cable Docuseries, Documentary Television Movie, or Non-Fiction Series (since 2021)
Best Broadcast Network or Cable Sketch Series, Variety Series, Talk Show or Comedy/Variety Special (since 2021)
Best Cable Series, Comedy (since 2021)
Best Cable Series, Drama (since 2021)
Best Streaming Docuseries, Documentary Television Movie, or Non-Fiction Series (since 2021)
Best Streaming Series, Comedy (since 2021)
Best Streaming Series, Drama (since 2021)
Best Supporting Actor in a Broadcast Network or Cable Series, Comedy (since 2021)
Best Supporting Actor in a Broadcast Network or Cable Series, Drama (since 2021)
Best Supporting Actor in a Streaming Series, Comedy (since 2021)
Best Supporting Actor in a Streaming Series, Drama (since 2021)
Best Supporting Actress in a Broadcast Network or Cable Series, Comedy (since 2021)
Best Supporting Actress in a Broadcast Network or Cable Series, Drama (since 2021)
Best Supporting Actress in a Streaming Series, Comedy (since 2021)
Best Supporting Actress in a Streaming Series, Drama (since 2021)
Best Actor in a Broadcast Network or Cable Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Actress in a Broadcast Network or Cable Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Actor in a Streaming Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Actress in a Streaming Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Broadcast Network or Cable Animated Series or Television Movie (since 2022)
Best Broadcast Network or Cable Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Broadcast Network or Cable Live-Action Television Movie (since 2022)
Best Broadcast Network or Cable Reality Show or Competition Series (since 2022)
Best Comedy or Standup Special (since 2022)
Best Directing in a Broadcast Network or Cable Series, Comedy (since 2022)
Best Directing in a Broadcast Network or Cable Series, Drama (since 2022)
Best Directing in a Broadcast Network or Cable Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Directing in a Streaming Series, Comedy (since 2022)
Best Directing in a Streaming Series, Drama (since 2022)
Best Directing in a Streaming Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Game Show (since 2022)
Best International Series (since 2022)
Best Short Form Animation Series (since 2022)
Best Short Form Comedy or Drama Series (since 2022)
Best Short Form Documentary or Non-Fiction Series (since 2022)
Best Streaming Animated Series or Television Movie (since 2022)
Best Streaming Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Streaming Movie (since 2022)
Best Streaming Reality Show or Competition Series (since 2022)
Best Streaming Variety Sketch Series, Talk Series, or Special (since 2022)
Best Supporting Actor in a Broadcast Network or Cable Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Supporting Actress in a Broadcast Network or Cable Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Supporting Actor in a Streaming Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Supporting Actress in a Streaming Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Writing in a Broadcast Network or Cables Series, Comedy (since 2022)
Best Writing in a Broadcast Network or Cable Series, Drama (since 2022)
Best Writing in a Broadcast Network or Cable Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Best Writing in a Streaming Series, Comedy (since 2022)
Best Writing in a Streaming Series, Drama (since 2022)
Best Writing in a Streaming Limited or Anthology Series (since 2022)
Discontinued Categories
Best Actor in a Limited Series, Anthology Series, or Television Movie (2021 only)
Best Actress in a Limited Series, Anthology Series or Television Movie (2021 only)
Best Animated Series or Animated Television Movie (2021 only)
Best Broadcast Network or Cable Limited Series, Anthology Series or Live-Action Television Movie (2021 only)
Best Broadcast Network Reality Series, Competition Series, or Game Show (2021 only)
Best Cable or Streaming Reality Series, Competition Series, or Game Show (2021 only)
Best Streaming Limited Series, Anthology Series, or Live-Action Television Movie (2021 only)
Best Streaming Sketch Series, Variety Series, Talk Show, or Comedy/Variety Special (2021 only)
Best Supporting Actor in a Limited Series, Anthology Series, or Television Movie (2021 only)
Best Supporting Actress in a Limited Series, Anthology Series, or Television Movie (2021 only)
Honorary Awards
Legacy Award (since 2021)
Virtuoso Award (since 2021)
Impact Award (since 2021)
TV Icon Award (since 2021)
Pop Culture Icon Award (since 2021)
TV Breakout Star Award (since 2021)
Spotlight Award (since 2021)
Award ceremonies
Film
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Midseason
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
TV
2021
2022
References
External links
2016 establishments in California
American film critics associations
Cinema of Southern California
Arts organizations based in California
Culture of Los Angeles
Mass media in Los Angeles
Organizations based in Los Angeles
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16363904
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesh%20%28Sumer%29
|
Kesh (Sumer)
|
Kesh was an ancient Sumerian city and religious site, whose patron goddess was Ninhursag. Its location is uncertain; some of the possible sites put forth include Al-Ubaid, near Ur, or Tell al-Wilayah near Adab or Abu Salabikh. Kesh in mentioned on the Bassetki Statue of Naram-Sin.
Temple Hymn
There is a famous Kesh temple hymn about Ninhursag's temple in Kesh (hur-saĝ gal), where she is called Nintud. The goddess Nisaba appears as the temple's caretaker and decision maker.A cuneiform tablet fragment of the Kesh Temple Hymn (the longer version, a shorter version having been written by Enheduanna, the daughter of Sargon of Akkad) was found at Abu Salabikh.
Location
Robert D. Biggs suggested Kesh could have just been a variation in the spelling of Kish.
From inscriptions it is known that Adab was on the Kesh Canal. More recently it has been suggested that Kesh is located at Tulul al-Baqarat.
References
See also
Cities of the ancient Near East
Sumerian cities
Former populated places in Iraq
| 1 | 1 |
1075401
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic%20Towers
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Mystic Towers
|
Mystic Towers is a video game created by Australian developer Animation F/X and published by Manaccom domestically and Apogee Software internationally. Originally exclusive to DOS, it was re-released on Steam in 2015 with Windows and Mac OS support. It stars Baron Baldric, an old wizard with a magic staff and an array of amusing mannerisms, who must quest through twelve towers and rid them of monsters. Mystic Towers is a sequel to Baron Baldric: A Grave Adventure, a platform game in which Baron Baldric battled an evil sorcerous ancestor. The earlier game, originally written for the Amiga and later ported to the PC, was published by Manaccom and not released outside of Australia.
Gameplay
Each tower consists of 45 rooms (5 floors with 9 rooms each), 15 monsters, and 1 monster generator. In each tower, Baldric must defeat all the monsters, destroy the monster generator, and obtain the Large Red Tower Key that opens the tower entrance.
Baron Baldric has a health bar showing his hit points, which decrease as Baldric takes damage from monsters, is poisoned, or steps on traps. When his health meter runs out, Baldric loses a life. He begins with nine lives in reserve (one life in Practice Mode), and gains more with every 10,000 points he earns. Points are earned by collecting treasure.
Baldic must consume enough food and drink to avoid starvation and thirst. If his food or drink bars reach zero, Baron Baldric slowly loses life until the bar is replenished. Otherwise, Baldric's health slowly recharges over time. Food can be found in a variety of places, and some monsters can be eaten after they are killed. Drinks come in bottles and flasks, as well as water fountains. Some bottles contain wine, which makes Baron Baldric intoxicated (characterized by spinning and hiccuping) for a short while.
Baron Baldric can become poisoned by stepping on a poison tile, drinking slime, or getting hit by a venom cloud. Baron Baldric slowly loses health when poisoned. In order to cure poison, the player can use a heal spell, drink slime from outlets, or eat a mushroom. If Baron Baldric eats a mushroom when he's not poisoned, he dies instantly.
There are 6 towers in the game. Each tower has an "Apprentice" version, which Baldric visits on the first half of his quest, and a "Wizard" version, which he visits on the second. In Wizard towers, Baldric does not start with maps of each floor, the monsters are significantly stronger and faster, teleporters do not link in a ring but direct, the Red Tower Key is not in the starting room, and there are new classes of obstacles to overcome.
Baldric starts each tower afresh, with his food, drink, and health bars all refilled, and his inventory of spells and coins lost. Only his extra lives and score are carried over.
The game's "Practice Mode" is the opposite of what its name suggests, an extra difficult mode suited only to those who have already mastered the game's mechanics. In this mode, players select a single tower to play through, with both apprentice and wizard versions of all the towers available. All the same dangers are present as in the story mode, but the player has only one extra life and cannot save their game.
Spells
There a total of ten spells in the game. The first five are damage spells (Ice, Sulfur, Venom Cloud, Fireball and Lightning) for killing monsters and differ from each other only in the specific amount of damage they do and the fact that Ice has unlimited ammunition. The other five spells (Reveal, Heal, Teleport, Levitate, and Bomb) are utility spells. The Reveal spell lights up dark rooms, reveals hidden doors, treasure, and poison tiles. The Heal Spell restores Baldric's health and cures poison. Teleport can only be used on a teleport pad, which transports him to the floor indicated by the number on the pad. Levitate makes Baldric float one level higher, and can be stacked. Baron Baldric can return to the ground by jumping. Finally, Bomb can be cast only on a monster generator, as part of the criteria of completing the level.
Coins can be collected to purchase spells. The higher the floor of the tower in which a spell is purchased, the more powerful the spell generally is. Although all the spells except Ice are collectible, only the damage spells are purchasable.
Several monsters can cast spells, with seemingly no limits. Venom Cloud has the ability to poison Baron Baldric, and Lightning can kill in two hits.
Power-ups
There are three types of power-ups, all of which last a limited amount of time:
Meta-power greatly boosts the power of Baron Baldric's currently equipped spell.
Invisibility makes Baron Baldric invisible. Monsters will not attack Baron Baldric unless they run into him, and autofire rooms (rooms that sense the presence of Baldric and fire) will not activate.
Shields make Baldric invulnerable. Monsters will not attack, and Baldric is immune to poison tiles, traps and fire. He can still be poisoned from drinking slime and killed from eating a poisonous mushroom when not poisoned.
External links
Mystic Towers page at 3D Realms
1994 video games
DOS games
Classic Mac OS games
Platform games
Windows games
Apogee games
Video games about old age
Video games about witchcraft
Video games developed in Australia
Video games with isometric graphics
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3154873
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiguex%20War
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Tiguex War
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The Tiguex War was the first named war between Europeans and Native Americans in what is now part of the United States. The war took place in New Spain, during the exploration of Nuevo México prior to settlement. It was fought in the winter of 1540-41 by the expedition of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado against the twelve or thirteen Pueblos of what would become the Tiguex Province of Nuevo México. These villages were along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Benalillio, New Mexico.
Background
Estevanico had arrived as a scout for Spanish expedition, but he went missing (assumed killed) near Hawikuh. Reports of this by Sonoran Native Mexicans frightened later Spanish expeditionary forces that went into the region. They were seeking the Seven Cities of Gold.
Due to this the Coronado expedition was large, at about 350 Spaniard men-at-arms, a large number of spouses, slaves, and servants, and as many as 2,000 Mexican Indian allies, mostly warriors from Aztec, Purépecha, and other tribes from central and western Mexico. The expedition also brought thousands of livestock, including horses, mules, sheep, cattle, and perhaps pigs.
As soon as Coronado entered present-day New Mexico, he set up camp Zuni pueblo of Hawikuh, also known as Hawikku, Cíbola, or Cibola. He was visited there soon after by a delegation from Pecos Pueblo (now Pecos National Historical Park). One of the leaders of this delegation, after exchanging gifts, offered to guide the expedition to Pecos and the buffalo herds of the Great Plains. He had a mustache, which was unusual for a Native American, and so the Spaniards called him Bigotes (Spanish for "mustaches"). Coronado sent Hernando de Alvarado] as commander for the journey.
Alvarado's reconnaissance
Alvarado was one of 200 soldiers who had used their bodies to protect the fallen Coronado at the battle of Hawikuh, saving him from being bludgeoned to death by stones dropped by the Zuni defenders. Bigotes guided Alvarado and twenty-three other Spaniards and an unknown number of Mexican Indian allies east, past Acoma and into the Rio Grande valley. There they found a cluster of Tiwa pueblos they called the province of Tiguex, named after the occupying Tiwa Puebloans.
They then traveled north along the river as far as Taos, claiming for Spain the land of several pueblos along the way. They finally arrived at Bigotes's community of Pecos. This was the easternmost of the pueblos with a well-developed commerce with the plains Indians. Alvarado journeyed another five days easterly to see the vast buffalo herds that Bigotes had earlier described to Coronado. He returned to Tiguex at about the same time an advance party led by Field Master García López de Cárdenas also arrived.
The Tiguex Province was described as the most prosperous area the expeditions had seen, with the Rio Grande flowing through a wide, level, desert with vast irrigated cornfields. Alvarado notified Coronado that the expedition should move there for the oncoming winter.
War
Ghufoor campsite
To establish a headquarters, Cárdenas set up camp at one of the largest of the Tiguex pueblos, Ghufoor (also called Coofor or Alcanfor).
Coronado used Ghufoor as a military base from which to gain supplies from the Northen Tiwa speaking Puebloans. The expedition traded beads and trinkets for food and clothing for their winters in Ghufoor from the Tiguex pueblos at first. Due to a harsh winter, provisions became scarce for the Pueblo, so they resisted further trades. The expedition's men and livestock still continued to consume much of the post-harvest cornstalks normally used by the Puebloans for cooking and heating fuel during the winters.
Retaliation by the Puebloans
Xauían from Ghufoor usually referred to in the chronicles by the Spanish nickname of Juan Alemán, had established a bartering deal with the Spanish but opposed the Europeans after they became hostile.
In December 1540, Tiwans retaliated for the abuses by killing 40 to 60 of the expedition's free-roaming horses and mules. Spanish tactics were to react to any provocation with immediate retaliation.
Arenal and Moho
Coronado sent Cárdenas with a large force of Mexican Indian allies to conquer a Tiwa pueblo the Spaniards called Arenal. All of Arenal's defenders were killed, including an estimated 30 Tiwas who the Spaniards burned alive at the stake. The Tiwas abandoned their riverside pueblos and made their last stand in a mesa-top stronghold the Spaniards called Moho. There may have been a second mesa-top stronghold as well, but Spanish accounts differ on its existence.
Coronado was not able to conquer the stronghold by force, so he laid siege to Moho for about 80 days in January–March 1541. Finally, Moho's defenders ran out of water and attempted to escape in the night. The Tiguex War ended in a slaughter when Spaniards heard the escapees and killed almost all the men and several women.
Aftermath
Coronado then set off on his 1541 foray across the Great Plains to central Kansas in search of the chimerical riches of Quivira. Upon his return, the Towa Indians of Jemez Pueblo had decided the Spaniards were enemies and turned hostile, resulting in a battle and siege against Pecos.
The Tiwas had abandoned all Pueblos until the expedition left for Kansas, at which point they reoccupied them, but later abandoned them in favor of larger singular Pueblos. Coronado withdrew back to Mexico in April 1542, and the Spaniards would not return for 39 years.
Legacy
By the time of the next Spanish expedition led by Juan de Oñate in 1598, the Pueblo people in the Tiguex Province had reestablished themselves. But the underlying hostility eventually resurfaced in the 1680 Pueblo Revolt.
It wasn't until 1706 when La Villa de Alburquerque was established as an actual trade outpost for the Pueblos, that Native rights were finally being given thought. By the mid-1700s, Native American rights to their land were being recognized by the Santa Fe de Nuevo México government, by then governor Tomás Vélez Cachupín.
The cities of Cibola of that time, have since become the modern Southern Tiwa Sandia Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo, and Keres Santa Ana Pueblo.
Popular culture
The only book-length treatment of the Tiguex War is in the historical novel, Winter of the Metal People (2013).
References
Tiwa
Native American history of New Mexico
1540 in New Spain
Conflicts in 1540
C
| 0 | -1 |
4218329
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeon%20Namsan
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Yeon Namsan
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Yeon Namsan (淵男産, 연남산) (639–701) was the third son of the Goguryeo military leader and dictator Yeon Gaesomun (603?–665).
The course of his career shadowed closely that of his elder brother Yeon Namsaeng. From an early age he was appointed Seonin (선인, 先人), and rising through the ranks of sohyeong (소형, 小兄), daehyeong (대형, 大兄) uidu daehyeong (위두대형, 位頭大兄) and junggun juhwal (중군주활, 中軍主活) (all obscure Goguryeo ranks whose exact nature is unknown.)
Following Yeon Gaesomun's death around 666 Namsan joined forces with his elder brother Yeon Namgeon against their oldest brother Namsaeng, who ultimately fled to Tang China to seek its aid. However, upon the fall of Goguryeo in 668 Namsan submitted to Tang. In Tang Namsan was accorded the office of Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments (Sizai shaoqing 司宰少卿).
Following his death from illness he was buried along with his eldest brother in Luoyang. His tomb stele was later discovered in the Tang eastern capital of Luoyang, along with that of Namsaeng.
References
639 births
701 deaths
Goguryeo people
Tang dynasty politicians
Korean politicians
7th-century Korean people
| 1 | 1 |
11177956
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A9m
|
Csém
|
Csém is a village in Komárom-Esztergom County, Hungary.
History
Below is a description of the town's history as found on Csém's municipal website as translated by Google:
Csém is a village with four hundred and seventy-five inhabitants in the north-western corner of Komárom-Esztergom county. It is accessible by both road and rail. The name of the settlement can probably be traced back to a personal name. His name first appeared in the form of 'Cem' in a charter in 1209 and was later referred to as 'Chem' (1233) and 'Chemy' (1485). It was the property of the Archabbey of Pannonhalma. The village, destroyed by the Turks in 1547, was difficult to repopulate. By the first half of the 18th Century, Csém-puszta was already the property of the archbishop of Esztergom. In 1848 it had 148 Roman Catholics and 3 Reformed inhabitants. Between the two world wars, there was a one-room Catholic farm school in the village. Administratively, it belonged to Mocsa, Kisigmánd from 1946, then these two settlements were annexed to Nagyigmánd on April 1, 1971, and a joint council was formed. 1989
The oldest building in the village is the Roman Catholic Church of St. Anne. Mother Church Carpenter. The date of construction of the church is unknown, but local tradition holds that its time of construction was hidden in the sum of the Roman numerals composed of the initials of the inscription above the main entrance, which was probably 1854 on this basis. There is a group kindergarten in the village, but there is no primary school. The children go to school in nearby Nagyigmánd. The House of Culture has a large hall for 200 people. There is also a club for the elderly and a 1,100-volume library in the village.
The famous native of the village is Marián Lajos Réthei Prikkel, a Benedictine priest teacher from Esztergom, who was born in 1871 and died in 1925 in Balatonfüred. As a philologist, he researched the old Hungarian language, and as an ethnographer, he collected folk dances. From 1916 he edited the newspaper Esztergom és Vidéke. In the economic life of Csém, horse and cattle breeding, in the 19th century. From the end of the 19th century, due to the proximity of the Ácsi Sugar Factory, sugar beet cultivation played a prominent role. An orchard producing branded pears on its excellent soil has recently been liquidated. No production cooperative has been established in its territory, Komáromi Mezőgazdasági Rt. Manages its land. In addition to local craftsmen meeting the immediate needs of the residents, no industrial sector has settled in the village. Its only mineral resource, the gravel mine and classifier, which is located on concrete and construction gravel, has a significant turnover.
The infrastructure of the settlement is good. Its aqueduct was built in 1949 and its telephone network in 1993 as a result of municipal investments after the change of regime. The roads of the village are in good condition, they were paved after 1990. The gas supply was realized in 1997. The solid waste is disposed of at the solid waste storage site of OTTO Rt. In 2000, the village's drinking water well was completed and the Millennium Memorial Coast was handed over. The area around Csém is an excellent place for excursions, cycling and walking. The two standard-sized grass football pitches and changing rooms in the village sports complex are excellent for resting and playing ball games. The proximity of the Concó stream is an attractive force for lovers of the Waterfront Cool. Kindergarten in 2002, doctor's office in 2003, culture house in 2004,
Notes and references
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
Populated places in Komárom-Esztergom County
| 1 | 1 |
5459939
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%2C%20or%20Change
|
Caroline, or Change
|
Caroline, or Change is a musical with music by Jeanine Tesori and lyrics and book by Tony Kushner. The score combines spirituals, blues, Motown, classical music, and Jewish klezmer and folk music.
The show ran both Off-Broadway and on Broadway as well as in London.
Production history
The musical was first workshopped in 1999 at New York's Off-Broadway Public Theater. Director George C. Wolfe continued to workshop the musical at the Public Theater, where it opened on November 30, 2003, and closed on February 1, 2004.
It transferred to Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on May 2, 2004 and closed on August 29, 2004 after 136 performances and 22 previews. The musical starred Tonya Pinkins in the title role, Anika Noni Rose as Emmie Thibodeaux, Harrison Chad as Noah Gellman, Veanne Cox as Rose Stopnick Gellman and Chandra Wilson as Dotty Moffett (all both off-and on-Broadway). The choreographer was Hope Clarke; scenic design by Riccardo Hernandez; costume design by Paul Tazewell; and lighting design by Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer. Despite its relatively short run, it was critically acclaimed and nominated for six Tony Awards, including Best Musical.
Opening in October 2006, a London production at the National Theatre on the Lyttelton stage, also directed by Wolfe, ran in repertory with Marianne Elliot's production of Thérèse Raquin to January 2007. The production did not transfer to the West End but did win the Olivier Award for Best New Musical. The opening night cast in London starred Tonya Pinkins as Caroline. Other cast members included Pippa Bennett-Warner as Emmie Thibodeaux, Anna Francolini as Rose Stopnick Gellman, Hilton McRae as Mr. Stopnick, Perry Millward, Jonny Weldon and Greg Bernstein alternating as Noah, Clive Rowe as the dryer/bus Joy Malcolm, Ramona Keller, and Nataylia Roni, as the Radio.
A revival was produced at the Minerva Theatre, Chichester as part of Daniel Evans' inaugural season as artistic director of Chichester Festival Theatre, running from 6 May to 3 June 2017. The production was directed by Michael Longhurst, starred Sharon D. Clarke as Caroline and received critical acclaim earning five star reviews. The production transferred with Clarke to the Hampstead Theatre, London from 12 March to 21 April 2018. The production transferred to the West End at the Playhouse Theatre, where it began playing on 20 November 2018, and ran until 2 March 2019, once again starring Clarke.
A Broadway revival by Roundabout Theatre Company based on the Chichester production initially was announced to start previews on March 13, 2020 and open on April 7, 2020 at Studio 54. On March 12, 2020, the show suspended production due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Rescheduled previews began October 8, 2021 and it officially opened on October 27 and ran through January 9, 2022. Direction was by Michael Longhurst with choreography by Ann Yee. The revival starred Sharon D. Clarke and Samantha Williams (Emmie).
Regional theatre
Pinkins and Anika Noni Rose (Emmie Thibodeaux) reprised their roles in late 2004 at the Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles, California and in January to February 2005 at the Curran Theatre, San Francisco, California. Its premiere in The Washington DC area at The Studio Theatre in 2006, starring Julia Nixon and Max Talisman, received rave reviews, and won The Helen Hayes Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress, Resident Musical (Nixon), and Outstanding Resident Musical. The Chicago premiere at the Court Theatre in fall 2008 earned four Jeff awards for director Charles Newell, Musical Director Doug Peck, star E. Faye Butler, and best production of a musical at a large scale theater.
Other regional productions have included Center Stage, Baltimore, Maryland, in December 2008 to January 2009 with E. Faye Butler; the Guthrie Theatre, Minneapolis, Minnesota, April to June 2009, the Gallery Players, Brooklyn, N.Y., January to February 2010, The Human Race Theatre Company, Dayton, Ohio November 4–20, 2011, and Syracuse Stage (Syracuse, New York) February 1-February 26, 2012. In 2017, the Round House Theatre in Bethesda, Maryland staged it as part of a season with a focus on Tony Kushner plays. Its Colorado regional premiere took place April 5 to May 5, 2019, at the Aurora Fox Arts Center, directed by Kenny Moten and starring Mary Louise Lee as Caroline.
A 2012 production by Acting Up Stage Company in Toronto, Ontario garnered Dora Mavor Moore Awards for Outstanding Production of a Musical, Sterling Jarvis (principal actor), Arlene Duncan (principal actress) and Outstanding Musical Direction (Reza Jacobs). A new production by Acting Up Stage Company, now called The Musical Stage Company, in Toronto, Ontario will play January 31 to February 16, 2020 starring Jully Black as Caroline and Canadian soprano Measha Brueggergosman as The Moon at the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres.
Plot
Act One
On a hot day in 1963 in Lake Charles, Louisiana, Caroline, a black maid who works for the Gellman family for $30 a week, launders clothes in the basement ("16 Feet Beneath The Sea"). Caroline keeps herself sane in the basement by imagining the items in the basement as people ("The Radio"/"Laundry Quintet"). The Gellmans' 8-year-old son Noah, whose mother has recently died of cancer, is attracted to Caroline, a no-nonsense single parent ("Noah Down The Stairs"). Caroline allows Noah to light her one cigarette each day, a secret they can share ("The Cigarette"). Caroline puts the laundry in the dryer and sings about her four kids and cleaning houses for 22 years ("The Dryer"/"I Got Four Kids").
Noah's new stepmother Rose cannot give Caroline a raise, but tells her to take some extra food home to her kids ("Caroline, There's Extra Food"); Caroline declines. Noah's father Stuart, despondent since his wife's death, tells Noah he has lost his faith ("There is No God, Noah"). Noah confesses that he hates Rose ("Rose Stopnick Can Cook"). Rose confesses to her father, Mr. Stopnick, that she is unhappy as well ("Long Distance").
After work, Caroline argues with her friend Dotty about each other's lifestyles ("Dotty and Caroline"). The moon rises as they wait for a bus ("Moon Change"). They discuss the recent mysterious destruction of a statue of a Confederate soldier at the courthouse ("Moon Trio"). The bus arrives with devastating news: President Kennedy has been assassinated ("The Bus"/"That Can't Be").
Rose tells Noah to stop leaving money in his pants pockets, and that any money Caroline finds in his laundry will be hers to keep ("Noah and Rose"). The Gellman family reminisces about the good President Kennedy did for the Jews and Dotty reminisces about the good he intended to do for African Americans ("Inside/Outside"/"JFK"). On the front porch of her house, Caroline tells her teenage daughter Emmie that the president is dead. Emmie says she does not care, because JFK never fulfilled his promises to the black community ("No One Waiting"/"Night Mama"). Noah, awake in his bedroom, asks Caroline what laws she would pass if she were president ("Gonna Pass Me a Law"/"Noah Goes To Sleep").
Rose tells Caroline she is allowed to keep any money she finds in Noah's pants, to supplement her salary and teach Noah a lesson ("Noah Has a Problem"). Noah and his father, Stuart, have trouble bonding ("Stuart and Noah"). Noah, aware of Caroline's situation, purposefully leaves his candy and comic book money in his pockets, as well as 75 cents ("Quarter in the Bleach Cup"). Caroline feels bad about keeping it, but does so, out of necessity. Caroline brings the money to Emmie, Jackie, and Joe who discuss all the things they can do and things they can buy with it ("Caroline Takes My Money Home"/"Roosevelt Petrucius Coleslaw").
Act Two
As Christmas approaches Caroline, ironing clothes in the basement, remembers her ex-husband, who was kind and thoughtful until he became abusive ("Santa Comin' Caroline"/"Little Reward"/"1943"). Rose tells Caroline to keep any money Stuart leaves in his clothes as well but Caroline snaps at Rose saying she does not need her pity or money and threatens her with the iron ("Mr. Gellman's Shirt"/"Ooh Child"). Rose then asks if she, Dotty, and Emmie will work at her upcoming Chanukah party ("Rose Recovers"). Emmie, Jackie, and Joe encourage her to keep taking the laundry money, because the family needs it ("I Saw Three Ships").
At the Chanukah party, Noah educates Emmie about the holiday ("The Chanukah Party"). Rose shoos Noah out of the kitchen ("Noah, Out! It's Very Rude") and Dotty tells Emmie about the courthouse statue ("Dotty and Emmie"). When Mr. Stopnick belittles Martin Luther King Jr.'s nonviolent civil disobedience, Emmie tells him white people have no right to be critical ("I Don't Want My Child To Hear That"/"Mr. Stopnick and Emmie"). Mr. Stopnick is impressed with Emmie's bravado, but Caroline tells her she cannot talk that way to white people; Emmie retorts that slavery is over. Caroline slaps Emmie ("Kitchen Fight"). Mr. Stopnick's Chanukah present to Noah is a $20 bill, intended as a life lesson about money and its value ("A Twenty Dollar Bill and Why"). At the bus stop, Emmie dreams of growing up to be independent and fighting for justice ("I Hate the Bus"). Back at the house, Stuart laments that he can give neither Rose nor Noah what they need ("Moon, Emmie, Stuart Trio").
Noah inadvertently leaves the $20 bill in his pants; after school he rushes to the basement, but Caroline has found it and says she is keeping it, per their agreement ("The Twenty Dollar Bill"). Noah and Caroline exchange racial insults, then Caroline returns the money and leaves ("Caroline and Noah Fight"). After five days, Caroline has not returned to work ("Aftermath"). That Sunday on her way to church, Caroline realizes that the laundry money had only fostered greed and hatefulness; she asks God to free her from earthly desires ("Sunday Morning"/"Lot's Wife"). The radio sings of a fierce heartbreak ("Salty Teardrops"). At church, Caroline gives Emmie, Jackie, and Joe fierce hugs and accepts that her children will have better and different lives from the one she has had. ("How Long Has This Been Going On?").
Noah finally lets Rose tuck him into bed and kiss him goodnight. Caroline returns to work and assures Noah that although things will never be the same between them, Noah will learn to live with his sorrow and move on ("Why Does Our House Have a Basement?"/"Underwater"). Emmie reveals that she helped take down the Confederate soldier statue, and proudly sings that she is the daughter of a maid, but she will continue to work for a greater cause, and her children will have a brighter future. Jackie and Joe come out to shush her and she tells them that it is up to the children of Caroline Thibedeaux to change the future ("Epilogue").
Musical numbers
Act One
Washer / Dryer
16 Feet Beneath The Sea — Caroline, The Washing Machine
The Radio — The Radio
Laundry Quintet— The Washing Machine, Caroline, The Radio
Noah Down The Stairs — Noah
The Cigarette — Noah and Caroline
Laundry Finish— The Washing Machine, Caroline, The Radio
The Dryer— The Dryer and The Radio
I Got Four Kids— Caroline and The Dryer
Cabbage
Caroline, There's Extra Food— Rose, Caroline and The Gellmans
There Is No God, Noah— Stuart
Rose Stopnick Can Cook— The Gellmans
Long Distance— Rose
Moon Change
Dotty and Caroline— Dotty and Caroline
Moon Change— The Moon
Moon Trio— Dotty, Caroline, and The Moon
The Bus— The Bus
That Can't Be— The Bus, Rose, Dotty and Caroline
Noah and Rose— Rose and Noah
Inside / Outside — The Moon, Noah and Rose
JFK —Dotty, Grandpa Gellman and Grandma Gellman
Duets
No One Waitin' — Emmie, Caroline, and The Radio
'Night Mamma — Emmie
Gonna Pass Me A Law — Noah and Caroline
Stop Botherin’ The Night — Caroline
The Bleach Cup
Noah Has A Problem — Rose and Caroline
Stuart and Noah — Stuart, Noah and Rose
The Bleach Cup — Caroline, Noah and The Washing Machine
Roosevelt Petrucius Coleslaw — Emmie, Jackie, Joe, Noah, Caroline and The Moon
Act Two
Ironing
Santa Comin' Caroline — The Radio
Little Reward — The Radio, The Washing Machine, and Caroline
1943 — Caroline, The Washing Machine, and The Radio
Mr. Gellman's Shirt — Rose and Caroline
Ooh Child — The Washing Machine and The Radio
Rose Recovers — Rose, The Dryer and Caroline
I Saw Three Ships — Emmie, Jackie, Joe and Caroline
The Chanukah Party
The Chanukah Party — Grandma Gellman, Grandpa Gellman, Mr. Stopnick, Rose, Noah, Caroline, and Emmie
Dotty and Emmie — Dotty and Emmie
I Don't Want My Child To Hear That — Caroline, Mr. Stopnick
Mr. Stopnick and Emmie — Mr. Stopnick and Emmie
Kitchen Fight — Caroline, Emmie, and Dotty
A Twenty Dollar Bill and Why — Mr. Stopnick
I Hate The Bus — Emmie
Moon, Emmie and Stuart Trio — The Moon, Emmie, Stuart
The Twenty Dollar Bill
The Twenty Dollar Bill — Noah, The Gellmans
Caroline and Noah Fight — Caroline, The Dryer and Noah
Aftermath
Aftermath — Noah, The Dryer, Rose, Stuart Mr. Stopnick
Rose Waltz - Rose, Mr. Stopnick, Stuart
Lot's Wife
Sunday Morning — Caroline and Dotty
Lot's Wife — Caroline
How Long Has This Been Going On?
Salty Teardrops — The Radio
Why Does Our House Have A Basement? — Noah, Rose, and Caroline
Underwater — Caroline
Emmie's Dream
Epilogue — Emmie, Jackie, and Joe
Characters
Caroline Thibodeaux: 39-year-old African-American maid for the Gellmans, a middle-class Jewish family
Noah Gellman: The Gellmans' 8-year-old curious, sympathetic, and neurotic son
Emmie Thibodeaux: Caroline's 16-year-old free-spirited daughter, supporter of Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement
Rose Stopnick Gellman: Noah's concerned new stepmother from New York City, marries Stuart after his first wife's death
Stuart Gellman: Professional clarinet player and Noah's father, mourning the loss of his wife
Dotty Moffett: Friend of Caroline and fellow maid, takes night classes at the University
The Radio: Domestic appliance portrayed by a Supremes-like trio, serves as a Greek Chorus for the show
The Washing Machine: Domestic appliance portrayed by an actor, cleans clothes for the Gellmans and pushes Caroline to move forward in life
The Dryer: Domestic appliance portrayed by an actor, torments Caroline throughout the show
The Moon: Portrayed by an actor, is a calming and healing presence throughout the show
The Bus: Portrayed by an actor, is the primary source of transportation for the African-American characters in the show
Jackie Thibodeaux: Caroline's 10-year-old son
Joe Thibodeaux: Caroline's 8-year-old son
Mr. Stopnick: Rose's father, a Jewish man with a socialist ideology from New York City
Grandpa Gellman: Noah's grandfather, Stuart's father
Grandma Gellman: Noah's grandmother, Stuart's mother
Notable casts
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
Original London production
2017 Chichester/Hampstead/West End revival
2021 Broadway revival
References
External links
Caroline, or Change at the Music Theatre International website
Review of the Broadway production
Review of the London production
Tonya Pinkins - Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing.org
Musicals by Jeanine Tesori
Broadway musicals
2003 musicals
Original musicals
Laurence Olivier Award-winning musicals
Louisiana in fiction
Fiction set in 1963
Sung-through musicals
Plays by Tony Kushner
Plays set in the United States
Tony Award-winning musicals
Plays set in Louisiana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone%20acetate
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Medroxyprogesterone acetate
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Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), also known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) in injectable form and sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is a hormonal medication of the progestin type. It is used as a method of birth control and as a part of menopausal hormone therapy. It is also used to treat endometriosis, abnormal uterine bleeding, abnormal sexuality in males, and certain types of cancer. The medication is available both alone and in combination with an estrogen. It is taken by mouth, used under the tongue, or by injection into a muscle or fat.
Common side effects include menstrual disturbances such as absence of periods, abdominal pain, and headaches. More serious side effects include bone loss, blood clots, allergic reactions, and liver problems. Use is not recommended during pregnancy as it may harm the baby. MPA is an artificial progestogen, and as such activates the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progesterone. It also has weak glucocorticoid activity and very weak androgenic activity but no other important hormonal activity. Due to its progestogenic activity, MPA decreases the body's release of gonadotropins and can suppress sex hormone levels. It works as a form of birth control by preventing ovulation.
MPA was discovered in 1956 and was introduced for medical use in the United States in 1959. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. MPA is the most widely used progestin in menopausal hormone therapy and in progestogen-only birth control. DMPA is approved for use as a form of long-acting birth control in more than 100 countries. In 2018, it was the 202nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions.
Medical uses
The most common use of MPA is in the form of DMPA as a long-acting progestogen-only injectable contraceptive to prevent pregnancy in women. It is an extremely effective contraceptive when used with relatively high doses to prevent ovulation. MPA is also used in combination with an estrogen in menopausal hormone therapy in postmenopausal women to treat and prevent menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal atrophy, and osteoporosis. It is used in menopausal hormone therapy specifically to prevent endometrial hyperplasia and cancer that would otherwise be induced by prolonged unopposed estrogen therapy in women with intact uteruses. In addition to contraception and menopausal hormone therapy, MPA is used in the treatment of gynecological and menstrual disorders such as dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, and endometriosis. Along with other progestins, MPA was developed to allow for oral progestogen therapy, as progesterone (the progestogen hormone made by the human body) could not be taken orally for many decades before the process of micronization was developed and became feasible in terms of pharmaceutical manufacturing.
DMPA reduces sex drive in men and is used as a form of chemical castration to control inappropriate or unwanted sexual behavior in those with paraphilias or hypersexuality, including in convicted sex offenders. DMPA has also been used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, as a palliative appetite stimulant for cancer patients, and at high doses (800 mg per day) to treat certain hormone-dependent cancers including endometrial cancer, renal cancer, and breast cancer. MPA has also been prescribed in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women due to its progestogenic and functional antiandrogenic effects. It has been used to delay puberty in children with precocious puberty but is not satisfactory for this purpose as it is not able to completely suppress puberty. DMPA at high doses has been reported to be definitively effective in the treatment of hirsutism as well.
Though not used as a treatment for epilepsy, MPA has been found to reduce the frequency of seizures and does not interact with antiepileptic medications. MPA does not interfere with blood clotting and appears to improve blood parameters for women with sickle cell anemia. Similarly, MPA does not appear to affect liver metabolism, and may improve primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis. Women taking MPA may experience spotting shortly after starting the medication but is not usually serious enough to require medical intervention. With longer use amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) can occur as can irregular menstruation which is a major source of dissatisfaction, though both can result in improvements with iron deficiency and risk of pelvic inflammatory disease and often do not result in discontinuation of the medication.
Birth control
DMPA, under brand names such as Depo-Provera and Depo-SubQ Provera 104, is used in hormonal birth control as a long-lasting progestogen-only injectable contraceptive to prevent pregnancy in women. It is given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection and forms a long-lasting depot, from which it is slowly released over a period of several months. It takes one week to take effect if given after the first five days of the period cycle, and is effective immediately if given during the first five days of the period cycle. Estimates of first-year failure rates are about 0.3%. MPA is effective in preventing pregnancy, but offers no protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Effectiveness
Trussell's estimated perfect use first-year failure rate for DMPA as the average of failure rates in seven clinical trials at 0.3%. It was considered perfect use because the clinical trials measured efficacy during actual use of DMPA defined as being no longer than 14 or 15 weeks after an injection (i.e., no more than 1 or 2 weeks late for a next injection).
Prior to 2004, Trussell's typical use failure rate for DMPA was the same as his perfect use failure rate: 0.3%.
DMPA estimated typical use first-year failure rate = 0.3% in:
Contraceptive Technology, 16th revised edition (1994)
Contraceptive Technology, 17th revised edition (1998)
Adopted in 1998 by the FDA for its current Uniform Contraceptive Labeling guidance
In 2004, using the 1995 NSFG failure rate, Trussell increased (by 10 times) his typical use failure rate for DMPA from 0.3% to 3%.
DMPA estimated typical use first-year failure rate = 3% in:
Contraceptive Technology, 18th revised edition (2004)
Contraceptive Technology, 19th revised edition (2007)
Trussell did not use 1995 NSFG failure rates as typical use failure rates for the other two then newly available long-acting contraceptives, the Norplant implant (2.3%) and the ParaGard copper T 380A IUD (3.7%), which were (as with DMPA) an order of magnitude higher than in clinical trials. Since Norplant and ParaGard allow no scope for user error, their much higher 1995 NSFG failure rates were attributed by Trussell to contraceptive overreporting at the time of a conception leading to a live birth.
Advantages
DMPA has a number of advantages and benefits:
Highly effective at preventing pregnancy.
Injected every 12 weeks. The only continuing action is to book subsequent follow-up injections every twelve weeks, and to monitor side effects to ensure that they do not require medical attention.
No estrogen. No increased risk of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, or myocardial infarction.
Minimal drug interactions (compared to other hormonal contraceptives).
Decreased risk of endometrial cancer. DMPA reduces the risk of endometrial cancer by 80%. The reduced risk of endometrial cancer in DMPA users is thought to be due to both the direct anti-proliferative effect of progestogen on the endometrium and the indirect reduction of estrogen levels by suppression of ovarian follicular development.
Decreased risk of iron deficiency anemia, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and uterine fibroids.
Decreased symptoms of endometriosis.
Decreased incidence of primary dysmenorrhea, ovulation pain, and functional ovarian cysts.
Decreased incidence of seizures in women with epilepsy. Additionally, unlike most other hormonal contraceptives, DMPA's contraceptive effectiveness is not affected by enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs.
Decreased incidence and severity of sickle cell crises in women with sickle-cell disease.
The United Kingdom Department of Health has actively promoted Long Acting Reversible Contraceptive use since 2008, particularly for young people; following on from the October 2005 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines. Giving advice on these methods of contraception has been included in the 2009 Quality and Outcomes Framework "good practice" for primary care.
Comparison
Proponents of bioidentical hormone therapy believe that progesterone offers fewer side effects and improved quality of life compared to MPA. The evidence for this view has been questioned; MPA is better absorbed when taken by mouth, with a much longer elimination half-life leading to more stable blood levels though it may lead to greater breast tenderness and more sporadic vaginal bleeding. The two compounds do not differentiate in their ability to suppress endometrial hyperplasia, nor does either increase the risk of pulmonary embolism. The two medications have not been adequately compared in direct tests to clear conclusions about safety and superiority.
Available forms
MPA is available alone in the form of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg oral tablets, as a 150 mg/mL (1 mL) or 400 mg/mL (2.5 mL) microcrystalline aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection, and as a 104 mg (0.65 mL of 160 mg/mL) microcrystalline aqueous suspension for subcutaneous injection. It has also been marketed in the form of 100, 200, 250, 400, and 500 mg oral tablets; 500 and 1,000 mg oral suspensions; and as a 50 mg/mL microcrystalline aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection. A 100 mg/mL microcrystalline aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection was previously available as well. In addition to single-drug formulations, MPA is available in the form of oral tablets in combination with conjugated estrogens (CEEs), estradiol, and estradiol valerate for use in menopausal hormone therapy, and is available in combination with estradiol cypionate in a microcrystalline aqueous suspension as a combined injectable contraceptive.
Depo-Provera is the brand name for a 150 mg microcrystalline aqueous suspension of DMPA that is administered by intramuscular injection. The shot must be injected into thigh, buttock, or deltoid muscle four times a year (every 11 to 13 weeks), and provides pregnancy protection instantaneously after the first injection. Depo-subQ Provera 104 is a variation of the original intramuscular DMPA that is instead a 104 mg microcrystalline dose in aqueous suspension administered by subcutaneous injection. It contains 69% of the MPA found in the original intramuscular DMPA formulation. It can be injected using a smaller injection needle inserting the medication just below the skin, instead of into the muscle, in either the abdomen or thigh. This subcutaneous injection claims to reduce the side effects of DMPA while still maintaining all the same benefits of the original intramuscular DMPA.
Contraindications
MPA is not usually recommended because of unacceptable health risk or because it is not indicated in the following cases:
Conditions where the theoretical or proven risks usually outweigh the advantages of using DMPA:
Multiple risk factors for arterial cardiovascular disease
Current deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus
Migraine headache with aura while using DMPA
Before evaluation of unexplained vaginal bleeding suspected of being a serious condition
A history of breast cancer and no evidence of current disease for five years
Active liver disease: (acute viral hepatitis, severe decompensated cirrhosis, benign or malignant liver tumours)
Conditions of concern for estrogen deficiency and reduced HDL levels theoretically increasing cardiovascular risk:
Hypertension with vascular disease
Current and history of ischemic heart disease
History of stroke
Diabetes for over 20 years or with nephropathy/retinopathy/neuropathy or vascular disease
Conditions which represent an unacceptable health risk if DMPA is used:
Current or recent breast cancer (a hormonally sensitive tumour)
Conditions where use is not indicated and should not be initiated:
Pregnancy
MPA is not recommended for use prior to menarche or before or during recovery from surgery.
Side effects
In women, the most common adverse effects of MPA are acne, changes in menstrual flow, drowsiness, and can cause birth defects if taken by pregnant women. Other common side effects include breast tenderness, increased facial hair, decreased scalp hair, difficulty falling or remaining asleep, stomach pain, and weight loss or gain. Lowered libido has been reported as a side effect of MPA in women. DMPA can affect menstrual bleeding. After a year of use, 55% of women experience amenorrhea (missed periods); after two years, the rate rises to 68%. In the first months of use "irregular or unpredictable bleeding or spotting, or, rarely, heavy or continuous bleeding" was reported. MPA does not appear to be associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Data on weight gain with DMPA likewise are inconsistent.
At high doses for the treatment of breast cancer, MPA can cause weight gain and can worsen diabetes mellitus and edema (particularly of the face). Adverse effects peak at five weeks, and are reduced with lower doses. Less frequent effects may include thrombosis (though it is not clear if this is truly a risk, it cannot be ruled out), painful urination, headache, nausea, and vomiting. When used as a form of androgen deprivation therapy in men, more frequent complaints include reduced libido, impotence, reduced ejaculate volume, and within three days, chemical castration. At extremely high doses (used to treat cancer, not for contraception) MPA may cause adrenal suppression and may interfere with carbohydrate metabolism, but does not cause diabetes.
When used as a form of injected birth control, there is a delayed return of fertility. The average return to fertility is 9 to 10 months after the last injection, taking longer for overweight or obese women. By 18 months after the last injection, fertility is the same as that in former users of other contraceptive methods. Fetuses exposed to progestogens have demonstrated higher rates of genital abnormalities, low birth weight, and increased ectopic pregnancy particularly when MPA is used as an injected form of long-term birth control. A study of accidental pregnancies among poor women in Thailand found that infants who had been exposed to DMPA during pregnancy had a higher risk of low birth weight and an 80% greater-than-usual chance of dying in the first year of life.
Mood changes
There have been concerns about a possible risk of depression and mood changes with progestins like MPA, and this has led to reluctance of some clinicians and women to use them. However, contrary to widely-held beliefs, most research suggests that progestins do not cause adverse psychological effects such as depression or anxiety. A 2018 systematic review of the relationship between progestin-based contraception and depression included three large studies of DMPA and reported no association between DMPA and depression. According to a 2003 review of DMPA, the majority of published clinical studies indicate that DMPA is not associated with depression, and the overall data support the notion that the medication does not significantly affect mood.
In the largest study to have assessed the relationship between MPA and depression to date, in which over 3,900 women were treated with DMPA for up to 7 years, the incidence of depression was infrequent at 1.5% and the discontinuation rate due to depression was 0.5%. This study did not include baseline data on depression, and due to the incidence of depression in the study, the FDA required package labeling for DMPA stating that women with depression should be observed carefully and that DMPA should be discontinued if depression recurs. A subsequent study of 495 women treated with DMPA over the course of 1 year found that the mean depression score slightly decreased in the whole group of continuing users from 7.4 to 6.7 (by 9.5%) and decreased in the quintile of that group with the highest depression scores at baseline from 15.4 to 9.5 (by 38%). Based on the results of this study and others, a consensus began emerging that DMPA does not in fact increase the risk of depression nor worsen the severity of pre-existing depression.
Similarly to the case of DMPA for hormonal contraception, the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS), a study of 2,763 postmenopausal women treated with 0.625 mg/day oral CEEs plus 2.5 mg/day oral MPA or placebo for 36 months as a method of menopausal hormone therapy, found no change in depressive symptoms. However, some small studies have reported that progestins like MPA might counteract beneficial effects of estrogens against depression.
Long-term effects
The Women's Health Initiative investigated the use of a combination of oral CEEs and MPA compared to placebo. The study was prematurely terminated when previously unexpected risks were discovered, specifically the finding that though the all-cause mortality was not affected by the hormone therapy, the benefits of menopausal hormone therapy (reduced risk of hip fracture, colorectal and endometrial cancer and all other causes of death) were offset by increased risk of coronary heart disease, breast cancer, strokes and pulmonary embolism.
When combined with CEEs, MPA has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, dementia, and thrombus in the eye. In combination with estrogens in general, MPA may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, with a stronger association when used by postmenopausal women also taking CEEs. It was because of these unexpected interactions that the Women's Health Initiative study was ended early due to the extra risks of menopausal hormone therapy, resulting in a dramatic decrease in both new and renewal prescriptions for hormone therapy.
Long-term studies of users of DMPA have found slight or no increased overall risk of breast cancer. However, the study population did show a slightly increased risk of breast cancer in recent users (DMPA use in the last four years) under age 35, similar to that seen with the use of combined oral contraceptive pills.
Blood clots
DMPA has been associated in multiple studies with a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) when used as a form of progestogen-only birth control in premenopausal women. The increase in incidence of VTE ranges from 2.2-fold to 3.6-fold. Elevated risk of VTE with DMPA is unexpected, as DMPA has little or no effect on coagulation and fibrinolytic factors, and progestogens by themselves normally do not increase the risk of thrombosis. It has been argued that the higher incidence with DMPA has reflected preferential prescription of DMPA to women considered to be at an increased risk of VTE. Alternatively, it is possible that MPA may be an exception among progestins in terms of VTE risk. A 2018 meta-analysis reported that MPA was associated with a 2.8-fold higher risk of VTE than other progestins. It is possible that the glucocorticoid activity of MPA may increase the risk of VTE.
Bone density
DMPA may cause reduced bone density in premenopausal women and in men when used without an estrogen, particularly at high doses, though this appears to be reversible to a normal level even after years of use.
On 17 November 2004, the United States Food and Drug Administration put a black box warning on the label, indicating that there were potential adverse effects of loss of bone mineral density. While it causes temporary bone loss, most women fully regain their bone density after discontinuing use. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the use not be restricted. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists notes that the potential adverse effects on BMD be balanced against the known negative effects of unintended pregnancy using other birth control methods or no method, particularly among adolescents.
Three studies have suggested that bone loss is reversible after the discontinuation of DMPA. Other studies have suggested that the effect of DMPA use on postmenopausal bone density is minimal, perhaps because DMPA users experience less bone loss at menopause. Use after peak bone mass is associated with increased bone turnover but no decrease in bone mineral density.
The FDA recommends that DMPA not be used for longer than two years, unless there is no viable alternative method of contraception, due to concerns over bone loss. However, a 2008 Committee Opinion from the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) advises healthcare providers that concerns about bone mineral density loss should neither prevent the prescription of or continuation of DMPA beyond two years of use.
HIV risk
There is uncertainty regarding the risk of HIV acquisition among DMPA users; some observational studies suggest an increased risk of HIV acquisition among women using DMPA, while others do not. The World Health Organization issued statements in February 2012 and July 2014 saying the data did not warrant changing their recommendation of no restriction – Medical Eligibility for Contraception (MEC) category 1 – on the use of DMPA in women at high risk for HIV. Two meta-analyses of observational studies in sub-Saharan Africa were published in January 2015. They found a 1.4- to 1.5-fold increase risk of HIV acquisition for DMPA users relative to no hormonal contraceptive use. In January 2015, the Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists issued a statement reaffirming that there is no reason to advise against use of DMPA in the United Kingdom even for women at 'high risk' of HIV infection. A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk of HIV infection in DMPA users published in fall of 2015 stated that "the epidemiological and biological evidence now make a compelling case that DMPA adds significantly to the risk of male-to-female HIV transmission." In 2019, a randomized controlled trial found no significant association between DMPA use and HIV.
Breastfeeding
MPA may be used by breastfeeding mothers. Heavy bleeding is possible if given in the immediate postpartum time and is best delayed until six weeks after birth. It may be used within five days if not breast feeding. While a study showed "no significant difference in birth weights or incidence of birth defects" and "no significant alternation of immunity to infectious disease caused by breast milk containing DMPA", a subgroup of babies whose mothers started DMPA at two days postpartum had a 75% higher incidence of doctor visits for infectious diseases during their first year of life.
A larger study with longer follow-up concluded that "use of DMPA during pregnancy or breastfeeding does not adversely affect the long-term growth and development of children". This study also noted that "children with DMPA exposure during pregnancy and lactation had an increased risk of suboptimal growth in height," but that "after adjustment for socioeconomic factors by multiple logistic regression, there was no increased risk of impaired growth among the DMPA-exposed children." The study also noted that effects of DMPA exposure on puberty require further study, as so few children over the age of 10 were observed.
Overdose
MPA has been studied at "massive" dosages of up to 5,000 mg per day orally and 2,000 mg per day via intramuscular injection, without major tolerability or safety issues described. Overdose is not described in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) product labels for injected MPA (Depo-Provera or Depo-SubQ Provera 104). In the FDA product label for oral MPA (Provera), it is stated that overdose of an estrogen and progestin may cause nausea and vomiting, breast tenderness, dizziness, abdominal pain, drowsiness, fatigue, and withdrawal bleeding. According to the label, treatment of overdose should consist of discontinuation of MPA therapy and symptomatic care.
Interactions
MPA increases the risk of breast cancer, dementia, and thrombus when used in combination with CEEs to treat menopausal symptoms. When used as a contraceptive, MPA does not generally interact with other medications. The combination of MPA with aminoglutethimide to treat metastases from breast cancer has been associated with an increase in depression. St John's wort may decrease the effectiveness of MPA as a contraceptive due to acceleration of its metabolism.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
MPA acts as an agonist of the progesterone, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors (PR, AR, and GR, respectively), activating these receptors with EC50 values of approximately 0.01 nM, 1 nM, and 10 nM, respectively. It has negligible affinity for the estrogen receptor. The medication has relatively high affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor, but in spite of this, it has no mineralocorticoid or antimineralocorticoid activity. The intrinsic activities of MPA in activating the PR and the AR have been reported to be at least equivalent to those of progesterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), respectively, indicating that it is a full agonist of these receptors.
Progestogenic activity
MPA is a potent agonist of the progesterone receptor with similar affinity and efficacy relative to progesterone. While both MPA and its deacetylated analogue medroxyprogesterone bind to and agonize the PR, MPA has approximately 100-fold higher binding affinity and transactivation potency in comparison. As such, unlike MPA, medroxyprogesterone is not used clinically, though it has seen some use in veterinary medicine. The oral dosage of MPA required to inhibit ovulation (i.e., the effective contraceptive dosage) is 10 mg/day, whereas 5 mg/day was not sufficient to inhibit ovulation in all women. In accordance, the dosage of MPA used in oral contraceptives in the past was 10 mg per tablet. For comparison to MPA, the dosage of progesterone required to inhibit ovulation is 300 mg/day, whereas that of the 19-nortestosterone derivatives norethisterone and norethisterone acetate is only 0.4 to 0.5 mg/day.
The mechanism of action of progestogen-only contraceptives like DMPA depends on the progestogen activity and dose. High-dose progestogen-only contraceptives, such as DMPA, inhibit follicular development and prevent ovulation as their primary mechanism of action. The progestogen decreases the pulse frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release by the hypothalamus, which decreases the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary. Decreased levels of FSH inhibit follicular development, preventing an increase in estradiol levels. Progestogen negative feedback and the lack of estrogen positive feedback on LH release prevent a LH surge. Inhibition of follicular development and the absence of a LH surge prevent ovulation. A secondary mechanism of action of all progestogen-containing contraceptives is inhibition of sperm penetration by changes in the cervical mucus. Inhibition of ovarian function during DMPA use causes the endometrium to become thin and atrophic. These changes in the endometrium could, theoretically, prevent implantation. However, because DMPA is highly effective in inhibiting ovulation and sperm penetration, the possibility of fertilization is negligible. No available data support prevention of implantation as a mechanism of action of DMPA.
Antigonadotropic and anticorticotropic effects
MPA suppresses the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axes at sufficient dosages, resulting decreased levels of gonadotropins, androgens, estrogens, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol, as well as levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). There is evidence that the suppressive effects of MPA on the HPG axis are mediated by activation of both the PR and the AR in the pituitary gland. Due to its effects on androgen levels, MPA can produce strong functional antiandrogenic effects, and is used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions such as precocious puberty in boys and hypersexuality in men. In addition, since the medication suppresses estrogen levels as well, MPA can produce strong functional antiestrogenic effects similarly, and has been used to treat estrogen-dependent conditions such as precocious puberty in girls and endometriosis in women. Due to low estrogen levels, the use of MPA without an estrogen poses a risk of decreased bone mineral density and other symptoms of estrogen deficiency.
Oral MPA has been found to suppress testosterone levels in men by about 30% (from 831 ng/dL to 585 ng/dL) at a dosage of 20 mg/day, by about 45 to 75% (average 60%; to 150–400 ng/dL) at a dosage of 60 mg/day, and by about 70 to 75% (from 832 to 862 ng/dL to 214–251 ng/dL) at a dosage of 100 mg/day. Dosages of oral MPA of 2.5 to 30 mg/day in combination with estrogens have been used to help suppress testosterone levels in transgender women. Very high dosages of intramuscular MPA of 150 to 500 mg per week (but up to 900 mg per week) can suppress testosterone levels to less than 100 ng/dL. The typical initial dose of intramuscular MPA for testosterone suppression in men with paraphilias is 400 or 500 mg per week.
Androgenic activity
MPA is a potent full agonist of the AR. Its activation of the AR may play an important and major role in its antigonadotropic effects and in its beneficial effects against breast cancer. However, although MPA may produce androgenic side effects such as acne and hirsutism in some women, it rarely does so, and when such symptoms occur, they tend to be mild, regardless of the dosage used. In fact, likely due to its suppressive actions on androgen levels, it has been reported that MPA is generally highly effective in improving pre-existing symptoms of hirsutism in women with the condition. Moreover, MPA rarely causes any androgenic effects in children with precocious puberty, even at very high doses. The reason for the general lack of virilizing effects with MPA, despite it binding to and activating the AR with high affinity and this action potentially playing an important role in many of its physiological and therapeutic effects, is not entirely clear. However, MPA has been found to interact with the AR differently compared to other agonists of the receptor such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The result of this difference appears to be that MPA binds to the AR with a similar affinity and intrinsic activity to that of DHT, but requires about 100-fold higher concentrations for a comparable induction of gene transcription, while at the same time not antagonizing the transcriptional activity of normal androgens like DHT at any concentration. Thus, this may explain the low propensity of MPA for producing androgenic side effects.
MPA shows weak androgenic effects on liver protein synthesis, similarly to other weakly androgenic progestins like megestrol acetate and 19-nortestosterone derivatives. While it does not antagonize estrogen-induced increases in levels of triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, DMPA every other week may decrease levels of HDL cholesterol. In addition, MPA has been found to suppress sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) production by the liver. At a dosage of 10 mg/day oral MPA, it has been found to decrease circulating SHBG levels by 14 to 18% in women taking 4 mg/day oral estradiol valerate. Conversely, in a study that combined 2.5 mg/day oral MPA with various oral estrogens, no influence of MPA on estrogen-induced increases in SHBG levels was discerned. In another, higher-dose study, SHBG levels were lower by 59% in a group of women treated with 50 mg/day oral MPA alone relative to an untreated control group of women. In massive-dose studies of oral or injectable MPA (e.g., 500–1,000 mg/day), the medication decreased SHBG levels by about 80%.
Unlike the related steroids megestrol acetate and cyproterone acetate, MPA is not an antagonist of the AR and does not have direct antiandrogenic activity. As such, although MPA is sometimes described as an antiandrogen, it is not a "true" antiandrogen (i.e., AR antagonist).
Glucocorticoid activity
As an agonist of the GR, MPA has glucocorticoid activity, and as a result can cause symptoms of Cushing's syndrome, steroid diabetes, and adrenal insufficiency at sufficiently high doses. It has been suggested that the glucocorticoid activity of MPA may contribute to bone loss. The glucocorticoid activity of MPA may also result in an upregulation of the thrombin receptor in blood vessel walls, which may contribute to procoagulant effects of MPA and risk of venous thromboembolism and atherosclerosis. The relative glucocorticoid activity of MPA is among the highest of the clinically used progestins.
Steroidogenesis inhibition
MPA has been found to act as a competitive inhibitor of rat 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD). This enzyme is essential for the transformation of progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, and DHT into inhibitory neurosteroids such as allopregnanolone, , and 3α-androstanediol, respectively. MPA has been described as very potent in its inhibition of rat 3α-HSD, with an IC50 of 0.2 μM and a Ki (in rat testicular homogenates) of 0.42 μM. However, inhibition of 3α-HSD by MPA does not appear to have been confirmed using human proteins yet, and the concentrations required with rat proteins are far above typical human therapeutic concentrations.
MPA has been identified as a competitive inhibitor of human 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase II (3β-HSD II). This enzyme is essential for the biosynthesis of sex steroids and corticosteroids. The Ki of MPA for inhibition of 3β-HSD II is 3.0 μM, and this concentration is reportedly near the circulating levels of the medication that are achieved by very high therapeutic dosages of MPA of 5 to 20 mg/kg/day (dosages of 300 to 1,200 mg/day for a 60 kg (132 lb) person). Aside from 3β-HSD II, other human steroidogenic enzymes, including cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc/CYP11A1) and 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1), were not found to be inhibited by MPA. MPA has been found to be effective in the treatment of gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty and in breast cancer in postmenopausal women at high dosages, and inhibition of 3β-HSD II could be responsible for its effectiveness in these conditions.
GABAA receptor allosteric modulation
Progesterone, via transformation into neurosteroids such as 5α-dihydroprogesterone, 5β-dihydroprogesterone, allopregnanolone, and pregnanolone (catalyzed by the enzymes 5α- and 5β-reductase and 3α- and 3β-HSD), is a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, and is associated with a variety of effects mediated by this property including dizziness, sedation, hypnotic states, mood changes, anxiolysis, and cognitive/memory impairment, as well as effectiveness as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of catamenial epilepsy. It has also been found to produce anesthesia via this action in animals when administered at sufficiently high dosages. MPA was found to significantly reduce seizure incidence when added to existing anticonvulsant regimens in 11 of 14 women with uncontrolled epilepsy, and has also been reported to induce anesthesia in animals, raising the possibility that it might modulate the GABAA receptor similarly to progesterone.
MPA shares some of the same metabolic routes of progesterone and, analogously, can be transformed into metabolites such as 5α-dihydro-MPA (DHMPA) and 3α,5α-tetrahydro-MPA (THMPA). However, unlike the reduced metabolites of progesterone, DHMPA and THMPA have been found not to modulate the GABAA receptor. Conversely, unlike progesterone, MPA itself actually modulates the GABAA receptor, although notably not at the neurosteroid binding site. However, rather than act as a potentiator of the receptor, MPA appears to act as a negative allosteric modulator. Whereas the reduced metabolites of progesterone enhance binding of the benzodiazepine flunitrazepam to the GABAA receptor in vitro, MPA can partially inhibit the binding of flunitrazepam by up to 40% with half-maximal inhibition at 1 μM. However, the concentrations of MPA required for inhibition are high relative to therapeutic concentrations, and hence, this action is probably of little or no clinical relevance. The lack of potentiation of the GABAA receptor by MPA or its metabolites is surprising in consideration of the apparent anticonvulsant and anesthetic effects of MPA described above, and they remain unexplained.
Clinical studies using massive dosages of up to 5,000 mg/day oral MPA and 2,000 mg/day intramuscular MPA for 30 days in women with advanced breast cancer have reported "no relevant side effects", which suggests that MPA has no meaningful direct action on the GABAA receptor in humans even at extremely high dosages.
Appetite stimulation
Although MPA and the closely related medication megestrol acetate are effective appetite stimulants at very high dosages, the mechanism of action of their beneficial effects on appetite is not entirely clear. However, glucocorticoid, cytokine, and possibly anabolic-related mechanisms are all thought to possibly be involved, and a number of downstream changes have been implicated, including stimulation of the release of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus, modulation of calcium channels in the ventromedial hypothalamus, and inhibition of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, actions that have all been linked to an increase in appetite.
Other activity
MPA weakly stimulates the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro, an action that is independent of the classical PRs and is instead mediated via the progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1). Certain other progestins are also active in this assay, whereas progesterone acts neutrally. It is unclear if these findings may explain the different risks of breast cancer observed with progesterone, dydrogesterone, and other progestins such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and norethisterone in clinical studies.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Surprisingly few studies have been conducted on the pharmacokinetics of MPA at postmenopausal replacement dosages. The bioavailability of MPA with oral administration is approximately 100%. A single oral dose of 10 mg MPA has been found to result in peak MPA levels of 1.2 to 5.2 ng/mL within 2 hours of administration using radioimmunoassay. Following this, levels of MPA decreased to 0.09 to 0.35 ng/mL 12 hours post-administration. In another study, peak levels of MPA were 3.4 to 4.4 ng/mL within 1 to 4 hours of administration of 10 mg oral MPA using radioimmunoassay. Subsequently, MPA levels fell to 0.3 to 0.6 ng/mL 24 hours after administration. In a third study, MPA levels were 4.2 to 4.4 ng/mL after an oral dose of 5 mg MPA and 6.0 ng/mL after an oral dose of 10 mg MPA, both using radioimmunoassay as well.
Treatment of postmenopausal women with 2.5 or 5 mg/day MPA in combination with estradiol valerate for two weeks has been found to rapidly increase circulating MPA levels, with steady-state concentrations achieved after three days and peak concentrations occurring 1.5 to 2 hours after ingestion. With 2.5 mg/day MPA, levels of the medication were 0.3 ng/mL (0.8 nmol/L) in women under 60 years of age and 0.45 ng/mL (1.2 nmol/L) in women 65 years of age or over, and with 5 mg/day MPA, levels were 0.6 ng/mL (1.6 nmol/L) in women under 60 years of age and in women 65 years of age or over. Hence, area-under-curve levels of the medication were 1.6 to 1.8 times higher in those who were 65 years of age or older relative to those who were 60 years of age or younger. As such, levels of MPA have been found to vary with age, and MPA may have an increased risk of side effects in elderly postmenopausal women. This study assessed MPA levels using liquid-chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), a more accurate method of blood determinations.
Oral MPA tablets can be administered sublingually instead of orally. Rectal administration of MPA has also been studied.
With intramuscular administration of 150 mg microcrystalline MPA in aqueous suspension, the medication is detectable in the circulation within 30 minutes, serum concentrations vary but generally plateau at 1.0 ng/mL (2.6 nmol/L) for 3 months. Following this, there is a gradual decline in MPA levels, and the medication can be detected in the circulation for as long as 6 to 9 months post-injection. The particle size of MPA crystals significantly influences its rate of absorption into the body from the local tissue depot when used as a microcrystalline aqueous suspension via intramuscular injection. Smaller crystals dissolve faster and are absorbed more rapidly, resulting in a shorter duration of action. Particle sizes can differ between different formulations of MPA, potentially influencing clinical efficacy and tolerability.
Distribution
The plasma protein binding of MPA is 88%. It is weakly bound to albumin and is not bound to sex hormone-binding globulin or corticosteroid-binding globulin.
Metabolism
The elimination half-life of MPA via oral administration has been reported as both 11.6 to 16.6 hours and 33 hours, whereas the elimination half-lives with intramuscular and subcutaneous injection of microcrystalline MPA in aqueous suspension are 50 and 40 days, respectively. The metabolism of MPA is mainly via hydroxylation, including at positions C6β, C21, C2β, and C1β, mediated primarily via CYP3A4, but 3- and 5-dihydro and 3,5-tetrahydro metabolites of MPA are also formed. Deacetylation of MPA and its metabolites (into, e.g., medroxyprogesterone) has been observed to occur in non-human primate research to a substantial extent as well (30 to 70%). MPA and/or its metabolites are also metabolized via conjugation. The C6α methyl and C17α acetoxy groups of MPA make it more resistant to metabolism and allow for greater bioavailability than oral progesterone.
Elimination
MPA is eliminated 20 to 50% in urine and 5 to 10% in feces following intravenous administration. Less than 3% of a dose is excreted in unconjugated form.
Level–effect relationships
With intramuscular administration, the high levels of MPA in the blood inhibit luteinizing hormone and ovulation for several months, with an accompanying decrease in serum progesterone to below 0.4 ng/mL. Ovulation resumes when once blood levels of MPA fall below 0.1 ng/mL. Serum estradiol remains at approximately 50 pg/mL for approximately four months post-injection (with a range of 10–92 pg/mL after several years of use), rising once MPA levels fall below 0.5 ng/mL.
Hot flashes are rare while MPA is found at significant blood levels in the body, and the vaginal lining remains moist and creased. The endometrium undergoes atrophy, with small, straight glands and a stroma that is decidualized. Cervical mucus remains viscous. Because of its steady blood levels over the long term and multiple effects that prevent fertilization, MPA is a very effective means of birth control.
Time–concentration curves
Chemistry
MPA is a synthetic pregnane steroid and a derivative of progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Specifically, it is the 17α-acetate ester of medroxyprogesterone or the 6α-methylated analogue of hydroxyprogesterone acetate. MPA is known chemically as 6α-methyl-17α-acetoxyprogesterone or as 6α-methyl-17α-acetoxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, and its generic name is a contraction of 6α-methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate. MPA is closely related to other 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives such as chlormadinone acetate, cyproterone acetate, and megestrol acetate, as well as to medrogestone and nomegestrol acetate. 9α-fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate (FMPA), the C9α fluoro analogue of MPA and an angiogenesis inhibitor with two orders of magnitude greater potency in comparison to MPA, was investigated for the potential treatment of cancers but was never marketed.
History
MPA was independently discovered in 1956 by Syntex and the Upjohn Company. It was first introduced on 18 June 1959 by Upjohn in the United States under the brand name Provera (2.5, 5, and 10 mg tablets) for the treatment of amenorrhea, metrorrhagia, and recurrent miscarriage. An intramuscular formulation of MPA, now known as DMPA (400 mg/mL MPA), was also introduced, under the brand name brand name Depo-Provera, in 1960 in the U.S. for the treatment of endometrial and renal cancer. MPA in combination with ethinylestradiol was introduced in 1964 by Upjohn in the U.S. under the brand name Provest (10 mg MPA and 50 μg ethinylestradiol tablets) as an oral contraceptive, but this formulation was discontinued in 1970. This formulation was marketed by Upjohn outside of the U.S. under the brand names Provestral and Provestrol, while Cyclo-Farlutal (or Ciclofarlutal) and Nogest-S were formulations available outside of the U.S. with a different dosage (5 mg MPA and 50 or 75 μg ethinylestradiol tablets).
Following its development in the late 1950s, DMPA was first assessed in clinical trials for use as an injectable contraceptive in 1963. Upjohn sought approval of intramuscular DMPA as a long-acting contraceptive under the brand name Depo-Provera (150 mg/mL MPA) in 1967, but the application was rejected. However, this formulation was successfully introduced in countries outside of the United States for the first time in 1969, and was available in over 90 countries worldwide by 1992. Upjohn attempted to gain FDA approval of DMPA as a contraceptive again in 1978, and yet again in 1983, but both applications failed similarly to the 1967 application. However, in 1992, the medication was finally approved by the FDA, under the brand name Depo-Provera, for use in contraception. A subcutaneous formulation of DMPA was introduced in the United States as a contraceptive under the brand name Depo-SubQ Provera 104 (104 mg/0.65 mL MPA) in December 2004, and subsequently was also approved for the treatment of endometriosis-related pelvic pain.
MPA has also been marketed widely throughout the world under numerous other brand names such as Farlutal, Perlutex, and Gestapuran, among others.
Society and culture
Generic names
Medroxyprogesterone acetate is the generic name of the drug and its , , , and , while medrossiprogesterone is the and médroxyprogestérone the of its free alcohol form. It is also known as 6α-methyl-17α-acetoxyprogesterone (MAP) or 6α-methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate.
Brand names
MPA is marketed under a large number of brand names throughout the world. Its most major brand names are Provera as oral tablets and Depo-Provera as an aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection. A formulation of MPA as an aqueous suspension for subcutaneous injection is also available in the United States under the brand name Depo-SubQ Provera 104. Other brand names of MPA formulated alone include Farlutal and Sayana for clinical use and Depo-Promone, Perlutex, Promone-E, and Veramix for veterinary use. In addition to single-drug formulations, MPA is marketed in combination with the estrogens CEEs, estradiol, and estradiol valerate. Brand names of MPA in combination with CEEs as oral tablets in different countries include Prempro, Premphase, Premique, Premia, and Premelle. Brand names of MPA in combination with estradiol as oral tablets include Indivina and Tridestra.
Availability
Oral MPA and DMPA are widely available throughout the world. Oral MPA is available both alone and in combination with the estrogens CEEs, estradiol, and estradiol valerate. DMPA is registered for use as a form of birth control in more than 100 countries worldwide. The combination of injected MPA and estradiol cypionate is approved for use as a form of birth control in 18 countries.
United States
, MPA is available in the United States in the following formulations:
Oral pills: Amen, Curretab, Cycrin, Provera – 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg
Aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection: Depo-Provera – 150 mg/mL (for contraception), 400 mg/mL (for cancer)
Aqueous suspension for subcutaneous injection: Depo-SubQ Provera 104 – 104 mg/0.65 mL (for contraception)
It is also available in combination with an estrogen in the following formulations:
Oral pills: CEEs and MPA (Prempro, Prempro (Premarin, Cycrin), Premphase (Premarin, Cycrin 14/14), Premphase 14/14, Prempro/Premphase) – 0.3 mg / 1.5 mg; 0.45 mg / 1.5 mg; 0.625 mg / 2.5 mg; 0.625 mg / 5 mg
While the following formulations have been discontinued:
Oral pills: ethinylestradiol and MPA (Provest) – 50 μg / 10 mg
Aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection: estradiol cypionate and MPA (Lunelle) – 5 mg / 25 mg (for contraception)
The state of Louisiana permits sex offenders to be given MPA.
Generation
Progestins in birth control pills are sometimes grouped by generation. While the 19-nortestosterone progestins are consistently grouped into generations, the pregnane progestins that are or have been used in birth control pills are typically omitted from such classifications or are grouped simply as "miscellaneous" or "pregnanes". In any case, based on its date of introduction in such formulations of 1964, MPA could be considered a "first-generation" progestin.
Controversy
Outside the United States
In 1994, when DMPA was approved in India, India's Economic and Political Weekly reported that "The FDA finally licensed the drug in 1990 in response to concerns about the population explosion in the third world and the reluctance of third world governments to license a drug not licensed in its originating country." Some scientists and women's groups in India continue to oppose DMPA. In 2016, India introduced DMPA depo-medroxyprogesterone IM preparation in the public health system.
The Canadian Coalition on Depo-Provera, a coalition of women's health professional and advocacy groups, opposed the approval of DMPA in Canada. Since the approval of DMPA in Canada in 1997, a $700 million class-action lawsuit has been filed against Pfizer by users of DMPA who developed osteoporosis. In response, Pfizer argued that it had met its obligation to disclose and discuss the risks of DMPA with the Canadian medical community.
Clinical trials for this medication regarding women in Zimbabwe were controversial with regard to human rights abuses and Medical Experimentation in Africa.
A controversy erupted in Israel when the government was accused of giving DMPA to Ethiopian immigrants without their consent. Some women claimed they were told it was a vaccination. The Israeli government denied the accusations but instructed the four health maintenance organizations to stop administering DMPA injections to women "if there is the slightest doubt that they have not understood the implications of the treatment".
United States
There was a long, controversial history regarding the approval of DMPA by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The original manufacturer, Upjohn, applied repeatedly for approval. FDA advisory committees unanimously recommended approval in 1973, 1975 and 1992, as did the FDA's professional medical staff, but the FDA repeatedly denied approval. Ultimately, on 29 October 1992, the FDA approved DMPA for birth control, which had by then been used by over 30 million women since 1969 and was approved and being used by nearly 9 million women in more than 90 countries, including the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Sweden, Thailand, New Zealand and Indonesia. Points in the controversy included:
Animal testing for carcinogenicity – DMPA caused breast cancer tumors in dogs. Critics of the study claimed that dogs are more sensitive to artificial progesterone, and that the doses were too high to extrapolate to humans. The FDA pointed out that all substances carcinogenic to humans are carcinogenic to animals as well, and that if a substance is not carcinogenic it does not register as a carcinogen at high doses. Levels of DMPA which caused malignant mammary tumors in dogs were equivalent to 25 times the amount of the normal luteal phase progesterone level for dogs. This is lower than the pregnancy level of progesterone for dogs, and is species-specific.DMPA caused endometrial cancer in monkeys – 2 of 12 monkeys tested, the first ever recorded cases of endometrial cancer in rhesus monkeys. However, subsequent studies have shown that in humans, DMPA reduces the risk of endometrial cancer by approximately 80%.Speaking in comparative terms regarding animal studies of carcinogenicity for medications, a member of the FDA's Bureau of Drugs testified at an agency DMPA hearing, "...Animal data for this drug is more worrisome than any other drug we know of that is to be given to well people."
Cervical cancer in Upjohn/NCI studies. Cervical cancer was found to be increased as high as 9-fold in the first human studies recorded by the manufacturer and the National Cancer Institute. However, numerous larger subsequent studies have shown that DMPA use does not increase the risk of cervical cancer.
Coercion and lack of informed consent. Testing or use of DMPA was focused almost exclusively on women in developing countries and poor women in the United States, raising serious questions about coercion and lack of informed consent, particularly for the illiterate and for the mentally challenged, who in some reported cases were given DMPA long-term for reasons of "menstrual hygiene", although they were not sexually active.
Atlanta/Grady Study – Upjohn studied the effect of DMPA for 11 years in Atlanta, mostly on black women who were receiving public assistance, but did not file any of the required follow-up reports with the FDA. Investigators who eventually visited noted that the studies were disorganized. "They found that data collection was questionable, consent forms and protocol were absent; that those women whose consent had been obtained at all were not told of possible side effects. Women whose known medical conditions indicated that use of DMPA would endanger their health were given the shot. Several of the women in the study died; some of cancer, but some for other reasons, such as suicide due to depression. Over half the 13,000 women in the study were lost to followup due to sloppy record keeping." Consequently, no data from this study was usable.
WHO Review – In 1992, the WHO presented a review of DMPA in four developing countries to the FDA. The National Women's Health Network and other women's organizations testified at the hearing that the WHO was not objective, as the WHO had already distributed DMPA in developing countries. DMPA was approved for use in United States on the basis of the WHO review of previously submitted evidence from countries such as Thailand, evidence which the FDA had deemed insufficient and too poorly designed for assessment of cancer risk at a prior hearing.
The Alan Guttmacher Institute has speculated that United States approval of DMPA may increase its availability and acceptability in developing countries.
In 1995, several women's health groups asked the FDA to put a moratorium on DMPA, and to institute standardized informed consent forms.
Research
DMPA was studied by Upjohn for use as a progestogen-only injectable contraceptive in women at a dose of 50 mg once a month but produced poor cycle control and was not marketed for this use at this dosage. A combination of DMPA and polyestradiol phosphate, an estrogen and long-lasting prodrug of estradiol, was studied in women as a combined injectable contraceptive for use by intramuscular injection once every three months.
High-dose oral and intramuscular MPA monotherapy has been studied in the treatment of prostate cancer but was found to be inferior to monotherapy with cyproterone acetate or diethylstilbestrol. High-dose oral MPA has been studied in combination with diethylstilbestrol and CEEs as an addition to high-dose estrogen therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer in men, but was not found to provide better effectiveness than diethylstilbestrol alone.
DMPA has been studied for use as a potential male hormonal contraceptive in combination with the androgens/anabolic steroids testosterone and nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) in men. However, it was never approved for this indication.
MPA was investigated by InKine Pharmaceutical, Salix Pharmaceuticals, and the University of Pennsylvania as a potential anti-inflammatory medication for the treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Crohn's disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and ulcerative colitis, but did not complete clinical development and was never approved for these indications. It was formulated as an oral medication at very high dosages, and was thought to inhibit the signaling of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, with a mechanism of action that was said to be similar to that of corticosteroids. The formulation of MPA had the tentative brand names Colirest and Hematrol for these indications.
MPA has been found to be effective in the treatment of manic symptoms in women with bipolar disorder.
Veterinary use
MPA has been used to reduce aggression and spraying in male cats. It may be particularly useful for controlling such behaviors in neutered male cats. The medication can be administered in cats as an injection once per month.
See also
Conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate
Estradiol/medroxyprogesterone acetate
Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate
Polyestradiol phosphate/medroxyprogesterone acetate
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20van%20Ravenswaay
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Charles van Ravenswaay
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Charles van Ravenswaay (August 10, 1911 – 1990) was an American historian, museum administrator, and author. He served as State Superintendent of the Missouri Writer's Project, producing Missouri: The WPA Guide to the "Show Me" State in 1941. He served as director of the Missouri Historical Society from 1946–1962, and as president of the American Alliance of Museums from 1961–1962. From 1966–1976, van Ravenswaay served as director of the Henry Francis DuPont Winterthur Museum and Gardens.
Personal life and education
Born in Boonville, Missouri, van Ravenswaay attended Washington University in St. Louis graduating with an A.B. in 1933 and MA in 1934. He received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Maryville College of the Sacred Heart, St. Louis in 1968 and an honorary Doctor of Humanities from the University of Missouri in 1980.
In addition to his written and political career, Ravenswaay spent a bit of his youth serving in World War II. As a Navy commander in the Pacific, he met many different people from different cultures. In particular, he wrote home to his friends and family that he was fascinated with the customs of the aboriginal Australians.
Throughout his life, Ravenswaay spent much time studying the history and tradition of the St. Louis area. His hobbies for learning about the history and botany began early on in his life. From a very young age, he studied the architecture and decoration within many of the prominent historic buildings. He befriended many of families who were the descendants of many St. Louis prominent families, and listened to their oral traditions and stories from the past.
Likewise, Ravenswaay was very passionate about botany and landscape, and so many of his works includes his reflections on his point of view on such activities. In one of his travels, he took the time of identified the flowers, garden crops, and grape varieties that have been brought over from Germany to the vicinity of Hermann, Missouri. He even said that he believed it to be possible to develop historic gardens and grape arbors based on the plants that he identified in the early 1800s German community.
Written work
Van Ravenswaay has published four books: The Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri: A Survey of a Vanishing Culture (University of Missouri Press, 1977); A Nineteenth Century Garden (Main Street Press/Universe Books, 1977); Drawn from Nature. The Botanical Art of Joseph Prestele and His Sons (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1984); and St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and Its People, 1764-1865 (Missouri Historical Society Press, 1991). In addition, he co-authored the book A Guide to the Show Me State in 1941.
Each has been recognized in its own right for its historical acumen and depictions. Though perhaps not having reach the national notierity that some of their competitors did, each of Ravenswaay's books contain a lifetime of study and passion. His books Drawn from Nature and the history of apple cultivation (currently in the works of publishing by the Winterthur Museum) were the result of Ravenswaay's great passion for gardening and botany while his passion for historical buildings and decorative arts led to his writing of The Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri.
References
Charles van Ravenswaay Papers at the State Historical Society of Missouri
Charles Ravenswaay's St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and Its People, 1764-1865
German-American culture in Missouri
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
1911 births
1990 deaths
People from Boonville, Missouri
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13940419
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make-Up%20%28Japanese%20band%29
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Make-Up (Japanese band)
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Make-Up (stylized as MAKE—UP) was a Japanese hard rock and heavy metal band formed in 1983. The band became very famous in Japan for their work on the theme songs for the anime Saint Seiya.
History
In 1984 they performed their first show and released their first two albums: Howling Will and Straight Liner.
In 1985, they released their third album Born to Be Hard and their fourth and final album Rock Legend of Boys & Girls.
In 1986, the band was invited by Nippon Columbia to sing the Saint Seiya theme songs "Pegasus Fantasy" and "Blue Forever". "Pegasus Fantasy" came to be one of the most well-known anime opening songs of all time.
After the Saint Seiya: Hit Kyokushū I soundtrack album, the band split up and each member followed their own solo careers.
In 2004, Nippon Columbia released Memories of Blues: Make-Up 20th Anniversary, a box that included five CDs and a live DVD, but no new songs were recorded.
Band members
Nobuo Yamada (山田信夫 Yamada Nobuo)
Hiroaki Matsuzawa (松澤 浩明 Matsuzawa Hiroaki) - Guitar
Yasuyoshi Ikeda (池田 育義 Ikeda Yasuyoshi) - Bass
Yōgo Kōno (河野 陽吾 Kōno Yōgo) - Keyboards
Yoshihiro Toyokawa (豊川 義弘 Toyokawa Yoshihiro) - Drums
Discography
Studio albums
Howling Will (April 1, 1984)
Straight Linet (October 21, 1984)
Born to Be Hard (May 21, 1985)
Rock Legend of Boys & Girls (December 21, 1985)
EPs
The Voice from Yesterday (December 12, 2009)
Joint albums
Rock Joint Bazzar with Grand Prix (March 21, 1993)
Compilation albums
Glory Days: Make-Up Best Collection (August 1, 1989)
Memories of Blues: Make-Up 20th Anniversary (December 1, 2004)
Golden: Best of Make-Up (October 31, 2012)
Soundtrack albums
Saint Seiya: Hit Kyokushū I with Mitsuko Horie (December 21, 1986)
Saint Seiya '96: Song Collection (March 20, 1996)
Saint Seiya: Complete Song Collection with various artists (November 21, 2002)
References
External links
Make-Up20周年記念BOX | Memories of Blue
Make-Up on Anison Database
Japanese heavy metal musical groups
Japanese hard rock musical groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%20%C4%86irkovi%C4%87
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Nikola Ćirković
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Nikola Ćirković (; born 4 December 1991) is a Serbian footballer.
International career
Ćirković made his international debut for the Serbia B team in a friendly 3-0 loss to Qatar.
References
External links
Nikola Ćirković stats at utakmica.rs
1991 births
Living people
People from Priboj
Serbian footballers
Serbia international footballers
FK Metalac Gornji Milanovac players
FC Minsk players
FK Voždovac players
FK Čukarički players
Bnei Sakhnin F.C. players
F.C. Kafr Qasim players
FK Mladost Lučani players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Serbian First League players
Belarusian Premier League players
Israeli Premier League players
Liga Leumit players
Serbian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Belarus
Expatriate footballers in Israel
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Belarus
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Association football utility players
Association football defenders
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43346825
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhooram%20Adhighamillai
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Dhooram Adhighamillai
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Dhooram Adhighamillai is a 1983 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Robert–Rajasekar, starring Karthik, Viji and Janagaraj. The film had musical score by Shankar–Ganesh and was released in 1983.
Plot
Meena, the lead actress in Manikam's drama troupe, creates trouble for him as her love life is affecting his business. Meena's lover and Manikam keep trying to outwit each for their personal gains.
Cast
Karthik as Araamuthu
Viji as Meena
Janagaraj
Samikannu
G. Seenivasan
Kumarimuthu
Junior T. S. Balaiah
Sathya
Noorjahan
Seethapatti
R. Parthiepan
References
External links
1983 films
Indian films
1980s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh
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44730516
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dele%20Joseph%20Ezeoba
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Dele Joseph Ezeoba
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Dele Joseph Ezeoba (born 25 July 1958) is a retired Vice Admiral in the Nigerian Navy who was the 20th Chief of Naval Staff. Prior to that appointment he served as the Deputy Commandant Officer the Armed Forces Command and Staff College (AFCSC), Jaji, Nigeria.
Early life
Admiral Ezeoba was born on 25 July 1958 in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
He attended the Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, before he proceeded to the Britannia Royal Naval College.
He later attended the AFCSC as well as the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island. He also obtained a Master of science (M. sc) in Strategic Studies from the University of Ibadan.
Naval career
Prior to his appointment as the Nigerian Navy Chief of Naval Staff on 4 October 2012, he was the Deputy Commandant Officer of the AFCSC.
He has also held several positions in the Nigerian Navy until he attained the peak of his naval career as the Chief of Naval Staff.
He served as the Director of Operations Naval Headquarters (NHQ), Commanding Officer of the Nigerian Navy's premier training institution, Command Operations Officer Eastern Naval Command and member of the Armed Forces Transformation Committee.
National assignments
He took part in the following national assignments:
Member of the Governing Board of Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA)
Chairman of the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) Committee on Combating Piracy and Environmental Pollution in Nigeria Waters
Chairman of the Presidential Inter-Agency Maritime Security Task Force (IAMSTF) on acts of illegalities in Nigerian waters.
Chairman of the Ministerial Committee on Problems of Cargo Allocation by National Maritime Authority (NMA).
See also
Nigerian Navy
References
Nigerian Navy officers
Nigerian military personnel
1958 births
Living people
Nigerian Navy admirals
University of Ibadan alumni
People from Plateau State
People from Jos
Chiefs of Naval Staff (Nigeria)
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2701005
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Woodhouse
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Barbara Woodhouse
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Barbara Kathleen Vera Woodhouse (née Blackburn; 9 May 1910 Rathfarnham, Ireland – 9 July 1988, Buckinghamshire, England) was an Irish-born British dog trainer, author, horse trainer and television personality. Her 1980 television series Training Dogs the Woodhouse Way made her a household name. Among her catch phrases were "walkies" and "sit!" She was also known for her "no bad dogs" philosophy.
Life
Barbara Blackburn was born on 9 May 1910 at St Columba's College in Rathfarnham, County Dublin, Ireland, to an Irish family. She grew up there until her father, the warden (headmaster) of the school, died suddenly in 1919. As described in her autobiography, the family moved to Brighton, England, a few weeks later, and afterwards to Headington in Oxford, where Woodhouse attended Headington School. She later became the only female student at the Harper Adams Agricultural College in Shropshire.
After returning to Oxford to start Headington Riding School and Boarding Kennels, she married her first husband, Allan George Mill, in August 1934 and moved with him to spend more than three years in Argentina training horses. The marriage ended in divorce and she returned to Headington.
In the 1930s, Barbara became a dog breeder and ran kennels until about 1960. Meanwhile she married a second husband, Michael Woodhouse, in 1940 and moved to Wiltshire and had three children, Pamela, Patrick and Judith. She first appeared on television as a contestant on What's My Line, where panellists failed to guess her occupation. She also appeared on CBS 60 Minutes. Her 1980 BBC series made her a television personality at the age of 70. She continued to appear on television regularly until she died on 9 July 1988 at the age of 78.
Woodhouse's autobiographical books include Talking to Animals and No Bad Dogs. She firmly believed there were "no bad dogs", just bad owners and defined it to mean dogs without genetic problems:
Woodhouse died in July 1988 after suffering from a stroke.
Television series
Training Dogs the Woodhouse Way
Barbara Woodhouse's World of Horses and Ponies
Barbara's Problem Dogs
Publications
Almost Human (1976)
Barbara's World of Horses and Ponies: Their Care and Training the Woodhouse Way (1984)
Barbara Woodhouse on How to Train Your Puppy
Barbara Woodhouse on How Your Dog Thinks
Barbara Woodhouse on Training Your Dog
Book of Ponies (1981)
Difficult Dogs (1957)
Dog Training My Way (1954)
Encyclopedia of Dogs and Puppies (1978)
Just Barbara: My Story (1986)
No Bad Dogs: The Woodhouse Way (1982)
No bad dogs and know your dog (1978)
Talking to Animals (autobiography, 1954)
The A-To-Z of Dogs and Puppies (1972)
Walkies: Dog Training and Care the Woodhouse Way (1983)
The Complete Woodhouse Guide to Dog Training (1990)
References
External links
Woodhouse and Headington
1910 births
1988 deaths
People educated at Headington School
People from Rathfarnham
British television presenters
Dog trainers
British horse trainers
Alumni of Harper Adams University
20th-century British zoologists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS%20Weissenburg
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SMS Weissenburg
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SMS was one of the first ocean-going battleships of the Imperial German Navy. She was the third pre-dreadnought of the , which also included her sister ships , , and . was laid down in 1890 in the AG Vulcan dockyard in Stettin, launched in 1891, and completed in 1894. The -class battleships were unique for their era in that they carried six large-caliber guns in three twin turrets, as opposed to four guns in two turrets, as was the standard in other navies.
served with I Division during the first decade of her service with the fleet. This period was generally limited to training exercises and goodwill visits to foreign ports. These training maneuvers were nevertheless very important to developing German naval tactical doctrine in the two decades before World War I, especially under the direction of Alfred von Tirpitz. , along with her three sisters, saw only one major overseas deployment during this period, to China in 1900–1901, during the Boxer Uprising. The ship underwent a major modernization in 1904–1905.
In 1910, was sold to the Ottoman Empire and renamed , after the famous 16th century Turkish admiral. The ship saw heavy service during the Balkan Wars, primarily providing artillery support to Ottoman ground forces. She also took part in two naval engagements with the Greek Navy—the Battle of Elli in December 1912, and the Battle of Lemnos the following month. Both battles were defeats for the Ottoman Navy. After the Ottoman Empire entered World War I, she supported the fortresses protecting the Dardanelles through mid-1915, and was decommissioned from August 1915 to the end of the war. She served as a training ship from 1924 to 1933, and a barracks ship until 1950, when she was broken up.
Design
was the third of four s, the first pre-dreadnought battleships of the (Imperial Navy). Prior to the ascension of Kaiser Wilhelm II to the German throne in June 1888, the German fleet had been largely oriented toward defense of the German coastline and Leo von Caprivi, chief of the (Imperial Naval Office), had ordered a number of coastal defense ships in the 1880s. In August 1888, the Kaiser, who had a strong interest in naval matters, replaced Caprivi with (VAdm—Vice Admiral) Alexander von Monts and instructed him to include four battleships in the 1889–1890 naval budget. Monts, who favored a fleet of battleships over the coastal defense strategy emphasized by his predecessor, cancelled the last four coastal defense ships authorized under Caprivi and instead ordered four battleships. Though they were the first modern battleships built in Germany, presaging the Tirpitz-era High Seas Fleet, the authorization for the ships came as part of a construction program that reflected the strategic and tactical confusion of the 1880s caused by the (Young School).
, named for the Battle of Weissenburg of 1870, was long overall, had a beam of which was increased to with the addition of torpedo nets, and had a draft of forward and aft. She displaced as designed and up to at full combat load. She was equipped with two sets of 3-cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines that each drove a screw propeller. Steam was provided by twelve transverse cylindrical Scotch marine boilers. The ship's propulsion system was rated at and a top speed of . She had a maximum range of at a cruising speed of . Her crew numbered 38 officers and 530 enlisted men.
The ship was unusual for its time in that it possessed a broadside of six heavy guns in three twin gun turrets, rather than the four-gun main battery typical of contemporary battleships. The forward and after turrets carried 28 cm (11 in) K L/40 guns, while the amidships turret mounted a pair of 28 cm guns with shorter L/35 barrels. Her secondary armament consisted of eight SK L/35 quick-firing guns mounted in casemates and eight 8.8 cm (3.45 in) SK L/30 quick-firing guns, also casemate mounted. s armament system was rounded out with six torpedo tubes, all in above-water swivel mounts. Although the main battery was heavier than other capital ships of the period, the secondary armament was considered weak in comparison to other battleships.
was protected with nickel-steel Krupp armor, a new type of stronger steel. Her main belt armor was thick in the central citadel that protected the ammunition magazines and machinery spaces. The deck was thick. The main battery barbettes were protected with thick armor.
Service history
In German service
Construction – 1897
was the third of four ships of the class. Ordered as battleship "C", she was laid down at the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin in May 1890 under construction number 199. The third ship of the class to be launched, slid down the slipway on 30 June 1891. She was informally commissioned for sea trials on 28 August 1894, which lasted until 24 September. The ship formally entered service on 10 October, under the command of then- (Captain at Sea) with (Corvette Captain Eduard von Capelle as the executive officer. then underwent further trials, which ended on 12 January 1895, after which she was assigned to I Division of the Maneuver Squadron, where she was initially occupied with individual training. Toward the end of May, more fleet maneuvers were carried out in the North Sea, concluding with a visit by the fleet to Kirkwall in Orkney. The squadron returned to Kiel in early June, where preparations were underway for the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. Tactical exercises were carried out in Kiel Bay in the presence of foreign delegations to the opening ceremony.
On 1 July, the German fleet began a major cruise into the Atlantic; on the return voyage in early August, the fleet stopped at the Isle of Wight for the Cowes Regatta. The fleet returned to Wilhelmshaven on 10 August and began preparations for the autumn maneuvers that would begin later that month. The first exercises began in the Helgoland Bight on 25 August. The fleet then steamed through the Skagerrak to the Baltic; heavy storms caused significant damage to many of the ships and the torpedo boat capsized and sank in the storms—only three men were saved. The fleet stayed briefly in Kiel before resuming maneuvers, including live-fire exercises, in the Kattegat and the Great Belt. The main maneuvers began on 7 September with a mock attack from Kiel toward the eastern Baltic. Subsequent maneuvers took place off the coast of Pomerania and in Danzig Bay. A fleet review for Kaiser Wilhelm II off Jershöft concluded the maneuvers on 14 September. The year 1896 followed much the same pattern as the previous year. Individual ship training was conducted through April, followed by squadron training in the North Sea in late April and early May. This included a visit to the Dutch ports of Vlissingen and Nieuwediep. Additional maneuvers, which lasted from the end of May to the end of July, took the squadron further north in the North Sea, frequently into Norwegian waters. The ships visited Bergen from 11 to 18 May. During the maneuvers, Wilhelm II and the Chinese viceroy Li Hongzhang observed a fleet review off Kiel. On 9 August, the training fleet assembled in Wilhelmshaven for the annual autumn fleet training.
and the rest of the fleet operated under the normal routine of individual and unit training in the first half of 1897. The typical routine was interrupted in early August when Wilhelm II and Augusta went to visit the Russian imperial court at Kronstadt; both divisions of I Squadron were sent to accompany the Kaiser. They returned to Neufahrwasser in Danzig on 15 August, where the rest of the fleet joined them for the annual autumn maneuvers. These exercises reflected the tactical thinking of the new State Secretary of the (RMA—Imperial Navy Office), (KAdm—Rear Admiral) Alfred von Tirpitz, and the new commander of I Squadron, VAdm August von Thomsen. These new tactics stressed accurate gunnery, especially at longer ranges, though the necessities of the line-ahead formation led to tactical rigidity. Thomsen's emphasis on shooting created the basis for the excellent German gunnery during World War I. During the firing exercises, won the Kaiser's (Shooting Prize) for excellent accuracy in I Squadron. On the night of 21–22 August, the torpedo boat accidentally rammed and sank one of s barges, killing two men. The maneuvers were completed by 22 September in Wilhelmshaven. In early December, I Division conducted maneuvers in the Kattegat and the Skagerrak, though they were cut short due to crew shortages.
1898–1900
From 20 to 28 February, briefly served as the divisional flagship. The fleet followed the normal routine of individual and fleet training in 1898 without incident, and a voyage to the British Isles was also included. The fleet stopped in Queenstown, Greenock, and Kirkwall. The fleet assembled in Kiel on 14 August for the annual autumn exercises. The maneuvers included a mock blockade of the coast of Mecklenburg and a pitched battle with an "Eastern Fleet" in the Danzig Bay. A severe storm, striking the fleet as it steamed back to Kiel, caused significant damage to many ships and sank the torpedo boat . The fleet then transited the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal and continued maneuvers in the North Sea. Training finished on 17 September in Wilhelmshaven. again won the Kaiser's (Shooting Prize) during the maneuvers. In December, I Division conducted artillery and torpedo training in Eckernförde Bay, followed by divisional training in the Kattegat and Skagerrak. During these maneuvers, the division visited Kungsbacka, Sweden, from 9 to 13 December. After returning to Kiel, the ships of I Division went into dock for their winter repairs.
On 5 April 1899, the ship participated in the celebrations commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Eckernförde during the First Schleswig War. In May, I and II Divisions, along with the Reserve Division from the Baltic, went on a major cruise into the Atlantic. On the voyage out, I Division stopped in Dover and II Division went into Falmouth to restock their coal supplies. I Division then joined II Division at Falmouth on 8 May, and the two units then departed for the Bay of Biscay, arriving at Lisbon on 12 May. There, they met the British Channel Fleet of eight battleships and four armored cruisers. The German fleet then departed for Germany, stopping again in Dover on 24 May. There they participated in the naval review celebrating Queen Victoria's 80th birthday. The fleet returned to Kiel on 31 May.
In July, the fleet conducted squadron maneuvers in the North Sea, which included coast defense exercises with soldiers from the X Corps. On 16 August, the fleet assembled in Danzig once again for the annual autumn maneuvers. The exercises started in the Baltic and on 30 August the fleet passed through the Kattegat and Skagerrak and steamed into the North Sea for further maneuvers in the German Bight, which lasted until 7 September. The third phase of the maneuvers took place in the Kattegat and the Great Belt from 8 to 26 September, when the maneuvers concluded and the fleet went into port for annual maintenance. The year 1900 began with the usual routine of individual and divisional exercises. In the second half of March, the squadrons met in Kiel, followed by torpedo and gunnery practice in April and a voyage to the eastern Baltic. From 7 to 26 May, the fleet went on a major training cruise to the northern North Sea, which included stops in Shetland from 12 to 15 May and in Bergen from 18 to 22 May. On 8 July, and the other ships of I Division were reassigned to II Division.
Boxer Uprising
During the Boxer Uprising in 1900, Chinese nationalists laid siege to the foreign embassies in Peking and murdered Baron Clemens von Ketteler, the German minister. The widespread violence against Westerners in China led to an alliance between Germany and seven other Great Powers: the United Kingdom, Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary, the United States, France, and Japan. Those Western soldiers in China at the time were too few in number to defeat the Boxers; in Peking there was a force of slightly more than 400 officers and infantry from the armies of the eight European powers. At the time, the primary German military force in China was the East Asia Squadron, which consisted of the protected cruisers , , and , the small cruisers and , and the gunboats and . There was also a German 500-man detachment in Taku; combined with the other nations' units, the force numbered some 2,100 men. Led by the British Admiral Edward Seymour, these men attempted to reach Peking but were forced to stop in Tientsin due to heavy resistance. As a result, the Kaiser determined an expeditionary force would be sent to China to reinforce the East Asia Squadron. The expedition included and her three sisters, six cruisers, ten freighters, three torpedo boats, and six regiments of marines, under the command of (General Field Marshal) Alfred von Waldersee.
On 7 July, KAdm Richard von Geißler, the expeditionary force commander, reported that his ships were ready for the operation, and they left two days later. The four battleships and the aviso transited the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal and stopped in Wilhelmshaven to rendezvous with the rest of the expeditionary force. On 11 July, the force steamed out of the Jade Bight, bound for China. They stopped for coal at Gibraltar on 17–18 July and passed through the Suez Canal on 26–27 July. More coal was taken on at Perim in the Red Sea, and on 2 August the fleet entered the Indian Ocean. On 10 August, the ships reached Colombo, Ceylon, and on 14 August they passed through the Strait of Malacca. They arrived in Singapore on 18 August and departed five days later, reaching Hong Kong on 28 August. Two days later, the expeditionary force stopped in the outer roadstead at Wusong, downriver from Shanghai. By the time the German fleet had arrived, the siege of Peking had already been lifted by forces from other members of the Eight-Nation Alliance that had formed to deal with the Boxers.
Since the situation had calmed, the four battleships were sent to either Hong Kong or Nagasaki, Japan, in late 1900 and early 1901 for overhauls; went to Hong Kong, with the work lasting from 6 December 1900 to 3 January 1901. From 8 February to 23 March, she stopped in German Tsingtau, where she also conducted gunnery training. On 26 May, the German high command recalled the expeditionary force to Germany. The fleet took on supplies in Shanghai and departed Chinese waters on 1 June. The ships stopped in Singapore from 10 to 15 June and took on coal before proceeding to Colombo, where they stayed from 22 to 26 June. Steaming against the monsoons forced the fleet to stop in Mahé, Seychelles, to take on more coal. The ships then stopped for a day each to take on coal in Aden and Port Said. On 1 August they reached Cadiz, and then met with I Division and steamed back to Germany together. They separated after reaching Helgoland, and on 11 August, after reaching the Jade roadstead, the ships of the expeditionary force were visited by Admiral von Koester, who was now the Inspector General of the Navy. The following day the expeditionary fleet was dissolved. In the end, the operation cost the German government more than 100 million marks.
1901–1910
Following her return from China, was taken into the drydocks at the (Imperial Dockyard) in Wilhelmshaven for an overhaul. In late 1901, the fleet went on a cruise to Norway. The pattern of training for 1902 remained unchanged from previous years; I Squadron went on a major training cruise that started on 25 April. The squadron initially steamed to Norwegian waters, then rounded the northern tip of Scotland, and stopped in Irish waters. The ships returned to Kiel on 28 May. Before the start of the annual fleet maneuvers in August, was involved in an accident that damaged her ram bow; to ready the ship for the exercises, wooden reinforcement beams were installed in the bow. After the maneuvers, she was decommissioned on 29 September, with the new battleship taking her place in the division.
The four -class battleships were taken out of service for a major reconstruction. During the modernization, a second conning tower was added in the aft superstructure, along with a gangway. and the other ships had their boilers replaced with newer models, and also had their superstructure amidships reduced. The work included increasing the ship's coal storage capacity and adding a pair of 10.5 cm guns. The plans had initially called for the center 28 cm turret to be replaced with an armored battery of medium-caliber guns, but this proved to be prohibitively expensive. On 27 September 1904, was recommissioned, and replaced the old coastal defense ship in II Squadron. The two squadrons of the fleet ended the year with the usual training cruise into the Baltic, which took place uneventfully. The first half of 1905 similarly passed without incident for . On 12 July, the fleet began its annual summer cruise to northern waters; the ships stopped in Gothenburg from 20 to 24 July and Stockholm from 2 to 7 August. The trip ended two days later, and was followed by the autumn fleet maneuvers later that month. In December, the fleet took its usual training cruise in the Baltic.
The fleet conducted its normal routine of individual and unit training in 1906, interrupted only by a cruise to Norway from mid-July to early August. The annual autumn maneuvers occurred as usual. After the conclusion of the maneuvers, had her crew reduced on 28 September and she was transferred to the Reserve Formation of the North Sea. She participated in the 1907 fleet maneuvers, but was decommissioned on 27 September, though she was still formally assigned to the Reserve Formation. She was reactivated on 2 August 1910 to participate in the annual maneuvers with III Squadron, though the sale of and to the Ottoman Empire was announced just a few days later. On 6 August, she left the squadron and departed Wilhelmshaven on the 14th in company with . They arrived in the Ottoman Empire on 1 September.
In Ottoman service
In late 1909, the German military attache to the Ottoman Empire had begun a conversation with the Ottoman Navy about the possibility of selling German warships to the Ottomans to counter Greek naval expansion. After lengthy negotiations, including Ottoman attempts to buy one or more of the new battlecruisers , , and , the Germans offered to sell the four ships of the class at a cost of 10 million marks. The Ottomans chose to buy and , since they were the more advanced ships of the class. The two battleships were renamed after the famous 16th-century Ottoman admirals, Turgut Reis and Hayreddin Barbarossa, respectively. They were transferred on 1 September 1910, and on 12 September the German formally struck them from the naval register, backdated to 31 July. The Ottoman Navy, however, had great difficulty equipping and ; the navy had to pull trained enlisted men from the rest of the fleet just to put together crews for them. Both vessels suffered from condenser troubles after they entered Ottoman service, which reduced their speed to .
Italo–Turkish War
A year later, on 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire to seize Libya. , along with and the obsolete central battery ironclad had been on a summer training cruise since July, and so were prepared for the conflict. The day before Italy declared war, the ships had left Beirut, bound for the Dardanelles. Unaware that a war had begun, they steamed slowly and conducted training maneuvers while en route, passing southwest of Cyprus. While off the island of Kos on 1 October, the ships received word of the Italian attack, prompting them to steam at full speed for the safety of the Dardanelles, arriving later that night. The following day, the ships proceeded to Constantinople for a refit after the training cruise. and sortied briefly on 4 October, but quickly returned to port without encountering any Italian vessels. During this period, the Italian fleet laid naval mines at the entrance to the Dardanelles in an attempt to prevent the Ottoman fleet from entering the Mediterranean. Maintenance work was completed by 12 October, at which point the fleet returned to Nagara inside the Dardanelles.
Since the fleet could not be used to challenge the significantly more powerful Italian (Royal Navy), and were primarily kept at Nagara to support the coastal fortifications defending the Dardanelles in the event that the Italian fleet attempted to force the straits. On 19 April 1912, elements of the Italian fleet bombarded the Dardanelles fortresses, but the Ottoman fleet did not mount a counterattack. The negative course of the war led many naval officers to join a coup against the Young Turk government; the officers commanding the fleet at Nagara threatened to bring the ships to Constantinople if their demands were not met. With tensions rising in the Balkans, the Ottoman government signed a peace treaty on 18 October, ending the war.
Balkan Wars
After watching Italy successfully seize Ottoman territory, the Balkan League declared war on the Ottoman Empire in October 1912 to seize the remaining European portion of the Empire, starting the First Balkan War. By this time, , as with most ships of the Ottoman fleet, was in a state of disrepair. Her rangefinders and ammunition hoists had been removed, the pipes for her pumps were corroded, and the telephone lines no longer worked. On 7 October, the day before the Balkan League attacked, and were anchored off Haydarpaşa, along with the cruisers and and several torpedo boats. Ten days later, the ships departed for İğneada and the two battleships bombarded Bulgarian artillery positions near Varna two days thereafter. The ships were still suffering from boiler trouble. Both battleships took part in gunnery training in the Sea of Marmara on 3 November, but stopped after firing only a few salvos each, as their main battery mountings were not fully functional.
On 7 November, shelled Bulgarian troops around Tekirdağ. On 17 November, she supported the Ottoman III Corps by bombarding the attacking Bulgarian forces. The ship was aided by artillery observers ashore. The battleship's gunnery was largely ineffective, though it provided a morale boost for the besieged Ottoman army dug in at Çatalca. By 17:00, the Bulgarian infantry had largely been forced back to their starting positions, in part due to the psychological effect of the battleships' bombardment. On 22 November, sortied from the Bosporus to cover the withdrawal of , which had been torpedoed by a Bulgarian torpedo boat earlier that morning.
Battle of Elli
In December 1912, the Ottoman fleet was reorganized into an armored division, which included as flagship, two destroyer divisions, and a fourth division composed of warships intended for independent operations. Over the next two months, the armored division attempted to break the Greek naval blockade of the Dardanelles, which resulted in two major naval engagements. The first, the Battle of Elli took place on 16 December 1912. The Ottomans attempted to launch an attack on Imbros. The Ottoman fleet sortied from the Dardanelles at 09:30; the smaller craft remained at the mouth of the straits while the battleships sailed north, hugging the coast. The Greek flotilla, which included the armored cruiser and three s, sailing from the island of Lemnos, altered course to the northeast to block the advance of the Ottoman battleships.
The Ottoman ships opened fire on the Greeks at 09:50, from a range of about . Five minutes later, crossed over to the other side of the Ottoman fleet, placing the Ottomans in the unfavorable position of being under fire from both sides. At 09:50 and under heavy pressure from the Greek fleet, the Ottoman ships completed a 16-point turn, which reversed their course, and headed for the safety of the straits. The turn was poorly conducted, and the ships fell out of formation, blocking each other's fields of fire. Around this time, received several hits, though they inflicted only minor damage to the ship's superstructure and guns. By 10:17, both sides had ceased firing and the Ottoman fleet withdrew into the Dardanelles. The ships reached port by 13:00 and transferred their casualties to the hospital ship .
Battle of Lemnos
The Battle of Lemnos resulted from an Ottoman plan to lure the faster away from the Dardanelles. The protected cruiser evaded the Greek blockade and broke out into the Aegean Sea; the assumption was that the Greeks would dispatch to hunt down . Despite the threat to Greek lines of communication posed by the cruiser, the Greek commander refused to detach from its position. By mid-January, the Ottomans had learned that remained with the Greek fleet, and so {{lang|tr|Kalyon Kaptanı (Captain) Ramiz Numan Bey, the Ottoman fleet commander, decided to attack the Greeks regardless. , , and other units of the Ottoman fleet departed the Dardanelles at 08:20 on the morning of 18 January, and sailed toward the island of Lemnos at a speed of . led the line of battleships, with a flotilla of torpedo boats on either side of the formation. , with the three -class ironclads and five destroyers trailing behind, intercepted the Ottoman fleet approximately from Lemnos. At 10:55, spotted the Greeks, and the fleet turned south to engage them.
A long-range artillery duel that lasted for two hours began at around 11:55, when the Ottoman fleet opened fire at a range of . They concentrated their fire on , which returned fire at 12:00. At 12:50, the Greeks attempted to cross the T of the Ottoman fleet, but the Ottoman line led by turned north to block the Greek maneuver. The Ottoman commander detached the old ironclad after she received a serious hit at 12:55. After suffered several hits that reduced her speed to , took the lead of the formation and Bey decided to break off the engagement. By 14:00, the Ottoman fleet reached the cover of the Dardanelles fortresses, forcing the Greeks to withdraw. Between and , the ships fired some 800 rounds, mostly of their main battery 28 cm guns but without success. During the battle, barbettes on both and her sister were disabled by gunfire, and both ships caught fire.
Subsequent operations
On 8 February 1913, the Ottoman navy supported an amphibious assault at Şarköy. and , along with two small cruisers provided artillery support to the right flank of the invading force once it went ashore. The ships were positioned about a kilometer off shore; was the second ship in the line, behind her sister . The Bulgarian army resisted fiercely, which ultimately forced the Ottoman army to retreat, though the withdrawal was successful in large part due to the gunfire support from and the rest of the fleet. During the battle, fired 225 rounds from her 10.5 cm guns and 202 shells from her 8.8 cm guns.
In March 1913, the ship returned to the Black Sea to resume support of the Çatalca garrison, which was under renewed attacks by the Bulgarian army. On 26 March, the barrage of 28 and 10.5 cm shells fired by and assisted in the repelling of advance of the 2nd Brigade of the Bulgarian 1st Infantry Division. On 30 March, the left wing of the Ottoman line turned to pursue the retreating Bulgarians. Their advance was supported by both field artillery and the heavy guns of and the other warships positioned off the coast; the assault gained the Ottomans about by nightfall. In response, the Bulgarians brought the 1st Brigade to the front, which beat the Ottoman advance back to its starting position. On 11 April, and , supported by several smaller vessels, steamed to Çanakkale to provide distant cover for a light flotilla conducting a sweep for Greek warships. The two sides clashed in an inconclusive engagement, and the main Ottoman fleet did not sortie before the two sides disengaged.
World War I
In the summer of 1914, when World War I broke out in Europe, the Ottomans initially remained neutral. In early November, the Black Sea Raid of the German battlecruiser , which had been transferred to the Ottoman navy and renamed , resulted in declarations of war by Russia, France, and Great Britain. By this time, was laid up off the Golden Horn, worn out from heavy service during the Balkan Wars. Admiral , the head of the German naval mission to the Ottoman Empire, sent her and to Nagara to support the Dardanelles forts. They remained on station from 14 to 19 December, before returning to Constantinople for repairs and gunnery training. On 18 February 1915, they departed for the Dardanelles and anchored in their firing positions. During this period, their engines were stopped to preserve fuel, but after the threat of British submarines increased, they kept steam up in their engines to preserve their ability to take evasive action; the steamer was moored in front of the battleships as a floating barrage. By 11 March, the high command decided that only one ship should be kept on station at a time, alternating every five days, to allow the ships to replenish stores and ammunition.
On 18 March, was on station when the Allies attempted to force the straits. She did not engage the Allied ships, as her orders were to open fire only in the event that the defenses were breached. This was in part due to a severe shortage of shells. On 25 April, both and were present to bombard the Allied troops that had landed at Gallipoli that day. At 07:30 that morning, the Australian submarine fired several torpedoes at but failed to score any hits. returned to Constantinople later that day as planned. While she was bombarding Allied positions on 5 June, one of s forward guns exploded; four men were killed and thirty-two were wounded. She returned to Constantinople for repairs, and the navy suspended bombardment operations— having suffered a similar accident on 25 April. On 12 August, was laid up at the Golden Horn after was torpedoed and sunk by a British submarine. At some point in 1915, some of s guns were removed and employed as coastal guns to shore up the defenses protecting the Dardanelles.
On 19 January 1918, and the light cruiser , which had also been transferred to Ottoman service under the name , sailed from the Dardanelles to attack several British monitors stationed outside. The ships quickly sank and before turning back to the safety of the Dardanelles. While en route, struck five mines and sank, while hit three mines and began to list to port. The ship's captain gave an incorrect order to the helmsman, which caused the ship to run aground. remained there for almost a week, until and several other vessels arrived on the scene on 22 January; the ships spent four days trying to free from the sand bank, including using the turbulence from their propellers to clear sand away from under the ship. By the morning of 26 January, came free from the sandbank and escorted her back into the Dardanelles.
was laid up again on 30 October 1918, and was refitted at the Gölcük Naval Shipyard from 1924 to 1925. After returning to service, she served as a stationary training ship based at Gölcük. At the time, she retained only two of her originally six 28 cm guns. Two main turrets were removed and installed as a part of the heavy coastal battery Turgut Reis, situated at the Asian coast of the Dardanelles Strait. Both turrets are preserved with their guns (two L/40 and two L/35). She was decommissioned in 1933 and was thereafter used as a barracks ship for dockyard workers, a role she filled until 1950, when she began to be broken up at Gölcük. By 1953, the ship had been broken down into two sections, and these were sold to be dismantled abroad. Demolition work was finally completed between 1956 and 1957.
Footnotes
Notes
Citations
References
Further reading
Brandenburg-class battleships
Ships built in Stettin
1891 ships
Boxer Rebellion
Turgut Reis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20as%20Lovers
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Women as Lovers
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Women as Lovers is the sixth studio album by American avant-garde band Xiu Xiu. It was released on January 29, 2008, by Kill Rock Stars, and shares its title with the Martin Chalmers translation of Elfriede Jelinek's 1975 novel Die Liebhaberinnen.
Prior to its release, the album was reported to be "more approachable or communicative on a basic human level" than anything else the band has released. The first track, "I Do What I Want When I Want", was released on December 11 via Pitchfork Media's "Forkcast", and is also available free of charge from Kill Rock Stars' webstore.
The release through the iTunes Store includes seven exclusive bonus tracks, whilst 500 limited edition copies were packaged with a DVD called "What's Your Problem?", containing four tour films, 100 photos, and sixteen music videos.
Track listing
All songs are written by Xiu Xiu, except "Under Pressure" written by Queen and David Bowie. "You Are Pregnant You, You Are Dead" contains additional lyrics by Angela Seo.
References
External links
Amazon.com listing
2008 albums
Xiu Xiu albums
Kill Rock Stars albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo%20G%C3%B3mez
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Máximo Gómez
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Máximo Gómez y Báez (November 18, 1836 – June 17, 1905) was a Dominican Generalissimo in Cuba's War of Independence (1895–1898). He was known for his controversial scorched-earth policy, which entailed dynamiting passenger trains and torching the Spanish loyalists' property and sugar plantations—including many owned by Americans. He greatly increased the efficacy of the attacks by torturing and killing not only Spanish soldiers, but also Spanish sympathizers. By the time the Spanish–American War broke out in April 1898, Gómez had the Spanish forces on the ropes. He refused to join forces with the Spanish in fighting off the United States, and he retired to a villa outside of Havana after the war's end.
Early life
Gómez was born on November 18, 1836 in the town of Baní, in the province of Peravia, in what is now the Dominican Republic. During his teenage years, he joined in the battles against the frequent Haitian incursions of Faustin Soulouque in the 1850s. He was later trained as an officer of the Spanish Army at the Zaragoza Military Academy in Spain. He had arrived originally in Cuba as a cavalry officer, a captain, in the Spanish Army and fought alongside the Spanish forces in the Dominican Annexation War (1861–1865), earning promotion from captain to commander in a famous victory over the Dominican general, Pedro Florentino.
In Cuba, he married Bernarda Toro, who accompanied him during the war.
Changes allegiance
After the Spanish forces were defeated and fled the Dominican Republic in 1865 by the order of Queen Isabel II, many supporters of the Annexionist cause left with them, and Gómez moved his family to Cuba.
Gómez retired from the Spanish Army and soon took up the rebel cause in 1868, helping transform the Cuban Army's military tactics and strategy from the conventional approach, favored by Thomas Jordan and others. He gave the Cuban mambises their most feared tactic, the "machete charge."
Cuban War of Independence
On October 26, 1868, at Pinos de Baire, Gómez led a machete charge on foot, ambushing a Spanish column and obliterating it; the Spanish suffered 233 casualties. The Spanish Army was terrified of the charges because most were infantry troops, mainly conscripts, who were fearful of being cut down by the machetes. Because the Cuban Army always lacked sufficient munitions, the usual combat technique was to shoot once and then charge the Spanish.
In 1871, Gómez led a campaign to clear Guantánamo from forces loyal to Spain, particularly the rich coffee growers, who were mostly of French descent and whose ancestors had fled from Haiti after the Haitians had slaughtered the French. Gómez carried out a bloody but successful campaign, and most of his officers went on to become high-ranking officers, including Antonio and José Maceo, Adolfo Flor Crombet, Policarpo Pineda "Rustán."
After the death in combat of Major General Ignacio Agramonte y Loynáz in May 1873, Gómez assumed the command of the military district of the province of Camaguey and its famed Cavalry Corps. Upon first inspecting the corps, he concluded that they were the best trained and disciplined in the nascent indigenous Cuban Army, and they would significantly contribute to the war for independence.
On February 19, 1874, Gómez and 700 other rebels marched westward from their eastern base and defeated 2,000 Spanish troops at El Naranjo. The Spaniards lost 100 killed in action, 200 wounded in action; the rebels incurred 150 casualties. A battalion of 500 Chinese fought under the command of Gómez in the Battle of Las Guasimas (March 1874). The battle cost the Spanish 1,037 casualties and the rebels 174 casualties. However, the rebels had exhausted their resources: the unusual departure from guerrilla tactics had proved a costly enterprise.
In early 1875, with fewer than 2,000 men, Gómez crossed the Trocha—a string of Spanish military fortifications—and burned 83 plantations around Sancti Spíritus and freed their slaves. However, the conservative Revolutionary leaders feared the consequences of these actions and diverted troops away from Gómez' army, causing the campaign to fizzle. In 1876, Gómez surrendered his command when he was told by General Carlos Roloff that the officers of Las Villas would no longer follow his orders since he was Dominican.
Puerto Rican conflict
In the interlude between the two Cuban independence wars, Gómez held odd jobs in Jamaica and Panama (among them, he supervised a laborers' brigade during the construction of the Panama Canal), but he remained as an active player for the cause of Cuban independence as well as that for the rest of the Antilles. For example, when Puerto Rico experienced a period of severe political repression in 1887 by the Spanish governor, Romualdo Palacio, which led to the arrest of many local political leaders, including Román Baldorioty de Castro, Gómez offered his services to Ramón Emeterio Betances, the previous instigator of the island's first pro-independence revolution, the Grito de Lares, who was then exiled in Paris. Gómez sold most of his personal belongings to finance a revolt in Puerto Rico and volunteered to lead any Puerto Rican troops if any such revolt occurred. The revolt was deemed unnecessary later that year, when the Spanish government recalled Palacio from office to investigate charges of abuse of power from his part, but Gómez and Betances established a friendship and logistical relationship that lasted until Betances's death, in 1898.
Promotion to general
Gómez rose to the rank of Generalíssimo of the Cuban Army, a rank akin to that of Captain General or General of the Army, because of his superior military leadership.
He adapted and formalized the improvised military tactics that had first been used by Spanish guerrillas against Napoleon Bonaparte's armies into a cohesive and comprehensive system, at both the tactical and the strategic levels. The concept of insurrection and insurgency and the asymmetric nature thereof can be traced intellectually to him.
He was shot in the neck in 1875 while he was crossing the fortified line or Trocha from Júcaro in the south to Morón, in the north; he was leading the failed attempt to invade Western Cuba. He then always wore a kerchief around his neck to cover the bullet hole, which remained open after it healed (he usually plugged it with a wad of cotton). His second and last wound came in 1896 while he was fighting in the rural areas outside Havana and completing a successful invasion of Western Cuba.
Fabian strategy
He was wounded only twice during 15 years of guerrilla warfare against an enemy far superior in manpower and logistics. In contrast, his most trusted officer and second-in-command, Lieutenant General Antonio Maceo y Grajales, was shot 27 times in the same span of time, with the 26th being the mortal wound. Gómez's son and Maceo's aide-de-camp, Francisco Gómez y Toro, nicknamed "Panchito," was killed while he was trying to recover Maceo's dead body in combat on December 7, 1896.
Soon afterward, Gómez implemented another warfare technique that proved to be very successful in crippling Spanish economic interests in Cuba: torching sugar cane haciendas and other strategic agricultural assets. He personally abhorred the idea of "setting to fire the product of our laborers' work over more than 200 years in a few hours" but countered that the state of misery most of the laborers still experienced, if that was the price to pay to redeem them from the economic system that enslaved them ¡Bendita sea la tea! ("Blessed be the torch!")
Proposal to join Spanish–American War
On March 5, 1898, the Captain-General of Cuba, Ramón Blanco y Erenas, proposed for Gómez and his Cuban troops to join him and the Spanish Army in repelling the United States in the face of the Spanish–American War. Blanco appealed to the shared heritage of the Cubans and Spanish and promised the island's autonomy if the Cubans would help fight the Americans. Blanco had declared, "As Spaniards and Cubans we find ourselves opposed to foreigners of a different race, who are of a grasping nature.... The supreme moment has come in which we should forget past differences and, with Spaniards and Cubans united for the sake of their own defense, repel the invader. Spain will not forget the noble help of its Cuban sons, and once the foreign enemy is expelled from the island, she will, like an affectionate mother, embrace in her arms a new daughter amongst the nations of the New World, who speaks the same language, practices the same faith, and feels the same noble Spanish blood run through her veins." Gómez refused to adhere to Blanco's plan.
Retirement
At the end of the Cuban Independence War in 1898, he retired to a villa outside of Havana. He refused the presidential nomination that was offered to him in 1901, which he was expected to win unopposed, mainly because he always disliked politics. Also, after 40 years of living in Cuba, he still felt that being Dominican-born, he should not become the civil leader of Cuba.
He died in his villa in 1905 and was interred in the Colón Cemetery, Havana.
Honors
Máximo Gómez Command Academy, an educational institution of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces.
Máximo Gómez Park, a park in Miami, Florida, United States, better known as Domino Park, was named in his honor.
Gómez's portrait is portrayed on Cuban currency on the 10 peso bill.
The British alternative rock band Maxïmo Park named itself after a park in Florida, which had been named in his honor.
A major avenue in the city of Santo Domingo, in the Dominican Republic, is named after him.
A secondary school is named after him in his hometown of Baní, Dominican Republic.
A provincial university was named in his honor: Universidad Máximo Gómez Báez de Ciego de Ávila, in Cuba.
The current Dominican Senator for Peravia Province, Wilton Guerrero, has proposed changing the name of the province to "Máximo Gómez Province."
A statue is in the front of the Instituto Preuniversitario in Camaguey, Cuba; he is seen on a horse with his scarf galloping while he is armed as if leading a machete charge.
See also
Luis Marcano
Modesto Díaz
References
External links
Horas de Tregua by Máximo Gómez and Néstor Carbonell in the Digital Library of the Caribbean
Cuban soldiers
Generalissimos
1836 births
1905 deaths
People of the Ten Years' War
Dominican Republic military personnel
Dominican Republic emigrants to Cuba
Dominican Republic people of Spanish descent
People from Baní
Cuban generals
19th-century Cuban military personnel
White Dominicans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20Insurance%20Portability%20and%20Accountability%20Act
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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
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The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA or the Kennedy–Kassebaum Act) is a United States federal statute enacted by the 104th United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on August 21, 1996. It modernized the flow of healthcare information, stipulates how personally identifiable information maintained by the healthcare and healthcare insurance industries should be protected from fraud and theft, and addressed some limitations on healthcare insurance coverage. It generally prohibits healthcare providers and healthcare businesses, called covered entities, from disclosing protected information to anyone other than a patient and the patient's authorized representatives without their consent. With limited exceptions, it does not restrict patients from receiving information about themselves. It does not prohibit patients from voluntarily sharing their health information however they choose, nor does it require confidentiality where a patient discloses medical information to family members, friends, or other individuals not a part of a covered entity.
The act consists of five titles. Title I of HIPAA protects health insurance coverage for workers and their families when they change or lose their jobs. Title II of HIPAA, known as the Administrative Simplification (AS) provisions, requires the establishment of national standards for electronic health care transactions and national identifiers for providers, health insurance plans, and employers. Title III sets guidelines for pre-tax medical spending accounts, Title IV sets guidelines for group health plans, and Title V governs company-owned life insurance policies.
Titles
There are five sections to the act, known as titles.
Title I: Health Care Access, Portability, and Renewability
Title I of HIPAA regulates the availability and breadth of group health plans and certain individual health insurance policies. It amended the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, the Public Health Service Act, and the Internal Revenue Code. Furthermore, Title I addresses the issue of "job lock" which is the inability for an employee to leave their job because they would lose their health coverage. To combat the job lock issue, the Title protects health insurance coverage for workers and their families if they lose or change their jobs.
Title I requires the coverage of and also limits restrictions that a group health plan can place on benefits for preexisting conditions. Group health plans may refuse to provide benefits in relation to preexisting conditions for either 12 months following enrollment in the plan or 18 months in the case of late enrollment. Title I allows individuals to reduce the exclusion period by the amount of time that they have had "creditable coverage" before enrolling in the plan and after any "significant breaks" in coverage. "Creditable coverage" is defined quite broadly and includes nearly all group and individual health plans, Medicare, and Medicaid. A "significant break" in coverage is defined as any 63-day period without any creditable coverage. Along with an exception, allowing employers to tie premiums or co-payments to tobacco use, or body mass index.
Title I also requires insurers to issue policies without exclusion to those leaving group health plans with creditable coverage (see above) exceeding 18 months, and renew individual policies for as long as they are offered or provide alternatives to discontinued plans for as long as the insurer stays in the market without exclusion regardless of health condition.
Some health care plans are exempted from Title I requirements, such as long-term health plans and limited-scope plans like dental or vision plans offered separately from the general health plan. However, if such benefits are part of the general health plan, then HIPAA still applies to such benefits. For example, if the new plan offers dental benefits, then it must count creditable continuous coverage under the old health plan towards any of its exclusion periods for dental benefits.
An alternate method of calculating creditable continuous coverage is available to the health plan under Title I. That is, 5 categories of health coverage can be considered separately, including dental and vision coverage. Anything not under those 5 categories must use the general calculation (e.g., the beneficiary may be counted with 18 months of general coverage, but only 6 months of dental coverage, because the beneficiary did not have a general health plan that covered dental until 6 months prior to the application date). Since limited-coverage plans are exempt from HIPAA requirements, the odd case exists in which the applicant to a general group health plan cannot obtain certificates of creditable continuous coverage for independent limited-scope plans, such as dental to apply towards exclusion periods of the new plan that does include those coverages.
Hidden exclusion periods are not valid under Title I (e.g., "The accident, to be covered, must have occurred while the beneficiary was covered under this exact same health insurance contract"). Such clauses must not be acted upon by the health plan. Also, they must be re-written so they can comply with HIPAA.
Title II: Preventing Health Care Fraud and Abuse; Administrative Simplification; Medical Liability Reform
Title II of HIPAA establishes policies and procedures for maintaining the privacy and the security of individually identifiable health information, outlines numerous offenses relating to health care, and establishes civil and criminal penalties for violations. It also creates several programs to control fraud and abuse within the health-care system. However, the most significant provisions of Title II are its Administrative Simplification rules. Title II requires the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to increase the efficiency of the health-care system by creating standards for the use and dissemination of health-care information.
These rules apply to "covered entities", as defined by HIPAA and the HHS. Covered entities include health plans, health care clearinghouses (such as billing services and community health information systems), and health care providers that transmit health care data in a way regulated by HIPAA.
Per the requirements of Title II, the HHS has promulgated five rules regarding Administrative Simplification: the Privacy Rule, the Transactions and Code Sets Rule, the Security Rule, the Unique Identifiers Rule, and the Enforcement Rule.
Privacy Rule
The HIPAA Privacy Rule is composed of national regulations for the use and disclosure of Protected Health Information (PHI) in healthcare treatment, payment and operations by covered entities.
The effective compliance date of the Privacy Rule was April 14, 2003, with a one-year extension for certain "small plans". The HIPAA Privacy Rule regulates the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI) held by "covered entities" (generally, health care clearinghouses, employer-sponsored health plans, health insurers, and medical service providers that engage in certain transactions). By regulation, the HHS extended the HIPAA privacy rule to independent contractors of covered entities who fit within the definition of "business associates". PHI is any information that is held by a covered entity regarding health status, provision of health care, or health care payment that can be linked to any individual. This is interpreted rather broadly and includes any part of an individual's medical record or payment history. Covered entities must disclose PHI to the individual within 30 days upon request. Also, they must disclose PHI when required to do so by law such as reporting suspected child abuse to state child welfare agencies.
Covered entities may disclose protected health information to law enforcement officials for law enforcement purposes as required by law (including court orders, court-ordered warrants, subpoenas) and administrative requests; or to identify or locate a suspect, a fugitive, a material witness, or a missing person.
A covered entity may disclose PHI to certain parties to facilitate treatment, payment, or health care operations without a patient's express written authorization. Any other disclosures of PHI require the covered entity to obtain written authorization from the individual for the disclosure. In any case, when a covered entity discloses any PHI, it must make a reasonable effort to disclose only the minimum necessary information required to achieve its purpose.
The Privacy Rule gives individuals the right to request a covered entity to correct any inaccurate PHI. Also, it requires covered entities to take some reasonable steps on ensuring the confidentiality of communications with individuals. For example, an individual can ask to be called at their work number instead of home or cell phone numbers.
The Privacy Rule requires covered entities to notify individuals of uses of their PHI. Covered entities must also keep track of disclosures of PHI and document privacy policies and procedures. They must appoint a Privacy Official and a contact person responsible for receiving complaints and train all members of their workforce in procedures regarding PHI.
An individual who believes that the Privacy Rule is not being upheld can file a complaint with the Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights (OCR). In 2006 the Wall Street Journal reported that the OCR had a long backlog and ignores most complaints. "Complaints of privacy violations have been piling up at the Department of Health and Human Services. Between April of 2003 and November 2006, the agency fielded 23,886 complaints related to medical-privacy rules, but it has not yet taken any enforcement actions against hospitals, doctors, insurers or anyone else for rule violations. A spokesman for the agency says it has closed three-quarters of the complaints, typically because it found no violation or after it provided informal guidance to the parties involved." However, in July 2011, the University of California, Los Angeles agreed to pay $865,500 in a settlement regarding potential HIPAA violations. An HHS Office for Civil Rights investigation showed that from 2005 to 2008, unauthorized employees repeatedly and without legitimate cause looked at the electronic protected health information of numerous UCLAHS patients.
It is a misconception that the Privacy Rule creates a right for any individual to refuse to disclose any health information (such as chronic conditions or immunization records) if requested by an employer or business. HIPAA Privacy Rule requirements merely place restrictions on disclosure by covered entities and their business associates without the consent of the individual whose records are being requested; they do not place any restrictions upon requesting health information directly from the subject of that information.
2013 Final Omnibus Rule update
In January 2013, HIPAA was updated via the Final Omnibus Rule. The updates included changes to the Security Rule and Breach Notification portions of the HITECH Act. The most significant changes related to the expansion of requirements to include business associates, where only covered entities had originally been held to uphold these sections of the law.
In addition, the definition of "significant harm" to an individual in the analysis of a breach was updated to provide more scrutiny to covered entities with the intent of disclosing breaches that previously were unreported. Previously, an organization needed proof that harm had occurred whereas now organizations must prove that harm had not occurred.
Protection of PHI was changed from indefinite to 50 years after death. More severe penalties for violation of PHI privacy requirements were also approved.
The HIPAA Privacy rule may be waived during natural disaster. This was the case with Hurricane Harvey in 2017.
HITECH Act: privacy requirements
See the Privacy section of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH Act).
Right to access one's PHI
The Privacy Rule requires medical providers to give individuals access to their PHI. After an individual requests information in writing (typically using the provider's form for this purpose), a provider has up to 30 days to provide a copy of the information to the individual. An individual may request the information in electronic form or hard-copy, and the provider is obligated to attempt to conform to the requested format. For providers using an electronic health record (EHR) system that is certified using CEHRT (Certified Electronic Health Record Technology) criteria, individuals must be allowed to obtain the PHI in electronic form. Providers are encouraged to provide the information expediently, especially in the case of electronic record requests.
Individuals have the broad right to access their health-related information, including medical records, notes, images, lab results, and insurance and billing information. Explicitly excluded are the private psychotherapy notes of a provider, and information gathered by a provider to defend against a lawsuit.
Providers can charge a reasonable amount that relates to their cost of providing the copy, however, no charge is allowable when providing data electronically from a certified EHR using the "view, download, and transfer" feature which is required for certification. When delivered to the individual in electronic form, the individual may authorize delivery using either encrypted or unencrypted email, delivery using media (USB drive, CD, etc., which may involve a charge), direct messaging (a secure email technology in common use in the healthcare industry), or possibly other methods. When using un-encrypted email, the individual must understand and accept the risks to privacy using this technology (the information may be intercepted and examined by others). Regardless of delivery technology, a provider must continue to fully secure the PHI while in their system and can deny the delivery method if it poses additional risk to PHI while in their system.
An individual may also request (in writing) that their PHI is delivered to a designated third party such as a family care provider.
An individual may also request (in writing) that the provider send PHI to a designated service used to collect or manage their records, such as a Personal Health Record application. For example, a patient can request in writing that her ob-gyn provider digitally transmit records of her latest pre-natal visit to a pregnancy self-care app that she has on her mobile phone.
Disclosure to relatives
According to their interpretations of HIPAA, hospitals will not reveal information over the phone to relatives of admitted patients. This has in some instances impeded the location of missing persons. After the Asiana Airlines Flight 214 San Francisco crash, some hospitals were reluctant to disclose the identities of passengers that they were treating, making it difficult for Asiana and the relatives to locate them. In one instance, a man in Washington state was unable to obtain information about his injured mother.
Janlori Goldman, director of the advocacy group Health Privacy Project, said that some hospitals are being "overcautious" and misapplying the law, the Times reports. Suburban Hospital in Bethesda, Md., has interpreted a federal regulation that requires hospitals to allow patients to opt out of being included in the hospital directory as meaning that patients want to be kept out of the directory unless they specifically say otherwise. As a result, if a patient is unconscious or otherwise unable to choose to be included in the directory, relatives and friends might not be able to find them, Goldman said.
Transactions and Code Sets Rule
HIPAA was intended to make the health care system in the United States more efficient by standardizing health care transactions. HIPAA added a new Part C titled "Administrative Simplification" to Title XI of the Social Security Act. This is supposed to simplify healthcare transactions by requiring all health plans to engage in health care transactions in a standardized way.
The HIPAA/EDI (electronic data interchange) provision was scheduled to take effect from October 16, 2003, with a one-year extension for certain "small plans". However, due to widespread confusion and difficulty in implementing the rule, CMS granted a one-year extension to all parties. On January 1, 2012 newer versions, ASC X12 005010 and NCPDP D.0 become effective, replacing the previous ASC X12 004010 and NCPDP 5.1 mandate. The ASC X12 005010 version provides a mechanism allowing the use of ICD-10-CM as well as other improvements.
After July 1, 2005 most medical providers that file electronically had to file their electronic claims using the HIPAA standards in order to be paid.
Under HIPAA, HIPAA-covered health plans are now required to use standardized HIPAA electronic transactions. See, 42 USC § 1320d-2 and 45 CFR Part 162. Information about this can be found in the final rule for HIPAA electronic transaction standards (74 Fed. Reg. 3296, published in the Federal Register on January 16, 2009), and on the CMS website.
Key EDI (X12) transactions used for HIPAA compliance are:
EDI Health Care Claim Transaction set (837) is used to submit health care claim billing information, encounter information, or both, except for retail pharmacy claims (see EDI Retail Pharmacy Claim Transaction). It can be sent from providers of health care services to payers, either directly or via intermediary billers and claims clearinghouses. It can also be used to transmit health care claims and billing payment information between payers with different payment responsibilities where coordination of benefits is required or between payers and regulatory agencies to monitor the rendering, billing, and/or payment of health care services within a specific health care/insurance industry segment.
For example, a state mental health agency may mandate all healthcare claims, Providers and health plans who trade professional (medical) health care claims electronically must use the 837 Health Care Claim: Professional standard to send in claims. As there are many different business applications for the Health Care claim, there can be slight derivations to cover off claims involving unique claims such as for institutions, professionals, chiropractors, and dentists etc.
EDI Retail Pharmacy Claim Transaction (NCPDP Telecommunications Standard version 5.1) is used to submit retail pharmacy claims to payers by health care professionals who dispense medications, either directly or via intermediary billers and claims clearinghouses. It can also be used to transmit claims for retail pharmacy services and billing payment information between payers with different payment responsibilities where coordination of benefits is required or between payers and regulatory agencies to monitor the rendering, billing, and/or payment of retail pharmacy services within the pharmacy health care/insurance industry segment.
EDI Health Care Claim Payment/Advice Transaction Set (835) can be used to make a payment, send an Explanation of Benefits (EOB), send an Explanation of Payments (EOP) remittance advice, or make a payment and send an EOP remittance advice only from a health insurer to a health care provider either directly or via a financial institution.
EDI Benefit Enrollment and Maintenance Set (834) can be used by employers, unions, government agencies, associations or insurance agencies to enroll members to a payer. The payer is a healthcare organization that pays claims, administers insurance or benefit or product. Examples of payers include an insurance company, healthcare professional (HMO), preferred provider organization (PPO), government agency (Medicaid, Medicare etc.) or any organization that may be contracted by one of these former groups.
EDI Payroll Deducted and another group Premium Payment for Insurance Products (820) is a transaction set for making a premium payment for insurance products. It can be used to order a financial institution to make a payment to a payee.
EDI Health Care Eligibility/Benefit Inquiry (270) is used to inquire about the health care benefits and eligibility associated with a subscriber or dependent.
EDI Health Care Eligibility/Benefit Response (271) is used to respond to a request inquiry about the health care benefits and eligibility associated with a subscriber or dependent.
EDI Health Care Claim Status Request (276) This transaction set can be used by a provider, recipient of health care products or services or their authorized agent to request the status of a health care claim.
EDI Health Care Claim Status Notification (277) This transaction set can be used by a healthcare payer or authorized agent to notify a provider, recipient or authorized agent regarding the status of a health care claim or encounter, or to request additional information from the provider regarding a health care claim or encounter. This transaction set is not intended to replace the Health Care Claim Payment/Advice Transaction Set (835) and therefore, is not used for account payment posting. The notification is at a summary or service line detail level. The notification may be solicited or unsolicited.
EDI Health Care Service Review Information (278) This transaction set can be used to transmit health care service information, such as subscriber, patient, demographic, diagnosis or treatment data for the purpose of the request for review, certification, notification or reporting the outcome of a health care services review.
EDI Functional Acknowledgement Transaction Set (997) this transaction set can be used to define the control structures for a set of acknowledgments to indicate the results of the syntactical analysis of the electronically encoded documents. Although it is not specifically named in the HIPAA Legislation or Final Rule, it is necessary for X12 transaction set processing. The encoded documents are the transaction sets, which are grouped in functional groups, used in defining transactions for business data interchange. This standard does not cover the semantic meaning of the information encoded in the transaction sets.
Brief 5010 Transactions and Code Sets Rules Update Summary
Transaction Set (997) will be replaced by Transaction Set (999) "acknowledgment report".
The size of many fields {segment elements} will be expanded, causing a need for all IT providers to expand corresponding fields, element, files, GUI, paper media, and databases.
Some segments have been removed from existing Transaction Sets.
Many segments have been added to existing Transaction Sets allowing greater tracking and reporting of cost and patient encounters.
Capacity to use both "International Classification of Diseases" versions 9 (ICD-9) and 10 (ICD-10-CM) has been added.
Security Rule
The Final Rule on Security Standards was issued on February 20, 2003. It took effect on April 21, 2003, with a compliance date of April 21, 2005, for most covered entities and April 21, 2006, for "small plans". The Security Rule complements the Privacy Rule. While the Privacy Rule pertains to all Protected Health Information (PHI) including paper and electronic, the Security Rule deals specifically with Electronic Protected Health Information (EPHI). It lays out three types of security safeguards required for compliance: administrative, physical, and technical. For each of these types, the Rule identifies various security standards, and for each standard, it names both required and addressable implementation specifications. Required specifications must be adopted and administered as dictated by the Rule. Addressable specifications are more flexible. Individual covered entities can evaluate their own situation and determine the best way to implement addressable specifications. Some privacy advocates have argued that this "flexibility" may provide too much latitude to covered entities. Software tools have been developed to assist covered entities in the risk analysis and remediation tracking. The standards and specifications are as follows:
Administrative Safeguards – policies and procedures designed to clearly show how the entity will comply with the act
Covered entities (entities that must comply with HIPAA requirements) must adopt a written set of privacy procedures and designate a privacy officer to be responsible for developing and implementing all required policies and procedures.
The policies and procedures must reference management oversight and organizational buy-in to compliance with the documented security controls.
Procedures should clearly identify employees or classes of employees who have access to electronic protected health information (EPHI). Access to EPHI must be restricted to only those employees who have a need for it to complete their job function.
The procedures must address access authorization, establishment, modification, and termination.
Entities must show that an appropriate ongoing training program regarding the handling of PHI is provided to employees performing health plan administrative functions.
Covered entities that out-source some of their business processes to a third party must ensure that their vendors also have a framework in place to comply with HIPAA requirements. Companies typically gain this assurance through clauses in the contracts stating that the vendor will meet the same data protection requirements that apply to the covered entity. Care must be taken to determine if the vendor further out-sources any data handling functions to other vendors and monitor whether appropriate contracts and controls are in place.
A contingency plan should be in place for responding to emergencies. Covered entities are responsible for backing up their data and having disaster recovery procedures in place. The plan should document data priority and failure analysis, testing activities, and change control procedures.
Internal audits play a key role in HIPAA compliance by reviewing operations with the goal of identifying potential security violations. Policies and procedures should specifically document the scope, frequency, and procedures of audits. Audits should be both routine and event-based.
Procedures should document instructions for addressing and responding to security breaches that are identified either during the audit or the normal course of operations.
Physical Safeguards – controlling physical access to protect against inappropriate access to protected data
Controls must govern the introduction and removal of hardware and software from the network. (When equipment is retired it must be disposed of properly to ensure that PHI is not compromised.)
Access to equipment containing health information should be carefully controlled and monitored.
Access to hardware and software must be limited to properly authorized individuals.
Required access controls consist of facility security plans, maintenance records, and visitor sign-in and escorts.
Policies are required to address proper workstation use. Workstations should be removed from high traffic areas and monitor screens should not be in direct view of the public.
If the covered entities utilize contractors or agents, they too must be fully trained on their physical access responsibilities.
Technical Safeguards – controlling access to computer systems and enabling covered entities to protect communications containing PHI transmitted electronically over open networks from being intercepted by anyone other than the intended recipient.
Information systems housing PHI must be protected from intrusion. When information flows over open networks, some form of encryption must be utilized. If closed systems/networks are utilized, existing access controls are considered sufficient and encryption is optional.
Each covered entity is responsible for ensuring that the data within its systems has not been changed or erased in an unauthorized manner.
Data corroboration, including the use of a checksum, double-keying, message authentication, and digital signature may be used to ensure data integrity.
Covered entities must also authenticate entities with which they communicate. Authentication consists of corroborating that an entity is who it claims to be. Examples of corroboration include password systems, two or three-way handshakes, telephone callback, and token systems.
Covered entities must make documentation of their HIPAA practices available to the government to determine compliance.
In addition to policies and procedures and access records, information technology documentation should also include a written record of all configuration settings on the components of the network because these components are complex, configurable, and always changing.
Documented risk analysis and risk management programs are required. Covered entities must carefully consider the risks of their operations as they implement systems to comply with the act. (The requirement of risk analysis and risk management implies that the act's security requirements are a minimum standard and places responsibility on covered entities to take all reasonable precautions necessary to prevent PHI from being used for non-health purposes.)
Unique Identifiers Rule (National Provider Identifier)
HIPAA covered entities such as providers completing electronic transactions, healthcare clearinghouses, and large health plans must use only the National Provider Identifier (NPI) to identify covered healthcare providers in standard transactions by May 23, 2007. Small health plans must use only the NPI by May 23, 2008.
Effective from May 2006 (May 2007 for small health plans), all covered entities using electronic communications (e.g., physicians, hospitals, health insurance companies, and so forth) must use a single new NPI. The NPI replaces all other identifiers used by health plans, Medicare, Medicaid, and other government programs. However, the NPI does not replace a provider's DEA number, state license number, or tax identification number. The NPI is 10 digits (may be alphanumeric), with the last digit being a checksum. The NPI cannot contain any embedded intelligence; in other words, the NPI is simply a number that does not itself have any additional meaning. The NPI is unique and national, never re-used, and except for institutions, a provider usually can have only one. An institution may obtain multiple NPIs for different "sub-parts" such as a free-standing cancer center or rehab facility.
Enforcement Rule
On February 16, 2006, HHS issued the Final Rule regarding HIPAA enforcement. It became effective on March 16, 2006. The Enforcement Rule sets civil money penalties for violating HIPAA rules and establishes procedures for investigations and hearings for HIPAA violations. For many years there were few prosecutions for violations.
As of March 2013, the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS) has investigated over 19,306 cases that have been resolved by requiring changes in privacy practice or by corrective action. If noncompliance is determined by HHS, entities must apply corrective measures. Complaints have been investigated against many different types of businesses such as national pharmacy chains, major health care centers, insurance groups, hospital chains and other small providers. There were 9,146 cases where the HHS investigation found that HIPAA was followed correctly. There were 44,118 cases that HHS did not find eligible cause for enforcement; for example, a violation that started before HIPAA started; cases withdrawn by the pursuer; or an activity that does not actually violate the Rules. According to the HHS website, the following lists the issues that have been reported according to frequency:
Misuse and disclosures of PHI
No protection in place of health information
Patient unable to access their health information
Using or disclosing more than the minimum necessary protected health information
No safeguards of electronic protected health information.
The most common entities required to take corrective action to be in voluntary compliance according to HHS are listed by frequency:
Private Practices
Hospitals
Outpatient Facilities
Group plans such as insurance groups
Pharmacies
Title III: Tax-related health provisions governing medical savings accounts
Title III standardizes the amount that may be saved per person in a pre-tax medical savings account. Beginning in 1997, medical savings
account ("MSA") are available to employees covered under an employer-sponsored high deductible plan of a small employer and
self-employed individuals.
Title IV: Application and enforcement of group health insurance requirements
Title IV specifies conditions for group health plans regarding coverage of persons with pre-existing conditions, and modifies continuation of coverage requirements. It also clarifies continuation coverage requirements and includes COBRA clarification.
Title V: Revenue offset governing tax deductions for employers
Title V includes provisions related to company-owned life insurance for employers providing company-owned life insurance premiums, prohibiting the tax-deduction of interest on life insurance loans, company endowments, or contracts related to the company. It also repeals the financial institution rule to interest allocation rules. Finally, it amends provisions of law relating to people who give up United States citizenship or permanent residence, expanding the expatriation tax to be assessed against those deemed to be giving up their U.S. status for tax reasons, and making ex-citizens' names part of the public record through the creation of the Quarterly Publication of Individuals Who Have Chosen to Expatriate.
Effects on research and clinical care
The enactment of the Privacy and Security Rules has caused major changes in the way physicians and medical centers operate. The complex legalities and potentially stiff penalties associated with HIPAA, as well as the increase in paperwork and the cost of its implementation, were causes for concern among physicians and medical centers. An August 2006 article in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine detailed some such concerns over the implementation and effects of HIPAA.
Effects on research
HIPAA restrictions on researchers have affected their ability to perform retrospective, chart-based research as well as their ability to prospectively evaluate patients by contacting them for follow-up. A study from the University of Michigan demonstrated that implementation of the HIPAA Privacy rule resulted in a drop from 96% to 34% in the proportion of follow-up surveys completed by study patients being followed after a heart attack. Another study, detailing the effects of HIPAA on recruitment for a study on cancer prevention, demonstrated that HIPAA-mandated changes led to a 73% decrease in patient accrual, a tripling of time spent recruiting patients, and a tripling of mean recruitment costs.
In addition, informed consent forms for research studies now are required to include extensive detail on how the participant's protected health information will be kept private. While such information is important, the addition of a lengthy, legalistic section on privacy may make these already complex documents even less user-friendly for patients who are asked to read and sign them.
These data suggest that the HIPAA privacy rule, as currently implemented, may be having negative impacts on the cost and quality of medical research. Dr. Kim Eagle, professor of internal medicine at the University of Michigan, was quoted in the Annals article as saying, "Privacy is important, but research is also important for improving care. We hope that we will figure this out and do it right."
Effects on clinical care
The complexity of HIPAA, combined with potentially stiff penalties for violators, can lead physicians and medical centers to withhold information from those who may have a right to it. A review of the implementation of the HIPAA Privacy Rule by the U.S. Government Accountability Office found that health care providers were "uncertain about their legal privacy responsibilities and often responded with an overly guarded approach to disclosing information ... than necessary to ensure compliance with the Privacy rule". Reports of this uncertainty continue.
Costs of implementation
In the period immediately prior to the enactment of the HIPAA Privacy and Security Acts, medical centers and medical practices were charged with getting "into compliance". With an early emphasis on the potentially severe penalties associated with violation, many practices and centers turned to private, for-profit "HIPAA consultants" who were intimately familiar with the details of the legislation and offered their services to ensure that physicians and medical centers were fully "in compliance". In addition to the costs of developing and revamping systems and practices, the increase in paperwork and staff time necessary to meet the legal requirements of HIPAA may impact the finances of medical centers and practices at a time when insurance companies' and Medicare reimbursement is also declining.
Education and training
Education and training of healthcare providers is a requirement for correct implementation of both the HIPAA Privacy Rule and Security Rule.
HIPAA acronym
Although the acronym HIPAA matches the title of the 1996 Public Law 104-191, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, HIPAA is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "Health Information Privacy and Portability Act (HIPPA)."
Violations
According to the US Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights, between April 2003 and January 2013, it received 91,000 complaints of HIPAA violations, in which 22,000 led to enforcement actions of varying kinds (from settlements to fines) and 521 led to referrals to the US Department of Justice as criminal actions. Examples of significant breaches of protected information and other HIPAA violations include:
The largest loss of data that affected 4.9 million people by Tricare Management of Virginia in 2011
The largest fines of $5.5 million levied against Memorial Healthcare Systems in 2017 for accessing confidential information of 115,143 patients and of $4.3 million levied against Cignet Health of Maryland in 2010 for ignoring patients' requests to obtain copies of their own records and repeated ignoring of federal officials' inquiries
The first criminal indictment was lodged in 2011 against a Virginia physician who shared information with a patient's employer "under the false pretenses that the patient was a serious and imminent threat to the safety of the public, when in fact he knew that the patient was not such a threat."
According to Koczkodaj et al., 2018, the total number of individuals affected since October 2009 is 173,398,820.
The differences between civil and criminal penalties are summarized in the following table:
Legislative information
In 1994, President Clinton had ambitions to renovate the state of the nation's health care. Despite his efforts to revamp the system, he did not receive the support he needed at the time. The Congressional Quarterly Almanac of 1996 explains how two senators, Nancy Kassebaum (R-KS) and Edward Kennedy (D-MA) came together and created a bill called the Health Insurance Reform Act of 1995 or more commonly known as the Kassebaum-Kennedy Bill. This bill was stalled despite making it out of the Senate. Undeterred by this, Clinton pushed harder for his ambitions and eventually in 1996 after the State of the Union address, there was some headway as it resulted in bipartisan cooperation. After much debate and negotiation, there was a shift in momentum once a “compromise between Kennedy and Ways and Means Committee Chairman Bill Archer” was accepted after alterations were made of the original Kassebaum-Kennedy Bill. Soon after this, the bill was signed into law by President Clinton and was named the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA).
,
; H. Rept. 104-469, part 1; H. Rept. 104-736
; ; S. Rept. 104-156
HHS Security Standards, , , and
HHS Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, and
References
External links
California Office of HIPAA Implementation (CalOHI)
"HIPAA", Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Congressional Research Service (CRS) reports regarding HIPAA, University of North Texas Libraries
Full text of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (PDF/TXT) U.S. Government Printing Office
Office for Civil Rights page on HIPAA
Acts of the 104th United States Congress
Data erasure
Insurance legislation
Medical privacy legislation
Medicare and Medicaid (United States)
Privacy law in the United States
Security compliance
United States federal health legislation
United States federal privacy legislation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Jersey%20Indie%20Rock%20Festival
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North Jersey Indie Rock Festival
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The North Jersey Indie Rock Festival is an American annual concert in Jersey City, that showcases artists primarily from New Jersey.
About
The festival was created by Sniffling Indie Kids co-founder Frank DeFranco and Mint 400 Records founder Neil Sabatino, in 2016. It has been hosted by many of the state's music magazines, websites and radio, including The Aquarian Weekly, Jersey Beat, Speak Into My Good Eye, and WFDU. The labels were both working on the album Creases when they were formerly introduced. Sabatino recalls in an interview with Bob Makin of Courier News, that the labels "had done a ton of local shows together and [we] saw the opportunity to do a showcase on a much larger scale[;] in the past, Mint 400 tried to do a showcase at least once a year of our local acts always at Maxwell's under the old owners," and DeFranco noted the desire to create a "festival like this because [he felt] the North Jersey scene had been overlooked by similar festivals in Asbury Park and New Brunswick."
2016
The first festival took place at Cathedral Hall, formerly St. Bridget's Church, a converted ornate Roman Catholic monastery, on September 10, 2016. The performances alternated between two stages, one upstairs on the deconsecrated altar and the other downstairs in the church's former recreation hall. It was hosted by 4th Street Arts, Rock-It Docket, BGT Enterprises, Artist & Makers Market, BlowUpRadio, Jersey Beat, Speak Into My Good Eye, The Aquarian Weekly, The Alternative, Jersey Indie, You Don't Know Jersey, and Courier News. The festival began at 12:00 and ended at 8:00 P.M., and featured crafts, food, beer and spirits. The festival showcased twenty bands from the Mint 400 Records and Sniffling Indie Kids rosters with twenty-minute sets alternating one after the other, from the upstairs church to the downstairs community center. The artists that performed were Ancient Babies, the Bitter Chills, the Clydes, C.R. and the Degenerates, dollys, Ken De Poto, Fairmont, LKFFCT, the Maravines, NGHTCRWLRS, Pixl-Visionary, Quality Living, Rocky & the Chapter, Sink Tapes, Toy Cars, Tri-State, Underlined Passages, Shane Vidaurri, YJY, and Young Legs.
Approximately five-hundred people attended the concert.
2017
The second annual festival occurred at Cathedral Hall on September 23, 2017. It began at 12:00 and ended at 8:00 P.M., and showcased twenty-four bands. In addition to Mint 400 Records and Sniffling Indie Kids artists, the 2017 festival featured artists from Bar/None Records, Killing Horse Records and Little Dickman Records. The event was co-hosted by Jonathan LeVine Projects, along with 4th Street Arts, BGT Enterprises, Rock-It Docket, Jersey Indie, BlowUpRadio, You Don't Know Jersey, The Alternative, CoolDad Music, Courier News, Jersey Beat, New Jersey Stage, Speak Into My Good Eye, and WFDU. Artists that performed were aBIRD, Adam and the Plants, the Brixton Riot, Cicada Radio, Cyclone Static, Delicate Flowers, Dentist, Désir Decir, the Duke of Norfolk, Fruit & Flowers, Kult of Mary, LKFFCT, the Moms, Psychiatric Metaphors, Quality Living, Rock N Roll Hi Fives, Rocky & the Chapter, Shred Flintstone, the Skullers, Spicy Girls, Spowder, Tom Barrett of Overlake, and TV Sound.
2018
The third annual North Jersey Indie Rock Festival occurred at White Eagle Hall in Jersey City on October 6, 2018. It began at 4:00 and ended at 11:00 P.M., and was hosted by Rock-It Docket, Jersey Indie, BlowUpRadio, DIY Radio, You Don't Know Jersey, The Pop Break, comeherefloyd, The Alternative, CoolDad Music, Makin Waves, Look at my Records!, Jersey Beat, New Jersey Stage, Speak Into My Good Eye, and WFDU. The festival featured eighteen bands from five independent New Jersey record labels; Little Dickman Records, Mint 400 Records, Rhyme & Reason Records, Sniffling Indie Kids and State Champion Records. The artists that performed were Black Wail, the Components, Dentist, Exmaid, Glazer, Glenn Morrow's Cry for Help, Guilty Giraffe, LKFFCT, Professor Caveman, the Royal Arctic Institute, Tony Saxon, Secretary Legs, Shithead's Rainbow, Smock, Ultra Major, the Vaughns, and Yawn Mower. The festival continued with an after party at FM Bar with music by the Vice Rags.
Mint 400 Records released a promotional compilation on September 14, 2018, dedicated to the bands who played the 2018 North Jersey Indie Rock Festival, entitled NJ / NY Mixtape. The eighteen-track album features unreleased tracks by Cyclone Static, Guilty Giraffe and Tony Saxon.
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
2017 festival preview and interview with Professor Cavemen and LKFFCT on Look at my Records!
Culture of Jersey City, New Jersey
Indie rock festivals
Mint 400 Records
Music festivals established in 2016
Music festivals in New Jersey
Rock festivals in the United States
Sniffling Indie Kids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatra%20%28album%29
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Khatra (album)
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Khatra is last studio album by Nepalese rapper Yama Buddha. Khatra album is collections of thing that are happening/happened in Nepal. All of the songs were recorded in London and was produced by Nasty (Abhishek Baniya) from TEC records.
Track listing
Taaj - Taaj (English:Fresh) this song describes about he doesn't care about anyone
Paisa - Paisa (English:Money) this song describes about how people need money
Personnel
Yama Buddha - Singer
Nasty (Abhishek Baniya) - Producer
References
2017 albums
Yama Buddha albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing%20Dead%20%28film%29
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Playing Dead (film)
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Playing Dead () is a 2013 French comedy film written and directed by Jean-Paul Salomé. The film stars François Damiens, Géraldine Nakache and Lucien Jean-Baptiste. It was screened at the Rome Film Festival.
Cast
François Damiens as Jean Renault
Géraldine Nakache as Noémie Desfontaines
Lucien Jean-Baptiste as Lieutenant Lamy
Anne Le Ny as Madame Jacky
Jean-Marie Winling as Michel Beauchatel
Kévin Azaïs as Ludo
Nanou Garcia as Zelda
Corentin Lobet as Servaz
Judith Henry as Caroline
Jean-Paul Salomé as TV journalist
Accolades
The film received three nominations at the 5th Magritte Awards.
References
External links
2013 films
French-language films
French films
Films directed by Jean-Paul Salomé
French crime comedy films
French satirical films
2010s crime comedy films
2013 comedy films
Films scored by Bruno Coulais
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Hong
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Gene Hong
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Gene Hong is an American writer and producer best known for his writing on TV series' Magnum P.I., Lethal Weapon, Bones and Community. As an actor, he may be best known for being in the original cast of MTV's Nick Cannon Presents Wild 'N Out.
Early life
Hong, a Korean American, graduated from North Allegheny High School in Wexford, Pennsylvania (a suburb of Pittsburgh). He graduated from Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania.
Writing and producing career
Hong began his career writing sitcoms, serving as a writer/producer for NBC's cult comedy Community, writing the episode "Intro to Felt Surrogacy". His other comedy credits include ABC's The Goode Family, the MTV series DJ and the Fro, Friends with Benefits, and the animated Fox comedy Allen Gregory, created by Jonah Hill. He joined the Fox procedural Bones at the end of season 9, where he served as a writer/producer for three seasons.
Hong has developed and sold seven television pilots, five with Sony Pictures and producer Jamie Tarses, one with 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment for NBC where Hong served as writer, and executive produced along with Maroon 5's Adam Levine and Jake Kasdan., and one for Fox with Bones creator Hart Hanson.
Hong wrote and produced a tennis dramedy feature film, Break Point, about doubles tennis, which was released in July 2015, produced by Broad Green Pictures. The film stars Jeremy Sisto, David Walton, JK Simmons, and Amy Smart.
Personal life
Hong resides in the Hollywood Hills with his close friend, Adam Levine, front man for the Grammy Award-winning pop music group, Maroon 5.
During an interview with Howard Stern, actor Jake Gyllenhaal referred to Hong as his best friend, claiming he and Levine remain close because they "share a best friend".
Hong is involved in the non-profit organizations Kiva.org, Won By One to Jamaica, and The Linden Center, a group home facility for emotionally disturbed children in Los Angeles, California.
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American writers of Korean descent
American male screenwriters
American television writers
Television producers from Pennsylvania
Allegheny College alumni
Writers from Pittsburgh
American male television writers
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
Showrunners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaas%20Bruinsma%20%28drug%20lord%29
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Klaas Bruinsma (drug lord)
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Klaas Bruinsma (6 October 1953 – 27 June 1991) was a major Dutch drug lord. He was shot dead on 27 June 1991 by organized crime member and former police officer Martin Hoogland. He was known as "De Lange" ("the tall one") and also as "De Dominee" ("the pastor") because of his black clothing and his habit of lecturing others.
Early life
Klaas Bruinsma was born in Amsterdam as the second child of Anton Bruinsma, a Dutch entrepreneur and Gwendolyn Theresa Mary Kelly, a British homemaker. He attended the "De Blauwe Reiger" kindergarten in Amsterdam Oud-Zuid and then the Spartaschool, also in Oud-Zuid. His parents divorced when he was seven years old. From that point forward, his father's housekeeper took over the responsibilities of raising Klaas and his siblings. Klaas' father was the founder of the Dutch soda drink manufacturer Raak. He would make Klaas and his three siblings clean the bottles from the factory on Sundays.
Career
During his high school years, Bruinsma started using hashish and later selling it himself. He was arrested for the first time in 1970 at the age of sixteen. In 1974, he opted to forgo attending college in order to dedicate himself to the drug trade full-time. Thea Moear became his main business partner and together they set up an organization. Thea is the daughter of a Dutch mobster and a Singaporean heroin smuggler. While Bruinsma was mainly involved with the purchase, transport and distribution of the merchandise, Moear managed the finances. She kept track of income and expenses and was also responsible for paying individuals who were hired to get rid of people who were not following instructions.
In 1976, Bruinsma was convicted but was later released in 1977. Upon his release, he changed his identity to Frans van Arkel, nicknamed Lange Frans. He also hired professional kickboxer André Brilleman as his head of security and personal bodyguard after his release from prison. In 1978, he hired Etienne Urka as an extra bodyguard. Urka would later go on to become second in command and Bruinsma's right hand man. By this time, Bruinsma expanded his smuggling operations branching out to Germany, Belgium, France and Scandinavia.
In 1979, Bruinsma was convicted once again, this time for organizing a large hashish transport from Pakistan. He was released in 1982. In 1983, he was involved in a shoot out, after some members of his organization decided to steal large stock piles of hashish and go into business for themselves. He shot several people and was also wounded himself. In 1984, he was sentenced to five years in prison but he later appealed successfully and the sentence was reduced to three years. During his prison sentence, Bruinsma's father, who was battling cancer, visited him and died shortly after.
After his release in 1987, Bruinsma restructured his drug organization and branched out into hotels, casinos, gaming, brothels, and other "legitimate" forms of business. Etienne Urka replaced Thea Moear as Bruinsma's main business partner, a new division for exploitation of gambling machines was formed under the supervision of Sam Klepper and John Mieremet, and Roy Adkins was appointed leader of the drug division. During this period, André Brilleman was accused of theft; he was brutally murdered by Hugo Ferrol, a competing hashish trader and Thea Moear's husband, and his body was encased in concrete and dumped in the river Waal.
By the end of the 1980s, Bruinsma became the largest drug trader in European history. His organization was generating around a million Dutch guilders per day (roughly US$500,000 at that time). Given his large success, Bruinsma was contemplating retirement to dedicate himself to his passion and hobby of sailing. However, he wanted to right his previous wrong from 1979, and planned to transport 45 tons of hashish from Pakistan into Holland, a much larger amount than what he was arrested for previously. The shipment had a street value of 400 million Dutch guilders (US$200 million at the time). This operation was dubbed "The Big Mountain" by Bruinsma and his close associates. However, the operation was unsuccessful and the shipment was seized upon arrival in the Netherlands. After the failure of the operation, Bruinsma started using cocaine and began extorting other Dutch criminals.
Bruinsma and his gang often hung out at the Amsterdam luxury brothel Yab Yum. In 1990, Bruinsma and his associate Roy Adkins fought in the brothel after one of their operations had gone sour; shots were fired but nobody was injured and nobody talked to the police. Adkins was assassinated later that year. A newspaper article in 2006 reported that true ownership of the brothel had long been in the hands of organized crime figures, beginning with Bruinsma, who called it "the club house." After Bruinsma's death in 1991, his associates Sam Klepper and John Mieremet and the Dutch Hells Angels took over control of the club.
Death
On the night of 27 June 1991, Bruinsma became involved in a verbal argument with Martin Hoogland, a former police officer who was now employed by organized crime. Hoogland shot Bruinsma to death in front of the Amsterdam Hilton hotel at 4 am. Hoogland was murdered in 2004 while on parole.
Bruinsma did not leave a will; his brothers and sisters did not accept anything from his inheritance, so most of it went to his mother. His sailboats, the Amsterdammed and the Neeltje Jacoba, were confiscated by the Tax and Customs Administration.
Connections to Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau
On 2 October 2003, Charlie da Silva, a former bodyguard of Bruinsma, claimed on Peter R. de Vries' television show that Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau had been a very close friend of Bruinsma's, and that she had been a regular guest on his yacht during the night. Wisse Smit, who at that point was engaged to Prince Friso, told prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende and Queen Beatrix that she had only been slightly acquainted with Bruinsma. Because of this, the Dutch government decided not to request permission of parliament for the marriage, causing Prince Friso to lose his claim to the Dutch throne after his marriage to Princess Mabel.
References
20th-century Dutch criminals
1953 births
1991 deaths
Deaths by firearm in the Netherlands
Criminals from Amsterdam
Crime bosses
Dutch gangsters
Dutch drug traffickers
Dutch murder victims
People murdered in the Netherlands
People murdered by Dutch organized crime
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise%20%28John%20Prine%20song%29
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Paradise (John Prine song)
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"Paradise" is a song written by John Prine for his father, and recorded for his 1971 debut album, John Prine. Prine also re-recorded the song for his 1986 album, German Afternoons. The song is about the devastating impact of strip mining for coal, whereby the top layers of soil are blasted off with dynamite or dug away with steam shovels to reach the coal seam below. The song is also about what happened to the area around the Green River in Kentucky because of strip mining. The song references the Peabody Coal Company, and a town called Paradise in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky, where the Tennessee Valley Authority operated the Paradise Fossil Plant, a coal-fired electric generating station. The area has suffered serious economic downturn because of the decline of coal mining, caused mainly by the abundance of natural gas. Paradise Fossil Plant Units 1 and 2 went on-line in 1963 and were retired in 2017; Unit 3 went on-line in 1970 and was retired in 2020. In the song Prine asks to have his ashes dispersed on the Green River. After his death in 2020 this wish was fulfilled. TVA replaced the Fossil Plant with the natural-gas fired Paradise Combined Cycle Plant.
John Fogerty, one of the scores of artists who have covered "Paradise," told Acoustic Guitar magazine in a 2009 interview that "Paradise" is "a touchstone for people like us who decry the way corporations get to run roughshod over what may be desired by the little guy, but he’s powerless to stop it or stand in the way."
The most successful chart-wise version of the song was by Lynn Anderson in 1976, peaking at #26 on the Billboard country chart.
Notable cover versions
Jackie DeShannon recorded her version of "Paradise" for her 1972 album, Jackie, on Atlantic Records.
John Denver released a cover of "Paradise" on his 1972 album, Rocky Mountain High.
Tom T. Hall recorded his version of "Paradise" for his 1976 album, The Magnificent Music Machine.
Jim and Jesse recorded and performed the song in the early 1970s.
The Everly Brothers, natives of Muhlenberg County, recorded a version for their 1973 album Pass the Chicken & Listen.
The Country Gentlemen recorded a version for their 1973 album The Country Gentlemen.
The Seldom Scene recorded versions for their 1973 album Act II and for their 2014 album Long Time... Seldom Scene.
Lynn Anderson recorded her version of "Paradise" for her 1976 album, All the King's Horses. The song was also released as a single and peaked at No. 26 on the US Country chart.
Roy Acuff recorded "Paradise" in 1980.
A cover recorded by Johnny Cash was used in the soundtrack of the 1981 TV movie The Pride of Jesse Hallam, which starred Cash in the title role. This version was later released on the compilation album Personal File.
"Paradise" was the end credit song for the film Fire Down Below.
Tim Flannery, former baseball player, recorded a version of "Paradise" on his 1999 album Pieces of the Past.
Jimmy Buffett has played "Paradise" twice in concert, in 2002 at Riverbend Music Center in Cincinnati and again in 2008 at Riverbend. The 2008 Riverbend recording appears on Buffett's 2010 CD Encores.
Pat Green & Cory Morrow covered "Paradise" on their album Songs We Wish We'd Written, which was released in 2001.
Dwight Yoakam recorded the song on his 2004 compilation album, Dwight's Used Records. This rendition is divided into two tracks. The first track has a slower tempo, while the second track has a faster tempo.
Hayseed Dixie often include the song in their live setlist and vocalist John Wheeler (aka Barley Scotch) has referred to it on several occasions as his favorite song ever recorded.
John Fogerty recorded a version as the lead off track for his 2009 album The Blue Ridge Rangers Rides Again.
John Kadlecik performed this live in an acoustic performance 2011-06-22 at the New Deal Cafe.
Jamestown Revival recorded the song as the second song on their 2013 EP California
Sturgill Simpson released a cover of the song in 2021 as a single from his upcoming Prine tribute album, Broken Hearts & Dirty Windows Vol. 2.
References
External links
Lyrics
Lynn Anderson songs
John Denver songs
1971 singles
John Prine songs
American folk songs
Songs written by John Prine
Atlantic Records singles
Songs about Kentucky
Muhlenberg County, Kentucky
1971 songs
Environmental songs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20S.%20Duncanson
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Robert S. Duncanson
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Robert Seldon Duncanson (1821 – December 21, 1872) was a 19th-century American landscapist of European and African ancestry. Inspired by famous American landscape artists like Thomas Cole, Duncanson created renowned landscape paintings and is considered a second generation Hudson River School artist. Duncanson spent the majority of his career in Cincinnati, Ohio and helped develop the Ohio River Valley landscape tradition. As a free black man in antebellum America, Duncanson engaged the abolitionist community in America and England to support and promote his work. Duncanson is considered the first African-American artist to be internationally known. He operated in the cultural circles of Cincinnati, Detroit, Montreal, and London. The primary art historical debate centered on Duncanson concerns the role that contemporary racial issues played in his work. Some art historians, like Joseph D. Ketner, believe that Duncanson used racial metaphors in his artwork, while others, like Margaret Rose Vendryes, discourage viewers from approaching his art with a racialized perspective.
Early life
Robert Seldon Duncanson was born in Fayette, New York, in 1821. Duncanson was one of the five sons of John Dean Duncanson (c. 1777 – 1851), a free black tradesman, and Lucy Nickles (c. 1782 – 1854). Often, it is cited that Robert's father was Scot-Canadian; however, there is no evidence to support this claim, and it is unclear when or where the original source of the claim began. All evidence points to Robert Seldon being the descendant of freed slaves from Virginia. John Dean's father, Charles Duncanson, was a former slave from Virginia who was freed from bondage by his owner. Charles received special privileges, including his emancipation and the opportunity to learn a skilled trade, because he was likely the illegitimate son of his owner. After becoming emancipated, Charles and his son John Dean lived as freemen in Virginia. However, at the end of the eighteenth century, white opposition toward free black men grew in the Upper South. In response, Charles, his son John Dean, and his wife Lucy Nickles, like many free African Americans, moved north. The Duncanson family settled in Fayette, New York, where Robert Seldon was born. Charles' knowledge of carpentry and house painting was passed down to his son, John Dean, and his grandchildren. This knowledge would later allow Robert Seldon Duncanson to develop as an artisan and later as an artist.
In 1828, the family moved to the “boomtown” of Monroe, Michigan, following the death of Charles. In Monroe, John Dean found considerable success working as a housepainter and a carpenter. This success allowed him to support his family and educate his children. During their childhood, Robert and his four brothers apprenticed in the family trades of house painting and carpentry. While Robert's brothers achieved modest success as housepainters, Robert emerged as the most talented of his siblings in his apprenticeships. In 1838, Robert established a painting business with partner John Gamblin. Robert and his partner frequently advertised their services in local publications, like the Monroe Gazette. However, in 1839, Robert suspended the business in order to pursue his ambition to work as a portrait painter.
In 1840, nineteen-year-old Duncanson left Monroe and moved to Mount Pleasant, Ohio, a town north of Cincinnati later known as Mount Healthy, to begin his career in fine arts. Duncanson lived in Mt. Healthy with the Reuben Graham family who were also descendants of Virginian slaves. The community of Mt. Healthy, like Cincinnati, had a substantial free black population. In the nineteenth century, Cincinnati was considered a southern' town on free soil”. Cincinnati was a fast-growing city—the city’s population grew from 43,000 to 115,000 between 1840 and 1850. In particular, Cincinnati attracted many freed or escape slaves in search of a new community. The city hosted one of the largest African-American communities in the U.S. Upon Duncanson’s arrival, the African-American population of the city was approximately 3,000. Many of these 3,000 African-Americans living in Cincinnati were previously enslaved. By 1870, the city had 5,900 African-American residents, with an overall population of 216,000.
Duncanson was primarily attracted to Cincinnati for its strong arts community. In the 19th century, Cincinnati was referred to as "the Athens of the West". It was also referred to as the "emporium of the West" by its free black population who had much greater access to opportunities of advancement there than in other parts of antebellum America. During the 19th century, Cincinnati and the American west became well known for its landscape artists, including William Louis Sonntag, Godfrey Frankenstein, T. Worthington Whittredge, and Duncanson himself.
Career
Itinerant portrait painting
Robert Seldon Duncanson had no formal art education, and thus had to teach himself by copying prints, copying engravings of European works, sketching from nature, and painting portraits. In the 1840s, Duncanson worked primarily as an itinerant portrait painter, like many African-American artists at the time, traveling among Cincinnati, Detroit, and Monroe, Michigan. His first datable work is from 1841—The Portrait of a Mother and Daughter. This work is similar to the style of many contemporary painters, demonstrating Duncanson's experience learning by copying others' works. In 1842, Duncanson had three portraits—Fancy Portrait, Infant Savior, a copy, and Miser—accepted to the second exhibition hosted by the Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts.(p. 15) While Duncanson's work was accepted into the show, and was well received, it is likely that Duncanson was not allowed to take art classes at the Academy because of his race. This exhibition served as his public debut to the art world, but none of Duncanson’s family members were permitted to attend the show because of their race. His mother, while unable to attend the show, is reported to have said “I know what they look like ...I know that they are there! That’s the important thing.”
Taking a short break from portrait work, Duncanson collaborated with another artist, photographer Coates. Together, on March 19, 1844, Coates and Duncanson advertised a spectacle of "Chemical Paintings...comprising four splendid views after the singular style of Daguerre.”(p. 18) Duncanson was believed to have been the artistic mind behind the composition of the images while Coates took care of the technical side. Although Duncanson was making progress as an artist personally and publicly, the lack of commissions for his work pushed him to move around and work as an itinerant portrait painter beginning in 1845, spending the majority of his time in Detroit.
While in Detroit, Duncanson worked primarily as a portrait painter and was well received by the local press. In 1846, the Detroit Daily Advertiser praised Duncanson for his skill and color usage, adding, “Mr. Duncanson deserves, and we trust will receive the patronage of all lovers of the fine arts.” Portrait commissions in Detroit were forthcoming. Duncanson received his most substantial portrait commission by the Berthelet family, a prominent Detroit family. However, Duncanson became more interested in the genre painting tradition. He was first exposed to the tradition of genre painting through the work of fellow Cincinnati artist James H. Beard.(p. 19) Duncanson returned to Cincinnati in 1846, aspiring to expand his repertoire.
Landscape painting
Landscape painting was a particularly important genre from the 1830s to the 1900s. Artists like Thomas Cole and other members of the Hudson River School used nature to convey ideas about America and its ideals. Duncanson was intrigued by landscape painting. As he moved away from portrait work, Duncanson became intrigued by travel prints, particularly the exploration journals of John Stevens and Frederick Catherwood, Incidents of Travel in the Yucatan. The prints in these books prompted Duncanson to experiment with depicting exotic places and forgotten civilizations in his work. Back in Cincinnati and full of new inspiration, he received a commission from Charles Avery, an abolitionist Methodist minister, in 1848. Not only did Cliff Mine, Lake Superior—the work Duncanson created for Avery—bolster his career as a landscape painter, it also established him within a network of abolitionist patrons who sustained most of his career.
After completing Cliff Mine, Lake Superior (1848) for Charles Avery, Duncanson pursued landscape painting in earnest. Along with two other Cincinnati artists, T. Worthington Whittredge and William Louis Sonntag, Duncanson became inspired by the work of the Hudson River School artists and aspired to paint the American landscape. Together, the three artists set out on a series of sketching trips around the country to provide them with the necessary material and inspiration to bring back to their Cincinnati studios.(p. 28) After finishing the sketching tours, Duncanson focused on the Ohio River Valley in the early 1850s. With his ambitions cast on landscape work, operating on the style of the Hudson River School, Duncanson strived to transform his topographical works into romantic landscapes with literary allusions In order to accomplish this, he turned to Thomas Cole, copying many of his works dealing with paradise and drawing parallels between the imaginary lands painted and America. Around 1850, Duncanson was given his largest commission of his career by Nicholas Longworth to paint 8 landscape panels in Longworth's Cincinnati estate Belmont.The panels have been called the regarded as "among the most accomplished domestic mural paintings of pre-Civil War America." In 1851, Duncanson's created one more well-known landscape paintings from this time period, Blue Hole, Flood Waters, Miami River. In 1853, Duncanson embarked on the traditional "grand tour" of Europe, completed by many contemporary artists, which exposed him to the art world and provided inspiration for many of his future landscape works. In 1859, Duncanson finished his painting Landscape with Rainbow which, when exhibited, was "hailed as 'one of the most beautiful pictures painted on this side of the [Allegheny] mountains.’" This painting was prominently shown during Joe Biden's inauguration on January 20, 2021 when he and his wife entered the U.S. Capitol.
In 1861, Duncanson created his "greatest work": Land of the Lotus Eaters. This painting was Duncanson's most widely acclaimed work. Moreover, Duncanson intended for the work to receive this tremendous acclaim. He planned to exhibit the work on a European tour before he began painting it.
European Travels and Romantic Literary Landscape Painting
Many of Duncanson's paintings, such as Land of the Lotus Eaters, were influenced by works of British Romantic poets to include mythical themes. This attraction to European poetry and novels was developed through many trips Duncanson took to Europe over a period of 20 years. These trips were funded by Cincinnati-based Abolitionist patrons like Nicholas Longworth and a local Anti-Slavery league. The opportunities provided by these "grand tours" of Europe gave Duncanson the ability to study the works of the Old Masters while exploring the historic landscapes of the European countryside. Two of the works that came out of Duncanson's trips to Europe were Italian Landscape and Italian Landscape with Ruins.
Abolitionist patronage
Duncanson's success as an artist is partially attributed to the many abolitionist patrons who supported him. Abolitionist patrons provided him with ample commissions, acquired his paintings, financed his travel to various locations nationally and abroad, and introduced him to other prominent people in the art community. Abolitionists were motivated to support artists like Duncanson because it emphasized the abilities of African Americans to participate in and contribute to mainstream culture. Additionally, abolitionists would often commission works with overtly racial themes in order to further the antislavery cause. Duncanson likely received even more support from abolitionist patrons because he was considered mulatto. Duncanson’s lighter complexion, due to the miscegenation that occurred when his ancestors were enslaved, allowed him greater access into the art world than African Americans with darker complexions. There were a number of other African-American artists who shared these advantages due to their light skin, including African-American painter Joshua Johnston. The North, particularly cities like Cincinnati with substantial black populations and strong abolitionist presences, was a more advantageous place for African-Americans to pursue fine arts professions. Although Duncanson never explicitly addressed race issues in his work, there is debate among historians on whether or not Duncanson subtly referenced, or alluded to racial problems and racism in the United States. For example, Joseph Ketner II argues that in Duncanson's painting Garden of Eden (1852) "paradise with its palm trees might also be the promised land of slave songs." David Lubin also believed that Duncanson's paintings "may have contained hidden allegories on racial themes whose meanings were available only to certain audiences."
Uncle Tom and Little Eva, 1853
Robert Duncanson’s Uncle Tom and Little Eva, painted in 1853, is housed at the Detroit Institute of Arts. This work demonstrates Duncanson's growth in his early years of landscape painting. The painting depicts a scene from Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The painting is a copy of an engraving from the novel's illustrations. While Stowe's novel has many violent scenes that address the brutality of slavery, Duncanson chose to paint an innocuous scene from the book. He depicts two characters, a slave named Tom and the young daughter of a slave owner named Eva, set in an idyllic landscape. Tom and Eva are looking up at the sky—to the heavens and God—at the shore of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana. The scene is a critical moment in Beecher's novel related to the theme of salvation from slavery through spiritual love and sacrifice. In the 1850s, Duncanson gained popularity amongst abolitionist patrons. Reverend James Francis Conover, an outspoken abolitionist minister and news editor, recognized Duncanson's rise to prominence in the abolitionist art community and commissioned the work. Many abolitionists would commission works that explicitly portrayed the contemporary racial issues. While some art historians believe that Duncanson's works contained metaphors pertaining to issues of race, Uncle Tom and Little Eva is his only painting that explicitly addresses the racial issues of antebellum America by portraying an abolitionist story. As a free black artist active prior to the Civil War, Duncanson was in a unique position to make statements about racial issues, but he typically did not address these issues explicitly in his work. Although Duncanson’s son urged him to address contemporary racial concerns in his works, Duncanson wrote to his son, “I have no color on the brain; all I have on the brain is paint.” Some art historians, such as Joseph D. Ketner, believe that Duncanson intended to make an indictment of the institution of slavery by depicting this delicate yet profound scene from Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Other art historians, like Margaret Rose Vendryes, assert that Uncle Tom and Little Eva (1853) demonstrates Duncanson's desire to satisfy abolitionist patrons, and not necessarily his own views.
Nicholas Longworth's Belmont Mansion
Duncanson's success in the Cincinnati art community brought him many substantial commissions, such as that of Nicholas Longworth, one of the city's wealthiest citizens. In 1851, Longworth commissioned Duncanson to paint murals on the walls of his home, which was called the Belmont Mansion. Duncanson created eight murals for the entry of the Belmont Mansion, each nine feet high and six and a half feet wide, that depicted landscapes of the American West. Although the scale of the job was large, and Duncanson was still relatively new to the profession, Longworth selected him to decorate his home because he thought Duncanson to be “one of our most promising painters.” Duncanson's previous training in the trade of house painting served him well in his work on the Belmont Mansion. Duncanson's work on the murals in the Belmont Mansion greatly increased his popularity in the art community of Cincinnati, particularly among the white abolitionist contingent. The murals were eventually covered by wallpaper, but were rediscovered in 1933 and are now displayed in the Taft Museum of Art in Cincinnati.
Work with daguerrotypist James Presley Ball
Beginning in 1854, Duncanson worked in the photography studio of James Presley Ball, a prominent African-American photographer, retouching portraits and coloring photographic prints.(pp. 101–103) In 1855, Duncanson and Presley Ball created an anti-slavery panoramic painting titled Mammoth Pictorial Tour of the United States Comprising Views of the African Slave Trade which toured across the country. The work displayed images of the African slave trade, sugar and cotton plantations, and American landscape scenes.
Self-imposed exile and international acclaim
With the onset of the Civil War, Duncanson exiled himself to Canada and the United Kingdom. In 1863, Duncanson settled in Montreal, where he would work for two years. Duncanson was inspired by the Canadian landscape, as is evident from his works produced then. While in Montreal, Duncanson developed important relationships within the Canadian art scene. He was accepted enthusiastically by the Montreal art community and served as an inspiration for Canadian painters such as Otto Reinhold Jacobi. The Canadians thought of Duncanson as one of “the earliest of our professional cultivators of the fine arts.” Duncanson had a tremendous influence on 19th century Canadian art; he inspired the creation of the first Canadian school of landscape painting. In 1865, he left Canada for the United Kingdom, particularly England and Scotland, to tour one of his most well-known works, The Land of the Lotus Eaters (1861). In Europe, his work was well received and the prestigious London Art Journal declared him a master of landscape painting. In the winter of 1866–1867, Duncanson returned to Cincinnati. Inspired by his European travels, he painted many scenes of the Scottish landscape. Duncanson's time in Canada and the United Kingdom allowed him to gain even greater recognition in the international art scene.
Ellen's Isle, Loch Katrine, 1871
This painting was inspired by a selection from Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott's 1810 poem, The Lady of the Lake. The narrative poem was important to several important contemporary African American leaders, such as W.E.B. Du Bois and Frederick Douglass. Art historian Joseph D. Ketner considers Ellen's Isle, Loch Katrine to be the "pinnacle of [Duncanson's] aesthetic and technical accomplishments." The work shows Duncanson's use of the conventions of Hudson River School artists, as well as his own romantic vision for landscape painting.
Final years
Throughout his career, Duncanson's works had always tended toward the pastoral, and his late works continued to show his love of landscape painting and resonated calmness and serenity.(p. 157) In the final years of his life, Duncanson developed dementia, possibly from lead poisoning. The dementia, and possibly schizophrenia, caused Duncanson to act unpredictably and erratically. He developed a belief in spiritualism and was convinced that he was possessed by a master painter. While Duncanson continued to create artwork, his behavior and declining physical health was alarming to his patrons. In 1872, Duncanson suffered a seizure while setting up an exhibition in Detroit, which eventually led to his death. Duncanson died on December 21, 1872; he was 51 years old. He was buried at the Woodland Cemetery in Monroe, Michigan.
Legacy
Robert Seldon Duncanson was one of few African American landscape painters of the nineteenth century, and he achieved levels of success unknown to his contemporaries. By the 1860s, Duncanson was proclaimed to be the "greatest landscape painter in the West" by the American Press and London newspapers held him in equal regard to other British artists at the time. Richard Powell of American Visions says that Duncanson’s success is a “victory over society’s presumptions of what African-American artist should create.” Duncanson became nationally and internationally known for his landscape paintings modeled after the Hudson River School tradition, and is credited with developing the regional Ohio River Valley art form. Art historian Joseph D. Ketner claims that Duncanson's greatest contribution to art was "his distinctively picturesque-pastoral vision of landscape painting with allusions to popular romantic literature."
Duncanson was largely forgotten from American art history until his work was rediscovered in the 1950s and 1960s. However, art historians maintained a false narrative about Duncanson for several decades. Beginning in the 1990s, art historians like Ketner made an effort to research Duncanson's life and work to develop an accurate portrayal of the artist.
The primary art historical controversy surrounding Duncanson is whether or not he represented racial issues in his art. Some art historians, like Ketner, theorize that there are veiled racial meanings in his paintings, while others, like Vendryes, consider his landscapes to be “race-free." Ketner asserts that Duncanson's artworks are representations of his cultural and racial identity. Vendryes argues that Duncanson did not explicitly represent contemporary racial issues in his work, and warns viewers from interpreting Duncanson and his art solely through the lens of his race, as it may limit the viewer's understanding of his work.
Since 1986, the Taft Museum of Art in Cincinnati, Ohio has maintained an artist-in-residence program for contemporary African-American artists in honor of Duncanson.
Abbreviated list of artworks
Portrait of a Mother and Daughter, 1841 (Fulton County Arts Council, Hammonds House, Atlanta, Georgia)
Trial of Shakespeare, 1843 (Douglass Settlement House, Toledo, Ohio)
Roses Fancy Still Life, 1843 (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
Mt. Healthy, Ohio, 1844 (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
Drunkard's Plight, 1845 (Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan)
At the Foot of the Cross, 1846 (Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan)
Cliff Mine, Lake Superior, 1848 (F. Ward Paine, Jr., Portola Valley, California)
Mayan Ruins, Yucatan, 1848 (Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio)
The Belmont Murals, c. 1850–1852 (Taft Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio)
Blue Hole, Flood Waters, Little Miami River, 1851 (Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio)
View of Cincinnati, Ohio From Covington, Kentucky, 1851 (Cincinnati Historical Society)
The Garden of Eden (after Cole), 1852 (High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia)
Dream of Arcadia (after Cole), 1852 (Private Collection, New York City)
Uncle Tom and Little Eva, 1853 (Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan)
Italianate Landscape, 1855 (California African American Museum, Los Angeles, California)
Robbing the Eagle's Nest, 1856 (National Museum of African American History and Culture)
Untitled (Landscape), late 1850s (Princeton University Art Museum)
Landscape with Rainbow, 1859 (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
Land of Lotus Eaters, 1861 (Collection of His Royal Majesty, the King of Sweden)
Faith, 1862 (National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center, Wilberforce, Ohio)
Vale of Kashmir, 1863 (Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio)
Silver River, North Carolina, 1863 (The Columbia Museum of Art, Columbia, South Carolina)
Lake Beauport, 1864 (Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec, Canada)
Lake Saint-Charles, 1864 (Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec, Canada)
A Dream of Italy, 1865 (Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, Alabama)
Cottate Opposite Pass at Ben Lomond, 1866 (Museum of Art, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, purchase)
Mountain Landscape with Cows and Sheep, 1866 (Newark Museum, Newark, New Jersey, purchase)
Loch Long, Scotland, 1867 (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
The Caves, 1869 (Amon Carter Museum of American Art)
Dog's Head Scotland, 1870 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts)
Gallery
Exhibitions
1842: Annual Exhibition of Paintings and Statuary, Western Art Union, Cincinnati, Ohio
1843: Annual Exhibition of Paintings and Statuary, Western Art Union, Cincinnati, Ohio
1864: Art Association of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
1865: Dublin Exhibition, Art Association of Montreal, Ireland
1871: Western Art Gallery, [Detroit, Michigan
1943: Balmoral Castle, Scotland, Museum of Modern Art, New York City
1953: Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado
1955: Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio
1961: Indianapolis Museum of Art Indianapolis, Indiana
1967: Howard University Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
1970: La Jolla Museum of Contemporary Art, La Jolla, California
1971: Bowdoin College, Museum of Contemporary Art, Brunswick, Maine
1972: Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio
1972: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
1976: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles
1979: Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan
1983: National Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C.
1992: National Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C.
1996: Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
1999: To Conserve a Legacy - American Art from History, Black Colleges and Universities, Studio Museum in Harlem, New York City
2003: Then and Now: Selection of 19-20th Century Art by African American Artists, Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan
2009: Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio
See also
List of Hudson River School artists
List of African-American visual artists
Notes
External links
American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Duncanson (see index)
Ohio Collection, Dayton Museum of Art
artcyclopedia
Long Island University
1821 births
1872 deaths
Burials at Woodland Cemetery (Monroe, Michigan)
19th-century American painters
American male painters
Artists from Cincinnati
Hudson River School painters
People from Fayette, New York
People from Mount Healthy, Ohio
African-American painters
19th-century American male artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosey%20Metz
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Rosey Metz
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Rosey Metz (born 14 June 2001) is a Dutch swimmer. She competed in the women's 50 metre breaststroke at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships. She qualified to compete in the semi-finals but she did not qualify to compete in the final.
Personal bests
References
External links
2001 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Dutch female breaststroke swimmers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip%20Kodl
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Josip Kodl
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Josip Maria Kodl (8 September 1887 – 26 September 1971) was a Croatian architect. Born in Zdice in the present-day Czech Republic, Kodl graduated from the Higher Technical School in Prague, after which he moved to Split where he would spend the remainder of his life. Kodl's work included a number of public projects, such as the Municipal House (1924), Meteorological Observatory on the Marjan (1926) and the "Manuš-Dobri" Elementary School (1930), as well as numerous private homes across Split.
Kodl was also active as a sportsperson; he was one of the founders of the HVK Gusar rowing club and an active rower himself, having competed in numerous races and state championships.
Footnotes
References
19th-century Croatian architects
20th-century Croatian architects
People from Split, Croatia
1887 births
1971 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efigenio%20Favier
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Efigenio Favier
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Efigenio Favier (born 26 March 1959) is a Cuban fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil and épée events at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
1959 births
Living people
Cuban male fencers
Olympic fencers of Cuba
Fencers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in fencing
Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba
Fencers at the 1979 Pan American Games
Fencers at the 1983 Pan American Games
Fencers at the 1987 Pan American Games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Arvans
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St. Arvans
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St. Arvans (Welsh: Sain Arfan or Llanarfan) is a village and community (parish) in Monmouthshire, south east Wales, United Kingdom. It is located two miles north west of Chepstow, close to Chepstow Racecourse, Piercefield House and the Wye Valley AONB. Connected by a Segregated Bicycle Path to the edge of Chepstow.
History and amenities
The village church is named for St. Arvan. According to tradition he was a 9th-century hermit who supported himself by fishing for salmon in the River Wye, and drowned when his coracle capsized.
The circular nature of the churchyard suggests that the church may be a Celtic foundation. There are remains of a Celtic cross of the period, and also part of an apparently Saxon doorway, but essentially the original church was late Norman in date. By 1254 it belonged to the small priory of St. Kingsmark or Cynmarch. It was enlarged between 1813 and 1823, and extensive restoration work was carried out in the 1880s and again in the 1980s. The octagonal tower was the gift of local property-owner Nathaniel Wells.
The village has a large village hall, the Memorial Hall, opened in 1924. There is also a cast iron drinking fountain constructed in 1893. The centre of the village is designated as a Conservation Area.
The cave systems in the area are a strong attraction to cavers and potholers.
To the north of the village is Wyndcliffe Court, a Grade II* listed house and gardens in the Arts and Crafts style. The ruined Piercefield House is also grade II* listed.
Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north from St. Arvans to Tintern. The total ward population taken at the 2011 census was 1,618.
References
External links
Official Community Council Website
Kelly's 1901 Directory of Monmouthshire on St Arvans
Photos of area at Geograph.org
Villages in Monmouthshire
Communities in Monmouthshire
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23743000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Lake%20%28film%29
|
China Lake (film)
|
China Lake is a 1983 psychological thriller film starring Charles Napier as a deranged police officer who rides around on a motorbike "targeting" people that have offended him in some way while vacationing near the film's titular location of China Lake.
The short film was directed by Robert Harmon, who funded this movie personally to promote himself as a director.
In 1990, the film was made into a feature-length made-for-TV movie titled The China Lake Murders, which is considered to be a remake of this film rather than an actual sequel.
Plot
Donnelly is a disturbed cop on vacation leave. Despite being off-duty, he is still in his uniform. As he rides through the desert on his Harley, he stops a lady whom he accuses of being drunk; while exhausted from driving continuously for hours, she is obviously anything but drunk. Donnelly proceeds to lock her in the trunk of her car, leaving her on a quiet road where no one is likely to pass by for some time.
Continuing on, he stops at a closed petrol station in the middle of the night. The pumps are padlocked, so he takes out his revolver and shoots the lock off so he can refill his bike with fuel. The next day, Donnelly goes to China Lake for some relaxation and then goes to a nearby diner for lunch and coffee, which he refers to as Black Mud.
Two cement workers are sitting at the main counter and they arouse his ire to the point that he completely forgets the (somewhat pleasant) conversation he was having with the waitress. Later that same day, he notices a car on the side of the road belonging to one of the truckers, as it has the same trademark on it. After the other trucker leaves his friend to repair the car by himself, Donnelly, who has been watching and waiting nearby for the men to return, makes a reappearance and chases the confused man before knocking him down. He then locks the man in the trunk of his car and pushes the car over the stretch of desert next to the road.
Donnelly is next shown returning to work. When the watch commander asks Donnelly how his vacation was, he responds that he enjoyed it. The film comes to an end as the credits roll.
Cast
Charles Napier as Donnelly
William Sanderson as Little Germ
Mickey Jones as Big Guy
Gilmer McCormick as Helene
Lindsey Fields as Kitty (credited as Lyndsey Fields)
James Luisi as Watch Commander
Ed Brodow as Field Supervisor
Michael Ray Lloyd as Assistant Watch Commander
References
1983 films
1980s psychological thriller films
American short films
Films directed by Robert Harmon
1980s English-language films
| 1 | 1 |
30646495
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LayCool
|
LayCool
|
LayCool (sometimes stylized Lay-Cool) was a women's professional wrestling tag team consisting of Layla El and Michelle McCool. The team worked for WWE and were featured primarily on the SmackDown brand but appeared on the Raw brand on some occasions, while they were champions and were also part of the second season of NXT, mentoring the male wrestler Kaval, who won the competition.
They first began teaming together in June 2009 but did not become a proper team until the end of the year. The two were portrayed as narcissistic and vain bullies, constantly espousing their own perfection while ganging up on others and attacking their looks. They were a successful team, having won both women's titles available in WWE, the WWE Women's Championship, which they retired when they unified it with the WWE Divas Championship; both titles they claimed to hold as a tag team though this is not officially recognized. The group did court some controversy, however, receiving criticism from the Wrestling Observer Newsletter for what it considered the most disgusting promotional tactic regarding a storyline in which they bullied Mickie James for her supposed weight issues.
In May 2011, after nearly two years together, the team disbanded following several disagreements, at which point Layla defeated McCool in a Loser Leaves WWE match.
History
Formation and feud with Mickie James (2009–2010)
Though Layla and McCool had been tagging together over the summer of 2009 (due to partly because of a feud between McCool and Melina over the Women's Championship until she was traded back to Raw), they did not become a unit and display signs of a similar character and gimmick until the end of the year when Mickie James moved to SmackDown. James defeated Layla in her first match back on the show on October 23, while reigning Women's Champion McCool snubbed Mickie James when picking Divas to represent SmackDown against Raw in a Bragging Rights interbrand tag team match, when her team won. Layla and McCool appeared in a backstage segment on the November 6 episode of SmackDown threatening to make life difficult for James unless she left the brand. They began doing so the following week, by bringing James' clothes to the ringside and cutting them, distracting her enough to lose the match she was in. With James refusing to leave the brand, the situation escalated the following week as McCool began mocking James' weight and agricultural background. After James won a match against Layla, McCool appeared in a cartoon video that depicted James as a pig, renaming her "Piggie James" as both LayCool would continue to do, while singing a parody of "Old MacDonald Had a Farm" and a parody of the Porky Pig bass drum outro with the catchphrase "Th-Th-Th-Th-That's All Folks", portraying James as Porky. This particular segment garnered criticism from journalists, describing it as disgusting and despicable.
Subsequently at the following pay-per-view, Survivor Series, McCool led a team of five Divas, including Layla, against James' team, James' team won with two surviving members: James and Raw's Divas Champion Melina. James was granted a match for the Women's Championship at TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs, after winning a triple threat match on the December 4 episode of SmackDown, with James defiantly refusing to leave the SmackDown brand despite continued harassment from LayCool. At Tables, Ladders & Chairs, Layla interfered in the match to help McCool retain the championship. Despite the win, LayCool continued to torment James as they tried to make her leave, buying her a Jenny Craig gift certificate for the Christmas Day episode of SmackDown, but gained some revenge by pinning Layla in a tag team match in the same episode.
Going into the new year, the rivalry widened on the January 1 episode of SmackDown. LayCool interfered in a match between James and Beth Phoenix and attacked James after; Phoenix responded by chasing away LayCool but giving the Glam Slam to James as well. The following week, Phoenix defeated Layla, but afterwards LayCool assaulted her together until James saved Phoenix. On January 22's SmackDown, in an unusually long segment for the Divas, LayCool held a leaving party for James complete with a pig-shaped cake. Originally Maria came out to defend champion James, but James also appeared to answer LayCool. After a brawl broke out, Phoenix arrived on the scene appearing to come to their aid only to assist LayCool in attacking James and Maria. McCool hit James with the cake and poured punch over her. LayCool continued to deride James, with Layla dressing up in a fatsuit with a pig mask and losing to McCool in a faux match for the Women's Championship as Piggie James. LayCool's boasting would be their downfall at the Royal Rumble, however, when Layla came out in the Piggie James outfit. James used this to her advantage, when she attacked Layla which distracted McCool allowing her to be pinned in under a minute, losing the Women's Championship. On the February 12 episode of SmackDown, LayCool defeated James in a non-title handicap match made by SmackDown Consultant Vickie Guerrero, who had been accidentally humiliated by James backstage.
Acquisition of Vickie Guerrero and co-champions (2010–2011)
With a common enemy, Guerrero began accompanying LayCool, interfering in their matches and favoring them in scripted booking decisions such as making herself the referee in McCool's Women's Championship rematch with James where she brought the title back to McCool on the February 26 episode of SmackDown. With James out of the picture, their lingering rivalry with Phoenix flared up when Phoenix saved Tiffany from a LayCool beatdown on March 12. The following week, Tiffany and Phoenix defeated LayCool in a standard tag team match. This led to a 10-Diva tag team match at WrestleMania XXVI which LayCool helped win after Guerrero pinned Kelly Kelly with a frog splash. Phoenix gained revenge by defeating them again alongside Tiffany. On WWE Superstars, LayCool and Guerrero cut a promo in which they mocked Phoenix for not fitting their image of what a Diva should be, and Guerrero placed Phoenix in an 'intergender' match against Layla, which Phoenix won, despite heavy interfering from McCool and Guerrero. LayCool later gained a measure of revenge by defeating Phoenix and a briefly-returning James, after which they taunted Phoenix's perceived bad looks by smothering her in make-up. At the Extreme Rules pay-per-view, McCool defended her Women's Championship against Phoenix in an Extreme Makeover match, where cosmetics products were legal as weapons. Phoenix won the title from McCool, despite support from Layla and Guerrero.
On the May 14 episode of SmackDown, Guerrero announced McCool was using her rematch against Phoenix, but the match was made a handicap match with both of LayCool against Phoenix. Layla pinned Phoenix to win the Women's Championship for the first time, becoming the first British woman and Diva Search winner to hold the championship. LayCool's beating of Phoenix was given as the reason Phoenix had to take time off for an injury she was suffering from. Owing to LayCool beating Phoenix together for the title, they began referring to themselves as co-champions, even appearing with two physical title belts.
During the 2010 WWE Draft, they defeated Raw Divas (Eve & Maryse) to receive one Diva draft pick, and it was later revealed that Kelly Kelly was drafted to SmackDown and started a feud with her and her partner Tiffany. Around this time, Rosa Mendes asked to join the ranks of LayCool, but LayCool mocked and insulted her instead. LayCool continued to best Kelly and Tiffany in tag team action, but Kelly Kelly gained singles non-title victories over both Layla and McCool, earning her a Women's Championship match against Layla at Money in the Bank, which Layla won to retain the title. Layla was then informed that she would defend the Women's Championship against Tiffany on the July 30 episode of SmackDown, but Vickie Guerrero claimed that LayCool were co-women's champions, and had McCool fight in Layla's place, in which McCool was victorious. Following the match, SmackDown's General Manager, Theodore Long, informed LayCool that there was only one Women's Championship and they had to decide between them and relinquish one belt. The following week, LayCool gave one belt back and played a tug-of-war with the one belt, only for it to break in the middle and the two began to carry half of the belt each, circumventing Long's orders. Also during this time, LayCool began mentoring Kaval during the second season of NXT. They were the first females and tag team to mentor a wrestler on the show. Kaval would go on to win the season. LayCool continued to pick up victories against Kelly and Tiffany.
In September, LayCool appeared on Raw and challenged WWE Divas Champion Melina to a championship unification match at Night of Champions. Despite Layla being the official champion, McCool participated in the match and won with Layla's help to unify both championships. Once again, they reigned unofficially as co-champions, wearing two belts and declaring themselves the WWE Unified Divas Champions while the Women's Championship was retired. The night after Night of Champions on Raw, Layla defended the Unified Divas Championship against Melina, cementing their status as co-champions.
After both members of Lay-Cool had successfully defended the championship against Natalya, they faced her in a two-on-one handicap match at Survivor Series, which Natalya won to become the new Divas Champion. Following Survivor Series, Beth Phoenix returned and formed an alliance with Natalya. This culminated in the first Diva Tables match at the TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs pay-per view where Natalya splashed both of LayCool through a table to win.
LayCool got a rematch for the Divas Championship at the Royal Rumble against Natalya, but the match was changed by the anonymous Raw general manager to a fatal-four way match including Eve Torres, and was unsuccessful when Eve pinned Layla, despite McCool having simultaneously rolled Natalya up. Tension arose when McCool blamed Layla for the loss, but LayCool smoothed things out. In the coming weeks, Layla continued to lose, despite McCool's help, causing further friction. McCool attacked Rosa Mendes during her match with Layla and caused Layla to lose by disqualification, claiming that Layla was unable to win by herself, and Layla was furious at McCool for having no faith in her. At Elimination Chamber, LayCool attacked Kelly Kelly, who was embroiled in a rivalry with Vickie Guerrero. After saving Guerrero, a returning Trish Stratus came to help Kelly. This would lead to a match at WrestleMania XXVII, where LayCool teamed with Guerrero's on-screen boyfriend Dolph Ziggler to face Trish Stratus, Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi and John Morrison. At WrestleMania, LayCool and Ziggler lost, and tension arose again between McCool and Layla.
Implosion and break-up (2011)
On the April 8 episode of SmackDown, tension between the team rose when McCool refused to tag Layla into a match against Kelly and Phoenix. Layla continued trying to fix their relationship, but McCool was resistant. Tension was further highlighted in a SmackDown scene where the two were seen undergoing couples therapy. When Layla lost a singles match against Kelly despite McCool's attempts to help her, McCool told Layla she was sick of doing all her work for her, and shoved her over. Finally, on the April 22 episode of SmackDown, McCool turned on Layla by attacking her after the therapy session, thereby disbanding LayCool. During the 2011 WWE Draft, McCool cost Layla a match against Eve Torres. After the match, McCool tried to taunt and bully Layla again, however Layla snapped after all of her efforts at trying to keep LayCool together, and viciously attacked McCool, saying she was sick of her, before throwing her at the announce table, thus turning face in the process. On the April 29 episode of SmackDown, Layla and McCool fought to a no contest. After the match, Layla challenged McCool to a no countout, no disqualification match at Extreme Rules. McCool accepted on the condition that the loser leave WWE. At Extreme Rules, Layla defeated McCool, which meant she had to leave WWE. After the match, a debuting Kharma came out and attacked McCool with the Implant Buster. Layla retired from wrestling on July 29, 2015.
Championships and accomplishments
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI named McCool the Woman of the Year (2010) – McCool
PWI ranked Layla No. 36 of the top 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2010
PWI ranked McCool No. 1 of the top 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2010
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic (2009) Piggy James angle
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE Unifed Divas Championship (1 time) – McCool (1) Layla (1)
WWE Women's Championship (3 times) – McCool (3), Layla (1, final)
Slammy Award (2 times)
Diva of the Year (2010) – McCool
Knucklehead Moment of the Year (2010)
Ranked No. 36 on WWE.com's "50 Greatest Tag Teams in WWE History"
References
External links
Layla's WWE profile
McCool's WWE Alumni Profile
Women's wrestling teams and stables
WWE teams and stables
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1952539
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltmore%20Fashion%20Park
|
Biltmore Fashion Park
|
The Biltmore Fashion Park is a luxury outdoor retail and dining Lifestyle Center located in the Biltmore District of Phoenix, Arizona, along the prestigious stretch of East Camelback Rd. The recently renovated and expanded mid-century mall is the city of Phoenix's premiere address for high-end retail. The Biltmore Fashion Park, as well as the surrounding business and residential district, are named after the historic Arizona Biltmore Hotel, nearby.
History
Biltmore Fashion Park opened on of land in what was once considered "the outskirts" of Phoenix, in 1963. Anchored at that time by San Francisco's upscale I. Magnin, Saks Fifth Avenue and The Broadway which opened in 1968, it was the city's original luxury shopping and dining destination. The mall was designed by the prominent Architecture Firm of Welton Becket and Associates and built by the Chanen Construction Company. The original Saks Fifth Avenue featured native stone walls and concrete Native American hieroglyphics. The Broadway Building which was the first expansion of the mall was designed by Charles Luckman and built by the Del E. Webb Corporation in 1968.
During the 1960s and 1970s, The Gittings Portrait Studio at the Biltmore photographed the likes of John Wayne, Bob Hope, Princess Grace of Monaco, Barry Goldwater, Red Skelton, Sophia Loren, and many other celebrities and well-known figures who frequented the Biltmore.
In the mid-1990s, the center was purchased by Taubman Centers for $115 million, helping Biltmore Fashion Park transform further into a premiere luxury shopping destination. During this period, the Biltmore underwent a transformation. Both original anchors changed hands, with Saks Fifth Avenue taking over I. Magnin's former space and Macy's taking The Broadway's former space. The center also introduced a number of new luxury retailers, including Cartier, Christofle, Cole Haan, Escada, Gucci, Landau, Lanciani, Louis Vuitton, Max Nugus and Ralph Lauren. The Biltmore was also chosen as one of three sites nationwide for The Galleries of Neiman Marcus; however, Neiman Marcus folded the concept two years later.
The Biltmore continued to remain as the dominant luxury collection in Phoenix, drawing the metropolitan area's at the time sole Allen Edmonds, Apple, Elizabeth Arden, Rangoni Firenze, Stuart Weitzman, and Waterworks stores. Tommy Bahama also opened a flagship store at the center.
By the early 2000s, due to growing retail competition from other, newer high-end retail centers in nearby Scottsdale, Arizona, the Biltmore Fashion Park was purchased by Westcor, and underwent a major renovation, with hopes of revitalizing the older, mid-century exterior of the center which some considered dated. With the plaza already considered a local Phoenix landmark, it was a controversial decision at the time.
The redevelopment's mission was to effectively sever a then-heated rivalry for the same prominent national retailers, between the Biltmore and the larger Scottsdale Fashion Square just six miles to the east on Camelback Road. In order to achieve this, Westcor initiated a relocation project of the more global brand names to the Fashion Square to allow more room for "home-grown" and "fashion forward" stores. Following Louis Vuitton's move to Fashion Square in 2002, Westcor also transplanted Betsey Johnson, Gucci. The center is signing younger stores, including CALYPSO Christiane Celle, Patagonia, Vera Bradley, and the first Roberto Botticelli in the United States. Despite these luxury movement, Saks Fifth Avenue has expanded its store due to high sales growth. The store has leased space to open Louis Vuitton, Fendi, Chanel Cosmetics, and the first-ever La Prairie boutiques. It also significantly expanded its Prada, Chanel and Gucci vendor shops.
Other retailers set to open include Theory and Intermix.
It is known for many upscale dining establishments. James Beard award-winner Christopher Gross of Christopher's Fermier Brasserie and Paola's Wine Bar top the list of Biltmore Fashion Park's 12 restaurants and eateries.
References
Shopping malls in Arizona
Macerich
Buildings and structures in Phoenix, Arizona
Shopping malls in Maricopa County, Arizona
Tourist attractions in Phoenix, Arizona
Shopping malls established in 1963
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20307983
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton%20Futures%20Act%20of%201916
|
Cotton Futures Act of 1916
|
The Cotton Futures Act of 1916 required the principal, meaning the exact type and grade of cotton, be given to the government upon sale at a cotton exchange, so that the USDA could keep track of what was being grown and where. It replaced the Cotton Futures Act of 1914, which was ruled unconstitutional.
United States federal commodity and futures legislation
United States federal agriculture legislation
Cotton industry in the United States
| 1 | 1 |
16199934
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elly%20Appel-Vessies
|
Elly Appel-Vessies
|
Elly Appel-Vessies (born 27 July 1952) is a former professional tennis player from the Netherlands. Since retiring, she has played some seniors tennis.
Appel-Vessies' best performance in the singles competition at a Grand Slam championship was at the 1975 French Open when she reached the third round. Her best performance in a doubles tournament at a major was at the 1976 French Open when she and Virginia Ruzici reached the quarterfinals.
She also played 30 times for the Netherlands Fed Cup team, winning 17 matches and losing 13. She helped the team retain its place in the World Group during her time as a professional.
Career finals
Singles: 1 (1 title)
Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)
External links
1952 births
Living people
Dutch female tennis players
Sportspeople from Beverwijk
| 0 | -1 |
9836012
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%20Faroese%20independence%20referendum
|
1946 Faroese independence referendum
|
An independence referendum was held in the Faroe Islands, an autonomous territory of Denmark, on 14 September 1946. Although a narrow majority of valid votes were cast in favour of the proposal (50.7%), the number of invalid votes exceeded the winning margin. Although independence was declared by the Speaker of the Løgting on 18 September 1946, the declaration was not recognised by Denmark. Danish King Christian X dissolved the Løgting and called fresh elections, which were won by unionist parties. The islands were subsequently given a greater level of self-rule.
Results
By island
Aftermath
The result – without taking the invalid votes into regard – was 50.7% in favour of full independence to 49.3% in favour of home rule within Denmark.
However, there were 4.1% invalid votes, mostly voters who rejected both proposals. Some politicians from the People's Party had suggested that a third option of a sovereign Faroe Islands within a union with Denmark should be on the ballot (similar to the status the Kingdom of Iceland had 1918–44), but since this proposal was not put on the ballot, they suggested that voters write 'no' to the first proposal оn the ballot instead of choosing either alternative, while some Social Democrats in favour of keeping the status quo recommended writing 'no' to the second proposal.
Subsequently, there was disunion about the interpretation of the result, as there was no full majority for either proposal; only a slight plurality for option 2, the full independence.
The chairman of the Løgting subsequently declared independence on 18 September 1946, but this was not recognised either by a majority of the Løgting or the Danish parliament and government. King Christian X of Denmark dissolved the Løgting on 24 September and called for new elections. The dissolution of the Løgting was on 8 November followed by the Faroese parliamentary election of 1946 in which the parties in favour of full independence received a total of 5,396 votes while the parties against received a total of 7,488 votes. New negotiations followed, and Denmark granted the Faroe Islands home-rule on 30 March 1948.
See also
Faroese independence movement
Faroese language conflict
References
Faroe Islands
Referendums in the Faroe Islands
Faroe Islands
Independence
Faroe Islands
Separatism in Denmark
Faroese nationalism
Faroe Islands
| 1 | 1 |
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