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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20Fletcher
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Nathan Fletcher
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Nathan Fletcher (born December 31, 1976) is an American politician and professor serving on the San Diego County Board of Supervisors for the 4th District since 2019 and as the Chair since 2021. Previously, he served two terms in the California State Assembly and is a professor of practice in political science at the University of California, San Diego.[2]
Early life and education
Fletcher was born and spent the early years of his life in Carson City, Nevada. His parents divorced when he was two years old, and his mother Sherrie Morgan moved with him to Smackover, Arkansas. There she met and married Danny Farley, who worked at an International Paper factory. His biological father, Randy Fletcher, a former deputy sheriff, obtained a custody decree in Nevada. Randy Fletcher then drove to Arkansas, where he took Nathan from his mother and returned to Nevada with him. A Nevada judge granted custody to Randy Fletcher with visitation rights for Sherrie. Nathan describes his father as abusive and said this period of his life was "a living hell".
Fletcher was sent back to live with his mother when he was eight years old; he remained with her and Danny Farley for the rest of his childhood. He says that when he talks about his dad, he is referring to his stepfather Danny Farley, whom he counts as his only father figure. His childhood and family background became an issue during his campaign for mayor, when opponents accused him of dishonesty because of apparent inconsistencies in talking about his father. He had tried to keep the details of his background private, but faced with the accusations, he and his mother gave an interview to KPBS in which they explained the apparent contradictions as resulting from the difference between his father and his stepfather.
He graduated from Smackover High School and moved to California, earning a Bachelor of Science in political science from California Baptist University.
Career
After graduating from college, Fletcher worked for the International Republican Institute, a nongovernmental organizations seeking to build and improve democracies around the world. This included time abroad working with non-governmental organizations in Myanmar, East Timor, Cambodia, and Serbia.
Military service
Fletcher joined the United States Marine Corps as a reservist in 1997 and became an active duty Marine in 2002. He served as a counterintelligence/human intelligence specialist. In 2007, he was honorably discharged, with the rank of staff sergeant. He is a graduate of the U.S. Army Airborne Course and Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center.
In 2004, he served eight months in the Sunni Triangle region of Iraq. Among his awards from that tour of duty are the Navy–Marine Corps Achievement Medal with Combat "V" a combat distinguishing device, Combat Action Ribbon, and Iraqi Campaign Medal. He worked in the Horn of Africa on his final deployment, and earning the Joint Service Commendation Medal and Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal.
During his time in Iraq, Fletcher worked to build relationships with the native population, leading his supervisors to describe him as "compassionate and focused." On April 9, 2004, Fletcher and three other Marines fended off an enemy ambush when participating in a Quick Reaction Force to aid a VIP convoy. He was responsible for authorizing 150 intelligence reports, which amounted to 31 percent of the reports generated by the team of six Counter Intelligence Marines.
Politics
District Director for United States Congress
Fletcher got his start in San Diego politics serving for two years as the District Director for Congressman Duke Cunningham. "But for most of that time, Fletcher didn’t work there. Fletcher was on active duty in the Marines," according to an investigative report by the Voice of San Diego published in 2012 on Fletcher's relationship with the jailed former Congressman.
State Assembly
In 2008, he was elected to the Assembly representing the 75th Assembly District, which includes the City of Poway, portions of Escondido, La Jolla, University City, Mira Mesa, Scripps Ranch, Rancho Bernardo, Rancho Peñasquitos, and Carmel Valley, and the communities of Fairbanks Ranch, and Rancho Santa Fe. He won with 52.2% of the vote. He was re-elected in 2010 with 60.5% of the vote.
In his first term, Fletcher had a number of pieces of legislation signed into law, including legislation relating to veterans, job creation, water infrastructure, and health care. He was chosen as one of two Republican Party whips in 2010.
As a legislator, he also authored Chelsea's Law, which toughened penalties and restrictions on violent sexual predators. On February 25, 2010, 17-year-old Chelsea King was murdered by John Albert Gardner when jogging at a local community park in Rancho Bernardo. Garner was a registered sex offender at the time of the murder and later admitted to killing 14-year-old Amber DuBois in 2009. In response to the public outrage, Fletcher sponsored Chelsea's Law to prevent future tragedies by offering life without parole sentencing to criminal charged with violent sex offenses. The bill was signed into law by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger on September 10, 2010
In May 2010, Fletcher gave an Assembly floor speech in support of California Senate Joint Resolution 9, which called upon Congress and the President to repeal the U. S. Armed Forces policy known as "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT). Fletcher, a Marine Corps veteran who served in Iraq and other locations, was the first California Republican legislator to endorse ending this policy. His speech was described as "one of the most eloquent on the floor for some time."
That same year, Fletcher opposed AJR 15, the "Uniting American Families Act," that sought to "support the removal of legal barriers to immigration by permanent same-sex partners" and "allow gay and lesbian citizens to sponsor their partners for United States citizenship."
Fletcher was a proponent of implementing a Mandatory Single Sales Tax on out-of-state corporations that conduct business in California, but operate outside the state. The legislation, supported by Gov. Jerry Brown, would have closed a loophole in the tax code and used the savings to offer tax incentives to local industries in order to spawn job creation in California. Fletcher's vote was instrumental in obtaining a two-thirds majority vote to guarantee the bill's passage in the Assembly during the final meeting of the 2011 legislative session. The bill, however, failed in the California State Senate.
Other notable legislation that Fletcher supported include the Corporate Tax and Middle Class Scholarship Fund, Assembly Bill 877 Prohibiting Discrimination Against Transgendered Individuals, and the Foreclosure Reduction Act.
In 2012, Fletcher helped prevent a janitor's strike in San Diego by calling CEOs on behalf of workers to advocate for expanding health care coverage.
San Diego mayoral election
In June 2011, Fletcher announced his candidacy for the mayorship of San Diego. Fletcher started the race as a registered Republican. However, a few weeks after the local Republican Party endorsed his opponent Carl DeMaio, Fletcher announced he was leaving the Republican Party to become an independent. Fletcher ultimately came in third in the June 2012 primary and did not advance to the general election.
On August 20, 2013, Fletcher, now a Democrat, officially filed his intention to be a mayoral candidate with the City Clerk's Office—a day before a tentative agreement was reached for Mayor Bob Filner's resignation. Fletcher was endorsed by California Governor Jerry Brown and Attorney General Kamala Harris. However, in the election held November 19, 2013, he came in third with 24.3 percent of the vote and thus did not advance to the runoff election in February 2014. On November 20, he conceded and endorsed fellow Democrat David Alvarez.
Change of political parties
Fletcher departed from the Republican Party midway through his first mayoral campaign. He has said this was due to extreme partisan politics and to the party's shift away from his core values, not due to the local Republican Party endorsing his opponent. On May 4, 2013, Fletcher announced on his Facebook page that he was joining the Democratic Party. Fletcher was widely embraced by Democratic leaders, many of whom had been courting him for years to join the party.
San Diego County supervisor
In 2018 Fletcher ran for an open seat representing District 4 on the San Diego County Board of Supervisors. There were five candidates in the June primary, with the top two advancing to the November general election. Fletcher was the first-place finisher and former District Attorney Bonnie Dumanis placed second. He was the Democratic candidate for the seat and Dumanis was the Republican, though the election was officially nonpartisan. During the campaign Fletcher touted various endorsements including now President Joe Biden, former Governor Jerry Brown, then-Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom, the Sierra Club, labor unions, and the San Diego Democratic Party. Fletcher was also endorsed by the San Diego Union-Tribune, stating "We think the county needs a wake-up call, and Fletcher is far more likely to jolt it out of complacency." Fletcher won the general election, defeating Dumanis 67.37% to 32.63%.
As a County Supervisor, Nathan Fletcher is working with mental-health experts to develop and implement comprehensive strategies to address the deficits and dysfunction in our behavioral health services system. He is raising the level of awareness about the effects of San Diego’s poor air quality and implementing policy to combat climate change. Supervisor Fletcher is also actively pursuing changes to the child welfare system to ensure every child has a loving and stable life.
As Supervisor, Nathan Fletcher has taken meaningful legislative action to help immigrants by introducing bipartisan solutions to address the migrant crisis in San Diego and take on the Trump Administration. His votes helped generate hundreds-of-millions of dollars for affordable housing, health care and community-based programs for seniors, low income families and children. He is also working to prepare our region for its continued growth and prosperity by championing the expansion of our regional transit system, as well as new initiatives that help to attract and retain talent, as we approach the end of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Supervisor Fletcher’s responsibilities to San Diego, the region and state go beyond his role as Supervisor. He was appointed by Governor Gavin Newsom to serve as a member of the California Air Resources Board. He is also a member of the Governor’s Council of Regional Homeless Advisors and Vice Chair of the Regional Task Force on the Homeless. Supervisor Fletcher is Co-Chair of the Child and Family Strengthening Advisory Board. He is also Chair of the Metropolitan Transit System Board and a member of the San Diego Association of Governments’ Transportation Committee. On January 7, 2019 Fletcher was sworn in as a member of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors. On January 28, during Fletcher's first Board meeting, Fletcher, along with Supervisor Greg Cox, put forth a policy to provide a facility for asylum-seeking families in San Diego. It passed with a 4–1 vote. On February 26 Fletcher partnered with Supervisor Dianne Jacob to present a community choice energy program for the County of San Diego. The proposal passed with a 5–0 vote.
Fletcher was appointed to the California Air Resources Board by Governor Newsom on January 28, 2019.
Fletcher was unanimously elected as Chair of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors on January 5, 2021.
Has also serves as the board chair of the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System. In that capacity, he has voiced support for the extension of the San Diego Trolley to the San Diego International Airport.
Fletcher is running for reelection in 2022.
Non-political activities
Business
Following the end of his legislative term in December 2, 2012, Fletcher became a senior director of corporate development at Qualcomm. He said in a statement that his position would include developing global strategies for wireless health initiatives, mobile education, and the protection of intellectual property, but will not involve lobbying or government relations. His title was later changed to Global Strategic Initiatives, and in 2017, he announced he was leaving Qualcomm to dedicate more time to UCSD and community issues.
Fletcher also served as a television commentator for Fox 5 San Diego and paid contributor to San Diego Magazine.
Education
In January 2013, Fletcher was appointed as the first Professor of Practice (officially an Adjunct Professor) at the University of California, San Diego. He teaches classes in the department of political science, as well as mentoring and advising students and helping to develop public policy projects. Professor of Practice was a new, privately funded position at the University intended to "provid(e) students with a deeper understanding of the practical application of a particular field of study, and help promote the integration of academic scholarship with practical experience from applications professionals."
In 2013, an investigative report by the San Diego Union Tribune noted that, unlike the other candidates for mayor, Fletcher did not make his college transcripts public, nor provide them to UCSD before his hiring. The university said it did not ask for his transcript and did not need it for the appointment as a professor of practice.
Political and community activities
Fletcher remains politically active; supporting Democratic candidates and progressive causes. He is a member of the national advisory board of Organizing for Action, the successor organization of President Barack Obama's 2012 re-election campaign. He is a member of the Statewide Leadership Council of the Public Policy Institute of California, and a member of the Aspen Institute Global Alliances Program Advisory Board. He is also a member of the National Advisory Board of the Truman National Security Project. He is a delegate of the California Democratic Party, member of San Diego Democratic Central Committee, was a 2016 delegate to the Democratic National Committee, and has been active in supporting Democratic candidates and causes such as efforts to raise the minimum wage. He also remains involved in efforts to ensure implementation of Chelsea's Law. He is a member of the World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Human Rights,. He is a Kauffman Fellow and Tribeca Innovative Disruptive Fellow.
On March 13, 2013, Fletcher brought together law enforcement, community, business, labor, and faith-based leaders to form San Diegans United for Common Sense Immigration Reform. The coalition came to an agreement to advocate for a pathway to citizenship, reform to the immigrant visa system, smart border security, and basic human rights.
Fletcher has served on the Board of Directors for the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Historical Society, a member of The American Legion, life member of Veterans of Foreign Wars, member of the board of directors of the San Diego Opera, Executive Committee of CONNECT, Community Advisory Council for Voices for Children, and the San Diego Regional Advisory Council of the California League of Conservation Voters Education Fund.
Personal life
Fletcher is an Ironman Triathlete, marathon runner, alpine mountaineer, and mountain biker. In 2003, he married Mindy Tucker, who had served as campaign manager and deputy chief of staff for Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. The couple has two adopted children. They separated on December 1, 2014, and filed for divorce in January 2015. In an NBC story they issued a joint statement, "We have made the best decision for our family. It is an amicable divorce and we remain good friends. Our first priority is our children and we hope that everyone will respect our privacy as we make this transition." In September 2015, Fletcher began dating Lorena Gonzalez, who currently serves in the California State Assembly representing California's 80th District. They were married January 1, 2017.
In December 2018, Fletcher publicly acknowledged his 19-year-old son. Fletcher told the Voice of San Diego news site, "My 19-year-old son just came into our life and it is wonderful."
At 4:00 AM on January 15, 2022, a "suspicious" fire broke out on the front of the couple's home. The family was awakened by smoke alarms and was able to leave the house through a side door. No one was injured, but the fire caused an estimated $36,000 in damage. A San Diego police investigation concluded that the fire was deliberately set and offered a $1,000 reward for help in identifying the arsonist.
References
External links
Official Campaign website
Join California Nathan Fletcher
Living people
1976 births
21st-century American politicians
Baptists from Arkansas
Businesspeople from San Diego
California Baptist University alumni
California Democrats
California Independents
California Republicans
Members of the California State Assembly
People from Smackover, Arkansas
Politicians from Carson City, Nevada
Politicians from San Diego
Qualcomm people
San Diego County Board of Supervisors members
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
United States Marine Corps reservists
United States Marines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20Hariharan%20%28director%29
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K. Hariharan (director)
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K. Hariharan is an Indian film director who has directed films in Tamil, Marathi and Hindi. Currently he is the professor of Film Studies at Krea University. Born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, his father H.Krishnan was the vice-president of Eastman Kodak. An alumnus of the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Hariharan formed "Yukt Film Co-operative" in 1976 together with his batch mates to make an experimental film called Ghashiram Kotwal. Ezhavathu Manithan, his directorial debut in Tamil cinema, won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil and was nominated for Golden St. George (Best Film) at the Moscow International Film Festival.
Biography
Born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, Hariharan completed a basic degree in commerce from Poddar College, Mumbai and later joined the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune to do a course in screen-writing and direction. His father, H Krishnan a qualified cinematographer also served the Eastman Kodak as its vice-president. After passing out of the FTII, Hariharan formed "Yukt Films Co-operative" together with his batch mates that included Saeed Akhtar Mirza, Kamal Swaroop and their senior FTII alumni Mani Kaul. The co-operative made an experimental film in Marathi named Ghashiram Kotwal. Describing the film as "an esoteric piece of art", it was entered into the Berlin International Film Festival in 1978. The film was screened again at the festival inn 2014 after being digitally restored. As a young film-maker Hariharan started making films for Children's Film Society (India). After that he started making children's films on the insistence of V. Shantaram, thus making Wanted Thangaraj (1979) which also was his directional debut in Tamil. After the release of the film, he relocated to Chennai and started working on Tamil films. His Ezhavathu Manithan, which marked Raghuvaran's debut, won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil and the Afro-Asian solidarity award. The film was also nominated for Golden St. George (Best Film) Award at the 35th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1991, he made his Bollywood debut through Current that starred Om Puri and Deepti Naval in the lead. Made on a shoestring budget, the film focused on the plight of farmers in India.
He has served on several film festival juries such as Warsaw Film Festival, Tallinn International Film Festival, Cinemalaya Film Festival, Jeonju Film Festival, IFFK Trivandrum, Indian National Film Awards.
Hariharan is married to Dr. Rama Hariharan and resides in Chennai. He was the director of L.V. Prasad Film and TV Academy, Chennai. Last service as the Professor of Creative Arts and Director Media Lab at Krea University. He is also a visiting faculty at FTII, and the universities of Pennsylvania and Miami. He is a former director of L. V. Prasad Film and TV Academy, Chennai and the dean at Mahindra Ecole Centrale, Hyderabad. After teaching at Ashoka University, Sonepat, Haryana, he was the Director, Media Lab at KREA University until Feb 2021. As the trustee of Dharithree in Bengaluru and Garden of Peace School in Kaniyambadi, Vellore is presently in updating the curriculum and pedagogy of these two rural schools using advanced Digital technologies like AI, Alexa, AR/VR.
Filmography
Wanted Thangaraj (1979)
Ezhavathu Manithan (1982)
Current (1992)
Dubashi(2022)
Awards
Won
1983 – Ezhavathu Manithan – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil – National Film Award
Nominated
1983 – Ezhavathu Manithan – Golden St. George (Best Film) – Moscow International Film Festival
References
Living people
Film directors from Mumbai
Tamil film directors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Film and Television Institute of India alumni
Indian film critics
20th-century Indian film directors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20length
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Electrical length
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In telecommunications and electrical engineering, electrical length (or phase length)
refers to the length of an electrical conductor in terms of the phase shift introduced by transmission over that conductor at some frequency.
Use of the term
Depending on the specific context, the term "electrical length" is used rather than simple physical length to incorporate one or more of the following three concepts:
When one is concerned with the number of wavelengths, or phase, involved in a wave's transit across a segment of transmission line especially, one may simply specify that electrical length, while specification of a physical length, frequency, or velocity factor is omitted. The electrical length is then typically expressed as N wavelengths or as the phase φ expressed in degrees or radians. Thus in a microstrip design one might specify a shorted stub of 60° phase length, which will correspond to different physical lengths when applied to different frequencies. Or one might consider a 2 meter section of coax which has an electrical length of one quarter wavelength (90°) at 37.5 MHz and ask what its electrical length becomes when the circuit is operated at a different frequency.
Due to the velocity factor of a particular transmission line, for instance, the transit time of a signal in a certain length of cable is equal to the transit time over a longer distance when travelling at the speed of light. So a pulse sent down a 2 meter section of coax (whose velocity factor is 67%) would arrive at the end of the coax at the same time that the same pulse arrives at the end of a bare wire of length 3 meters (over which it propagates at the speed of light), and one might refer to the 2 meter section of coax as having an electrical length of 3 meters, or an electrical length of wavelength at 50 MHz (since a 50 MHz radio wave has a wavelength of 6 meters).
Since resonant antennas are usually specified in terms of the electrical length of their conductors (such as the half wave dipole), the attainment of such an electrical length is loosely equated with electrical resonance, that is, a purely resistive impedance at the antenna's input, as is usually desired. An antenna that has been made slightly too long, for instance, will present an inductive reactance, which can be corrected by physically shortening the antenna. Based on this understanding, a common jargon in the antenna trade refers to the achievement of resonance (cancellation of reactance) at the antenna terminals as electrically shortening that too-long antenna (or electrically lengthening a too-short antenna) when an electrical matching network (or antenna tuner) has performed that task without physically altering the antenna's length. Although the terminology is very inexact, this use is widespread, especially as applied to the use of a loading coil at the bottom of a short monopole (a vertical, or whip antenna) to "electrically lengthen" it and achieve electrical resonance as seen through the loading coil.
Phase length
The first use of the term "electrical length" assumes a sine wave of some frequency, or at least a narrowband waveform centered around some frequency f. The sine wave will repeat with a period of . The frequency f will correspond to a particular wavelength λ along a particular conductor. For conductors (such as bare wire or air-filled coax) which transmit signals at the speed of light c, the wavelength is given by . A distance L along that conductor corresponds to N wavelengths where .
In the figure at the right, the wave shown is seen to be wavelengths long. A wave crest at the beginning of the graph, moving towards the right, will arrive at the end after a time . The electrical length of that segment is said to be "1.5 wavelengths" or, expressed as a phase angle, 540 "electrical degrees" (or ) where N wavelengths corresponds to (or ). In radio frequency applications, when a delay is introduced due to a transmission line, it is often the phase shift φ that is of importance, so specifying a design in terms of the phase or electrical length allows one to adapt that design to an arbitrary frequency by employing the wavelength λ applying to that frequency.
Velocity factor
In a transmission line, a signal travels at a rate controlled by the effective capacitance and inductance per unit of length of the transmission line. Some transmission lines consist only of bare conductors, in which case their signals propagate at the speed of light, c. More often the signal travels at a reduced velocity κc, where κ is the velocity factor, a number less than 1, representing the ratio of that velocity to the speed of light.
Most transmission lines contain a dielectric material (insulator) filling some or all of the space in between the conductors. The relative permittivity or dielectric constant of that material increases the distributed capacitance in the cable, which reduces the velocity factor below unity. It is also possible for κ to be reduced due to a relative permeability () of that material, which increases the distributed inductance, but this is almost never the case. Now, if one fills a space with a dielectric of relative permittivity , then the velocity of an electromagnetic plane wave is reduced by the velocity factor:
This reduced velocity factor would also apply to propagation of signals along wires immersed in a large space filled with that dielectric. However, with only part of the space around the conductors filled with that dielectric, there is less reduction of the wave velocity. Part of the electromagnetic wave surrounding each conductor "feels" the effect of the dielectric, and part is in free space. Then it is possible to define an effective relative permittivity which then predicts the velocity factor according to
is computed as a weighted average of the relative permittivity of free space (1) and that of the dielectric:
where the fill factor F expresses the effective proportion of space so affected by the dielectric.
In the case of coaxial cable, where all of the volume in between the inner conductor and the shield is filled with a dielectric, the fill factor is unity, since the electromagnetic wave is confined to that region. In other types of cable, such as twin lead, the fill factor can be much smaller. Regardless, any cable intended for radio frequencies will have its velocity factor (as well as its characteristic impedance) specified by the manufacturer. In the case of coaxial cable, where , the velocity factor is solely determined by the sort of dielectric used as specified here.
For example, a typical velocity factor for coaxial cable is .66, corresponding to a dielectric constant of 2.25. Suppose we wish to send a 30 MHz signal down a short section of such a cable, and delay it by a quarter wave (90°). In free space, this frequency corresponds to a wavelength of , so a delay of would require an electrical length of 2.5 m. Applying the velocity factor of .66, this results in a physical length of cable 1.67 m long.
The velocity factor likewise applies to antennas in cases where the antenna conductors are (partly) surrounded by a dielectric. This particularly applies to microstrip antennas such as the patch antenna. Waves on microstrip are affected mostly by the dielectric of the circuit board beneath them, but also on the air above them (because of trace edge effects). Their velocity factors thus depend not directly on the permittivity of the circuit board material but on the effective permittivity which is often specified for a circuit board material (or can be calculated). Note that the fill factor and therefore are somewhat dependent on the width of the trace compared to the thickness of the board.
Antennas
While there are certain wideband antenna designs, many antennas are classified as resonant and perform according to design around a particular frequency. This applies especially to broadcasting stations and communication systems which are confined to one frequency or narrow frequency band. This includes the dipole and monopole antennas and all of the designs based on them (Yagi, dipole or monopole arrays, folded dipole, etc.). In addition to the directive gain in beam antennas suffering away from the design frequency, the antenna feedpoint impedance is very sensitive to frequency offsets. Especially for transmitting, the antenna is often intended to operate at the resonant frequency. At the resonant frequency, by definition, that impedance is a pure resistance which matches the characteristic impedance of the transmission line and the output (or input) impedance of the transmitter (or receiver). At frequencies away from the resonant frequency, the impedance includes some reactance (capacitance or inductance). It is possible for an antenna tuner to be used to cancel that reactance (and to change the resistance to match the transmission line), however that is often avoided as an extra complication (and needs to be controlled at the antenna side of the transmission line).
The condition for resonance in a monopole antenna is for the element to be an odd multiple of a quarter-wavelength, λ/4. In a dipole antenna both driven conductors must be that long, for a total dipole length of (2N+1)λ/2.
The electrical length of an antenna element is, in general, different from its physical length
For example, increasing the diameter of the conductor, or the presence of nearby metal objects, will decrease the velocity of the waves in the element, increasing the electrical length.
An antenna which is shorter than its resonant length is described as "electrically short", and exhibits capacitive reactance. Similarly, an antenna which is longer than its resonant length is described as "electrically long" and exhibits inductive reactance.
Changing electrical length by loading
An antenna's effective electrical length can be changed without changing its physical length by adding reactance, (inductance or capacitance) in series with it. This is called lumped-impedance matching or loading.
For example, a monopole antenna such as a metal rod fed at one end, will be resonant when its electrical length is equal to a quarter wavelength, λ/4, of the frequency used. If the antenna is shorter than a quarter wavelength, the feedpoint impedance will include a capacitive reactance; this causes reflections on the feedline and a mismatch at the transmitter or receiver, even if the resistive component of the impedance is correct. To cancel the capacitive reactance, a loading coil, an inductor with a reactance equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to that of the antenna, is used. Such a coil cancels the capacitive reactance seen at the antenna terminal, thus making the antenna system (antenna and coil) resonant. The feedline sees a purely resistive impedance. The addition of a loading coil to an electrically-short antenna to create a resonant antenna-coil system is sometimes referred to as "electrically lengthening" the antenna.
Similarly, the feedpoint impedance of a monopole antenna longer than λ/4 (or a dipole with arms longer than λ/4) will include inductive reactance. A capacitor in series with the antenna can cancel this reactance to make it resonant, which can be referred to as "electrically shortening" the antenna.
Inductive loading is widely used to reduce the length of whip antennas on portable radios such as walkie-talkies and short wave antennas on cars, to meet physical requirements.
Advantages
The electrical lengthening allows the construction of shorter aerials. It is applied in particular for aerials for VLF, longwave and medium-wave transmitters. Because those radio waves are several hundred meters to many kilometers long, mast radiators of the necessary height cannot be realised economically. It is also used widely for whip antennas on portable devices such as walkie-talkies to allow antennas much shorter than the standard quarter-wavelength to be used. The most widely used example is the rubber ducky antenna.
Disadvantages
The electrical lengthening reduces the bandwidth of the antenna if other phase control measures are not undertaken. An electrically extended aerial is less efficient than the equivalent, full-length antenna.
Technical realization
There are two possibilities for the realisation of the electric lengthening.
switching in inductive coils in series with the aerial
switching in metal surfaces, known as roof capacitance, at the aerial ends which form capacitors to earth.
Often both measures are combined. The coils switched in series must sometimes be placed in the middle of the aerial construction. The cabin installed at a height of 150-metres on the Blosenbergturm in Beromünster is such a construction, in which a lengthening coil is installed for the supply of the upper tower part (the Blosenbergturm has in addition a ring-shaped roof capacitor on its top)
Application
Transmission aerials of transmitters working at frequencies below the longwave broadcasting band always apply electric lengthening. Broadcasting aerials of longwave broadcasting stations apply it often. However, for transmission aerials of NDBs electrical lengthening is extensively applied, because these use antennas which are considerably less tall than a quarter of the radiated wavelength.
See also
Antenna tuner
Electrically small antenna
Loading coil
Monopole antenna
References
Further reading
A. Nickle, , "Antenna". (Filed May 25, 1934; Issued Aug 2, 1938)
William W. Brown, , "Antenna structure". (Filed May 25, 1934; Issued Oct 27, 1936).
Robert B. Dome, , "Antenna". (Filed May 25, 1934; Issued Dec 7, 1937)
Slyusar V. I. 60 Years of Electrically Small Antennas Theory.//Proceedings of the 6-th International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 17-21 September, 2007, Sevastopol, Ukraine. - Pp. 116 - 118.
Telecommunication theory
Antennas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Aberdeen%20%281881%29
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SS Aberdeen (1881)
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SS Aberdeen was a British cargo liner launched in 1882. She was designed for service from London to Australia. She was the first ship to be successfully powered by a triple expansion steam engine. The triple expansion engine then became the standard type of steam engine to be installed in seagoing vessels. The fuel economy achieved meant that steam could now outcompete sail on all major commercial routes.
Aberdeen was sold in 1906 to the Ottoman government. She served as a Turkish troopship in World War I until a British submarine sank her in 1915.
Design and construction
Aberdeen was designed as the first steamship in the fleet of the Aberdeen Line, intended for high speed service between the United Kingdom and Australia and the Far East. She was constructed at Govan in the shipyard of Robert Napier and Sons on Clydeside, Scotland. The senior partner at Napier's was Alexander Carnegie Kirk, a talented engineer who had experimentally fitted the world's first "triple expansion" compound steam engine to the in 1874. Triple expansion engines required much higher boiler pressures than was readily available from the contemporary technology. Propontis had boiler problems from the outset. had been the planned boiler pressure, but the replacement boilers that had to be fitted could only achieve .
Aberdeen was fitted with two double ended Scotch type steel boilers, running at . These boilers had patent corrugated furnaces that overcame the competing problems of heat transfer and sufficient strength to deal with the boiler pressure. Aberdeen was a marked success, achieving in trials, at 1,800 indicated horsepower, a fuel consumption of of coal per indicated horsepower. This was a reduction in fuel consumption of about 60%, compared to a typical steamer built ten years earlier. In service, this translated into less than 40 tons of coal a day when travelling at . This level of efficiency meant that steamships could now operate as the primary method of maritime transport in the vast majority of commercial situations. This left no significant routes in which sail clearly outcompeted steam. Triple expansion steam engines would continue to power major vessels throughout the world for the next seventy years.
Aberdeen had clipper bows and three barque-rigged masts. As built, there was accommodation for 12 first-class passengers and, on the outward voyage to Australia, 450 third-class passengers. This was later increased.
British service (1882–1906)
Aberdeen began her maiden voyage on 30 March 1882, under the command of Charles Matheson, who had previously been captain of Thermopylae. This took a triangular route. The outward leg started from London, picked up passengers at Plymouth, made a coaling stop at Cape Town and arrived at Melbourne on 14 May, having logged 44 days of steaming. She averaged per day at a daily fuel consumption of 35 tonswell within the "in service" figure estimated from trials. She unloaded at Melbourne and Sydney, then took a cargo of New South Wales coal to Shanghai. The third leg of the triangle was tea from Foochow (Fuzhou), back to London via the Suez Canal, with intermediate stops at Hong Kong and Singapore. This triangular route was necessary because there was a shortage of cargoes to take back to London from Australia at that time of year. It replicated the route taken by the sailing fleet of the Aberdeen Line. Aberdeens second voyage was directly to and from Australia, carrying a cargo of wool on the return trip. This was the pattern of trade for her first seven years: two voyages to Australia a year, with the return trip alternating between wool from the Australian wool sales and tea from China (with coal from Australia to China).
Aberdeens triangular trade was in competition with shipowners who had steamers in the China to London trade. These operated a cartel called the China and Japan Conference, which sought to control the rates of freight from China. They attempted to prevent non-conference ships from competing by invoking their ability to remove retrospective rebates in freight rates from shippers who sent any cargoes on ships that were not a member of the conference. This culminated in a court case in 1887, which the Conference won in the High Court, the Court of Appeal, and then in the House of Lords. In 1889, Aberdeen ceased making return trips via China and concentrated on a service directly to and from Australia.
She was modernised in 1892 and again in 1896, when electric light and refrigeration were installed. Her last voyage with the Aberdeen Line was to Sydney and started on 19 December 1905.
Turkish service (1906–1915)
In 1906, she was sold to the Turkish government and renamed SS Halep. She was employed as a troopship and a ferry on the Black Sea.
During the Gallipoli campaign of World War I, she was refitted into a hospital ship, assigned to the Hilal-i Ahmer (Ottoman Turkish for Red Crescent) to transport wounded soldiers to the Selimiye Barracks in Istanbul, which was converted into a military hospital.
On 25 August 1915, the Royal Navy submarine HMS E11 torpedoed her at the Akbaş Jetty in Çanakkale harbour. It is estimated that two hundred of the crew and soldiers on board were killed. The shipwreck lies under water off Akbaş.
On 25 August 2022, a rally and a dive on the shipwreck took place, to commemorate and pay tibute to the soldiers and medical personnel who died during the incident.
Notes
References
1881 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Cargo liners
Ships of the Aberdeen Line
Ships of the Ottoman Empire
World War I naval ships of the Ottoman Empire
Troop ships
Hospital ships
Ships sunk by British submarines
World War I shipwrecks in the Dardanelles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malva%20moschata
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Malva moschata
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Malva moschata, the musk mallow or musk-mallow, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae, native to Europe and southwestern Asia, from Spain north to the British Isles and Poland, and east to southern Russia and Turkey. Growing to tall, it is a herbaceous perennial with hairy stems and foliage, and pink saucer-shaped flowers in summer.
Description
The leaves are alternate, 2–8 cm long and 2–8 cm broad, palmately lobed with five to seven lobes; basal leaves on the lower stem are very shallowly lobed, those higher on the stems are deeply divided, with narrow, acuminate lobes. The flowers are produced in clusters in the leaf axils, each flower 3.2–5 cm in diameter, with five bright pink petals with a truncated to notched apex; they have a distinctive musky odour. The fruit is a disc-shaped schizocarp 3–6 mm in diameter, containing 10–16 seeds, the seeds individually enclosed in a mericarp covered in whitish hairs. It has a chromosome count of 2n=42.
Ecology
It occurs on dry, but fertile soils at altitudes from sea level up to . Natural hybrids with the closely related Malva alcea are occasionally found.
The flowers are usually pollinated by bees.
Cultivation and uses
Malva moschata is widely grown as an ornamental plant for its attractive scented flowers, produced for a long period through the summer. Several cultivars have been selected for variation in flower colour, including 'Rosea' with dark pink flowers.
Leaves and flowers of muskmallow are common additions to "wild" salads. The seeds are also edible.
It has been introduced to and become naturalised in several areas with temperate climates away from its native range, including Scandinavia, New Zealand, and North America.
References
External links
Medical Uses, applications
moschata
Flora of Europe
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%201968
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October 1968
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The following events occurred in October 1968:
October 1, 1968 (Tuesday)
An attempt failed in the U.S. Senate to end a Republican party filibuster that was delaying action on the nomination of Abe Fortas as Chief Justice of the United States. While the vote was 45 in favor of cloture, and 43 against, the votes of a two-thirds majority of the 88 senators present (59 out of 88) was required. Fortas, who was already on the court as an associate justice, withdrew his name from consideration the next day, providing time for U.S. President Lyndon Johnson to submit the name of another nominee before the November presidential election. Johnson, however, declined to nominate a successor to Chief Justice Earl Warren.
Night of the Living Dead premiered in the United States. Originally titled Night of the Flesh Eaters, and filmed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the movie's first showing was in that city at the Fulton Theatre, at 8:00, with admission by invitation only. An advertisement for the first week of showings said that "If 'Night of the Living Dead' frightens you to death*.... You are covered for $50,000", with the disclaimer that the guarantee was valid only for death from a "heart attack only during performances October 2 thru 8, 1968" and that the insurance company reserved the right to require a medical examination before the viewing." One author later noted that the film "was nothing short of a permanent shift in modern horror cinema. Zombies were no longer dullards wandering through mist and fog.. They were people you knew, friends and family... and they had no mercy."
Dr. Arnulfo Arias was sworn in as President of Panama for the third time in his career after winning the May 12 election over David Samudio, the candidate sponsored by outgoing president Marco Aurelio Robles, a victory that came only after General Bolívar Vallarino, commander of the Panamanian National Guard, had worked to guarantee a fair count of the election. Arias, however, "chose not to respect the deals he had made with the National Guard", a historian later wrote, and was removed after just 10 days in office.
Died: Romano Guardini, 83, German Roman Catholic theologian
October 2, 1968 (Wednesday)
The "Tlatelolco massacre" took place 10 days before the 1968 Summer Olympics were scheduled to begin in Mexico City, as Mexican police began firing into a crowd of thousands of protesters at the Plaza de las Tres Culturas at the Mexico City neighborhood of Tlatelolco. The Mexican government listed the death toll at only 32 and claimed that most of the victims were killed by students who were firing machine guns from surrounding buildings. Foreign journalists who were present at the scene, and survivors, estimated that between 150 and 500 protesters were killed
The National Trails System Act was signed into law in the United States. The federal law has placed more than 50,000 of miles of scenic, historic and recreational hiking trails under the protection of the U.S. Department of the Interior, the longest of which are the historic California Trail and the scenic North Country Trail.
The Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) reactor in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, first achieved criticality, with a less expensive nuclear fuel, a uranium tetrafluoride ("green salt") processed with the uranium-233 isotope rather than uranium-235.
Miguel Mujica Gallo was sworn into office at noon as the new Prime Minister of Peru, replacing Oswaldo Hercelles García. Mujica served less than 24 hours; shortly after midnight, he and other Peruvian government officials were arrested during a military coup d'état.<ref>"Peru, Republic of", in Harris M. Lentz, Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 (Routledge, 1994).</ref>
Born:
Jana Novotná, Czech professional tennis player, winner of 12 women's doubles titles and four mixed doubles titles in Grand Slam events, and the 1998 Wimbledon women's finals; in Brno (d. 2017)
Victoria Derbyshire, English journalist and broadcaster, in Ramsbottom, Lancashire
Died: Marcel Duchamp, 81, French painter and sculptor
October 3, 1968 (Thursday)
Peruvian Army General Juan Velasco Alvarado led a coup d'état and overthrew the South American nation's President, Fernando Belaúnde Terry. The predawn change of power was accomplished without bloodshed, and Belaúnde was flown by a Peruvian Air Force plane to exile in Buenos Aires in neighboring Argentina. Velasco's presidency was described later as "one of the most unusual experiences of military rule in Latin American history", with the "Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces" forcing redistribution of farmlands and increasing the standard of living for Peru's impoverished citizens.
U.S. presidential candidate George C. Wallace, who was running as the American Independent Party selection against Republican Richard M. Nixon and Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey, introduced his running mate, retired U.S. Army General Curtis E. LeMay. The new AIP vice-presidential candidate told a press conference that although he did not believe that nuclear weapons would be necessary in the Vietnam War, he would not be opposed to their use. "It doesn't make any difference to the soldier whether he is killed by a rusty knife or a nuclear explosion," LeMay commented, adding, "In fact, I'd lean toward the nuclear weapon."
October 4, 1968 (Friday)
The prototype of the Tupolev Tu-154, a jet airliner with a capacity of 164 passengers and the most common method of air travel in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during the 1970s and 1980s, made its first flight.Airliners.net
The Tau Gamma Phi fraternity was founded by four students at the University of the Philippines in Quezon City.
Died:
Francis Biddle, 82, former U.S. Attorney General and former judge at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
Hitoshi Imamura, 82, Japanese general and convicted war criminal
Baba Harbhajan Singh, 22, Indian Army soldier whose death has become the subject of supernatural legend.
October 5, 1968 (Saturday)
"The Troubles", almost 30 years of violence between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland, began when policemen of the Royal Ulster Constabulary at Derry attacked a group of demonstrators marching for the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association and Derry Housing Action Committee to protest against discrimination against the Roman Catholic minority by Protestants in the portion of Ireland still part of the United Kingdom. Gay O'Brien, a cameraman for the RTÉ television network in neighboring Ireland, and sound technician Eamon Hays filmed the scenes of constables attacking unarmed protesters with clubs, and the footage was shown on the BBC programme Twenty-Four Hours and then worldwide.The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History, ed. by Alvin Jackson (Oxford University Press, 2014)
October 6, 1968 (Sunday)
At Huntington Park, California, the initial worship services were held for the Metropolitan Community Church, which described itself later as "the world's first church group with a primary, positive ministry to gays, lesbians, bisexual and transgender services". Reverend Troy Perry, who had been a Pentecostal Christian minister who had resigned after revealing that he was gay, held a service for 12 people in his living room. Within 40 years, the church had "44,000 members and adherents in 300 congregations in 22 countries."
Died: Stephen Leslie Bradley, 42, Australian child murderer, died at the minimum security Goulburn Correctional Centre "after a strenuous game" of table tennis.
October 7, 1968 (Monday)
Prior to the opening of Game 5 of the World Series in Detroit, Hispanic-American singer José Feliciano performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" with a slower, Latin jazz performance, a controversial decision that opened the door for later interpretations of the American national anthem.video of performance
Jack Valenti, the President of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), announced a new rating system for films distributed within the United States, effective November 1. Declaring, on behalf of the film industry, that "The movie industry would no longer 'approve or disapprove' the content of a film" under the old Hays Production Code of 1934, and that "we would now see our primary task as giving advance cautionary warnings to parents so that parents could make the decision about the movie going of young children" the MPAA announced four ratings. "G" was for general audiences of all ages, "M" was a warning that the content was for mature audiences, "R" was restricted to require a parent to accompany a viewer under the age of 16, and "X" prohibited theaters from admitting persons under 16 "because of treatment of sex, violence, crime, or profanity. "American movies after the fall of 1968 look and sound different from those produced before then," a historian later noted, because it was a method "in the name of self-regulation, to enable the production of mature-themed movies" without making the production code more permissive.
The University of Central Florida (UCF), which now has more than 68,000 students, held its first classes. In its initial year at its campus in Orlando, UCF was called Florida Technological University, and had 1,948 students.
Born:
Thom Yorke, English singer and songwriter for Radiohead; in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire
Luminița Anghel, Romanian singer and songwriter; in Bucharest
October 8, 1968 (Tuesday)
American and South Vietnamese forces launched Operation Sealords, a two-year long joint project to disrupt North Vietnam's supply lines in the Mekong Delta. "SEALORDS" itself was an acronym for Southeast Asia Lake, Ocean, River, and Delta Strategy.
A small group of Republican Congressmen began a 27-hour delay of voting on a bill to amend an existing law that had been blocking the possibility of a televised presidential debate between candidates Nixon, Humphrey and Wallace. The measure was overwhelmingly supported by both parties, and passed by a margin of 280 to 35, but future Chief of Staff and U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, at the time a congressman from Illinois, combined with Ohio's Robert A. Taft, Jr. to delay the vote by spending almost 19 hours of calling the roll. At the time, a present or absent call of the names of 435 representatives averaged 25 minutes, and Rumsfeld and Taft asked for attendance to be taken a record 45 times. In 1973, almost all roll calls were eliminated with the introduction of an electronic voting system for members of Congress to register their choices simultaneously.
The Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs was signed in Locarno, Switzerland.
The latest version of William Shakespeare's 1597 play Romeo and Juliet, directed by Franco Zeffirelli, was released in the United States, seven months after its March 4 premiere in London.Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey, both teenagers at the time of filming, played the title roles, marking the first time that the actors were close to the age of the characters portrayed.
Died: Rogers Caldwell, 78, American businessman and banker nicknamed "The J.P. Morgan of the South"; Caldwell lost most of his wealth in the Wall Street crash of 1929
October 9, 1968 (Wednesday)
A 13-year-old girl became the first Jew since the 13th century to enter the tombs of the Biblical patriarchs beneath the Cave of the Patriarchs at Machpelah in Hebron, which had been captured by Israel in the Six-Day War. Michal Arbel, the 13-year-old daughter of Yehuda Arbel, chief of Shin Bet operations in the West Bank, volunteered because she was slender enough to be lowered into the narrow, wide hole on October 9, 1968, to gain access to the tomb site, after which she took photographs.Menachem Klein, Lives in Common: Arabs and Jews in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Hebron (Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 268. Shortly after the taking of Hebron, Major General Shlomo Goren, the Chief Rabbi of the Israel Defense Forces, had been the first Jew to descend past the seventh step of the Mosque built over the site.
Four days after the suppression of the Irish civil rights march at Derry, two thousand students from Queen's University Belfast (QUB) marched toward Belfast City Hall at Donegall Square, after being denied access to Shaftesbury Square, where a pro-government march by Protestant Unionist Party had been organized by Ian Paisley. When the QUB marchers changed their route, Paisley then reassembled his group and moved to Donegall Square, where Belfast police blocked the students' route. When the QUB students reached police lines, as cameras were filming, the 2,000 protesters then sat down in the streets in a show of civil disobedience. From the QUB march, the organization People's Democracy was founded."Mobilisation, State Crisis and Counter-Mobilisation: Ulterster Unionist Politics and the Outbreak of the Troubles", by Christopher Farrington, in Continuity, Change and Crisis in Contemporary Ireland, ed. by Brian Girvin and Gary Murphy (Routledge, 2013), p. 70.
The nuclear generators of the failed Nimbus-B weather satellite were recovered beneath the Pacific Ocean after a search of more than four months. The rocket boosters carrying Nimbus-B had been destroyed by a command from ground control two minutes after the spacecraft had been launched on May 18, but had failed to reach orbit.
French Jewish legal scholar Rene Cassin was named as the 1968 Nobel Peace Prize recipient, for his drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights nearly 20 years earlier. When informed of the honor, the 81-year-old jurist reportedly laughed and asked, "Already?"
Born:
Pete Docter, American film director known for Monsters, Inc. and Up; in Bloomington, Minnesota
Troy Davis, American convicted murderer whose case gained international fame in the campaign against capital punishment; in Savannah, Georgia (executed, 2011)
October 10, 1968 (Thursday)
The Detroit Tigers won the World Series by a 4 to 1 score over the heavily favored St. Louis Cardinals, completing an unlikely comeback after having lost 3 of the first 4 games before winning the last three."The Unexpected Hero: The 1968 World Series", by Mark Armour, The National Pastime Museum
Following its approval by the U.S. Senate, the Gun Control Act of 1968 – "the first major firearms control act passed by Congress in 30 years" – was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives, 160–149. The new law prohibited all sales of guns and ammunition by mail order (a method used by Lee Harvey Oswald to obtain a rifle) and limited over-the-counter gun sales to "qualified purchasers".
Born: Bart Brentjens, Dutch mountain biker, gold medalist in the 1996 Olympics and in the 1995 world mountain biking championships; in Haelen
October 11, 1968 (Friday)Apollo 7, the first American manned space mission with three astronauts, was launched from Cape Kennedy at 11:02:45 a.m. local time, and glided into Earth orbit within 10 minutes. The purpose of the 11-day mission, the first with three astronauts (Wally Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Walter Cunningham) was to test the docking maneuvers between the lunar module and the lunar orbiter to take men safely to the Moon and back. The flight was the first to feature a live television broadcast from inside an orbiting spaceship (Gordon Cooper's video images from Mercury 9 had been on a delayed basis. Schirra became the only astronaut to fly in the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs.
Panamanian National Guard Majors Omar Torrijos and Boris Martinez led a coup d'état to overthrow the democratically elected (but highly controversial) government of President Arnulfo Arias. The move came after Arias had declined to honor an agreement with National Guard commander Vallarino."Troops Seize Reins In Tense Panama", Pittsburgh Press, October 12, 1968, p. 1. Arias, who had been in office for only 11 days, fled to the U.S. controlled Panama Canal Zone, and Colonel Jose M. Pinilla was sworn in as the new President of Panama. The coup was described later as "the first outright military overthrow of the government in the country's history". Within a year, Torrijos ousted Martinez and took charge as Panama's de facto leader. Although never officially the President, Torrijos controlled the Central American republic and, in 1972, was granted constitutional powers with the title of the "Maximum Leader of the Panamanian Revolution" (Líder Máximo de la Revolución panameña), serving until his death in a plane crash in 1981.
Born: Jane Krakowski, American television and film actress; in Parsippany, New Jersey
October 12, 1968 (Saturday)
Equatorial Guinea was granted independence from Spain, becoming Africa's 38th country to become an independent nation since World War II and bringing an end to 182 years of colonial rule. President-elect Francisco Macías Nguema and Spanish Minister of Information and Tourism Manuel Fraga Iribarne signed a document of transfer in the new nation's capital, Santa Isabel (now called Malabo), the flag of Spain was lowered and the new flag was raised above the recently built government building. In spite of a positive start to his presidency, Macías assumed dictatorial power within less than five months and then begin a reign of terror that oversaw the deaths of as much as one-fifth of the population of 400,000. The presidency of Macias lasted until August 3, 1979, when he was overthrown and then executed in a coup led by his nephew, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, who was still president in 2018.
The opening ceremony of the Games of the XIX Olympiad took place in Mexico City. Although still referred to as the 1968 Summer Olympics, the games were the second in a row to be held in the autumn.
Born: Hugh Jackman, Australian film and stage actor, known popularly for his portrayal of Wolverine in nine feature films; in Sydney
October 13, 1968 (Sunday)
The new Michigan International Speedway, located a few miles south of the small town of Brooklyn, Michigan, held its first auto race, the Michigan 250, near the end of the 1968 USAC Championship Car season. Ronnie Bucknum got the checkered flag for his first and only victory.
Died:
John L. Hines, 100, U.S. Army General and World War One hero
Bea Benaderet, 62, American comedian and television actress, from lung cancer
Hossein Behzad, 74, Iranian painter
October 14, 1968 (Monday)
At the Olympics in Mexico City, U.S. track and field athlete Jim Hines became the first person recognized as running the 100 meters race in less than 10 seconds, setting a new world record of 9.95 seconds.
The United States Department of Defense announced that the United States Army and United States Marines was sending about 24,000 troops back to South Vietnam for second tours of duty in the ongoing Vietnam War.
Guards at a prison farm in Cummins, Arkansas fired into a crowd of about 70 inmates who had refused to go to work in the fields until their demands were met, wounding 24 of them.
October 15, 1968 (Tuesday)
Liu Shaoqi, the President of the People's Republic of China and one of the first victims of China's Cultural Revolution, was officially stripped of all of his powers, almost two years after he had last been seen in public. An editorial in the party newspaper Red Flag was read aloud over Peking Radio, and referred to Liu only by an epithet. "We have completely disposed of the anti-revolutionary elements, led by China's Khrushchev, into the wastebasket of history," an announcer quoted, "and he no longer has power and authority in the Party and government. The declaration of proletarian victory is therefore not just a claim, but a fact."
The United States Supreme Court issued its first ruling of its new term, holding in a 6-to-3 decision that the state of Ohio had to, as the other 49 states had done, include third-party candidate George C. Wallace on its ballots for the November 5 U.S. presidential election, and in the longer term, ruling that states could not impose burdensome regulations on minor parties without compelling reasons. An Ohio law, requiring third-party presidential candidates to have a primary election, a convention, and a petition with "signatures amounting in number to at least 15% of the vote in the last statewide election" was not applied to the Republican and Democratic parties, and the Court concluded that Wallace had been denied equal protection under the 14th Amendment.
The pornographic film Vixen!, the first American film to have an X rating under the new classification system of the MPAA, was released nationwide. Director Russ Meyer voluntarily gave his film an X rating, limiting the film to adults only, 17 days before the MPAA system of ratings was introduced. Erica Gavin appeared as the nymphomaniac title character.
The Kingdom of Bhutan, located in the Himalayan Mountains, inaugurated its first ever airport. The facility, financed and built by neighboring India and located in the small city of Paro, was opened by India's Deputy Prime Minister, Morarji Desai.
Born:
Didier Deschamps, French national soccer football team midfielder 1989–2000, and manager of the France national team since 2012; in Bayonne
October 16, 1968 (Wednesday)
Czechoslovakia's Prime Minister Oldrich Cernik reluctantly signed his nation's treaty with the Soviet Union in Prague, officially recognizing the right for Warsaw Pact troops to occupy Czechoslovakian territory. Appearing on behalf of the U.S.S.R. was Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin.
Kingston, Jamaica was rocked by the Rodney Riots, provoked by the banning of Walter Rodney from the country.
The DSV Alvin, a deep-submergence vehicle which would later explore the wreckage of the RMS Titanic, sank to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean while preparing for a routine inspection dive about southeast of Cape Cod. Lifting lines from the ship's tender Lulu had broken and the Alvin, which still had its hatch open as it prepared to take on a crew, plunged before hitting the ocean floor. The craft would finally be recovered on September 1, 1969.
U.S. President Johnson held a telephone conference call simultaneously with all three of the major U.S. presidential candidates, to inform them that he had no plans to change the American bombing of North Vietnam. At the time, Richard Nixon was in Kansas City, Hubert Humphrey was in St. Louis, and George Wallace was in Los Angeles.
In Mexico City, African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised their fists in a black power salute at medal ceremony after winning, respectively, the gold and bronze in the Olympic men's 200 meter race. After refusing to apologize, the two men were expelled from the team and sent home. The third man on the platform, white Australian silver medalist Peter Norman, wore an Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) badge to show solidarity with Smith and Carlos.
American mountain climber Jim Madsen fell to his death from El Capitan in Yosemite National Park while attempting to come to the aid of two friends who were temporarily stranded on the wall.
October 17, 1968 (Thursday)Bullitt, the iconic Steve McQueen action film that featured what has been called "the most famous car chase in cinematic history", premiered at New York City's Radio City Music Hall and became a critical and box office success.
Nancy Tuckerman, the press secretary for presidential widow Jackie Kennedy, announced that the former First Lady had departed on a charter flight from New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport on an Olympic Airways Boeing 707, to marry one of the world's wealthiest men, shipping company owner Aristotle Onassis the following week. The announcement came less than a week after the U.S. Senate had voted "to provide Mrs. Kennedy with Secret Service protection until her death or until she remarries."
Born: Ziggy Marley (David Nesta Marley), Jamaican reggae musician, in Kingston
Died: Harun Said, 21, and Osman Mohamed Ali, 25, two Indonesian Marine Corps operatives who had carried out the March 10, 1965 MacDonald House bombing that injured 36 people in Singapore, three of them fatally, were hanged
October 18, 1968 (Friday)
U.S. athlete Bob Beamon broke the world record for the long jump by more than half a meter (55 cm) and almost two feet (21 3/4 in) at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. His record stood for 23 years, and is still the second longest jump in history.
John Lennon was taken by London police to the Paddington Green police station on charges of possession of cannabis and obstructing a police search, in "the first arrest of a member of the Beatles, the most successful entertainers in the history of British show business". He and Yoko Ono were arrested at Lennon's apartment in the Marylebone district, and were released after posting bond to secure their appearance the next day in court.
Died: Lee Tracy, 70, American film actor "whose machinegun delivery typified the breezy spirit of the talkies when sound came to the movies".
October 19, 1968 (Saturday)
Frustrated by the collapse of attempts to find a new Prime Minister, Charles Helou sought to resign his post as the President of Lebanon, but was unable to locate the Speaker of Parliament in Beirut in order to present the necessary papers. The next day, parliamentary leaders and the presidents of Lebanon's three major trade union federations conferred with Helou and talked him out of resigning. The crisis ended when former Prime Ministers Abdullah Yafi and Hussein Oweini (both Sunni Muslims) and two Maronite Christian members of Parliament, Raymond Edde and Pierre Gemayal, agreed to form a four-member cabinet, led by Yafi (whose resignation on October 9 had created the chaos). The four ministers handled all the tasks of the 16 ministries of the government.
October 20, 1968 (Sunday)
Less than five years after the assassination of her husband, former U.S. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy married Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis in a ceremony on the Greek island of Skorpios. In doing so, she forfeited $200,000 per year of financial support from the Kennedy family (part of a pre-nuptial agreement with John F. Kennedy) and a $10,000 widow's pension from the U.S. government. Onassis provided her $3,000,000 and set up trusts of one million dollars apiece for Caroline Kennedy and John Kennedy, Jr.; the marriage lasted until the death of Onassis on March 15, 1975.
American athlete Dick Fosbury broke the Olympics record for the high jump and introduced the world to his unorthodox technique of twisting his body and going over the bar upside down and head first, reaching . The "Fosbury Flop" became the standard for high jumping.
October 21, 1968 (Monday)
The busiest railway station in Japan, Tokyo's Shinjuku station, was taken over at 9:00 at night by thousands of anti-war protesters. The Japanese Beheiren group had arranged simultaneous rallies in 270 locations throughout the station. An estimated 60,000 commuters were at Shinjuku, unable to leave while rioters broke windows, tore up the interiors of train cars, and trashed the station. Tokyo riot police finally dispersed the crowd in and around the station after midnight, using fire hoses and tear gas."Konaka Yotaro, "Shinjuku: Community of Encounter," Japan Quarterly, 38 no. 3 (1991), 301–310.
October 22, 1968 (Tuesday)
In an act that did not become public until 48 years later, Republican presidential candidate Richard M. Nixon telephoned his closest aide (and future Chief of Staff) H. R. Haldeman, and ordered him to get intermediaries to persuade South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu to refuse to participate in the Paris Peace Talks to end the Vietnam War. Haldeman's handwritten notes of the conversation referred to Anna Chennault, who had connections with other people who knew Thieu, and included the entry "VN— keep Anna Chennault working on SVN"; the second page of notes were "re V.N. bomb halt news" and Haldeman's summary, "any other way to monkey wrench it? Anything RN can do." In 1977, Nixon denied that he had any knowledge of Chennault's contact with the Thieu government as rumors of "the Chennault affair" circulated, but in 2007, the Nixon presidential library opened the Haldeman notes to researchers, and historian John A. Farrell discovered the note in 2016. Whether Thieu would have derailed the talks anyway, without Nixon's efforts, efforts by private citizens to "defeat the measures of United States" were a federal crime. By 1968, the Vietnam War had claimed more than 30,000 American lives, and 58,220 died by the time the war ended.
Apollo 7, the first space mission where the entire crew had the common cold, ended its 11-day mission with a descent made worse by painful pressure in the astronauts ears and sinuses. With the crew having proven the success of the maneuvers necessary for releasing and then redocking between an orbiting ship and the manned lunar module, the capsule safely landed in the Atlantic Ocean north of Puerto Rico at 8:12 in the morning local time and was picked up by the aircraft carrier USS Essex. The Essex was closely followed by a Soviet Navy intelligence ship, the Ekholog, which in turn was constantly observed by a U.S. Navy helicopter hovering overhead.
The Gun Control Act of 1968 was signed into law by U.S. President Johnson.
Born: Shaggy (Orville Richard Burrell), Jamaican-born American reggae singer; in Kingston
October 23, 1968 (Wednesday)
, the first warship of the Indian Navy to be constructed in India, was launched into the Arabian Sea from the Mazagon dock in Bombay (now Mumbai); the Nilgiri was commissioned on June 3, 1972. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi christened the ship by "breaking a coconut against the hull of the Leander instead of a bottle of champagne in the western manner."
October 24, 1968 (Thursday)
The 199th and last mission of the fastest airplane in history, the X-15 rocket plane, was completed by NASA test pilot William H. Dana, who landed at California's Vandenberg Air Force Base at 10:14 a.m. local time, a little more than 11 minutes after the X-15 was launched from a B-52. During his flight, on re-entry, Dana reached a maximum speed of Mach 5.38, or .
Starting at 3:08 in the morning local time, military and civilian personnel of North Dakota's Minot Air Force Base reported an unidentified flying object. According to a report filed with the U.S. Air Force's Project Blue Book, an employee charged with servicing the Minot AFB's missiles was the first to describe "a bright orangeish-red object", followed by the crew of a B-52 bomber had spotted the object on its radar and then had a visual sighting. According to the Air Force summary, "Fourteen other people in separate locations also reported sighting a similar object"."24 October 1968— Minot AFB, North Dakota, minotb52ufo.com website]
October 25, 1968 (Friday)
Formerly The New Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin gave its first live concert under its new name, performing at Surrey University in England. Jimmy Page remained as lead guitar, but reorganized the Yardbirds with Robert Plant taking the place of Keith Relf, bassist John Paul Jones (John Richard Baldwin) coming in for Chris Dreja, and drummer John Bonham replacing Jim McCarty. The new band name was a variation of the slang term of "a lead balloon" as any unsuccessful venture, and was based on Page's recollection of a joke by Keith Moon of The Who that a duo of Moon and Page would "go down like a 'lead zeppelin'". In order to avoid confusion between the different pronunciations of "lead" (the verb lead and the dense substance lead), the spelling was altered to "led".
Northeast Airlines Flight 946 crashed into a heavily wooded mountainside while descending through fog toward the regional airport at Lebanon, New Hampshire, killing 32 of the 42 people on board. The Fairchild F-27 turboprop had departed Boston at 5:42 p.m. on its scheduled multi-stop flight to Montpelier, Vermont, and was cleared to descend to 2,800 feet by the Lebanon air traffic controller. Instead of leveling off at the prescribed altitude, the crew continued the descent and struck the Moose Mountain at an altitude of .
October 26, 1968 (Saturday)
Soviet cosmonaut Georgi Beregovoi, 47, became the oldest person up to that time to be launched into outer space, as the U.S.S.R. sent up Soyuz 3, its first manned space mission since the program had been halted by the April 24, 1967 death of Vladimir Komarov. Beregovoi was rumored to be on a mission to go into lunar orbit Instead, Beregovoi remained in Earth orbit and performed a rendezvous (but not a docking) with the unmanned Soyuz 2 spacecraft. After 61 orbits, Soyuz 3 returned safely to Earth on October 30. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, the Soyuz program released records showing that Beregovoi had failed in the docking attempt because he "had been trying to dock with Soyuz 2 while flying Soyuz 3 upside down" and "had to be 'rescued' by ground control from his precarious predicament", after which further attempts were canceled.
October 27, 1968 (Sunday)
The 1968 Summer Olympics closed in Mexico City. One reporter noted that "The problem games, as they came to be known, had been brought off successfully— more successfully in fact, than by any other host," and added, "Competitively, this has been the greatest Olympics in history. Incredible feats have necessitated practically rewriting the entire amateur record book," with 20 world records broken. In all, 7,600 athletes from 112 nations participated. The United States won the most medals (45 gold, 107 overall) with the Soviet Union in second place (29 gold, 91 in all).
In the largest anti-American protest in British history, a crowd of 30,000 demonstrators marched through London near the U.S. Embassy."A peaceful march— except in Grosvenor Square", The Guardian, October 28, 1968, p. 1.
For the first time in more than 20 years, Great Britain remained on British Summer Time rather than moving clocks back an hour on the last Sunday of October and staying on Central European Time (CET). In that Britain was at the westernmost portion of the CET zone, sunrise would be after 9:00 in the morning in December With time being moved back an hour in the United States, London was six hours ahead of New York.
Died: Lise Meitner, 89, Austrian physicist and co-discoverer, with Otto Hahn, of the process of nuclear fission in uranium; however, she was denied the Nobel Prize in Chemistry that went to Hahn for the discovery in 1944. In 1997, chemical element 109 meitnerium (Mt) was named in her honor.
October 28, 1968 (Monday)
On the 50th anniversary of Czechoslovakia's October 28, 1918, declaration of independence from Austria-Hungary, the Eastern European nation's National Assembly voted to restructure its government as "a socialist federation of two national states", the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic, effective January 1, 1969. President Ludvik Svoboda signed the act into law on October 30 at the Bratislava Castle. A little more than 23 years later, the two states would peacefully separate into independent nations as the Czech Republic and the Republic of Slovakia.
Thousands of Czechoslovakian demonstrators marched through the streets of Prague for the first time since the August invasion, to protest the nation's continued occupation by 650,000 Soviet Union troops. The Soviets did not respond, and left it to Prague's police to arrest demonstrators trying to break through the cordon surrounding the Prague Castle at Hradčany Square.
Born: Juan Orlando Hernández, President of Honduras 2014 to 2022; in Gracias
October 29, 1968 (Tuesday)
Yusuf Zuayyin, considered a progressive member of ruling Ba'ath Party, resigned as Prime Minister of Syria after 16 months in office. Syrian President Nureddin al-Atassi then assumed that office as well and formed a cabinet, and would perform both jobs until his overthrow on November 13, 1970. Atassi's 26-member cabinet included 14 military officers. Although state radio gave no reason for the president's acceptance of Zuayyin's resignation, observers in Lebanon theorized that the shakeup had been the result of a struggle within the Ba'ath Party between Syrian Air Force General Hafez al-Assad and Syria's most powerful man, Army General Salah Jadid, with hardliner Assad superseding Jadid's role as strongman.
Born: Tsunku (Mitsuo Terada), Japanese record producer, in Higashiosaka, Osaka Prefecture
October 30, 1968 (Wednesday)
After a five-month search, a United States Navy ship located portions of the submarine USS Scorpion, which had disappeared on May 21. The oceanographic research ship Mizar had been among 40 ships and planes that had been searching the North Atlantic Ocean for traces of the lost sub, which was found at a depth of at a location southwest of the Azores.
Ulchin-Samcheok Landings: a squad of 120 North Korean Army commandos landed in boats along a 25-mile long section of the eastern coast of South Korea, between Samcheok and Uljin-gun and infiltrated the countryside on a mission to establish intelligence-gathering bases. Along the way, 23 civilians and 40 South Korean soldiers were killed by the invaders before 110 of the 120 North Koreans were killed and seven captured. Only three were able to escape back to the north.
Thirty-eight people in South Korea, on their way home from a funeral, were killed and another 40 were injured when their chartered bus ran off of a cliff and fell into the Nam River.
American physicist Luis W. Alvarez was announced as the winner of the Nobel Prize, for his discoveries in elementary particle physics, and Norwegian-born Yale professor Lars Onsager was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his 1931 theories of theoretical thermodynamics.
Died:
Ramon Novarro, 69, American silent film star, was beaten to death in his home at 3110 Laurel Canyon Boulevard outside Los Angeles. Novarro was described in his obituary as the "last of the dashing Latin Lovers of the silent screen" and the star of the 1925 production of Ben Hur. Brothers Paul Ferguson and Thomas Ferguson would be convicted of first degree murder on September 17, 1969.
Malcolm Hale, 27, American musician for the rock group Spanky and Our Gang, died of bronchial pneumonia at his home in Chicago. In later years, the legend would circulate that he died of carbon monoxide poisoning from a defective space heater.
Pert Kelton, 61, American stage, film and television actress whose roles included "Mrs. Peroo" in The Music Man, died of a heart attack
U.S. Army Corporal James Van "Jimmy" Howard, 21, son of country music singer Jan Howard and the subject of her song "My Son", released earlier and based on her letter to him for his safe return home from the war.Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund site
October 31, 1968 (Thursday)
Citing progress in the Paris peace talks, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announced in a nationwide address that he had ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam" effective at 9:00 p.m. local time on November 1. The announcement, which came five days before the U.S. presidential election, confirmed speculation that a major breakthrough had been made in negotiations between the United States and South Vietnam on one side, and North Vietnam and the Viet Cong on the other.
The Condon Committee, a Colorado University study group led by Professor Edward Condon, delivered its final report, Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, to the United States Air Force, which had funded the project. Condon's summary was "Our general conclusion is that nothing has come from the study of UFOs in the past 21 years that has added to scientific knowledge. Careful consideration of the record as it is available to us leads us to conclude that further extensive study of UFOs probably cannot be justified in the expectation that science will be advanced thereby." The report would be published as a mass-market paperback in January.
Democrat presidential nominee Hubert Humphrey continued his rise in voter preference polls, narrowing the gap between him and Republican frontrunner Richard Nixon to just three percent in the latest Harris Poll, based on surveys taken of 1,675 likely voters on October 27 and 28. Polling showed Nixon with 40% approval, Humphrey with 37%, George Wallace with 16% and 7% undecided.
The Norway tanker MT Etnefjell caught fire in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Cape Farewell, Greenland. One man was killed, and 29 of the other 32 crewmen evacuated the Etnefjell'', rowing away in a pair of lifeboats, while the master, chief mate and first engineer remained behind. After four days adrift, the three officers were rescued by the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter USCGC Absecon; the 29 who had escaped to apparent safety, however, were never located and were presumed to have gone down with their boats during a storm.
Died: Conrad Richter, 78, American novelist and short-story author
References
1968
1968-10
1968-10
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Milani
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Thomas Milani
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Thomas Allan Milani (April 13, 1952 – December 28, 2021) was a Canadian-born Italian professional and Olympic ice hockey player.
During the 1976–77 season, Milani played two games in the World Hockey Association with the Minnesota Fighting Saints.
Milani also played for the Italian national team on several occasions including at the A Pool of the 1982 World Ice Hockey Championships and 1983 World Ice Hockey Championships and at the 1984 Olympics.
He died in December 2021, at the age of 69.
Career statistics
Awards and honours
References
External links
1952 births
2021 deaths
Asiago Hockey 1935 players
Bolzano HC players
Brunico SG players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Italy
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
HC Fiemme Cavalese players
HC Merano players
HC Varese players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Ice hockey players at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Canadian people of Italian descent
Kalamazoo Wings (1974–2000) players
Minnesota Fighting Saints players
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey players
Olympic ice hockey players of Italy
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Syracuse Blazers players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick%20Pandor
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Yannick Pandor
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Yannick Pandor (born 1 May 2001) is a footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Lens. Born in France, he is a Comoros international.
Club career
Pandor is product of the youth academies of Michelis, Marseille and Bel Air. He started his career with the reserves of the French club Lens in 2018. On 27 July 2022, he signed a professional contract with the club until 2023.
International career
Pandor was born in France to a Martiniquais father and a mother of Malagasy and Comorian descent. He represented the Comoros U20s at the 2022 Maurice Revello Tournament. He debuted with the senior Comoros national team in a friendly 2–1 win over Ethiopia on 25 March 2022.
References
External links
[ligue1.com/player?id=yannick-pandor Ligue 1 profile]
2001 births
Living people
Footballers from Marseille
Comorian footballers
Comoros international footballers
Comoros under-20 international footballers
French footballers
Comorian people of Martiniquais descent
Comorian people of Malagasy descent
French sportspeople of Comorian descent
French people of Martiniquais descent
French sportspeople of Malagasy descent
Association football goalkeepers
Championnat National 2 players
RC Lens players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattie%20Coldwell
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Pattie Coldwell
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Patricia Ann Coldwell (14 May 1952 – 17 October 2002), known as Pattie Coldwell, was a British TV presenter and journalist.
Early life
Patricia Ann Coldwell was born on 14 May 1952 in Clitheroe, Lancashire, the daughter of Eunice (née Salter) and Gordon Ellison Coldwell, a policeman. She attended Clitheroe Royal Grammar School for Girls before working as a secretary.
Career
Coldwell started her career in local television on Granada TV as a reporter and presenter in the 1970s. She progressed to nationally networked programmes, such as Nationwide, Open Air, and, on BBC Radio 4, You and Yours. In 1988, she made a documentary for BBC1, Remembering Terry, which followed the final days and ultimate death of Aids sufferer Terry Madeley, winning an award from the Terrence Higgins Trust.
While presenting the consumer series Out Of Order, Coldwell met her first husband, journalist Tony Kerner. She presented several DIY series, such as On The House , for the BBC, and Doing It Up, for Meridian, which she presented with her husband. The series won a New York television award.
In 1997, Coldwell hosted the interview show Espresso, on Channel 5, and in 2001, she joined Loose Women (originally Live Talk), on ITV. Her radio work included hosting Radio 5 Live's late-night discussion programmes Night Talk and After Hours.
Personal life and death
While Coldwell was working for Granada Television in the 1970s, she met historian and broadcaster Michael Wood, then working at the BBC in Manchester. The pair went on to have a ten year relationship.
Coldwell married presenter Tony Kerner in 1991 in Camden, London. In 1992, she had a daughter, Dannie, from the marriage. Six years later, the marriage ended in divorce. In 2002, she married fisherman Evan John, in Newbury, Berkshire, having met him on a family holiday on the Caribbean Island of Bequia in 1998.
Coldwell's death resulted from a brain tumour at the age of 50; she had had breast cancer previously, being first diagnosed in 1997 and then in 1998. Coldwell died on 17 October 2002 in hospital in Newbury, Berkshire.
She continued to work until her death, and in her final months wrote about how she lived with terminal cancer in her Daily Express column. A week before her death, she wrote:"I went to bed in a sulk and found myself riveted to a documentary about Thalidomide 40 years on. The drug was given to pregnant women to stop morning sickness. The tragic outcome was that several hundred children were born without arms and legs – and I think I've got problems ... Many have developed successful careers. . . One's a club entertainer who brought the house down when he boasted about getting to the front of the queue at Homebase on a Bank Holiday weekend with his mobility sticker. It's wonderful to see barriers broken down about disability through laughter. It brought me back to realising how lucky I am."
External links
Broadcaster Pattie Coldwell dies, BBC, 18 October 2002.
Pattie Coldwell: Courageous crusader, BBC, 18 October 2002.
Obituary, The Times, 19 October 2002, subscription required.
Obituary, The Guardian, 31 October 2002.
Pattie Coldwell obituary, The Independent, 19 October 2002.
References
1952 births
2002 deaths
British reporters and correspondents
Deaths from brain cancer in England
English television presenters
People from Clitheroe
People educated at Clitheroe Royal Grammar School
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamh%20Briggs
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Niamh Briggs
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Niamh Briggs (born 30 September 1984) is a former Ireland women's rugby union international. She represented Ireland at the 2010 and 2014 Women's Rugby World Cups. She was also a member of the Ireland teams that won the 2013 and 2015 Women's Six Nations Championships. Briggs was a member of the first Ireland teams to defeat , and . She was captain of the Ireland team when they won the 2015 Six Nations title and was the top points scorer during both the 2013 and 2015 Six Nations championships. Briggs is also an Ireland women's rugby sevens international and has also played senior ladies' Gaelic football for . Briggs is a Garda Síochána officer based in Limerick.
Early years, family and education
Briggs grew up in the Abbeyside, Ballinacourty and Dungarvan areas of County Waterford. She is the daughter of Geraldine and Michael Briggs. Her mother is a nurse and her father worked in the pharmaceutical industry. She was raised in a sporting family. Her brothers, Shane and Liam, both played Gaelic football for Waterford. Shane captained the senior team. Her sister Roisin also represented Munster at field hockey. In her youth Briggs played field hockey and Gaelic football as well as entering athletics competitions. She completed her secondary level education at St Augustine's College, Dungarvan and sat for her Leaving Cert in 2003. Between 2004 and 2008 she attended the Waterford Institute of Technology where she gained a BA in Exercise and Health Studies. As of 2018–19 Briggs is attending the University of Limerick where she is studying Sports Psychology.
Ladies' Gaelic football
Clubs
Briggs played ladies' Gaelic football at club level for Old Parish.
Inter-County
Briggs played for at senior inter-county level. In 2005 she played in the Munster Senior Championship final against at Páirc Uí Rinn. On 9 July 2009 Briggs scored 2–3, including a 30-metre point, as she helped Waterford defeat 2–14 to 2–10 as they won the Munster Intermediate Championship final. In 2010 she played for Waterford in two further Intermediate finals. On 3 July she played in the Munster Intermediate Championship final as Waterford defeated . On 26 September she also played for Waterford in the 2010 All-Ireland Intermediate Ladies' Football Championship final. Waterford played a team that included Briggs' Ireland women's rugby union international teammate, Nora Stapleton.
Rugby union
Clubs
Briggs first began playing women's rugby union while attending Waterford Institute of Technology. She subsequently played ten-a-side with Dungarvan before making the move in 2008 to the senior game with Clonmel. In 2010 she joined UL Bohemians after transferring to Limerick with the Garda Síochána.
Munster
Briggs has played for Munster in the IRFU Women's Interprovincial Series. She was recruited by Munster in 2007 after being spotted playing tag rugby by then Munster U21 manager, Kate McCarthy. She was subsequently a prominent member of the Munster teams that won the Interpro title in the 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012. In 2015 she was named captain of the Munster team.
Ireland international
Briggs made her debut for on 1 February 2008 against . Briggs subsequently represented Ireland at the 2010 and 2014 Women's Rugby World Cups. She was also a member of the Ireland teams that won the 2013 and 2015 Women's Six Nations Championships.
During the 2009 Women's Six Nations Championship, Briggs was a member first Ireland team to defeat . In 2013 Briggs was a prominent member of the Ireland team that won their first ever Six Nations, Grand Slam and Triple Crown titles. Briggs scored three tries and kicked 28 points and finished the championship as the top points scorer with 43. This included a try, a conversion and a penalty as Ireland defeated 25–0 on 9 February. This was Ireland's first ever win against England. Ireland secured the Grand Slam and with a 6–3 away win against Italy on Saint Patrick's Day. Two penalties from Briggs gave Ireland their fifth win in a row. Briggs was subsequently named the Guinness Rugby Writers of Ireland Women's Player of the Year for 2013.
At the 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup she was a member of the first Ireland team to defeat . She scored two conversions and a penalty and set up a try for Alison Miller as Ireland won 17–14 She was named to the tournament Dream Team.
Briggs was later named the Ireland Women's Player of the Year for a second successive year. Briggs captained the Ireland team that won the 2015 Women's Six Nations Championship and again finished the championship as the top points scorer, this time with 49.
Briggs did not feature in the 2017 Six Nations due to a hamstring injury. She recovered from this injury and was initially included in the 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup squad. However she then had to withdraw from this squad because of an Achilles tendon injury. Briggs returned to the national team for the 2018 Six Nations.
Briggs has played for the Ireland women's national rugby sevens team in several tournaments, including the 2013 European Women's Sevens Grand Prix Series and the Kazan Tournament during the 2016 Rugby Europe Women's Sevens Grand Prix Series.
Garda Síochána officer
Briggs is a Community Garda Síochána officer based at Roxboro Road Garda Station in Limerick. She graduated from Garda Síochána College in 2010. In her role as a community officer, she has regularly organised rugby union and association football training sessions at Garryowen Football Club for children from local housing estates. In both 2013 and 2015 Briggs received the Coiste Siamsa award. The award is presented to Gardaí who have achieved success in their chosen sports and is presented by the Garda Commissioner. In 2013 she received she received the award from Martin Callinan and in 2015 she received it from Nóirín O'Sullivan.
Honours
Rugby union
Ireland
Women's Six Nations Championship
Winners: 2013, 2015
Grand Slam
Winners: 2013
Triple Crown
Winners: 2013, 2015
Munster
IRFU Women's Interprovincial Series
Winners: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012: 5
Individual
Guinness Rugby Writers of Ireland Women's Player of the Year Award
2013, 2014
Coiste Siamsa Award
2013, 2015
Ireland Sevens
Rugby Europe Women's Sevens Championships Plate
Winners: 2013
Gaelic football
All-Ireland Intermediate Ladies' Football Championship
Runners up: 2010
Munster Intermediate Ladies' Football Championship
Winners: 2009, 2010
Munster Senior Ladies' Football Championship
Runners up: 2005
References
1984 births
Living people
Alumni of Waterford Institute of Technology
Alumni of Garda Síochána College
Alumni of the University of Limerick
Garda Síochána officers
People from Dungarvan
Irish female rugby union players
Ireland women's international rugby union players
Ireland international women's rugby sevens players
Munster Rugby women's players
UL Bohemians R.F.C. players
Rugby union fullbacks
Rugby union players from County Waterford
Ladies' Gaelic footballers who switched code
Waterford inter-county ladies' footballers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable%20transport
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Cable transport
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Cable transport is a broad class of transport modes that have cables. They transport passengers and goods, often in vehicles called cable cars. The cable may be driven or passive, and items may be moved by pulling, sliding, sailing, or by drives within the object being moved on cableways. The use of pulleys and balancing of loads moving up and down are common elements of cable transport. They are often used in mountainous areas where cable haulage can overcome large differences in elevation.
Common modes of cable transport
Aerial transport
Forms of cable transport in which one or more cables are strung between supports of various forms and cars are suspended from thes cables.
Aerial tramway
Chairlift
Funitel
Gondola lift
Ski lift
Zip line
Cable railways
Forms of cable transport where cars on rails are hauled by cables. The rails are usually steeply inclined and usually at ground level.
Cable car
Funicular
Other
Other forms of cable-hauled transport.
Cable ferry
Surface lift
Elevator
History
Rope-drawn transport dates back to 250 BC as evidenced by illustrations of aerial ropeway transportation systems in South China.
Early aerial tramways
The first recorded mechanical ropeway was by Venetian Fausto Veranzio who designed a bi-cable passenger ropeway in 1616. The industry generally considers Dutchman Adam Wybe to have built the first operational system in 1644. The technology, which was further developed by the people living in the Alpine regions of Europe, progressed and expanded with the advent of wire rope and electric drive.
The first use of wire rope for aerial tramways is disputed. American inventor Peter Cooper is one early claimant, constructing an aerial tramway using wire rope in Baltimore 1832, to move landfill materials. Though there is only partial evidence for the claimed 1832 tramway, Cooper was involved in many of such tramways built in the 1850s, and in 1853 he built a two-mile-long tramway to transport iron ore to his blast furnaces at Ringwood, New Jersey.
World War I motivated extensive use of military tramways for warfare between Italy and Austria.
During the industrial revolution, new forms of cable-hauled transportation systems were created including the use of steel cable to allow for greater load support and larger systems. Aerial tramways were first used for commercial passenger haulage in the 1900s.
The first cable railways
The earliest form of cable railway was the gravity incline, which in its simplest form consists of two parallel tracks laid on a steep gradient, with a single rope wound around a winding drum and connecting the trains of wagons on the tracks. Loaded wagons at the top of the incline are lowered down, their weight hauling empty wagons from the bottom. The winding drum has a brake to control the rate of travel of the wagons. The first use of a gravity incline isn't recorded, but the Llandegai Tramway at Bangor in North Wales was opened in 1798, and is one of the earliest examples using iron rails.
The first cable-hauled street railway was the London and Blackwall Railway, built in 1840, which used fibre to grip the haulage rope. This caused a series of technical and safety issues, which led to the adoption of steam locomotives by 1848.
The first Funicular railway was opened in Lyon in 1862.
The Westside and Yonkers Patent Railway Company developed a cable-hauled elevated railway. This 3½ mile long line was proposed in 1866 and opened in 1868. It operated as a cable railway until 1871 when it was converted to use steam locomotives.
The next development of the cable car came in California. Andrew Hallidie, a Scottish emigre, gave San Francisco the first effective and commercially successful route, using steel cables, opening the Clay Street Hill Railroad on August 2, 1873. Hallidie was a manufacturer of steel cables. The system featured a human-operated grip, which was able to start and stop the car safely. The rope that was used allowed the multiple, independent cars to run on one line, and soon Hallidie's concept was extended to multiple lines in San Francisco.
The first cable railway outside the United Kingdom and the United States was the Roslyn Tramway, which opened in 1881, in Dunedin, New Zealand. America remained the country that made the greatest use of cable railways; by 1890 more than 500 miles of cable-hauled track had been laid, carrying over 1,000,000 passengers per year. However, in 1890, electric tramways exceeded the cable hauled tramways in mileage, efficiency and speed.
Early ski lifts
The first surface lift was built in 1908 by German Robert Winterhalder in Schollach/Eisenbach, Hochschwarzwald and started operations February 14, 1908.
A steam-powered toboggan tow, in length, was built in Truckee, California, in 1910. The first skier-specific tow in North America was apparently installed in 1933 by Alec Foster at Shawbridge in the Laurentians outside Montreal, Quebec.
The modern J-bar and T-bar mechanism was invented in 1934 by the Swiss engineer Ernst Constam, with the first lift installed in Davos, Switzerland.
The first chairlift was developed by James Curran in 1936. The co-owner of the Union Pacific Railroad, William Averell Harriman owned America's first ski resort, Sun Valley, Idaho. He asked his design office to tackle the problem of lifting skiers to the top of the resort. Curran, a Union Pacific bridge designer, adapted a cable hoist he had designed for loading bananas in Honduras to create the first ski lift.
More recent developments
More recent developments are being classified under the type of track that their design is based upon. After the success of this operation, several other projects were initiated in New Zealand and Chicago. The social climate around pollution is allowing for a shift from cars back to the utilization of cable transport due to their advantages. However, for many years they were a niche form of transportation used primarily in difficult-to-operate conditions for cars (such as on ski slopes as lifts). Now that cable transport projects (CTP) are on the increase, the social effects are beginning to become more significant.
In 2018 the highest 3S cablecar has been inaugurated in Zermatt, Switzerland after more than two years of construction. This cablecar is also called the "Matterhorn Glacier ride" and it allows passengers to reach the top of the Klein Matterhorn mountain. (3383m)
Social effects
Comparison with other transport types
When compared to trains and cars, the volume of people to transport over time and the start-up cost of the project must be a consideration. In areas with extensive road networks, personal vehicles offer greater flexibility and range. Remote places like mountainous regions and ski slopes may be difficult to link with roads, making cable transport project a much easier approach. A cable transport project system may also need fewer invasive changes to the local environment.
The use of Cable Transport is not limited to such rural locations as skiing resorts; it can be used in urban development areas. Their uses in urban areas include funicular railways, gondola lifts, and aerial tramways.
Safety
Accidents
A cable car accident in Cavalese, Italy, on 9 March 1976 is considered the worst aerial lift accident in history. The car crashed off the rails and fell 200 meters down a mountainside, also crashing through a grassy meadow before coming to a halt. The tragedy caused the death of 43 people, and four lift officials were jailed for charges regarding the accident.
On April 15, 1978, a cable car at Squaw Valley Ski Resort in California came off of one of its cables, dropping 75 feet (23 m) and violently bouncing up. It collided with a cable which sheared through the car. Four people were killed and 31 injured.
On February 3, 1998, twenty people died in Cavalese, Italy, when a United States Marine Corps EA-6B Prowler aircraft, while flying too low, against regulations, cut a cable supporting a gondola of an aerial tramway. Those killed, 19 passengers and one operator, were eight Germans, five Belgians, three Italians, two Poles, one Austrian, and one Dutch. The United States refused to have the four Marines tried under Italian law and later court-martialed two of them with minimal charges in their country.
The Kaprun disaster was a fire that occurred in an ascending train in the tunnel of the Gletscherbahn Kaprun 2 funicular in Kaprun, Austria, on 11 November 2000. The disaster claimed the lives of 155 people, leaving 12 survivors (10 Germans and two Austrians) from the burning train. It is one of the worst cable car accidents in history.
A cable car derailed and crashed to the ground in the Nevis Range, near Fort William, Scotland, on 13 July 2006, seriously injuring all five passengers. Another car on the same rail also slid back down the rails when the crash happened. Following the incident, 50 people were left stranded at the station whilst the staff and aid helped the passengers of the crashed car.
On Wednesday 25 July 2012, passengers of the Emirates Airline were stuck 90 meters in the air when a power failure caused the gondola to stop over the River Thames. The fault happened at 11:45am and lasted for about 30 minutes. No passengers were injured, but this was the first problem to ever hit the Emirates Airline.
References
Further reading
External links
Melbourne's cable trams on YouTube
San Francisco's Cable Cars & Motor Cars; 1900-1940s – with 1906 Earthquake on YouTube
Transport
Transport by mode
Sustainable transport
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Astronaut%20Wives%20Club%20%28book%29
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The Astronaut Wives Club (book)
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The Astronaut Wives Club is a 2013 New York Times Bestselling book by the American author Lily Koppel based on the experiences of the Astronaut Wives Club, who were wives of US astronauts. It was first published on June 11, 2013, by the Hachette Book Group and provided the basis for the 2015 television series, The Astronaut Wives Club.
Summary
The book centers on the personal lives of the wives of the Mercury Seven astronauts who piloted the six crewed space flights of Project Mercury between May 1961 and May 1963. The women were frequently the focus of public attention and also came into contact with influential people such as Jackie Kennedy. This rise to celebrity status would take its toll on these women and they ended up turning to each other for solace, calling themselves the Astronaut Wives Club. As a result, they formed the Astronaut Wives Club and met regularly to discuss their daily lives and issues that only the others would truly understand.
Background
Some of the subject matter of the book was previously told in Tom Wolfe's classic 1979 novel The Right Stuff and the 1983 Oscar-winning movie based on it.
Reception
The Washington Post praised the work commenting that its anecdotes "fill this breezy and entertaining book, which — like the women themselves — takes pleasure in both playing up and defying the stereotypes of the time". Dallas News also praised the work, saying, "Koppel has done an impressive job of research and writing."
References
External links
Novels set in the 1960s
2013 non-fiction books
American history books
Feminist books
Non-fiction books adapted into television shows
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15460724
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Quebec%20students%27%20associations
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List of Quebec students' associations
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This is a list of students' associations in Quebec, Canada.
Federations
Fédération étudiante collégiale du Québec (FECQ)
Union étudiante du Québec (UEQ)
Universities
CEGEPs
Association générale étudiante de Bois-de-Boulogne (AGEBdeB)
Société générale des étudiantes et étudiants du Collège de Maisonneuve (SOGEECOM)
Dawson Student Union (Syndicat des étudiantes et étudiants du Collège Dawson)
Vanier College Students' Association (Association des Étudiantes et Étudiants du College Vanier; VCSA)
See also
List of Canadian students' associations
Quebec
Students' associations
Students' associations
Students' associations
Canada education-related lists
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1202747
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20salmon
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Atlantic salmon
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The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. It is the 3rd largest of the Salmonidae, behind Siberian Taimen and Pacific Chinook Salmon, growing up to a meter in length. Atlantic salmon are found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and in rivers that flow into this ocean. Most populations of this fish species are anadromous, hatching in streams and rivers but moving out to sea as they grow where they mature, after which the adult fish seasonally move upstream again to spawn.
When the mature fish re-enter rivers to spawn, they change in colour and appearance. Some populations of this fish only migrate to large lakes, and are "landlocked", spending their entire lives in freshwater. Such populations are found throughout the range of the species. Unlike Pacific species of salmon, S. salar is iteroparous, which means it can survive spawning and return to sea to repeat the process again in another year -such individuals can grow to extremely large sizes, although they are rare. The different life stages of the fish are known by many different names in English: alevin, fry, parr and smolt.
Atlantic salmon is considered a very healthy food and one of the fish with a more refined taste in many cultures. As such it features in numerous popular traditional cuisines and can fetch a higher price than some other fish. It has thus long been the target of recreational and commercial fishing, and this, as well as habitat destruction, has impacted the population in some areas. As a result, the species is the subject of conservation efforts in several countries, which appear to have been somewhat successful since the 2000s. Techniques to farm this species using aquacultural methods have also been developed, and at present it is farmed in great numbers in many places around the world. Although this is now a viable alternative to wild-caught fish, farming methods have attracted criticism from environmentalists.
Nomenclature
The Atlantic salmon was given its scientific binomial name by Swedish zoologist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The name, Salmo salar, derives from the Latin salmo, meaning salmon, and salar, meaning leaper, according to M. Barton, but more likely meaning "resident of salt water" . Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1879) translates salar as a kind of trout from its use in the Idylls of the poet Ausonius (4th century CE). Later, the differently coloured smolts were found to be the same species.
Other names used for the Atlantic salmon are: bay salmon, black salmon, caplin-scull salmon, fiddler, sebago salmon, silver salmon, outside salmon and winnish. At different points in their maturation and life cycle, they are known as parr, smolt, grilse, grilt, kelt, slink, and spring salmon. Atlantic salmon that do not journey to sea are known as landlocked salmon (or in North America).
Description
Atlantic salmon are the largest species in their genus, Salmo. After two years at sea, the fish average in length and in weight. But specimens that spend four or more winters feeding at sea can be much larger. An Atlantic salmon netted in 1960 in Scotland, in the estuary of the river Hope, weighed , the heaviest recorded in all available literature. Another netted in 1925 in Norway measured in length, the longest Atlantic salmon on record.
The colouration of young Atlantic salmon does not resemble the adult stage. While they live in fresh water, they have blue and red spots. At maturity, they take on a silver-blue sheen. The easiest way of identifying them as an adult is by the black spots predominantly above the lateral line, though the caudal fin is usually unspotted. When they reproduce, males take on a slight green or red colouration. The salmon has a fusiform body, and well-developed teeth. All fins, except the adipose fin, are bordered with black.
Distribution and habitat
The natural breeding grounds of Atlantic salmon are rivers in Europe and the northeastern coast of North America. In Europe, Atlantic salmon are still found as far south as Spain, and as far north as Russia. Because of sport-fishing, some of the species' southern populations in northern Spain are growing smaller. The species distribution is easily influenced by changes in freshwater habitat and climate. Atlantic salmon are a cold-water fish species and are particularly sensitive to changes in water temperature.
The Housatonic River, and its Naugatuck River tributary, hosted the southernmost Atlantic salmon spawning runs in the United States. However, there is a 1609 account by Henry Hudson that Atlantic salmon once ran up the Hudson River. In addition, fish scale evidence dating to 10,000 years BP places Atlantic salmon in a coastal New Jersey pond.
Two publications from 1988 and 1996 questioned the notion that Atlantic salmon were prehistorically plentiful in New England, when the climate was warmer as it is now. This argument was primarily based on a paucity of bone data in archaeological sites relative to other fish species, and the assertion that historical claims of abundance may have been exaggerated. This argument was later challenged in another paper which claimed that lack of archaeological bone fragments could be explained by salmon bones being rare at sites that still have large salmon runs and that salmonid bones in general are poorly recovered relative to other fish species.
Atlantic salmon populations were significantly reduced in the United States following European settlement. The fur trade, timber harvesting, dams and mills and agriculture degraded freshwater habitats and lowered the carrying capacity of most North American streams. Beaver populations were trapped to near-extinction by 1800, and log drives and clear-cutting further exacerbated stream erosion and habitat loss. As timber and fur gave way to agriculture, freshwater Atlantic salmon habitat was further compromised. According to historian D.W. Dunfield (1985) "over half of the historical Atlantic salmon runs had been lost in North America by 1850". As early as 1798, a bill for the preservation of Atlantic Salmon was introduced in Canadian Parliament, to protect populations in Lake Ontario. In the Gulf Region of Nova Scotia it was reported that 31 of the 33 Atlantic salmon streams were blocked off by lumber dams, leading to the extirpation of early-run fish in many watersheds. The inshore Atlantic salmon fishery became a major export of the New World, with major fishing operations establishing along the shores of major river systems. The southernmost populations were the first to disappear.
Young salmon spend one to four years in their natal river. When they are large enough (c. ), they smoltify, changing camouflage from stream-adapted with large, gray spots to sea-adapted with shiny sides. They also undergo some endocrinological changes to adapt to osmotic differences between fresh water and seawater habitat. When smoltification is complete, the parr (young fish) now begin to swim with the current instead of against it. With this behavioral change, the fish are now referred to as smolt. When the smolt reach the sea, they follow sea surface currents and feed on plankton or fry from other fish species such as herring. During their time at sea, they can sense the change in the Earth magnetic field through iron in their lateral line.
When they have had a year of good growth, they will move to the sea surface currents that transport them back to their natal river. It is a major misconception that salmon swim thousands of kilometres at sea; instead they surf through sea surface currents. It is possible they find their natal river by smell, although this is not confirmed; only 5% of Atlantic salmon go up the wrong river. The range of an individual Atlantic salmon can thus be the river where they are born and the sea surface currents that are connected to that river in a circular path.
Wild salmon continued to disappear from many rivers during the twentieth century due to overfishing and habitat change.
Ecology
Diet
Young salmon begin a feeding response within a few days. After the yolk sac is absorbed by the body, they begin to hunt. Juveniles start with tiny invertebrates, but as they mature, they may occasionally eat small fish. During this time, they hunt both in the substrate and in the current. Some have been known to eat salmon eggs. The most commonly eaten foods include caddisflies, blackflies, mayflies, and stoneflies.
As adults, the salmon prefer capelin as their meal of choice. Capelin are elongated silvery fish that grow up to long.
Behavior
Fry and parr have been said to be territorial, but evidence showing them to guard territories is inconclusive. While they may occasionally be aggressive towards each other, the social hierarchy is still unclear. Many have been found to school, especially when leaving the estuary.
Adult Atlantic salmon are considered much more aggressive than other salmon, and are more likely to attack other fish than others.
Life stages
Most Atlantic salmon follow an anadromous migration pattern, in that they undergo their greatest feeding and growth in saltwater; however, adults return to spawn in native freshwater streams where the eggs hatch and juveniles grow through several distinct stages.
Atlantic salmon do not require saltwater. Numerous examples of fully freshwater (i.e., "landlocked") populations of the species exist throughout the Northern Hemisphere, including a now extinct population in Lake Ontario, which have been shown in recent studies to have spent their entire life cycle in watershed of the lake. In North America, the landlocked strains are frequently known as ouananiche.
Freshwater phase
The freshwater phases of Atlantic salmon vary between two and eight years, according to river location. While the young in southern rivers, such as those to the English Channel, are only one year old when they leave, those further north, such as in Scottish rivers, can be over four years old, and in Ungava Bay, northern Quebec, smolts as old as eight years have been encountered.
The first phase is the alevin stage, when the fish stay in the breeding ground and use the remaining nutrients in their yolk sacs. During this developmental stage, their young gills develop and they become active hunters. Next is the fry stage, where the fish grow and subsequently leave the breeding ground in search of food. During this time, they move to areas with higher prey concentration. The final freshwater stage is when they develop into parr, in which they prepare for the trek to the Atlantic Ocean.
During these times, the Atlantic salmon are very susceptible to predation. Nearly 40% are eaten by trout alone. Other predators include other fish and birds. Egg and juvenile survival is dependent on habitat quality as Atlantic salmon are sensitive to ecological change.
Saltwater phases
When parr develop into smolt, they begin the trip to the ocean, which predominantly happens between March and June. Migration allows acclimation to the changing salinity. Once ready, young smolt leave, preferring an ebb tide.
Having left their natal streams, they experience a period of rapid growth during the one to four years they live in the ocean. Typically, Atlantic salmon migrate from their home streams to an area on the continental plate off West Greenland. During this time, they face predation from humans, seals, Greenland sharks, skate, cod, and halibut. Some dolphins have been noticed playing with dead salmon, but it is still unclear whether they consume them.
Once large enough, Atlantic salmon change into the grilse phase, when they become ready to return to the same freshwater tributary they departed from as smolts. After returning to their natal streams, the salmon will cease eating altogether prior to spawning. Although largely unknown, odor – the exact chemical signature of that stream – may play an important role in how salmon return to the area where they hatched. Once heavier than about 250 g, the fish no longer become prey for birds and many fish, although seals do prey upon them. Grey and common seals commonly eat Atlantic salmon. Survivability to this stage has been estimated at between 14 and 53%.
Breeding
Atlantic salmon breed in the rivers of Western Europe from northern Portugal north to Norway, Iceland, and Greenland, and the east coast of North America from Connecticut in the United States north to northern Labrador and Arctic Canada.
The species constructs a nest or "redd" in the gravel bed of a stream. The female creates a powerful downdraught of water with her tail near the gravel to excavate a depression. After she and a male fish have eggs and milt (sperm), respectively, upstream of the depression, the female again uses her tail, this time to shift gravel to cover the eggs and milt which have lodged in the depression.
Unlike the various Pacific salmon species which die after spawning (semelparous), the Atlantic salmon is iteroparous, which means the fish may recondition themselves and return to the sea to repeat the migration and spawning pattern several times, although most spawn only once or twice. Migration and spawning exact an enormous physiological toll on individuals, such that repeat spawners are the exception rather than the norm. Atlantic salmon show high diversity in age of maturity and may mature as parr, one- to five-sea-winter fish, and in rare instances, at older sea ages. This variety of ages can occur in the same population, constituting a 'bet hedging' strategy against variation in stream flows. So in a drought year, some fish of a given age will not return to spawn, allowing that generation other, wetter years in which to spawn.
Hybridization
When in shared breeding habitats, Atlantic salmon will hybridize with brown trout (Salmo trutta). Hybrids between Atlantic salmon and brown trout were detected in two of four watersheds studied in northern Spain. The proportions of hybrids in samples of salmon ranged from 0 to 7-7% but these proportions were not significantly homogeneous among locations, resulting in a mean hybridization rate of 2-3%. This is the highest rate of natural hybridization so far reported and is significantly greater than rates observed elsewhere in Europe.
Beaver impact
The decline in anadromous salmonid species over the last two to three centuries is correlated with the decline in the North American beaver and European beaver, although some fish and game departments continue to advocate removal of beaver dams as potential barriers to spawning runs. Migration of adult Atlantic salmon may be limited by beaver dams during periods of low stream flows, but the presence of juvenile salmon upstream of the dams suggests they are penetrated by parr. Downstream migration of Atlantic salmon smolts was similarly unaffected by beaver dams, even in periods of low flows.
In a 2003 study, Atlantic salmon and sea-run brown trout spawning in the Numedalslågen River and 51 of its tributaries in southeastern Norway was unhindered by beavers. In a restored, third-order stream in northern Nova Scotia, beaver dams generally posed no barrier to Atlantic salmon migration except in the smallest upstream reaches in years of low flow where pools were not deep enough to enable the fish to leap the dam or without a column of water over-topping the dam for the fish to swim up.
The importance of winter habitat to salmonids afforded by beaver ponds may be especially important in streams of northerly latitudes without deep pools where ice cover makes contact with the bottom of shallow streams. In addition, the up to eight-year-long residence time of juveniles in freshwater may make beaver-created permanent summer pools a crucial success factor for Atlantic salmon populations. In fact, two-year-old Atlantic salmon parr in beaver ponds in eastern Canada showed faster summer growth in length and mass and were in better condition than parr upstream or downstream from the pond.
Relationship to humans
Atlantic salmon is a popular fish for human consumption and is commonly sold fresh, canned, or frozen.
Wood and stone weirs along streams and ponds were used for millennia to harvest salmon in the rivers of New England. European fishermen gillnetted for Atlantic salmon in rivers using hand-made nets for many centuries and gillnetting was also used in early colonial America.
In its natal streams, Atlantic salmon are considered prized recreational fish, pursued by fly anglers during its annual runs. At one time, the species supported an important commercial fishery, but having become endangered throughout its range globally, wild-caught Atlantic salmon are now virtually absent from the market. Instead, nearly all are from aquaculture farms, predominantly in Norway, Chile, Canada, the UK, Ireland, Faroe Islands, Russia and Tasmania in Australia.
Aquaculture
Adult male and female fish are anaesthetised; their eggs and sperm are "stripped" after the fish are cleaned and cloth dried. Sperm and eggs are mixed, washed, and placed into freshwater. Adults recover in flowing, clean, well-aerated water. Some researchers have even studied cryopreservation of their eggs.
Fry are generally reared in large freshwater tanks for 12 to 20 months. Once the fish have reached the smolt phase, they are taken out to sea, where they are held for up to two years. During this time, the fish grow and mature in large cages off the coasts of Canada, the US, or parts of Europe.
There are many different commercially available cage designs built to operate in a wide variety of aquatic conditions. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) cages are widely used, with HDPE pipes forming a floating collar ring onto which the fish net pen is secured and suspended in the water below.
Advancements in cage technologies have allowed for reduction in fish escapes, improvement in growing conditions, and maximization of aquaculture production volume per unit area of growing space.
Controversy
Farmed Atlantic salmon are known to occasionally escape from cages and enter the habitat of wild populations. Interbreeding between escaped farm fish and wild fish decreases genetic diversity and introduces "the potential to genetically alter native populations, reduce local adaptation and negatively affect population viability and character". A study in 2000 demonstrated that the genes of farmed Atlantic salmon intrude wild populations mainly through wild males breeding with farmed females, though farmed specimens showed reduced capacity for breeding success overall compared to their wild counterparts. Further study in 2018 discovered extensive cross-breeding of wild and farmed Atlantic salmon in the Northwest Atlantic, showing that 27.1% of fish in 17 out of 18 rivers examined are artificially stocked or hybrids. Farming of Atlantic salmon in open cages at sea has also been linked, at least in part, to a decline in wild stocks attributed to the passing of parasites from farmed to wild individuals.
On the west coast of the United States and Canada, aquaculturists are generally under scrutiny to ensure that non-native Atlantic salmon cannot escape from their open-net pens, however occasional incidents of escape have been documented. During one incident in 2017, for example, up to 300,000 potentially invasive Atlantic salmon escaped a farm among the San Juan Islands in Puget Sound, Washington. Washington went on in 2019 to implement a gradual phase out of salmon farming to be completed by 2025.
Despite being the source of considerable controversy, the likelihood of escaped Atlantic salmon establishing an invasive presence in the Pacific Northwest is considered minimal, largely because a number of 20th century efforts aimed at deliberately introducing them to the region were ultimately unsuccessful. From 1905 until 1935, for example, in excess of 8.6 million Atlantic salmon of various life stages (predominantly advanced fry) were intentionally introduced to more than 60 individual British Columbia lakes and streams. Historical records indicate, in a few instances, mature sea-run Atlantic salmon were captured in the Cowichan River; however, a self-sustaining population never materialized. Similarly unsuccessful results were realized after deliberate attempts at introduction by Washington as late as the 1980s. Consequently, environmental assessments by the US National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and the BC Environmental Assessment Office have concluded the potential risk of Atlantic salmon colonization in the Pacific Northwest is low.
Future prospects
A study of Næve et al. (2022) estimated the impact of 50 years of genetic selection and tried to predict the impact it could have until 2050. In order to do this, a common garden experiment was used to model and simulate past and future effects for 11 generations of genetic selection of increased growth rate in Atlantic salmon. To model the contribution that breeding has made in the industry from generation 0 (harvested in 1975– 1978) to generation 11 (harvested in 2017 – 2019), and to simulate growth until 2050 (generation 24), the Norwegian salmon aquaculture production between 2016 and 2019 was used as a base case. The simulation of the expected growth until 2050 (generation 24) gave five different scenarios : Historical (H1), Forecast 1 (F1), Forecast 2 (F2), Forecast 3 (F3) and Forecast 4 (F4). Changes in thermal growth coefficient (TGC) per generation were used in the model to simulate the differences in the five scenarios. The genetic data, H1, and the most conservative forecast scenario, F1, simulate what can be expected in 2050 if the trend from generation 0 through 11 is maintained. The following forecast scenarios assume a greater increase in genetic growth with a larger increase in the TGC in the generations to come. In the next two generations, more advanced selection methods such as marker assisted selection (from generation 10) and genomic selection (from generation 11) were implemented. This resulted in increased gain in selection for growth and simulated F2 and F3. The most progressive scenario, F4, aimed at exploring the effect in the industry when the full genetic potential is utilized. This assumes a further development of advanced techniques in the years to come.
The authors of the article found that the daily yield of the biomass increased with increasing generations in the historic and forecast scenarios. Further, the production time in seawater to reach the harvest weight of 5100 g is expected to be reduced by 53% in 2050. When production time can be reduced, this will also reduce e.g. time at risk of diseases. In the most progressive scenario, mortality in seawater was expected to be reduced by up to 50%. Further, the authors found that production per license can increase by up to 121%. Additionally, 77% of the new volume needed to achieve five million tonnes in 2050, may be provided by genomic selection. However, one should keep in mind that this article was published by the firm Aquagen, and can possibly be biased and too optimistic.
Conservation
The IUCN rates this as a common species with a conservation status of "least concern", however it has been 25 years since the IUCN has released this status. A more recent regional assessment revealed that the European population of this species is vulnerable, and this might be the same or a similar status globally. Location-specific assessments have shown population declines across parts of the Atlantic Salmon's natural range, with populations along the coast of Maine and the Inner Bay of Fundy now listed as "endangered" under the Endangered Species Act, and the Canadian Species at Risk Act, respectively.
Human activities have impacted salmon populations across parts of its range. The major threats are from overfishing and habitat change. Salmon decline in Lake Ontario goes back to the 18th–19th centuries, due to logging and soil erosion, as well as dam and mill construction. By 1896, the species was declared extirpated from the lake.
In the 1950s, salmon from rivers in the United States and Canada, as well as from Europe, were discovered to gather in the sea around Greenland and the Faroe Islands. A commercial fishing industry was established, taking salmon using drift nets. After an initial series of record annual catches, the numbers crashed; between 1979 and 1990, catches fell from four million to 700,000.
Beginning around 1990, the rates of Atlantic salmon mortality at sea more than doubled in the western Atlantic. Rivers of the coast of Maine, southern New Brunswick and much of mainland Nova Scotia saw runs drop precipitously, and even disappear. An international effort to study the increased mortality rate was organized by the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization. In 2000 the numbers of Atlantic salmon dropped to very low levels in Newfoundland, Canada. In 2007 at least one sport fishing organization from Iceland and Scandinavia blamed less fish caught by recreational anglers on overfishing at sea, and thus created the North Atlantic Salmon Fund to buy commercial quotas in the Atlantic from commercial fishermen in an effort to preserve wild Salmo salar stocks.
Possibly because of improvements in ocean feeding grounds, returns in 2008 were very positive. On the Penobscot River in Maine, returns were about 940 in 2007, and by mid-July 2008, the return was 1,938. Similar stories were reported in rivers from Newfoundland to Quebec. In 2011, more than 3,100 salmon returned to the Penobscot, the most since 1986, and nearly 200 ascended the Narraguagus River, up from the low two digits just a decade before.
Recreational fishing of Atlantic salmon is now authorized in much of the US and Canada where it occurs in large numbers, but this is subject to regulations in many states or provinces which are designed to maintain the continuity of the species. Strict catch limits, catch and release practices and forced fly fishing are examples of those regulations. However, catch and release angling can be an additional stressor on Atlantic salmon populations, especially when its impacts are combined with the existing pressures of climate change, overfishing, and predation.
Restoration efforts
Around the North Atlantic, efforts to restore salmon to their native habitats are underway, with slow progress. Habitat restoration and protection are key to this process, but issues of excessive harvest and competition with farmed and escaped salmon are also primary considerations. In the Great Lakes, Atlantic salmon have been reintroduced, but the percentage of salmon reproducing naturally is very low. Most areas are re-stocked annually. Since the extirpation of Atlantic salmon from Lake Ontario in the late 19th century, the state of New York has stocked its adjoining rivers and tributaries, and in many cases does not allow active fishing.
The province of Ontario started the Atlantic Salmon Restoration Program in 2006, which is one of the largest freshwater conservation programs in North America. It has since stocked Lake Ontario and surrounding tributaries with upwards of 6,000,000 young Atlantic salmon, with efforts growing each year. In New England, many efforts are underway to restore salmon to the region by knocking down obsolete dams and updating others with fish ladders and other techniques that have proven effective in the West with Pacific salmon. There is some success thus far, with populations growing in the Penobscot and Connecticut Rivers. Lake Champlain now has Atlantic salmon. The Atlantic Salmon Federation is involved in restoration efforts along the eastern United States and Canada, where their projects are focused on removing barriers to fish passage and eradicating invasive species.
Recent documented successes in the reintroduction of Atlantic salmon include the following:
In October 2007, salmon were video-recorded running in Toronto's Humber River by the Old Mill.
A migrating salmon was observed in Ontario's Credit River in November 2007.
As of 2013, there has been some success in establishing Atlantic salmon in Fish Creek, a tributary of Oneida Lake in central New York.
In November 2015, salmon nests were observed in Connecticut in the Farmington River, a tributary of the Connecticut River where Atlantic salmon had not been observed spawning since "probably the Revolutionary War". However, both state and federal experts indicated that this find likely represented a dwindling wave of returning stocked fish from massive salmon restoration efforts that had concluded years earlier in 2012. Significant doubt was cast on fish returning to spawn in meaningful numbers after 2017, when the last generation of stocked salmon would return.
NASCO
The North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization is an international council made up of Canada, the European Union, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, and the United States, with its headquarters in Edinburgh. It was established in 1983 to help protect Atlantic salmon stocks, through the cooperation between nations. They work to restore habitat and promote conservation of the salmon. In December 2021, NASCO published an updated interactive map of their Rivers Database, showing the stock status of wild Atlantic salmon populations across the species range.
Legislation
England and Wales
Edward I instituted a penalty for collecting salmon during certain times of the year. His son Edward II continued, regulating the construction of weirs. Enforcement was overseen by those appointed by the justices of the peace. Because of confusing laws and the appointed conservators having little power, most laws were barely enforced.
Based on this, a royal commission was appointed in 1860 to thoroughly investigate the Atlantic salmon and the laws governing the species, resulting in the 1861 Salmon Fisheries Act. The act placed enforcement of the laws under the Home Office's control, but it was later transferred to the Board of Trade, and then later to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Another act passed in 1865 imposed charges to fish and catch limits. It also caused the formation of local boards having jurisdiction over a certain river. The next significant act, passed in 1907, allowed the board to charge 'duties' to catch other freshwater fish, including trout.
Despite legislation, board effects decreased until, in 1948, the River Boards Act gave authority of all freshwater fish and the prevention of pollution to one board per river. In total, it created 32 boards. In 1974, the 32 boards, which by then were integrated into regional river authorities, were reduced to 10 regional water authorities (RWAs). Although only the Northumbrian Water Authority, Welsh National Water Development Authority, Northwest Water Authority and Southwest Water Authority had significant salmon populations, all ten also regulated and conserved trout and freshwater eel fisheries
The Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act was passed in 1975. Among other things, it regulated fishing licences, seasons, and size limits, and banned obstructing the salmon's migratory paths.
Scotland
Salmon was greatly valued in medieval Scotland, and various fishing methods, including the use of weirs, cruives, and nets, were used to catch the fish. Fishing for salmon was heavily regulated in order to conserve the resource. In 1318, King Robert I enacted legislation setting a minimum size for cruives, "so that no fry of fish are impeded from ascending and descending..." Laws on catching fish upon royal lands were frequently updated, demonstrating their importance. Because the fish were held in such high regard, poachers were severely punished; a person twice convicted of poaching salmon on a royal estate could be sentenced to death. The export of salmon was economically important in Aberdeen; beginning in the 15th century, the fish could be preserved through salting and barreling, allowing them to be exported abroad, including as far away as the Baltic. The volume of the early Scottish salmon trade is impossible to determine, since surviving custom records date only from the 1420 onward, and since Aberdeen burgesses enjoyed an exemption on salmon customs until the 1530s.
During the 15th century, many laws were passed; many regulated fishing times, and worked to ensure smolts could safely pass downstream. James III even closed a meal mill because of its history of killing fish attracted to the wheel.
More recent legislation has established commissioners who manage districts. Furthermore, the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act in 1951 required the Secretary of State be given data about the catches of salmon and trout to help establish catch limits.
United States
Commercial and recreational fishing of wild Atlantic salmon is prohibited in the United States. Several populations of Atlantic salmon are in serious decline, and are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Currently, runs of 11 rivers in Maine are on the list – Kennebec, Androscoggin, Penobscot, Sheepscot, Ducktrap, Cove Brook, Pleasant, Narraguagus, Machias, East Machias and Dennys. The Penobscot River is the "anchor river" for Atlantic salmon populations in the US. Returning fish in 2008 were around 2,000, more than double the 2007 return of 940.
Section 9 of the ESA makes it illegal to take an endangered species of fish or wildlife. The definition of "take" is to "harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct".
Canada
The federal government has prime responsibility for protecting the Atlantic salmon, but over the last generation, effort has continued to shift management as much as possible to provincial authorities through memoranda of understanding, for example. A new Atlantic salmon policy is in the works, and in the past three years, the government has attempted to pass a new version of the century-old Fisheries Act through Parliament.
Federal legislation regarding at-risk populations is weak. Inner Bay of Fundy Atlantic salmon runs were declared endangered in 2000. A recovery and action plan is in place.
Nongovernmental organizations, such as the Atlantic Salmon Federation, constantly demand for improvements in management, and for initiatives to be considered. For example, the ASF and the Nova Scotia Salmon Association desire the use of technology for mitigation of acid rain-affected rivers such as used in Norway is in 54 Nova Scotia rivers and managed to raise the funds to get a project in place in one river.
In Quebec, the daily catch limit for Atlantic salmon is dependent on the individual river. Some rivers are strictly catch and release with a limit of 3 released fish. Each catch must be declared. Some rivers allow you to keep between 1 or 2 grilse (30 cm to 63 cm), while some of the more prolific rivers (mainly on the north coast) will allow you to keep 1 salmon over 63 cm. The annual catch limit is 4 Atlantic salmon of small size and only 1 of those may be bigger than 63 cm.
In Lake Ontario, the historic populations of Atlantic salmon became extinct, and cross-national efforts have been under way to reintroduce the species, with some areas already having restocked naturally reproducing populations.
See also
AquAdvantage salmon, a genetically modified Atlantic salmon
Atlantic Salmon Federation
Salmon as food
Notes
References
Atlantic salmon NOAA FishWatch. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
External links
Groups and initiatives
official website of the Atlantic Salmon Conservation Foundation
official website of the Atlantic Salmon Trust
Profiles and documents
Species directory: Atlantic salmon - profile from the National Marine Fisheries Service of NOAA
Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) - profile in the Nonindigenous Aquatic Species database of the U.S. Geological Survey
Maine Atlantic Salmon Commission Documents, archive of documents of the Maine Atlantic Salmon Commission (which was abolished in 2010)
Invasive Species — Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) profile from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Atlantic salmon
Atlantic salmon
Freshwater fish of the Arctic
Cold water fish
Commercial fish
Freshwater fish of Europe
Fish of the Arctic Ocean
Fish of the North Atlantic
Fish of the Great Lakes
Fish of Greenland
Fauna of Atlantic Canada
Fauna of the Northeastern United States
Atlantic salmon
Atlantic salmon
| 0 | -1 |
37845570
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyama%2C%20British%20Columbia
|
Oyama, British Columbia
|
Oyama is a neighbourhood and formal ward located within the district municipality of Lake Country, which is located in the Okanagan region in British Columbia, Canada. It is located at the north end of Wood Lake and at the south end of Kalamalka Lake opposite BC Highway 97.
Name origin
Oyama is named after Japanese Field Marshal Ōyama Iwao in 1906 by the first post master Dr. W. H. Irvine.
Climate
Education
It is home to Oyama Traditional School, a public elementary school that is part of the School District 23 Central Okanagan, which is based in Kelowna.
References
Populated places in the Regional District of Central Okanagan
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Populated places in the Okanagan Country
| 0 | -1 |
36570898
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20at%20the%201971%20Southeast%20Asian%20Peninsular%20Games
|
Football at the 1971 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
|
The football tournament at the 1971 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games was held from 12 December to 18 December 1971 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Teams
Tournament
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
Semi-finals
Bronze medal match
Gold medal match
Winners
Medal winners
References
Southeast Asian Peninsular Games 1971 at RSSSF
SEAP Games 1971 at AFF official website
1971 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
Southeast
Football at the Southeast Asian Games
1971
1971 in Malaysian sport
| 1 | 1 |
40240159
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s%20My%20Kind%20of%20Night
|
That's My Kind of Night
|
"That's My Kind of Night" is a song written by Dallas Davidson, Chris DeStefano, and Ashley Gorley and recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan. It was released in August 2013 as the second single from his fourth studio album Crash My Party (2013).
The track has been successful commercially, with "That's My Kind of Night" helping Bryan set a record as the first male country music artist to top the Billboard's Hot Country Songs and Top Country Albums charts simultaneously.
Content and creation
In terms of the song's creation, co-songwriter Ashley Gorley has stated about working with Dallas Davidson and Chris DeStefano that:
The song is an up-tempo track in which the male narrator describes an ideal night with his lover.
Critical reception
The song received mixed to negative reviews from several critics. Billy Dukes of Taste of Country rated the song 2.5 stars out of 5, praising Bryan's performance of the song and describing the production of the song as "corny-cool." He also called it "an eye-roller from start to finish", but stated that "Bryan’s absolute commitment makes it tolerable, if not enjoyable in the right setting." Bob Paxman of Country Weekly gave the song a "C−" grade, saying that "it unfurls all the prerequisite clichés: jacked-up trucks, beer, getting your 'love on', and other assorted triteness", although he also said that it was "undeniably catchy and the record has some nice production touches, including the playful vocal." Ben Foster of Country Universe gave the song a "D−" grade, praising Bryan's vocal performance but added that "Unfortunately, it also has unabashedly dumb, mind-numbing lyrics that insult the history of the country genre and the intelligence of its fans, shamelessly recycling cliché after cliché right from the opening verse..."
In a September 2013 interview, Zac Brown stated that the song was "the worst song [he’s] ever heard." He later clarified on Twitter that he did not dislike Bryan as an artist. In Bryan's defense, artist Jason Aldean posted on Instagram, and one of the song's co-writers, Dallas Davidson, spoke out as well.
Music videos
Tour music video
The tour music video was directed by Michael Monaco and premiered in August 2013.
Official music video
The official music video for "That's My Kinda Night" was premiered on September 13, 2013 on ET Online. It was directed by Shaun Silva.
Commercial performance
"That's My Kind of Night" debuted at number 21 on the Billboard Country Airplay and number 40 on the Hot Country Songs charts dated of August 17, 2013. It also debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 19 on the Canadian Hot 100 charts dated of August 31, 2013.
It reached number one on the Hot Country Songs chart in its third week. The single was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA on May 20, 2014, and it reached its 2 million sales mark in the United States in June 2014. As of August 2015, the song has sold 2,492,000 copies in the US.
Bryan, with the help of "That's My Kind of Night", set a record in late 2013 as the first male country music artist to top Billboard's Hot Country Songs and Top Country Albums charts simultaneously.
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
References
2013 singles
Luke Bryan songs
Songs written by Dallas Davidson
Songs written by Chris DeStefano
Songs written by Ashley Gorley
Capitol Records Nashville singles
2013 songs
Music videos directed by Shaun Silva
| 1 | 1 |
19671325
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane%20Falkenhagen
|
Diane Falkenhagen
|
Diane Falkenhagen is an American artist, she is known as a metalsmith and creates mixed-media custom jewelry which incorporates two dimensional imagery. She is based in Texas.
Early life and education
In 1977, she received her B.F.A. degree from the University of North Texas and in 1981 she received her M.F.A. degree from the University of Houston. At University of Houston, she studied sculpture under James Surls and John Alexander.
Career
For more than three decades Diane Falkenhagen has been creating and exhibiting art jewelry. A native Texan, Falkenhagen lives and works on west Galveston Island.
Between 1992 and 1995, she lived in Brazil. Her time living in Brazil is reflected in her use of Latin American folklore in some of her art.
Falkenhagen’s jewelry is held in private collections and is exhibited all over the world. Some of her work had been featured in the publications American Craft, Metalsmith, Ornament, Southwest Art, The New York Times, and the books: Color on Metal, 500 Brooches and 500 Necklaces.
After Hurricane Ike in 2008 inundated her West Galveston island studio she received a CERF+ Emergency Grant and CERF+ Emergency Revovery Loan.
She is best known for her mixed media jewelry in which she transforms 2-D images into 3-D objects. The images serve the same purpose in the pieces as a gemstone would, drawing the viewer in and focusing their attention. Her images and inspiration come from art history, iconography, metaphor, and memory. She has also been inspired by the artist, Rene Magritte. One of her favorite forms of jewelry to create are brooches, "because there are fewer restrictions," and much of her work is done in series based on a central theme. Many of her brooches have a "narrative" where the jewelry is meant to convey part of a story. In some of her jewelry, she uses images of reproductions of paintings which she transfers onto polymer clay. The reproductions are further "enhanced" with colored pencils and then framed in various metal designs created by Falkenhagen. Falkenhagen also uses hard wax in her surface treatments of her transferred images.
Affiliations
In 1996, she was elected to the Board of Directors of the (SNAG). Falkenhagen began teaching jewelry-making as early as 1979 in Galveston.
She runs workshops and lectures around the country and is an assistant professor at the University of Houston. She is also a former member of the editorial advisory committee of Metalsmith magazine. She started teaching at Galveston College in 1981 and remained there till 1992, when she moved to Rio de Janeiro.
Her work was shown at Pittsburgh's Society for Contemporary Craft in Transforamtion 8: Contemporary Works in Small Metals in 2012.
References
External links
American women artists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of North Texas alumni
University of Houston alumni
American jewellers
People from Galveston, Texas
American jewelry designers
21st-century American women
Women jewellers
| 1 | 1 |
9748067
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dichi%20Hagiuda
|
Kōichi Hagiuda
|
is a Japanese politician serving as the Chairman of the Policy Research Council of the Liberal Democratic Party. He previously served as Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry from October 2021 to August 2022, and was Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary from 2015 to 2016 and Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology from 2019 to 2021.
Overview
Born and raised in Hachiōji, Hagiuda graduated from Waseda Jitsugyo High School, and Meiji University with a Bachelor of Commerce degree in 1987.
While still a university student, Hagiuda began working as an aide to Ryuichi Kurosu, a former member of the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly and Mayor of Hachiōji. In 1991, at the age of 27, Hagiuda won a seat in the Hachiōji City Assembly, becoming the youngest candidate ever to do so. He then ran successfully for a seat in the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly in 2002, serving part of one term. In 2004, he ran for a seat in the House of Representatives of Japan, and won. Hagiuda then won re-election in the 2005 general election by a large margin. He lost his seat in the 2009 general election, but won again in the 2012 general election and the 2014 general election.
Affiliated to the nationalist lobby Nippon Kaigi, Hagiuda is known as a conservative within the LDP, and is closely allied with former Prime Ministers Shinzō Abe and Yoshiro Mori. In October 2015, he became the Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary, serving in that position for a year. He belongs to the Abe faction (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyukai) of the LDP.
On 10 August 2022, Hagiuda was dismissed from the Second Kishida Cabinet because of ties to the Unification Church. His dismissal was part of a wider purge by the Kishida administration following the assassination of Shinzo Abe and increasing media scrutiny of LDP officials' close ties with the church. Hagiuda had previously denied any relation to the media but his statements were refuted by a Unification Church official who stated he was "like one of the family." The official stated that Hagiuda made regular visits to the Church's Hachioji office, making speeches there 1 to 2 times a month and regularly attending sunday barbecues and christmas parties.
Personal life
Hagiuda is married, and has one daughter and one son. His hobbies include sports such as baseball, rugby, and golf. He also enjoys watching movies, holding movie-viewing events annually in conjunction with his personal support group, or koenkai. His personal website also lists "trying new restaurants" as a hobby, calling him a "self-proclaimed gourmet", and also mentions his frequent enjoyment of after-meal ramen.
References
External links
Official website
|-
1963 births
Living people
People from Hachiōji, Tokyo
Members of the House of Representatives from Tokyo
Members of the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly
Japanese municipal councilors
Members of Nippon Kaigi
Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians
Meiji University alumni
21st-century Japanese politicians
Education ministers of Japan
Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan
| 1 | 1 |
5274733
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305%20Botola
|
2004–05 Botola
|
The "2004–05 Botola season" of the first division of Moroccan football.
Teams
CODM Meknès
Hassania Agadir
Raja Casablanca
Wydad Casablanca
Maghreb Fez
Jeunesse Massira
SCCM Mohammédia
Olympique Khouribga
AS Salé
FAR Rabat
IZK Khemisset
Olympique Safi
IR Tanger
Union Touarga
Mouloudia Oujda
Kawkab Marrakech
Final league standings
Teams that qualified for international competitions
CAF Champions League : FAR Rabat and Raja Casablanca
Arab Champions League : Raja Casablanca, Wydad Casablanca and Olympique Safi
CAF Confederation Cup : Olympique Khouribga
Top scorers
12 Goals
Mohamed Armoumen - FAR Rabat
11 Goals
Hicham Aboucherouane - Raja Casablanca
9 Goals
Didier Knippa - CODM Meknes
Soufiane Alloudi - Raja Casablanca
8 Goals
Hicham Jouiâa - Olympique Safi
7 Goals
Dlimi Laâroussi - Jeunesse Massira
Jaouad Ouaddouch - FAR Rabat
Amine Kabli - AS Salé
Osmane Diop - IR Tanger
Khalid Bakhouch - IZK Khemisset
Rachid Nourri - SCCM de Mohammédia
6 Goals
Youssef Mrabeh et Abdelali Boustani - Union de Touarga
Rafik Abdessamad - Olympique Khouribga
Mohamed Benchrifa - Widad Casablanca
Mohcine Mabrouk - Olympique Safi
Adil Lotfi - Kawkab Marrakech
External links
RSSSF competition overview
Botola seasons
Morocco
1
| 1 | 1 |
25376687
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVX%20Corporation
|
AVX Corporation
|
AVX Corporation is an American manufacturer of electronic components headquartered in Fountain Inn, South Carolina. It is the largest industrial employer in Horry County, South Carolina, with almost 1000 workers in Myrtle Beach and Conway. AVX has 9,900 employees and operates in the United States, Europe and Asia. AVX is a subsidiary of Kyocera Electronics Corporation.
2012 sales were $1.545 billion. Capital expenditure for the year 2010 was at a five-year low of $28.888 million 34.6% lower than the year before and sixty percent less than in 2008, earnings per share grew 78.7% even though total sales fell (although revenue grew with each successive quarter since April 2009)
As of October 1, 2021, the company changed their name to KYOCERA AVX Components Corporation and will use the KYOCERA AVX as the business brand.
Products
AVX has three business units. Passive Components includes electrical components for automotive braking, cell phones, copiers, hearing aids, and locomotives. KED Resale sells Kyocera products including ceramic and tantalum capacitors. Connectors are used in the automotive and medical industries.
Major customers of AVX include Motorola, Nokia and Robert Bosch GmbH.
Asia accounts for 45 percent of AVX sales.
History
AVX began in 1972 making ceramic capacitors as a subsidiary of Aerovox Corporation, a company founded in 1922 as Radiola Wireless Corporation, which made radios. In June 1973, AVX became the parent company when assets of Aerovox were sold. That same year, Marshall D. Butler, who played a major role in the company's growth, became chairman and CEO.
Butler cofounded Alloys Unlimited Inc. in 1957, which was sold to London-based Plessey Co. in 1970; Butler stayed for several years as president of the Plessey subsidiary. With his experience in the semiconductor field, Butler decided AVX should emphasize multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), used in the rapidly expanding integrated circuit field. Butler sold two other divisions and started a five-year plan. The company's $20 million investment and careful analysis of the market resulted in 1979 sales of $95 million and dominance of the market; the goal, based on 30 percent annual growth, had been $83 million.
AVX added operations in Europe, but moving into Japan proved more difficult because of Japan's protected home market. The company's license would not let it sell in Japan, but Kyocera Corporation could sell its products in the United States. Kyocera CEO Kazuo Inamori agreed with Butler that the situation needed to be changed, and Kyocera ended the unfair provision. In 1979 AVX started a Japanese subsidiary.
During the 1980s, growth continued, with 1984 sales reaching $234 million. But that year, it became clear that computer manufacturers had bought more capacitors than needed, and a slowdown began in the industry. AVX continued to grow through new product research and buying other companies. By the end of the decade sales reached $450 million.
In the late 1980s, the European operations of AVX represented one-fourth of sales. AVX wanted to manufacture parts for Kyocera, which had only 2 percent of its sales in Europe and hoped to increase that before the European Community made that more difficult. Inamori wanted to buy AVX rather than partner with the company. After a $267 million stock purchase, AVX has operated as part of Kyocera Corp. since January 18, 1990.
Butler retired as CEO in 1993 but remained on the board of directors. Benedict P. Rosen, an employee since the company's start, became the new CEO. By 1995, sales reached almost $1 billion after significant growth for personal computers and cell phones. At the same time, the automotive, home appliance and medical industries needed electronic components, and advanced electronic systems needed capacitors as well. AVX also sold Kyocera products worldwide and helped the company start operations in Mexico and Indonesia. Kyocera helped AVX start manufacturing connectors.
In 1995, Kyocera sold one-fourth of AVX for $557 million, which more than returned the company's investment in AVX, even though Kyocera still owned three-fourths of the company. AVX used the money to enter the connector business and increase its manufacturing of ceramic and tantalum capacitors.
The boom in the capacitor industry once again proved temporary, after customers bought more products than they needed. But in 1998, personal computers and cell phones contributed to more growth, as did newer electronics in cars. At the same time, material prices went up, and an Asian currency crisis added to AVX's troubles. Layoffs resulted, but by 2000 the company was doing well again, adding operations in El Salvador and the Czech Republic (Lanškroun).
By the end of fiscal 2001, AVX had 26 plants in 12 countries, 21,000 employees, and sales of $2.6 billion. But a recession put an end to the good times, and revenues dropped to $1.25 billion; employee numbers totalled 12,500. Production moved to the Czech Republic in the late 1990s and China from 2005 onwards.
The industry situation appeared to improve by 2004, though AVX still lost money.
In April 2009 the company decided to close a number of its smaller worldwide factories including its flagship manufacturing plant in Paignton, England following the credit crunch in an effort to reduce costs and remain financially viable for shareholders.
On December 3, 2009, AVX announced it would move corporate headquarters to Greenville, South Carolina, with about 150 jobs leaving the Myrtle Beach area. The company planned no change to manufacturing in Conway and Myrtle Beach.
In 2011, AVX announced plans to tear down the original Myrtle Beach plant built in 1949 and updated in 1985, with manufacturing operations continuing at a nearby location on the same land. The demolition took place in 2015.
Litigation
In 2007, Myrtle Beach property owners near the AVX plant filed suit, claiming trichloroethylene (TCE) used at the plant until the 1980s has polluted their neighborhood and lowered property values. Another lawsuit claimed the pollution had stopped a condominium development in the area. A consultant for one of the land owners, Horry Land Co., discovered the pollution in 2006 while doing environmental testing prior to development of a portion of the land. In 2009, AVX claimed Myrtle Beach Air Force Base caused at least part of the pollution, and the company added the Air Force to one of several lawsuits. A geologist for AVX claims the pollution could be cleaned up in five years and Horry Land is not entitled to compensation, while the consultant for Horry Land claims there is no way to tell how long cleanup will take, since AVX has been trying to clean up its own pollution for 28 years.
On February 22, 2010, U.S. District Court Judge Terry Wooten ruled that evidence in the Horry Land suit showed the plaintiffs were entitled to a trial. On February 23, 2011, the trial began in Florence, South Carolina. In May 2011, Wooten ruled that AVX caused the pollution, and county property records show that AVX purchased 21.5 acres of contaminated land for $4.6 million.
AVX appealed Wooten's 2011 decision on whether the Air Force should help with the cost of cleanup. S.C. DHEC stated in a March 13, 2012 letter that pollution in some areas came from AVX, but in one area another source was responsible. AVX argued that the government's expert, who said groundwater from the base flowed away from the polluted areas, was not qualified to testify about groundwater. The findings could influence an upcoming class-action lawsuit by property owners.
On October 25, 2012, The Sun News reported that a panel of federal appeals court judges had indicated that they would not overturn a lower court's ruling, thereby granting the electronics components manufacturer a new trial on its groundwater contamination case. AVX claimed that Wooten made a legal error in its 2011 trial by allowing an unqualified expert witness to testify.
On July 22, 2013, a jury was selected for the second of three lawsuits regarding pollution on land owned by JDS Development of Myrtle Beach LLC, which asked for damages and lost income from condominiums that were never built. AVX counters that the economic downturn caused the failure of the Southern Pines project, and blames the Air Force for part of the pollution. The suit was filed in 2008 and the trial was scheduled for 2012, but insufficient jurors led to a delay. The jury awarded $500,000 in actual damages and $250,000 in punitive damages to JDS, but AVX wanted that amount reduced to no more than $397,500, claiming JDS did not provide "expert testimony" to support its views, or evidence Southern Pines would have been a success.
On October 8, 2014, it was announced that AVX agreed to pay $1.2 million to the owners of 42 properties with TCE contamination. Property owners still needed to approve the settlement, which attorney Gene Connell called "reasonable." The agreement would mean the dismissal of a class-action suit filed nearly seven years earlier.
Documents filed August 5, 2015 show that property owners could sue AVX after a majority of the S.C. Supreme Court reversed a decision by Circuit Court Judge Benjamin Culbertson to dismiss their case. The ruling allows the determination of whether the facts of the case will result in a "stigma damages" policy.
References
External links
Company website
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Electronics companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in South Carolina
Kyocera
Companies based in Greenville, South Carolina
Electronics companies established in 1972
American companies established in 1972
Capacitor manufacturers
| 1 | 1 |
65882325
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff%20power%20stations
|
Cardiff power stations
|
The Cardiff power stations supplied electricity to the City of Cardiff and the surrounding area from 1894 to about 1970. The original power station was in Riverside; a larger replacement station was built in Roath in the 1902, initially to supply the tramway system. They were both owned and operated by Cardiff Corporation prior to the nationalisation of the British electricity supply industry in 1948. The Roath power station was redeveloped in the 1920s and 1940s to meet the increased demand for electricity.
History
In 1891 Cardiff Corporation applied for a Provisional Order under the Electric Lighting Acts to generate and supply electricity to the city. This was granted by the Board of Trade and was confirmed by Parliament through the Electric Lighting Orders Confirmation (No. 8) Act 1891 (54 & 55 Vict. c. civ). The original power station was built on Eldon Road, Riverside (at ) and it first supplied electricity in 1894. Further equipment was added to meet the rising demand for electricity; by the 1920s it had a generating capacity of 900 kW.
A larger power station was built in Roath (at ). This was initially intended to supply Cardiff Corporation Tramways from 1902; the tram depot was adjacent to the power station. The power station was expanded with new generating plant between 1922 and 1928 which was also known as the low pressure station. A high pressure plant was commissioned in 1942–43 bringing the generating capacity to 83 MW. The power station at Roath operated until about 1970.
Equipment specification
The initial installation of plant at the Eldon Road site in 1894 comprised triple expansion and compound condensing engines coupled directly to Siemens and Ferranti dynamos. The plant had a rating of 740 kW.
The station was supplied with coal via a siding off the nearby South Wales Mainline railway.
Cooling of condenser water was by a cooling pond west of the power station building.
By 1922 the plant at Eldon Road comprised boilers delivering 24,000 lb/h (3.02 kg/s) of steam to 3 × 300 kW reciprocating engines generating alternating current.
Plant in 1923
By 1923 the generating plant at the Roath station comprised:
Coal-fired boilers generating up to 241,000 lb/h (30.36 kg/s) of steam at 150 psi which was supplied to:
Generators:
2 × 300 kW reciprocating engines with DC generators (initial installation)
2 × 900 kW reciprocating engines with DC generators
1 × 1,000 kW reciprocating engine with AC generator
3 × 2,000 kW steam turbo-alternators AC (installed in 1909, 1914 and 1917)
1 × 5,000 kW steam turbo-alternators AC.
These machines gave a total generating capacity of 14,400 kW comprising 12,000 kW of alternating current (AC) plus 2,400 kW of direct current (DC).
Electricity supplies to consumers were:
6,600 Volts, 3-phase, 50 Hz AC
400 & 200 Volts, single phase, 40 Hz AC
400 & 200 Volts DC
550 Volts DC Traction current.
Plant in 1924–28
New plant was commissioned at Roath in 1924, 1925 and 1928. This comprised:
Boilers:
7 × Babcock & Wilcox 40,000 lb/h (5.04 kg/s) boilers, steam conditions 210 psi and 594°F (14.48 bar, 312°C), the boilers supplied steam to:
Generators:
3 × 5 MW British Thomson-Houston turbo-alternator, generating at 6.6 kV
1 × 12.5 MW Fraser & Chalmers turbo-alternator, generating at 6.6 kV
1 × 100 kW Bellis reciprocating engine house-service set, generating at 400 V.
Plant in 1942–43
High pressure plant was installed at Roath in 1942–43 comprising:
4 × Babcock & Wilcox 180,000 lb/h (22.68 kg/s), steam conditions 620 psi and 870°F (42.76 bar, 466°C), they supplied steam to:
2 × 30 MW Metropolitan-Vickers turbo-alternators, generating at 33 kV.
The station was supplied with coal via a siding off the nearby South Wales Mainline railway.
Condenser cooling water was drawn from the River Rhymney, supplemented by two concrete cooling towers each with a capacity of 2.2 million gallons per hour (2.78 m3/s). The towers were built in 1942 and were painted in camouflage.
Operations
Operating data 1898
Electricity sold: public lamps 99,316 kWh, metered 209,114 kWh.
No. of lamps on circuits: 14,136
No. of Public lamps: 52
Revenue from sales of electricity was £5,670; the cost of generation was £3,242.
Operating data 1921–23
The electricity supply data for the period 1921–23 was:
Electricity Loads on the system were:
Revenue from sales of current (in 1923) was £175,403; the surplus of revenue over expenses (1923) was £98,169.
Operating data 1946
Cardiff power station operating data for 1946 is:
The British electricity supply industry was nationalised in 1948 under the provisions of the Electricity Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6 c. 54). The Cardiff electricity undertaking was abolished, ownership of Cardiff power station was vested in the British Electricity Authority, and subsequently the Central Electricity Authority and the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB). At the same time the electricity distribution and sales responsibilities of the Cardiff electricity undertaking were transferred to the South Wales Electricity Board (SWEB).
Operating data 1954–67
Operating data for the period 1954–67 was:
The output from the stations in MWh is shown on the following graph.
Cardiff supply district
Following nationalisation Cardiff became an electricity supply district, covering 80.9 square miles (209.5 km2) with a population of 283,040 in 1958. The number of consumers and electricity sold in the Cardiff district was:
In 1958 the number of units sold to categories of consumers was:
Closure
Cardiff power station (Roath) was decommissioned in about 1970. The buildings were demolished in 1972 and the area has been redeveloped with commercial premises.
See also
Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry
List of power stations in Wales
References
Demolished power stations in the United Kingdom
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58507553
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardi%20Idrus
|
Ardi Idrus
|
Ardi Idrus (born 22 January 1993 in Ternate) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a full-back for Liga 1 club, Bali United.
Club career
Persib Bandung
He was signed for Persib Bandung to played in Liga 1 on 2018 season. Idrus made his league debut on 8 April 2018 in a match against Mitra Kukar at the Gelora Bandung Lautan Api Stadium, Bandung.
Bali United
Idrus was signed for Bali United to played in Liga 1 on 2022–23 season.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Individual
Liga 1 Best Eleven: 2018
References
External links
Ardi Idrus at Soccerway
Ardi Idrus at Liga Indonesia
Living people
1993 births
Indonesian footballers
People from Ternate
Sportspeople from North Maluku
Association football fullbacks
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
Persib Bandung players
Bali United F.C. players
| 0 | -1 |
14443478
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese%20cuisine
|
Javanese cuisine
|
Javanese cuisine is the cuisine of Javanese people, a major ethnic group in Indonesia, more precisely the province of Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java.
Definition
Javanese cuisine refers exclusively to the cuisine of Javanese people, which is often brought to other regions and countries by Javanese diaspora or foreign descents who have lived in Java.
There are several native ethnic groups who live on the island of Java (Sundanese, Madurese, Betawi, etc.) as well as other peoples of foreign descents. In Indonesian language, Javanese refers to people of Javanese ethnic background.
Javanese cuisine is thought to be sweet, since this is the taste traditionally preferred in Yogyakarta. However, Javanese regions do not only include Yogyakarta.
On the northern and northeastern of Central Java, for instance, the taste tend to be salty and spicy. In East Java, the level of spiciness increases. Today, as Javanese people become more mobile and may move to different regions, this typical stereotype of preferred regional tastes is outdated.
History
Ancient dishes and recipes were mentioned in numbers of Javanese prasasti (inscription) and modern historians have succeeded in deciphering some of them. The inscriptions from Medang Mataram era circa 8th to 10th century mentioned several ancient dishes, among others are Hadangan Harang (water buffalo minced meat satay, similar with today Balinese sate lilit), Hadangan Madura (water buffalo meat with sweet palm sugar), and Dundu Puyengan (eel seasoned with lemon basil). Ancient beverages include Nalaka Rasa (sugarcane juice), Jati Wangi (jasmine beverage), and Kinca (tamarind juice). Also various Kuluban (boiled vegetables served in spices, similar with today urab) and Phalamula (boiled yams and tubers served with liquid palm sugar).
In Javanese culture, food is an integral part of traditional ceremonies. For example selamatan ceremony often performed as a symbol of gratitude, are usually involving a communal feast where participants, guests and attendances are invited to eat together. Food are usually prepared, cooked and served together. It also symbolizes gotong-royong (working together), guyub (harmonious communal spirit), abundance and gratitude.
Most of Javanese cuisine is natively developed. Many of the foods have been absorbed to modern Indonesian culture as "national dishes". Some of them have inspired many other regional dishes, such as, lontong (Jav. Lonthong), tumpeng, krupuk, jajan pasar, and many more.
Foreign influences on Javanese food can be seen in some food, such as bakmi and fried rice (Chinese), sate (Arab) and kari (Indian).
Ingredients
Rice is an important food crop in Java, dating back to ancient times. The Javanese are known to revere Dewi Sri as the Rice Goddess. Steamed rice is the common staple food, and is served at every meal. Tumpeng, a cone-shaped yellow rice is essential in slametan, Javanese traditional ceremonies. Rice can be processed into lontong or ketupat, or cooked in coconut milk as nasi liwet or colored with turmeric as nasi kuning (yellow rice). Other sources of carbohydrate such as gaplek (dried cassava) is sometimes mixed into rice or replaces rice. Gaplek is usually consumed by poor commoners during hard times when rice is scarce. Tubers such as yam, taro, and sweet potato are consumed as snacks in between meals. Bread and grains other than rice are uncommon, although noodles and potatoes are often served as accompaniments to rice. Potatoes are often boiled then mashed, shaped into discs, spiced, coated in beaten eggs and fried into perkedel. Wheat noodles, bihun (rice vermicelli), and kwetiau are influences of Chinese cuisine. The Javanese adopted these ingredients and made them their own by adding kecap manis (sweet soy sauce) and local spices to create bakmi Jawa, bakmi rebus, and bihun goreng. Vegetables feature heavily in Javanese cuisine, notably in vegetable-heavy dishes such as pecel, lotek, and urap.
Coconut milk, peanut sauce, gula jawa (palm sugar), asem jawa (tamarind), petis, terasi (shrimp paste), shallot, garlic, turmeric, galangal, ginger, and chili sambal are common ingredients and spices that can be found in Javanese cuisine. Freshwater fishes such as carp, tilapia, gourami and catfish are popular, while seafood such as tuna, red snapper, wahoo, ray, anchovy, shrimp, squid, and various salted fish are popular in coastal Javanese cities. Chicken, goat meat, beef, lamb and mutton are popular meats in Javanese cuisine. Next to common farmed chicken, the ayam kampung or free-range chicken, is popular and valued for its leaner, more natural flavors. Almost 90% of Javanese are Muslim, and consequently, much of Javanese cuisine omits pork. However, in small enclaves of Catholic Javanese population around Muntilan, Magelang, Yogyakarta, and Klaten, pork might be consumed. Few ethnic groups in Indonesia use pork and other sources of protein considered haram under Muslim dietary laws in their cuisine, most prominently Balinese cuisine, Indonesian Chinese cuisine, Batak cuisine, and Manado cuisine.
Outlets
Javanese households usually purchase fresh ingredients from the local market every morning, cook and serve them in the late morning to be mainly consumed for lunch. The leftovers are stored to be heated again for family dinner. Other than homemade family dishes, Javanese cuisine are served from humble street-side carts and warungs, to fancy restaurants in five-star hotels. Small family-run warungs are the budget options for street food, serving everything from family dishes for full meals, or snack foods. The popular simple Javanese cuisine establishments are the budget food of Warung Tegal, which are mainly established by Javanese from Tegal city, and the Angkringan street-side carts in Yogyakarta and Solo that sold cheap sego kucing and various wedang (hot beverages).
In Javanese tradition, it is common to dine in lesehan style, which is sitting cross-legged on the mat while dining in front of a short-legged table. It was started as a warung lesehan street food dining popular among tourists along Malioboro street in Yogyakarta. Today, Javanese lesehan food stalls can be found in several cities, including Surakarta, Semarang and Jakarta.
Central Javanese cuisine
The food in Central Java is influenced by the two ancient kingdoms of Yogyakarta and Surakarta (also commonly known as Solo). Most of Central Javanese dishes are indigenously developed, however in coastal cities such as Semarang and Pekalongan, notable Chinese influences can be seen, such as lumpia (spring roll) and bakmi Jawa. While in the royal court of Surakarta, the European influences can be seen, such as bistik Jawa and selat Solo. Many of Central Java-specific dishes contain the names of the area where the food first became popular, for example:
Semarang
Bandeng Juwana: processed tender boned milkfish originated from the fishing town of Juwana, east of Semarang. Although originated, produced and processed in Juwana, it is largely sold in Semarang.
Lumpia Semarang: fried or steamed spring rolls. The filling varies, but consists mainly of meat and bamboo shoots. It is served with sweet fermented soybean sauce (tauco) or sweet garlic sauce. Another accompaniment is acar (Indonesian-style sweet and sour cucumber pickle) and chili.
Nasi ayam: a dish composed of rice, chicken, egg, tofu, and served with a sweet-salty coconut milk gravy.
Roti ganjel rel, rectangular shaped brown bread with sesame seeds, flavored with cinnamon and palm sugar. Usually served during Dugderan and Ramadan.
Soto Bangkong: a chicken soup in a small personal serving; mixed with rice, perkedel, and satay of cockles, chicken intestines, and quail eggs. Named after Bangkong crossroad in Semarang.
Wingko Babat: a cake made largely of glutinous rice and desiccated coconut, toasted and sold warm. Although it originated from Babat, East Java, it is popular in Semarang. Care should be taken to differentiate between Babat and babat. Babat is a city in East Java, part of the North Coast Road and where wingko Babat came from, while babat is tripe, an ingredient often used for Indonesian cuisine in general.
Jepara
Soto Jepara: soto is a common Indonesian soup, usually infused with turmeric, and can be made with chicken, beef, or mutton. The version from Jepara, a Central Javanese town, is made of chicken.
Opor panggang: a typical opor from Jepara. It is a kind of opor ayam but with distinctive flavor, since the chicken used in this dish is first roasted in a clay cauldron.
Kuluban: traditional salad from Jepara Regency.
Kelap antep: dish made from lean meat, ginger, bay leaves, red onion, garlic, red chili, tamarind, sugar, and others.
Horok-horok: steamed corn starch. After being cooked, corn starch is then poured into jars and stirred with a comb. So although chewy and tough, it is shaped in small granules resembling Styrofoam. To add flavor, a pinch of salt can be added. This dish can be served as an accompaniment to meatballs, gado-gado, pecel, or satay kikil (beef tendon).
Hoyok-hoyok: also called oyol-oyol, is a dish made from tapioca flour mixed with water and oil, then served with extra grated coconut. Hoyok-hoyok is a sweet version of horok-horok.
Jepara shrimp soup: similar to shrimp soup in general. This version of soup use shrimp broth and fried shrimp, also raw crushed chili. This soup is delicious eaten while still hot or warm.
Jepara pangsit soup: considered as a fusion cuisine, this dish is a blend of local and foreign cuisines, i.e. Javanese, Dutch, and Chinese. The pangsit (dumpling) in this soup is not like the dumpling we know, but rather in the form of a clear soup with shrimp egg rolls. This is one of the favorite dishes of R.A. Kartini.
Bongko mento: originated in Jepara palace, it is a snack wrapped in a banana leaf. Consists of omelet filled with sauteed shredded chicken breast mixed with oyster mushrooms, glass noodles, and coconut milk.
Lontong krubyuk: similar to lontong dishes in general, this dish consists of rice cake served with shredded chicken meat stews doused in bakso soup and garnished with a mixture of half-cooked bean sprouts and sliced celery. What distinguishes this from other lontong dishes, this dish is served with a lot of soup.
Singit: beef shank cooked in coconut milk, soy sauce, salt, red chili, garlic, onion, and brown sugar, over low heat until the sauce thickens.
Semur Jepara: made of meat, salt, pepper, nutmeg powder, soy sauce, cooking oil, and others.
Sayur pepaya Jepara: a vegetable stew usually served in the afternoon. The main ingredients are young papaya, coconut milk, beef stew, and others.
Sayur asem Jepara: similar to sayur asem Jakarta.
Sayur betik: a vegetable stew, using young unripe papaya and beef trimming as the main ingredients.
Gule petih Jepara: made of tender goat meat and spice mixture. Usually served during Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.
Laksa Jepara: made of chicken fillet, banana shrimp, chicken stock, coconut milk, lemongrass, kaffir lime leaves, salt, sugar, oil, and other ingredients.
Sayur keluak ayam: made of vegetables, keluak and chicken.
Kagape kambing: a dish made of goat meat. Easily found during Eid al-Adha.
Bakso Karimunjawa: meatballs soup made from fish, instead of beef or chicken.
Tongseng cumi: tongseng made of calamari or squid, instead of goat or chicken.
Rempah Jepara: a dish made from grated coconut, fish, and others.
Bontosan: a dish of mashed grouper or mackerel mixed with rice powder and shaped into spindles, wrapped in banana leaves or plastic, steamed, then thickly sliced, and served with sauce or gravy. Bontosan is actually the pre-dried form of fish crackers. It can also be served after being shallow-fried until the outside is crisp and golden brown. Similar in taste to pempek.
Sate sapi Jepara: satay made of cow meat mixed with spices typical of Jepara.
Sate kikil: a satay dish made of kikil (beef tendon), also called satay cecek. Usually served with horok-horok.
Pecel ikan laut panggang: roasted saltwater fish served with coconut milk sauce.
Tempong: uncooked dried anchovy, shaped like fritter.
Kudus
Jenang Kudus: A sweetmeat made from rice flour, palm sugar, and coconut milk.
Opor bakar Soto Kudus: soto is a common Indonesian soup usually infused with turmeric, and can be made with chicken, beef, or mutton. The version from Kudus, a Central Javanese town, is made of chicken.
Pati
Bandeng presto: is a pressure cooked milkfish that soften the finer fish bones. The pressure cooking also help the spices to seep into the flesh of milkfish perfectly.
Nasi gandul: is beef served on white steamed rice poured with spicy savoury soup, served on banana leaf.
Petis runting: is a kind of gulai typical culinary of Pati. Soupy but somewhat viscous, made from a rather coarse rice flour roasted with goat meat and balungan or goat bones, including bone marrows, and usually enjoyed while it hot to avoid the fatty bone marrow coagulating.
Sayur mangut: is a hot and spicy Ariid catfish head cooked in coconut milk.
Sayur tempe bosok: is a kind of curry-soup made from stinky over-ripe (almost rotten) tempeh. Popularly consumed during the rainy season against the cold.
Soto kemiri: is a common Javanese chicken soup spiced with candlenut.
Yogyakarta
Ayam geprek: crispy battered fried chicken crushed and mixed with hot and spicy sambal.
Ayam goreng Kalasan: chicken stewed in coriander, garlic, candlenut, and coconut water, then deep-fried until crispy. Served with sambal and raw vegetables.
Bakpia and bakpia pathok: a sweet pastry filled with sugared mung bean paste, derived from the Chinese pastry. A well-known bakpia-producing area is Pathok near Jalan Malioboro, where bakpia Pathok is sold.
Belalang goreng: fried grasshopper dish.
Brongkos: spicy meat and tolo beans (black-eyed peas) stew in coconut milk and kluwek soup with othert spices.
Gudeg: a traditional food from Yogyakarta and Central Java made from young unripe nangka (jack fruit) boiled for several hours with palm sugar and coconut milk. This is usually accompanied by opor ayam (chicken in coconut milk), telur pindang (hard boiled egg stew), and krechek (spicy beef skin and tofu stew). Gudeg from Yogyakarta has a unique sweet and savory taste, and is drier and more reddish than other regional variants because of the addition of Javanese teak leaf.
Kipo: derived from the Javanese question Iki opo? ("What is this?"), a small sweet snack from Kotagede made of glutinous rice flour and coconut milk dough filled with grated coconut and palm sugar.
Krechek (also known as krecek or sambal goreng krechek): a traditional spicy beef skin dish made from seasoned krupuk kulit (beef skin crackers). Krechek is usually served as a side dish together with gudeg.
Nasi kucing: rice with small side dishes.
Wedhang ronde (ronde): a hot Javanese dessert of glutinous rice balls stuffed with peanut paste, floating in a hot and sweet ginger and lemongrass tea.
Wedhang angsle (angsle): a hot soupy dessert of sago pearls, pre-cooked glutinous rice and mung beans, putu mayang (brightly colored, noodle-shaped flour cakes), and fried peanuts, covered in hot and sweet coconut milk.
Wedhang uwuh (uwuh) (id): a hot Javanese clove drink.
Solo
Bakso Solo: bakso literally means meatballs, made of beef, and served in boiling hot soup with mung bean-thread noodles, green vegetables, shredded cabbage, and various sauces (chili, tomato). This version from Solo has super-sized meatballs, the size of tennis balls. Also known as Bakso Tenis. Bakso is a Chinese-influenced dish, but has become a popular snack throughout Indonesia.
Bistik Jawa: Javanese beef steak, a European-influenced dish from Solo.
Nasi liwet: a rice dish cooked in coconut milk and chicken broth, served with meat and vegetable side dishes.
Sate buntel (lit: wrapped satay): Minced fatty beef or goat meat, encased in caul fat and wrapped around a bamboo skewer then grilled. The size of this satay is quite large, very similar to a Middle Eastern kebab. After being grilled on charcoal, the meat is separated from the skewer, cut into bite-size chunks, then served in sweet soy sauce and merica (pepper).
Selat Solo: a salad consisting of stewed beef, lettuce, carrot, green bean, and potato chips or French fries in sweet spiced dressing.
Sosis solo, Javanese sausages made from beef or chicken and coated by egg.
Srabi Solo: a pancake made of coconut milk, mixed with a little rice flour as thickener. Srabi can be served plain or with toppings, such as sliced banana, chopped jackfruit, chocolate sprinkle (muisjes), or cheese.
Tongseng: a strongly spiced curry of bone-in mutton, which is quickly stir-fried at the point of sale with vegetables added.
Tengkleng: goat ribs and offal in a curry-like soup, similar to gule kambing, but with a lighter and thinner soup.
Timlo Solo: a beef and vegetable soup. Some versions also have noodles.
Banyumas
Refers to Javanese cultural region of Western Central Java bordering West Java, including Banyumas, Tegal, Brebes, Cilacap, Kebumen, Purbalingga, and Banjarnegara.
Nasi bogana Tegal: a steamed rice dish wrapped in banana leaves and served with a variety of side dishes.
Sate Tegal or Sate Balibul: juvenile (five-month-old) goat satay from Tegal, noted for its tender meat.
Sate Ambal: a satay variant from Ambal, Kebumen, Central Java. This satay uses ayam kampung (free-range chicken). The sauce is not made from peanuts, but rather ground tempeh, chili, and spices. The chicken is marinated for about two hours to make the meat tastier. This satay is served with ketupat.
Sroto Sokaraja: a variant of soto from Sokaraja, Banyumas.
Teh poci Tegal: tea brewed in a clay teapot, served with rock sugar. Tegal, a Central Java town, is a major producer of high-quality tea.
Tempeh mendoan: fried battered tempeh from Banyumas.
Other Central Javanese cuisine
Bakmoy: small cubes of fried tofu, chicken, and boiled egg served with chicken broth and relish made from sweet soy sauce.
Kamir: round-shaped bread that almost similar to apem, consisting of flour, butter, and egg mixture.
Krechek: spicy stew made from skin cracker, potato and soy beans.
Mie koclok (lit. shaked noodles): a chicken noodle soup made of chicken broth and coconut milk soup, which is coagulated with corn starch or tapioca.
Mie ongklok: boiled noodles were made using cabbage, chunks of chopped leaves, and starchy thick soup called loh. Usually served with satay and tempeh.
Nasi megono, rice dish with chopped young jackfruit mixed with coconut and other spices.
Sate Blora: chicken satay from Blora area.
Sop senerek, traditional soup from Magelang with beef, red bean, carrot, tomato, celery, and fried shallots.
Swikee Purwodadi: frogs' legs cooked in fermented soybean (tauco) soup.
East Javanese cuisine
The East Javanese cuisine is largely influenced by Madurese cuisine - Madura being a major producer of salt, hence the omission of sugar in many dishes. Many of the East Javanese dishes are also typically Madurese, such as soto Madura and sate Madura, usually sold by Madurese settlers. Notable Arabic and Indian cuisine influence also can be found such in the coastal cities of Tuban, Gresik, Surabaya, Lamongan, and Sidoarjo, due to the large number of Arabic descendants in these cities. Although there are many dishes with town names attached to them, local versions of these are available in every town. The most popular town-associated dishes are:
Madiun
Brem Madiun: fermented sugar and cassava cakes.
Pecel Madiun: a salad of boiled vegetables, dressed in a peanut-based spicy sauce. It is usually served as an accompaniment to rice. A peanut or dried fish/shrimp cracker (rempeyek) is served on the side. Not to be confused with pecel lele, which is deep-fried local catfish served with sambal.
Lamongan
Ayam penyet: fried chicken (see ayam goreng), lightly smashed using a pestle in a mortar laced with sambal.
Bebek goreng: deep fried duck, similar to duck confit.
Pecel lele: deep fried catfish with sambal, vegetables, and rice.
Soto Lamongan: chicken soup originated from the town of Lamongan.
Tahu campur: fried tofu, served in petis-based beef stew.
Surabaya
Ayam penyet: "smashed chicken", fried chicken that is smashed with the pestle against mortar to make it softer, served with sambal, slices of cucumbers, fried tofu and tempeh.
Lontong kupang: lontong with small cockles in petis sauce.
Rawon Surabaya: a dark beef soup, served with mung bean sprouts and the ubiquitous sambal. The dark (almost black) color comes from the kluwak (Pangium edule) nuts.
Rujak cingur: a marinated cow snout or lips and noses (cingur), served with boiled vegetables and shrimp crackers. It is then dressed in a sauce made of caramelized fermented shrimp paste (petis), peanuts, chili, and spices. It is usually served with lontong, a boiled rice cake. Rujak cingur is considered traditional food of Surabaya in East Java.
Semanggi: a salad made of boiled semanggi (M. crenata) leaves that grow in paddy fields. It is dressed in a spicy peanut sauce.
Madura
Sate Madura: originating on the island of Madura, near Java, is a famous variant among Indonesians. Most often made from mutton or chicken, the recipe's main characteristic is the black sauce made from Indonesian sweet soy sauce (kecap manis) mixed with palm sugar (called gula jawa or "Javanese sugar" in Indonesia), garlic, deep fried shallots, peanut paste, petis (a kind of shrimp paste), candlenut, and salt. Chicken Madura satay is usually served in peanut sauce, while the mutton Madura satay is usually served in sweet soy sauce. Sate Madura uses smaller chunks of meat than other variants. It is eaten with rice or rice cakes wrapped in banana/coconut leaves (lontong/ketupat). Raw thinly sliced shallots and plain sambal are often served as condiments.
Soto Madura: a turmeric-based beef and offal soup, served with boiled egg slices, and sambal.
Malang
Bakso Malang: bakso literally means meatball. Bakso Malang has more accompaniments, beside the meatball (mostly beef) itself. For example, offal, siomay dumplings (fried or steamed), tahu (tofu, fried or steamed, filled with meat), soun (mung bean threads), and yellow egg noodles. All of these are served in hot beef stock.
Cwie mi: a Chinese-influenced noodle dish, containing boiled and seasoned noodles, topped with pre-cooked minced meat (usually pork or chicken) and boiled wonton. Similar to the Chinese zhajiang mian.
Banyuwangi
Bolu klemben: cake with tortoise-like shape, made of mixture of flour, eggs, and sugar.
Botok tawon: a type of botok that made from bee larvae.
Pelasan, Osing-style of pepes food. The popular Osing pepes are pelasan teri, pelasan tahu and pelasan ayam.
Pindang koyong: a fish cooked in yellow gravy-like soto with various spices.
Rawon Banyuwangi: Banyuwangi-style of beef soup in dark gravy, served with mung bean sprouts and the ubiquitous sambal. The dark (almost black) color comes from the keluak nuts.
Rujak soto: a unique blend of vegetable salad with soto, it can be soto daging (beef) or soto babat.
Sale pisang: chips-like snack that made of bananas which are combed thin and then dried in the sun. After dried in the sun, it can be directly eaten or fried first.
Other East Javanese cuisine
Kare rajungan: curry dish cooked using portunidae.
Lontong balap: literally means "racing rice cake", which is a dish of rice cakes, fried tofu, and beansprouts, doused in kecap manis and sambal sauce. In the past, lontong balap hawkers carried their wares in a large, heavy metal urn. The heaviness caused them to have to walk really quickly while carrying it, so they looked like they were "racing".
Madumongso: a sweetmeat made from fermented black glutinous rice, cooked in coconut milk and sugar. It is sticky and very sweet, and comes wrapped in corn husk.
Roti konde: a type of roti canai. Their recipes are quite similar and influenced by Indian paratha.
Sate Ponorogo: a variant of satay originating in Ponorogo, a town in East Java. It is made from sliced marinated chicken, served with a sauce made of peanuts and chili, and garnished with shredded shallots, sambal, and lime juice. This variant is unique for the fact that each skewer contains one large piece of chicken, rather than several small cubes. The meat is marinated in spices and sweet soy sauce, in a process called "bacem" and is served with rice or lontong (rice cake). The grill is made from terracotta earthenware with a hole on one side to allow ventilation for the coals. After three months of use, the earthenware grill disintegrates and must be replaced.
Tahu campur: a beef and offal soup, mixed with fresh vegetables, potatoes, rice cake, and tofu. The secret ingredient is the caramelized fermented shrimp paste (petis) which is mixed in just before serving.
Tahu tek-tek: a dish containing cut-up fried tofu, boiled vegetables (mostly beansprouts), potatoes, drenched in a peanut-based sauce. The sauce has caramelized fermented shrimp paste (petis), chili, and garlic.
Common Javanese dishes
These are the common Javanese dishes, which can be found throughout Java regardless of the location.
Apem, traditional cake of steamed dough made of rice flour, coconut milk, yeast and palm sugar, usually served with grated coconut.
Ayam bumbu rujak, chicken dish made from chicken meat which is still young and uses a red basic spice then grilled. A red base is a spice made from salt, garlic, onion, and red chili.
Ayam goreng, fried chicken dish consisting of chicken deep fried in oil with various spices.
Ayam kecap, chicken simmered or braised in sweet soy sauce.
Bakmi jawa, wheat based noodle, generally prepared and topped with minced chicken seasoned in soy sauce, green vegetables and a bowl of broth.
Bakso, bakso literally means meatball. Beef or chicken meatballs, usually served in a bowl of broth with yellow noodles, rice vermicelli, vegetables, tofu, green cabbage, bean sprout, sprinkled with fried shallots and celery.
Bakwan, fried meal consisting of vegetables and batter. Bakwan usually refers to a vegetable fritter snack, commonly sold with gorengan.
Bergedel, fried patties, made of ground potatoes, minced meat, peeled and ground corn or tofu, or minced fish.
Bergedel jagung, corn fritters.
Botok, a dish made from shredded coconut flesh which has been squeezed of its coconut milk, often mixed with other ingredients such as vegetable or fish, and wrapped in banana leaf and steamed.
Brengkesan, fish, meat, tofu, anchovy or mushroom ingredients cooked inside a banana-leaf package.
Bubur ayam, rice congee with shredded chicken meat served with some condiments and cake.
Bubur kacang hijau, sweet dessert made from mung beans porridge with coconut milk and palm sugar or cane sugar. The beans are boiled till soft, and sugar and coconut milk are added.
Bubur ketan hitam, sweet dessert made from black glutinous rice porridge with coconut milk and palm sugar or cane sugar. The black glutinous rice are boiled until soft, and sugar and coconut milk are added.
Bubur sumsum, white congee made from rice flour and eaten with brown sugar sauce.
Buntil, a traditional Javanese dish of scraped coconut meat mixed with anchovies and spices, wrapped in a papaya leaf, then boiled in coconut milk.
Cah kangkung, stir fried water spinach.
Dawet, an iced sweet dessert that contains droplets of green rice flour jelly, coconut milk and palm sugar syrup.
Donat jawa, Javanese-style of ring-shaped fritter made from cassava with savoury taste.
Garang asem, chicken dish cooked using banana leaves and dominated by sour and spicy flavor.
Gorengan, assorted fritters such as tempeh, tofu, yam, sweet potato, cassava, and chopped vegetables.
Gule, a type of soupy curry-like dishes that could be made from various ingredients; meats, fish or vegetables. The gule that popular in Javanese cuisine both are gule kambing (made of goat or mutton) and gule ayam (made of chicken).
Gule ayam, chicken cooked in a curry-like coconut milk soup.
Gule kambing, mutton cooked in a curry-like coconut milk soup.
Iga penyet (lit. squeeze ribs), fried beef spare ribs served with spicy sambal terasi. The fried beef ribs is squeezed against a mortar filled with sambal, and usually served with lalab vegetables and steamed rice.
Ikan asin, salted and sun-dried fishes of various species.
Jenang, sweet toffee-like sugar palm-based confection, made from coconut milk, jaggery, and rice flour, and is sticky, thick, and sweet.
Kare, the Javanese adaptation of curry dishes. Just like gulai, it could be made from various ingredients; meats or vegetables.
Klepon, glutinous rice balls stuffed with palm sugar, colored green using pandanus leaf, and rolled in fresh grated coconut.
Keripik tempe, tempeh chips, made from thinly sliced, lightly battered, then deep fried tempeh (soybean cake).
Kupat, rice dumpling made from rice packed inside a diamond-shaped container of woven palm leaf pouch.
Kwetiau ayam, boiled flat noodle with diced chicken.
Kwetiau goreng, stir fried flat noodle dish.
Lepet, sticky rice dumpling mixed with peanuts cooked with coconut milk and packed inside a janur (young coconut leaf) or palm leaf.
Lontong, pressed rice cake inside banana wrapping.
Lumpia, spring roll made of thin paper-like or crepe-like pastry skin called "lumpia wrapper" enveloping savory or sweet fillings.
Lotek, almost identical to gado-gado, but sweeter. It is similar to pecel, but includes different vegetables as well as boiled egg slices and a garnish of fish or shrimp crackers and emping (Gnetum gnemon L. nut, flattened, dried, and fried into small thin crackers).
Martabak, stuffed pancake or pan-fried bread, sometimes filled with beef and scallions. Usually served with sambals and acar.
Mie ayam, chicken bakmi dish of seasoned yellow wheat noodles topped with diced chicken meat.
Mie bakso, bakso served with yellow noodles and rice vermicelli
Mie goreng, spicy fried noodle dish seasoned in sweet soy sauce. The popular one is mie goreng jawa.
Mie pangsit, noodle soup dish served with soft-boiled wonton.
Mie rebus, famous noodle dish which consists of noodles, salt and egg, served with a tangy, spicy and sweet potato-based sauce.
Nasi ambeng, fragrant Javanese rice dish that consists of steamed white rice, chicken curry or chicken stewed in soy sauce, beef or chicken rendang, fried sambal, urap, bergedel, and serundeng.
Nasi goreng (lit. fried rice), Javanese-style of Indonesian fried rice.
Nasi goreng jawa, fried rice dish uses sambal ulek as seasoning and has a spicy taste.
Nasi kare (lit. curry rice), curry rice dish consists of steamed white rice, lontong or ketupat, curry, acar, fried shallots and sambals.
Nasi kuning, similar to nasi rames or nasi campur, but the rice is cooked in coconut milk and colored bright yellow using turmeric and scented with lemongrass and kaffir lime leaves.
Nasi rames, rice with accompaniments, usually some curried vegetable stew (sayur lodeh), a selection of cooked fish or chicken or meat and offal pieces, and a dollop of spicy sambal.
Pangsit, wonton filled with vegetables, chicken or shrimp. It can be dry or wet.
Pecel, a type of peanut sauce with chili is a common ingredients in Javanese cuisine. It is used in various type of rujak and gado-gado. It can also be used as stand alone sauce with rice and prawn, egg and vegetables as nasi pecel (pecel rice).
Petis, black-colored shrimp paste.
Putu, traditional cylindrical-shaped and green-colored steamed cake, made of rice flour called suji and colored green with extract acquired from pandan leaf, filled with palm sugar, and steamed in bamboo tubes, hence its name, and served with grated coconut.
Puyonghai, omelette dish made from the mixture of vegetables such as carrots, bean sprouts, and cabbages, mixed with meats such as crab meat, shrimp, or minced chicken.
Rempeyek, deep-fried savoury Javanese cracker made from flour (usually rice flour) with other ingredients, bound or coated by crispy flour batter. The most common type of rempeyek is peanut peyek.
Rengginang, thick rice cracker, made from cooked glutinous sticky rice and seasoned with spices, made into a flat and rounded shape, and then sun-dried. The sun-dried rengginang is deep fried with ample cooking oil to produce a crispy rice cracker.
Roti bakar (lit. grilled bread), Javanese-style of toast sandwich consisting of two slice of breads and the filling, usually hagelslag or jam.
Rujak, traditional fruit and vegetable salad dish. There are many kinds of rujak.
Sambal, chili sauce or paste typically made from a mixture of a variety of chili peppers with secondary ingredients such as shrimp paste, garlic, ginger, shallot, scallion, palm sugar, and lime juice. Sambal has many various types.
Satay, skewered grilled meat is a common dish in Java. The Javanese variants are sate Tegal, sate Ambal, sate Solo, sate buntel, sate Madura, sate Ponorogo, etc.
Sayur bening, spinach and corn in clear soup flavoured with temu kunci.
Sayur lodeh, assorted vegetables, stewed in coconut milk.
Semur jawa, meat (mainly beef or chicken) or vegetable (mainly potato or eggplant) stew, that is braised in thick brown gravy. The main ingredient used in semur gravy is sweet soy sauce, shallots, onions, garlic, ginger, candlenut, nutmeg and cloves, sometimes pepper, coriander, cumin and cinnamon might be added.
Serabi, rice pancake that is made from rice flour with coconut milk or shredded coconut as an emulsifier.
Sop buntut, oxtail soup.
Soto, this Indonesian soup dish is also a common dish in Java. The Javanese variants are common soto ayam and soto babat (tripe), soto Kudus, soto Madura, soto Lamongan, etc.
Tahu, fermented soy food basically a soy milk cheese. It can be fried, stir fried, stewed, as soup ingredient, even also for sweets.
Tahu goreng, deep fried tofu prepared with some condiments, such as shrimp paste, sambal, fried shallots, mayonnaise or soy sauce.
Tapai, traditional fermented preparation of rice or other starchy foods.
Telur pindang, marbled eggs boiled with herbs and spices.
Tempeh, a meat substitute made from soy bean fermented with mold. It is a staple source of protein in Java and popular in the world as an excellent meat substitute for vegetarians.
Tempe bacem, tempeh that stewed in coconut sugar and spices, then deep-fried. It has sweet and savoury flavour.
Tempeh burger, hamburger with tempeh as main ingredient, a Javanese fusion dish.
Tempe penyet, fried tempeh mixed with sambal chili paste in a mortar and pestle. Usually served in addition to other penyet dishes, such as ayam penyet (chicken) or iga penyet (ribs).
Terang bulan, bread like puff with sugar, corn, and coarse nut in the middle.
Tiwul, boiled rice substitution made from dried cassava.
Tumis sayuran, stir-fried vegetables, usually mixed with chili and a spice paste.
Tumpeng, a rice served in the shape of a conical volcano, usually with rice colored yellow using turmeric. It is an important part of ceremony in Java. Tumpeng served in important events such as birthday, moving house, or other ceremonies. Traditionally, tumpeng is served alongside fried chicken, boiled egg, vegetables, and goat meat on a round plate made from bamboo called besek.
Untir-untir, dough twist that is fried in peanut oil. It has a shiny and golden look with crispy taste.
Urap sayur, vegetables in spiced grated coconut dressing.
Jajan pasar, several types of shaped and colored flour, rice flour, and glutinous rice flour cakes, sprinkled with desiccated coconut and drizzled with melted palm sugar. Jajan literally means snack, and pasar means market, as this snack is usually found in traditional markets.
See also
Indonesian cuisine
Sundanese cuisine
Madurese cuisine
List of Indonesian dishes
Notes
Javanese culture
Indonesian cuisine-related lists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine%20McKenna
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Francine McKenna
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Francine McKenna is an American investigative journalist, educator, blogger, and commentator focused on the accounting industry, specifically the Big Four global accounting firms. She has documented these firms' failures to identify problems in the accounting of international financial corporations. A registered Certified Public Accountant in Illinois, McKenna is a full-time lecturer in financial accounting at the Wharton School and writes and issues the Substack newsletter The Dig, where she scrutinizes accounting, audit and corporate governance issues at public and pre-IPO companies. McKenna's work has been featured in The Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, Time, [[American Banker]], Accountancy Age, Barron’s, Forbes, and Accountancy magazine (UK). Prior to joining the Wharton School, McKenna was the Financial Transparency reporter for Dow Jones/MarketWatch.
Prior to her appointment at Wharton, McKenna taught International Business in the MBA program at American University’s Kogod School of Business in Washington DC, taught graduate courses in Accounting Ethics at the Ohio State University Fisher College of Business, and taught a course in reporting on corporate fraud at Baylor University. She has twice been a finalist for the Gerald Loeb Award for Distinguished Financial Journalism. In 2006, McKenna founded her first blog RetheAuditors.com, which the author of a business ethics textbook considers "should be on every corporate accountant and CPAs watchlist." Before turning to journalism and academia, McKenna spent more than 20 years in public accounting, internal audit, and consulting.
Education
McKenna earned her undergraduate degree in Management, Accounting and Economics at Purdue University and her Master's in Liberal Arts at the University of Chicago. She holds a Certificate in Executive Education from Harvard University in leading professional services firms.
Career
McKenna began her career as an internal auditor at Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust in Chicago, and as an accounting manager, financial reporting manager and controller in private industry. She then moved into the professional services sector at KPMG Consulting. She directed the project to address the Y2K for JP Morgan in Latin America and was the Managing Director for BearingPoint in Latin America, responsible for the Industrial, Automotive and Transportation practice. She also worked for KPMG as a managing director in Latin America, for Jefferson Wells as a regional vice president and as a director for PWC.
McKenna's investigative journalism career began in 2006 with her blog RetheAuditors.com, which monitored and reported on public accounting firms. Her blog was a finalist for the Gerald Loeb Award for Online Commentary and Blogging in 2010, the first year of that category; as a Reuters journalist noted, McKenna was "the only full-time blogger on the list, and she’s also the only one of the nominees who is truly independent: her nomination, uniquely of the four, was not submitted on her behalf by an established print publication."
McKenna later wrote a column at Forbes.com under the heading “Accounting Watchdog”, where, in 2011, she documented PWC's failure to identify problems with the bankrupt global commodities brokerage firm MF Global. She was a columnist at American Banker, “Accountable”, from October 2011 to October 2012, where she also wrote about auditing firms' failures to thoroughly audit financial organisations. She currently works as the transparency reporter at MarketWatch in addition to her blogging work with re: TheAuditors.com, and also teaches at American University.
Career timeline
2006–present: re: TheAuditors.com editor
2010–2015: Forbes contributor
2011–2012: American Banker columnist
2015–2019: MarketWatch reporter
2017–present: American University adjunct professor
References
American bloggers
Living people
Writers from Chicago
20th-century American journalists
21st-century American journalists
Purdue University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaqueiros%20%28Alcoutim%29
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Vaqueiros (Alcoutim)
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Vaqueiros is a freguesia (parish) in the municipality of Alcoutim (Algarve, Portugal). The population in 2011 was 497, in an area of 143.94 km2.
References
Freguesias of Alcoutim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Hurstwood
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High Hurstwood
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High Hurstwood is a village in the Wealden district of East Sussex.
External links
High Hurstwood village history
Holy Trinity Church, High Hurstwood
High Hurstwood Church of England Primary School
Villages in East Sussex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclops%20%28Marvel%20Comics%29
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Cyclops (Marvel Comics)
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Cyclops (Scott Summers) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and is a founding member of the X-Men. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in the comic book The X-Men.
Cyclops is a member of a subspecies of humans known as mutants, who are born with superhuman abilities. Cyclops emits powerful beams of energy from his eyes, and can only control the beams with the aid of special eyewear which he must wear at all times. He is typically considered the first of the X-Men, a team of mutant heroes who fight for peace and equality between mutants and humans, and one of the team's primary leaders.
Cyclops is most often portrayed as the archetypal hero of traditional American popular culture—the opposite of the tough, anti-authority antiheroes that emerged in American popular culture after the Vietnam War (e.g., Wolverine, his X-Men teammate).
James Marsden initially portrayed Cyclops in the 20th Century Fox X-Men films, while a younger version of the character was portrayed by Tim Pocock in the 2009 prequel film X-Men Origins: Wolverine, and he was portrayed by Tye Sheridan in X-Men: Apocalypse (2016) and Dark Phoenix (2019) as well as a cameo in Deadpool 2 (2018).
Publication history
Cyclops first appeared in The X-Men #1 (September 1963). He was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, and has been a mainstay character of the X-Men series. Lee said that Cyclops and Beast were his two favorite X-Men, elaborating that "I love tortured heroes—and he was tortured because he couldn't control his power." Originally dubbed "Slim Summers", by The X-Men #3 his name was changed to "Scott", with "Slim" becoming a nickname.
Scott Summers is the first of the X-Men recruited by Professor X; Xavier hand-picks Scott to lead his X-Men, and to carry on the legacy of his mutant-human-harmony ideals. Xavier views Scott as one of his most prized pupils; their relationship exhibits father/son qualities. From time to time, Scott's extreme loyalty to Xavier has cost him dearly in his relationships with others; but, over the course of the characters' publication history, he eventually emerges from Xavier's shadow as the X-Men's undisputed leader.
Dave Cockrum created the Starjammers, including Corsair, and convinced X-Men writer Chris Claremont to use the characters for this series. In order to provide a plausible excuse for the Starjammers to make repeat appearances in X-Men, they decided to make Corsair the father of Cyclops.
Summers remained a member of the team up through The Uncanny X-Men #138. After departing the main cast, he was a recurring character in the series until The Uncanny X-Men #201, after which he was featured in the launch of a new series by Marvel. This new series, X-Factor, launched in 1986 and starred the original X-Men team of Cyclops, Marvel Girl, Beast, Iceman, and Angel. Scott stayed with the X-Factor title through X-Factor #70. In October 1991, Summers returns to the X-Men to launch X-Men #1. This series was the second of two X-Men titles and featured Cyclops, Wolverine, Gambit, Psylocke, Rogue, and Beast as Blue team. Cyclops has recently been featured in another title launch with the second introduction of a new X-Men series Astonishing X-Men. Astonishing X-Men features Cyclops, Wolverine, Shadowcat, Colossus, Emma Frost, and Beast as a team. Throughout this time, Cyclops continued to make appearances in Uncanny X-Men Marvel has also used Cyclops to launch variant series of X-Men titles most notably Ultimate X-Men and New X-Men.
Cyclops has appeared in limited series including Adventures of Cyclops & Phoenix, Further Adventures of Cyclops & Phoenix, X-Men: The Asgardian Wars, the second series of Astonishing X-Men, X-Men: The Search for Cyclops, his own self-titled series Cyclops, and X-Men Origins: Cyclops #1.
In 1991, writer Brian K. Vaughan worked on the self-titled series Cyclops #1–4. In 2000, Joseph Harris wrote the four-issue run titled X-Men: The Search for Cyclops that dealt with Cyclops's return after merging with Apocalypse in the events of the Twelve from The Uncanny X-Men #377.
During Joss Whedon's run of Astonishing X-Men, Cyclops adopts a new attitude unfamiliar to most accustomed fans. After Emma Frost's psychic intervention at the mansion, he temporarily loses his powers after owning up to his self-inflicted, traumatic past. This prompted an interview with Whedon in Wizard magazine #182. When asked if Cyclops did not have his powers any more, Whedon replied:
Now, the X-Men leader has become more confident, outspoken, and audacious. This has had a significant effect on his leadership and his respect among teammates, most notably Wolverine.
However, since the birth of Hope Summers, Cyclops has become increasingly unstable with his own self. Overprotective of those close to him, amoral in his new, Magneto-like view of humanity, and mentally ambiguous, Cyclops is viewed as an antihero and occasionally even a villain in the minds of his fellow superheroes. Kieron Gillen's run in Uncanny X-Men ended with an unrepentant Cyclops, who had become increasingly hardline during Gillen's run, in prison for his actions during Avengers vs. X-Men, up to and including him killing Xavier while under the influence of the Phoenix Force. Gillen wrote him openly suicidal in a five-part epilogue: AvX: Consequences.
As part of Marvel NOW!, there are two Cyclopes: the original Cyclops is featured in volume 3 of The Uncanny X-Men, which was launched in February 2013, and a younger time-displaced version as part of the All-New X-Men team, both series are written by Brian Michael Bendis and drawn by Chris Bachalo. Uncanny X-Men features the remnants of Cyclops' Extinction Team, who have taken up a revolutionary, and sometimes violent course to promote mutant rights, and started up a new school for new mutants, the New Charles Xavier School for the Gifted. The younger Cyclops tries to make sense of his future and find a place for himself, while deciding if he even wants to stay an X-Man.
In the new Dawn of X saga Cyclops has been given the role of Great Captain Commander. The X-Men Senior Editor Jordan D. White said regarding Cyclops role in Krakoa in an interview:
Fictional character biography
Cyclops's history has undergone various revisions, both minor and major. The central fixed element is the character's origin story. As a young boy, Scott Summers is orphaned after watching his parents die in a plane crash. Scott and his brother, Alex, are the only survivors. Their parents placed the two boys in the only available parachute and forced them to jump from the plane just prior to crashing. The boys become wards of the state and are separated. When Scott's powers manifest uncontrollably he runs away from the orphanage and wanders before being taken in as ward by Charles Xavier.
Youth
When Scott was a boy, his father, USAF Major Christopher Summers, took the family for a flight in their de Havilland Mosquito from his grandparents' home in Anchorage, Alaska. It came under attack by an alien Shi'ar spaceship. As the plane went down in flames, Scott's parents fastened him and his younger brother Alex into a parachute and pushed them off the plane, hoping that they would survive.
In Cyclops's first appearance in The X-Men #1, he is already leading the X-Men under tutelage of Professor X. Later, Scott's origin is first presented in The Uncanny X-Men #38–42 and later refined in The Uncanny X-Men #144 and The Uncanny X-Men #156. In 2010, Marvel released X-Men Origins: Cyclops #1 that describes the character's childhood through his joining the X-Men.
The early accounts in the X-Men comics use flashbacks to tell the origin story of Scott parachuting from his parents' plane. The flashbacks are often told from various narrative perspectives and place different emphasis on the events of this period. Scott's poor control over his power have been attributed to events in his childhood. In The Uncanny X-Men #156, Scott's parachute caught fire and Scott struck his head upon landing. This caused brain damage to Scott which is responsible for his poor control over his optic blasts. Several origin stories do not feature the head injury account with X-Men Origins: Cyclops #1 being the most recent. The head injury account has also been retconned in Astonishing X-Men vol. 3 as being due to a self-imposed mental block he made as a child to deal with the traumatic events of his life. With the help of Emma Frost, Scott is able to briefly bypass his own mental block and control his powers, though he reveals that his control is waning and temporary.
For a time Scott had prolonged amnesia about his childhood. Parts of his memory returned when he was unexpectedly attacked by the demon D'Spayre while on a leave of absence after Jean Grey's perceived first death. Scott spent most of his childhood at the State Home for the Foundlings in Omaha, Nebraska and was subjected to batteries of tests and experiments by the orphanage's owner, Mr. Milbury, an alias for the geneticist Mister Sinister, who also placed mental blocks on Scott.
Ancestry
In The Further Adventures of Cyclops and Phoenix limited series, both Scott and Jean were sent back in time to 19th century England by Madame Sanctity, a surviving member of the Askani sisterhood. In 1860, prior to the epilogue of the story, a young English orphan named Daniel (who was freed, one year ago, from the clutches of Nathaniel Essex by Scott and Jean) is shown arriving in New York Harbor from London. As a form of reverence toward the couple who recently showed him great kindness, when urged by his apparent guardian to adopt a new surname at the immigration station, Daniel chooses Summers. Although Scott does not make the familial connection between Daniel and himself, he suspects that his presence in this time (along with Jean's) did something else to affect the course of history, aside from stopping Mister Sinister and Apocalypse.
The X-Men
When Scott is sixteen, he goes on a trip to New York with his orphanage supervisor. Scott walks near a construction site and his optic beam activates for the first time. The blast damages a metal crane causing it to fall towards an onlooking crowd. Scott thinks quickly unleashing a second blast that destroys the crane. The crowd thinks this is an act of violence, and forms a lynch mob. Scott hops onto a train and runs away. Wandering Scott encounters Jack O' Diamonds who tries to recruit Scott as a thief/villain but eventually battles the villain. Scott is found by Charles Xavier, directly after who erases the crowd's memories. Xavier then asks Scott to join him and the X-Men, he gladly accepts, as the first official member.
In the X-Men's first field mission, he battles Magneto. With the X-Men, he battles the Vanisher, Unus the Untouchable, the Blob, and many others. Xavier would soon choose him to be deputy leader of the team and act as field leader whenever he was absent.
Cyclops has a relationship with Jean Grey during their time in the "original" X-Men. For a long time, he refuses to admit, even to himself, that he has feelings for her, afraid he would be hurt again or that his optic blasts would hurt her – or anyone else he cared about for that matter – and also because he feels he is no match for his wealthy teammate Warren Worthington III, a.k.a. Angel, who is at first also romantically interested in Jean. What Scott does not know is that Jean actually has a crush on him, but is too shy to make a move. Finally, on Bobby Drake's 18th birthday, they reveal their passion for each other and become lovers.
During one of the X-Men's adventures he rediscovers his brother Alex as his powers were manifesting. Alex would join the team with Scott as Havok.
When the original team of X-Men are defeated by Krakoa, Cyclops is the only member able to escape and return to Xavier. He helps train a new group of X-Men, which includes Storm, Colossus, Nightcrawler, Banshee, Thunderbird, Sunfire and Wolverine to rescue the others. When the other original X-Men (Angel, Beast, Iceman, Jean Grey, and later additions Havok (his own brother Alex) and Polaris) decide to leave in light of the arrival of the new X-Men, Cyclops stays, feeling that he will never be able to lead a normal life because of the uncontrollable nature of his powers.
As an adult member of the X-Men, Cyclops unknowingly meets his father, now known as Corsair, leader of the Starjammers, a group of aliens opposing what they see as the tyranny of the Shi'ar empire. Jean learns of Corsair's identity but keeps it from Scott and several more years pass before he learns his father's true identity.
Cyclops privately questions his relationship with Jean after Jean dies trying to pilot a space shuttle through a solar flare, and then is reborn as Phoenix, feeling that this reborn Jean was not the same Jean he had loved. Yet when he thinks her dead for an extended period of time after a battle in the Savage Land, Scott is not able to mourn her, and believes this meant he did not really love her anymore. He briefly dates Colleen Wing. However, when Scott and Jean are reunited on Muir Island to fight Proteus, he rediscovers his love for her, and they share a passionate kiss on the way home. A few days before Jean dies, Scott psychically proposes, and she accepts. After her death, he quits the X-Men, unsure of what to do anymore. He signs on as crew of a fishing boat, captained by Lee Forrester. After an adventure in which Lee's father is possessed by D'Spayre, Cyclops and the Man-Thing must fight D'Spayre, Scott and Lee find themselves shipwrecked in the Bermuda Triangle, where they stumble upon Magneto's new base of operations.
Scott soon returns to the X-Men. He then discovers that Corsair the leader of the Space Pirate group the Starjammers is actually his father. Scott originally believed that his parents died in the plane accident and is unaware that they, in fact, had been captured and sold into slavery by the Shi'ar. His mother was murdered by then Emperor D'Ken, leaving a grieving Corsair to escape captivity and form the Starjammers. He also finds out through Corsair that he has living grandparents, who own a shipping company in Alaska. During his first visit to his grandparents he meets Madelyne Pryor, a woman who bears a strong resemblance to Jean. Eventually he marries her, and after she gets pregnant he retires from the X-Men. Scott has a difficult time adjusting to life outside of the X-Men and later, to his wife's dismay, he challenges Storm to a battle in the Danger Room for leadership of the X-Men. Despite Storm no longer possessing her mutant powers, she defeats Cyclops. Madelyne gives birth to their son, Nathan, and Scott returns to retirement from the X-Men.
X-Factor and Inferno
Shortly after the birth of his son Nathan, Jean Grey is discovered and revived by the Avengers and the Fantastic Four. It is revealed that Jean Grey was alive and had never been The Phoenix. The Phoenix is revealed to have been a cosmic entity who placed a dying Jean Grey in a healing pod at the bottom of Jamaica Bay and replaced her taking on her appearance and memories, to the point of not realizing that "she" herself was not the real Jean Grey. After hearing that Jean is alive, Cyclops leaves his wife and son and rejoins the other original X-Men as X-Factor, who pose as mutant hunters but in reality are trying to help their genetic brethren. Meanwhile, Pryor goes on to be an assisting member of the X-Men, apparently sacrificing her life during the Fall of the Mutants with her teammates, although she was left with feelings of despair over the loss of Scott, who felt bad himself over the way he had handled the situation.
The demons S'ym and N'astirh corrupt Madelyne's feelings of self-despair, transforming her into the Goblin Queen. Madelyne seeks revenge on Scott for leaving her. When it is revealed that she is a clone created by geneticist Mister Sinister, essentially for the purpose of becoming a brood mare, Madelyne cannot take it any more and kills herself. Scott seemingly kills Sinister with an optic blast, and pursues a romance with Jean, reclaiming his son. Scott soon learns that Mister Sinister ran the orphanage in which Scott was raised, and battled Sinister over this.
Shortly after the X-Tinction Agenda, Scott reencounters Apocalypse, who infects Nathan with a techno-organic virus. Although Scott saves his son with the help of his teammates and through the combined strength of Nathan, Jean, and himself defeats Apocalypse, he was unable to save his son from the fatal infection. Distraught, Scott sends his son into the future where he can be cured.
Next, Xavier's psionic enemy, Shadow King, returns to combat the X-Men and X-Factor. After his defeat, Cyclops and X-Factor rejoin the X-Men team, and Scott is named leader of a newly created "Blue Team".
Return to the X-Men
After Cyclops's return as field leader, much of the Blue team is kidnapped by Omega Red and the ninjas of The Hand. After the captured teammates' rescue, Mr. Sinister sends Caliban, a former X-Factor member, to kidnap Cyclops and Jean for Stryfe, a madman and rival to Cable, both time-lost mutants. Stryfe tells the two that he is Nathan, sent to the future and abandoned. In a fight, Cable and Stryfe apparently die. Afterwards, the team battles Omega Red again, and teammate and telepath Psylocke tries to lure Cyclops into an affair behind Jean's back. Ultimately, however, Cyclops remains with Jean. Cable returns as well and reveals to Cyclops that he is the real Nathan Christopher Summers, while Stryfe is a clone of Nathan created in the event of his death who was stolen and raised by Apocalypse.
Second Marriage
Scott Summers and Jean Grey finally marry. During their honeymoon, they are brought into the future where they raise Cable for the first 12 years of his life during The Adventures of Cyclops and Phoenix miniseries. After helping Cable defeat the future version of Apocalypse, they are sent back to the past. At the request of Rachel Summers, Jean assumes the Phoenix identity. Mister Sinister, involved with the machinations of Apocalypse and Stryfe and still alive, tells Cyclops that there is another Summers brother, and leaves him wondering.
As Cyclops deals with the fact that his son is now old enough to be his father, the X-Men are forced to battle their mentor when Professor Xavier is transformed into the evil Onslaught, as a result of his recent attempt to wipe Magneto's mind causing Magneto's darker impulses to merge with Xavier's own subconscious darkness and manifest as a new personality. Although the X-Men defeat the evil entity and free Xavier, most of Earth's heroes are lost for a time. Xavier, who is left powerless after Onslaught's defeat, is arrested for his part, leaving Scott and Jean as leaders and co-headmasters of the school. However, the pair go into retirement following Operation: Zero Tolerance, in which Cyclops is gravely injured when a bomb is placed in his chest.
Merging with Evil
Scott and Jean return to the X-Men some time after at the request of Storm, when she grows concerned about the mental well-being of Professor X (who had returned sometime prior). Their return then leads to the events of The Twelve, in which Apocalypse plans to use a machine to steal the powers of twelve select mutants and the body of Nate Grey which will make him virtually omnipotent. In order to save Nate, Cyclops willingly merges with the villain Apocalypse. He is believed dead until Jean and Cable track him down to Egypt and separate him from Apocalypse, killing Apocalypse's spirit in the process.
New X-Men
Upon Cyclops' return to the X-Men following his possession, his personality has been altered as a result of being bonded with Apocalypse. This change causes a rift between him and Jean; he claims that Apocalypse made him question not only their relationship, but his life as a whole. He is instrumental in preventing the mutant Xorn's suicide and in recruiting the powerful mutant to the X-Men. The two establish a close friendship; similarly, repeated missions with Wolverine result in the growth of a tentative friendship between the two veteran X-Men.
When Jean begins to show signs of the Phoenix Force again, the distance between the two grows larger and Scott begins abstaining from sex with Jean for the five months. Jean attempts several times to confront Cyclops, but he continues to push her away, claiming that Apocalypse had changed him too much on the inside. Jean, confused by the change in their relationship, confides in Logan and the two kiss in the woods outside the school, but Logan walks away telling her that she should remain with Scott. Xavier leaves Earth while under the control of Cassandra Nova and Jean is left as Headmistress of the school. Her new responsibilities along with her growing powers, force Jean to put her attention elsewhere leaving Scott feeling ignored and his trauma from being possessed trivialized. Instead of attempting to reconcile with her, Scott turns to Emma Frost for consolation, feeling that he can talk to Emma about his problems. Their relationship ostensibly begins as a series of psychic therapy sessions, but the two soon engage in a full-fledged psychic affair.
When Phoenix discovers the affair, Cyclops claims he and Emma shared only thoughts and thus had done nothing wrong. Meanwhile, Emma's snide and mocking jeers provoke a hurt and angry Jean to psychically confront her, using the full-power of the Phoenix Force to 'burn through lies'. She forces Emma to admit her true feelings for Scott, and to face her many failures, sins, and personal demons. Furious at both himself and Jean, Scott confronts Jean and demands that she read his mind; Jean finally complies, only to discover that Scott and Emma never engaged in any physical contact, though Emma had offered it. After confronting Jean with the truth, Scott leaves the Xavier Institute, and a short time later Emma is found shattered in her diamond form and believed killed.
Scott soon finds himself at the Hellfire Club which had been turned into a sleazy strip club and tries to get drunk, attempting to escape the responsibilities, expectations, and demands which he feels are unjustly placed on him by the X-Men. He then accompanies Wolverine and Fantomex to the government-created time-pocket called The World and then Asteroid M. During his time with Wolverine, Scott reveals that he feels his relationship with Jean is stagnant and that the two of them had not progressed romantically since their initial teenage romance. He also confesses that he feels that Jean is so concerned with the school and her new powers that the two no longer communicate like before and that he feels left behind due to Jean once again being connected to the Phoenix Force. When Scott finally returns to the X-Men, their new teammate Xorn (who was revealed to be Magneto, but was subsequently retconned as an imposter) attacks the X-Men. Having at last reached full Phoenix power, Jean confronts Xorn-Magneto and is killed in the process. As she is dying, Scott apologizes for hurting her, but Jean instead tells him that she understands and has never seen him more alive and urges him to live on.
Headmaster
Scott, however, is devastated by Jean's death, and considers leaving the X-Men once more. It was revealed in the "Here Comes Tomorrow" storyline that, had he done so, it would have led to an apocalyptic alternate future. To prevent this, a resurrected, future-version of Jean uses her powers as the White Phoenix of the Crown and telepathically reached back in time to tell Cyclops it was okay to move on, leading him to start a real relationship with Emma. Together, the pair rebuild the Xavier Institute as co-headmasters.
The new relationship between Emma and Scott leads to problems between them and the rest of the X-Men, all of whom believe that the pair are doing Jean's memory a disservice. Rachel Summers in particular feels hurt and angry by her father's lack of remorse for the psychic affair that hurt Jean before her death and Emma's part in it, and takes on the last name of Grey in place of Summers. The other X-Men eventually come to accept the relationship and both Scott and Emma manage to reconcile with Rachel in their own ways, such as introducing Rachel to Jean's other family members.
Deciding that the X-Men need to play more of a role in emergency rescue and aid, and thus garner attention on mutants in a more positive light where mutant abilities are used for the good of people, Cyclops hand-picks a new team in Astonishing X-Men of himself, Emma, Beast, Kitty Pryde, and Wolverine, which is subsequently used by Marvel as the chief representation of the X-Men. The team faces an alien named Ord of the Breakworld, who supplies Earth scientist Dr. Kavita Rao with a "cure" for mutation. The team subdue Ord and rescue the resurrected Colossus, but not before learning that one of their own will be responsible for the destruction of Ord's homeworld in the coming year. Not long after, the X-Men's Danger Room becomes sentient, attacking the X-Men and seeking to ultimately kill Xavier. Calling itself "Danger", "she" reveals that Xavier knew she had been self-aware since Shi'ar technology was installed in the Danger Room years ago, but chose to ignore her, effectively inhumanely using her only to train his teams of X-Men. After her defeat on the island of Genosha, the X-Men abandoned Xavier in disgust, with Cyclops no longer welcoming Xavier's input at the School or with the team.
Cyclops also tutored a squad at the institute called The Corsairs, named after Cyclops's father. The team consisted of Dryad, Quill, Specter, and the three remaining Stepford Cuckoos.
Astonishing X-Men
In Astonishing X-Men vol. 3 #14, during an impromptu telepathic "therapy session", Emma Frost presented Cyclops with the possibility that his lack of control over his optic blasts actually stems not from physical brain damage, but from a sort of mental block that the young Scott imposed upon himself after the combined traumas of the loss of his parents, separation from his brother, and shocking manifestation of his powers; this is seen as a coping mechanism, giving Scott something to focus on and try to maintain some sort of control over at a time when events completely out of his control had effectively shattered the life he had led up to that point.
Scott admits that this theory is the truth, further admitting that he had blocked making this decision out of his memory, to preserve the fallacy in his own mind and prevent others from discovering his "secret". The issue ends with Scott apparently in a catatonic state, with his eyes uncovered and displaying their natural shade of brown, with no evidence of his powers manifesting. Later he manifests, and has full control over his optical blasts, although it was only temporary.
Deadly Genesis
After the events of House of M, nearly all mutants were left depowered, and Xavier was missing. A mysterious villain then attacked and easily defeated several members of the team, including Cyclops and his alternate-reality daughter, Rachel. The two were captured and taken to an undisclosed location, which Cyclops vaguely remembered visiting in the past. Eventually managing to free themselves, Cyclops and Rachel attempted to escape, only to run into their captor (revealed to be Vulcan), who informed Cyclops that he was the X-Man's younger brother. A powerless Professor Xavier confirmed this information in the final book of the miniseries. This new information has left Cyclops resentful towards his mentor and has gone so far as to demand that Xavier leave the school as it is no longer 'his'.
Civil War
Cyclops, along with the other living original X-Men, declare neutrality on the subject of Civil War, reasoning that the X-Men sympathized too much with Captain America's side – who, like the X-Men, were persecuted for wanting to do the right thing – but believed that the mutant race had suffered too great a loss recently to take a side either way due to the recent depowerment of so many mutants. Bishop leaves the team to join the Registration supporters and locate the escaped 198. In Civil War: X-Men #2, Cyclops under mind control of Johnny Dee helps the futuristic X-Man in recovering them. Cyclops is then manipulated into attacking Bishop which he does by overloading Bishop's power of energy absorption.
World War Hulk
Cyclops is listed at IGN as a target on Hulk's "Hit List" of characters. He is seen fighting the Hulk in World War Hulk: X-Men #1 and in issue #2, he uses a full beam blast to stop the Hulk, refusing to let the Hulk take Professor Xavier regardless of his own feelings towards his mentor regarding the truth about Krakoa. While it peels off some of the Hulk's skin, he was able to walk towards Cyclops and clench his entire face, effectively containing the blast. After Hulk left when Mercury told him about the mutant race being near-extinct, Cyclops began to forgive Professor X while the wounded were being tended to.
Messiah Complex
Cyclops leads a team to Alaska to find the new mutant detected by Cerebro. When the team arrives, they find nearly every child in the town killed, dead Marauders and Purifiers, and the baby gone. He sends a team consisting of Wolverine, Nightcrawler, Angel, and Colossus to find former Acolytes for information on the Marauders. He argues with Xavier, who complains about not telling him about his team. Scott tells Xavier they are not his X-Men any more and that he can do what he wants. Scott also calls in X-Factor to help with the situation, asks Rictor to infiltrate the Purifiers, and asks Madrox and Layla Miller to go see Forge. Upon discovering that Cable has kidnapped the newborn mutant, Cyclops orders the reforming of X-Force with Wolverine leading the team. Their first mission is to hunt down Cable and retrieve the baby. Cyclops later breaks all ties with Professor X and asks him to leave the mansion, as Xavier continues to question Cyclops's judgement. Later on, Cyclops is seen with his own team and X-Factor, to help out Wolverine against the Reavers and to capture the baby from Cable. Cable eludes the X-Men.
After finding the Marauders' hideout on Muir Island, Cyclops dispatches X-Force and Bishop to go there and retrieve the baby. During the final battle, Cyclops sends the New X-Men against the Marauders, believing that Sinister's forces will be caught off guard by unfamiliar opponents. The students prove to be effective. Cyclops then confronts Cable demanding the baby. Cable, with a gun pointed at his father, begs Cyclops to let him escape into the future with the baby. However, Cable gives the child to Cyclops, after Xavier points out that the future of all mutantkind is at stake and Cyclops, as leader of the X-Men, speaks for mutantkind. Cyclops holds the baby and, realizing that the child deserves the chance to make its own destiny, gives her back to Cable. Cable teleports to the future just as Bishop fires a round at the child. The shot misses her and hits Xavier in the head. Cyclops strikes Bishop with an optic blast, and Cyclops declares the X-Men disbanded.
Manifest Destiny
During the interim period, Cyclops goes on a vacation with Emma to the Savage Land after refusing Tony Stark's request to have the X-Men as part of the Fifty State Initiative. There, they are contacted by Warren asking them for assistance in San Francisco. Scott and Emma are successful in rescuing not only Warren and the other X-Men, but also in rescuing San Francisco as a whole. As a result, the Mayor of the city offers to help the X-Men reestablish themselves in the city. After building a new headquarters, Cyclops sends word to all the world's mutants that San Francisco, which has welcomed the X-Men with open-arms, is now a safe haven for mutant-kind and that all are welcomed to join them. The X-Men's presence is widely approved of by San Francisco, including the police, who now hire the team to aid them in cases that might be out of their area.
Cyclops dispatches Wolverine to track down Mystique and revives X-Force as a clandestine black-ops team whose mission is to take down threats to mutankind that they cannot deal with while under the public eye. Cyclops places Wolverine in charge of the team and resolutely keeps X-Force's existence secret from the other X-Men, including Emma Frost (manifested as a psychic "black box" in his mind that Emma is unable to open), also demanding that X-Force remain unknown to the public. However, Cyclops utilizes other X-Men for parts of the groups mission, including Beast and the Stepford Cuckoos. The team is sometimes less careful, leaving blood-stained clothing around, piquing Emma's suspicions. The controversy of Cyclops's decisions as leader of the X-Men is further highlighted during the Skrull invasion of San Francisco when he readily utilizes biological warfare against the Skrulls by knowingly infecting them with an adapted version of the Mutant Legacy Virus created by Beast without first determining if there was also a cure.
In another controversial decision, Cyclops sends X-Force to track down the Leper Queen who is infecting mutants with a strain of the Legacy Virus to use their uncontrolled powers in attacks against humanity in order to stir up anti-mutant hysteria. While on the mission, Beast locates Cable in the future and Cyclops orders X-Force to abandon the current mission and prepare for transport to the future to assist Cable and the baby, Hope. Despite knowing that the Leper Queen has kidnapped and intends to kill Hellion, Surge, and Boom Boom, and despite the protests from both X-Force and Beast that a few more minutes is all that is needed to kill her and save the students, Cyclops makes the difficult decision to activate the time machine. Though Domino is only moments away from killing the Leper Queen, the team is transported to the future and the Leper Queen appears to shoot Boom Boom in the head, while Hellion and Surge are injected and sent to the United Nations building for another attack. Upon his return to the present Wolverine confronts Cyclops on the risks he took in making that decision.
Mutant/Anti-mutant rioting and the return of Madelyne Pryor
Footage of Cooperstown, Alaska from X-Men: Messiah Complex is eventually released to the media by Simon Trask, designed to deceive the public into believing that the destruction was caused by the newborn mutant messiah rather than the Purifiers. The footage, coupled with Trask's newly formed "Humanity Now! Coalition" pushing anti-mutant legislation, dubbed "Proposition X", aiming to control mutant reproduction, causes an increase in mutant hate crimes, causing Scott to open the X-Men's base to anyone seeking refuge. During this time, his growing secrecy concerning X-Force and Emma's suspicions that he is keeping something from her begin creating a rift between them. Taking advice from Storm that Scott's actions are always in the best interest of mutant-kind, Emma secretly agrees to participate in Norman Osborn's Cabal in her own attempt to ensure the protection of the mutant population.
Scott encounters his dead ex-wife, Madelyne Pryor, again when she inexplicably returns as a psychic ghost, calling herself the Red Queen and with a newly assembled all-female team of mutants calling themselves the Sisterhood. Her team attacks the X-Men and Madelyne steals a lock of Jean's hair in Wolverine's possession, with the goal of using it to locate and inhabit Jean's body, allowing her to be reborn. Scott employs Domino to exhume Jean's grave and swap her body with another. Unaware of the switch and spurning Scott's attempt to reach out to her, Madelyne attempts to possess the body, but seemingly disintegrates into nothingness as no other body than Jean Grey's can house an entity of Madelyne's level of power.
Utopia/Dark Reign/Siege
After the battle with Madelyne and the Sisterhood, Beast confronts Scott and Emma, stating that he is aware of both of their clandestine actions and that they will discuss them at length together or their secrets will tear the X-Men apart. In the limited crossover tie-in, Dark X-Men/Dark Avengers: Utopia, the growing unrest among the mutant population and calculated instigation from Trask and Humanity Now! leads to violent rioting from mutants against the anti-mutant coalition in San Francisco. Though supported by the mayor, Cyclops is largely viewed as the leader of the remaining mutant population by the media and he takes the brunt of negative media and public opinion, implicated as endorsing and sending the X-Men to lead the rioting. Trask capitalizes on the hysteria, portraying Humanity Now! as victims of oppression in order to push Proposition X. Norman Osborn utilizes the Dark Avengers to stop the riots and arrest Cyclops and his team of X-Men, calling in Emma to lead a new team of "Dark" X-Men. Emma agrees to lead the team, which will answer to Osborn, as the Black Queen. Marvel writer Matt Fraction indicated that Emma's alliance with Osborn places Scott and Emma at odds with one another, creating "a profound schism". Cyclops travels to Osborn's base on Alcatraz Island to speak with him. Osborn tells Cyclops that they can end the riots and hysteria here right now but Cyclops interrupts him and orders him to surrender. A shocked Osborn asks what he means, and Cyclops replies that Osborn needs to get the riots under control and then withdraw H.A.M.M.E.R. and the Dark Avengers and leave San Francisco to him and the X-Men. When Osborn refuses Cyclops leaves, telling Osborn that he tried. After Cyclops leaves, Osborn tells Victoria Hand that when the time comes Osborn is going to kill Cyclops personally.
As Emma's Dark X-Men slowly get the city under control, Cyclops continues to form his plans to deal with the situation. Scott assigns his X-Men (such as Mirage, Domino, Mindee Cuckoo, and Psylocke) different tasks, as well as having another team observe Emma's team, as they deal with a group of bio-sentinels attacking San Francisco. When asked how they are expected to take out both the Dark X-Men and Dark Avengers, Scott retorts "Who said you're the squad that's supposed to stop the Avengers?"
Scott's plan finally comes together as he has Magik teleport X-Force into H.A.M.M.E.R's Alcatraz Island, where they take on the Dark X-Men and Avengers, while Magik teleports all the captured mutants to safety. X-Force is aided by Emma and Namor, who are revealed to be double-agents against Osborn. Immediately after, Scott has the X-Club resurrect Asteroid M which crashed into the Pacific Coast a few years prior. Cyclops then orders Magik and Pixie to teleport every X-Man and allied mutant to what he now calls 'Utopia'. During a press conference, Cyclops informs the world that they have left the United States and that they reject Norman Osborn and his methods.
During this time period, Cyclops struggles to define what he wants Utopia to be (nation/base/etc.) Utopia is attacked by numerous threats, including the events of "Necrosha", "Infernus 2", and "Fear Itself". After the discovery of X-Force, Beast leaves Utopia and blames Cyclops for terrible judgement in how he is running Utopia.
When Osborn's illegal siege on Asgard is about to end sooner by the hands of the real Avengers led by the revived original Captain America, Cyclops is one of the non-participating heroes who watches Osborn's downfall live. He is seen watching the said siege alongside Wolverine inside the base at Utopia.
Second Coming and Age Of Heroes
Sometime after Utopia began, Cable returns to present day Westchester, New York with Hope Summers, the baby believed to be the mutant Messiah. As Cable had no idea that Cyclops and the X-Men moved to Utopia, Cyclops deploys his senior team of X-Men to search and rescue just as the purifiers and Nimrod begin their attack on Cable and Hope. During the rescue, Nightcrawler is killed teleporting Hope back to Utopia. Cyclops holds a funeral for his fallen friend (one of the few who really believed in Scott's belief of the mutant messiah). Beast arrives on Utopia for the funeral and blames Cyclops for the loss of Nightcrawler. Shortly after, an impenetrable field surrounds Utopia and sentinels from the future begin to attack. Cyclops is forced to send a team of X-Men into the future led by Cable, but upon their return Cyclops and Hope watch Cable die from a combination of the techno virus and time travel. After Nimrod and the purifiers are defeated, Cyclops holds a funeral for his fallen son. As Emma Frost witnesses a sign of the Phoenix manifesting in Hope, she runs to tell Scott who dismisses her as he sees he was right all along: Cerebra detected 5 brand new mutant signals. Cyclops deploys Hope to recruit the new mutant signals and they become her team known as "The Lights". Shortly after, Cyclops is awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on the request of Commander Steve Rogers for his acts, but subsequently discards it as he wants to focus on doing what is right for the people rather than worrying about how his actions are perceived by others.
Fear Itself
A possessed Juggernaut escapes Thunderbolts captivity and begins to make his way west to San Francisco to either destroy Utopia or destroy San Francisco, depending on which side would give up the other first. Cyclops deploys multiple attempts to stop the Norse-powered Juggernaut to no avail. As one of his final plans, Cyclops sends Magik, Colossus, and Shadowcat to meet with Cyttorak to convince him to take away the powers he gave Juggernaut. Cyttorak agrees in exchange for making Colossus the new Juggernaut avatar and is able to push Cain Marko back until Cain is summoned by The Serpent.
Schism
At the beginning of Schism, Cyclops thanks Wolverine for always being there for him as they have finally achieved mutual respect after years of fighting and rivalry. While at a conference for weapon control, Kid Omega (Quentin Quire) launches a psychic terrorist attack on the ambassadors present. In response, sentinels are deployed at the conference and are disposed of by Cyclops and Wolverine. Due to growing fears of mutant threat, countries around the world begin to mobilize their Sentinel forces. Cyclops begins to deploy X-Men around the globe to deal with the threat. Sometime after, Kid Omega shows up on Utopia to plead for amnesty. Wolverine tries to attack Kid Omega when Cyclops stops him. When Kid Omega insults Wolverine, Cyclops defends Wolverine and commands Quentin to be quiet. Later, Cyclops sends a team to a local mutant museum exhibit as a "show of force". The new Hellfire Club attacks the exhibit and incapacitates all senior X-Men present. As Cyclops flies to the museum from Utopia and Wolverine rushes to help, Idie asks if she should kill the Hellfire Club to help. While Wolverine protests against it profusely, Cyclops tells Idie to do what she feels is right. Idie kills almost every Hellfire Club member left to save her friends and mentors. Wolverine pops his claws at Cyclops in anger but restrains himself when he realizes what he is doing.
However, the new Hellfire Club activates a special giant Sentinel, sent towards Utopia. With most of the X-Men far from Utopia and part of the team being in the med-lab, young mutant messiah Hope Summers and other teenage mutants volunteer to join Cyclops in the fight against the super Sentinel. Wolverine is opposed to the idea of putting children on the front lines against the Sentinel; when Cyclops insists that everyone who wants to fight should fight, Wolverine gets a detonator and threatens to blow up Utopia in order to make the youngsters run away from the island and destroy the super Sentinel. Cyclops and Wolverine's frustration with each other come to a head when Cyclops brings up Jean Grey. The two fight each other in a rage while being attacked by the sentinel.
Eventually, the super Sentinel threat forces them to stop fighting each other and join Hope and the other young mutants in the battle against the Sentinel, and the Sentinel is finally taken down. But the ideological differences between Cyclops and Wolverine makes Wolverine decide to leave Utopia and bring along whoever wants to come with him. Both men eventually start recruiting their teammates; some members of the X-Men leave with Wolverine, while part of the team stays in Utopia with Cyclops.
X-Men: Regenesis
While Wolverine does not leave as an enemy of Cyclops and his X-Men, he makes clear he wants both sides to stay out of the other's business. Various X-Men leave for various reasons; Rogue, for example, departs because she feels that Cyclops has lost perspective and cannot accept the possibility of being wrong. With the X-Men who have chosen to leave alongside him, Wolverine returns to Westchester, New York to open the Jean Grey School for the Gifted while Cyclops organizes new teams of X-Men and remains on Utopia.
Avengers Vs. X-Men
With the discovery that the Phoenix Force is returning to Earth, apparently to use Hope as a host, Cyclops believes Hope as Phoenix can be used to 'jump-start' the mutant population. Captain America, fearing that the Phoenix will come to Earth and destroy everything, assembles a force of Avengers aboard a S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier and using the S.H.I.E.L.D. cloaking technology travels to Utopia to confront Cyclops. Upon arriving on Utopia, Captain America orders Cyclops to transfer Hope to his protective custody. Assuming that Captain America will not take no for answer Cyclops refuses and uses his optic blast to push the Captain back into the sea. Captain America then orders the Avengers take the beach and apprehend the mutant, Hope. Cyclops denounces the Avengers as having always seen the mutants as 'ugly stepchildren' and will now seek to actively undermine them after they acquired a "messiah". During battle, Hope escapes Utopia. After Hope escapes, Cyclops orders the X-Men to surrender and ends the fighting. Once Magik returns to Utopia, Cyclops directs Magik to use her teleportation power to facilitate the X-Men's escape.
Cyclops scatters the X-Men across the globe with the mission to prevent the Avengers from capturing Hope. Hope seeks out Wolverine for help. Wolverine aids Hope in traveling to the Blue Area of the Moon but then calls the Avengers to inform them of Hope's location. Cyclops and a select group of X-Men arrive to stop Hope's capture. Iron Man fails in his attempt to disrupt the Phoenix Force. As a result, the Phoenix Force is divided and instead inhabits five X-Men present on the moon none of which is Hope. Cyclops, one of the new Phoenix avatars, travels back to Earth with an unconscious Hope. The newly dubbed Phoenix Five begin to transform the world. The world's transformation beings as a utopian society which descends to a police state as the avatars are corrupted by the power of the Phoenix and are unable to control their desires, impulses, fantasies and whims from changing reality. Wanda teleports Hope away and Cyclops declares that there will be no more Avengers.
In defense against the combined assault of the Avengers and the X-Men, Cyclops attacks Emma Frost and absorbs her portion of the Phoenix Force, before killing Xavier and transforming into Dark Phoenix. In pitched battle, the Avengers and X-Men weaken Cyclops enough for Hope to absorb the Phoenix Force into herself. She undoes the changes to the world caused by Cyclops and she and the Scarlet Witch then spread out the Phoenix Force across the globe, causing thousands of people to become mutants. Cyclops is held captive in a ruby quartz cell and while guilt-stricken over killing Xavier, he is happy over the mutant race restarted and claims he would do it all over again.
Captain America convinces Wolverine to visit Cyclops, who is being held in a specialized private prison created for the reemerged mutant population, to learn where his Extinction Team might be hiding. Cyclops baits Wolverine into trying to kill him, but Wolverine lets up once he realizes that Cyclops wants to die and be made a martyr. Once returned to general population, Cyclops is joined by Jake, the only other mutant inmate in the prison. The pair soon realize that all the guards have left as three inmates approach them brandishing shivs. When the inmates move towards Jake, Cyclops tells the inmates to leave him out of this. The tattooed inmate states to Cyclops that their issue is with all mutants as he and the other two inmates attack them. However, due to his training in martial arts, Cyclops was able to defeat the three inmates. After that, he had a talk with Jake who revealed his origin to Cyclops. Cyclops then tells Jake about the Jean Grey School and they might take older students. Later that night, Cyclops uses metal filings to communicate with Magneto and tell him not to break him out as he must stay a prisoner, a political prisoner and he will not let them turn him into a criminal.
Cyclops allows Iron Man to study him for remaining effects of the Phoenix Force. As he is leaving, Jake is murdered by the mutant-hating inmates. Depressed at this action, Cyclops ends up taking up the earlier offer from Magneto to break him out of prison. Magneto, Magik, and Danger break Cyclops out of prison. Before leaving with Magneto, Magik, and Danger, Cyclops has Magik send Jake's murderers to Limbo and has Danger disfigure the corrupt warden by carving an X on his face. The Avengers arrive to find the prison demolished and abandoned except for the warden who delivers a message from Cyclops to Wolverine stating that he will support Wolverine's school and continue to fight for mutant rights, noting that now that Wolverine has taken the role of "the better man", Cyclops can be "the man who does what's necessary". Cyclops, Magneto and Magik watch a newscaster advocating putting mutants in concentration camps. When Magneto asks Cyclops if killing Neanderthal newsmen falls within their purview, Cyclops tells him it does not. Magneto warns him that they are embarking on something completely different now, but Cyclops tells him that he is wrong saying that just like before, they are hated, feared, and saving the world.
Post-Avengers vs. X-Men
With the X-Men disturbed at Scott's more violent policies — including attacking police officers and various officials for illegally detaining mutants after their powers manifested — but unwilling to actively confront him for fear of triggering a mutant civil war, a chance comment by Iceman inspires Beast to pursue a new solution; he travels back in time to recruit the Scott Summers from the early days of Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters to convince the present Scott that what he was doing was wrong. It is also speculated that those who either possessed or had strong interactions with the Phoenix Force have had their abilities altered in varying ways. This leaves the present day Cyclops with little to no control over his powers.
It is also revealed that the "Mutant Revolution" and Cyclops in particular have gained popular support among the general public, despite continued distrust and animosity from the Avengers and X-Men.
Later it was revealed that the reason for this alteration was not from the exposure to the Phoenix Force but because they had been infected by Dark Beast with nano-sentinels. Once they removed the nano-sentinels from their bodies, they regained total control over their powers.
New Xavier School
Cyclops has made a new base in the old Weapon X facility in Canada to train new mutants with Emma Frost, Magik and Magneto. He calls it New Xavier School for the Gifted. It was revealed that Scott, Emma, Illyana and Magneto had been infected with nanite sentinels that had corrupted their powers and caused them to be unpredictable. Cyclops then begins recruiting new mutants for his new Uncanny X-Men. He uses Cerebro to find new mutants and often clashes with Sentinels, S.H.I.E.L.D., the Avengers, and even mutants from the future during the Battle of the Atom.
Storm finds Cyclops's new school in order to tell him that Xavier's last will and testament will be read in Westchester and they will allow him back on the original school's campus again. After the reading of Xavier's will, in which he left everything to the present Scott and noted that he always saw Scott as a son, Scott decided to close the New Xavier School and send all his students to the Jean Grey School, reflecting that he had simply started making threats after all other methods had failed but was now forced to recognize that such an action was not what Xavier would have wanted of him, admitting that he had never had a real plan for what would happen if someone tried to make him enforce those threats.
Cyclops, after finally realizing what his mutant revolution is, gathered mutants at the White House to show humans that the mutants could all gather in one place without creating harm to the human race. Some X-Men were reluctant to appreciate Cyclops's act, while other endorsed him, such as Nightcrawler, his brother Havok, and finally Magneto, who stated that, even if Cyclops's actions seemed insane, Xavier would have loved this.
Secret Wars
At some point during the future Time Runs Out storyline, Cyclops acquires a Phoenix Egg which he holds in reserve, hoping to use it to end the Incursions.
During the Secret Wars storyline, Cyclops stands on top of the Phoenix Egg during the incursion between Earth-616 and Earth-1610. Cyclops eventually uses the Phoenix Egg to become one with the Phoenix Force again and uses his powers to decimate the Children of Tomorrow, before joining most of the surviving heroes from his universe in their 'life raft', his fellow survivors including Mister Fantastic, Carol Danvers (now known as Captain Marvel), Spider-Man, Black Panther, the new Thor, and Star-Lord. They remain in stasis for a time until they are released by Doctor Strange- who survived the incursions on his own- and meet Miles Morales, the successor to the Ultimate universe's original Spider-Man. Learning that Strange is now Doctor Doom's sheriff, the heroes set out to learn more about where they are now and what's the situation in the present world. Although Cyclops's Phoenix-influenced state initially accepts the new world that Doom has created following the destruction of the Multiverse, he joins the other survivors in attacking Doctor Doom. The Phoenix Force actually allows Cyclops to hold his own for a time against Doom's Beyonder-acquired powers, but the fight ends with Doom breaking Cyclops's neck.
All-New, All-Different
Following Secret Wars and the restoration of Earth-616, Cyclops was killed during Death of X, when the X-Men discovered that the released Terrigen mists were fatal to mutants upon exposure. Cyclops was one of the first victims of the M-Pox, although Emma Frost used a telepathic projection of him to rally mutant attempts to destroy a Terrigenesis cloud, subsequently faking his death in a final confrontation with Black Bolt to create a détente between mutants and Inhumans so that the two could work on saving mutants while leaving each other alone. Only the Stepford Cuckoos, Havok, and Magneto were aware of Emma's deception (and Magneto aware only because his helmet prevented Emma from altering his mind).
Although the specific details of his death were not known to the public, eight months later, several mutant youths regarded Cyclops as a figure of inspiration for standing up for their rights. This led to problems for the young Cyclops, who is disgusted at what his future self has become and resents the legacy he is seemingly destined to leave. He travels the country hunting down a team of villains calling themselves "The Ghosts of Cyclops" who claim to be fighting for mutant rights, but are really using their powers to steal. It turns out they are just college students and the All-New X-Men come to save them. Cyclops convinces them to turn themselves in rather than fight the police. He vows to not go down the same destructive path as older Cyclops. Storm in particular is recorded as blaming the elder Cyclops for spreading the M-Pox.
With the disappearance of Colossus and Magik at the hands of the Marauders, the X-Men confronted Mr. Sinister only to discover that he was experimenting on unwilling subjects to try to make Inhuman and Mutant DNA co-exist in order to create a genetically superior species of mutants who could survive the Terrigen Mist. To their surprise, Sinister deployed his only successful specimen, the seemingly-revived Cyclops. This Cyclops, however, was soon revealed to be an experiment created by Sinister who combined Scott Summers' genetic material with Inhuman DNA.
When the Phoenix attempts to return once again by resurrecting the adult Jean Grey, it allows her to talk with what appears to be Cyclops' spirit. But after reading his mind about the events that led to his death, Jean simply expresses regret that she was not there to help him and the former lovers apologize to each other for the way things ended before agreeing that they should remain dead. 'Scott' subsequently ages rapidly and dies in Jean's arms, whereupon Jean informs the Phoenix that all she wanted was to say goodbye to her husband.
Extermination
The entire X-Men team find themselves hunted on two fronts with one group being the mutant-hunter known as Ahab from a dark possible future where he has turned various mutants into his 'hounds' to hunt their fellows, and another being a younger version of Cable, who is so determined to send the young X-Men back to their own time that he actually kills his own future self to stop him interfering, as well as performing 'surgery' to restore Warren's original feathered wings. After Mimic is killed when he acts as a decoy to save young Cyclops, the original five accept the need to return home, but only after taking a detour into the future to meet the younger versions of Ahab's key mutant soldiers, allowing Jean to learn how their powers work. With this new knowledge, Jean is able to program a 'time delay' on the original five's memories once they return to the past, erasing all knowledge of events in the future until they reach that point, simultaneously granting the present Jean with knowledge of how to stop the Hounds. The timeline is thus restored to its original course, with Jean, Hank, Warren and Bobby meeting for milkshakes to talk about their new memories, unaware that young-Cable is talking with a now-alive adult Cyclops.
X-Men Disassembled
After most of the X-Men who participated the battle, including Legion, Magneto, Apocalypse, Blob and Omega Red are vanished by the hands of X-Man, who plans to reshape the world without X-Men, Cyclops, while keeping his low profile, is seen a few days later reading news of the X-Men's disappearance.
It is explained that his recent resurrection was caused when the younger version of Cable went to find Paul, a human who was rescued by Cyclops from giant robots controlled by the vengeful professor Mavin, back during the original X-Men era, with Paul now working for Tony Stark as a scientist. Cable gives Paul the Phoenix Cage device created by the Avengers back in 2012 to recreate the device so he could resurrect Cyclops. Cable and Paul manage to find Cyclops's corpse after his public 'death', and implanted a smaller version of the Phoenix Cage into the corpse's heart. When Cyclops was temporarily brought back by the Phoenix during Jean's resurrection, the Phoenix Cage is activated and absorbs a small portion of Phoenix Force which eventually restored Cyclops to full life even after the Phoenix abandoned him. After the time-displaced X-Men manage to return to their time, Cyclops gains the extra memories of his past-self, while finding out that the original older Cable had been screwing the timeline for keeping the younger X-Men in the present. Although Cable admits that he brought his father back to life primarily because he saw his death as unfair, he keeps Cyclops contained in his base until the other X-Men are engaged in battle against Nate Grey at the same moment as Professor Marvin escapes prison and goes after Paul for revenge, Cable then forcing Cyclops to choose which of the two he will save. Although the other X-Men are apparently killed by Nate, Cyclops' decision to save Paul allows him to reassess his actions prior to his death and conclude that he had become as bad as his enemies, choosing to help mutants over humans regardless of the consequences. Visiting Utopia, the place where he killed Professor X during the Avengers vs. X-Men event and also where Nate vanishes the participating X-Men, Cyclops vows to find the lost X-Men and restore them to create a brighter future, joined by the resurrected Wolverine, but unable to save Blindfold from committing her own suicide attempts. After defending themselves from Purifiers, Sapien League and Reavers’ attacks, Cyclops and Wolverine went to rescue and recruit Magik, Wolfsbane, Karma, Strong Guy and one of Multiple Man's duplicate from O*N*E compound, including Cyclops’ brother Havok, who turned himself in due to having his crime status when he was affected by an inverse effect back in AXIS event until he got freed during the near end of Secret Empire. However, they are unable to save Strong Guy and one of Multiple Man's duplicate, due to the former sacrificing his life to save the surviving new X-Men team from the virus bomb implanted on the said duplicate by O*N*E. During War of the Realms event Cyclops joins forces with his time displaced younger self's allies Champions to take down Malekith's forces. Eventually, the other X-Men returns from the alternate reality created by Nate Grey and he reunites with Jean Grey for the first time in many years and defeats O.N.E.
House of X
Scott Summers lives on the sovereign nation-state of Krakoa for mutants, created by Charles Xavier, Magneto, and Moira X. When the Fantastic Four captures Sabretooth after he kills several guards during a heist, he shows up to claim him on the grounds of amnesty, though he agrees to leave Sabretooth behind after Mr. Fantastic refuses. He also asks the Fantastic Four to let Franklin Richards know there is a place for him in Krakoa. Later on, Cyclops leads a team of X-Men to destroy Mother Mold and prevent the creation of Nimrod. Though they succeed, they are all killed during the mission. However, the entire team is resurrected by a group of mutants known as the Five (Goldballs, Tempus, Proteus, Elixir, Hope Summers) and are proclaimed the heroes of Krakoa.
Outlawed
Upon learning many pre-adult superheroes have been falsely outlawed by the crusade of Roxxon, through manipulating Senator Geoffrey Patrick and C.R.A.D.L.E., Cyclops, Pixie and Dust rushes to help the surviving Champions and clear Kamala's name from being used for an unjust law. While in Iron Heart's hidden lab, Cyclops inform that Viv Vision is alive, and selling out both of her own teammates and fellow teenage superheroes to the C.R.A.D.L.E.. He tricked C.R.A.D.L.E. into believing the Champions are escorted to Krakoa, and tries his best to find a safer place that is not at Krakoa for them, due to the island restriction. He enlist Bishop, Iceman, Pyro, Shadowcat and Storm to provide the Champions the X-Men's personal pirate ship to live far away from U.S.A.
Powers and abilities
Cyclops emits beams of energy from his eyes, described as "optic blasts", which have the appearance of red light and deliver massive concussive force. His cells constantly absorb solar energy and he can use some of that energy to create an opening to another universe in front of his eyes. The beams fire from these openings. The beams cause no recoil or heat, are tremendously powerful, and can be used to rupture steel plates and pulverize rock, or even punch a hole through a mountain. The beams constantly emanate from his eyes involuntarily, and can generally only be stopped by his own eyelids, or by shielding his eyes with "ruby-quartz", a translucent mineral; Cyclops wears ruby-quartz as lenses in glasses or in his visor, which is generally the only way for him to safely see without inadvertently damaging his surroundings. The beams' involuntary nature has been explained as a psychological shortcoming that resulted from childhood trauma. Cyclops can nevertheless manipulate the beams in several different ways, partially through the use of adjustable apertures in his eyewear that allow the beams to fire through their shielding at variable levels.
In addition to varying the beam width, height, and intensity, Cyclops has demonstrated a high degree of skill and accuracy in manipulating his optic blast. Cyclops is able to reflect the beam off hard and shiny surfaces. This feat also demonstrates his intuitive sense of spatial geometry between objects. The reflective qualities of the beams allows him to bounce the beam off many different surfaces in rapid succession. It has been observed to be focused tight enough to punch a pinhole through a coin, drill through the trunk of a log, and pierce the skin of the Blob. Cyclops has shown the power of his optic blast by blasting through the walls of a hardened building, tunneling through solid rock, and blowing the top off a mountain. Cyclops's force beams were measured by Iron Man to be almost 2 gigawatts. Two gigawatts is about half the peak power output of the Doel Nuclear Power Plant and when Cyclops released this much energy he exceeded his control over his optic beam. With Cyclops unable to shut off his optic beam, Leech came to his aid and negated his mutant power. Against other Marvel characters, Cyclops has been able to use his optic beam to knock Thor's Hammer from his hand. He is known to be able to overload Bishop's energy absorption power and is revealed to never have willingly used more than a small fraction of his full potential due to his anxiety regarding his optic blast.
Early accounts describe Cyclops' optic beams as the product of his body metabolizing sunlight and other ambient energy. This is similar to his brother Alex (alias Havok) who metabolizes cosmic radiation. This metabolized energy is then released in the form of the beam from his eyes. In some stories, Cyclops depletes his body's energy reserves and needs to recharge through exposure to sunlight. When depleted, Cyclops continued to emit the beams; however, their intensity was greatly diminished. One story showed him able to safely open his eyes when in total darkness-without any ambient light to absorb, his power diminished to the point that he did not need his visor.
The original 1983 Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe volume stated that Cyclops' eyes contain inter-dimensional apertures, releasing powerful energies from another dimension into his own via the beams. This account states that his body naturally metabolizes ambient energy that is used to open and focus the apertures in his eyes. The energy of the beam itself originates from this other dimension. This explanation, however, was later changed for the 1986 The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition.
Cyclops's body is naturally immune to the force of his own beams. His mind projects a psionic field that envelops his body rendering it immune to his optic beam, allowing him to shut it off by simply closing his eyes. Scott is also immune to the power of his brother Alex (Havok) who has the ability to emit waves of energy that heat the air into plasma. Likewise, Havok has demonstrated immunity to Cyclops's optic beam. Scott has been shown as being able to absorb Storm's lightning bolt, although this act caused Cyclops a great deal of pain. The ruby quartz used in his battle visor has been said to resonate with his body's psionic field. Scott has only limited resistance to his brother Vulcan's powers.
For all Cyclops' skill in manipulating his optic beam, it continuously projects from his eyes whenever they are open and unprotected. To prevent the destruction of any objects in his field of view, Cyclops uses a pair of ruby quartz eyeglasses developed by Professor X to contain the devastating rays. In his X-Men uniform, he uses a ruby quartz battle visor in place of the glasses. The crystal is said to resonate at the same frequency as the psionic field that protects Cyclops (and Havok) from their own powers. His uniform has firing studs incorporated into his gloves and on the sides of the battle visor that control the visor's aperture. In the event that the visor has a power failure, the apertures are spring-loaded to automatically close so Cyclops can at least see normally. He has also been observed using casual sunglasses and contact lenses made from the same ruby quartz as his visor lens.
Cyclops' poor control over his power is attributed to events in his childhood, initially described as being due to a head wound, disabling his brain's ability to turn off his optic blasts. Later depictions explained that his lack of control is psychosomatic and due to the emotionally traumatic events of his childhood. This later explanation allowed Cyclops to finally control his optic blasts for a short time during a mission on the Breakworld, though at the conclusion of these events, he revealed that he was beginning to lose control again and reverted to using his visor and lenses.
Cyclops' power has been altered by his exposure to the Phoenix Force. His optic blasts are more powerful, now appearing as multiple curved beams. His optic blasts can even cause Dormammu pain. However he would afterward be infected with nano-sentinels that made him lose control over his power even further, to the point that his blasts became inaccurate, activating on their own and becoming even more unstable. The end of the issue concludes with Beast purging the nano-sentinels from both Cyclops and Magik, giving him control over his still altered optic blasts.
Skills
Spatial Awareness: Cyclops seems to possess an uncanny sense of geometry, in this sense used to describe his observation of objects around himself and the angles found between surfaces of these objects. Cyclops has repeatedly demonstrated the ability to cause his optic blasts to ricochet and/or reflect off those objects in a trajectory to his liking. This is commonly called a "banked shot" when applied to this talent. Cyclops has been observed causing beams to reflect from over a dozen surfaces in the course of one blast, and still hit his intended target accurately. It is his sense of superhumanly enhanced spatial awareness that allows him to perform these feats as well. On two occasions Cyclops has been fast enough to blindly predict the position of Quicksilver and Northstar who were moving at superhuman speeds with enough accuracy to hit them with his optic blast.
Expert Pilot: Cyclops is an expert pilot of fixed-wing aircraft, a skill he appears to have inherited from his father. It has also been implied that his geometric sense improves his abilities in the air.
Master Tactician and Strategist: Cyclops has spent most of his superhero career as the leader of either the X-Men or X-Factor and has developed exceptional leadership skills. According to Nick Fury's files, Scott's abilities are at their best during tense situations. Fury notes that the less time Cyclops has to think about a decision, the better that decision is. Even when vacationing in the Savage Land, while others enjoy watching two dinosaurs fight, Scott analyzes their strength and calculates how to defeat them by himself. Even Sebastian Shaw has acknowledged Cyclops's skill in taking advantage of the single flaw in the Hellfire Club's defense to reverse a dire situation for the X-Men. When the other X-Men were hypnotized into thinking Cyclops was the Dark Phoenix and started hunting him down, he thwarted Colossus, Nightcrawler, and Storm in quick succession before fleeing to the Danger Room and creating a jungle environment in which to hide from his fellow X-Men, allowing him to outwit and defeat Shadowcat, Wolverine, Colossus, Storm, and Rogue, all while suffering from broken ribs. In The Uncanny X-Men #150, Cyclops organizes the X-Men to defeat Magneto at a time when the team is denied their mutant powers.
Expert Combatant: Cyclops also has extensive training in martial arts and unarmed combat, including Judo and Aikido.
Telepathic Shielding: While not a telepath himself, Cyclops has trained himself in various psychic defenses after his relationships with Jean Grey and Emma Frost. As a result, when he was possessed by a fragment of the Void – the seemingly unstoppable evil side of the Sentry – Cyclops was able to use this training to seal the Void in an inescapable prison within his own mind when even Emma Frost had only been able to stop the same Void fragment by turning into her diamond form where she had no telepathic abilities.
During the "Riot at Xavier's" storyline, Cyclops faces off against Quentin Quire's Omega Gang and can be observed doing a cartwheel while firing his optic blast at Radian's leg. In a fight with the Horseman of Apocalypse named War, Cyclops executes an acrobatic flip off a statue in the graveyard and while inverted in mid-air fires his optic blast into the mouth of the robotic mount.
Relationships
Cyclops has had multiple serious relationships and is rarely written without a romantic female relationship. Cyclops' relationships are particularly complicated because of the many retcons involved in the publication history of the Jean Grey and Madelyne Pryor characters.
In terms of publication time, Cyclops's longest and deepest romantic relationship would be with Jean Grey, whom he would eventually marry but not before she would appear to tragically die protecting the X-Men. Grieving from this loss, Scott leaves to the Summers family reunion where he meets and starts to pursue Madelyne Pryor. Scott would become obsessed with Madelyne's similarity to Jean. Madelyne turns out to be a clone of Jean and becomes a supervillain but not before Scott marries Madelyne and has a child with her. A romantic love triangle would later be created when Jean was reawakened from a coma and brought back to life by the Fantastic Four. These relationships would be resolved over the duration of Cyclops's appearance in the X-Factor series. Asked whether or not Cyclops was really in love with Madelyne, X-Factor writer Louise Simonson answered, "I think she was a substitute for Jean." Uncanny X-Men writer Chris Claremont noted that Cyclops's love for Madelyne was genuine and intended as a means of retiring the character from the team, stating, "It's a metaphor for us all. We all grow up. We all move on."
Jean Grey and Scott finally marry in X-Men #30. Afterward, Scott seemed to have reached a happy ending. Subsequently, Scott becomes possessed by Apocalypse and the lingering effects from this would taint his relationship with Jean. This combined with Jean's returning Phoenix powers creates stress in their romantic relationship. Confused, Scott turns to Emma Frost, who takes advantage of Scott's emotional problems, which leads to a telepathic extramarital affair. When confronted by Jean, Scott claims that they shared "only thoughts" and that he had done nothing wrong; Jean, however, disagrees and demands that Emma explain herself, but Emma only jeers and insults her. Enraged, Jean unleashes the immeasurable Phoenix ability on Emma, rifling through her memories and forcing her to confront the truth about herself.
In the aftermath, Scott then leaves the X-Men for a time to understand his own conflicting feelings. He returns to tell Emma that he had made a decision between her and Jean, but Jean is killed in battle before it is revealed which woman he had picked. After Jean's death, Scott feels disillusioned with Xavier's dream, leaves the X-Men, and refuses Emma's offer to reopen the school. Had the school remained closed, this outcome would have led to an apocalyptic future. To avoid it, Jean, who was resurrected in this apocalyptic future, used her Phoenix abilities to absorb this future timeline into the White Hot Room. She then mentally pushed Scott past the guilt he felt over her death and made him accept Emma's offer of reopening the school with her.
The two have since been together, although not without problems, particularly in light of the "House of M" storyline in which Emma alienates herself from many people by completely reformatting the school's workings and the events involving the Hellfire Club's return. As of the Divided We Stand stories, their relationship seems to be back on track. The relationship begins to deteriorate again with Cyclops keeping secrets about the actions of X-Force, and Emma not telling him of her agreement to join Norman Osborn's secret alliance known as the Cabal. However, both had their secrets revealed to each other and their romantic relationship seems to be back on track once again, apparently stronger and closer than ever.
A wedge is driven between Scott and Emma's relationship during the war with the Avengers, with Emma and the other members of the Phoenix Five becoming more and more corrupted by the Phoenix Force while Cyclops tries to control his portion as his allies go out of control. In the end, Scott betrays Emma by attacking her and stealing her portion of the Phoenix Force. Following the end of the war with the Avengers, Scott and Emma's relationship has ended.
The time displaced version of Cyclops was in a relationship with Jean, but she ended the relationship when discovering their future. He later began a budding relationship with X-23, prior to leaving the X-Men to join his father, leaving Jean and Laura devastated. The present-day Scott was romantically approached by the time-displaced Jean at one point but he flatly stopped her advances. The displaced Scott has confirmed that he is still in love with Jean, but is unaware of the past Jean's location.
Other versions
Time-displaced Cyclops
All-New X-Men
Beast hoped that bringing the original X-Men into the present would remind Cyclops of why Xavier created the X-Men and prevent a mutant genocide. The original X-Men then decide they want to stay and become the All New X-Men. Both the time-displaced Cyclops and the adult Cyclops join forces when faced with the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants from the future, who come to the present and try to force the Original X-Men back into the past. This results in the Battle of the Atom crossover. When the time-displaced Jean Grey is later kidnapped by the Shi'ar and placed on trial for the destruction done by the Phoenix Force years earlier in the 2014 crossover storyline Trial of Jean Grey, the teenage Cyclops and the All-New X-Men team up with the Guardians of the Galaxy and Starjammers, and rescue Jean from the Shi'ar homeworld. The younger Cyclops learns that his father Corsair is alive, and decides to follow him out to space and leaves the X-Men. He also secretly wants some time apart from Jean Grey, who is showing feelings toward younger Hank McCoy.
In his own spin-off series, young Cyclops enjoys spending time with the father he thought was dead. They get marooned on a hostile alien planet, hunted by dangerous bounty hunters, and are kidnapped by the villainous Space Pirate Captain Valesh Malafect. Cyclops even develops a relationship with the Captain's daughter Vileena. They eventually meet up with the Guardians of the Galaxy and the All-New X-Men during the events of The Black Vortex. After Secret Wars ends Cyclops leads a team of young X-Men consisting of the time-displaced X-Men along with Wolverine, Oya, and Evan Sabahnur with the hopes of shaking off the legacies left for them by their older counterparts.
Inhumans vs. X-Men
Despite facing his future self's reputation as the man who attempted to destroy the Inhumans with his final act, the young Cyclops nevertheless sides with the other X-Men when they go to war with the Inhumans over the creation of the Terrigenesis clouds. However, during this fight, young Cyclops is briefly possessed by the body-jumping Inhuman Mosaic, which results in him witnessing a memory Mosaic saw when he possessed Magneto of Magneto and Emma Frost standing over the future Cyclops' body after he died of M-pox. This leads to young Cyclops realizing that his future self did not die attacking the Inhumans, prompting him to vow to go after Emma Frost for what she did to his reputation. He exposes the truth about her actions at the conclusion of the war with the Inhumans when Emma tries to continue the conflict even after Medusa destroys the Terrigenesis cloud to save the mutants at the cost of the Inhumans' future, ignoring Emma's attempts to claim that she did what Scott would have done if he could.
Champions
After becoming inspired by a viral speech made by Ms Marvel, the young Cyclops decides to join the new Champions team. After misreading a situation and attacking Hulk, initially the Champions attack him and restrain him. After hearing his pitch and putting it to a vote they decide to not make the same mistakes made in the most recent Civil War and not judge him for the actions of his future self, agreeing to let him join the team. Due to his experience in leading the X-Men, many of the Champions look to him for leadership. However, a leader is never formally chosen.
ResurXion
After Inhumans vs. X-Men ended, the young Cyclops was determined to return to his own timeline but upon returning to the past, he is crestfallen to realize that their timeline is not the same as the Earth-616 timeline. This knowledge places Cyclops into a stupor as now the time-displaced X-Men do not know what timeline they are originally from. With the new knowledge that they are from a separate timeline entirely, Cyclops and the time-displaced X-Men leave the rest of the X-Men to find their place. After joining Magneto's team of X-Men in Madripoor, Cyclops steps down from leadership and Marvel Girl leads the team.
1602
In the continuity of the miniseries Marvel 1602, Scott is known as "Scotius Sumerisle." He is the leader of the original five X-Men, who are united under Carlos Javier (Professor X) and are known as "witchbreed" instead of mutants. His powers in Marvel 1602 are identical to his powers in normal Marvel continuity, though he wears a ruby visor instead of a ruby-quartz visor to block his optic blasts. Possessively in love with Jean Grey (who is disguised as a man under the name "John Grey"), he becomes jealous of her friendship with Werner (Angel).
Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse, Scott is a villain who fights against the X-Men. Just like in the normal timeline, Scott and his brother Alex were separated from their parents when their plane was attacked by a Shi'ar spaceship. The two would end up in an orphanage run by Sinister, though in this time line, both brothers were kept by him and raised as his foster children. Unbeknownst to them, their father Christopher Summers eventually makes his way back to Earth, only to be found by Sinister and given over to the Beast (also a villain) for medical experimentation.
Both Alpha mutants, and both holding the rank of Prelate, Scott and Alex Summers dominate the new mutant aristocracy in Apocalypse's America. Sinister employs the brothers to operate his breeding pens, act as security, and sometimes perform as special ops unit. Scott's ability to show emotional restraint in battle earns him Sinister's favor over Alex, fueling a dangerous rivalry between the brothers. This rivalry worsens when the brothers reunite with their real father—Christopher Summers—but are forced to kill him.
Sinister's preference for Scott over Alex also spills over into his genetic experimentation, as with Scott's DNA Sinister plans to create a super-mutant strong enough to destroy Apocalypse. After capturing the X-Man Jean Grey, Sinister believes that he has found Scott's genetic match, and uses their combined DNA to produce a child, Nate Grey.
Despite an initial belief in the doctrine of mutant superiority and even being considered by Apocalypse as a candidate for Horseman, Scott has reservations about the ethics surrounding his work, primarily in terms of excess. These concerns grow substantially once he meets and becomes enthralled with Jean Grey, a prisoner and "race traitor." Though Scott plans to release her on his own time, Grey's lover, Weapon X, breaks in and liberates her himself. Scott fights back against Weapon X, severing Weapon X's hand, but losing an eye in the process. Jean escapes with Weapon X, who remains an enemy of Scott.
In the meantime, Scott increasingly finds himself questioning the treatment of prisoners, and secretly starts releasing them. This does not go unnoticed by his brother Alex, who still harbors hostility against him. Alex re-captures Jean in order to use her against Scott, successfully exposing his brother as a traitor. Although Jean has no love for either brother, she decides to trust Scott and they attempt to escape together. Along the way the two meet Nate Grey, their genetically engineered son, though they remain oblivious to the truth of their connection to him. Eventually, Alex tracks down Jean and Scott, he kills Jean and defeats his brother. In retribution for Jean's death, Weapon X kills Alex by revealing that while Scott blew off Logan's hand, his claws were retracted at the time. According to the records of Magneto, Cyclops was incarcerated for his crimes during the reign of Apocalypse.
When Weapon X ascended to the role of Apocalypse in order to appease the Celestials, he donned the moniker Weapon Omega and started resurrecting deceased mutants using energies from a Celestial Life Seed. Cyclops was one of the first to be killed and resurrected by Weapon Omega. Under the control of Weapon Omega, he became one of his closest men and was appointed his Minister of Famine.
When Penance began rallying mutants to her cause which was to seek forgiveness for their past crimes and to rebuild their world, Weapon Omega sent Cyclops along with Azazel and Colossus to confront and bring her into the fold. Penance refused and used her telepathic powers to break Weapon Omega's hold on Colossus and restored his memories causing him to side with her. She attempted to do the same to Cyclops but he attacked her with his optic blasts before she could do it. A fight broke out between himself and Colossus but Azazel interrupted it and teleported Cyclops and himself away.
After the fall of the regime of Weapon Omega, Cyclops was chased down and killed by Weapon X.
Age of X
In the Age of X timeline, where mutants were hunted and prosecuted, Scott was known as Basilisk; having been captured by the government and his eyelids removed to prevent him controlling his optic blasts. Forced into a mask that could only be controlled by the prison staff, he was used as a mutant executioner on Alcatraz until he managed to escape, subsequently providing other mutant prisoners with the opportunity for freedom, although he is constantly forced to deal with his guilt over his role in the deaths of his fellow mutants.
Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows
In this continuity, Scott teaches ethics in human-mutant relationships at Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters. When the Super-Human Registration Act was proposed, Professor X and the Avengers proposed an alternative method with self-policing of mutantkind and super-powered communities. Scott thought it was preposterous for Professor X to make himself the self-appointed representative of mutantkind, and his opposition to Xavier's proposal led Jean to break up with him and marry Wolverine.
Corporal Scott Summers
This version of Scott Summers was raised as an African American slave, who was recruited by Nick Fury and Doctor Charles Xavier who trained him to use his powers. He served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and obtained the rank of Corporal. Due to his efforts along with his fellow black soldiers, James Rhodes and Ororo Munroe, the Civil War ended in merely two weeks. During this period, Scott was stated to have killed about six hundred Confederate soldiers. But despite their efforts and victory, Scott and his fellow mutants were feared by their compatriots.
Scott was recruited by Disembodied Xavier Head to join his inter-dimensional soldiers, the X-Treme X-Force. He faithfully followed X-Force leader Captain Blaire until her death. Afterwards he joined the X-Treme X-Men under Earth-616's Dazzler to continue to hunt down evil Xaviers.
He stayed on Earth-616 after the events of X-Termination.
Cyclops of Bishop's Future Timeline
The Cyclops from the same dystopic future timeline as Lucas Bishop has become dependent on cyborg attachments to stay alive. Initially, Cyclops attacks and blames Layla for causing this dystopic future, claiming that she could have used her powers to help mutant-kind. However, Layla explains that despite knowing the bad things that would happen to mutants and herself, she still had to allow them to happen and Cyclops relents.
DC Comics Metamilitia
In a pastiche of Marvel's Civil War, an alternative version of Cyclops named One-Eye appears in the DC Comics series Countdown to Final Crisis and its tie-in Lord Havok and the Extremists.
A former student of Doctor Diehard (a pastiche of Magneto and Professor X) and leader of his Zen-Men (a pastiche of the X-Men themselves), he joined the Metamilitia when Americommando became President of the US and approved the "Metahuman Act". Similar to the unfolding of events during Marvel's Civil War, the pro-registration heroes subdued the anti-registration ones; unlike the Marvel Universe wherein Cyclops and the X-Men remained neutral in the conflict, the Zen-Men on the alternative Earth of Angor were besieged by the Metamilitia, who feared their power. Although Doctor Diehard assured Americommando of their neutrality, the Zen Men were interned in a concentration camp and inhibitor chips were embedded in their hands. One-Eye switched sides, joining the Metamilitia out of fear and to avoid detention. After witnessing the rape of the Silver Sorceress (a pastiche of the Scarlet Witch) and the murder of her brother Jack B. Quick (a pastiche of Quicksilver), One-Eye damaged his chip and led the Zen-Men in rebellion.
Earth/Universe/Paradise X
During the events of the alternative future of Earth X, Scott Summers is an old man wandering the country. Summers eventually meets up with the new Daredevil's abandoned circus troupe and trains them into a combat team. When referred to as "Professor," Summers reveals his reservations about the title, stating that he would prefer to be called "Mr. S." Later in the series Summers leads the animen of Wakanda to the Savageland to create a new home for them.
Amalgam Comics
In the Amalgam Comics community, Cyclops was combined with DC's Ray to create Apollo.
House of M
During the House of M, where the main involved heroes' fondest wishes were granted, Scott was married to Emma Frost, and was a pilot for Mutair Airlines.
Marvel Noir
Cyclops appears in X-Men Noir as the leader of the X-Men, a crew of talented criminals. He was involved with the late Jean Grey. He has no powers but wields a revolver, and he has one eye scratched out, ostensibly by Logan who was another lover of Jean.
Marvel Zombies
Cyclops briefly appears in his original form as one of the characters in the Marvel Zombies universe, fighting against the zombified Alpha Flight alongside his fellow X-Men at the X-Mansion in Marvel Zombies: Dead Days. However, like many of his comrades, Cyclops unusually succumbs to the zombie infection and becomes one himself. He also fights a zombie Mystique before reaching the S.H.I.E.L.D Helicarrier. He is also seen standing next to Wolverine, Magneto and Colossus on the S.H.I.E.L.D Helicarrier. The last time he is seen before he is turned into a zombie is when he and all the other uninfected heroes are fighting the zombies to get survivors to safety. At the beginning of Marvel Zombies #1 when Magneto fights the zombified superheroes by launching shards of steel at them, Cyclops is caught in the crossfire and is later seen being shoved away by Wolverine from the corpse of the Silver Surfer. He is then cooked and eaten by the cosmic zombies. As a result, his head has been decapitated by Wolverine and has been ripped out of his zombified body from the same problem as to zombies Wasp and Deadpool (Headpool). On zombie variant covers, he is mostly seen headless and holding his severed head to defeat and eat victims throughout. The zombified Cyclops also appears, as said before, in Marvel Zombies: Dead Days, with zombies Iceman and, ironically, Wolverine.
Mutant X
Scott's history diverged at a much earlier point in the Mutant X reality. In this time line, it was not only the Summers parents who were kidnapped by the Shi’Ar, but Scott as well. While back on Earth, it was Havok who would be discovered by Charles Xavier and eventually grow up to be the X-Men's leader, Scott presumably worked as a slave in the Shi’Ar mines. Eventually, he escaped and joined the Starjammers. Among the group, he also found a lover in Carol Danvers. Unlike his brooding counterpart from the main universe, this version of Scott Summers was a happy-go-lucky space pirate. Eventually, one of their adventures led the Starjammers to Earth, where he was briefly reunited with his younger brother after nearly 20 years of not seeing each other.
New Exiles
After the New Exiles land on the world of warring empires, they encounter Dame Emma Frost, head of Britain's Department X and founder of Force-X. This team includes Summer Scott, a female version of Cyclops who is codenamed Starbolt.
On the world of the Sons of Iron and Daughters of the Dragon, the New Exiles face a squad of alternative "core X-Men" who are loyal to Lilandra. These X-Men include an alternative (and bald) version of Cyclops whose codename is "Devo."
Professor W's X-Men
A rather tragic event turned Cyclops into a bitter person in this timeline. At one point, several years in the future, the Shadow King took control of Wolverine and made him kill Professor Xavier. Cyclops never forgave him for this and when, shortly afterwards, Jean Grey was killed, he angrily left the team. In secrecy, Scott assembled a new Brotherhood around himself and one day returned with a vengeance. During the Brotherhood's attack on Xavier's mansion, Cyclops almost killed Wolverine, who did not fight back at all. It was Nightcrawler's daughter, Nocturne, who ended the battle by possessing her teammate, Armageddon, only to use his telekinetic power to pop Logan's claws in Cyclops' chest. To her dismay Scott was stopped but not killed.
Ruins
Scott Summers appears as one of numerous mutants at a prison camp in Texas in Ruins with his eyes gouged out painfully as a result of accidentally killing his own parents.
Shadow-X
New Excalibur battles an evil counterpart of Cyclops, who is a member of the Shadow-X, the X-Men of an alternative reality in which Professor X was possessed by the Shadow King. They are brought to Earth-616 as a result of M-Day. He was later beheaded by Sage.
Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel continuity, Scott is introduced as the straight-laced field leader of the X-Men. Cyclops's age in the Ultimate Marvel continuity is 18 as of his first appearance. His parents died in a plane crash, and he is estranged from his older brother Alex, with whom he has not spoken since joining the X-Men. Before becoming part of Professor Xavier's dream, Scott dated a young woman named Lorna Dane. Scott is unable to ask his crush Jean Grey on a date, and when she sleeps with Wolverine, Scott leaves the X-Men and joins Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy. Magneto considers Scott a potential heir and urges him to pursue a relationship with his daughter. However, after seeing the lengths to which Magneto will go to fulfill his dream, Scott then betrays the brotherhood
During the Weapon X storyline, when agents of Weapon X are trying to take in members of the X-Men, Cyclops is one of the last X-Men standing, causing serious problems for the ground forces attempting to lay siege to Xavier's Institute. He is taken out only after Nightcrawler teleports behind him and attacks him.
When Jean dumps Wolverine and begins a relationship with Cyclops, the two men argue over whom Jean loves and fight. Xavier sends the two on a mission to the Savage Land to resolve the rivalry. Scott falls into a chasm and catches himself on a ledge. Wolverine catches him, but allows Scott to fall. Cyclops survives, but is severely injured and unable to stand. He survives by eating insects until he is found by a Brotherhood rescue group in search of mutant survivors of a previous Sentinel attack. Cyclops recovers just as the doctors recognize him and takes them out before they can report him. After recovering, Cyclops contacts the X-Men and proceeds to attack Magneto alone until the X-Men arrive. After Magneto is defeated, Cyclops and Wolverine seem poised for another fight and Cyclops blasts Wolverine with unrestrained optic blast and kicks him off the team. Later, Cyclops finds Wolverine and offers him to return to the X-Men, believing that the school was set up to help mutants and someone like Wolverine needed the help that the school had to offer.
While Cyclops tries to stop Alex from proceeding to the super-criminal prison, the Triskelion, to save Lorna, Alex hits him with a tire iron. Alex claims Cyclops allowed him to do it, because he wants Lorna saved as much as he does.
A few months later, the X-Men are challenged by a new and powerful foe: Cable, who comes from the future to kill Charles Xavier. After defeating the X-Men and seriously injuring Kitty Pryde, Cable escapes to Finland with a kidnapped Jean. Scott and the Professor stayed in the mansion while the rest of the team travel to Europe with help of Bishop, another time-traveler who wishes to stop Cable. The X-Men engage Cable's bodyguards, the Six-Pack. Frustrated by being left behind, Cyclops confronts Xavier, who confesses to his pupil that he is in love with Jean. After this confession, both Cyclops and the Professor rush to Finland. A battle between Cyclops and Cable then occurs with neither able to gain the upper hand, until the Professor distracts Cable so that Cyclops can hit Cable in the neck with an optic blast. Cable then detonates some form of hand grenade, while Charles uses his telekinesis to get Cyclops out of the range of the explosion. After the explosion, all that remains is a skeleton that is believed to be the Professor, while Cable is nowhere to be found.
Cyclops, Storm, and Jean are left with all of Xavier's possessions. Cyclops makes sure that the school will still exist, but since (according to him) Xavier's dream died with him, Cyclops has chosen to disband the X-Men and turn the mansion into just a school. When Bishop challenges Scott's decision, Cyclops tells him to form his own team of X-Men. After Bishop and Storm leave the institute to start a new team of X-Men, Cyclops takes the role as Headmaster. Xavier later reveals himself to be alive, having been spirited to the future and trained by Cable to prepare for the rise of Apocalypse, and Xavier resumes his position of Headmaster. Jean manifests the Phoenix and disappears.
Cyclops once again becomes a member of the X-Men. Cyclops acts as a mole for Jean and Xavier to find out who has been supplying the X-Men with the dangerous mutant-enhancing drug, "Banshee." Discovering that it is Colossus, who needs Banshee in order to move his metal form, he joins their team in order to rescue Northstar. He fakes his first injection, but later takes in order to save his teammates as they fight against Alpha Flight. The injection frees Scott allows him to control his optic blasts without the use of his visor, as he remembers when they first manifested and he accidentally obliterated his foster parents. It also allows him to fly. He later remains with the splinter group of X-Men, becoming addicted to banshee and engaging in raids to obtain it. He explains that by using Banshee, his entire body is charged with solar energy and channels it through his entire body, rather than just his eyes, granting him the ability to fly, survive the vacuum of space, and perceive, speak with, and attack Jean's astral form. He battles against Jean's team of X-Men who are attempting to stop the spread of Banshee, abandoning his original goal of protecting his friends from hurting others. After a short and brutal fight, Jean revives Northstar, who ends the fighting, but Scott chooses not to return with the others, flying into space and landing on the moon. Jean follows him and tries to convince him to come back, but Cyclops refuses. As he Banshee wears off and he becomes vulnerable to the vacuum in space, he states that he would rather die than go back to his former self. Jean convinces him to rejoin the X-Men as their leader and encompasses him in her protective Phoenix fire, and puts his protective glasses back on.
During the events of the Ultimate Marvel crossover event Ultimatum, Magneto's Manhattan tidal wave kills Nightcrawler and Dazzler. Scott, Jean, and Logan go as the "original X-Men" to stop Magneto once and for all. The remaining X-Men along with the Fantastic Four, Ultimates and SHIELD assault Magneto's base, during which they lose several more members including Wolverine, who has his adamantium ripped from his bones by Magneto. In the end Magneto is defeated when Jean Grey downloads Nick Fury's memories into Magneto, which reveals that mutants are not the next stage of human evolution, but rather a super-soldier experiment gone wrong. Horrified by the truth, Magneto surrenders, and Cyclops executes him with his optic blast.
Soon after, Cyclops is in Washington with the remaining X-Men, attempting to bring a peace to the anti-mutant hostilities and to ask that all mutants surrender to the government. He is then assassinated by Quicksilver, who lodges a bullet into his skull. Scott dies in the arms of Storm and Colossus, while Rogue rushes a distraught Jean to safety.
Ultimate Fantastic Four/Ultimate X-Men Annual #1
In an alternative future timeline of the Ultimate universe, Scott Summers uses the alias of Captain America to fight for mutant justice after losing his powers and Steve Rogers's death. He leads a group of X-Men consisting of Shadowcat, Rogue, Wolverine, and a male member using the codename Phoenix, back in time to try to assassinate Reed Richards of the Fantastic Four, in an attempt to prevent the events following Ultimatum from ever happening. They capture Reed, but are unable to kill him due to his ability to stretch.
It is revealed that their Wolverine was actually a Sentinel impostor, and leads an army of Wolverine Sentinels to kill the future X-Men. Rogue is killed quickly, but Shadowcat and the new Phoenix survive. Scott lives long enough to tell the present day Jean Grey (who united the X-Men and Fantastic Four to save Reed) of the grim future that awaits her, and dies in her arms.
What If?
In What If Mister Sinister formed the X-Men, Cyclops and Havok were raised both by Sinister who formed a team consisting of Cyclops, Havok, Sauron, Sabretooth and Madelyne Pryor (possessed by Malice). Believing the team to be heroes, Cyclops eventually came in conflict with the X-Men and Cyclops and the other team's leader, Marvel Girl, instantly grew attracted to each other. Sensing that he was about to lose Scott, Sinister faked his death at the hands of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants and asked Cyclops, with his "dying" words, to hold onto Sinister's dream. Scott respected his surrogate father's last wish and rejected Jean's affection, but he and Havok joined the X-Men to secretly undermine them from within.
In What If Scott Summers and Jean Grey had married earlier, Cyclops and Jean Grey marry prior to the X-Men's mission to Krakoa and decide to leave the team with the rest of the original roster following suit. Scott becomes a radio talk show host and author championing mutant rights, however as a result Xavier accompanies the new X-Men team to Krakoa and is eaten by the island along with them. The Avengers are left to destroy the creature, however by this point Xavier and the other X-Men are dead leaving Cyclops feeling intense guilt.
In What If Scott Summers and Jean Grey had never fallen in love at all, Jean Grey actually ends up falling for Angel instead of Cyclops. Because of this, Cyclops never developed into a capable leader but instead withdrew into himself and became more bitter as time went on. As a result, Xavier eventually makes Beast the leader of the X-Men as he does not feel Cyclops is a suitable choice, and in anger Cyclops quits the team and joins Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver in forming a new Brotherhood of Mutants.
In What If Magneto and Professor X formed the X-Men Together, Cyclops alongside Sabretooth and Havok are seen as members of the Marauders and view a battle at the X-Mansion.
In What If: Age of Apocalypse, a timeline where Xavier and Magneto were killed by Legion, Apocalypse was able to rise to power completely unopposed. Scott and Jean attempted to escape his rise to power by hiding out in the Savage Land with their son Nathan, but they were killed by Apocalypse minion Banshee, even as Sauron managed to get Nate to safety.
Old Man Logan
In the "Old Man Logan" storyline, Cyclops is among the X-Men who perish at the hands of Wolverine when he is tricked by Mysterio into believing his friends are super-villains attacking the mansion.
X-Men: Fairy Tales
Cyclops appears as the main character in the first and third short-story installations of a four-part X-Men: Fairy Tales limited series.
Issue #1
This issue is based around the Japanese fairy tale of Momotarō, only with Cyclops being the boy born out of the peach. He is named Hitome, which can mean "one eye" in Japanese. However, his optic blasts come from only one eye, and are stopped by the pit of the peach he was born from.
Until he is around the age when he joined the X-Men in the regular comics, he lives with the old couple who found the large peach, working as a woodcutter, using his blasts to cut down trees instead of an axe.
When an old monk (Professor X) comes running through the woods, chased by thieves, Hitome comes to his aid. The old monk tells a tale of how he is gathering a group of special people like Hitome in order to rescue the Emperor's daughter (Jean Grey), from a group of demons (The Brotherhood of Mutants: Magneto, Scarlet Witch, Quicksilver, Toad).
Along the way, Hitome and the monk gather a team of comrades, some by Hitome's cunning, others by his offers of friendship.
Issue #3
This issue's story draws elements from Snow White and stories involving witches.
Scott is a poor blind tailor who discovers a beautiful red-haired woman (Jean Grey) sleeping in a glass coffin in the woods. He awakens her with a kiss and takes her back to the village. Logan, a local butcher, confronts Scott and warns him that the woman is more than she appears to be, and that she presents a threat now that she is awake.
Deadpool Corps
In Prelude to Deadpool Corps #2, Deadpool finds a universe where Prof. X runs a school for troubled kids. Cyclops is shown to be a little kid attending there who is constantly picked on by Kidpool.
Ultron future
In Avengers/Age of Apocalypse, Scott is shown as part of the forces Kang is shown using to try and defeat Ultron who has destroyed Manhattan in an alternative future. This version of Cyclops can blast beams out of the back of his head as well as the front. He was not killed, so the blast was not from an evil robot minion of Ultron's, and Cyclops is shown blasting Ultron at the end of the battle.
Geshem
In the graphic novel Knight of Terra, set in a fantasy world in which Wolfsbane's counterpart is Queen Rain of Geshem, Cyclops's counterpart is Lord Summerisle, commander of the Queen's Guard. Although he has no mutant abilities, he possessed the Basilisk Mask, which simulates his counterpart's optic beams.
In other media
Reception
Cyclops was rated #1 on IGN.com's list of Top 25 X-Men from the past forty years in 2006, and the 39th in their 2011 list of Top 100 Comic Book Heroes. In 2008, Wizard Magazine also ranked Cyclops the 106th in their list of the 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time. In a 2011 poll, readers of Comic Book Resources voted Cyclops as 9th in the ranking of 2011 Top Marvel Characters.
Collected editions
References
External links
Cyclops UncannyXmen.net
Cyclops ComicVine.com
Cyclops MarvelDirectory.com
The Summers Family Tree
Characters created by Jack Kirby
Characters created by Stan Lee
Comics characters introduced in 1963
Fictional activists
Fictional aikidoka
Fictional aviators
Fictional characters from Alaska
Fictional characters from Nebraska
Fictional characters with absorption or parasitic abilities
Fictional characters with disability
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters with neurotrauma
Fictional judoka
Fictional principals and headteachers
Male characters in film
Marvel Comics American superheroes
Marvel Comics film characters
Marvel Comics male superheroes
Marvel Comics martial artists
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics orphans
Superhero schoolteachers
X-Factor (comics)
X-Men members
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shakers%20%28film%29
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The Shakers (film)
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The Shakers is a 1974 documentary film directed by Tom Davenport and produced by Davenport and Frank DeCola. It studies the last dozen remaining Shakers in their communities, focusing on their daily lives, music, and spirituality, as well as containing Shaker history and interviews with Shakers. It received positive reviews from critics, and won a Blue Ribbon at the 1975 American Film Festival.
Synopsis
The Shakers opens with the Narrator, Tom Davenport, reading a quote Benson John Lossing from an 1857 edition of Harper's New Monthly Magazine, speaking of the order, neatness, and beauty of a Shaker community. "Simple Gifts" is sung by several Shaker women while the camera pans over Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village. Shots of Shaker sisters sweeping, cooking, filling bird feeders, and washing clothes are shown, with numerous cuts to show historical images of the Shakers accompanied by the Narrator discussing their growth and decline.
The film then cuts to inside the main dwelling house of Canterbury Shaker Village, and films Sister Lillian Phelps discussing her life and decision to join the Shakers. Sister Mildred Barker is heard singing while the Narrator speaks about Shaker worship and music. The film then cuts to Shaker women in both communities speaking about celibacy and Shaker community life. Then, Sister Mildred Barker is heard singing "I Never Did Believe", after which, the Narrator is heard describing Shaker theology and Mother Ann Lee, the leader of the Shakers. Shaker women are then shown further explaining Shaker beliefs, as well as Mother Ann's journey to the United States and the subsequent spread of Shaker communities.
After Sister Mildred Barker's rendition of "Come Life, Shaker Life", the film cut to Shaker women discussing vocations to the Shakers, and the Shakers' communal lifestyle. Sister Mildred was then shown singing "With a New Tongue", before switching to the Narrator's reading of the Shakers' Millennial Laws of 1845 regarding church leadership. The film then shows a conversation between Sabbathday Lake Shakers about the outside world's misconceptions of Shaker life. Eldress Marguerite Frost of the Canterbury community is then shown singing, and speaking of the humility the hymns brings. The Narrator then discusses a religious revival that occurred in the middle of the 19th century.
The film then focuses on Sister Mildred Barker, who discusses her childhood friendship with an elderly Shaker sister, who asked of her on her deathbed to become a Shaker. Sister Mildred agreed, but took a while to figure out what that meant, she says, and goes on to sing a song taught to her by the old sister. The film then cuts to Sister Lillian Phelps explaining the value of business and occupation in Shakerism, and the Narrator describing Shaker ingenuity and entrepreneurship. Then, the film shows the two Shaker eldresses at Canterbury discussing the decision not to admit new members to the Shakers, before cutting to a worship service at Sabbathday Lake. The film ends with the Sabbathday Lake Shakers singing the hymn "O, Brighter than the Morning Star".
Production
Development and pre-production
Davenport learned of the Shakers in the mid-1960s, when he came across a book of Shaker photographs. He then contacted Frank DeCola, a friend and colleague with whom he had previously made a film with. Davenport recalled the experience later, when interviewed by Sharon R. Sherman for her book Documenting Ourselves: Film, Video, and Culture:"I worked with a fellow by the name of Frank DeCola on the film about New Orleans jazz... I'd gone to the Far East, come back... In Japan I'd been visiting the Zen temples, and I liked the architectural style. I was very interested in that. I was very interested in Zen generally. And I was looking for some kind of, I guess, equivalent in my own culture that I could draw on, and I came across a book of Shaker photographs. And I said, 'Gee, these things look like Zen temples. They're all so simple.' They were these really great pictures. And so I was talking to my friend Frank, and he said, 'Gee, I've been thinking about it. I really love the music.' He was a composer and musician. Frank was an editor, and I was a photographer. He was going to have primary responsibility on the film. I'm sure that I basically felt that I'd better stay out of it, because, you know, you can't go around telling an editor what to do if he's a co-filmmaker with you. If he's working for you that's another thing. But if he's not, it's very presumptuous to go on unless you have a very good working relationship, because it's usually during the editorial stages that you have your disagreements about where the film should go. So I felt that Frank was going to finish the film however he felt he wanted to. And I had moved down to Virginia at that time, and he got sick."DeCola died before during the early stages of production, and Davenport finished the film alone.
Davenport began work on the film project about the Shakers as early as 1967, when he started amassing a collection of articles, books, and pamphlets on the Shakers, as well as diaries of individual Shakers, which he would continue doing until 1974. In 1969 he commenced correspondence with folklorist and Shaker scholar David Patterson, as well as with members of the two Shaker communities in existence at the time, Canterbury and Sabbathday Lake. He also began assembling a collection of about 125 photographs for use in the film, drawing from the collections of Ovile Austin, the Winterthur Museum, the Fruitlands Museum, the Library of Congress, the Manchester Public Library, the New-York Historical Society, Elmer Ray Pearson, and the Shaker Museum and Library.
Funding for the production was gained from grants to the American Craft Council from Ann Rockefeller Coste, a philanthropist and member of the Rockefeller family, and the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Filming and post-production
In 1970, after being granted permission by the Shakers, Davenport began filming. On 19 May 1970 he visited Canterbury Shaker Village, where he interviewed and filmed several of the Shakers there: Eldress Marguerite Frost, Sister Lillian Phelps, and Sister Bertha Lindsay. From 1970 until 1972, Davenport made multiple trips to Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village, where he interviewed and filmed several of the village's Shakers: Sister Mildred Barker, Sister Elsie McCool, Sister Frances Carr, and Sister Elizabeth Dunn. At Sabbathday Lake, he spent a good deal of time filming Sister Mildred Barker, who was had wide-ranging knowledge of Shaker music, and who sang many Shaker hymns, some of which were quite obscure. In addition, on 18 July 1971, Davenport filmed a Shaker worship service at Sabbathday Lake, possibly the first time Shaker worship had ever been filmed. About 120 of the short clips Davenport filmed ended up being used in the finished film.
During the end of the filming, however, an issue arose which jeopardized the situation of the project. Conflict arose between the two communities, Canterbury Shaker Society, and Sabbathday Lake Shaker Society, over the decision of Canterbury, the headquarters of Shaker leadership, to bar new members from entering the Shakers. Sabbathday Lake, which was home to a handful of new converts, protested the decision. The relationship between the communities was so damaged that the members of the two refused to even see each other, even on the bicentennial celebration of the Shakers' arrival in the United States. This posed a challenge for Davenport, as he had already filmed at both locations, and now had to account for the portrayal of each community and its views on Shaker administration and theology in relation to the other. He decided not to include any mention on the controversy in the film, focusing on Shaker life before the issue arose.
David Patterson, the Shaker scholar who helped in the production of the film, recalled the experience and the challenges it posed for Davenport, saying:Well, the problem that developed in the film that was kind of an ethnographic nightmare was that the two communities split while he [Davenport] was in the editing process, and well, I guess, before all the filming had been done, over the issue of admitting another member... Now, how is Tom supposed to complete the film? The people at Sabbathday Lake wanted the film to say their position. The people at Canterbury wanted their position. Canterbury didn't want the people who were now apostates of Sabbathday Lake even in the film, and Sabbathday Lake wanted to make this apostatizing vehicle, I think. And Tom was just in a terrible dilemma because he wanted to finish the film. So his decision was to cut; make it as though the film ended at the point where he began work, when they began work with the film, and stop it before the controversy arose. Which was another dilemma, because the story was breaking in the press... Of course, when it was over, both of us felt disappointed that the film couldn't please the Shakers.Filmed on a 16 mm film gauge, the finished documentary, titled The Shakers, was 30 minutes long and in color. It was produced by Davenport Films and the Curriculum in Folklore at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Release
The Shakers was released in spring 1974. It shown on local public television channels, as well as a broadcast on PBS.
Reception
The Shakers was well received by critics, both at the time of its release as well as in later years. A review by Jane Boutwell in the 5 August 1974 issue of The New Yorker dubbed it "the definitive film on the Shaker movement" and a "poetic evocation of Shaker life." Richard Harrington in a March 1989 article in The Washington Post called it a "definitive portrait [of the Shakers]." Merrill Sheils of Newsweek called it “a touching, and probably final, glimpse of the Shakers,” underscoring the importance of the film. Gary R. Edgerton in his 2001 book Ken Burns's America: Packaging the Past for Television described The Shakers as "arguably the definitive motion picture portrait of the Shakers up to that time."
Awards
Home media
The Shakers is available on VHS, sold by PBS as part of their "The American Traditional Culture Series". The film is available online for streaming at Folkstreams.net.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack of The Shakers consisted entirely of traditional Shaker songs sung by Shakers.
Track listing
"Simple Gifts" – sung by group of Sabbathday Lake Shakers
"How Lovely are the Faithful Souls" – sung by Sister Mildred Barker
"I Never Did Believe" – sung by Sister Mildred Barker
"Come Life, Shaker Life" – sung by Sister Mildred Barker
"With a New Tongue " – sung by Sister Mildred Barker
"Let Me Have Mother's Gospel" – sung by Sister Mildred Barker, Sister Frances Carr & Sister Elsie McCool
"Yielding and Simple" – sung by Eldress Marguerite Frost
"Who Will Bow and Blow like the Willow" – sung by a group of Sabbathday Lake Shakers
"Mother Has Come with Her Beautiful Song" – sung by Sister Mildred Barker
"Gratitude" – sung by Eldress Bertha Lindsay, accompanied by Sister Lillian Phelps on the piano
"O Holy Father" – sung by group of Sabbathday Lake Shakers
"O, Brighter than the Morning Star" – sung by group of Sabbathday Lake Shakers
See also
The Shakers: Hands to Work, Hearts to God
External links
Official webpage
Online film
References
1970s short documentary films
The
Documentary films about Christianity in the United States
1974 documentary films
1974 films
American short documentary films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore%2064%20peripherals
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Commodore 64 peripherals
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This article is about the various external peripherals of the Commodore 64 home computer. Due to the backwards compatibility of the Commodore 128, most peripherals will work on that system, as well. There's some compatibility with the VIC-20 and PET too.
Storage
Tape drives
In the United States, the 1541 floppy disk drive was widespread. By contrast, in Europe, the C64 was often used with cassette tape drives (Datasette), which were much cheaper, but also much slower than floppy drives. The Datasette plugged into a proprietary edge connector on the Commodore 64's motherboard. Standard blank audio cassettes could be used in this drive. Data tapes could be write-protected in the same way as audio cassettes, by punching out a tab on the cassette's top edge. An adapter for the proprietary connector was available from CARDCO
It was assigned as device 1 (default).
The Datasette's speed was very slow (about 300 baud). Loading a large program at normal speed could take up to in extreme cases. Many European software developers wrote their own fast tape-loaders which replaced the internal KERNAL code in the C64 and offered loading times more comparable to disk drive speeds. Novaload was perhaps the most popular tape-loader used by British and American software developers. Early versions of Novaload had the ability to play music while a program loaded into memory, and was easily recognizable by its black border and digital bleeping sounds on loading. Other fast-loaders included load screens, displaying computer artwork while the program loaded. More advanced fast-loaders included minigames for the user to play while the program loaded from cassette. One such minigame fastloader was Invade-a-Load.
Users also had to contend with interference from magnetic fields. Also, not too dissimilar to floppy drive users, the Datasette's read head could become dirty or slip out of alignment. A small screwdriver could be used to align the tape heads, and a few companies capitalized by selling various commercial kits for Datasette head-alignment tuning.
As the Datasette lacked any random read-write access, users had to either wait while the tape ran its length, while the computer printed messages like "SEARCHING FOR ALIEN BOXING... FOUND AFO... FOUND SPACE INVADERS... FOUND PAC-MAN... FOUND ALIEN BOXING... LOADING..." or else rely on a tape counter number to find the starting location of programs on cassette. Tape counter speeds varied over different datasette units making recorded counter numbers unreliable on different hardware.
An optional streaming tape drive, based upon the QIC-02 format, was available for the Xetec Lt. Kernal hard drive subsystem (see below). They were expensive and few were ever sold.
A similar concept to the ZX Microdrive was the extremely fast "Phonemark 8500 Quick Data Drive" which has capacity using a micro-cassette storage unit and used the C2N Datasette. The concept eventually succumbed to floppy drives. The Quick Data Drive (QDD) connected to the datassette port of the Commodore 64 and could load data at which is faster than the C1541 floppy drive. It needed a small program code to be loaded in the memory at 0xC000-0xCFFF which collided with many other programs. The cost for the drive would have been equivalent to 100 EUR in 2010. It could also be daisy chained and worked with the VIC-20 computer as well. The QDD could hold 255 files per "disc". The Rotronics Wafadrive used same drive mechanism, manufactured by BSR.
Backup to VHS tapes were offered by DC Electronics with their cartridge WHIZZARD in 1988. Which could handle and included "freezer" capabilities.
Floppy disk drives
Although usually not supplied with the machine, floppy disk drives of the 5 inch (1541, 1570 and 1571) and, later, 3 inch (1581) variety were available from Commodore.
The 1541 was the standard floppy disk drive for the Commodore 64, with nearly all disk-based software programs released for the computer being distributed in the 1541 compatible floppy disk format. The 1541 was very slow in loading programs because of a poorly implemented serial bus, a legacy of the Commodore VIC-20.
The 1541 disk drive was notorious for not only its slow performance and large physical size compared to the C64 (the drive is almost as deep as the computer is wide), but also for the drive mechanisms installed during early production runs, which quickly gained a bad reputation for their mechanical unreliability.
Perhaps the most common failure involved the drive's read-write head mechanism losing its alignment. Due to lack of hardware support for detecting track zero position, Commodore DOS formatting routines and many complex software copy-protection schemes (which used data stored on nonstandard tracks on floppies) had to rely on moving the head specified number of steps in order to make sure that the desired head position for formatting or reading the data was reached. Since after physically reaching track zero, further movement attempts caused the head drive mechanism to slam (producing the infamous, loud, telltale knocking sound) into a mechanical stop, the repetitive strain often drove the head mechanism out of precise alignment, resulting in read errors and necessitating repairs. As a side note: some demos exploited the sound generated by the head moving stepper motor to force the disk drive to play crude tunes ("Bicycle Built For Two" was one) by varying the frequency of step requests sent to the motor.
Also, as with the C64, 1541 drives tended to overheat due to a design that did not permit adequate cooling (potentially fixed by mounting a small fan to the case). Many of the 1541's design problems were eventually rectified in Commodore's 1541-II disk drive, which was compatible with the older units. The power supply unit was not housed inside the drive case; hence, the 1541-II size was significantly smaller and did not overheat.
Because of the drive's initial high cost (about as much as the computer itself) and target market of home computer users, BASIC's file commands defaulted to the tape drive (device 1). In order to load a file from a commercial disk, the following command must be entered:
LOAD "*",8,1
In this example, '' designates the last program loaded, or the first program on the disk, '' is the disk drive device number, and the '' signifies that the file is to be loaded not to the standard memory address for BASIC programs, but to the address where its program header tells it to go—the address it was saved from. This last '' usually signifies a machine language program.
Not long after the 1541's introduction, third-party developers demonstrated that performance could be improved with software that took over control of the serial bus signal lines and implemented a better transfer protocol between the computer and disk. In 1984 Epyx released its FastLoad cartridge for the C64, which replaced some of the 1541's slow routines with its own custom code, thus allowing users to load programs in a fraction of the time. Despite being incompatible with many programs' copy protection schemes, the cartridge became so popular among grateful C64 owners (likely the most-widespread third-party enhancement for the C64 of all time) that many Commodore dealers sold the Epyx cartridge as a standard item when selling a new C64 with the 1541.
As a free alternative to FastLoad cartridges, numerous pure software turbo-loader programs were also created that were loaded to RAM each time after the computer was reset. The best of these turbo-loaders were able to accelerate the time required for loading a program from the floppy drive by a factor of 20x, demonstrating the default bus implementation's inadequacy. As turbo-loader programs were relatively small, it was common to place one on almost each floppy disk so that it could be quickly loaded to RAM after restart.
The 1541 floppy drive contained a MOS 6502 processor acting as the drive controller, along with a built-in disk operating system (DOS) in ROM and a small amount of RAM, the latter primarily used for buffer space. Since this arrangement was, in effect, a specialized computer, it was possible to write custom controller routines and load them into the drive's RAM, thus making the drive work independently of the C64 machine. For example, certain back up software allowed users to make multiple disk copies directly between daisy-chained drives without a C64.
Several third party vendors sold general purpose interface IEEE-488 bus adapters for the C64, which plugged into the machine's expansion port. Outside of BBS operators, few C64 owners took advantage of this arrangement and the accompanying IEEE devices that Commodore sold (such as the SFD-1001 1-megabyte 5 inch floppy disk drive, and the peripherals originally made for the IEEE equipped PET computers, such as the 4040 and 8050 drives and the 9060/9090 hard disk drives).
As an alternative to the feeble performing 1541 or the relatively expensive IEEE bus adapter and associated peripherals, a number of third-party serial-bus drives such as the MSD Super Disk and Indus GT appeared that often offered better reliability, higher performance, quieter operation, or simply a lower price than the 1541, although often at the expense of software compatibility due to the difficulty of reverse engineering the DOS built into the 1541's hardware (Commodore's IEEE-based drives faced the same issue due to the dependence of the DOS on features of the Commodore serial bus).
Like the IEEE-488 interface, the CBM-bus offered the ability to daisy chain hardware together. This led to Commodore producing (via a third party) the Commodore 4015, or VIC-switch. This device (now rarely seen) allowed up to 8 Commodore 64s to be connected to the device along with a string of peripherals, allowing each computer to share the connected hardware.
It was also possible, without requiring a VIC-switch, to connect two Commodore 64s to one 1541 floppy disk drive to simulate an elementary network, allowing the two computers to share data on a single disk (if the two computers made simultaneous requests, the 1541 handled one while returning an error to the other, which surprised many people who expected the 1541's less-than-stellar drive controller to crash or hang). This functionality also worked with a mixed combination of PET, VIC-20, and other selected Commodore 8-bit computers.
In the mid-1980s, a 2.8-inch floppy disk drive, the Triton Disk Drive and Controller, was introduced by Radofin Electronics, Ltd. It was compatible with the Commodore 64 as well as other popular home computers of the time, thanks to an operating system stored on an EPROM on an external controller. It offered a capacity of 144/100 kilobytes non-formatted/formatted, and data transfer rates of up to 100 kilobytes per second. Up to 20 files could be kept on each side of the double-sided floppy disks.
Later in the 1990s, Creative Micro Designs produced several powerful floppy disk drives for the Commodore 64. These included the FD-Series serial bus compatible 3.5″ floppy drives (FD-2000, FD-4000), which were capable of emulating Commodore's 1581 3.5″ drive as well as implementing a native mode partitioning which allowed typical 3.5″ high-density floppy disks to hold 1.6 MB of data—more than MS-DOS's 1.44 MB format. The FD-4000 drive had the advantage of being able to read hard-to-find enhanced floppy disks and could be formatted to hold 3.2 MB of data. In addition, the FD series drives could partition floppy disks to emulate the 1541, 1571 and 1581 disk format (although unfortunately, not the emulated drive firmware), and a real time clock module could be mounted inside the drive to time-stamp files. Commercially, very little software was ever released on either 1581 disk format or CMD's native format. However, enthusiasts could use this drive to transfer data between typical PC MS-DOS and the Commodore with special software, such as SOGWAP's Big Blue Reader.
There was one other 3.5″ floppy drive available for the Commodore 64. The "TIB 001" was a 3.5″ floppy drive that connected to the Commodore 64 via the expansion port, meaning that these drives were very fast. The floppy disks themselves relied on an MS-DOS disk format, and being based on cartridge allowed the Commodore 64 to boot from them automatically at start-up. These devices appeared from a company in the United Kingdom, but did not become widespread due to non-existent third-party support. In an article in Zzap!64 of November 1991, several software houses interviewed believed that the device came to the market too late to be worthy of supporting.
Hard drives
Late in 1984, Fiscal Information Inc., of Florida, demonstrated the Lt. Kernal hard drive subsystem for the C64. The Lt. Kernal mated a 10 megabyte Seagate ST-412 hard drive to an OMTI SASI intelligent controller, creating a high speed bus interface to the C64's expansion port. Connection of the SASI bus to the C64 was accomplished with a custom designed host adapter. The Lt. Kernal shipped with a disk operation system (DOS) that, among other things, allowed execution of a program by simply typing its name and pressing the Return key. The DOS also included a keyed random access feature that made it possible for a skilled programmer to implement ISAM style databases.
By 1987, the manufacturing and distribution of the Lt. Kernal had been turned over to Xetec, Inc., who also introduced C128 compatibility (including support for CP/M). Standard drive size had been increased to 20 MB, with 40 MB available as an option, and the system bus was now the industry-standard small computer system interface, better known as SCSI (the direct descendant of SASI).
The Lt. Kernal was capable of a data transfer rate of over per second (65 kB per second in C128 fast mode). An optional multiplexer allowed one Lt. Kernal drive to be shared by as many as sixteen C64s or C128s (in any combination), using a round-robin scheduling algorithm that took advantage of the SCSI bus protocol's ability to handle multiple initiators and targets. Thus the Lt. Kernal could be conveniently used in a multi-computer setup, something that was not possible with other C64-compatible hard drives.
Production of the Lt. Kernal ceased in 1991. Fortunately, most of the components used in the original design were industry standard parts, making it possible to make limited repairs to the units. In 2010, a re-creation of the Lt. Kernal was produced by MyTec Electronics. It was called the Rear Admiral HyperDrive and used an upgraded DOS called RA-DOS. The Rear Admiral parts could be used to upgrade the older Lt. Kernal, e.g. chips from the Rear Admiral host adapter could be used to upgrade the chips in the Lt. Kernal host adapter; or if the Lt. Kernal is missing its host adapter, the Rear Admiral host adapter could be used in its place.
Also available for the Commodore 64 was the Creative Micro Designs CMD HD-Series. Much like the Commodore 1541 floppy drive, the CMD HD could connect to the Commodore 64's serial bus, and could operate independently of the computer with the help of its on-board hardware. A CMD HD series drive included its own SCSI controller to operate its hard drive mechanism, in addition to hosting a battery powered real-time clock module for the time-stamping of files. The stock operating speeds of the CMD HD-Series units were not very much faster than the stock speeds of a 1541 floppy drive, but the units were fully JiffyDOS compatible. Faster parallel transfers were possible with the addition of another CMD product, the CMD RAMLink and a special parallel transfer cable. With this arrangement, the performance of the system doubled that of the Lt. Kernal. One advantage the CMD products had was software compatibility, especially with GEOS, that prior solutions lacked. CMD ultimately missed opportunities to develop any features for the drive's auxiliary port (such as a printer spooler feature promised in the CMD HD user manual). However, external SCSI devices (such as the iOmega zip 100 drive) could be connected to a CMD HD series drive's external SCSI port. Using the same utility software diskette shipped with all CMD HD series drives, the external storage could then be easily added to CMD HD series drive's existing partition table. This configuration could add, for example, 100 additional megabytes of external storage to even the 20 megabyte version of a CMD HD series drive. After partitioning and formatting of the added storage, the CMD HD series drive presented the total storage seamlessly to the user, regardless if the data was stored internally or externally.
The ICT DataChief included a hard drive, along with an Indus GT floppy drive, along with a 135-watt power supply in a case designed to house an IBM PC Compatible computer.
User operation of these hard drive subsystems was similar to that of Commodore's floppy drives, with the inclusion of special DOS features to make best use of the drive's capabilities and to effectively manage the vast increase in storage capacity (up to a maximum of 4GB). An unavoidable problem was that total 1541 compatibility could not be achieved, which often prevented the use of copy-protected software, software fastloaders, or any software whose operation depended on exact 1541 emulation.
The enthusiast-built "IDE64 interface" was designed late in the 1990s, attaching itself in the Commodore 64's expansion port, and allowing users to attach common IDE hard drives, CD-ROM and DVD drives, ZiP and LS-120 floppy drives to their Commodore 64s. Later revisions of the interface board provided an extra compact flash socket. The IDE interface's performance is comparable to the RAMLink in speed, but lacks the intelligence of SCSI. Its main advantage lies in being able to use inexpensive commodity hard drives instead of the more costly SCSI units. 1541 compatibility is not as good as commercially developed hard drive subsystems, but continues to improve with time.
In late 2011, MyTec Electronics developed and sold the Rear Admiral Thunderdrive, a clone of the CMD HD. Though using more modern components and a smaller form factor in comparison to the CMD HD, the Thunderdrive maintained full compatibility with the CMD HD.
Input/Output
Printers
A number of printers were released for the Commodore 64, both by Commodore themselves and by third-party manufacturers.
Commodore-specific printers were attached to the C64 via the serial port and were capable of being daisy chained to the system with other serial port devices such as floppy drives. By convention, printers were addressed as device #4-5 on the CBM-488 serial bus.
Dot-matrix
A series of dot-matrix printers were sold by Commodore, including the MPS 801 (OEM Seikosha GP 500 VC) and the MPS 803, although many other third-party printers like the Okimate 10 and Okidata 120 were popular too - some having more advanced printing features than any of Commodore's models. Most Commodore-branded printers were rebranded C. Itoh or Epson models with Commodore serial interface. Also Star Micronics AR-40 has a C64 compatible serial port.
Daisy wheel
Commodore also produced the DPS-1101 daisy wheel printer, which produced letter quality print similar to a typewriter based on a Juki mechanism, and which typically cost more than the computer and floppy disk drive together. The DPS-1101 was large enough to accept A4 size paper in landscape orientation as well as A3 size paper in portrait orientation. The MPS-1000 dot matrix printer was introduced along with the C-128. Commodore 1526 is a rebranded MPS 802.
Plotter
A mini plotter device, the Commodore 1520, could plot graphics and print text in four colors by using tiny ballpoint pens.
The 1520 was based upon the Alps Electric DPG1302, a mechanism which also formed the basis of numerous other inexpensive plotters for home computers of the time (e.g. the Atari 1020).
Third-party printer interfaces and buffers
Since there were severe shortcomings of early Commodore printers, CARDCO released the Card Print A (C/?A) printer interface that emulated Commodore printers by converting the Commodore-style CBM-bus IEEE-488 serial interface to a Centronics printer port to allow numerous 3rd-party printers to be connected to a Commodore 64, such as Epson, Okidata, C. Itoh. A second model, a version that supported printer graphics was released called the Card Print +G (C/?+G), supported printing Commodore graphic characters using ESC/P escape codes. CARDCO released additional enhancements, including a model with RS-232 output, and shipped a total over 2 million printer interfaces. Xetec also released a series of printer interfaces. With a parallel interface, the QMS KISS laser printer, the most inexpensive available in 1986, at , could be used. Later, CMD created the GeoCable which allowed PS2-type ink-jet and laser printers to work under GEOS with a special device driver.
Printer buffer with 64 kB RAM for the CBM-bus IEC IEEE-488 derative serial bus existed too, like the "Brachman Associates Serial Box Print Buffer".
Input devices
The Commodore 64 has two Atari joystick ports. Commodore produced joystick controllers for the Commodore 64, largely compatible with Atari joysticks, as well as paddles (which were not Atari compatible). Commodore's paddles were originally intended for the VIC-20, and few C64 games could take advantage of them.
The "Atari CX85 Numerical Keypad" consists of a numeric keypad featuring the 17 keys [escape], [no], [delete], [yes], 0-9, [.], [-] and [+/enter]. It connects to the C64 joystick port using the Atari 2600 style interface with a DB9F plug.
Commodore had three models of computer mouse, namely the NEOS Mouse (Bundled with some packs of C64 as part of the Mouse Cheese pack), the 1350 and the 1351. These were used with GEOS as well as software such as Jane, OCP Art Studio, Arkanoid and Magic Desk. The earlier NEOS mouse worked as a normal analog mouse and came bundled with a graphics package called Cheese. It also supported a joystick emulation mode if the left button was held down during power-on. The later 1350 was only capable of emulating a digital joystick, by sending rapid 8 directional signals as it was moved, and was the least useful of the 3 mice. Its successor the 1351, like the NEOS Mouse, supported the more traditional analogue mode, known as 'proportional mode' in the documentation, sending signals to the computer that indicate amount and direction of movement. Like the NEOS mouse, it could be put into a 1350-esque joystick emulation mode, by holding down the right button at power-on. CMD's SmartMouse was compatible with 1351-aware and also included a third button and a built-in real-time clock module as well.
Several Companies produced Lightpens with its own drawing software for the Computer, e.g. the Inkwell light pen which was compatible with GEOS.
The Koala Pad graphics tablet was also available, came with its own paint software, and was compatible with GEOS as well. Suncom's Animation Station was another graphics tablet for the C64.
Car positioning system
Test technicians at CGAD Productions operations developed and installed the CarPilot Computerized Automotive Relative Performance Indicator and Location of Transit, one of the first car navigation systems to be tested, circa 1984. It utilized a Commodore 64, converter, video player/recorder, datasette, and a TV monitor.
The monitor page 1 displays battery voltage, water temperature, engine oil pressure, fuel level, vehicle speed, engine rotation speed, lock/no-lock condition of the automatic transmission torque converter, and on/off condition of the air conditioning clutch. All except the last two were incorporated with a "buzzer" alarm system that indicates malfunction. Another feature is the one-second-precision 24-hour clock. Estimated arrival time with 1s precision, distance traveled which is incremented every and estimated distance to arrival that is also decremented with same value,
Page 2 displayed the vehicle position along the map. Vehicle location indication is calculated from distance traveled. The accuracy of the vehicle location is dependent of the digital map construction and the accuracy of the local map used to construct the digital map. The best hope for accuracy is . But accuracy of one car length in has been realized. The use of assembly language was necessitated to keep up with sensor input. One advantage with the system is the ability to create one's own digital maps and thus eliminate the need to buy such ones for every trip. The software to accomplish this task was written in Basic.
Robotics
With computing, robot trainer, and plotter-scanner, Fischertechnik rose as the first manufacturer of modular building blocks into the computer age. Interfaces for all popular home computers at the time were made, including Apple II, Commodore 64 and Acorn, and later for Schneider, Atari ST and IBM PC. Programming languages to drive the models included GW-BASIC, Turbo Pascal and in the later kits (1991) an in-house programming tool Lucky Logic.
The "Commocoffee 64" is an espresso maker controlled by the C64 in 1985.
Relay controller
The Handic "VIC REL" controller provides protected input and output using 6 relay outputs and 2 optocoupler inputs. The output relays are capable of / and the inputs respond to DC. The device also provides () and () at to activate inputs. The device is programmed on the VIC-20 with and I/O at 37136. And on C64 with and I/O at 56577. The intended applications were burglar alarms, garage doors, door locks, heating elements, lamps, transmitters, remote controllers, valves, pumps, telephones, accumulators, irrigation systems, electrical tools, stop watches, ventilators, humidifiers, etc.
Analog to digital converters
There are audio Analog-to-digital converters (A/D) like the "A/D Wandler (DELA 87393)" based on 8-bit ADC0809 chip for the C64/128 with a maximum sampling frequency of and the Sound Ultimate Xpander 6400 (SUX 6400) based on the 8-bit ADC0804 chip with a maximum sampling frequency of 11 kHz. Plain sound digitizers like "Sound Digitizer (REX 9614)" that converts analog sound into 2-bit samples. The latter could also be accomplished using the Datasette and software tricks.
Biofeedback EEG/EMG
In 1987 there was a cartridge port device to measure EEG directly for use in exercise programs, called "BodyLink" produced by the company Bodylog in New York City, USA. Schippers-Medizintechnik in Germany produced a attached EMG device to allow a physician to analyze such things as stress level, and assisting in finding a better position for work.
Handscanners
The "Scanntronik Handyscanner 64" is a hand held scanner that uses the C64 .
Frame grabbers
Frame grabbers like the "PAL Colour Digitizer" that connect via the user port, will turn an analog composite video frame into a digital picture on the C64. The "Print Technik Video Digitizer" connects via the and uses CVBS video signal that has to be still for in order to be sampled and can then be saved either as 320×200 monocolour or 160×200 multicolour (4 colours).
Video generator
80 column mode could be used by installing the "BI-80" cartridge released 1984 from "Batteries Included" which is built around the 6545 video chip. It includes an expansion ROM that adds BASIC 4.0 commands. One can control which 40/80 column mode is active by software. On power up, the 40-column mode is active.
Another 80 column card using the cartridge port was the "DATA20 XL80" introduced in 1984
Costing in 1985.
The "Z80 Video Pack 80" enabled black and white 80-column screen and CP/M using a Zilog Z80.
Teletext
To download pages and software transmitted via the teletext broadcast system. The UK company "Microtext" provided their "Teletext adaptor" and tuner that interfaced with the TV-aerial and the C64/128 . Software was provided on a C-10 tape. These were priced at inc. p/p in 1987.
Communication
Modems
As Commodore offered a number of inexpensive modems for the C64, such as the 1650, 1660, 1670, the machine also helped popularize the use of modems for telecommunications. The 1650 and 1660 were 300 Baud, and the 1670 was 1200 baud. The 1650 could only dial Pulse. The 1660 had no sound chip of its own to generate Touch Tones, so a cable from the monitor /audio out was required to be connected to the 1660 so it could use the C64 sound chip to generate Touch Tones. The 1670 used a modified set of Hayes AT commands.
This modem is required for Medical Manager for EDI operations.
The Commodore 1650 shipped with a rudimentary piece of terminal software called Common Sense. It provided basic Xmodem functionality and contained a 700 line scrollback feature.
In the United States, Commodore offered the Commodore Information Network, a CompuServe SIG devoted to its products and users. Later, Quantum Computer Services (which became America Online) offered an online service called Quantum Link for the C64 that featured chat, downloads, and online games. In the UK, Compunet was a very popular online service for C64 users (requiring special Compunet modems) from 1984 to the early 1990s. In Australia, Telecom (now Telstra) ran an online service called Viatel and sold modems for the C64 for use with the service. In Germany the very restrictive rules of the state-owned telephone system prevented widespread use of inexpensive, non-telco licensed modems, prompting the use of inferior acoustic couplers instead. Access to Bildschirmtext, the state-owned telco's own dial-up online service, was possible via special add-on hardware like the Commodore "BTX Decoder Modul" or the Commodore "BTX Decoder Modul II".
Radio communication
"Microlog AIR-1 Radio Interface Cartridge" that use the C64 cartridge port with builtin ROM software for RTTY and morse code communications.
"RTTY-CW Interface C-64" uses the for RTTY communications.
"Auerswald ACC-64" longwave time signal for the DCF77 transmitter. The receiver uses the user port edge connector on the C64 computer.
RS-232 port
Like the VIC-20, the C64 lacked a real UART chip such as the 6551 and used software emulation. This limited the maximum speed to an error-prone Third-party cartridges with UART chips offered better performance.
Later in the Commodore 64's life, CMD developed two serial communications cartridges for Commodore Computers, the "Swiftlink" - and the "Turbo 232" - The latter was capable of handling a 56k Hayes modem reliably at full speed on a enabling reasonable dial-up internet access speeds.
The Retro-Replay expansion cartridge enabled the addition of the Silver Surfer add-on serial board, which also enabled 56k modem connections, and the RR-Net add-on serial board, which allows for broadband internet access, as well as LAN.
Also, on November 5, 2005 Quantum Link Reloaded was launched enabling C64 enthusiasts to experience all the features of the original Quantum Link service in present-day with some enhancements for free.
IEEE-488
The Commodore 64 IEEE-488 Cartridges were made by various companies, but Commodore themselves made very few for the Commodore 64/128 family. One of uses were hard disks like the Commodore D9060.
Some other interfaces without pictures available:
E-LINK Serial to IEEE Interface. (contains 65C02, 6522 and 4 kB ROM)
Buscard II Interface. (contains a 6532, 6821 (PIA) and and a
INTERPOD - A standalone interface box, that connects the CBM (IEC) serial to parallel IEEE-488 and serial RS-232. It uses the 6502, 6532, 6522, 6850 and 2716 EPROM chips.
Other peripherals
The Commodore 1701 and 1702 were color monitors for the C64 which accepted as input either composite video or separate chrominance and luminance signals, similar to the S-Video standard, for superior performance with the C64 (or other devices capable of outputting a separated signal). Other monitors available included the 1802 and 1902. Introduced in 1986, the 1802 featured separate chroma and luma signals, as well as a composite green screen mode suitable for the C-128's 80 column screen. The 1902 had a true RGBI 80-column mode compatible with IBM PCs.
Early in the Commodore 64's life, Commodore released several niche hardware enhancements for sound manipulation. These included the "Sound Expander", "Sound Sampler", "Music Maker" overlay, and External music keyboard. The Sound Expander and Sound Sampler were both expansion cartridges, but had limited use. The Sound Sampler in particular could only record close to two seconds of audio, rendering it largely useless. The Music Maker was a plastic overlay for the Commodore 64 "breadbox" keyboard, which included plastic piano keys corresponding to keys on the keyboard. The External keyboard was an add-on which plugged into the Sound Expander. These hardware devices did not sell well, perhaps due to their cost, lack of adequate software, marketing as home consumer devices, and an end result that turned many serious musicians off.
Possibly the most complex C64 peripheral was the Mimic Systems Spartan, which added an entire new computer architecture to the C64, with its own 6502 CPU and expansion bus, for software and hardware compatibility with the Apple II series. Announced shortly after the Commodore 64 itself at a time when little software was available for the machine, the Spartan did not begin shipping until 1986, by which time the C64 had acquired an extensive software library of its own. Essentially an Apple II+ compatible computer that used the 64's keyboard, video output, joysticks, and cassette recorder, the Spartan included 64kB RAM, a motherboard with a 6502 CPU on a card, 8 Apple-compatible expansion slots, an Apple-compatible disk controller card, and a DOS board to add to your 1541 disk drive. The DOS board was optional, but if it was not installed an Apple Disk II or compatible drive would be required to load software. The long delay between announcement and availability, along with heavy promotion including full-page ads running monthly in the Commodore press, made the Spartan an infamous example of vaporware.
Gamesware produced a gaming peripheral for the Commodore 64 in 1988, where a target board was attached to the computer using the RS-232 port to enable use of its Gamma Strike suite of games.
CMD produced a SID symphony cartridge later in the Commodore's life. A reworking of the original Dr. T's SID Symphony cartridge, this cartridge gave the Commodore another SID chip for use to play stereo SID music. This saved Commodore 64 users from needing to modify their computer motherboards to enable it with dual SID chips.
Creative Micro Designs (CMD) was the longest-running third-party hardware vendor for the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128, hailed by some enthusiasts as being better at supporting the Commodore 64 than Commodore themselves. Their first commercial product for the C64 was a KERNAL based fast loader and utility chip called JiffyDOS. It was not the first KERNAL-based enhancement for the C64 (SpeedDOS and DolphinDOS also existed), but was perhaps the best implemented. The benefits of a KERNAL upgrade meant that the cartridge port was free for use (which would have normally been taken up by an Epyx FastLoad cartridge or an Action Replay), however the downside meant that one had to manually remove computer chips from the C64's motherboard and associated floppy drives to install it. Aside from the usual 1541 fast load routines, JiffyDOS contained an easy to use DOS and a few other useful utilities.
RAM expansions
Over the years, a number of RAM expansion cartridges were developed for the Commodore 64 and 128. Commodore officially produced several models of RAM expansion cartridges, referred to collectively as the 17xx-series Commodore REUs. While these devices came in 128, 256, or 512 kB sizes, third-party modifications were quickly developed that could extend these devices to 2 MB, although some such modifications could be unstable. Some companies also offered services to professionally upgrade these devices.
Typically, most Commodore 64 users did not require a RAM expansion. Very little of the available software was programmed to make use of expansion memory. The cost of the units (and the requirement to add a heavy-duty power supply) also was a factor in the limited usage of RAM expansion cartridges. The volatility of DRAM was also a factor in the limited usage, as the RAM expansion cartridges were normally used for fast RAM disk storage, data stored on them would be lost at any power failure.
Aside from power-supply problems, the other main downfall of the RAM expansions were their limited usability due to their technical implementation. The RAM in the expansion cartridges was only accessible via a handful of hardware registers, rather than being CPU-addressable memory. This meant that users could not access this RAM without complicated programming techniques. Furthermore, simply adding the RAM expansion did not provide any kind of on-board RAM disk functionality (though a utility disk was supplied with some REUs, which provided a loadable RAM disk driver).
One popular exception to the disuse of the REUs was GEOS. As GEOS made heavy use of a primitive, software-controlled form of swap space, it tended to be slow when used exclusively with floppy disks or hard drives. With the addition of an REU, along with a small software driver, GEOS would use the expanded memory in place of its usual swap space, increasing GEOS' operating speed.
Due to the lack of available 17xx-series Commodore REUs, and then their later discontinuation, Berkeley Softworks, the publishers of GEOS, developed their own 512 kB RAM expansion cartridge - the GeoRAM. This device was purposely designed for use with GEOS, although some REU-aware programs were later adapted to be able to use it. Some time later, the GeoRAM was cloned by another company to form the BBGRAM device (which also sported a battery backup unit). The GeoRAM used a banked-memory design where portions of the external DRAM were banked into the Commodore 64's CPU address space. This method provided substantially slower transfer speeds than the single-cycle-per-byte transfer speeds of the Commodore REUs. The GeoRAM utilized four 1 Mbit-density DRAM chips arranged as two banks of two 256Kx4 DRAM ICs. A benefit of using denser DRAM was lower power consumption, and so the GeoRAM did not require upgrading the Commodore 64's power supply, in contrast with the 17xx-series REU memory expansion cartridges.
Eventually the Super 1750 Clone, a third-party clone of Commodore's RAM expansions was developed, designed in such a way as to eliminate the need for a heavy-duty power supply.
PPI devised their own externally powered 1 or 2 MB RAM expansion, marketed as the PPI/CMD RAMDrive, which was explicitly designed to be used as a RAM disk. Its primary feature was that the external power supply kept the formatting and contents of the RAM safe and valid while the computer was turned off, in addition to powering the device in any case. A driver was provided on the included utilities disk to allow GEOS to use the RAMdrive as a regular 'disk' drive.
CMD later followed up with the RAMLink. This device operated similar to the RAMDrive, but could address up to 16 MB of RAM in the form of a 17xx-series REU, GeoRAM, and/or an internal memory card, which also provided a battery-backed realtime clock for file time/date stamping of files saved to it. It also features a battery backup, thus preserving the RAM's contents. Drivers were provided with the RAMLink to allow GEOS to use its memory as either a replacement for swap space, or as a regular 'disk' drive.
CMD's Super CPU Accelerator came after this and could house up to of direct, CPU-addressable RAM. Unfortunately, there was no on-board or disk-based RAM disk functionality offered, nor could any existing software make use of the directly addressable nature of the RAM. The exception is that drivers were included with the unit to explicitly allow GEOS to use that RAM as a replacement for swap space, or as a regular 'disk' drive, as well as to make use of the acceleration offered by the unit.
EPROM programmers
Programmers for EPROMs like 2716 - 27256 using common programming voltages (Vpp) of 12.5, 21, and 25 V were available by connecting a device to the user port of the C64. These devices could cost in 1985. The device often included a zero insertion force (ZIF) socket and a LED indicating when the EPROM chip was being programmed. The cartridge port was also used by some programmer devices.
Freezer, Reset, and Utility cartridges
Probably the most well-known hacker and development tools for the Commodore 64 included "Reset" and "Freezer" cartridges. As the C64 had no built-in soft reset switch, reset cartridges were popular for entering game "POKEs" (codes which changed parts of a game's code in order to cheat) from popular Commodore computer magazines. Freezer cartridges had the capability to not only manually reset the machine, but also to dump the contents of the computer's memory and send the output to disk or tape. In addition, these cartridges had tools for editing game sprites, machine language monitors, floppy fast loaders, and other development tools. Freezer cartridges were not without controversy however. Despite containing many powerful tools for the programmer, they were also accused of aiding unauthorized distributors to defeat software copy protections. Perhaps the best-known freezer cartridges were the Datel "Action Replay", Evesham Micros Freeze Frame MK III B, Trilogic "Expert", "The Final Cartridge III", Super Snapshot and ISEPIC cartridges.
The Lt. Kernal hard drive subsystem included a push button on the host adapter called ICQUB (pronounced "ice cube"), which could be used to halt a running program and capture a RAM image to disk. This would work with most copy-protected software that did not do disk overlays and/or bypass the KERNAL ROM jump table. The RAM image was runnable only on the Lt. Kernal system on which it was captured, thus preventing the process from being used to distribute unlicensed software.
Music and Synthesizer utilities
As the Commodore 64 featured a digitally controlled semi-analogue synthesizer as its sound processor, it was not surprising to discover an abundance of software and hardware designed to expand upon its capabilities.
Various assemblers, notators, sequencers, MIDI editing and mixer automation software were created which allowed users and programmers to create or record musical pieces of impressive technical complexity. Some software of note has included the Kawasaki Synthesizer range, Music System notation and MIDI suite, the MIDI-compatible Instant Music 'idiot-proof' sequential composer, and the Steinberg Pro-16 MIDI sequencer, the precursor to Cubase.
Notable hardware included various brands of MIDI cartridges, plug-in keyboards (such as the or the Commodore's own SFX range which included a sound sampler and plug-in synthesizer and keyboard, the more recent Commodulator oscillator wheel and the sequencer and synthesizer utility cartridge. The Passport Designs MIDI Interface is said to be one of the best designs and had the most software supported model available.
Recently a few professional musicians have used the Commodore 64's unique sound to provide some or all of the synthesizer parts required for their performances or recordings; an example being the band Also noteworthy is the Commodore 64 Orchestra who specialize in re-arranging and performing music originally composed and coded for the Commodore 64 games market. Its patron is celebrated Commodore composer Rob Hubbard.
Apple II+ emulation box
The Mimic Systems "Mimic Spartan Apple II+ compatibility box" enabled C64 users to run Apple II+ software. It came with the "DOS Card" addition, an Apple II disk controller that was installed inside the Commodore 1541 disk drive, between the floppy logic board and the drive mechanism. In normal mode the circuit simply passed signals through but at the flick of a switch it could take over the mechanism and turn the drive into an Apple II drive. The potential for grave damage to both Apple II and 1541 floppies was enormous and often happened. The box had to configure. Applesoft BASIC was included and very compatible, since it was created by disassembling the binary from the Applesoft ROM and reordering the assembly level instructions such that the binary image would be different. One could set up various debugging and use slave computing to enable fast 3D rendering etc. The box had functionality to switch video between C64 and Apple. The second advertisement was put into the COMPUTE!'s Gazette in 1986.
CP/M with Z80 CPU cartridge
The Commodore C64 CP/M Cartridge uses the C1541 floppy drive which was incapable of reading any existing CP/M disk format. The cartridge were equipped with a Zilog Z80 CPU running at around
CPU accelerators
Like the Apple II family, third-party acceleration units providing a faster CPU appeared late in the C64's life. Due to timing issues with the VIC-II video controller, CPU accelerators for the 64 were complex and expensive to implement. So while accelerators based upon the Western Design Center (WDC) 65C02—usually running at 4 MHz, and the WDC 65C816 16-bit microprocessor running at 4, 8 or 20 MHz, were produced, they appeared too late and were too expensive to gain widespread use.
The first CPU accelerator seen was called the "Turbo Process" by a Bonn, Germany, based company called Roßmöller GmbH. It used the WDC 65C816 microprocessor running at 4.09 MHz. Code ran from faster static RAM on the accelerator expansion port cartridge. As the VIC video controller can only access the C-64's internal DRAM, writes had to be mirrored to the internal memory; write cycles would slow the operation of the processor to accomplish this.
The Turbo Master CPU, produced by US-based Schnedler Systems, was a hardware clone of the Roßmöller Turbo Process product with minor logic changes and a blue aluminum case. It was an expansion port device clocked at 4.09 MHz. It also had a JiffyDOS option. Early Turbo Process circuit boards shipped with PAL chips that did not have their security fuses blown, an oversight which made duplicating the PAL logic and hence the cartridge design trivial. No known litigation took place over the copying of the German company's design. The Turbo Master CPU had one beneficial modification, the bit to toggle the high-speed mode on was "0" in memory location $00 as opposed to the "1" the Turbo Process. A lot of software would write zeros to this location turning off the high-speed mode on the Turbo Process - this was considered a design flaw that was fixed by the Turbo Master.
The most well-known accelerator for the C64 is probably Creative Micro Designs' SuperCPU, which was equipped with the WDC W65C816S (the static core version of the 65C816) clocked at 20 MHz, and with up to 16 MB of RAM if combined with CMD's SuperRamCard. Understandably, due to a very limited "market" and number of developers, there has not been much software tailored for the SuperCPU to date — however GEOS was supported. Among the few offerings available are the Wheels; a Wheels-based web browser called "The Wave", a Unix/QNX-like graphical OS called Wings, some demos, various classic games modified for use with the SuperCPU, and a shooter game in the old Katakis-style called Metal Dust.
Present and Future devices
While CMD no longer produces Commodore hardware, new peripherals are still being developed and produced, mostly for mass storage or networking purposes.
The MMC64 cartridge allows the C64 to access MMC- and SD flash memory cards. And several revisions and add-ons have been developed for it to take advantage of extra features. It features an Amiga clock port for connecting a RR-Net Ethernet-Interface, an MP3 player add-on called 'mp3@c64' has even been produced for it.
In February 2008, Individual Computers started shipping the MMC Replay. It unites the MMC64 and the Retro Replay in one cartridge, finally built with proper case-fit in mind (even including the RRnet2 Ethernet add-on). It contains many improvements, such as C128 compatibility, a built-in .d64 mounter (not speedloader-compatible though, because the 1541 CPU is not emulated), ROM for a total of eight cartridges, 512 kB RAM, a built-in flash-tool for cartridge images and wider support for various types of cartridges (not merely Action-replay-based).
In April 2008, the first batch of 1541 Ultimate shipped, a project by the hobbyist VHDL-developer Gideon Zweijtzer. This is a cartridge that carries an Action Replay and Final Cartridge (whatever the user prefers) and a very compatible FPGA-emulated 1541 drive that is fed from a built-in SD-card slot (.d64, prg etc.). The difference to other SD-based and .d64 mounting cartridges like the MMC64, Super Snapshot 2007 or MMC Replay is, that the 6502 that powers the 1541 Floppy and the 1541's mechanical behavior (even sound) is fully emulated, making it theoretically compatible with almost anything. Fileselection and management is done via a third button on the cartridge that brings up a new menu on screen. The 1541 Ultimate also works in standalone mode without a c-64, functioning just like a normal Commodore 1541 would. Disk-selection of .d64s is then done via buttons on the cartridge, power is supplied via USB. There is a "Plus-Version" available with an extra 32 Megabytes of RAM (as REU and for future use), the basic version has just enough RAM for the advertised functions to work.
In October 2008, the second and third batch of 1541 Ultimates were produced to match the public demand for the device. The regular version without the 32MB RAM was dropped since there was no demand for it. Due to public demand, there is also a version with Ethernet now.
In 2010 a completely new PCB and software has been developed by Gideon Zweijtzer to facilitate the brand new 1541-Ultimate-II cartridge.
The IDE64 interface cartridge provides access to parallel ATA drives like hard disks, CD/DVD drives, LS-120, Zip drives, and CompactFlash cards. It also supports network drives (PCLink) to directly access a host system over various connection methods including X1541, RS-232, Ethernet and USB. The operating system called IDEDOS provides CBM/CMD compatible interface to programs on all devices. The main filesystem is called CFS, but there's read-only support for ISO 9660 and FAT12/16/32. Additional features include BASIC extension, DOS Wedge, file manager, machine code monitor, fast loader, BIOS setup screen.
Today's computer mice can be attached via the Micromys interface that can process even optical mice and similar. There are also various interfaces for plugging the 64 to a PC keyboard.
A special board for converting Commodore 64 video signals to standard VGA monitor output is also currently under development. Also, a board to convert the Commodore 128's 80 column RGBI CGA-compatible video signal to VGA format was developed in late 2011. The board, named the C128 Video DAC, had a limited production run and was used in conjunction with the more widespread GBS-8220 board.
In September 2008, Individual Computers announced the Chameleon, a Cartridge for the Expansion Port that adds a lot of previously unseen functionality. It has a Retro-Replay compatible Freezer and MMC/SD-Slot, REU and a PS/2 connector for a PC Keyboard. Support for a network adapter and battery-backed real time clock exists. The cartridge does not even have to be plugged into a Commodore 64 and can be used as a standalone device using USB power. Since the cartridge essentially also includes a Commodore One it is possible to include a VGA Port that outputs the picture to a standard PC monitor. The Commodore One core also allows the cartridge to be used as a CPU accelerator, and a core to run a Commodore Amiga environment in standalone mode also exists. Unlike most other modern-day C64 hardware, this cartridge ships with a bright yellow case. Shipping was announced for Q1/2009, and currently the cartridge is available, although the firmware is in a beta state.
A standalone mode docking station is under development.
Retro Innovations is shipping the uIEC device, which utilizes the core design of the SD2IEC project to provide a mass media solution for Commodore 8-bit systems that utilize the Commodore IEC Serial Bus. NKCElectronics of Florida is shipping SD2IEC hardware which uses the sd2iec firmware. Manosoft sells the C64SD Infinity, another SD card media solution which uses the sd2iec firmware.
In Summer of 2013, another commercial variant of the SD2IEC-Device appears on market, the SD2IEC-evo2 from 16xEight.
This device uses a bigger uC (ATmega1284P) and has some extras such as Battery backed-up RTC, connector for LC-Display, Multicolour Status-LED, and so on already on board.
2014 sees the emergence of another commercial variant of SD2IEC hardware. thefuturewas8bit SD2IEC Versions are available packaged to resemble a miniature 1541 disk drive. It has illuminated disk change and reset buttons accessible from the top of the case.
Notes
Many users came to dread the telltale "RAT-AT-AT-AT-AT" knocking noise, since such knocking contributed to eventual disk drive alignment failure.
A modification could be made to older model Commodore 64 motherboards to piggy-back a secondary SID sound chip to the original SID chip. The resulting modification enabled the Commodore 64 to play sound in 6-channel stereo with the appropriate software.
The Commodore 64 had documented cartridge port pins which could be crossed to achieve a reset. In an attempt to activate game "reset" and various cheats, a large number of Commodore 64 users attempted to reset their machines by manually touching these pins 1 and 3 with wire while the computer was switched on. Many users made mistakes and missed the correct pins, blowing their C64's fuse and resulting in a costly repair. This achievement was later known as the "Hamster Reset" in "Commodore Format" magazine. Some users soldered these pins to a button, which they mounted in the C64's case for handy resetting. Some programs utilized reset protection (by having the string 'CBM80' at in the memory) which could be worked around by shorting pins 1-3-9 the same way as the "Hamster Reset" pin 9 (on the top side as opposed to pins 1 & 3 on the bottom) being the EXROM ROM expansion pin (thus overwriting data at –).
See also
Computers: Commodore 64, VIC-20
Floppy Drives: Commodore 1541, 1551, 1570, 1571, 1581
Commodore 64 disk / tape emulation
References
External links
Individual Computers - Makers of MMC64 and RR-series products
16xEight Digital Retrovation - Makers of innovative new hardware for Commodore 8-Bit Computers
Protovision - Makers of various new hardware upgrades
Lemon64 - Includes some of the best Commodore 64 music software
Home Recording - Music discussion board thread linking to many others relevant to C64 music
RUN Magazine Issue 39 May, 1986 special printer issue
elektronik.si: Vic-Rel internal PCB
bilgisayarlarim.com: Commodore MPS-801 teardown (dated 2007-05-07, accessed 2016-04-28)
Manuals
Commodore
Commodore VIC-1541 Floppy Drive: User Manual, Technical Reference
Commodore VIC-1515 Printer: User Manual
Commodore VIC-1525 Printer: User Manual
CARDCO
CARDCO Card Print A (C/?A) Printer Interface: User Manual, Addendum
CARDCO Card Print +G (C/?+G) Printer Interface: User Manual, Supplement
Peripherals
Home computer peripherals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biburg%20Abbey
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Biburg Abbey
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Biburg Abbey () was a Benedictine monastery located at Biburg in Bavaria, Germany.
History
The monastery, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was founded in 1132 by Konrad and Arbo von Sittling-Biburg, sons of the Blessed Berta of Biburg, who gave their castle to the Bishop of Bamberg for the purpose. The foundation was originally a double monastery for both men and women; the nunnery however burnt down in 1258 and was not re-built.
In 1555 the monastery was dissolved and the premises came into lay hands. In 1589 the Jesuit College of Ingolstadt obtained the buildings, which were taken over in 1781 by the Knights Hospitaller. In 1808 the monastery was secularised and passed into the possession of the Bavarian State.
See also
List of Jesuit sites
References
Further reading
Adam Rottler Pfr. i. R.: Abensberg im Wandel der Zeiten, Abensberg 1972
External links
Monasteries in Bavaria
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Society of Jesus
Knights Hospitaller
1130s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1132 establishments in Europe
1130s establishments in Germany
Religious organizations established in the 1130s
1808 disestablishments in Germany
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
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202506
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meketichoffatia
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Meketichoffatia
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Meketichoffatia was a small mammal from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. It was a relatively early member of the extinct order Multituberculata. It lived at the same time as dinosaurs such as Allosaurus. It's within the suborder "Plagiaulacida" and family Paulchoffatiidae.
The genus Meketichoffatia ("no longer for Choffat"?) was named by Hahn G. in 1993 based on a single species. Fossil remains of the species Meketichoffatia krausei consisting of two upper jaws were found in Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic)-age Camadas de Guimarota of Guimarota, Portugal.
References
Hahn (1993), "The systematic arrangement of the Paulchoffatiidae (Multituberculata) revisited". Geol. Paleontol. 27, p. 201-214.
Hahn G & Hahn R (2000), "Multituberculates from the Guimarota mine", p. 97-107 in Martin T & Krebs B (eds), "Guimarota - A Jurassic Ecosystem", Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, München.
Kielan-Jaworowska Z & Hurum JH (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429.
Much of this information has been derived from Multituberculata (Cope 1884).
Multituberculates
Late Jurassic mammals
Jurassic mammals of Europe
Prehistoric mammal genera
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17106143
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevrorthidae
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Nevrorthidae
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The Nevrorthidae, often incorrectly spelled "Neurorthidae", are a small family of winged insects of the order Neuroptera. Extant species may be described as living fossils. There are 19 extant species in four genera, with a geographically disjunct distribution, Nevrorthus, comprising 5 species with scattered distributions around the Mediterranean, Austroneurorthus with two species known from southeastern Australia, Nipponeurorthus comprising 11 species known from China and Japan, and Sinoneurorthus known from a single species described from Yunnan Province, China. They were at one time placed in the Osmyloidea, with the Osmylidae and the spongillaflies (Sisyridae) as their closest relatives, but nowadays they are considered to be the most ancient lineage of living lacewings. Sometimes they are placed in a suborder Nevrorthiformia, but the quite basal position of the family is probably better expressed by placing them directly in the Neuroptera, without assigning the subordinal rank.
Apart from the mere four living genera, several genera are known from the Eocene aged Baltic amber. The oldest known member of the family is Cretarophalis from the earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber of Myanmar.
Taxonomy
After
Nevrorthus Costa, 1863
Nevrorthus apatelios H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Hölzel, 1977 Balkans, Italy
Nevrorthus fallax (Rambur, 1842) Sardinia and Corsica
Nevrorthus hannibal U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1983 Tunisia, Algeria
Nevrorthus iridipennis Costa, 1863 Calabria, Sicily
Nevrorthus reconditus Monserrat & Gavira, 2014 Malaga, Spain
Genus Austroneurorthus Nakahara, 1958
Austroneurorthus brunneipennis (Esben-Petersen, 1929) New South Wales, Queensland, Australia
Austroneurorthus horstaspoecki U. Aspöck, 2004 Victoria, New South Wales, Australia
Genus Nipponeurorthus Nakahara, 1958
Nipponeurorthus damingshanicus Liu, H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 2014 Guangxi, China
Nipponeurorthus fasciatus Nakahara, 1958 China (Taiwan)
Nipponeurorthus flinti U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 2008 Japan (Okinawa, Amamioshima).
Nipponeurorthus furcatus Liu, H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 2014 China (Yunnan)
Nipponeurorthus fuscinervis (Nakahara, 1915) Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)
Nipponeurorthus multilineatus Nakahara, 1966 China (Taiwan).
Nipponeurorthus pallidinervis Nakahara, 1958 Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Tsushima Island).
Nipponeurorthus punctatus (Nakahara, 1915) Japan (Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu).
Nipponeurorthus qinicus Yang in Chen, 1998 China (Shaanxi).
Nipponeurorthus tianmushanus Yang & Gao, 2001 China (Zhejiang).
Nipponeurorthus tinctipennis Nakahara, 1958 Japan (Yakushima Island).
Genus Sinoneurorthus Liu, H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 2012
Sinoneurorthus yunnanicus Liu, H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 2012, Yunnan, China
Extinct genera
†Balticoneurorthus Wichard 2016 Baltic amber, Eocene
†Cretarophalis Wichard 2017 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
†Electroneurorthus Wichard et al. 2010 Baltic amber, Eocene
†Palaeoneurorthus Wichard 2009 Baltic amber, Eocene
†Rophalis Pictet 1854 Baltic amber, Rovno amber, Eocene
Footnotes
References
(2007): The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Neuroptera). American Museum Novitates 3587: 1-58. PDF fulltext
Neuroptera
Neuroptera families
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409200
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Congress
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National Congress
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National Congress is a term used in the names of various political parties and legislatures .
Political parties
Ethiopia: Oromo National Congress
Guyana: People's National Congress (Guyana)
India: Indian National Congress
Iraq: Iraqi National Congress
Pakistan, Bangladesh: National Congress (Pakistan, Bangladesh)
Nigeria: Ijaw National Congress
Papua New Guinea: People's National Congress Party
South Africa: African National Congress
Sri Lanka: National Congress (Sri Lanka)
Sudan:
National Congress (Sudan), an Islamist, pan-Arabist party, given the name National Congress Party c. 1988/1989
Sudanese Congress Party, a social-democratic party, initially created as the National Congress in 1986
National legislatures
Argentine National Congress
National Congress of Belgium
National Congress of Bolivia
National Congress of Brazil
National Congress of Chile
National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China
National Congress of Ecuador
National Congress of Guatemala
National Congress of Honduras
General National Congress (Libya)
National Congress of Paraguay
Congress of the Republic of Venezuela
Other uses
National Congress Battalions, Malta, 1798–1800
National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, a party congress held every five years
National Congress of American Indians, an American indigenous rights organization
National Congress of Australia's First Peoples, national representative body for Indigenous Australians, 2009–2019
See also
Congress (disambiguation), comparative term
Congress of Deputies (disambiguation)
Congress of People's Deputies (disambiguation)
National Conference (disambiguation)
National Congress Party (disambiguation)
National Convention (disambiguation)
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463101
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyteller
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Storyteller
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Storyteller, story teller, or story-teller may refer to:
A person who does storytelling
Arts and entertainment
Film
Narradores de Javé (Storytellers), a 2003 Brazilian film by Eliane Caffé
O Contador de Histórias (The Story of Me or The Storyteller), a 2009 Brazilian film directed by Luiz Villaça
The Storyteller (film), the original title of the 2017 film The Evil Within, directed by Andrew Getty
The Storyteller (2018 film), a 2018 film by Joe Crump
Television
"Storyteller" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), a 2003 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer
"The Storyteller" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), a 1993 episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
"The Storyteller" (The Twilight Zone), a 1986 episode of The Twilight Zone
The StoryTeller (TV series), a 1988 television series by Jim Henson
VH1 Storytellers, a VH1 music series
The Storyteller Sequence, sequence of one-act dramas for young people by Philip Ridley
Fine arts
Storyteller (pottery), a motif in Pueblo pottery
The Storyteller (sculpture), a 2003 outdoor bronze sculpture by Pete Helzer, installed in Eugene, Oregon, U.S.
Storytellers (statue), a bronze statue depicting Walt Disney, by Rick Terry and Ray Spencer
Gaming
Storyteller (computer game), a 2021 game by Daniel Benmergui
Gamemaster, a person who acts as an organizer, officiant for regarding rules, arbitrator, and moderator for a multiplayer role-playing game
Story Teller (computer game), a word game by Edu-Ware
Role-playing game systems created by White Wolf Publishing:
Storyteller System (1991)
Storytelling System (2004)
Publications
Story Teller (magazine), a children's magazine from 1982 to 1985
The Story-Teller, an early 20th-century British fiction magazine
Storyteller (Silko book), a 1981 collection of poetry and stories by Leslie Marmon Silko
Storyteller (novel), a 2003 novel by Amy Thomson
The Storyteller (Vargas Llosa novel), a 1987 novel by Mario Vargas Llosa
The Storyteller (Picoult novel), a 2013 novel by Jodi Picoult
"The Storyteller", a short story by H. H. Munro (Saki)
A Suspension of Mercy, a 1965 novel by Patricia Highsmith also published under the name The Story-Teller
Music
Groups
Storytellers (Norwegian band), a Norwegian jazz group
The Storyteller (band), a Swedish heavy metal band
Albums
Storyteller (Marilyn Crispell album), 2003
Storyteller (Donovan album), 2003
Storyteller (Raghav album), 2004
Storyteller (Crystal Waters album), 1994
Storyteller (Carrie Underwood album), 2015
Storyteller (Alfie Boe album), 2012
Storyteller – The Complete Anthology: 1964–1990, a 1989 album by Rod Stewart
Storyteller - Corridor of Windows: 2000, album by Storyteller
The Story Teller, a 2010 album by Clutchy Hopkins
The Storyteller, the third book in Traci Chee's Sea of Ink and Gold trilogy, published in 2018
The Storyteller (Ray Davies album), a 1998 album by Ray Davies
Songs
"Storyteller", a song on Bradley Joseph's 1997 album Rapture
See also
Storytelling (disambiguation)
Story (disambiguation)
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67729055
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Caroline%20%281795%29
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HMS Caroline (1795)
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HMS Caroline was a 36-gun fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. She was designed by Sir John Henslow and launched in 1795 at Rotherhithe by John Randall. Caroline was a lengthened copy of with improved speed but more instability. The frigate was commissioned in July 1795 under Captain William Luke to serve in the North Sea Fleet of Admiral Adam Duncan. Caroline spent less than a year in the North Sea before being transferred to the Lisbon Station. Here she was tasked to hunt down or interdict French shipping while protecting British merchant ships, with service taking her from off Lisbon to Cadiz and into the Mediterranean Sea. In 1799 the ship assisted in the tracking of the French fleet of Admiral Étienne Eustache Bruix, and in 1800 she participated in the blockade of Cadiz.
In 1803 Caroline brought the news of the declaration of war with France to the East Indies where she would stay for the rest of her service. The ship's main role in the Indies was attacking the possessions of the French and their allies and as such she participated in a number of important events, including the Java campaign of 1806–1807 in which she fought the action of 18 October 1806. The frigate also played an active role in the Persian Gulf campaign of 1809, the invasion of the Spice Islands where her crew were instrumental in capturing Banda Neira, and the invasion of Java in 1811. After this Caroline returned home to be paid off at Portsmouth where she was hulked. Her last, and most successful, commander was Captain Sir Christopher Cole. Caroline was broken up at Deptford in 1815.
Construction
Caroline was a 36-gun, 18-pounder frigate designed by Sir John Henslow. Her class was designed as a lengthened version of the frigate . This was an attempt by the Admiralty at the beginning of the French Revolutionary War to increase the speed and general performance of their frigates. The new ships were given wider gun port spacings than on Inconstant in an attempt to increase spacing between the guns themselves, which resulted in guns having to be placed on the extreme ends of the ships. This in turn meant that the class was known to pitch heavily.
The ships were thought to be slightly faster than previous designs of Henslow, being capable of reaching , but bought this speed with decreased stability. Similar to other ships designed in the 1790s, Caroline had solid barricades on the quarterdeck and forecastle to increase protection to the crew and provide extra space for guns. The ship had originally been planned to hold 6-pound guns in these new positions, but on 16 March 1795 before the ship had been launched, the 6-pounders were upgraded to 9-pounders and her ten 32-pound carronades were also added to the design.
Caroline was ordered to be built at Rotherhithe by John Randall & Co. on 24 May 1794. She was laid down in June of the same year and launched on 17 June 1795 with the following dimensions: along the gun deck, at the keel, with a beam of and a depth in the hold of . She measured 924 tons burthen. The fitting out process for Caroline was completed at Deptford on 25 September. The design and armament of the ship were not considerably altered after her launch or during service, with the only major change being the addition of two 6-pounders on 4 March 1805. As such she sailed throughout her career with twenty-six 18-pounders on her gundeck, eight 9-pounders and six 32-pound carronades on her quarterdeck, and two 9-pounders and four 32-pound carronades on her forecastle. Other ships of her class such as and received armament overhauls in 1812 and 1813, but by this point Caroline had already been hulked.
Service
Lisbon Station
1795–1797
Caroline was commissioned by Captain William Luke in July 1795 to serve in the French Revolutionary Wars, beginning her career in the North Sea Fleet of Admiral Adam Duncan. The frigate served in close contact with Duncan, being able to react quickly to his orders and split off from the fleet where necessary. On 1 December the frigate took the 14-gun brig Le Pandore off the Texel after a chase of one hour, however Le Pandores companion, the 12-gun brig Le Septnie, escaped while the crew of Le Pandore were being removed. After this Caroline transferred to the Lisbon Station, tasked with patrolling from Cape Finisterre to the southern border of Spain and Portugal, where she took an 18-gun corvette in April 1796, and the 10-gun privateer polacre La Zenodene off Cape Palos on 23 May. Soon after this on 11 August the frigate sailed briefly for the Mediterranean Sea. There the frigate captured the French privateer Rochellaire on 20 August alongside the ships-of-the-line and , the frigate , and the sloop . Sailing with the ship-of-the-line and the frigates Alcmene and , she then captured the Spanish merchant Adriana on 5 November. Activity continued into 1797, with the Spanish brig San Joseph being captured by Caroline and the frigate on 16 February and another Spanish brig, San Luis, taken by Caroline on 5 July. In September she sailed to the Cape of Good Hope with Colonel Arthur Wellesley on board as he went to join his regiment in India.
1798–1799
The frigate continued throughout this period to serve on the Lisbon Station while also spending considerable time around Cadiz and the edges of the Mediterranean while assigned to Admiral Lord St Vincent's fleet. As part of such, in 1798, she shared in the proceeds of the capture of the merchants Umbarca Souda, on 18 February, Constanza, on 26 April, and Strella de Mare, on 9 May, and the Spanish privateer El Carmen on 27 February. Between 19 March and 26 April Caroline also captured the French privateers Le Francois, Le Fortune, and Le Vainqueur. The ship recaptured the East India Company ship on 29 June, after she had been taken by the French privateer Mercure on 17 June. Caroline continued to share in the fleet's merchant captures, with Il Terrice on 21 July and Virgin d'Idra on 18 September. While patrolling off the Savage Islands with the frigate on 4 October, Caroline took the privateer Le President Parker. Earlier in the day the frigate had retaken the merchant ship Bird of Liverpool, on her way to Africa, which had been taken by Le President Parker on 27 September.
This began a small string of successes for Caroline, with her boats destroying the 1-gun privateer L'Esperance at Tenerife on 16 October and four days later taking the 10-gun privateer Le Baret at the same location, again with Flora. The ship also shared in the capture of the merchants Nostra Senora de Misericordia and San Joseph on 20 October. In November command of the ship briefly transferred to Captain Lord Henry Paulet. On 21 November Caroline and Flora took the Spanish merchant El Bolante off Madeira, and then on 23 November the 10-gun French privateer La Garonne. In December Paulet was replaced by Captain William Bowen; Caroline took the 12-gun privateer brig Le Ferailleur on 4 December by tricking her into believing the frigate and two small prizes with her were a merchant convoy. Caroline continued on station off Lisbon throughout 1799 as well. On 27 January the frigate recaptured the British letter of marque Jane which she had been chasing since Janes captor, the privateer L'Intrepide, had been taken and disclosed her location on 25 January. In the same month Drie Vrienden Hoy and the brig Nymph were also recaptured. With continuing success, Caroline and Flora retook Six Sisters, which had been captured by a French privateer, in early February and captured the French privateers L'Aventure on 14 February and La Legere on 19 April. On 24 June the frigate followed and reported the position of Admiral Étienne Eustache Bruix's escaped French fleet to Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Cotton, assisting Cotton in his hunt for Bruix that saw him chase the French from Brest to the Mediterranean. On 31 August Caroline took the privateer La Resolve and then on 26 December El Fleche and La Voiture.
1800–1801
On 15 January 1800 Caroline took the 22-gun privateer Vulture at . Caroline sighted Vulture west of Lisbon chasing the merchant brig Flora; Vulture attempted to escape and threw two of her guns overboard to increase her speed, but in the evening Caroline captured her without a shot being fired. The frigate then took the Danish merchant Young Johannes, laden with wine, on 8 April. In late 1800 Caroline began to serve in Rear-Admiral Sir James Saumarez's Cadiz blockade squadron. Caroline often patrolled with the brig HMS Salamine, together taking on Christmas Day the French brig Good Friends, which was laden with cannon and mortars, and the French 4-gun xebec privateer Le Regulus laden with arms on 21 January 1801. Continuing a busy start to the year, Caroline and the brig detained the Swedish brig Active on 1 February as she travelled to Leghorn. The frigate continued off Cadiz throughout 1801, forming part of the bolstered squadron there in August, retaking the merchantman Prince of Wales on 5 October, and going into Portsmouth from there on 1 December.
Initial East Indies service
1802–1803
At the start of 1802 Caroline shared in the capture of the merchant Tito with much of the squadron. On 10 February the frigate returned from Cadiz to be paid off at Portsmouth. She was refitted at Woolwich between March 1802 and February 1803, being recommissioned on 9 November 1802, as the Peace of Amiens ended, beginning to serve in the Napoleonic Wars under Captain Benjamin William Page. Caroline served on the Irish Station until May 1803. The ship then received immediate orders to sail for the East Indies carrying the declaration of war upon France and instructions to detain all Dutch vessels, having so little time to react that the ship was never configured for service in anywhere else but Ireland.
On 28 May Caroline was in sight of the ship-of-the-line as she captured the French frigate L'Ambuscade, previously the British HMS Ambuscade, and thus shared in the prize of her. A day later she captured the French merchant brig La Bonne Mere. Caroline took the 6-gun privateer Haasje off the Cape of Good Hope on 2 August while on voyage; Haasje had been bound for India with dispatches from Napoleon. Haasje was sent in to Saint Helena, where the news of war she carried caused Dutch ships to be impounded and English merchant ships to stop sailing out of convoys. No longer having to keep her knowledge of the war secret, the ship detained the Dutch merchant Henrica Johanna on 3 August. The passage to the East Indies took 103 days, with Caroline only stopping briefly at Madeira for water and wine. Here Caroline sent dignitaries to the governor of the island, only for the representatives to mistake the governor's butler for him. The frigate completed the voyage of 13,000 miles without losing any men to sickness, for which the discipline and cleanliness of the ship were praised. The ship arrived in the East Indies on 6 September and took the French merchant Petite Africaine a day later.
1804
For the next few months into early 1804 Caroline escorted convoys through the Bay of Bengal, and then on 5 January captured the 8-gun privateer Les Frères Unis around south-west of Little Andaman. During the pursuit one crewmember of Les Frères Unis was killed by a musket shot from the frigate; fifty-five members of her crew were actually soldiers who had travelled to Mauritius from Bourdeaux in July 1803. On 4 February Caroline discovered the 26-gun privateer Le Général du Caen in the channel south of Preparis island; both ships used all their possible sail in the ensuing chase but the frigate used her superior sailing qualities to get close enough to fire into Le Général du Caen with her chase guns, at which point she surrendered. Les Frères Unis and Le Général du Caen were both taken soon after their arrival from France and did not have any time to attack British shipping before being captured. The service of Caroline in stopping these privateers was rewarded in the presenting of swords worth 500 guineas to Page from both the Bombay and Madras merchant communities.
On 10 March Caroline was sent as lead escort ship, along with the fourth-rate , frigate HMS Dedaigneuse, and sloop , to protect the valuable Bengal convoy sailing to and from China. It was suspected by Vice-Admiral Peter Rainier that the convoy would come under attack from the French admiral Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois's squadron as had happened previously with Commodore Nathaniel Dance's convoy. In early October Caroline and the convoy weathered a typhoon. In the last day of this, a seaman on Caroline fell from her masts; the frigate was not able to halt her progress for another three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km), and the seaman was presumed drowned. When further investigated it was found that the man was still swimming strongly in the distance and six men went in the ship's jolly boat to rescue him. Upon bringing the man back, the occupants of the boat were swept overboard by the waves as it was being brought on board; the boat was cut from its ropes into the sea again, and all survived in what was described as an 'extraordinary instance of preservation'. No attack being made on the convoy, it reached Canton at the end of November and returned safely on 20 January 1805.
Java campaign
1805–1806
In April 1805 Captain Peter Rainier assumed command of Caroline. She captured the French 14-gun privateer brig Gautavie in the same month. , of 20 guns and 120 men, prize to Caroline arrived at Bombay on 7 April.
Midway through 1805, Carolines surgeon, the writer and disease expert James Johnson, left the ship; through his travels with the ship he had compiled a series of geographical and medical notes, as well as naval anecdotes, that he used to produce a number of works including The Oriental Voyager.
In October 1806 the frigate was part of Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge's squadron blockading Batavia, from where a large Dutch squadron had been threatening merchant shipping. On the morning of 18 October Caroline took a small brig while on station. The crew of this brig informed Rainier that the 36-gun Dutch frigate Phoenix was currently under repair nearby, and Caroline set out to find her.
While doing so, the ship discovered two brigs at anchor off Batavia; one of these was the 14-gun Dutch brig Zeerob which had sailed from Bantem. Zeerob was captured by Caroline, but the other brig was too close to the shore to be pursued and made her escape into Batavia, where she sheltered with Phoenix and the 36-gun frigate Maria Reijersbergen, the 20-gun sloop William, the 18-gun Patriot, and the 14-gun Zeeplong. As the brig escaped, Phoenix emerged from the inner harbour in an attempt to manoeuvre away from Caroline. Caroline entered the harbour and sailed for Maria Reijersbergen, determining her to be the largest threat, firing at her from the range of half a pistol shot; after around thirty minutes of bombardment the Dutch frigate surrendered. Her consorts, Patriot, William, and Zeeplong, all failed to engage Caroline, making the battle much fairer than it should have been considering the number of ships present.
While Maria Reijersbergen had a full complement of 270 men, Caroline was fifty-seven men below complement in the fight due to men having been sent away in prize ships or being in hospital. The ship had three seamen killed as well as four Dutch prisoners who were being held in the hold at the time; eighteen men were wounded with six mortally so, including the lieutenant of marines. The Dutch ship had around fifty men killed and wounded and was heavily damaged due to the efficiency of Carolines guns; her rigging (including a yard shot in half), masts, and hull all received damage in the battle. Caroline fought her opponent in very shallow water surrounded by dangerous shoals, and was not able to chase the other ships that had been sheltering alongside the frigate. Despite this the Dutch ships, including six merchants, ran themselves aground to ensure they would not be captured by her.
On 27 November a squadron under Rear-Admiral Edward Pellew sailed for Batavia to complete the destruction begun by Caroline. Pellew's ships could not enter due to the shallow shoals, and thus sent in their boats to attack the beached Dutch vessels; Phoenixs crew scuttled her upon the boats' approach, and the British succeeded in burning all the ships that had escaped Caroline. Maria Reijersbergen was bought into the Royal Navy as .
1807
On 27 January 1807 the frigate was sailing near the Philippines having recently finished convoying the East India Company ships and , when a strange sail was sighted on the horizon. A chase of the ship ensued and when Caroline came within gunshot the ship raised Spanish colours; soon after the enemy ship was discommoded by a change in the winds and the ship was able to come alongside her. The enemy ship, despite being much smaller than Caroline, began to fire into her; the frigate returned her fire, and the ship surrendered to her after having twenty seven of her crew killed or wounded. Upon investigation it was found that the ship was the 16-gun St. Raphael sailing as Pallas, she had on board 500,000 dollars in specie and 1,700 quintals of copper. In capturing this valuable prize Caroline had only seven men wounded, of which one later died, but illness meant that she returned to port with only a small portion of her crew fit to serve.
By June Caroline was with Pellew's squadron, with him serving jointly as commander-in-chief with Troubridge, at Madras. The ship was sent with the frigate HMS Psyche to hunt for two Dutch ships-of-the-line that had escaped from Batavia in 1806, and on 29 August they arrived off Surabaya; here they captured a merchant vessel on 30 August that informed them that the Dutch ships were lying in a state of disrepair inside the nearby port of Gresik. Having successfully discovered the enemy ships, Psyche went on to destroy a number of Dutch merchant ships lying off the coast while Caroline chased a strange sail. On 31 August Caroline shared by agreement in Psyches capture of the Dutch corvette , which was bought into the navy as HMS Samarang. From September Commander Henry Hart took command of the frigate as her acting-captain, still in Pellew's squadron. On 20 October the squadron left Madras for Gresik, the harbour that Caroline and Psyche had reconnoitered in August.
The squadron arrived on 5 December and on 11 December attacked the port. Caroline was used by Pellew as his flagship for some of the operation after his actual flagship, the ship-of-the-line , grounded herself and her crew became intoxicated on a store of liquor. When Culloden grounded Caroline was directly astern of her and it was thought that Caroline would either hit Culloden or have to run herself ashore to escape that, but through the quick use of a spare anchor the crisis was averted just before Caroline hit the flagship's stern. The squadron then burned the three Dutch ships-of-the-line present, and a large merchant ship, all of which had been scuttled by the Dutch, and destroyed the fort, its gun batteries, and the dockyard. Hart was in charge of the landings and then commanded the troops during the attack against the port's infrastructure.
This action meant that the Dutch no longer had an active navy presence in the East Indies. A committee from Surabaya spoke with the squadron and stopped further destruction in return for their assistance in replenishing the squadron with food and other supplies. Having repaired and replenished themselves, the ships left Gresik on 17 December. Continuing her duties, Caroline participated in an engagement with a series of batteries and gunboats at the entrance of Manila Bay soon after this. Despite having served for four years in the Indies, it was reported around this time that the crew had not become more seasoned to the climate and were still harshly affected by the heat, diseases and other effects present.
Persian Gulf campaign
1808–1809
In the first months of 1808 Caroline captured the merchant ships Le Gustave and Le Paroudi Patche. On 21 December Captain Charles Gordon took over from Hart, and the frigate moved to operate in the Persian Gulf to combat pirates in November 1809. The same month, Caroline assisted in destroying over eighty pirate vessels at Ras-al-Khyma. This was a well-known pirate stronghold that was set to be attacked along with Lingeh and Laft. Caroline was sailing alongside the frigate HMS Chiffonne and several vessels of the Bombay Marine; the smaller vessels bombarded the coast on 12 November in advance of a landing of troops including Gordon and marines from the frigate on 13 November. By 10 a.m. the town had been captured by the landing force and before 4 p.m. all the pirate ships had been set on fire and destroyed, as well as all the naval storehouses in the town. The troops re-embarked at midday on 14 November with Caroline having only one man injured. While Chiffonne continued to attack and burn pirate vessels on the coast, Caroline was detached to convoy the transports containing the soldiers that had assisted in the attack. One of the ship's lieutenants later died of an illness contracted while fighting at Ras-al-Khyma.
Invasion of the Spice Islands
1810
In early 1810 Captain Christopher Cole assumed command of Caroline after requesting a transfer from his previous command, the frigate . The frigate briefly served as the flagship of Rear-Admiral William O'Bryen Drury, who was now commander-in-chief, in April from where he organised the capture of Amboyna Island. On 10 May Caroline became the lead ship of a squadron including the frigate HMS Piedmontaise, the brig-sloop , and the gun-brig . Mandarin was used as a transport to carry 100 soldiers of the Madras Regiment, money, and provisions for the garrison of the recently captured Amboyna. While travelling to the island the squadron stopped at Penang Island to embark artillerymen, two field guns, and twenty scaling ladders with the intent of assaulting Banda Neira before reaching Amboyna. After a passage of over six weeks, the ships entered the Java Sea on 23 July and approached Banda Neira on 8 August; Cole described the voyage as the most difficult he had ever made. Fearing that the Dutch would reinforce the island before they could attack it, the squadron had taken a quicker but more dangerous route than might have been expected. Banda Neira was a heavily guarded island, having been reinforced since its previous capture by the British in 1796 with two major forts and ten other batteries of guns.
It had originally been planned that the squadron's ships would enter the harbour under the cover of darkness, but while attempting such they were fired on by a gun battery on the nearby Rosensgen Island, which the British had not been aware of, and retired. Instead the squadron's small boats were put into action, embarking soldiers and seamen in the evening. As the boats began to rendezvous together at 2 a.m. for the attack the weather turned for the worse with rain and thunder and many boats were swept off course, leaving 200 men to make the attack of which only 40 were soldiers. With a full-scale attack no longer possible, the boats available to Cole instead aimed to attack two batteries that could hinder the squadron as it attempted to enter the harbour again the following morning. The Dutch expected any landing to occur at the north of the island, where the previous one had, and thus by landing in a different location the boats gained the element of surprise. Landing in the rain, a 10-gun battery was taken quickly from behind with sixty prisoners captured for no casualties. Twenty minutes after this the force assaulted one of the two major forts, Fort Belgica, mounting fifty-two cannons; the attack was initially successful when they used their ladders to scale the outer walls. The rain continued, making it impossible for the defending Dutch force to fire their cannons more than three times, but the attackers found their ladders too short to scale the inner walls of the fort. Instead the force rushed the main gateway which had been opened to allow Dutch officers that lived outside the fort to enter it. The fort's commandant and ten Dutch soldiers were killed in the attack with another four officers and forty men captured.
In the morning the ships entered Banda Neira's harbour with Caroline leading. The remaining batteries fired on the ships, but shots from the captured Fort Belgica and a threat to storm Fort Nassau, the other major fort, brought defence of the island to an end. 120 guns and 700 Dutch soldiers were captured with no loss to the attacking force. Carolines first lieutenant, John Gilmour, commanded the frigate while Cole was ashore despite suffering from a severe illness, and took the captured colours of the forts to Drury. In celebration of the victory, the captains of Piedmontaise and Barracouta had a silver cup made for Cole, while the officers of the squadron and the officers of the Madras Regiment and artillery both presented him with swords worth 100 guineas. The capture was thought to be worth £600,000 for the captors, with there being £400,000 worth of spice alone. Caroline sailed for Madras on 15 August but Drury was absent attacking Mauritius, and so the ship instead went to Bombay for a refit. In September she brought the new governor and staff-officers to Banda Neira.
Invasion of Java
1811
In 1811 Caroline joined Drury's forces off the Malabar Coast to prepare for an attack on Java. On 6 March the now Vice-Admiral Drury suddenly died, leaving Cole to continue preparations in his stead until Rear-Admiral Robert Stopford and Captain William Robert Broughton arrived later in the year. By the time of the arrival of these senior officers Cole had almost completed the preparations for the invasion. On 4 August the large force under Stopford arrived in Chillingching Bay, east of Batavia. Caroline was the lead frigate alongside HMS Modeste and HMS Bucephalus charged with covering the debarkation of the invasion forces on the beaches. It was found that no enemy forces were contesting the landing and that two batteries meant to be guarding the location were unfinished, so Cole ordered 8,000 men to land immediately from the boats of the frigates, successfully doing so before the Dutch (who had been rushing to reach the site) were able to respond. The Dutch having arrived to contest the invasion seven hours after the landing, Cole requested that he take 400 seamen ashore to further assist the soldiers, but his offer was declined and Caroline played no further action in the invasion. Between 4 and 28 August at Java Caroline had two men killed, three wounded, and one missing.
Cole was personally thanked for his actions by the Governor-General of India Lord Minto and the commander-in-chief of the forces Major-General Sir Samuel Auchmuty. The invasion was a success, and Caroline was chosen to take Stopford's dispatches on the action back to Britain, arriving there on 15 December. The voyage took the ship ninety-four days, which was thought to be the second fastest passage from the East Indies to date. Cole was knighted on 29 May 1812 for his service, and the crew of Caroline presented him with a sword worth 100 guineas and an epistle thanking him for his kindess and bravery while in command of them.
Fate
Her service over, Caroline was paid off at Portsmouth in January 1812. In November 1813 she was fitted as a salvage ship to weight the wreck of the 100-gun ship-of-the-line HMS Queen Charlotte which had blown up in an accident off Capraia in 1800. The ship was broken up at Deptford in September 1815.
Prizes
Notes and citations
Notes
Citations
References
External links
Ships of the Old Navy
1795 ships
Ships built in Rotherhithe
Fifth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Louise%20Ayres
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Marie-Louise Ayres
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Marie-Louise Ayres is a librarian whose work has centered on providing digital access to cultural resources throughout Australia. Since 2017 she has been the Director-General of the National Library of Australia.
Early life and education
Marie-Louise Ayres was born in 1963 in Perth Western Australia, and moved with her family to Canberra in 1967. She attended St Clare's College and Stirling College.
Ayres earned her bachelor degree from the University of New England. She received a doctorate in 1994 from the Australian National University, writing her thesis on Australian women poets Dorothy Auchterlonie, Rosemary Dobson, Dorothy Hewett, and J.S. Harry.
Library career
In 1994 she became the curator of the Australian Defence Force Academy's collection of Australian literary manuscripts. Ayres worked there for eight years; her time there included the development of AustLit: The Australian Literature Resource, a clearinghouse for information about Australia's literary and print-culture history.
Ayres began working at the National Library of Australia in 2002 as a project manager for Music Australia, a discovery service for access to music resources. She became curator of the library's manuscript division in 2006 and became head of the resource sharing division in 2011. Her position as the Assistant Director-General included managing Trove, a search engine which aggregates resources from cultural institutions across Australia.
In March 2017 Ayres succeeded Anne-Marie Schwirtlich as Director-General of the National Library of Australia, being appointed for a five-year term. Upon her appointment the Arts Minister praised her work in leading the development of transformative digital services in Australia.
Her work continues to focus on providing access to the cultural history of Australia and addressing the challenges of preserving born-digital content.
Believing in the importance of the legal deposit system as a way to capture the country's identity, Ayres has presided over the building phase and launch of NED, the National edeposit service whereby publishers submit their digital publications directly via a website to fulfill their legal deposit obligations. The nationwide service went live on 30 May 2019, and was formally launched by the Arts Minister Paul Fletcher, on 16 August 2019.
References
Living people
1963 births
Australian librarians
Women librarians
University of New England (Australia) alumni
Australian National University alumni
People from Perth, Western Australia
People from Canberra
Directors-General of the National Library of Australia
National Library of Australia Council members
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising%20Hope
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Raising Hope
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Raising Hope is an American sitcom that aired from September 21, 2010, to April 4, 2014, on Fox. Following its first season, the show received two nominations at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards. Martha Plimpton was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, and Cloris Leachman was nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series.
Plimpton also won the 2011 Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series.
The fourth season premiered Friday, November 15, 2013, at 9:00 pm Eastern/8:00 pm Central with back-to-back episodes. On March 10, 2014, Fox canceled Raising Hope, and the series finale aired April 4, 2014.
Premise
James "Jimmy" Chance is a 23-year-old living in the surreal fictional town of Natesville, Oregon who impregnates a serial killer during a one-night stand. Earning custody of his unexpected daughter, Hope, after the mother is sentenced to death, Jimmy relies on his unorthodox but well-intentioned family for support in raising her.
Cast and characters
Lucas Neff as James "Jimmy" Bon Jovi Chance, Hope's father. A good-natured, wide-eyed 23-year-old who is clueless about raising a child and everything else. Jimmy goes to Howdy's Market in Natesville to get items for baby Hope, where he meets Sabrina.
Martha Plimpton as Virginia Slims Chance. Hope's paternal grandmother, Jimmy's mother, and Burt's wife. Virginia became pregnant with Jimmy at age fifteen, delivering him when she was sixteen. Virginia works as a maid, cleaning houses of upper-class people while the Chances appear to live just above the poverty line.
Garret Dillahunt as Engleburt “Burt” Jebbidiah Chance. Hope's paternal grandfather, Jimmy's father, and Virginia's husband. Burt conceived Jimmy with Virginia when he was seventeen. He has a lawn care/pool cleaning business with Jimmy as his assistant.
Shannon Woodward as Sabrina Chance (née Collins), Jimmy's coworker and eventual wife and Hope's adoptive mother.
Cloris Leachman as Barbara June "Maw Maw" Thompson (recurring season 1, starring seasons 2–4), Virginia's 84-year-old grandmother, Jimmy's great-grandmother, and Hope's great-great-grandmother. Her dementia is a plot line of several episodes and forces her granddaughter to have to take care of her, while Virginia and Burt live in Maw Maw's house rent free.
Gregg Binkley as Barney Hughes (recurring season 1, starring seasons 2–4), Manager of the store where Jimmy and Sabrina work.
Baylie and Rylie Cregut as Hope Chance (born Princess Beyonce Carlyle), Jimmy’s and Lucy’s daughter and adopted daughter, Virginia and Burt's granddaughter and Maw Maw's great-great-granddaughter.
Series overview
Development and production
In June 2009, Fox announced it had booked a put pilot commitment with show creator Greg Garcia.
Actress Olesya Rulin was originally cast as Sabrina, the love interest for Jimmy, and Kate Micucci was added to the cast as Jimmy's cousin. The pilot was filmed in December 2009. In March 2010, Fox decided to recast two roles from the pilot. Shannon Woodward replaced Rulin as Sabrina. Also recast was the role of Jimmy's cousin, changing from Micucci to male actor Skyler Stone as Mike. With this, Micucci's role changed from Jimmy's cousin to become Shelley, Sabrina's cousin.
Fox green-lit the pilot to series with an order in mid-May 2010 for a fall premiere in its 2010–11 television schedule.
On January 10, 2011, Fox renewed Raising Hope for a second season. On April 9, 2012, Raising Hope was renewed for a third season. On March 4, 2013, Raising Hope was renewed for a fourth season. On March 10, 2014, Fox announced the cancellation of the show after four seasons.
Reception
Critical reception
Raising Hope has received positive reviews from critics. The show's first season received an average score of 75 out of 100 on Metacritic, meaning it received "generally favorable reviews."
Tom Gilatto of People Weekly called the show the best new sitcom of the season, favorably comparing it to Malcolm in the Middle. Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times was lukewarm towards the show, stating that "Raising Hope is funny, sweet, occasionally provocative, and occasionally over-the-top in a regrettable way." James Poniewozik of Time Magazine was upbeat, stating that "Neff is amiably charming, Dillahunt and Plimpton give their characters a realism that belies the pilot's often-contemptuous jokes, and maybe 20% of the first episode shows a sweet-heartedness that rises above the easy white-trash humor." While not all of the reviews were positive, they were mostly positive by the end of the first season. Much of the show's praise went to the performances of Martha Plimpton and Garret Dillahunt.
The second season of Raising Hope premiered on September 20, 2011 on Fox, moving to 9:30 pm from its original 8:00 pm time slot, due to the acquisition of New Girl. The second season received similar positive reviews to the first, with Matt Roush of TV Guide calling it "A treat for anyone who loves a good call-back to classic sitcoms."
Ratings
Awards and nominations
International broadcasts
In the United Kingdom, Sky1 picked up the broadcast rights and added the show to its 2010–2011 UK & Ireland autumn schedule, beginning in November 2010.
In Australia, Ten originally broadcast the series before moving it to Eleven.
In Portugal, the series premiered on January 29, 2011 on Fox Life.
In Brazil, the series premiered on September 22, 2010 on FOX.
In Italy, the series premiered on February 3, 2011 on Fox. The Italian title is Aiutami Hope!.
In the Czech Republic, the series broadcasts on HBO. This show premiered on February 1, 2011. The Czech title is Vychovávat Hope.
In Latin America, the series broadcasts on I.Sat. The show premiered in March 2011.
In Canada, the first season aired on the Global Television Network at the same time as Fox in the United States. In 2011, City bought rights from the Global Television Network, and began broadcasting the show. On the morning show that City airs, Breakfast Television, they announced on May 29, 2011 that the series will start airing at 8:00 pm on Tuesdays instead of 9:30 pm on Tuesdays due to other Fox series Glee moving to Thursdays at 9:00pm. This started on September 18, 2012.
In Finland, the first season aired on Sub on January 10, 2013. The Finnish title is Isän Tyttö.
In Germany, the series broadcasts on RTL Nitro. This started on September 10, 2012.
In Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia series was broadcast on Fox Adria. In January, 2018 RTL 2 picked up series for Croatia.
References
External links
2010s American single-camera sitcoms
2010 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
Mass media portrayals of the working class
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Television series about families
Television shows filmed in Los Angeles
English-language television shows
Parenting television series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie%20Benedict
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Maggie Benedict
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Maggie Benedict (born in Pretoria on February 10, 1981) is a South African actress, writer and director. She studied acting at Pretoria Tech. Benedict is best known for playing the role of Akhona Miya on the SABC 1 soap opera Generations (2011-2014).
Benedict has appeared in films including Attack On Durfur (2009), Step to a Start Up (2014) and Queen of Katwe (2016). She received the South African Film and Television Awards for best ensemble cast award for her performance in the 2011 film The Mating Game. During her theatre stint, Benedict performed at the Civic Theatre in Showboat and Goldilocks and The Three Bears.
On television, Benedict starred as Akhona Miya in the SABC drama Generations from 2011 to 2014, and as Violet in the e.tv telenovela series Ashes To Ashes (2015–2016), for which she received South African Film and Television Awards for Best-supporting actress. From 2010 to 2011, she co-starred as Zoey Matsekwa in the M-Net/kykNET soapie Binnelanders.
Early life and education
Benedict was born February 10, 1981 in Pretoria, province of Gauteng, the daughter of a retired teacher, and a medical doctor. She has two siblings, Nkoni and Abel Benedict. Benedict graduated from
Pretoria Technikon (Now known as Tshwane University of Technology), where she started acting.
In 2007, Benedict graduated from New York's, Michael Howard Studios. As a college student, she made she would be found hanging around in libraries. While at the school, Benedict performed in various Stage productions and school plays, including "Does Anyone Know Sarah Paisner" and "Anais Nin Goes To Hell". In 2008, she appeared in Anthony Minghella's film adaption of Alexander McCall Smith 's series of books The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency, she starred in the movie along Jill Scott and Anika Noni Rose.
Film career & Television career
Benedict has guest-starred on several television shows, including SABC 3 Hard Copy (2006), the kykNET series Hartland in 2011, and SABC 2 Geraamtes in die Kas in (2013-2011).
In 2007, After graduating from college, she landed a role on 7de Laan. This was her first TV show, she portrayed the role of Lebo.
In 2010 Benedict starred as Grace Molele in the SABC 2 drama series, The Mating Game, in 2010 alongside Renate Stuurman and Elma Postma. It was based on, the personal lives of three women struggling with motherhood, love and friendship. Between April 2010 and 2011, she was cast in the M-Net/kykNET soapie Binnelanders (which was known as Binneland Sub Judice at the time).
Generations (2011-2014 Axed)
In October 12, 2011, she made her debut on SABC1 popular soapie Generations, where she played role of Akhona Memela Miya, The role brought Benedict widespread recognition and critical acclaim. The soap was an instant success in the ratings (with almost 7 millions viewers per episode), and Benedict became an audience favorite. In 2014 Benedict and other 15 actors were dismissed after they went on strike (for wage increase) and failed to meet a deadline set by the producer to return to work. After Generations executive producer Mfundi Vundla fired the actors from the program and terminated their contracts, The actors (Generations 16) took legal actions.
Ashes To Ashes - present
In February 2015, several months after the "Generations 16" actors saga, Benedict and other actors who were fired joined etv new telenovela Ashes To Ashes (2015-2016).
Filmography
Television
References
External links
Living people
1981 births
South African television actresses
21st-century South African actresses
South African film actresses
South African soap opera actresses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amabilis%20uchoensis
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Amabilis uchoensis
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Amabilis uchoensis is a species of prehistoric pleurodiran turtle, it is the only species in the genus Amabilis.
Description
Hermanson et al. (2020) described the Late Cretaceous turtle Amabilis uchoensis based on a single partial skull from the São José do Rio Preto Formation, in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. The São José do Rio Preto Formation is thought to have been deposited during the Santonian age of the Late Cretaceous, between 86.3 and 83.6 million years ago.
The type-specimen skull, which is 2.25 cm long and 2.06 cm wide, suggests that the animal was smaller than any other fossil turtles found in Brazil's Bauru Group. Modern Brazilian river turtles are also considerably larger, ranging in length from 34 cm (Podocnemis erythrocephala) to 90 cm (Podocnemis expansa.) This skull is deposited in Uchoa's Museum of Paleontology.
The fossil is in the suborder Pleurodira, also known as "side-necked turtles" because their defensive posture hides the head under the shell by pulling the head to one side, rather than by withdrawing the head directly back under the shell.
The Amabilis genus is part of the superfamily or pan-group Podocnemidoidae, which groups the family Podocnemididae together with some related extinct genera, as well as the extinct family Peiropemydidae. Podocnemidoids, first seen in the Late Cretaceous, were once widely distributed across "North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa," according to Gaffney et al. (2011.) No surviving turtle species descend directly from Amabilis, which is therefore considered to be a stem group within its family and super-family. Because it is a member of Podocnemidoidae but not a member of the Podocnemididae. Hermanson et al. describe it as "a non-podocnemidid member of Podocnemidoidae."
According to the local newspaper Diário da Região, A. uchoensis was the first fossil turtle found in the São José do Rio Preto region (near the city of São Paulo). The turtle skull fragment was found by Brazilian paleontologist Fabiano Vidoi Iori, very near to the 2014 discovery site of carnivorous dinosaur Thanos simonattoi.
Name
The name Amabilis, according to Hermanson et al., is from the "Latin for 'lovable', for its tiny size." "Amabilis" (from the Latin verb "amare," to love) can also mean "lovely" in biological names. For example the large evergreen fir tree Abies amabilis, is described as "lovely" rather than "lovable." Many other species are named "amabilis": for example the moon orchid (Phalaenopsis amabilis), a Norwegian copepod (Elaphoidella amabilis), an Ecuadorian toad (Rhinella amabilis), and the Australasian lovely fairy wren (Malurus amabilis).
References
External links
Paleobiology Database Amabilis uchoensis
Pleurodira
Late Cretaceous reptiles of South America
Santonian genera
Cretaceous Brazil
Fossils of Brazil
Fossil taxa described in 2020
Late Cretaceous turtles
Prehistoric turtle genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis%20Communications
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Axis Communications
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Axis Communications AB is a Swedish manufacturer of network cameras, access control, and network audio devices for the physical security and video surveillance industries.
History
Axis Communications was founded in 1984 by Martin Gren, Mikael Karlsson and Keith Bloodworth in Lund, Sweden. The company developed and sold protocol converters and printer interfaces for the connection of PC printers in IBM mainframe and mini-computer environments. By the end of the 1980s, Axis Communications had opened its first U.S. sales office in Boston, Massachusetts and in the early 1990s started shifting its focus away from IBM mainframes towards networking and the TCP/IP protocol.
In 1991, Axis Communications introduced a multi-protocol print server supporting both TCP/IP and NetWare. In 1993, the company developed its own CPU Architecture, ETRAX CRIS, for microprocessors used in embedded devices. In 1995, the company introduced a file server independent, multi-protocol CD-ROM server, supporting TCP/IP (NFS) and Windows (SMB), for Ethernet networks, the AXIS 850. By 1995, Axis Communications opened sales offices in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tokyo, Japan.
In 1996, Axis Communications introduced the industry's first network camera, the AXIS 200. This was followed in 1999 by the AXIS 2100 which was the first volume product using an embedded Linux. In 2003, the company introduced the AXIS 205, the then smallest network camera.
In 2008, Axis Communications announced together with Bosch and Sony that the companies will cooperate in order to standardize the interface of network video products and form a new industry standards body called ONVIF (Open Network Video Interface Forum).
On February 10, 2015, Japanese multinational corporation Canon Inc., which specializes in the manufacture of imaging and optical products, announced a cash bid of 23.6 billion Swedish kronor (US$2.83 billion) to acquire Axis Communications. While Canon is the majority shareholder, Axis is run independently. Canon's network cameras are now sold and supported by Axis Communications in the EMEA (Europe, the Middle East and Africa) region and in North America since September 1, 2016 and October 1, 2016, respectively. In November 2018, Axis Communications was delisted from Nasdaq Stockholm.
On February 1, 2016, Axis Communications acquired Citilog, a video analytics provider for traffic and transportation security and safety applications. On April 30, 2021, Axis Communications announced that it was selling Citilog, citing challenges in finding "desired synergies because of our different go-to-market models." On May 30, Axis Communications acquired 2N, a provider of IP intercom systems based in the Czech Republic. On June 3, 2016, Axis Communications acquired Cognimatics, a video analytics provider for retail applications such as people counting, queue measurement and occupancy estimation.
In May 2018, Axis opened a new R&D office for software development in Linköping, Sweden.
Operations
Axis Communications operates offices in more than 50 countries and employs over 3,800 people.
Installations include the City of Houston, Sydney Airport, Moscow Metro, The White House and Madrid Buses.
In 2019, Axis Communications published a sustainability report stating that 80 percent of its network cameras and video encoders are PVC-free.
Technology
Products
Network Cameras - Axis Communications develops and sells network cameras for many applications. Products include PTZ, vandal resistant, thermal, nitrogen-pressurized, and wireless cameras. It introduced the industry's first thermal network camera, the AXIS Q1910 in January 2010 and the industry's first HDTV network camera, the AXIS Q1755 in December 2008. In March 2022, the company released the AXIS M5000-G which can connect to Z-Wave devices and cover an indoor area of up to 400 m2. Most cameras have video content analysis capabilities such as advance motion detection. Certain Network Cameras have support for advanced video content analysis which can detect objects and human behavior.
Body Cameras - In March 2020, Axis Communications entered the body cam market with its own open architecture system competing with market incumbents Axon, Digital Ally, Wolfcom and Motorola Solutions with its Watchguard Video brand.
Video Encoders - Axis Communications develops and sells video encoders allowing for video from analog systems to be converted into digital format for IP networks. Recent models are based on the H.264 video compression standard which lower bandwidth and storage requirements without impacting image quality. The company sells 1-port, 4-port, 6-port and 16-port video encoders as well as rack-mountable systems for large installations.
Video Management Software - Axis Communications sells a full-featured video management software which it markets under the name AXIS Camera Station. The software provides remote video monitoring, recording and event management functionality. Its API allows the integration with other systems such as point of sale and access control. Axis sells a light-weight remote-viewing application under the name AXIS Companion.
Physical Access Control - Axis Communications started offering physical access control systems in late 2013. The first product was the AXIS A1001 network door controller. It had an open interface for integration with other IP-based security system components and third-party software. The AXIS A1001 network door controller was the first ONVIF conformant physical access control system available on the market.
Network Audio - In March 2015, Axis Communications introduced its first network audio product, a horn speaker providing talk-down audio functionality for security applications. In September 2016, it introduced two network audio loudspeakers for background music and for live or scheduled announcements in retail stores. In September 2017, Axis Communications expanded its network audio offering with an analog to IP audio converter and a PA system. In 2022, Axis Communications released its first Network Strobe Siren which provides audible and visual alerts.
Radar - In 2017, Axis Communications introduced its first radar, the AXIS D2050-VE, which allowed for minimization of false alarms, analytics, classification of objects, and more auto-tracking capabilities for Axis PTZ Cameras. In 2019 Axis introduced the AXIS D2110-VE radar which has Machine learning and Deep learning capabilities.
Microprocessors
ARTPEC (Axis Real Time Picture Encoder Chip) is a system on a chip (SoC) developed by Axis Communications. There are currently 8 generations of the chip. All chips run AXIS OS, a modified version of Linux designed for embedded devices. Not all products developed by Axis Communications use it's custom chip. The chip is typically found in high performance devices such as higher end cameras while lower cost devices use SoC's from Ambarella.
The ARTPEC-1 ASIC is the first ASIC designed in-house by Axis Communications for Network Video. Initial development began in 1996 in order to support hardware compression and encoding of video. At the time processors were not available for Network video. It's internal firmware is based on an embedded operating system called μClinux which became known as Embedded Linux.
The ARTPEC-2 SoC released in 2003, is based on the ETRAX CRIS architecture. Unlike ARTPEC-1 which relies on an external CPU, ARTPEC-2 has an internal ETRAX CPU which improves power efficiency and performance. Additionally, it has a MPEG-4 encoder and decoder which reduces bandwidth when streaming and recording video.
The ARTPEC-3 SoC released in 2007, is based on the ETRAX CRIS architecture. This is the first SoC developed by Axis which supports the H.264 standard for video encoding. The image processing pipeline is capable of capturing a 1080P video source at 30 frames per second.
The ARTPEC-4 SoC released in 2011, has a single core MIPS CPU (1004kc). The image processing pipeline is based on ETRAX CRIS. The SoC has Lightfinder, a technology which allows a camera to see color in challenging light conditions and P-Iris which reduces lens refraction.
The ARTPEC-5 SoC released in 2013, has a dual core MIPS CPU (1004Kf) with dual hardware threads and support for Symmetric multiprocessing. The image processing pipeline is based on ETRAX CRIS. The Chip actively increases forensic details in a scene via a technology called Forensic Capture and lowers bandwidth while preserving forensic details in an image via a technology called Zipstream.
The ARTPEC-6 SoC released in 2016, is powered by an ARM Cortex-A9 CPU. The image processing pipeline is based on ETRAX CRIS. The SoC is capable of capturing 4K video at 30 frames per second. The chip actively increases forensic details in a scene via a technology called Forensic WDR and runs video analytics.
The ARTPEC-7 SoC released in 2019, is powered by an ARM Cortex-A9 CPU. The image processing pipeline is based on ETRAX CRIS. This is the first SoC developed by Axis which supports the H.265 standard for video encoding. ARTPEC-7 has features such as secure boot which prevents booting of unauthorized firmware, improvements in low light imaging via Lightfinder 2.0, and a machine learning processor.
The ARTPEC-8 SoC released in 2021, is powered by an ARM Cortex-A53 CPU. The SoC is similar to its predecessor using the same image processing pipeline, video encoders, and security features. Primarily focused on machine learning for video analytics, the processor features a deep learning processor.
Cybersecurity vulnerabilities
In October 2021, cybersecurity research firm Nozomi Networks published "three new vulnerabilities (CVE-2021-31986, CVE-2021-31987, CVE-2021-31988) affecting all Axis devices based on the embedded AXIS OS." Axis and Nozomi collaborated throughout the research and disclosure process, with Nozomi publishing a statement from Axis in its announcement of the vulnerability.
In order to execute said exploits, the potential adversary needs network access and administrator level access to the Axis device. A week after their discoveries, CVE-2021-31986, CVE-2021-31987, and CVE-31998 have been patched in AXIS OS 10.7, AXIS OS 2016 LTS Track 6.50.5.5, AXIS OS 2018 LTS Track 8.40.4.3, and AXIS OS 2020 LTS Track 9.80.3.5.
See also
IP video surveillance
Megapixel
Image sensor
Professional video over IP
Closed-circuit television (CCTV)
Closed-circuit television camera
Video Analytics
ONVIF
Physical security
References
Further reading
Electronics companies of Sweden
Electronics companies established in 1984
Video surveillance companies
Canon subsidiaries
Physical security
Swedish brands
1984 establishments in Sweden
Companies formerly listed on Nasdaq Stockholm
Companies based in Lund
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland%20Rail
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Queensland Rail
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Queensland Rail (QR) is a railway operator in Queensland, Australia. Owned by the Queensland Government, it operates local and long-distance passenger services, as well as owning and maintaining approximately 6,600 kilometres of track and related infrastructure.
QR was also responsible for all Queensland freight services, and from 2002 operated interstate services under the Australian Railroad Group, Interail and QR National brands. These were all spun out into a separate entity in July 2010, and later privatised as Aurizon.
History
Beginnings
Queensland Railways was the first operator in the world to adopt narrow gauge (in this case ) for a main line, and this remains the systemwide gauge within Queensland today.
The colony of Queensland separated from New South Wales in 1859, and the new government was keen to facilitate development and immigration. Improved transport to the fertile Darling Downs region situated west of Toowoomba was seen as a priority. As adequate river transport was already established between the capital Brisbane and the then separate settlement of Ipswich, the railway commenced from the latter locality and the initial section, built over relatively flat, easy country opened to Bigge's Camp, at the eastern base of the Little Liverpool Range, on 31 July 1865. Called the Main Line, the only significant engineering work on that section was the bridge over the Bremer River to North Ipswich.
Tunneling excavation through the Little Liverpool Range delayed the opening of the next section to Gatton by 10 months, but the line was opened to Toowoomba in 1867, the ascent of the Main Range being the reason for the adoption of narrow gauge.
Built by the Queensland Government to the unusual (for the time) gauge of , the line largely followed the alignment surveyed by a private company, the Moreton Bay Tramway Company, which had proposed to build a horse-drawn tramway but had been unable to raise funds to do so beyond an initial start on earthworks.
The adoption of narrow gauge was controversial at the time, and was largely predicated by the government's desire for the fastest possible construction timeframe at least cost. This resulted in adoption of sharper curves and a lower axle load than was considered possible using standard gauge, and an assessment at the time put the cost of a narrow gauge line from Ipswich to Toowoomba at 25% of the cost of a standard gauge line. In a colony with a non-indigenous population of 30,000 when the decision was made, it is understandable.
The network evolved as a series of isolated networks. It wasn't until the completion of the North Coast line in December 1924 that all were joined. The exception was the Normanton to Croydon line which always remained isolated. At its peak in 1932, the network totaled 10,500 kilometres.
Changing transport patterns resulted in the closure of many development branch lines from 1948 onwards, but at the same time the main lines were upgraded to provide contemporary services, and from the 1970s an extensive network of new lines was developed, particularly to service export coal mines.
Electrification
Commencing in November 1979, the Brisbane suburban network was electrified.
In 1978, discussions were commenced on possible electrification of the Blackwater and Goonyella coal networks. This was due to an expected increase in coal traffic across the networks, ageing diesel-electric locomotive fleet and the increase in diesel fuel costs. By early 1983, a decision had been made to electrify the networks and by early 1984, contracts were already starting to be let for the new locomotives and other works for the project. The decision was made to electrify with the 25 kV AC railway electrification system as used on the Brisbane suburban network. This would allow future connection of the Brisbane network with the coal networks via the North Coast line.
The project was to be carried out in four stages:
Stage 1: Electrification of the main line from Gladstone to Rockhampton, including parts of Rockhampton marshalling yard, then west to Blackwater and the coal mines in the area. This was a total of of track.
Stage 2: Electrification of the coal lines south of Dalrymple Bay and Hay Point, then west through the Goonyella system, south-west to Blair Athol and south to Gregory – linking the Goonyella system to the Blackwater system. This was a total of of track.
Stage 3: Electrification of the main western line from Burngrove to Emerald. This would allow electric freight from Rockhampton to Emerald.
Stage 4: Electrification of the line from Newlands coal mine to Collinsville and north-east to Abbott Point. This stage never went ahead. In 1986, it was decided to electrify the North Coast line between Brisbane and Gladstone instead and this became known as Stage 4.
Interstate expansion
In September 1999, Queensland Rail was rebranded as QR. In March 2002, Queensland Rail purchased Northern Rivers Railroad and rebranded it Interail, fulfilling a long-held ambition of expanding beyond its state borders.
In March 2003, Queensland Rail entered the Hunter Valley coal market when Interail commenced a contract from Duralie Colliery to Stratford Mine. Another coal contract was won in late 2003 for the haulage of coal from Newstan Colliery, Fassifern to Vales Point Power Station. In 2004, Interail began running Brisbane to Melbourne and Sydney to Melbourne intermodal services. In June 2005, Queensland Rail acquired the CRT Group.
In June 2006, the Western Australian business of the Australian Railroad Group was purchased.
Privatisation and current era
In June 2009, the Queensland Government announced the privatisation of Queensland Rail's freight business. This resulted in Queensland Rail's freight assets being transferred to QR National (now Aurizon) from 1 July 2010.
In April 2013, the Queensland Parliament passed the Queensland Rail Transit Authority Bill 2013 that restructured Queensland Rail. The explanatory notes published for the bill outlined that the existing Queensland Rail Limited entity would remain although no longer be a government-owned corporation and that entity would become a subsidiary of a new Queensland Rail Transit Authority (QRTA), in effect creating a Queensland Rail group. Under the revised arrangements Queensland Rail Limited retained assets and liabilities and staff were transferred to the QRTA. As a result of transferring the staff to the QRTA, the government moved those employees from the federal industrial relations system to the state based industrial relations system, giving the state more control over industrial arrangements. In November 2013, five labor unions commenced legal proceedings in the High Court of Australia alleging that the QRTA was subject to the federal industrial jurisdiction rather than the state system. In April 2015, the court ruled the QRTA was subject to the Fair Work Act 2009 and the federal industrial relations jurisdiction.
Company Officers
Commissioners
The Commissioners of the Queensland Railways were:
23 December 1863 – October 1864: Abraham Fitzgibbon
28 October 1864 – 29 April 1869: Arthur Orpen Herbert
Note: from 29 April 1869 to 15 July 1870, the Secretary for Public Works was appointed Commissioner for Railways.
15 July 1870 – 12 March 1885: Arthur Orpen Herbert
12 March 1885 – 29 July 1889: Francis W. Curnow
Note: from 29 July 1889 a Board of three Commissioners was appointed to reduce political influence. This was reduced back to a single Commissioner in September 1895.
29 July 1889 – 30 June 1896: John Mathieson (Chief Commissioner)
29 July 1889 – September 1895: Robert John Gray (1st Assistant Commissioner)
29 July 1889 – 13 December 1894: Andrew Johnston (2nd Assistant Commissioner)
1 July 1896 – 30 September 1902: Robert John Gray
5 November 1902 – 24 March 1911: James Forsyth Thallon
30 March 1911 – 31 May 1911: Thomas Mulhall King
1 June 1911 – 31 October 1918: Barnard Charles Evans
1 November 1918 – 28 February 1938: James Walker Davidson
1 March 1938 – 28 February 1941: Curteis Anthony Murton
9 March 1941 – 27 February 1948: Percy Robert Turner Wills
1 March 1948 – 31 August 1952: Timothy Edward Maloney
1 September 1952 – 31 August 1962: Gerald Vincent Moriarty
September 1962 – 4 July 1976: Alva George Lee
5 July 1976 – 17 December 1982: Percy James Goldston
13 January 1983 – April 1986: Douglas Vernon Mendoza
20 May 1986 – 31 July 1989: Ralph T. Sheehy
1 August 1989 – December 1989: Ross William Dunning
December 1989 – 7 October 1990: Robin G. Read (Acting Commissioner)
8 October 1990 – 30 June 1991: Vincent John O'Rourke
Note: from 1 July 1991 the position of Commissioner for Railways ceased to exist, replaced by a Chief Executive Officer, reporting to a board of Directors.
Chief Executive Officers
Services
City network
QR operates urban and interurban rail and bus services throughout South East Queensland as part of the TransLink network. Rail services operate on twelve lines; Beenleigh, Caboolture, Cleveland, Doomben, Exhibition, Ferny Grove, Gold Coast, Ipswich-Rosewood, Redcliffe Peninsula, Shorncliffe, Springfield and Sunshine Coast. QR operate these with the Electric Multiple Units (EMU), Suburban Multiple Units (SMU), Interurban Multiple Units (IMU), InterCity Express (ICE) and New Generation Rollingstock (NGR) class electric multiple units.
Due to low patronage, the Corinda to Yeerongpilly and Doomben to Pinkenba lines have had their services replaced by buses, while due to track capacity constraints, services on the Sunshine Coast between Caboolture and Nambour are supplemented by a bus service. However, track duplication is currently underway, to improve the efficiency of the Sunshine Coast Line.
Long-distance trains
Queensland Rail operate these long-range passenger rail services
Electric Tilt Train: Brisbane to Rockhampton
Spirit of Queensland: Brisbane to Cairns
Spirit of the Outback: Brisbane to Longreach
The Inlander: Townsville to Mount Isa
The Westlander: Brisbane to Charleville
Connecting road coach services are operated.
Annual patronage for these services in 2011/12 was 795,000. In 2007/08, the subsidy for the Brisbane-Cairns route was $130 million, or $900 per passenger. In 2001/02 it was $270 million.
Tourist trains
Queensland Rail also operate these tourist trains:
Gulflander: Normanton to Croydon
Kuranda Scenic Railway: Cairns to Kuranda
Former services
Queensland Rail operated many named trains including:
Capricornian: Brisbane to Rockhampton, operated from 1970 until 1993 when replaced by the Spirit of the Outback
Great South Pacific Express: luxury train operated from 1999 until 2003
The Midlander: Rockhampton to Winton, operated from 1954 until 1993 when replaced by the Spirit of the Outback
Savannahlander: Cairns to Forsayth, operated from 1995 until 2004 when contracted out to a private operator
Spirit of Capricorn: Brisbane to Rockhampton, operated from 1988 until 2003
The Sunlander: Brisbane to Cairns, operated from 1953 until 2014 when replaced by the Spirit of Queensland
Rolling stock
QR sourced steam locomotives from many manufacturers including Armstrong Whitworth, Avonside Engine Company, Beyer, Peacock & Company, Dübs & Co, Kitson & Co, Nasmyth, Wilson & Co, Neilson and Company, North British Locomotive Company, Vulcan Foundry and Yorkshire Engine Company all of the United Kingdom, Baldwin Locomotive Works of the United States, as well as Australian manufacturers Clyde Engineering, Evans, Anderson, Phelan & Co, Islington Railway Workshops, Newport Workshops, Phoenix Engine Company, Toowoomba Foundry and Walkers Limited. It also built some in-house at North Ipswich Railway Workshops.
Dieselisation commenced in 1952 with early purchases being imported from GE Transportation and English Electric, before standardising on locally made products from A Goninan & Co, Clyde Engineering, English Electric and Walkers Limited. Electric locomotives were purchased from Clyde Engineering, Walkers Limited and Siemens. Electric multiple units have been purchased from Walkers Limited, Downer Rail and Bombardier Transportation, the latter of two which are still present in Queensland to this day.
With the closure of many rural branch lines in the 1990s there was excess motive power on the QR and it was chosen to standardise by using Clyde based diesel locomotives. Most, if not all of the English Electric locomotives were withdrawn by 2000.
In June 2021 QR announced that it had shortlisted 3 applicants (Alstom, CAF and Downer Rail) to manufacture 20 (later expanded to 65) new electric multiple units. These will allow for expansion of the fleet and retiring of the remaining EMU and ICE units.
This table only includes locomotives owned by Queensland Rail. QR also hires locomotives from Aurizon as required.
Workshops
From its inception, QR's primary workshops were the North Ipswich Railway Workshops. It was replaced by the Redbank Railway Workshops in the 1960s.
Incident
Notable incidents involving Queensland Rail include:
On 9 June 1925, 9 people were killed in an Accident near Traveston, atop a timber trestle bridge aboard the Rockhampton Mail service. The train was reported to have derailed, causing 2 cars (1 Passenger Car, and 1 Baggage Car) to fall into the Traveston Creek. The incident overall caused 9 Fatalities and over 50 Injuries.
On 5 May 1947, a crowded charter train de-railed and crashed near Camp Mountain due to excessive speeds down a hill and a bend with 16 deaths.
On 25 February 1960, the East Bound Midlander Derailed and Crashed 1.5km away from Bogantungan (Located Between Emerald and Barcaldine) on the now called Spirit of the Outback Service. Floodwaters, had washed away a tree which hit some pylons holding the Medway Creek Bridge up. The East bound Train hauled by two C17 locomotives, at the time had 120 passengers on-board. When the service arrived at the bridge at 2:32am, it plunged 7 - 1/2M into the creek bed after the bridge gave way. Floodwater quickly filled carriages. Both locomotives ended up in the water, as well as three passenger cars. Overall, 7 People lost their lives and 43 people injured. The Medway Creek disaster is seen as the worst in QR's History.
On 23 March 1985, two passenger trains collided head-on near Trinder Park station on the Beenleigh line. Two people died (one of whom was the driver of the south-bound train), and 31 people sustained injuries. Affected units EMU11 and EMU27 were both travelling concurrently on the single track section of the line, despite several "fail-safe" measures and the use of RCS (remote control signalling).
On 21 September 2001, EMU units 05 and 60 collided with a cattle train near Petrie, causing two carriages of Unit 05 and one carriage of Unit 60 to be scrapped, with the three remaining carriages merged to form EMU 60.
On 15 November 2004, a Diesel Tilt Train VCQ5 derailed at Berajondo on the North Coast line due to excessive speed resulting in injuries to over 100 people.
On 14 September 2012, EMU41 collided with a heavy vehicle that became grounded on the level crossing at St Vincent's Road, Banyo, on the Shorncliffe line. The train driver performed all necessary braking measures, however they were not alerted in time and the train collided with the vehicle, causing extensive damage to the vehicle and the train (along with another train that was in the stationary near the crash). Injuries were sustained by both drivers.
On 31 January 2013, IMU173 failed to stop at Cleveland station and collided with the station toilet block resulting in major damage to the train and minor injuries to several commuters and staff.
On 18 June 2021, A Queensland Rail operated Train - at the time being used for Driver Training Collided with a Loaded Aurizon Coal Train, at Westwood, West of Rockhampton. The Incident Occurred at 11:26am on an Aurizon operated trainline, the locomotive was travelling to Bluff. The Queensland Rail Locomotive had 3 Drivers onboard, 2 of which Suffered injuries. There was 1 Fatality. The QR locomotive 2471 sustained severe damage, with the Aurizon Locomotive sustaining less Substantial damage. A report of the incident is due in Q2 2022.
Criticism and controversy
Sunlander 14 and Traveltrain Renewal
In December 2014 the Queensland Audit Office published a report about QR's Sunlander 14 project. The Sunlander 14 project had a scope to acquire a total of 25 carriages to replace The Sunlander passenger train with a new Diesel Tilt Train, purchase additional luxury cars, for the two existing Diesel Tilt Trains and refurbish their existing carriages.
The project was initially costed at $195 million and allowed for the operation of five services a week. However, costs had risen by 2012, and the Queensland Auditor-General reported that the eventual cost would be from $358 to $404 million, because QR had failed to take into account the requirement for upgraded maintenance facilities, as well as en route provisioning. The Auditor-General also believed, due to issues with the business case that QR had overestimated how popular the new service would be, and had a mistaken belief that the 'luxury' component of the train would attract more high-paying customers.
In 2013 the project was scaled back, with the train length being reduced to nine cars by removing the luxury sleepers and restaurant cars. That resulted in a revised project cost of $204 million. The Auditor-General's report in particular highlighted that due to the fixed-price construction contract the cost per train car increased and that opportunities were missed to pursue broader long distance train fleet renewal.
Redcliffe Peninsula railway line and subsequent driver shortages
The Redcliffe Peninsula railway line opened on 4 October 2016 and created a revised timetable that resulted in a 9% increase in services across the network. Queensland Rail did not have sufficient traincrew to operate the increased services. On 21 October a substantial interruption of service occurred involving the cancellation without notice of 167 services (12% of the scheduled services for the day) due to compulsory rest periods required for the train crew (a break of at least 32 hours required when a crew member has worked 11 consecutive days or 14 consecutive shifts).
Following the service interruptions the head of the train service delivery unit was stood down and an interim timetable implemented that reversed the increase in services and demand for traincrew. Several weeks after the service interruptions Queensland Rail CEO Helen Gluer announced her resignation from the company, along with chairman Michael Klug. It was announced on 27 October 2016, that the Director-General of the Department of Transport and Main Roads, Neil Scales, would replace Helen Gluer and that an inquiry known as the Queensland Rail Train Crewing Practices Investigation would be led by Phillip Strachan into the events.
On 25 December 2016 another substantial service cancellation event occurred due to a lack of available traincrew to operate the services. On that day 261 services, or 36% of scheduled services did not operate. The underlying reason for the cancellations was a lack of available drivers to operate services. Queensland Rail's Chief Operating Officer resigned several days later.
The inquiry into Queensland Rail's train crewing conducted by Phillip Strachan was completed in February 2017. The report made a number of findings and provided 36 recommendations that the Queensland Government accepted. The findings included that Queensland Rail had experienced a 9% increase in demand for traincrew due to the revised timetable while also experiencing a 7% decrease in traincrew productivity as a result of revised industrial arrangements, had intentionally operated for a number of years with an under-supply of traincrew and utilised the shortfall to provide paid overtime opportunities, had reduced traincrew intake during 2014-15 in the lead-up to the opening of the new line, had restrictions on external recruitment and had a longer driver training period than like organisations. The report also highlighted unclear governance arrangements and a short term focus within the operations section that relied on intuition rather than accurate forecasting and a reluctance to share bad news as contributing factors. The recommendations from the report centered around demand management, supply management, people and process management and governance arrangements.
Following the completion of the Strachan inquiry Philip Strachan was appointed as Chair of the Queensland Rail Board replacing Acting Chair Nicole Hollows, who had been appointed following the resignation Michael Klug. A Citytrain Response Unit was established within the Department of Transport and Main Roads to oversee the implementation of the recommendations from the Strachan inquiry. The Citytrain Response Unit subsequently commissioned a whole of business review into the organisation that was conducted by Deutsche Bahn and delivered in July 2017 and published reports tracking the progress of the implementation of the recommendations. Executive bonus payments were also suspended for 2017.
See also
Rail transport in Queensland
Aurizon
References
External links
Strachan Commission of Inquiry Report on Queensland Rail train crewing practices
Companies based in Brisbane
Government-owned companies of Queensland
Government railway authorities of Australia
Passenger railway companies of Australia
Railway companies established in 1865
Railway infrastructure companies of Australia
Rail transport in Queensland
Translink (Queensland)
1865 establishments in Australia
25 kV AC railway electrification
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meroka%20CIWS
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Meroka CIWS
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The Meroka CIWS is a Spanish Navy 12 barrelled 20 mm CIWS, using twelve Oerlikon 20 mm/120 guns mounted in 2 rows of 6 guns each. The system's primary purpose is defence against anti-ship missiles, and other precision guided weapons. However it can also be employed against aircraft, ships and other small craft, coastal targets, and floating mines. The weapon is mounted primarily on Spanish naval vessels, from frigate size upwards.
The term MeRoKa (from German Mehrrohrkanone, meaning multi-barrelled gun) can refer to weapons such as the Nordenfelt gun but is more commonly used referring to this naval CIWS defence system. The "Meroka" was developed and produced by the Spanish firm FABA Sistemas (Fábrica de Artillería Bazán).
Description
Unlike a rotary cannon, the Meroka CIWS uses individual guns firing in salvos or simultaneously; the barrels are purposely skewed in order to expand the impact area. The guns are mounted in an enclosed automatic turret and are directed by radar or an optronic thermal controlling system.
The original version of the Meroka CIWS was directed by a separate off-mount radar system. This was later changed to an on-mount Lockheed Electronics PVS-2 Sharpshooter I-band radar. The radar is designed to acquire targets at 5,500 yards (5,000 meters), with the Meroka achieving first impact at 1,640 yards (1,500 meters) and destruction of the target at 550 yards (500 meters). Later versions included an optronic targeting system, as a backup in high electronic jamming conditions. More recent modifications included an Israeli designed IR tracker and other electronic devices of Spanish design supplied by Indra Sistemas.
Specifications
Gun: 12 × Oerlikon 20 mm/120.
Weight: .
Elevation: -15° to +85°.
Traverse: 360°.
Muzzle velocity: .
Rate of fire: 1,440 rounds per minute cyclic (for all twelve barrels).
Ammunition: Fixed (APDS-T) 720 rounds in a magazine, 60 rounds per barrel.
Weapons range: Effective range with APDS-T (0.102 kg with sabot), roughly 1,500–2,000 meters.
Search and track systems: Lockheed Electronics PVS-2 Sharpshooter I-band radar, Indra Thermal Imager.
See also
Gast Gun
Phalanx CIWS
Volley gun
References
Naval Weapons of the World
External links
Spanish CIWS System Meroka
20 mm artillery
Anti-aircraft guns of Spain
Naval anti-aircraft guns
Autocannon
Close-in weapon systems
Spanish Navy
Salvo weapons
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19178631
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany%20Haas
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Brittany Haas
|
Brittany Haas (born 1987) is an American fiddle player, who also sings and plays the banjo. She is a member of the Boston-based alternative bluegrass band Crooked Still, which is currently on hiatus. She is a regular performer on Live From Here. She tours with the Haas Marshall Walsh and Haas Kowert Tice trios, and participates in many international fiddlecamps, including the Ossipee Valley Music Festival. As of 2018, she is a member of Hawktail, which includes Kowert and Tice, as well as mandolinist Dominick Leslie.
Early life
Haas grew up in Menlo Park California. At the age of eight, her violin teacher gave her some bluegrass sheet music to practice sight reading. For the next five years she took both classical violin and bluegrass fiddle lessons. When she heard Bruce Molsky she recalls “I was like, ‘That’s what I want to do.’ ” . At 13 years of age, she switched to the fiddle as her primary instrument.
Career timeline
In 2001, when Haas was 14, she toured with Darol Anger's Republic of Strings.
In 2004, she released her debut, self-titled solo album (produced by Anger on Ook). It included guest musicians Bruce Molsky, Darol Anger, Todd Sickafoose, Mike Marshall, and her sister, cellist Natalie Haas.
2005-2009 while at Princeton joined the “chamber grass” band Crooked Still, with whom she has made four recordings and toured the world.
Haas graduated from Princeton University in 2009 with a degree in Evolutionary Biology and a minor in Music Performance. She was a member of the Princeton University Band.
Haas, Sierra Hull (mandolin), Alison Brown (banjo), Todd Phillips (bass), Andy Hall (Dobro), Matt Wingate (guitar) were members of the Porchlight Band, the house band for the bluegrass documentary Porchlight Sessions (cira 2011).
In 2015 she and Lauren Rioux recorded a video together on the Roots Channel and often join other groups.
Haas went on tour as part of the band Dave Rawlings Machine, in support of their album Nashville Obsolete. Haas appeared on multiple tracks as a guest performer. The tour started in November 2015 and continued through April 2016.
From 2003 - current, Haas performs with the Haas Kowert Tice trio, with Paul Kowert on bass and Jordan Tice on guitar. The group was renamed Hawktail with the addition of Dominick Leslie on mandolin.
Haas appeared on the David Rawlings' Band Acony Records release Poor David's Almanack.
in 2021, she was selected as Artist in Residence at East Tennessee State University.
Discography
Solo
Brittany Haas (2004)
With Crooked Still
Hop High(2004)
Still Crooked (2008)
Crooked Still Lives (2009)Some Strange Country (2010)
With The FundiesThe Fundies - EP (2012)
With Hass Kowert Tice TrioYou Got This (2014)
With Dave Rawlings MachineNashville Obsolete (2015)
With Hawktail
Unless (2018)
Formations'' (2020)
References
External links
Porchlight Sessions
Nashvillescene.com
Mainstreettakoma.org
Video by Empty Sea Productions 1:31:10
1987 births
Living people
American bluegrass fiddlers
Crooked Still members
The Fundies members
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12592749
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quixotism
|
Quixotism
|
Quixotism ( or ; adj. quixotic) is impracticality in pursuit of ideals, especially those ideals manifested by rash, lofty and romantic ideas or extravagantly chivalrous action. It also serves to describe an idealism without regard to practicality. An impulsive person or act might be regarded as quixotic.
Quixotism is usually related to "over-idealism", meaning an idealism that doesn't take consequence or absurdity into account. It is also related to naïve romanticism and to utopianism.
Origin
Quixotism as a term or a quality appeared after the publication of Don Quixote in 1605. Don Quixote, the hero of this novel, written by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, dreams up a romantic ideal world which he believes to be real, and acts on this idealism, which most famously leads him into imaginary fights with windmills that he regards as giants, leading to the related metaphor of "tilting at windmills".
Already in the 17th century the term quixote was used to describe a person who does not distinguish between reality and imagination. The poet John Cleveland wrote in 1644, in his book :
The word quixotism is mentioned, for the first time, in Pulpit Popery, True Popery (1688):
Spanish language opposes quijotesco ("Quixotic") with sanchopancesco ("lacking idealism, accommodating and chuckling" after Sancho Panza).
See also
Chūnibyō
References
Don Quixote
Idealism
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63020922
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days%20%28film%29
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Days (film)
|
Days () is a 2020 Taiwanese drama film directed by Tsai Ming-liang. It was selected to compete for the Golden Bear in the main competition section at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival. It won the jury Teddy Award at the 70th Berlinale.
Typical of many Tsai Ming-liang films, Days is minimalist, slowly paced, and features little dialogue, without subtitles. Lee Kang-sheng plays Kang, and Non is portrayed by Anong Houngheuangsy, a Laotian immigrant to Thailand in his first film role.
Plot
Minimalist long takes of daily life show the middle-aged and middle class Kang (Lee), and the younger Non (Houngheuangsy). Kang lives alone, relaxing in his big house with a view of a goldfish pond in his backyard. Non lives in a spartan apartment. His day begins with religious worship at an altar. He then completes chores, namely the washing of vegetables. Kang travels to the city, seeking treatment for pain in his head and neck. After an acupuncture session, he schedules a massage at the parlor where Non works. Kang pays Non after the full body massage ends, and also gives him a gift, a small music box. Kang watches Non use the box, then shares a meal with him at the fast food restaurant nearby. After the meal, the two separate, and Non rests on a bench. He plays the music box again, but it can hardly be heard over the roadway noise.
Cast
Lee Kang-sheng as Kang
Anong Houngheuangsy as Non
Production
Principal photography took place starting in 2014, during and after Tsai Ming-liang, Lee Kang-sheng, Claude Wang, and a cinematographer attended a theatre tour in Europe, followed by medical treatment in Hong Kong for Lee, which was also filmed. The film's opening scene was shot in Tsai's living room in Taiwan. In 2017, Tsai met Houngheuangsy and the two maintained contact via videotelephony, through which Tsai recognized Houngheuangsy's skill in cooking. Some earlier scenes featuring Lee were not used, and Tsai traveled to Bangkok to film on location, including scenes of Houngheuangsy making food. Tsai discussed with his cinematographer about ways to incorporate the captured footage into a film. The film underwent a long-term post-production in Taiwan. In May and June 2019, Tsai secured funding from the Public Television Service to complete post-production. Prior to the release of Days, Tsai Ming-liang discussed the film without naming it, stating that he was working without a concept for film in mind, adding only that it was to feature Lee Kang-sheng and another actor.
Awards and showings
Days was selected to compete for the Golden Bear in the main competition section at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival. It won the jury Teddy Award at the 70th Berlinale.
Its premiere in the United States was scheduled for April 2020, at the Museum of Modern Art. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, that showing was cancelled. The film was shown at the 2020 New York Film Festival.
References
External links
2020 films
2020 drama films
2020 LGBT-related films
Taiwanese drama films
2020s Cantonese-language films
Films directed by Tsai Ming-liang
Taiwanese LGBT-related films
LGBT-related drama films
Slice of life films
Films set in Bangkok
Films shot in Bangkok
Gay-related films
National Film Board of Canada films
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60647427
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrosyne%20Kastamonitissa
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Euphrosyne Kastamonitissa
|
Euphrosyne Kastamonitissa was a Byzantine noblewoman of the Kastamonites family, a wife of Andronikos Doukas Angelos (a cousin of the ruling Komnenos dynasty) and mother of the two future Byzantine emperors from the Angelos family: Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos.
Under Manuel I Komnenos
Euphrosyne and Andronikos married . Together they had eight children, six sons and two daughters. However in 1179/80 Andronikos attempted to annul his legal marriage with Euphrosyne, so to marry another woman that he had fallen in love with. Andronikos' matrimonial plans failed thanks to the intervention of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in support of Euphrosyne. A church synod that was asked to solve this issue also decided in favor of Euphrosyne.
Under Andronikos I Komnenos
During the reign of the Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos her family members rebelled against Andronikos, but the plot was uncovered. While most of the conspirators were seized and blinded by the Emperor, Andronikos and his sons managed to escape by ship.
In 1185, her son Isaac also rebelled and barricaded himself along with others behind the strong walls of the city of Nicaea in Asia Minor. In order to break the morale of the besieged Andronikos brought Euphrosyne from Constantinople and placed her at the top of a battering ram. Niketas Choniates mentions that it was almost a miracle that she didn't die from the terror of this action. Nevertheless the defenders kept sending missiles towards Andronikos' men, but they were very careful not to harm Euphrosyne's exposed body. The Nicaeans eventually burned the siege engines of Andronikos, saved Euphrosyne and pulled her up in the safety of the city with a rope.
Under Isaac II Angelos
Euphrosyne descended from a family of bureaucrats that helped her son Isaac establish his rule after the fall of Andronikos I Komnenos in 1185 thanks to the rebellion of the people of Constantinople. Theodore Kastamonites, her brother, became the all-powerful chief minister of Isaac.
Euphrosyne was fortunate to see her son as Emperor for one year. In 1186 she accompanied her son Isaac in his campaign against the governor of Dyrrhachium who had rebelled against the imperial throne. The Emperor besieged and stormed the city but Euphrosyne died during his return to Constantinople.
References
Sources
1130s births
1186 deaths
12th-century Byzantine women
Angelid dynasty
Euphrosyne
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67071979
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshawn%20Franklin
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Roshawn Franklin
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Roshawn Franklin (born June 27, 1982) is an American actor. Franklin is best known for portraying FBI Special Agent Hobbs on the crime drama series FBI.
Life and career
Franklin was born in Forrest City, Arkansas, on June 27, 1982. His mother Gwendolyn, was 21 years old when she gave birth to Franklin. He eventually moved to Pomona, California. Franklin's acting career began at the age of 14, when he was discovered by a talent agent in Los Angeles.
Franklin's acting career began with small roles on multiple TV series. In 2000, he guest starred on the TV show Opposite Sex. Franklin has appeared in other guest starring television roles over the years including on the shows Grey’s Anatomy, Bones, NCIS, NCIS Los Angeles. He played the recurring role of Officer Ray Terrapin on the soap opera The Haves and the Have Nots.
In 2015, he guest starred in Castle, appearing in the season 7 episode Habeas Corpse. He played Ali Davis in the 2019 romantic comedy What Men Want?.
Since 2019, he's been portraying the role of Special Agent Trevor Hobbs on the drama series FBI.
Filmography
References
External links
African-American male actors
21st-century American male actors
1982 births
Living people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people
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41362287
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAW%20Wrestling
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AAW Wrestling
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AAW, also known as AAW Wrestling or AAW: Professional Wrestling Redefined and formerly known as All American Wrestling, is an independent professional wrestling promotion originally based in Berwyn, Illinois, now based in Merrionette Park.
History
The company was established in 2004 in Berwyn, Illinois. Events were largely held in the Berwyn Eagles Club until 2015, when a majority of shows began being held at 115 Bourbon St. in Merrionette Park, Illinois. Currently, events are held at the Logan Square Auditorium and 115 Bourbon Street among others. AAW has also held events in Illinois in Carpentersville, Highwood, Milan, Palatine, Arlington Heights, and Pontiac, as well as in Iowa in Davenport and Donahue.
AAW originally stood for All American Wrestling but has been simply recognized as AAW since the start of 2007. Tony Scarpone owned and ran AAW from its start in 2004 through May 2005, when Danny Daniels and Jim Lynam began running the company. Daniels and Lynam then purchased AAW in December 2005.
Championships
As of ,
Complete championship histories are available by clicking the links in the Championship column in the table below.
Roster
Male wrestlers
Female wrestlers
See also
List of independent wrestling promotions in the United States
References
External links
Official website
AAW roster
AAW Vanguard roster
Berwyn, Illinois
American independent professional wrestling promotions
Independent professional wrestling promotions based in the Midwestern United States
Entertainment companies established in 2004
2004 establishments in Illinois
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47371795
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingoli%20Deccan%20railway%20station
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Hingoli Deccan railway station
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Hingoli Deccan railway station is a railway station in Hingoli in Marathwada region of the Maharashtra. Its code is HNL. It serves Hingoli city. The station consists of two platforms. The platforms are well sheltered. The station lies on Purna–Khandwa section of South Central Railway. It was in Hyderabad railway division of SCR and now is in Nanded railway division after bifurcation of Hyderabad railway division. Hingoli was connected to the broad-gauge railway network in 2008 when tracks were extended from Purna.
Electrification
Electrification of Hingoli Station is underway and expected to be completed to 2021
Amenities
Amenities at Hingoli railway station include: computerized reservation office, waiting room, benches, and book stall.
See also
High-speed rail in India
Indian Railways
Hingoli District
Rail transport in India
List of railway stations in India
Doubling
Not Double line But Single Electric work Process line
Important Trains
हिंगोली डेक्कनहून सुटणार्या काही गाड्या खालीलप्रमाणे:
हजुर साहिब नांदेड – बीकानेर साप्ताहिक एक्सप्रेस
हजुर साहिब नांदेड – अजमेर स्पेशलफायर स्पेशल
पुणे – अमरावती एक्सप्रेस
नागपूर-कोहापूर सीएसएमटी एक्स्प्रेस (हिंगोली मार्गे, लातूर)
इंदूर – येसवंतपूर साप्ताहिक एक्सप्रेस
सिकंदराबाद – जयपूर एक्सप्रेस
काचेगुडा – नवीन अमरावती मार्गे नरखेर इंटरसिटी एक्सप्रेस
काचेगुडा – अकोला इंटरसिटी एक्सप्रेस
अजमेर – काचेगुडा स्पेशलफेअर उर्स स्पेशल
अजनी – मुंबई एलटीटी एक्स्प्रेस (औरंगाबाद मार्गे)
हजुर साहिब नांदेड – उना हिमाचल (साप्ताहिक) एसएफ एक्सप्रेस
अमृतसर – हजूर साहिब नांदेड एसएफ एक्सप्रेस
हैदराबाद – अजमेर सुपरफास्ट एक्सप्रेस
तिरुपती-अमरावती द्वि साप्ताहिक सुपरफास्ट एक्सप्रेस
हजुर साहिब नांदेड – श्रीगंगानगर एक्सप्रेस
अमरावती – तिरुपती द्विपक्षीय सुपरफास्ट एक्सप्रेस
.
Departures from Hingoli India Rail Info
Indian Railway Map
Ministry of Indian Railways, Official website
Indian Railways Live Information, Official website
History of Electrification
The Gazetteers Dept Maharashtra
References
Nanded railway division
Railway stations in Hingoli district
Railway stations opened in 1954
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30248045
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Anthony%20of%20Padua%20Church%20%28Bronx%29
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St. Anthony of Padua Church (Bronx)
|
St. Anthony of Padua Church is a Catholic parish church in the Archdiocese of New York, located at 822 East 166th Street, Bronx, New York City in the neighborhood of Morrisania, near Prospect Avenue.
The present church was built through the concerted efforts of former pastorJoseph Rummel (1876-1964), who was elevated as Bishop of Omaha (1928-1935) and in that capacity consecrated the church.
Parish
The parish was established in 1903 as the German national parish in the Bronx, the penultimate founding of a German National Parish in the Archdiocese of New York. The pastor of nearby St. John of Chrysostom Church opposed the new parish's founding because nearly all of the Germans were fluent in English. Nevertheless, the German-Americans wanted their own church. A parish of the same dedication in Manhattan, St. Anthony of Padua's Church (Manhattan), (established in 1866) was declared the national parish of the Italian-American community in Manhattan.
Pastor Rev. Joseph F. Rummel, raised funds totaling $300,000 to build a new church. His campaign was successful and he dedicated the building on June 10, 1928, having been appointed Bishop of Omaha earlier that year.
No longer German, the parish became significantly Black during the Great Migration and was mostly Latino as of 2011.
Buildings
Property was purchased on East 166th Street for $24,000 in November 1903. he first purpose-built church was a combination of church-and-school-and-convent structure, built 1904–1905, and dedicated by Cardinal Farley. The three-story-over-basement brick Italianate structure housed the church on the first floor, church hall in the basement, and 5 classrooms on the second floor, with the third floor given over to additional classrooms and convent rooms. Thereafter property to the rear was purchased for a timber-framed rectory was purchased for $15,000. The rectory address is 832 East 166 St., Bronx NY 10459. Combined costs of works totaled $70,000.
The present church was built from 1927 to 1928. It was dedicated June 10, 1928 by the Rt. Rev. Joseph F. Rummel, Bishop of Omaha, who had been pastor at this church for ten years and had led the campaign to raise money for its erection.
Pastors
Otto F. Strack (1903)
Joseph F. Rummel
References
Notes
Bibliography
Shelley, Thomas J. The Archdiocese of New York: the Bicentennial History, (New York: Archdiocese of New York / Strasbourg: Éditions du Signe, 2007)
1903 establishments in New York City
Roman Catholic churches in the Bronx
Italian-American Roman Catholic national parishes in the United States
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1905
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1928
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Italianate architecture in New York City
Romanesque Revival church buildings in New York City
Private middle schools in the Bronx
Catholic elementary schools in the Bronx
Morrisania, Bronx
Italianate church buildings in the United States
| 1 | 1 |
832917
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armalite%20and%20ballot%20box%20strategy
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Armalite and ballot box strategy
|
The Armalite and ballot box strategy was a strategy pursued by the Irish republican movement in the 1980s and early 1990s in which elections in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland were contested by Sinn Féin, while the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) continued to pursue an armed struggle against the British Army, the Royal Ulster Constabulary, and loyalist paramilitary groups.
Armalite refers to the AR-15 and AR-18 ArmaLite rifles. Both were originally manufactured by the Armalite corporation, later Colt. The IRA smuggled significant quantities of these rifles into Northern Ireland during the early 1970s and the "Armalite" became a symbol of republican armed struggle. Through the AR-18's mass use by the IRA and volunteers' love of the weapon for its accuracy and compact nature, the rifle became known as the "Widowmaker".
History
The strategy emerged after the 1981 Irish hunger strike as a response to the electoral success of Bobby Sands in the April 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election and pro-hunger strike campaigners in the Northern Ireland local elections and Republic of Ireland Dáil Éireann elections of the same year. It was first formulated by Sinn Féin organiser Danny Morrison at the party's Ard Fheis (Annual Conference) on 31 October 1981, when he said:
The strategy was a mixed success. Sinn Féin had a solid core of 9-13 percent of the vote in Northern Ireland, which gave the party some credibility on the international stage. However at home it highlighted the dominance at the time of the non-violent Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in Northern nationalist politics, while Sinn Féin's vote in the Republic remained tiny once the emotion generated by the 1981 hunger strike subsided.
In the longer term it had two important political consequences, each of which fed in to the emergent Northern Ireland peace process. When the governments of the UK and Ireland drafted the Anglo-Irish Agreement, this convinced many in Sinn Féin that it was possible to make political gains without violence. However, the electoral setbacks suffered by Sinn Féin, such as the loss of 16 of the party's 59 council seats in 1989 pushed the emphasis of the Republican movement away from the Armalite and towards an election-focused strategy.
For some time after the IRA ceasefires of 1994 and 1997, opinion in Northern Ireland remained divided on whether the armalite and ballot box strategy had ended. However, with the cessation of large-scale political violence, the complete decommissioning of weaponry by the IRA and a statement from the Army Council that 'the war is over', the majority of unionists have overcome their scepticism and now believe that the strategy has been abandoned.
The strategy has also been attributed as having inspired members of the Loyalist Ulster Defence Association such as John McMichael to seek a similar route into electoral politics through vehicles such as the Ulster Loyalist Democratic Party (later Ulster Democratic Party (UDP)). However, parties directly linked to Loyalist paramilitaries had minimal success in elections in Northern Ireland, with the UDP's and Progressive Unionist Party's (PUP) combined electoral share failing to exceed 1% before the May 1996 elections for the Northern Ireland Forum.
See also
Four boxes of liberty, a related concept.
Notes and references
The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Irish republicanism
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68350239
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo%20Fantoni
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Giacomo Fantoni
|
Giacomo Frantoni (born 18 March 1991 in Zevio) is an Italian BMX cyclist.
Personal life
His mother Linda Spiazzi represented Italy in downhill mountain biking at the world championships in the 1990s.
Career
He was selected in the Italian team for the Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's BMX racing.
References
1991 births
Living people
BMX riders
Italian male cyclists
Cyclists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists of Italy
Cyclists from the Province of Verona
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1139568
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20of%20Virginia
|
Climate of Virginia
|
The climate of Virginia, a state on the east coast of the United States, is considered mild compared to more northern areas of the United States such as New England and the Midwest. Most of Virginia east of the Blue Ridge mountains, the southern part of the Shenandoah Valley, and the Roanoke Valley, has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). In the mountainous areas west of the Blue Ridge, the climate is warm-summer humid continental (Köppen Dfb) or oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). Severe weather, in the form of tornadoes, tropical cyclones, and winter storms, impacts the state on a regular basis. Central Virginia received significant snowfall of 20 inches in December 2009.
Climate zones
A lot of variations occur because of the state's significant relief. Elevations in Virginia vary from sea level to Mount Rogers at 5,729 ft (1,746 m) above sea level, with major gradations occurring at the edges of the Atlantic Ocean, the end of the Piedmont, and the Blue Ridge and Allegheny chains of the Appalachian Mountains. The moderating influence of the ocean from the east, powered by the Gulf Stream, also creates the potential for hurricanes near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Cold air masses arrive over the mountains, especially in winter, which can lead to significant snowfalls when coastal storms known as noreasters move up the Atlantic coast.
The interaction of these elements with the state's topography create micro-climates in the Shenandoah Valley, the mountainous southwest, and the coastal plains that are slightly but noticeably distinct from each other.
Statistics for selected cities
The highest recorded temperature is at Balcony Falls on July 15, 1954 and the lowest recorded temperature is at Mountain Lake on January 22, 1985.
Severe weather
Severe weather is a concern in Virginia. Hurricanes make the coastal area of Virginia vulnerable. It is rare for a major hurricane to threaten the Virginia coast as hurricanes this far north tend to weaken due to cooler coast waters and increasingly westerly winds aloft. Heavy rain from tropical cyclones remains a concern, however. Hurricane Isabel in 2003 brought much destruction from wind and rain, killing 10 directly and doing nearly two billion dollars in damage. Hurricane Gaston in 2004 inundated Richmond after moving ashore South Carolina. Virginia is often struck with the remnants of systems which hit along the Gulf of Mexico coastline, which also bring torrential rain to the state. Hurricane Camille was an extreme example, bringing of rainfall to portions of Nelson County in a matter of hours. Thunderstorms are an occasional concern with the state averaging anywhere from 35–45 days of thunderstorm activity annually.
Rainfall in Virginia is frequent, but does not normally get severe enough for floods. Virginia averages seven tornadoes annually, though most are F2 and lower on the Fujita scale. However, Virginia had eighty-five in 2004. Western Virginia has a lower rate of tornadoes.
Climate change
Seasons
Winter in Virginia is characterized by large swings in temperature throughout and between days. It may be 30 degrees and windy one morning, and 70 degrees and calm the next afternoon. Snowfall is moderate in winter.
In the summer, temperatures are hot and humid. Precipitation is slightly greater. Temperatures are not extreme, ranging between the high 70s and mid 90s; but humidity can make it seem hotter.
As for sunlight, Virginia is about average in state rankings. Areas on the Chesapeake Coast and Eastern Shore are brightest, while the west and north of the state is more cloudy. On the Winter Solstice, Virginia gets between 9 and 10 hours of sunlight. On the summer solstice, it gets between 14.5 and 15 hours.
See also
Environment of Virginia
List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Virginia
United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
Notes
References
External links
Virginia Hurricane History - NWS
Natural history of Virginia
Virginia
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13308
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites
|
Hittites
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The Hittites () were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara before 1750 BC, then the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom (c. 1750–1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1650 BC. This empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Šuppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Anatolia as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.
Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, the Empire of Hattusa, conventionally called the Hittite Empire, came into conflict with the New Kingdom of Egypt, the Middle Assyrian Empire and the empire of Mitanni for control of the Near East. The Middle Assyrian Empire eventually emerged as the dominant power and annexed much of the Hittite Empire, while the remainder was sacked by Phrygian newcomers to the region. After c. 1180 BC, during the Late Bronze Age collapse, the Hittites splintered into several independent Syro-Hittite states, some of which survived until the eighth century BC before succumbing to the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
The Hittite language was a distinct member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, and along with the closely related Luwian language, is the oldest historically attested Indo-European language, referred to by its speakers as "in the language of Nesa". The Hittites called their country the Kingdom of Hattusa (Hatti in Akkadian), a name received from the Hattians, an earlier people who had inhabited and ruled the region until the beginning of the second millennium BC and spoke an unrelated language known as Hattic. The conventional name "Hittites" is due to their initial identification with the Biblical Hittites in 19th century archaeology.
The history of the Hittite civilization is known mostly from cuneiform texts found in the area of their kingdom, and from diplomatic and commercial correspondence found in various archives in Assyria, Babylonia, Egypt and the Middle East, the decipherment of which was also a key event in the history of Indo-European studies.
The development of iron smelting was once attributed to the Hittites of Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age, with their success largely based on the advantages of a monopoly on ironworking at the time. But the view of such a "Hittite monopoly" has come under scrutiny and is no longer a scholarly consensus. As part of the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age, the Late Bronze Age collapse saw the slow, comparatively continuous spread of ironworking technology in the region. While there are some iron objects from Bronze Age Anatolia, the number is comparable to iron objects found in Egypt and other places during the period; and only a small number of these objects are weapons. Hittites did not use smelted iron, but rather meteorites. The Hittite military made successful use of chariots.
In classical times, ethnic Hittite dynasties survived in small kingdoms scattered around what is now Syria, Lebanon and the Levant. Lacking a unifying continuity, their descendants scattered and ultimately merged into the modern populations of the Levant, Turkey and Mesopotamia.
During the 1920s, interest in the Hittites increased with the founding of Turkey and attracted the attention of Turkish archaeologists such as Halet Çambel and Tahsin Özgüç. During this period, the new field of Hittitology also influenced the naming of Turkish institutions, such as the state-owned Etibank ("Hittite bank"), and the foundation of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara, which is 200 kilometers (124 miles) west of the Hittite capital of Hattusa and houses the most comprehensive exhibition of Hittite art and artifacts in the world.
Archaeological discovery
Biblical background
Before the archeological discoveries that revealed the Hittite civilization, the only source of information about the Hittites had been the Old Testament. Francis William Newman expressed the critical view, common in the early 19th century, that, "no Hittite king could have compared in power to the King of Judah...".
As the discoveries in the second half of the 19th century revealed the scale of the Hittite kingdom, Archibald Sayce asserted that, rather than being compared to Judah, the Anatolian civilization "[was] worthy of comparison to the divided Kingdom of Egypt", and was "infinitely more powerful than that of Judah". Sayce and other scholars also noted that Judah and the Hittites were never enemies in the Hebrew texts; in the Book of Kings, they supplied the Israelites with cedar, chariots, and horses, and in the Book of Genesis were friends and allies to Abraham. Uriah the Hittite was a captain in King David's army and counted as one of his "mighty men" in 1 Chronicles 11.
Initial discoveries
French scholar Charles Texier found the first Hittite ruins in 1834 but did not identify them as such.
The first archaeological evidence for the Hittites appeared in tablets found at the karum of Kanesh (now called Kültepe), containing records of trade between Assyrian merchants and a certain "land of Hatti". Some names in the tablets were neither Hattic nor Assyrian, but clearly Indo-European.
The script on a monument at Boğazkale by a "People of Hattusas" discovered by William Wright in 1884 was found to match peculiar hieroglyphic scripts from Aleppo and Hama in Northern Syria. In 1887, excavations at Amarna in Egypt uncovered the diplomatic correspondence of Pharaoh Amenhotep III and his son, Akhenaten. Two of the letters from a "kingdom of Kheta"—apparently located in the same general region as the Mesopotamian references to "land of Hatti"—were written in standard Akkadian cuneiform, but in an unknown language; although scholars could interpret its sounds, no one could understand it. Shortly after this, Sayce proposed that Hatti or Khatti in Anatolia was identical with the "kingdom of Kheta" mentioned in these Egyptian texts, as well as with the biblical Hittites. Others, such as Max Müller, agreed that Khatti was probably Kheta, but proposed connecting it with Biblical Kittim rather than with the Biblical Hittites. Sayce's identification came to be widely accepted over the course of the early 20th century; and the name "Hittite" has become attached to the civilization uncovered at Boğazköy.
During sporadic excavations at Boğazköy (Hattusa) that began in 1906, the archaeologist Hugo Winckler found a royal archive with 10,000 tablets, inscribed in cuneiform Akkadian and the same unknown language as the Egyptian letters from Kheta—thus confirming the identity of the two names. He also proved that the ruins at Boğazköy were the remains of the capital of an empire that, at one point, controlled northern Syria.
Under the direction of the German Archaeological Institute, excavations at Hattusa have been under way since 1907, with interruptions during the world wars. Kültepe was successfully excavated by Professor Tahsin Özgüç from 1948 until his death in 2005. Smaller scale excavations have also been carried out in the immediate surroundings of Hattusa, including the rock sanctuary of Yazılıkaya, which contains numerous rock reliefs portraying the Hittite rulers and the gods of the Hittite pantheon.
Writings
The Hittites used a variation of cuneiform called Hittite cuneiform. Archaeological expeditions to Hattusa have discovered entire sets of royal archives on cuneiform tablets, written either in Akkadian, the diplomatic language of the time, or in the various dialects of the Hittite confederation.
Museums
The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara, Turkey houses the richest collection of Hittite and Anatolian artifacts.
Geography
The Hittite kingdom was centered on the lands surrounding Hattusa and Neša (Kültepe), known as "the land Hatti" (). After Hattusa was made capital, the area encompassed by the bend of the Kızılırmak River (Hittite Marassantiya) was considered the core of the Empire, and some Hittite laws make a distinction between "this side of the river" and "that side of the river". For example, the reward for the capture of an escaped slave after he managed to flee beyond the Halys is higher than that for a slave caught before he could reach the river.
To the west and south of the core territory lay the region known as Luwiya in the earliest Hittite texts. This terminology was replaced by the names Arzawa and Kizzuwatna with the rise of those kingdoms. Nevertheless, the Hittites continued to refer to the language that originated in these areas as Luwian. Prior to the rise of Kizzuwatna, the heart of that territory in Cilicia was first referred to by the Hittites as Adaniya. Upon its revolt from the Hittites during the reign of Ammuna, it assumed the name of Kizzuwatna and successfully expanded northward to encompass the lower Anti-Taurus Mountains as well. To the north, lived the mountainous people called the Kaskians. To the southeast of the Hittites lay the Hurrian empire of Mitanni. At its peak, during the reign of Muršili II, the Hittite empire stretched from Arzawa in the west to Mitanni in the east, many of the Kaskian territories to the north including Hayasa-Azzi in the far north-east, and on south into Canaan approximately as far as the southern border of Lebanon, incorporating all of these territories within its domain.
History
Origins
It is generally assumed that ancestors of the Hittites came into Anatolia some time before 2000 BC, as Hittite language is known to have taken place in Anatolia between 20th and 12th centuries BC. While their earlier location is disputed, it has been speculated by scholars for more than a century that the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, in present-day Ukraine, around the Sea of Azov, spoke an early Indo-European language during the third and fourth millennia BC.
The arrival of the Hittites in Anatolia in the Bronze Age was one of a superstrate imposing itself on a native culture (in this case over the pre-existing Hattians and Hurrians), either by means of conquest or by gradual assimilation. In archaeological terms, relationships of the Hittites to the Ezero culture of the Balkans and Maykop culture of the Caucasus have been considered within the migration framework. The Indo-European element at least establishes Hittite culture as intrusive to Anatolia in the scholarly mainstream.
According to David W. Anthony, steppe herders, archaic Proto-Indo-European speakers, spread into the lower Danube valley about 4200–4000 BC, either causing or taking advantage of the collapse of Old Europe. Their languages "probably included archaic Proto-Indo-European dialects of the kind partly preserved later in Anatolian." Their descendants later moved into Anatolia at an unknown time but maybe as early as 3000 BC. According to J. P. Mallory it is likely that the Anatolians reached the Near East from the north either via the Balkans or the Caucasus in the 3rd millennium BC. According to Parpola, the appearance of Indo-European speakers from Europe into Anatolia, and the appearance of Hittite, is related to later migrations of Proto-Indo-European speakers from the Yamnaya culture into the Danube Valley at c. 2800 BC, which is in line with the "customary" assumption that the Anatolian Indo-European language was introduced into Anatolia sometime in the third millennium BC. However, Petra Goedegebuure has shown that the Hittite language has borrowed many words related to agriculture from cultures on their eastern borders, which is strong evidence of having taken a route across the Caucasus and against a route through Europe.
Their movement into the region may have set off a Near East mass migration sometime around 1900 BC. The dominant indigenous inhabitants in central Anatolia at the time were Hurrians and Hattians who spoke non-Indo-European languages. Some have argued that Hattic was a Northwest Caucasian language, but its affiliation remains uncertain, whilst the Hurrian language was a near-isolate (i.e. it was one of only two or three languages in the Hurro-Urartian family). There were also Assyrian colonies in the region during the Old Assyrian Empire (2025–1750 BC); it was from the Assyrian speakers of Upper Mesopotamia that the Hittites adopted the cuneiform script. It took some time before the Hittites established themselves following the collapse of the Old Assyrian Empire in the mid-18th century BC, as is clear from some of the texts included here. For several centuries there were separate Hittite groups, usually centered on various cities. But then strong rulers with their center in Hattusa (modern Boğazkale) succeeded in bringing these together and conquering large parts of central Anatolia to establish the Hittite kingdom.
Early period
The early history of the Hittite kingdom is known through four "cushion-shaped" tablets, (classified as KBo 3.22, KBo 17.21+, KBo 22.1, and KBo 22.2), not made in Ḫattuša, but probably created in Kussara, Nēša, or another site in Anatolia, that may first have been written in the 18th century BC, in Hittite; although most of the tablets survived only as Akkadian copies made in the 14th and 13th centuries BC. These reveal a rivalry within two branches of the royal family up to the Middle Kingdom; a northern branch first based in Zalpuwa and secondarily Hattusa, and a southern branch based in Kussara (still not found) and the former Assyrian colony of Kanesh. These are distinguishable by their names; the northerners retained language isolate Hattian names, and the southerners adopted Indo-European Hittite and Luwian names.
Zalpuwa first attacked Kanesh under Uhna in 1833 BC. And during this kārum period, when the merchant colony of the Old Assyrian Empire was flourishing in the site, and before the conquest of Pithana, the following local kings reigned in Kaneš: Ḫurmili (prior to 1790 BC), Paḫanu (a short time in 1790 BC), Inar (c. 1790–1775 BC), and Waršama (c. 1775–1750 BC).
One set of tablets, known collectively as the Anitta text, begin by telling how Pithana the king of Kussara conquered neighbouring Neša (Kanesh), this conquest took place around 1750 BC. However, the real subject of these tablets is Pithana's son Anitta ( BC), who continued where his father left off and conquered several northern cities: including Hattusa, which he cursed, and also Zalpuwa. This was likely propaganda for the southern branch of the royal family, against the northern branch who had fixed on Hattusa as capital. Another set, the Tale of Zalpuwa, supports Zalpuwa and exonerates the later Ḫattušili I from the charge of sacking Kanesh.
Anitta was succeeded by Zuzzu ( BC); but sometime in 1710–1705 BC, Kanesh was destroyed, taking the long-established Assyrian merchant trading system with it. A Kussaran noble family survived to contest the Zalpuwan/Hattusan family, though whether these were of the direct line of Anitta is uncertain.
Meanwhile, the lords of Zalpa lived on. Huzziya I, descendant of a Huzziya of Zalpa, took over Hatti. His son-in-law Labarna I, a southerner from Hurma usurped the throne but made sure to adopt Huzziya's grandson Ḫattušili as his own son and heir. The location of the land of Hurma is believed to be in the mountains south of Kussara.
Old Kingdom
The founding of the Hittite Kingdom is attributed to either Labarna I or Hattusili I (the latter might also have had Labarna as a personal name), who conquered the area south and north of Hattusa. Hattusili I campaigned as far as the Semitic Amorite kingdom of Yamkhad in Syria, where he attacked, but did not capture, its capital of Aleppo. Hattusili I did eventually capture Hattusa and was credited for the foundation of the Hittite Empire. According to The Edict of Telepinu, dating to the 16th century BC, "Hattusili was king, and his sons, brothers, in-laws, family members, and troops were all united. Wherever he went on campaign he controlled the enemy land with force. He destroyed the lands one after the other, took away their power, and made them the borders of the sea. When he came back from campaign, however, each of his sons went somewhere to a country, and in his hand the great cities prospered. But, when later the princes' servants became corrupt, they began to devour the properties, conspired constantly against their masters, and began to shed their blood." This excerpt from the edict is supposed to illustrate the unification, growth, and prosperity of the Hittites under his rule. It also illustrates the corruption of "the princes", believed to be his sons. The lack of sources leads to uncertainty of how the corruption was addressed. On Hattusili I's deathbed, he chose his grandson, Mursili I (or Murshilish I), as his heir.
Mursili continued the conquests of Hattusili I. In 1595 BC (middle chronology) or 1531 BC (short chronology), Mursili I conducted a great raid down the Euphrates River, bypassing Assyria, and sacking Mari and Babylon, ejecting the Amorite founders of the Babylonian state in the process. Rather than incorporate Babylonia into Hittite domains, Mursili seems to have instead turned control of Babylonia over to his Kassite allies, who were to rule it for the next four centuries. This lengthy campaign strained the resources of Hatti, and left the capital in a state of near-anarchy. Mursili was assassinated shortly after his return home, and the Hittite Kingdom was plunged into chaos. The Hurrians (under the control of an Indo-Aryan Mitanni ruling class), a people living in the mountainous region along the upper Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern south east Turkey, took advantage of the situation to seize Aleppo and the surrounding areas for themselves, as well as the coastal region of Adaniya, renaming it Kizzuwatna (later Cilicia). Throughout the remainder of the 16th century BC, the Hittite kings were held to their homelands by dynastic quarrels and warfare with the Hurrians. Also the campaigns into Amurru (modern Syria) and southern Mesopotamia may be responsible for the reintroduction of cuneiform writing into Anatolia, since the Hittite script is quite different from that of the preceding Assyrian Colonial period.
The Hittites entered a weak phase of obscure records, insignificant rulers, and reduced domains. This pattern of expansion under strong kings followed by contraction under weaker ones, was to be repeated over and over through the Hittite Kingdom's 500-year history, making events during the waning periods difficult to reconstruct. The political instability of these years of the Old Hittite Kingdom can be explained in part by the nature of the Hittite kingship at that time. During the Old Hittite Kingdom prior to 1400 BC, the king of the Hittites was not viewed by his subjects as a "living god" like the Pharaohs of Egypt, but rather as a first among equals. Only in the later period from 1400 BC until 1200 BC did the Hittite kingship become more centralized and powerful. Also in earlier years the succession was not legally fixed, enabling "War of the Roses" style rivalries between northern and southern branches.
The next monarch of note following Mursili I was Telepinu (c. 1500 BC), who won a few victories to the southwest, apparently by allying himself with one Hurrian state (Kizzuwatna) against another (Mitanni). Telepinu also attempted to secure the lines of succession.
Middle Kingdom
The last monarch of the Old Kingdom, Telepinu, reigned until about 1500 BC. Telepinu's reign marked the end of the "Old Kingdom" and the beginning of the lengthy weak phase known as the "Middle Kingdom". The period of the 15th century BC is largely unknown with few surviving records. Part of the reason for both the weakness and the obscurity is that the Hittites were under constant attack, mainly from the Kaska, a non-Indo-European people settled along the shores of the Black Sea. The capital once again went on the move, first to Sapinuwa and then to Samuha. There is an archive in Sapinuwa, but it has not been adequately translated to date.
It segues into the "Hittite Empire period" proper, which dates from the reign of Tudhaliya I from c. 1430 BC.
One innovation that can be credited to these early Hittite rulers is the practice of conducting treaties and alliances with neighboring states; the Hittites were thus among the earliest known pioneers in the art of international politics and diplomacy. This is also when the Hittite religion adopted several gods and rituals from the Hurrians.
New Kingdom
With the reign of Tudhaliya I (who may actually not have been the first of that name; see also Tudhaliya), the Hittite Kingdom re-emerged from the fog of obscurity. Hittite civilization entered the period of time called the "Hittite Empire period". Many changes were afoot during this time, not the least of which was a strengthening of the kingship. Settlement of the Hittites progressed in the Empire period. However, the Hittite people tended to settle in the older lands of south Anatolia rather than the lands of the Aegean. As this settlement progressed, treaties were signed with neighboring peoples. During the Hittite Empire period the kingship became hereditary and the king took on a "superhuman aura" and began to be referred to by the Hittite citizens as "My Sun". The kings of the Empire period began acting as a high priest for the whole kingdommaking an annual tour of the Hittite holy cities, conducting festivals and supervising the upkeep of the sanctuaries.
During his reign (c. 1400 BC), King Tudhaliya I, again allied with Kizzuwatna, then vanquished the Hurrian states of Aleppo and Mitanni, and expanded to the west at the expense of Arzawa (a Luwian state).
Another weak phase followed Tudhaliya I, and the Hittites' enemies from all directions were able to advance even to Hattusa and raze it. However, the Kingdom recovered its former glory under Šuppiluliuma I (c. 1350 BC), who again conquered Aleppo, Mitanni was reduced to vassalage by the Assyrians under his son-in-law, and he defeated Carchemish, another Amorite city-state. With his own sons placed over all of these new conquests, Babylonia still in the hands of the allied Kassites, this left Šuppiluliuma the supreme power broker in the known world, alongside Assyria and Egypt, and it was not long before Egypt was seeking an alliance by marriage of another of his sons with the widow of Tutankhamen. Unfortunately, that son was evidently murdered before reaching his destination, and this alliance was never consummated. However, the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BC) once more began to grow in power also, with the ascension of Ashur-uballit I in 1365 BC. Ashur-uballit I attacked and defeated Mattiwaza the Mitanni king despite attempts by the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, now fearful of growing Assyrian power, attempting to preserve his throne with military support. The lands of the Mitanni and Hurrians were duly appropriated by Assyria, enabling it to encroach on Hittite territory in eastern Asia Minor, and Adad-nirari I annexed Carchemish and north east Syria from the control of the Hittites.
After Šuppiluliuma I, and a very brief reign by his eldest son, another son, Mursili II became king (c. 1330 BC). Having inherited a position of strength in the east, Mursili was able to turn his attention to the west, where he attacked Arzawa and a city known as Millawanda (Miletus), which was under the control of Ahhiyawa. More recent research based on new readings and interpretations of the Hittite texts, as well as of the material evidence for Mycenaean contacts with the Anatolian mainland, came to the conclusion that Ahhiyawa referred to Mycenaean Greece, or at least to a part of it.
Battle of Kadesh
Hittite prosperity was mostly dependent on control of the trade routes and metal sources. Because of the importance of Northern Syria to the vital routes linking the Cilician gates with Mesopotamia, defense of this area was crucial, and was soon put to the test by Egyptian expansion under Pharaoh Ramesses II. The outcome of the battle is uncertain, though it seems that the timely arrival of Egyptian reinforcements prevented total Hittite victory. The Egyptians forced the Hittites to take refuge in the fortress of Kadesh, but their own losses prevented them from sustaining a siege. This battle took place in the 5th year of Ramesses (c. 1274 BC by the most commonly used chronology).
Downfall and demise of the Kingdom
After this date, the power of both the Hittites and Egyptians began to decline yet again because of the power of the Assyrians. The Assyrian king Shalmaneser I had seized the opportunity to vanquish Hurria and Mitanni, occupy their lands, and expand up to the head of the Euphrates, while Muwatalli was preoccupied with the Egyptians. The Hittites had vainly tried to preserve the Mitanni kingdom with military support. Assyria now posed just as great a threat to Hittite trade routes as Egypt ever had. Muwatalli's son, Urhi-Teshub, took the throne and ruled as king for seven years as Mursili III before being ousted by his uncle, Hattusili III after a brief civil war. In response to increasing Assyrian annexation of Hittite territory, he concluded a peace and alliance with Ramesses II (also fearful of Assyria), presenting his daughter's hand in marriage to the Pharaoh. The "Treaty of Kadesh", one of the oldest completely surviving treaties in history, fixed their mutual boundaries in southern Canaan, and was signed in the 21st year of Rameses (c. 1258 BC). Terms of this treaty included the marriage of one of the Hittite princesses to Ramesses.
Hattusili's son, Tudhaliya IV, was the last strong Hittite king able to keep the Assyrians out of the Hittite heartland to some degree at least, though he too lost much territory to them, and was heavily defeated by Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria in the Battle of Nihriya. He even temporarily annexed the Greek island of Cyprus, before that too fell to Assyria. The last king, Šuppiluliuma II also managed to win some victories, including a naval battle against Alashiya off the coast of Cyprus. But the Assyrians, under Ashur-resh-ishi I had by this time annexed much Hittite territory in Asia Minor and Syria, driving out and defeating the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar I in the process, who also had eyes on Hittite lands. The Sea Peoples had already begun their push down the Mediterranean coastline, starting from the Aegean, and continuing all the way to Canaan, founding the state of Philistiataking Cilicia and Cyprus away from the Hittites en route and cutting off their coveted trade routes. This left the Hittite homelands vulnerable to attack from all directions, and Hattusa was burnt to the ground sometime around 1180 BC following a combined onslaught from new waves of invaders: the Kaskas, Phrygians and Bryges. The Hittite Kingdom thus vanished from historical records, much of the territory being seized by Assyria. Alongside with these attacks, many internal issues also led to the end of the Hittite kingdom. The end of the kingdom was part of the larger Bronze Age Collapse.
Post-Hittite period
By 1160 BC, the political situation in Asia Minor looked vastly different from that of only 25 years earlier. In that year, the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I was defeating the Mushki (Phrygians) who had been attempting to press into Assyrian colonies in southern Anatolia from the Anatolian highlands, and the Kaska people, the Hittites' old enemies from the northern hill-country between Hatti and the Black Sea, seem to have joined them soon after. The Phrygians had apparently overrun Cappadocia from the West, with recently discovered epigraphic evidence confirming their origins as the Balkan "Bryges" tribe, forced out by the Macedonians.
Although the Hittite kingdom disappeared from Anatolia at this point, there emerged a number of so-called Syro-Hittite states in Anatolia and northern Syria. They were the successors of the Hittite Kingdom. The most notable Syro-Hittite kingdoms were those at Carchemish and Melid. These Syro-Hittite states gradually fell under the control of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–608 BC). Carchemish and Melid were made vassals of Assyria under Shalmaneser III (858–823 BC), and fully incorporated into Assyria during the reign of Sargon II (722–705 BC).
A large and powerful state known as Tabal occupied much of southern Anatolia. Known as Greek Tibarenoi (), Latin Tibareni, Thobeles in Josephus, their language may have been Luwian, testified to by monuments written using Anatolian hieroglyphs. This state too was conquered and incorporated into the vast Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Ultimately, both Luwian hieroglyphs and cuneiform were rendered obsolete by an innovation, the alphabet, which seems to have entered Anatolia simultaneously from the Aegean (with the Bryges, who changed their name to Phrygians), and from the Phoenicians and neighboring peoples in Syria.
Government
The earliest known Constitutional Monarchy was developed by the Hittites.
The head of the Hittite state was the king, followed by the heir-apparent. The king was the supreme ruler of the land, in charge of being a military commander, judicial authority, as well as a high priest. However, some officials exercised independent authority over various branches of the government. One of the most important of these posts in the Hittite society was that of the gal mesedi (Chief of the Royal Bodyguards). It was superseded by the rank of the gal gestin (Chief of the Wine Stewards), who, like the gal mesedi, was generally a member of the royal family. The kingdom's bureaucracy was headed by the gal dubsar (Chief of the Scribes), whose authority didn't extend over the Lugal Dubsar, the king's personal scribe.
Egyptian monarchs engaged in diplomacy with two chief Hittite seats, located at Kadesh (a city located on the Orontes River) and Carchemish (located on the Euphrates river in Southern Anatolia).
Religion in Early Hittite Government to establish control
In the Central Anatolian settlement of Ankuwa, home of the pre-Hittite goddess Kattaha and the worship of other Hattic deities illustrates the ethnic differences in the areas the Hittites tried to control. Kattaha was originally given the name Hannikkun. The usage of the term Kattaha over Hannikkun, according to Ronald Gorny (head of the Alisar regional project in Turkey), was a device to downgrade the pre-Hittite identity of this female deity, and to bring her more in touch with the Hittite tradition. Their reconfiguration of Gods throughout their early history such as with Kattaha was a way of legitimizing their authority and to avoid conflicting ideologies in newly included regions and settlements. By transforming local deities to fit their own customs, the Hittites hoped that the traditional beliefs of these communities would understand and accept the changes to become better suited for the Hittite political and economic goals.
Political dissent in the Old Kingdom
In 1595 BC, King Mursili I () marched into the city of Babylon and sacked the city. Due to fear of revolts at home he did not remain there long, quickly returning to his capital of Hattusa. On his journey back to Hattusa, he was assassinated by his brother-in-law Hantili I, who then took the throne. Hantili was able to escape multiple murder attempts on himself, however, his family did not. His wife, Harapsili and her son were murdered. In addition, other members of the royal family were killed by Zidanta I, who was then murdered by his own son, Ammunna. All of the internal unrest among the Hittite royal family led to a decline of power. This led to surrounding kingdoms, such as the Hurrians, to have success against Hittite forces and be the center of power in the Anatolian region.
The Pankus
King Telipinu (reigned BC) is considered to be the last king of the Old Kingdom of the Hittites. He seized power during a dynastic power struggle. During his reign, he wanted to take care of lawlessness and regulate royal succession. He then issued the Edict of Telipinus. In this edict, he designated the Pankus, which was a 'general assembly' that acted as a high court. Crimes such as murder were observed and judged by the Pankus. Kings themselves were also subject to jurisdiction under the Pankus. The Pankus also served as an advisory council for the king. The rules and regulations set out by the edict, and the establishment of the Pankus proved to be very successful and lasted all the way through to the new Kingdom in the 14th century BC.
The Pankus established a legal code where violence was not a punishment for a crime. Crimes such as a murder and theft, which at the time were punishable by death, in other southwest Asian Kingdoms, were not capital crimes under the Hittite law code. Most criminal penalties involved restitution. For example, in cases of thievery, the punishment of that crime would to be to repay what was stolen in equal value.
Language
The Hittite language is recorded fragmentarily from about the 19th century BC (in the Kültepe texts, see Ishara). It remained in use until about 1100 BC. Hittite is the best attested member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, and the Indo-European language for which the earliest surviving written attestation exists, with isolated Hittite loanwords and numerous personal names appearing in an Old Assyrian context from as early as the 20th century BC.
The language of the Hattusa tablets was eventually deciphered by a Czech linguist, Bedřich Hrozný (1879–1952), who, on 24 November 1915, announced his results in a lecture at the Near Eastern Society of Berlin. His book about the discovery was printed in Leipzig in 1917, under the title The Language of the Hittites; Its Structure and Its Membership in the Indo-European Linguistic Family. The preface of the book begins with:
"The present work undertakes to establish the nature and structure of the hitherto mysterious language of the Hittites, and to decipher this language [...] It will be shown that Hittite is in the main an Indo-European language."
The decipherment famously led to the confirmation of the laryngeal theory in Indo-European linguistics, which had been predicted several decades before. Due to its marked differences in its structure and phonology, some early philologists, most notably Warren Cowgill, had even argued that it should be classified as a sister language to Indo-European languages (Indo-Hittite), rather than a daughter language. By the end of the Hittite Empire, the Hittite language had become a written language of administration and diplomatic correspondence. The population of most of the Hittite Empire by this time spoke Luwian, another Indo-European language of the Anatolian family that had originated to the west of the Hittite region.
According to Craig Melchert, the current tendency is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved, and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations." Hittite, as well as its Anatolian cousins, split off from Proto-Indo-European at an early stage, thereby preserving archaisms that were later lost in the other Indo-European languages.
In Hittite there are many loanwords, particularly religious vocabulary, from the non-Indo-European Hurrian and Hattic languages. The latter was the language of the Hattians, the local inhabitants of the land of Hatti before being absorbed or displaced by the Hittites. Sacred and magical texts from Hattusa were often written in Hattic, Hurrian, and Luwian, even after Hittite became the norm for other writings.
Art
Given the size of the empire, there are relatively few remains of Hittite art. These include some impressive monumental carvings, a number of rock reliefs, as well as metalwork, in particular the Alaca Höyük bronze standards, carved ivory, and ceramics, including the Hüseyindede vases. The Sphinx Gates of Alaca Höyük and Hattusa, with the monument at the spring of Eflatun Pınar, are among the largest constructed sculptures, along with a number of large recumbent lions, of which the Lion of Babylon statue at Babylon is the largest, if it is indeed Hittite. Unfortunately, nearly all are notably worn. Rock reliefs include the Hanyeri relief, and Hemite relief. The Niğde Stele from the end of the 8th century BC is a Luwian monument, from the Post-Hittite period, found in the modern Turkish city of Niğde.
Religion and mythology
Hittite religion and mythology were heavily influenced by their Hattic, Mesopotamian, and Hurrian counterparts. In earlier times, Indo-European elements may still be clearly discerned.
Storm gods were prominent in the Hittite pantheon. Tarhunt (Hurrian's Teshub) was referred to as 'The Conqueror', 'The king of Kummiya', 'King of Heaven', 'Lord of the land of Hatti'. He was chief among the gods and his symbol is the bull. As Teshub he was depicted as a bearded man astride two mountains and bearing a club. He was the god of battle and victory, especially when the conflict involved a foreign power. Teshub was also known for his conflict with the serpent Illuyanka.
The Hittite gods are also honoured with festivals, such as Puruli in the spring, the nuntarriyashas festival in the autumn, and the KI.LAM festival of the gate house where images of the Storm God and up to thirty other idols were paraded through the streets.
Law
Hittite laws, much like other records of the empire, are recorded on cuneiform tablets made from baked clay. What is understood to be the Hittite Law Code comes mainly from two clay tablets, each containing 186 articles, and are a collection of practiced laws from across the early Hittite Kingdom. In addition to the tablets, monuments bearing Hittite cuneiform inscriptions can be found in central Anatolia describing the government and law codes of the empire. The tablets and monuments date from the Old Hittite Kingdom (1650–1500 BC) to what is known as the New Hittite Kingdom (1500–1180 BC). Between these time periods, different translations can be found that modernize the language and create a series of legal reforms in which many crimes are given more humane punishments. These changes could possibly be attributed to the rise of new and different kings throughout the history empire or to the new translations that change the language used in the law codes. In either case, the law codes of the Hittites provide very specific fines or punishments that are to be issued for specific crimes and have many similarities to Biblical laws found in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy. In addition to criminal punishments, the law codes also provide instruction on certain situations such as inheritance and death.
Use of laws
The law articles used by the Hittites most often outline very specific crimes or offenses, either against the state or against other individuals, and provide a sentence for these offenses. The laws carved in the tablets are an assembly of established social conventions from across the empire. Hittite laws at this time have a prominent lack of equality in punishments in many cases, distinct punishments or compensations for men and women are listed. Free men most often received more compensation for offenses against them than free women did. Slaves, male or female, had very few rights, and could easily be punished or executed by their masters for crimes. Most articles describe destruction of property and personal injury, to which the most common sentence was payment for compensation of the lost property. Again, in these cases men oftentimes receive a greater amount of compensation than women. Other articles describe how marriage of slaves and free individuals should be handled. In any case of separation or estrangement, the free individual, male or female, would keep all but one child that resulted from the marriage.
Cases in which capital punishment is recommended in the articles most often seem to come from pre-reform sentences for severe crimes and prohibited sexual pairings. Many of these cases include public torture and execution as punishment for serious crimes against religion. Most of these sentences would begin to go away in the later stages of the Hittite Empire as major law reforms began to occur.
Law reform
While different translations of laws can be seen throughout the history of the empire, the Hittite outlook of law was originally founded on religion and were intended to preserve the authority of the state. Additionally, punishments had the goal of crime prevention and the protection of individual property rights. The goals of crime prevention can be seen in the severity of the punishments issued for certain crimes. Capital punishment and torture are specifically mentioned as punishment for more severe crimes against religion and harsh fines for the loss of private property or life. The tablets also describe the ability of the king to pardon certain crimes, but specifically prohibit an individual being pardoned for murder.
At some point in the 16th or 15th century BC, Hittite law codes move away from torture and capital punishment and to more humanitarian forms of punishments, such as fines. Where the old law system was based on retaliation and retribution for crimes, the new system saw punishments that were much more mild, favoring monetary compensation over physical or capital punishment. Why these drastic reforms happened is not exactly clear, but it is likely that punishing murder with execution was deemed not to benefit any individual or family involved. These reforms were not just seen in the realm of capital punishment. Where major fines were to be paid, a severe reduction in penalty can be seen. For example, prior to these major reforms, the payment to be made for the theft of an animal was thirty times the animal's value; after the reforms, the penalty was reduced to half the original fine. Simultaneously, attempts to modernize the language and change the verbiage used in the law codes can be seen during this period of reform.
Examples of laws
Under both the old and reformed Hittite law codes, three main types of punishment can be seen: Death, torture, or compensation/fines. The articles outlined on the cuneiform tablets provide very specific punishments for crimes committed against the Hittite religion or against individuals. In many, but not all cases, articles describing similar laws are grouped together. More than a dozen consecutive articles describe what are known to be permitted and prohibited sexual pairings. These pairings mostly describe men (sometimes specifically referred to as free men, sometimes just men in general) having relations, be they consensual or not, with animals, step-family, relatives of spouses, or concubines. Many of these articles do not provide specific punishments but, prior to the law reforms, crimes against religion were most often punishable by death. These include incestuous marriages and sexual relations with certain animals. For example, one article states, "If a man has sexual relations with a cow, it is an unpermitted sexual pairing: he will be put to death." Similar relations with horses and mules were not subject to capital punishment, but the offender could not become a priest afterwards. Actions at the expense of other individuals most often see the offender paying some sort of compensation, be it in the form money, animals, or land. These actions could include the destruction of farmlands, death or injury of livestock, or assault of an individual. Several articles also specifically mention acts of the gods. If an animal were to die by certain circumstances, the individual could claim that it died by the hand of a god. Swearing that what they claim was true, it seems that they were exempt from paying compensation to the animal's owner. Injuries inflicted upon animals owned by another individual are almost always compensated with either direct payment, or trading the injured animal with a healthy one owned by the offender.
Not all laws prescribed in the tablets deal with criminal punishment. For example, the instructions of how the marriage of slaves and division of their children are given in a group of articles, "The slave woman shall take most of the children, with the male slave taking one child." Similar instructions are given to the marriage of free individuals and slaves. Other actions include how breaking of engagements are to be handled.
Biblical Hittites
The Bible refers to "Hittites" in several passages, ranging from Genesis to the post-Exilic Ezra–Nehemiah. The Hittites are usually depicted as a people living among the IsraelitesAbraham purchases the Patriarchal burial-plot of Machpelah from "Ephron HaChiti", Ephron the Hittite; and Hittites serve as high military officers in David's army. In 2 Kings 7:6, however, they are a people with their own kingdoms (the passage refers to "kings" in the plural), apparently located outside geographic Canaan, and sufficiently powerful to put a Syrian army to flight.
It is a matter of considerable scholarly debate whether the biblical "Hittites" signified any or all of: 1) the original Hattians; 2) their Indo-European conquerors, who retained the name "Hatti" for Central Anatolia, and are today referred to as the "Hittites" (the subject of this article); or 3) a Canaanite group who may or may not have been related to either or both of the Anatolian groups, and who also may or may not be identical with the later Syro-Hittite states.
Other biblical scholars (following Max Müller) have argued that, rather than being connected with Heth, son of Canaan, the Anatolian land of Hatti was instead mentioned in Old Testament literature and apocrypha as "Kittim" (Chittim), a people said to be named for a son of Javan.
See also
Hittite plague
List of Hittite kings
List of artifacts significant to the Bible
Short chronology timeline
References
Sources
G Brinkman, Hittite Diplomatic Texts, Scholars Press, 1999,
Bryce, T., 'The 'Eternal Treaty' from the Hittite perspective', BMSAES 6, pp. 1–11, 2006
Ceram, C. W. (2001) The Secret of the Hittites: The Discovery of an Ancient Empire. Phoenix Press, .
Güterbock, Hans Gustav (1983) "Hittite Historiography: A Survey," in H. Tadmor and M. Weinfeld eds. History, Historiography and Interpretation: Studies in Biblical and Cuneiform Literatures, Magnes Press, Hebrew University pp. 21–35.
Hoffner, Jr., H.A (1973) "The Hittites and Hurrians," in D. J. Wiseman Peoples of the Old Testament Times, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Eisenbrauns, 2003,
Macqueen, J. G. (1986) The Hittites, and Their Contemporaries in Asia Minor, revised and enlarged, Ancient Peoples and Places series (ed. G. Daniel), Thames and Hudson, .
Mendenhall, George E. (1973) The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition, The Johns Hopkins University Press, .
Neu, Erich (1974) Der Anitta Text, (StBoT 18), Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
Orlin, Louis L. (1970) Assyrian Colonies in Cappadocia, Mouton, The Hague.
Sürenhagen, D., 'Forerunners of the Hattusili-Ramesses treaty'], BMSAES 6, pp. 59–67, 2006
Patri, Sylvain (2007), L'alignement syntaxique dans les langues indo-européennes d'Anatolie, (StBoT 49), Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden,
Further reading
Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Des origines à la fin de l'ancien royaume hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 1, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007
Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 2, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007
Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, L'apogée du nouvel empire hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 3, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2008
Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Le déclin et la chute de l'empire Hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 4, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2010
Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Les royaumes Néo-Hittites, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 5, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2012
Imparati, Fiorella. "Aspects De L'organisation De L'État Hittite Dans Les Documents Juridiques Et Administratifs." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 25, no. 3 (1982): 225–67.
External links
Video lecture at Oriental Institute – Tracking the Frontiers of the Hittite Empire
Hattusas/Bogazköy
Arzawa, to the west, throws light on Hittites
Pictures of Boğazköy, one of a group of important sites
Pictures of Yazılıkaya, one of a group of important sites
Der Anitta Text (at TITUS)
Tahsin Ozguc
Hittites.info
Hittite Period in Anatolia
Hethitologieportal Mainz, by the Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mainz, corpus of texts and extensive bibliographies on all things Hittite
Uşaklı Höyük
Trevor Bryce, Life and Society in the Hittite World
Map of Hittite Anatolia
States and territories established in the 17th century BC
States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC
Anatolian peoples
Ancient peoples of Anatolia
Ancient Syria
Ancient history of Turkey
Ancient Near East
History of the Mediterranean
Former kingdoms
Former empires
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty%20blocker
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Puberty blocker
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Puberty blockers, also called puberty inhibitors or hormone blockers, are medicines used to postpone puberty in children. The most commonly used puberty blockers are gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, which suppress the production of sex hormones, including testosterone and estrogen. In addition to their various other medical uses, puberty blockers are used for transgender children to delay the development of unwanted sex characteristics, so as to allow transgender youth more time to explore their identity.
The use of puberty blockers in transgender youth is supported by seven American medical associations, four Australian medical associations, the British Medical Association, and the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). In Europe, some medical groups have discouraged or limited the use of puberty blockers, including Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare.
Medical uses
Delaying or temporarily suspending puberty is a medical treatment for children whose puberty started abnormally early (precocious puberty). Puberty blockers are also commonly used for children with idiopathic short stature, for whom these medications can be used to promote development of long bones and increase adult height. In adults, the same drugs are used to treat endometriosis and prostate cancer. Puberty blockers have been used on-label since the 1980s to treat precocious puberty in children. Puberty blockers prevent the development of biological secondary sex characteristics. They slow the growth of sexual organs and production of hormones. Other effects include the suppression of male features of facial hair, deep voices, and Adam's apples, and the halting of female features of breast development and menstruation.
In 1993, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of puberty blockers on children with precocious puberty.
Puberty blockers are sometimes prescribed to young transgender people, to temporarily halt the development of secondary sex characteristics. Puberty blockers allow patients more time to solidify their gender identity, without developing secondary sex characteristics. If a child later decides not to transition to another gender the medication can be stopped, allowing puberty to proceed. Little is known about the long-term side effects of hormone or puberty blockers in children with gender dysphoria. Although puberty blockers are known to be safe and physically reversible treatment if stopped in the short term, it is also not known whether hormone blockers affect the development of the factors like bone mineral density, brain development and fertility in transgender patients. Puberty blockers give transgender youth a smoother transition into their desired gender identity as an adult.
While few studies have examined the effects of puberty blockers for gender non-conforming or transgender adolescents, the studies that have been conducted generally indicate that these treatments are reasonably safe, are reversible, and can improve psychological well-being in these individuals. A 2020 review published in Child and Adolescent Mental Health found that puberty blockers are associated with such positive outcomes as decreased suicidality in adulthood, improved affect and psychological functioning, and improved social life. A 2020 UK Department of Health and Social Care commissioned review found that the quality of evidence was of very low certainty for puberty blocker outcomes regarding mental health, quality of life and impact on gender dysphoria. A 2021 National Institute of Health and Care Excellence commissioned review found that the quality of evidence for using puberty blockers to treat children struggling with their gender identity was "very low" and that existing studies on puberty blockers were small and "subject to bias and confounding". A 2022 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found a 60% reduction in moderate and severe depression and a 73% reduction in suicidality among transgender youth aged 13–20 who took puberty blockers and gender-affirming hormones over a 12-month follow-up.
The longest follow-up study followed a transgender man who began taking puberty blockers at age 13 in 1988, before later taking hormone treatments, and later got gender confirmation surgery as an adult. His health was monitored for 22 years and at age 35 in 2010 was well-functioning, in good physical health with normal metabolic, endocrine, and bone mineral density levels. There were no clinical signs of a negative impact on brain development from taking puberty blockers.
Short-term side effects of puberty blockers include headaches, fatigue, insomnia, muscle aches and changes in breast tissue, mood, and weight.
Adverse effects on bone mineralization and compromised fertility are potential risks of pubertal suppression in gender dysphoric youth treated with GnRH agonists. To protect against lower bone density, doctors recommend exercise, calcium, and Vitamin D. Additionally, genital tissue in transgender women may not be optimal for potential vaginoplasty later in life due to underdevelopment of the penis.
Research on the long-term effects on brain development is limited.
According to the FDA, there have been six cases of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in 5 to 12-year-old children assigned female at birth taking puberty blockers. Five who experienced the side effect were receiving treatment for precocious puberty and one who experienced the side effect was transgender and was receiving treatment for gender dysphoria. Dr. Morissa Ladinsky, a pediatrician with University of Alabama-Birmingham who works with transgender youth, said that "[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension] is an inordinately well-known side effect that can happen for many, many different medications, most commonly, oral birth control pills." Referring to the six reported side effects, Ladinsky said that "It doesn't even approach any semblance of what we call in medicine, statistical significance".
Available forms
A number of different puberty blockers are used. These include the GnRH agonists buserelin, histrelin, leuprorelin, nafarelin, and triptorelin. GnRH agonists are available and used as daily subcutaneous injections, depot subcutaneous or intramuscular injections lasting 1 to 6 months, implants lasting 12 months, and nasal sprays used multiple times per day. GnRH antagonists are also expected to be effective as puberty blockers but have not yet been widely studied or used for this purpose. Progestogens used at high doses such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and cyproterone acetate have been used as puberty blockers in the past or when GnRH agonists are not possible. They are not as effective as GnRH agonists and have more side effects. The antiandrogen bicalutamide has been used as an alternative puberty blocker in transgender girls for whom GnRH agonists were denied by insurance.
Centrally acting puberty blockers such as GnRH agonists are ineffective in peripheral precocious puberty, which is gonadotropin-independent. In this situation, direct inhibitors of sex hormone action and/or synthesis must be employed instead. Treatment options for peripheral precocious puberty in girls, such as in McCune–Albright syndrome, include ketoconazole, the aromatase inhibitors testolactone, fadrozole, anastrozole, and letrozole, and the antiestrogens tamoxifen and fulvestrant. Treatment possibilities for peripheral precocious puberty in boys, such as in familial male-limited precocious puberty, include the antiandrogens bicalutamide, spironolactone, and cyproterone acetate, ketoconazole, and the aromatase inhibitors testolactone, anastrozole, and letrozole.
Legal and political challenges
There is criticism regarding issues of informed consent and limited research support for the use of puberty blockers on transgender children. The Endocrine Society Guidelines call for more rigorous safety and effectiveness evaluations and careful assessment of "the effects of prolonged delay of puberty in adolescents on bone health, gonadal function, and the brain (including effects on cognitive, emotional, social, and sexual development)."
Some opponents of the use of puberty blockers argue that minors are not able to give proper consent. Some advocates for the use of puberty blockers consider the psychological and developmental benefits of puberty blockers compelling enough to overlook the issue of informed consent in many cases. Consent is often achieved after extensive analysis and counseling. A 2021 editorial in The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health stated "Disproportionate emphasis is given to young people’s inability to provide medical consent, a moot point given that—like any medical care—parental consent is required. ... what matters ethically is whether an individual has a good enough reason for wanting treatment", and that "Social conservatives in the USA, UK, and Australia frame gender-affirming care as child abuse and medical experimentation. This stance wilfully ignores decades of use of and research about puberty blockers and hormone therapy".
Bioethicist Maura Priest contends that, even in the absence of parental permission, the use of puberty blockers could mitigate any adverse effects on familial relationships within the home of a transgender child. She posits that there are benefits to having access to puberty blockers, while psychological costs are often associated with untreated gender dysphoria in children. Bioethicist Florence Ashley adds that counseling and educating the parents of transgender youth could also be beneficial to familial relationships.
Michael Biggs has said that studies on the effects of puberty blockers on transgender children lack transparency or validity. Opponents express concern over validation of a child's gender dysphoria; however, research has shown that treatment with puberty blockers prevents harmful behavior and does not increase gender dysphoria. Research has suggested that the use of puberty blockers decreases the risk of depression and contributes to the mitigation of behavioral issues. Opponents to the use of puberty blockers have argued that puberty blockers encourage children to go through with hormone replacement therapy and gender reassignment surgery. A study regarding the long term effects of puberty blockers found that, upon later assessment, subjects did not regret transitioning and were less likely to experience depression in early adulthood.
Opponents of the use of puberty blockers in adolescents argue that gender identity is still fluctuating at this age and that blockers might interfere with gender identity formation and development of a free sexuality, as well as pointing to what they consider to be high rates of desistance after puberty. Almost all (98%) children who took puberty blockers in a significant recent study by the main UK child/adolescent gender clinic continued on to hormone replacement therapy. Similarly, most reviews noting psychological benefits refer to the classic Dutch study which had very stringent requirements for medical treatment.
In April 2021, Arkansas passed a ban on treatment of minors under 18 with puberty blockers, but it was temporarily blocked by a federal judge a week before the law was set to take effect. In April 2022, Alabama passed a ban from minors under 19 from obtaining puberty blockers and made it a felony for a doctor to prescribe puberty blockers to a minor with a punishment of up to ten years in prison. The Alabama law was partially blocked by a federal judge a few days after the law took effect. In August 2022, Florida banned Medicaid from covering gender affirming care, including puberty blockers.
Efforts to ban puberty blockers are opposed by the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Psychiatric Association, the Endocrine Society, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American Psychological Association, and the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). In Australia, the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, the Australian Endocrine Society, and AusPATH also all support access. In the UK, the British Medical Association supports access.
Medical organization policy changes
On June 30, 2020, the British National Health Service changed the information it displayed on its website regarding the reversibility of the effects of puberty blockers and their use in the treatment of minors with gender dysphoria, according to a report by BBC's Woman's Hour. Specifically, the NHS removed "the effects of treatment with GnRH analogues are considered to be fully reversible, so treatment can usually be stopped at any time after a discussion between you, your child and your MDT (multi-disciplinary team)," and added "little is known about the long-term side effects of hormone or puberty blockers in children with gender dysphoria. Although the Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS) advises this is a physically reversible treatment if stopped, it is not known what the psychological effects may be. It’s also not known whether hormone blockers affect the development of the teenage brain or children’s bones. Side effects may also include hot flushes, fatigue and mood alterations."
In Europe, some medical groups have discouraged or limited the use of puberty blockers. Following the Bell v Tavistock decision by the High Court of Justice for England and Wales, in which the High Court ruled children under 16 were not competent to give informed consent to puberty blockers — overturned by the Court of Appeal in September 2021 — Sweden's Karolinska Institute, administrator of the second-largest hospital system in the country, announced in March 2021 that it would discontinue providing puberty blockers or cross-sex hormones to children under 16. Additionally, the Karolinska Institute changed its policy to cease providing puberty blockers or cross-sex hormones to teenagers 16–18, outside of approved clinical trials. On February 22, 2022, Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare said that puberty blockers should only be used in "exceptional cases" and said that their use is backed by "uncertain science". However, other providers in Sweden continue to provide puberty blockers and in Sweden, a clinician's professional judgment determines what treatments are recommended or not recommended. Youth are able to access gender-affirming care when doctors deem it medically necessary. The treatment is not banned in Sweden, unlike in Alabama and Arkansas, and is offered as part of its national healthcare service.
Public opinion
A February 2022 poll by Morning Consult found that 52 percent of American adults support transgender minors having access to puberty blockers.
References
External links
Puberty Inhibitors, by Dr Norman P. Spack, TransYouth Family Allies
Gender transitioning and medicine
Puberty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas%20Territorial%20Militia
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Arkansas Territorial Militia
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The Militia of the Territory of Arkansas, commonly known as the Arkansas Militia, was the forerunner of today's Arkansas National Guard. The current Arkansas Army National Guard traces its roots to the creation of the territorial militia of the District of Louisiana in 1804. As the District of Louisiana evolved into the Territory of Missouri and the first counties were organized, regiments of the Missouri territorial militia were formed in present-day Arkansas. Territorial governors struggled to form a reliable militia system in the sparsely populated territory. When the Arkansas Territory was formed from the Missouri Territory, the militia was reorganized, gradually evolving from a single brigade composed of nine regiments to an entire division composed of six brigades, each containing four to six regiments. The local militia organization, with its regular musters and hierarchy added structure to the otherwise loosely organized territorial society. The Territorial Militia was utilized to quell problems with the Indian Nations and was held in readiness to deal with trouble along the border with Mexico due to an ambiguous international border and during the prelude to the Texas War of Independence.
Creation of a territorial militia
The history of the Arkansas militia begins in 1804, when the United States bought a huge tract of land west of the Mississippi River from France. At the time of the transaction, now known as the "Louisiana Purchase", the area that would eventually enter the Union as the State of Louisiana was referred to as the District of Orleans. The area north of present-day Louisiana was referred to as the District of Louisiana. At first the new "District of Louisiana" was attached to Indiana Territory for administrative purposes. In 1804 the District of Louisiana was designated as the Louisiana Territory and the new territory was subdivided into districts – namely, St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid – stretching along the Mississippi River with no definite boundaries to the west. The area of the present State of Arkansas lay within the District of New Madrid, which stretched from the present Arkansas-Louisiana state line to the present city of New Madrid, Missouri.
The authorities found that there were few people in the new territory, especially the area which was later to become Arkansas, to enroll in the militia. Low and swampy, early Arkansas attracted few settlers, and many of those who did come were itinerant French hunters and trappers who were hardly temperamentally fit for the militia, which required a fairly settled population. The last census conducted under French rule in 1803 "estimated" that the Arkansas Post District had a population of 600 with a militia of 150.
Militia law of the District of Louisiana
In October 1804, the governor and judges of Indiana Territory met as a legislative body to begin the process of formulating laws for the huge District of Louisiana. It is from this date that the Arkansas National Guard tracks its earliest formation.
The Militia Act of 1804 contained 24 subsections. It made all males between the age of 16 and 50 liable for militia service excepting superior court judges, supreme court judges, the attorney general, the supreme court clerk, all licensed ministers, jail keepers, and those exempted by the laws of the United States. The act laid out the number of officers required for each company, battalion and regiment and required privates and officers to arm themselves "with a good musket, a sufficient bayonet and belt, or a fuse, two spare flints, a knapsack, and a pouch with a box therein to contain not less than twenty-four cartridges, ... knapsack, pouch, and powder horn, with twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle, and a quarter of a pound of powder". Companies were required to muster every other month, Battalions in April and Regiments in October. Militiamen who failed to attend muster would be fined after being tried by court martial, which the commanders were given authority to convene. The act also created the office of Adjutant General and detailed his responsibilities. for the formation of the formation of "independent troops of horse, and companies of artillery, grenadiers, light infantry, and riflemen."
Section 24 of the law allowed for the formation of volunteer companies.
These independent companies were the only units in the militia that were to be issued standardized uniforms, arms and equipment. Formation of independent of volunteer companies would become an important part of society. While there are very few records of any governor during the territorial or antebellum period turning out an entire militia regiment for service other than the required musters, there are ample examples of volunteer or "independent" companies turning out for service during times of war or conflict.
The Arkansas District, Territory of Louisiana
By 1806, the lower two thirds of the District of New Madrid was re-designated as the District of Arkansas; the area had two militia units: one cavalry company and one infantry company. Despite the small population, it appears that the early Arkansans enrolled in the militia in fairly large numbers.
A roster of militia appointments for the District of Arkansas dated July 14, 1806, demonstrates that the new U.S. Administration attempted to promote continuity and stability in the newly acquired territory by appointing a mixture of existing colonial militia leaders and early settlers:
Major Francois Vaugine
Captain of Cavalry Francois Valier (Valliere)
Lieutenant of Cavalry Jacob Bright
Cornet Pierre (Peter) LeFevre
Captain of Infantry Leonard Kepler
Lieutenant of Infantry Anthony Wolf
Ensign Charles Bougie (Bougy)
Major David Delay, inspector and adjutant general
Major Francois Vaugine, came to Arkansas as the adjutant-major to the Commander of the Post of Arkansas in the late 1780s. Vaugine had previously served in Company 4, 1st Battalion, Standing Regiment of Louisiana, Spanish Army, allied with U.S. Forces during the American Revolution. Vaugine was approximately 19 at the time of this appointment, but as the son of a noble family, appointment to military office at young age was not uncommon. Vaugine's service as an officer did not end there. Records indicated that he served as captain of militia in the Spanish service in the District of Arkansas in 1791, 1792 and as late as 1799. Major Vaugine became a U.S. Citizen after the Louisiana purchase and was appointed as a Judge. Major Vaugine would continue to serve in the Territorial Militia until at least 1814. and his grave in modern-day Jefferson County, Arkansas, is marked with a War of 1812 veterans headstone.
Captain of Cavalry Francois Bernard Valliere was the son of Joseph Bernard Valliere, a former commander of the Post of Arkansas during the colonial period. The Valliere and Vaugine families intermarried and remained prominent citizens during the U.S. administration. Don Joseph Valliere was given the Spanish largest land grant in the Colony. Francois Valliere was at the same time appointed to serve as a Justice of the peace and Common Pleas for the District of Arkansaw .
Lieutenant of Cavalry Jacob Bright owned a large trading house at Arkansas Post.
Cornet Pierre (Peter) LeFevre was also a colonial resident of Arkansas. A Pierre LeFevre, Sr, and an un-named son appear in the 1791 census of Arkansas Post, and he received a land grant from the last Commandant of the Post of Arkansas. A Pierre Lefevre, of Arkansas Post, petitioned the last Colonial Commandant, for an extension of his land grant in order to build a sawmill and the petition was granted. Pierre LeFevre, Sr. and Pierre LeFevre, Jr. appear on the 1816 territorial tax list.
Captain of Infantry Leonard Kepler was born in 1770 at Arkansas Post. Leonard Kepler was at the same time appointed to serve as a Justice of the peace and Common Pleas for the District of Arkansaw .
Ensign Charles Bougie (Bougy) had come to Arkansas Post with the Federal Troops who took possession in 1804. He was involved in trade with the Native Americans at Arkansas Post.
Militia law of the Territory of Louisiana
In 1807, the legislature of the Louisiana Territory passed an updated and expanded Militia Act. The new law had forty-two sections. The maximum age of inhabitants who were required to serve was reduced from 16–50 to 16–45. Militia officers were now required to wear the same uniform as the United States Army. It increased the frequency that companies were to muster up to 12 times per year, battalions six times, and regiments twice. It created the office of brigade inspector and set the pay of the adjutant general at $150 per year. The procedures for courts martial and the collection of fines and other punishments were significantly expanded; fathers were held liable to pay the fines of sons, up to the age of 21, who failed to attend muster; officers were required to attend training sessions to be conducted on the Monday before a scheduled muster in order to receive training regarding their duties and on the proper forms of drill. The legislature indicated that where its laws were not detailed enough, militia leaders were to look to the regulations of Barron Steuben which had been adopted by Congress in 1779.
Service in volunteer companies encouraged
Section 37 of the Militia act of 1807 again addressed the formation of volunteer or independent troops of horse and companies of artillery, grenadiers, light infantry, and riflemen. Service in these independent companies was by encouraged by exempting members from fines for failure to attend musters of the regular militia and "[e]very trooper who shall enroll himself for this service, having furnished himself with a horse, uniform clothing and other accoutrements, shall hold the same exempted from taxes, and all civil prosecutions, during his continuance in said corps".
Louisiana Territory Militia Act of 1810
The legislature of the Louisiana Territory amended the militia law in 1810 to provide for an Inspector General of the Militia with an annual salary of $250. At the same time the legislature did away with the salary of the post of brigade inspector and reduced the number of times that the militia would drill each year to six. The legislature also repealed the requirement for officers to meet on the Monday for training before a muster.
Louisiana Territory becomes the Missouri Territory
On July 7, 1807, the law establishing the District of Arkansas was repealed by the Louisiana Territorial legislature and the authority of the District of New Madrid was extended over the area formerly known as the District of Arkansas. It was further ordered that all papers and records of the District of Arkansas be delivered to the District of New Madrid.
By the summer of 1812, the Territory of Orleans (present-day Louisiana) was prepared to be admitted to the union as a state. It was thought that the first state to be admitted from the Louisiana Purchase should bear the name Louisiana, so on June 4, 1812, Louisiana Territory was renamed Missouri Territory.
War of 1812
The first serious test of the new territorial militia came during the War of 1812 which lasted from June 18, 1812, to February 18, 1815. The British provided arms to their Indian allies to conduct attacks on American settlers in Missouri and the Northwest territories for several years prior to the commencement of the war. The British viewed the Indian Nations inhabiting the Mississippi River Valley as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies. The Sauk and Fox tribes were key British allies in the war along the western frontier. While no major land battles were fought in the region during the war, the skirmishes with the Indian nations and their British allies in the area north of the Missouri River continued throughout the war and until well after the official conclusion of the war in 1815.
On April 1, 1813, the Militia of the Territory of Missouri was reorganized, under an Act of Congress of the United States providing for the Government of the Territory of Missouri. Since the District of Arkansas had been dissolved. The militia for the former District of Arkansas was officially designated as the 3rd Battalion (Arkansas) of the 5th Regiment, County of New Madrid. Major Vaugine remained in command and the following officers were announced:
Major Francois Vaugine
1st Company:
Daniel Mooney Capt,
Harrold Stillwell Lt,
Tenace Racine Ensign
2nd Company:
James Scull Capt,
Peter Lefevre Lt,
Charles Bougy Ensign
3rd Company:
Blassingham H. McFarlane Capt,
John Lemmon Lt,
William Dyle Ensign
Missouri ranger companies
The history of constant British agitation and conflict with the Indian nations lead territorial delegates to the U.S. Congress to urge for the creation of Ranger Companies to assist with patrolling and construction of forts along the Missouri Frontier. In the winter of 1812–13, Congress passed a law authorizing the president to expand the army by raising additional companies of rangers for the protection of the frontiers. In the spring of 1813, three ranger companies were accepted by the Governor of the Missouri Territory.
Among those recruited for service in the Missouri Rangers were members of the Territorial Militia from the District of Arkansas. Thirteen members of the 7th Regiment, Arkansas County, Missouri Territorial Militia eventually filed claims for pay for services rendered during the war. The petition claimed that the militia men were called into service in May, 1813 and that they had served for three months in Ranger Companies organized by Captains Daniel M. Boone, David Musick and Andrew Ramsay. The petition alleged that the militia men had ... not been paid for their services.
Brigadier General Howard endorsed the petition and indicated that the militiamen had been received in to the service of the U. S. in the spring of 1813 as Rangers by direction of the Secretary of War, that they were mustered on 20 May 1813 and continued in service for three months, at which time they were dismissed, and that they have not received any pay for their services. Brigadier General Howard indicated that "The situation of these men is hard and in my opinion calls for releif. I address you on this subject because it may require a Law to meet their case. They were at the same expence, in equipping themselves as those who are continued in service; and have performed the same duties until their discharge." Among the claimants who signed a petition requesting his pay was Edmund Hogan, who was a resident of what would become Pulaski County and who would eventually be appointed as the Brigadier General of the Arkansas Territorial Militia.
The additional militia regiments formed in Arkansas
On December 31, 1813, the Missouri Territorial legislature created new counties and at the same time divided the former District New Madrid into the counties of New Madrid and Arkansas. At the same time the militia of Arkansas County was designated as the 7th Regiment, Missouri Territorial Militia. The following regimental officers were appointed:
Lieutenant colonel commandant – Anthony Haden
Major of 1st Battalion – Daniel Mooney
1st Company:
Alexr Kendrick – captain
William Glassen – lieutenant
William Dunn – ensign
2nd Company:
James Scull – captain
Peter Lefevre – lieutenant
Charles Bougy – ensign
3rd Company:
Samuel Moseley – captain
Lemuel Currin – lieutenant
Major of 2nd Battalion – Blassingham H. McFarland (McFarlane)
1st Company:
Edmund Hogan – captain
John Payatte – lieutenant
Joseph Duchassin – ensign
2nd Company:
John C. Newell – captain
Benjamin Murphy – lieutenant
George Rankin – ensign
3rd Company:
William Berney – captain
Isaac Cates – lieutenant
Samuel Gates – ensign
The 7th Regiment apparently included a volunteer company of mounted riflemen; Thomas Reed and Jessie Blackwell are listed as ensign in the company.
The County of New Madrid still included all of what would eventually become Lawrence County, Arkansas. The New Madrid County Militia was renamed the 5th Regiment of the Territorial Militia and the following regimental officers were appointed:
Lieutenant colonel commandant – John M. Hart
Major of 1st Battalion – Stephen Ross
1st Company:
Elisha Winsor – captain
Thomas. Winsor – lieutenant
Joseph Shields – ensign
2nd Company:
Edward Mathews – captain
Jos Smith – lieutenant
James Lucas – ensign
3rd Company:
Benjamin Myers – captain
John Walker – lieutenant
Joseph Westbrook – ensign
4th Company:
Edward Tanner – captain
Andrew. Robertson – lieutenant
Jacob Gibson – ensign
Major of 2nd Battalion – Joseph Hunter
Richard H. Waters – judge advocate
John Walker adjutant.
As was the case in the District of Arkansas, the regimental officers for the County of New Madrid, included men who had served in the French/Spanish colonial militia's prior to the Louisiana Purchase. During the Spanish/French colonial regime there were three companies of militia in New Madrid, two infantry and one company of Dragoons. Captain La Valle, Lieutenant La Forge and Ensign Charpentier were the officers on one company and the other militia company was officered by Captain McCoy, Lieutenant Joseph Hunot, and Ensign John Hart. The company of dragoons was commanded by Captain Richard Jones Waters, with Lieutenant George N. Reagan, and Ensign John Baptiste Barsaloux.
On 15 January 1815, the Missouri Territorial Legislature created Lawrence County from the lower portion of New Madrid County, bounded on the south by Arkansas County. The creation of Lawrence County necessitated the appointment of a separate commander for the county militia. On January 22, 1815, Missouri Governor William Clark commissioned Louis de Mun a lieutenant colonel and commandant of the 8th Regiment Missouri Militia. De Mun, who had command responsibility for all of Lawrence County, was ordered by the governor to "discharge the duty of Lt. Colonel Comdt. by doing and performing all manner of things..."
The Executive Proceedings of Missouri Territory October 1, 1816 – March 31, 1817, contains the following appointments in the 8th Regiment, Missouri Territory (Lawrence County):
Louis De Mun – colonel commandant
John Hines – lieutenant colonel
Robert Bean – major 2nd Battalion
The Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812, was signed on Christmas Day in 1814. By 1816, significant Indian resistance to white settlers in Missouri was at an end.
The Militia Law of the Missouri Territory
The legislature of the new Missouri Territory enacted a new Militia law in 1815. The Missouri Territory Militia act of 1815 included 47 sections and changed the service requirements. "Every able bodied, free white male inhabitant of this territory, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, shall be liable to perform militia duty." This was the first reference to the race or status of militiamen in the territorial militia laws. The act, like the previous militia laws, provided for the formation of volunteer companies in addition to the standard militia regiments and provided for the horse and other equipment of members of these volunteer companies to be tax exempt. The militia law was amended in 1816 to clarify those persons exempt from militia duty, clarify the duties and account responsibility of paymasters, clarify court martial procedures and to provide for the collection of fines levied by courts martial by the sheriff or constable.
The Militia law was amended again in 1817 to provide for payment of those members detailed to sit on courts martial, to set the fine for failure to appear at muster at two dollars, and to allow the sheriff a fee of ten percent for collection of fines imposed by the militia courts martial.
On December 15, 1818, the Missouri Territorial legislature divided the south western part of Arkansas County into three new Counties named, Pulaski, Clark and Hempstead.
Arkansas Territory
On March 2, 1819, President James Monroe signed the bill creating Arkansas Territory. The act which created the territory provided that the territorial governor "shall be commander-in-chief of the militia of said territory, shall have power to appoint and commission all officers, required by law, be appointed for said territory..." The act that created the new territory also specified that all of the existing laws of the Missouri Territory, including its Militia Law, would continue in effect until modified or repealed by the General Assembly of the Territory of Arkansas. The general assembly amended the existing militia law on several occasions, but did not pass a new law of its own until after statehood. At the time of its formation, the territory included the following five counties: Arkansas, Lawrence, Clark, Hempstead, Pulaski.
First territorial governor, James Miller, 1819–1824
The first governor of Arkansas Territory, James Miller, seemed at first to be the ideal man to establish a militia in the wild new region. Born in 1776, Miller joined the United States Army at an early age and was commissioned an infantry major in 1808. Soon after the War of 1812 broke out, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Connecticut Volunteers. At the Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25, 1814, Miller gained fame when he responded "I'll try, sir!" to his commander's question if a British artillery battery on a hilltop could be silenced. The young commander proceeded to take the entire battery, an accomplishment which won for him a promotion to brigadier general as well as a special gold medal from a grateful Congress. Miller distinguished himself in other battles during the War of 1812, including Niagara, Fort Erie, and Chippewa.
The largest hindrance to effectively organizing the militia was the scattered population of only 14,273; and of this number, the majority were scattered around the state on isolated farms. The only real town in Arkansas in 1820 was Arkansas Post, a tiny village of no more than forty houses. To make matters worse, there were few roads in Territorial Arkansas, thereby making communication with the militiamen very difficult. Adjutant General A. P. Spencer noted that some militia units were unable to drill since "the extent of Territory they cover is great to muster them at one point..." As late as 1827, Governor George Izard was complaining of the difficulty of organizing the rural Arkansans into a cohesive militia force: "The scattered state of our Population here and the constant changes of Residence among the Inhabitants make it impractical to organize the Militia in such a manner as may render their Service prompt and efficient".
One of the continual organizational problems from the very start was arms procurement. It was a common misconception that the frontiersmen had plenty of weapons in their own family arsenal to arm the militia. And, indeed, the federal Militia Act of 1792 did provide that militiamen were to provide their own arms and equipment; mounted men were even required to provide their own horse and saddle.
Governor Miller realized that the new Arkansas Militia would need arms, therefore, immediately upon his appointment he went to Washington, D. C. where he received an order of the Army Ordnance Department for weapons. On his way, he obtained 400 stand of arms, 40,000 rounds of ammunition, and fifty pistols from the Army arsenal at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Upon reaching Arkansas, Miller discovered there was no public armory, and was forced to store the weapons in a rented building. Miller worked hard to obtain more arms and accoutrements. A "Return of Militia for 1821", located in the Arkansas History Commission archives, shows that the militia possessed a fairly substantial number of weapons and a diverse variety of related accessories, including: powder horns, pouches, bullet moulds, spare flints, cartridge boxes, and belts.
Army officials sometimes proved to be reluctant to cooperate with Miller in his efforts to arm the militia. The War Department had a policy not to supply arms to any militia where state authorities had not filed reports on its strength. War Department frequently complained of receiving insufficient reports from Arkansas as its adjutants general apparently had difficulty obtaining cooperation from the commanders in the field.
Governor Miller made the first two appointments in the Arkansas Territorial Militia.
The first adjutant general
The Office of Adjutant General was defined by the Militia Act of 1792 as
Unlike its modern counterpart, the office adjutant general during the 19th century was not necessarily viewed as a command position. While there are examples of adjutant generals assuming command in the field, as was the case during the Pecan Point Campaign, in general the role of the adjutant general was to act as the military advisor to the governor, conduct inspections and make reports to the commander-in-chief, (the governor) and to the War Department. The governor served as the commander-in-chief and the units were under the day-to-day command of the senior military commander. In the early territorial period, the senior military commander was a brigadier general appointed by the president. After the territorial militia had been divided into multiple brigades, and a division was formed, the senior commanders were major generals. Some adjutant generals during the 19th century did not claim military title, others held the rank of colonel or most usually, brigadier general. This division between the post of adjutant general and brigadier general is confused in certain historical accounts where a brigadier general is referred to as the adjutant general; the brigadier general in fact was in command of the Militia Brigade.
Abner P. Spencer arrived in the Arkansas Territory with Governor Miller in 1820. Spencer had entered the army from New York on April 30, 1813, as a second lieutenant, assigned to the 29th Infantry Regiment. He had been a captain in the War of 1812 and had served in the Niagara campaign along with Governor Miller. Spence served as aide-de-camp to General Jacob Brown during the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. Spencer arrived in Arkansas, along with Governor Miller, by a government boat on Christmas Day, 1819. Spencer was accompanied by his wife and son. Upon reaching Arkansas, it was learned that most of the high ranking posts in the new Territory had been filled, so Governor Miller appointed Spencer Adjutant General of the Territorial Militia. In the early days of the territory, it was common for officials to hold more than one position within the new territory at the same time, so Adjutant General Spencer was also appointed as the sheriff of Phillips County, Arkansas.
General Spencer filed the first known inspection reports of the Arkansas Territorial Militia. The report, dated July 16, 1821, indicates that the adjutant general had inspected three of the five regiments in the territorial militia.
The report states that the expenses for the territorial militia for the period ending October 1, 1821, totaled $2,399.79. No reason is given for the fact that the 2nd and 5th Regiments were not included in this inspection report. Spencer served as adjutant general until he resigned in 1823. On June 10, 1823, Terrance Farrelly was appointed to succeed Spencer as adjutant general.
The first brigadier general
William O. Allen, another veteran of the War of 1812, had secured an appointment as Brigadier General of the Territorial Militia. In the early 19th century the brigadier general had important day-to-day administrative responsibilities similar to those of the modern day adjutant general. President James Monroe accepted the recommendation and nominated Allen for the position. Allen had been elected to the House of Representatives of the Territorial Legislature in November, 1819 and is noted for having asked that the office of adjutant general not be filled until the militia of the territory had been organized into two or more brigades, and for supporting the establishment of the territorial capital at Arkansas Post, rather than Little Rock. On March 10, 1820, while the Senate was in the process of rejecting the nomination of William O. Allen as Brigadier General of the Arkansas Territorial Militia, he was mortally wounded in a duel with Robert C. Oden, a leading Little Rock lawyer.
Brigadier General Allen and Oden had apparently quarreled in a tavern at Arkansas Post over a cane which Brigadier General Allen carried. The quarrel resulted in Allen issuing a challenge to Ogden and the two met to fight a duel on a sandbar on the south bank of the Arkansas River. Allen's shot apparently struck Oden in the waist, wounding but not killing him. Oden's shot struck Allen in the head. Allen died at a friend's home one week later. Oden would be tried and acquitted of "Receiving a Challenge". This duel resulted in a stiffening of the territorial law against dueling. News of Allen's rejection by the senate apparently arrived in Arkansas after he had died. It appears that Brigadier General Allen had run afoul of the Territorial Secretary, Robert Crittenden and this political difference may have resulted in the rejection of Allen's nomination. General Allen is credited with forming the Arkansas Militia into a brigade and with appointing Alexander S. Walker as the commander of the 1st Regiment, Arkansas Militia.
Brigadier General Hogan
Governor Miller secured the appointment of Edmund Hogan as brigadier general, in order to replace Brig. Gen. Allen. Edmund Hogan was a wealthy land owner, judge and Speaker of the House of the territorial legislature whose previous military service included 90 days service in the Missouri Ranger Companies during the War of 1812 and an 1814 appointment as Captain of the 1st Company of the 2nd Battalion of the 7th Missouri Territorial Militia Regiment (Arkansas County). Hogan was probably born in Anson County, North Carolina, in 1780 and grew up in Georgia. Early biographer, Josiah Shinn indicated that Hogan had lived in Pulaski County Georgia, he served as a tax collector, sheriff, state legislator, and a lieutenant colonel in the Georgia militia, however there is reason to question these alleged early accomplishments. The date of his settlement in the Missouri Territory is somewhat unclear, as is the nature of his service during the War of 1812. Many early sources give his arrival in the area that would become Little Rock as about 1814, which seems to correspond with his appointment as a captain in the Territorial Militia of Arkansas County, however it appears that he was at least present in the Missouri Territory, if not the District of Arkansas prior to this appointment. There is evidence that Hogan may have originally settled in the District of Cape Girardeau in what is now southeast Missouri, before moving south to the area that would become Arkansas County. In 1798, Hogan owned a farm in the District of Cape Girardeau, across the Mississippi River, from Thebes, Illinois. In 1803, Edmund Hogan is listed among the heads of households in the Cape Girardeau District of the Louisiana Territory, at the time of the Louisiana Purchase by the United States from France. In 1806, he was appointed as a commissioner to help establish the city of Cape Girardeau. He was appointed as a Justice of the Peace for Cape Girardeau on July 8, 1806. His name appears on a September 9, 1811, petition signed by inhabitants of the Territory of Louisiana, asking that Congress pass a Law to admit the area to the Second grade of Territorial Government, which will entitle them to a delegate in Congress. Some of the names on the petition are annotated as residing in the District of Arkansas, but Hogan's is not. Noted Arkansas Historian Margaret Smith Ross, in a 1956 study of squatters rights in early Pulaski County, Arkansas, concluded that Edmund Hogan was present in Pulaski County as early as 1812.
Whatever the date of his settlement near present day Little Rock, Hogan was one of the first to operate a ferry directly across from la petite roche, or "the little rock," a strategic spot on the Arkansas River. Edmund Hogan was the first justice of the peace appointed by the authorities of the Territory of Missouri in Pulaski County upon the formation of the county in 1818. Arkansas County in the third Territorial General Assembly of Missouri in 1816 and 1818 and he served as the Speaker of the House of the Territorial legislature in 1818. On December 18, 1818, Fedrick Bates, Secretary and Acting Governor of Missouri appointed Hogan as Justice of the Peace for several townships in the newly created Pulaski County. In 1821, he was elected as a representative to the Arkansas Legislature from Pulaski County and served until his death in 1828.
By 1820, Hogan had sold the ferry and established his home in Crystal Hill, in Pulaski County. He brought with him several slaves and a large amount of money. He was reputed in the earlier days of the territory to be one of its richest men, but due to numerous lawsuits arising from land transactions, he lost a large amount of his wealth. His residence at Crystal Hill was described as "the center of fashion and intelligence" of Pulaski County. Naturalist Thomas Nuttall visited Hogan on trips through Arkansas Territory in 1819 and 1820 and wrote of Hogan's place as the "settlement of Little Rock." Governor Miller to make Crystal Hill his personal residence and urged that it become the location for the capital of the State.
President Monroe appointed Hogan as the brigadier general of the Arkansas militia on March 24, 1821. General Hogan apparently took great interest in his military position, and in conjunction with Governor Miller tried to improve the readiness of the militia of the Territory. He was most successful in towns like Arkansas Post and Little Rock. He is said to have made a fine appearance in his "regimentals", as did the subordinate officers. During General Hogan's time in office, there were many veterans of the War of 1812 in the territory. The territory contained several men who had risen to the rank of colonel in that war, and hundreds who had been majors, captains or lieutenants. They have been described author Josiah Shinn as "the Western type, free and easy in their manners, very outspoken in their conversation and therefore very hard to control. They were not bad men, but men of independence of character and very tenacious of their opinions."
In addition to an aggressive military reputation, Hogan was also aggressive in business. Hogan had been involved in the rampant land speculation that accompanied the movement of the territorial capital from Arkansas Post to Little Rock. This land speculation led to Hogan's involvement in numerous lawsuits. The result of one of these lawsuits may have led to Acting Governor Crittenden writing to Secretary of War Calhoun on January 30, 1823, regarding the procedures for ordering the arrest of Brigadier General Hogan. Secretary Calhoun responded to Acting Governor Crittenden in a letter dated February 18, 1823, in which he stated that the governor, as the commander-in-chief of the militia, had the authority to arrest any officer of the militia and to order a court martial. The only caveat was that the court martial of a general officer would have to be reviewed and approved by the Secretary of War.
General Edmund Hogan was also a veteran of several heated political campaigns for seats in the council of the Territorial Legislature. Hogan represented Arkansas in the Territorial General Assembly of Missouri in 1816 and 1818, when Arkansas was part of the Missouri Territory. In the election of 1827, there were three candidates, Colonel Walker, General Hogan and Judge Scott. The election was apparently very heated. After the election was over, tensions appeared to calm and everything appeared quiet. On May 31, 1828, a public hanging occurred in Little Rock, which drew spectators from far and near. When the hanging was over Judge Scott made his way to the store of McLane & Badgett on the west side of Main street. He was discussing the circumstances of the hanging, when General Hogan entered the store. General Hogan was a man weighing nearly three hundred pounds, and stood over six feet tall. Judge Scott was a small man, not weighing more than one hundred and thirty pounds. The conversation went on, with both Scott and Hogan taking part, neither showing any animosity to the other. The conversation soon diverged from the hanging to politics, and before the men knew it they were discussing the old Walker and Hogan political race. This seemed to revive in the mind of General Hogan something that occurred in the triangular race between himself, Walker and Scott. He turned to Scott and accused him of writing a letter which was derogatory to Hogan. Scott at once informed the general that he had been misinformed. Hogan reiterated the statement and said that he believed that it was true. Scott denied it again, and apparently accused Hogan of lying. Both men were standing up and as soon as Scott made the last remark, Hogan struck him, knocking him to the floor. Scott remained on the floor for a moment, apparently knocked senseless. As Scott revived, he struggled to his feet, and Hogan prepared to strike another blow. As Scott arose he unsheathed a dirk from a sword cane which he carried and plunged the dirk several times into the body of General Hogan. Hogan fell and expired within an hour. Judge Scott was arrested by his brother, United States Marshal George Scott, and taken before an officer for trial. The facts as stated above were there proven, and the court held Hogan to have been the aggressor and released Judge Scott.
According to Goodspeed's Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Central Arkansas, Hogan's original burial site was on the ground overlooking the Arkansas River where the Old State House now stands. Goodspeed's reported that when an excavation was made in 1885 for improvements to the Old State House, three or four graves were found, containing the remains of Gen. Hogan, his wife Frances, and possibly their children Nancy and James. The bones were then said to have been disinterred and placed in the cornerstone of the new addition. Brigadier Hogan served as brigadier general until he resigned in a letter dated October 14, 1823.
William Bradford was appointed by President James Monroe to serve as the Brigadier General of the Arkansas Militia following Brigadier General Hogan's resignation.
Terrance Farrelly
Terrence Farrelly was born in County Tyrone, Ireland, about 1795, but was brought to Meadville, Pennsylvania, by his parents about the year 1800. He arrived at Arkansas Post in November, 1819, and rented a store from General William O. Allen, where he carried on business until the latter part of 1820. Terrence had not been at his new home long before he became acquainted with the rich young widow, Mrs. Mary Mosely. Mrs. Mosely was described as the richest widow in the territory. He was adjutant-general of the Arkansas militia under Generals W. O. Allen, Edmund Hogan and William Bradford. More than that, famed 19th century Arkansas historian Josiah Hazen Shinn described Adjutant General Farrelly thus:
Election of militia officers
The dueling deaths of Brigadier Generals Allen and Hogan demonstrate the difficulty Governor Miller had in recruiting a good officer corps. Mr. Shinn wrote that the Territorial Militia officers were often "of the Western type, free and easy in their manners, very outspoken in their conversation and therefore very hard to control". Indeed, Shinn concludes, the militia was composed of "combustible elements". The method of selecting militia officers contributed to their poor quality. By both law and custom company-level officers, and some at higher levels, were elected by the enlisted men. This frequently resulted in two bad side-effects: (1) popularity, rather than intelligence or ability, became the basis upon which officers were elected; and (2) the militia became deeply immersed in politics. Actually, the militia had long been a stepping stone to political office: George Washington himself had been a Virginia militiaman. Even the backwoodsman Davey Crockett commented on the political nature of the frontier militia when called upon to give his formula for political success: "Intrigue until you are elected an officer of the militia; this is the second step toward promotion, and can be accomplished with ease".
First regimental commanders
The Militia Act of 1792 had specified the officers which were allotted to the state militias as:
The first regimental commanders after Arkansas became a separate territory were:
Governor George Izard 1824–1828
When newly appointed governor George Izard arrived in Arkansas on May 31, 1825, he found that his predecessor had been unsuccessful in doing more than a bare minimum of militia organization. He found that the senior leadership of the Arkansas Militia were occupied with other duties. Holding multiple offices had been a common practice under Governor Miller. William Bradford, the Brigadier General of the Arkansas Militia, was living at Fort Towson and serving as the sutler to the 7th Infantry Regiment. Terrance Farrelly, who had been appointed as adjutant general in 1823, was living in Arkansas County and serving as the Sheriff of that county. Izard was the ideal man to bring professional military standards to the rough and tumble Arkansas militia. On June 10, 1825, Izard issued a stern general order to all commanding officers telling them to report immediately to either Brigadier General William Bradford at Fort Towsen or to the Adjutant General's office in Little Rock. "The organization of the Territorial Militia will engage the full attention of the Commander-in-Chief" Izard wrote, "and will be proceeded on without delay." In a direct warning to recalcitrant officers, Izard promised that "the laws for the government of the Militia, will be rigidly enforced..." Izard's interest in the militia attracted widespread attention and support in the state. However, some Arkansans evidently believed that Izard was fighting a losing battle. The editor of the Arkansas Gazette endorsed Izard's efforts by urging "the ready and hearty cooperation of every class of our citizens ..." But the writer also expressed the belief that the new governor "will find it an arduous task to perform..." Terrance Farrelly reacted to Izard's efforts by resigning the office of adjutant general in a letter dated June 18, 1825.
Code duello and early militia officers
Governor Izard appointed Benjamin Desha to succeed Farrelly as adjutant general. Desha was a veteran of the War of 1812 and a close political ally of powerful Territorial Secretary Robert C. Crittenden. To assist in organizing the forces, Izard appointed two aides, Lieutenants Colonel Henry W. Conway and Ambrose H. Sevier, two of the most powerful political leaders in the Territory. Benjamin Desha held the office of adjutant general from 1826 to 1828 before resigning in a scandal following a duel between Robert Crittenden and Colonel/Representative Henry Conway. Crittenden and Conway had argued over a political contest between Colonel Conway and Colonel Robert C. Ogden. Crittenden mortally wounded Conway in the duel which occurred October 29, 1827, on an island in the Mississippi River, opposite the mouth of the White river. Governor Izard next appointed Wharton Rector, Jr. to serve as the adjutant general. Ironically, Rector had served as the "Second" to Henry Conway in his ill fated duel with Crittenden.
Arming the Territorial Militia
Izard found that the state militia had few arms, and he immediately wrote to the War Department for weapons and ammunition to supplement "some boxes of both deposited in a Merchant's Warehouse" in Little Rock. The Secretary of War refused Izard's request since he had not received "returns" of the militia strength in the Territory. The failure to file complete records with the War Department was a common problem throughout the nation, and Federal legislation had been adopted to prohibit a state or territory from receiving its quota of armaments until all records had been provided. The Arkansas quota had been held up as early as 1821. By 1825, Governor Izard reported that the state armaments still amounted to only 400 muskets, 40 pistols, 200 "cavalry sabers", twelve drums, twelve fifes, 4000 flints, 40,000 musket ball cartridges, and three "wall tents".
First militia regulations published
Izard worked to whip the militia into shape. He and Brigadier General Bradford pleaded with local commanders to take their responsibilities seriously. Noting that Arkansas lay directly in the path to be used in the removal of the Eastern Indians, the governor spoke frequently of the need "to place the Militia in a condition to afford immediate protection to our settlements, should any disorder attend the passage of those people." Governor Izard's agitation slowly began to get results. In 1825 the legislature authorized the printing of the militia laws of the territory, with a copy of each to go to every officer in the militia. Izard issued three militia reorganization plans in his three years as governor. He worked to regularize musters, established a regimental organization, and tried to improve the officer corps by forcing the resignation of officers who failed to attend musters, left the territory for more than three months, or who failed to send their strength reports. Finally, in November 1827, a bill passed providing for the first complete overhauling of the militia. The act organized the forces into two separate brigades, provided that battalions were to muster annually and companies were to assemble twice yearly, and established an administrative framework to oversee the organization. Izard's periodic reorganization orders, combined with legislation, resulted in the formation of a much more effective militia system for Arkansas Territory.
General John Nicks
General Bradford had continued in service as both the sutler to the 7th Infantry Regiment at Fort Townsen and the Brigadier General of the Militia Brigade of the Territory of Arkansas until his death at Fort Townsen on October 20, 1826. The president nominated former Lieutenant Colonel John Nicks to become the next Brigadier General of the Arkansas Militia. Like his predecessor, General Nicks served as the post sutler to Fort Gibson until his own death at that location on December 31, 1831.
John Nicks was born in North Carolina during the Revolution and entered the United States Army as a captain in the Third Infantry July 1, 1808. He served with distinction through the War of 1812 and was commissioned a major of the Seventh Infantry October 9, 1813. He was honorably discharged from the army on June 15, 1815, and on December 2 following was reinstated as a captain in the Eighth Infantry with the brevet of major. On June 1, 1816, he was promoted to his majority and transferred to the Seventh Infantry. In 1818 he was in charge of the recruiting station at Philadelphia securing recruits for the Seminole War in Florida. During that war he was actively engaged in assembling and furnishing rations and equipment to the soldiers in Florida and commanded troops in Florida and Georgia. He was later in command of the Seventh Military Department with headquarters at Fort Scott, Georgia.
On June 1, 1819, Nicks was commissioned lieutenant colonel and exactly two years later, after thirteen years of service in the army, he received his honorable discharge. On September 28, 1821, he was appointed sutler to the Seventh Regiment then at Fort Jesup, Louisiana, and accompanied that part of his old regiment under Colonel Arbuckle that went to Fort Smith by water and reached there early in the year 1822. After Lieutenant Colonel Nicks took up his residence at Fort Smith he was elected to the Third Territorial Legislature of Arkansas and represented Crawford County in the House of Representatives from October 1823, and was re-elected to the Fourth Legislature serving from October 3, to November 3, 1825.
Upon the establishment of Fort Gibson in April 1824, Colonel Nicks moved with the Seventh Infantry as sutler at the new post. Colonel Nicks led a busy life at Fort Gibson in discharging the duties of sutler and representing eastern
Oklahoma in the Arkansas Legislature. After the death at Fort Towson October 20, 1826, of Major William Bradford who was serving there as sutler and was also brigadier-general of the militia of Arkansas, President John Quincy Adams appointed Nicks (March 27, 1827) as brigadier-general to fill the vacancy. General Nicks was appointed postmaster at Fort Gibson February 21, 1827, a station he held to the time of his death. General Nicks became ill at Fort Gibson with pneumonia and after ten days he died on December 31, 1831. His funeral was held the next day at which the Protestant Episcopal service was read, after which he was interred with the full military honors due his rank and service.
Militia divided into two brigades
The Militia Act of 1792 had specified how the state militia units were to be organized:
On November 21, 1829, the Arkansas Territorial Legislature passed an act dividing the Arkansas Territorial Militia into two brigades. In April 1830, the United States Congress authorized the Arkansas Territory a second brigadier general to command the second brigade of Arkansas Territorial Militia.
On April 23, 1830, President Andrew Jackson nominated George Hill to command the 1st Brigade of Arkansas Militia and William Montgomery to command the 2nd Brigade of Arkansas Militia. Brig. Gen. William Montgomery's appointment was to replace Brigadier General Nicks.
Brigadier General Nicks office as Brigadier General of the 2nd Brigade had been vacated as a result of his residence being outside the boundaries of the Territory of Arkansas due to the establishment of the western boundary of Arkansas Territory in 1828. The county militia regiments were assigned to brigades in the following fashion:
Conflict with Native Americans
When Arkansas became a territory in 1819 there were several thousand Indians living in the area. Early Arkansas settlers perceived these Indians as dangerous savages. Most of the tribes, the Quapaw, Caddo, and Cherokee, were in actuality quiet and peaceful. Problems also ensued along the Territorial boundary with the Indian nation, with whites and Indians each wandering across the ill defined border. The first recorded clash between the Territorial Militia and Native Americans apparently occurred in 1820. Captain George Gray, Indian Agent for the Cherokee Nation at Sulphur Fork, wrote to Secretary of War John C. Calhoun regarding a claim by the Cherokee Nation that they had been driven from a village along the Red River by two companies of the Arkansas Militia. No records exist indicating whether this action was directed by the territorial governor or was done under the control of local authorities. Calhoun responded to the claim and stated that he lacked sufficient evidence to approve the Cherokee claim for damages resulting from the loss of their villages but pointed out that he could not protect Cherokees if they established villages in areas assigned to whites by treaty.
The Pecan Point Campaign
The Osage tribe, who ranged over much of northwest Arkansas, were a fierce and warlike plains tribe. Mounted on their ponies, the Osage frequently attacked villages of neighboring Indian tribes. Occasionally white settlers would fall victim to the Osage. In March 1820 Reuben Easton, a practically illiterate Arkansas settler, wrote to the War Department complaining of the Osage menace: "There has been a number of murders committed on this river by the Osage indians and a vast number of Robbearys for which the people heir has never Received any Satisfaction..." The Cherokee, who were given a reservation on lands claimed by the Osage, were a more constant target of their warlike neighbors.
Governor George Izard, who succeeded Miller in 1825, attempted to deal calmly with the Indians. But he was still an old military man, and when trouble between Indians and whites broke out in Miller County in 1828, Izard sent his adjutant general, Wharton Rector, to investigate. Forty-four Pecan Point citizens petitioned Governor Izard on March 20, 1828, asking for protection from hostile Indians. The petition stated that Shawnee and Delaware Indians near the little Miller County settlement of Pecan Point were "pilfering farm houses and Corn-cribs [,] killing Hogs, Driving their Stocks and Horses and Cattle among us ..." If the Indians were not removed, the settlers protested, there was "no prospect but of being to abandon our homes and fields." Major John Goodloe Warren Pierson, commander of the Miller County militia, asked the governor for permission to call out his company to move against the Indians. The governor, instead, sent Adjutant General Rector to investigate and if necessary "to remove immediately [the Indians], and should they disobey or resist your authority you will call out such a party of the militia as you may consider adequate to compel obedience".
When Rector reached Pecan Point he found the settlers greatly agitated. The Indians were reported to be stealing and killing livestock and threatening war. Rector immediately ordered the Indians to leave the area, but the Shawnees refused. Calling out sixty-three militiamen under Major Pierson, Rector marched on the main Shawnee village. Just when a battle seemed imminent, the major Shawnee chief announced he would move. The entire Pecan Point foray, about a week in duration, cost the Arkansas militia a total of $503. Governor Izard, in requisitioning reimbursement from the Secretary of War, detailed costs as follows: Adjutant general's salary (for a full month) and expenses, $231; pay for one major for four days, $12; pay for five company officers for three days, $30, pay for 56 privates for three days, $168, rations for all men were a total of $24.
While there were no real battles between the Indians and the Arkansas Territorial militia, the militia did send units on several different occasions to perform patrol duty along the state's western border.
Social status
One of the primary roles performed by the militia during the territorial period was social. The prominent military historian, Russell F. Weigley has gone so far as to write that "...the volunteer [militia] companies were at least as much a social as a military phenomenon." Residents of Territorial Arkansas spent much of their lives in virtual isolation. Farms were scattered over a huge expanse; roads were few and far between, and towns were small in both number and size. In essence, people were lonely and militia service gave them an opportunity to do something out of the ordinary. Early Arkansans, especially the elite, also had a great affection for military titles. "Colonel" Robert Crittenden was a mere ensign during his military career, and "General" John Harrington had not served in the regular Army at all! John Harrington used the title "Major" which was given to him in the Georgia Militia when he was appointed on 26 Sep 1792 to replace Major Middleton Woods. (Georgia Governors' Journals 1789–1798, Franklin County Page 86). The militia gave status-conscious early Arkansans an easy opportunity to win a military title at very little expense in effort.
The death on December 30, 1828, of a French veteran of the American Revolution, Monsier Le Noir De Servhae serves as a good example of the pageantry of the territorial militia:
Governor John Pope, 1829–1835
President Andrew Jackson appointed John Pope to become the third Governor of the Arkansas Territory on March 9, 1829. Pope was a Kentuckian who, due to the loss of an arm as a youth had no prior military experience. On 12 June 1833, Governor Pope appointed William Field to serve as adjutant general.
Tensions with Mexico
Next to the Indians, the Arkansans were most fearful of their Mexican neighbors in Texas. Much of this trouble was caused by an ill-defined boundary between Arkansas and Texas. The International Boundary between the Arkansas Territory of the United States and the Mexican state of Coahuila and Texas had been defined in the treaty of 1819 between the United States and Spain, but remained unsurveyed in 1827. Because the location of the border was uncertain, the ownership of a considerable area southwest of Red River was in question. Arkansas Territory had, since 1820, exercised jurisdiction over the settlements immediately south of the river, holding them to be a part of Miller County. In 1827 the easternmost portion of the disputed area, approximating the present corner of Arkansas southwest of the river, was assigned by the territorial legislature to the new county of Lafayette. In 1828 Miller County north of the river was abolished and a new Miller County constituted south of the river in what is now northeastern Texas. Miller County, as defined by the Arkansas territorial legislature in 1831, comprised all the present northeastern Texas counties of Bowie, Red River, Lamar, Fannin, and Delta plus parts of eight counties south and west of these.
The Mexicans, naturally, were fearful of the ever-encroaching Americans, and on several occasions feelings ran high between the suspicious neighbors. In 1828, for example, when the Miller County militia was called out to remove the Shawnees from Pecan Point, Mexican officials reminded the Arkansans that the area was claimed by Mexico. Arkansas Adjutant General Rector warned the Mexicans not to interfere. Rector threatened to hang the Mexicans officials "on a tree by the neck like a dog." Two years later the Mexicans rubbed salt in the wounded pride of the Arkansans by threatening to move Mexicans settlers into the disputed Miller County area.
On February 20, 1830, Colonel John Clark, Commandant of the Counties of Miller and Sevier Militia, wrote to Acting Governor William S. Fulton regarding the situation on the south western frontier of the territory.
Colonel Clark also shared his concerns with Colonel Arbuckle of the 7th U.S. infantry in Indian Territory who recommended to Governor Fulton that he employ spys to watch the frontier and to hold the militia of the frontier in readiness.
On April 19, 1830, Acting Territorial Governor Fulton wrote to the Secretary of War to report that he had authorized Colonel John Clark:
Governor Pope reported to President Jackson on October 4, 1830, that "20 or 30 of our people" had taken the oath of allegiance to Mexico, "& received certificates of right to land with the territory here fore occupied by this government------" He also reported that the Mexicans had dispatched a small force to establish a fort on Red River and to prevent American from entering Texas. As a precautionary measure Pope had ordered regimental musters of the territorial militia "& warned our citizens ... against taking title or protection" from the Mexican government. The Arkansas Gazette reported October 13, 1830, that Pope had recently made a two weeks excursion to the southern countries and reviewed the militia "at some of the Regimental Musters." Governor Pope thought that the Mexicans were "pressing their claim beyond the line intended & contemplated by the negotiators of old Spain & the United States---"
The Gazette stated on November 3, 1830, that certain Mexican officials had commenced surveying Mexican claims in the disputed border area on October 11 and that they intended to continue until stopped by force of arms. On November 1, 1830, Brigadier General George Hill, commandant of the 3rd Brigade of Arkansas Territorial Militia, reported to Pope that Curtiss Morriss, a citizen of Lost Prairie, had informed him that Mexican surveyor's were surveying the tracts granted to persons who had taken the oath of allegiance to Mexico, and that the Mexican claimants had threatened to dispossess loyal Arkansas citizens who refused to take the oath and whose land lay within the tracts of persons who had taken the oath. These loyal territorial citizens claimed the protection of the United States.
Governor Pope immediately forwarded General Hill's communication to the President. President Andrew Jackson formally protested Mexican actions in the disputed area and was successful in getting Mexican Government authorities to stop actions in the disputed area until the boundary could be settled. The border area enjoyed a brief period of quite until just before the Texas War of Independence.
A Militia Muster
A muster of the militia during the 1820s or 30s was often an impressive occasion. In more populous areas of the eastern states the local militia company sometimes drilled as often as once a month. But where travel was difficult, as in most of early Arkansas, musters usually took place once or twice a year. The legislature of 1827 specified that battalion drills were to be held annually in October, and company drills were to be held at least twice a year, the first Saturday in April and October. Through the years the date of July 4 evolved as an important mustering time in Arkansas. That was a convenient date to drill since the crops were generally planted by that time, and besides, everyone wanted to have an excuse for a get-together on Independence Day. The muster might begin with the firing of a volley, as was the case in 1837 when Captain Albert Pike's artillery company put on quite a show for the residents of Arkansas' capital city. It is difficult to reconstruct the precise manner in which muster training was carried out for few sources exist on the subject. However, it is likely that training was informal, with a good deal of marching and some practice in the manual of arms. Target shooting frequently was included in the day's activities. It is also likely that the muster ended with a large dinner or party, including a liberal mount of whiskey drinking. Sometimes the heavy whiskey drinking began before the muster actually got under way.
In 1830, the Pulaski County regiment was ordered into a special muster for the purpose of being inspected by the governor. The regimental commander was a German immigrant by the name of Christian Brumbach. Brumbach, though conscientious, was given to ostentatious military display. His uniform was augmented with heavy gold lace and gilt bullet buttons topped off with a cocked hat and large plume. As the men formed for inspection, the commander discovered some were armed with hickory sticks while others shouldered umbrellas. As the governor's party passed in review, a thunderstorm erupted and, much to Commander Brumbach's dismay, many of the militiamen scurried for cover. Those armed with umbrellas remained in formation. The furious Brumbach, his plume drooping in the rain, ordered a court martial to try the runaways. They were each fined five dollars, and soon thereafter Christian Brumbach resigned his command and left Arkansas.
Militia re-organized into six brigades
On November 16, 1833, Governor Pope signed a bill from the Territorial Legislature which divided the territorial militia into six brigades and formed them into a new division. Each new brigade was authorized a brigadier general to command. The new brigadiers were required to renumber the regiments within their respective brigades and report this number to the major general commanding the division. On December 18, 1835, President Andrew Jackson nominated Stephen V. R. Ryan to command the 2nd Brigade of the Arkansas Militia.
The existing county regiments were divided into their new brigades as follows:
Governor William S. Fulton, 1835–1836
William S. Fulton was appointed by President Andrew Jackson to become the fourth and final territorial governor of Arkansas on March 9, 1835. He served until he was replaced by the first elected governor of the new state of Arkansas in 1836.
Renewed tensions with Mexico
Troubles along the border with Mexico flared again during the Texas War of Independence Brigadier General George Hill was informed on May 4, 1836, that information had been received indicating that Mexican emissaries were trying to incite the Indian Nations to attack in retaliation for United States support of Texas War of Independence. Governor Futon directed Brigadier General Hill to place organize his brigade and place it in readiness to take the field at once. On June 28, 1836, General Edmund P. Gains (U.S. Army) called upon Governor Fulton one regiment for the defense of the western frontier. Twelve companies would eventually answer this call.
Still, as with the Indians, there was no open military conflict between the Arkansas Territorial militia and the Mexican Government before the Arkansas Territory achieved statehood on June 15, 1836.
References
Sources
External links
AR National Guard
AR Air National Guard
AR Army National Guard
The Arkansas National Guard Museum
Bibliography of Arkansas Army National Guard History compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
1819 establishments in Arkansas Territory
Arkansas National Guard
Arkansas Territory
Military units and formations in Arkansas
Military units and formations established in 1819
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far
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Far
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Far or FAR may refer to:
Agriculture
far, spelt, Triticum spelta – One of the first varieties of domesticated wheat, used for Ancient Roman religious ceremonies related to Tellus Mater and Ceres.
Government
Federal Acquisition Regulation, US
Federal Aviation Regulations, US
Florida Administrative Register, US
Military and paramilitary
Rebel Armed Forces (Spanish: ), a defunct guerilla organization in Guatemala
Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces (Spanish: )
Royal Moroccan Armed Forces (French: )
Rwandan Armed Forces (French: )
Revolutionary Anarchist Front (Spanish: )
Music
Far (band), California, US
Far (album), by Regina Spektor
Far, an EP by Tina Dico
"Far", a song by George Hrab
"Far", a song by Longpigs
"Far", a song by Gunna from the album Wunna
F.A.R. (album), by Japanese singer-songwriter Marie Ueda
"Far", by C418 from Minecraft - Volume Beta, 2013
Places
Far`, a village in Saudi Arabia
Far, Iran, a village in Markazi Province
Far, West Virginia, US
Far Mountain, a mountain in British Columbia, Canada
Fargo (Amtrak station), North Dakota, US, station code
Hector International Airport, in Fargo, North Dakota, US, IATA code and FAA LID
Science, technology, and medicine
Far Manager, a file manager for Microsoft Windows
IPCC First Assessment Report, 1990
Fuel–air ratio
Other uses
FAR: Lone Sails, a 2018 video game
Far Breton, a custard-based dessert
By Far, a Bulgarian fashion company
FAR Rabat, a Moroccan football club
FAR (Tracteurs FAR), a former French truck manufacturer
Fataleka language, ISO 639-3 code
Floor area ratio in real estate
Fund for Armenian Relief
Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi, Nigerian actress
See also
Fars (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan%20al-Rammah
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Hasan al-Rammah
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Hasan al-Rammah () (died 1295) was a Syrian Arab chemist and engineer during the Mamluk Sultanate who studied gunpowders and explosives, and sketched prototype instruments of warfare, including the first torpedo. Al-Rammah called his early torpedo "an egg which moves itself and burns." It was made of two sheet-pans of metal fastened together and filled with naptha, metal filings, and saltpeter. It was intended to move across the surface of the water, propelled by a large rocket and kept on course by a small rudder.
Al-Rammah devised several new types of gunpowder, and he invented a new type of fuse and two types of lighters.
References
Syrian engineers
1295 deaths
Date of birth unknown
Year of birth unknown
Medieval chemists
13th-century engineers
Medieval Arab engineers
Inventors of the medieval Islamic world
Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world
13th-century Arabs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Estrada
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Jonathan Estrada
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Jonathan Estrada may refer to:
Jonathan Estrada (footballer, born 1983), Colombian football midfielder
Jonathan Estrada (footballer, born 1998), Mexican football goalkeeper
Jonathan Estrada (soccer) (born 2000), American college soccer forward
See also
John Estrada (born 1973), Filipino film and TV actor
John L. Estrada (born 1955), U.S. Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago and 15th Sergeant Major of the U.S. Marine Corps
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological%20Research%20Online
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Sociological Research Online
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Sociological Research Online is a sociological journal, published quarterly (March, June, September, December) since March 1996. It is an online-only, peer reviewed journal. It was originally published by a consortium of the British Sociological Association, SAGE Publications, the University of Surrey and the University of Stirling. In 2017, the University of Surrey and the University of Stirling stepped down and SAGE began publishing the journal on behalf of the British Sociological Association.
The journal is currently edited by Professor Kahryn Hughes (University of Leeds, UK), Dr Anna Tarrant (University of Lincoln, UK), Dr Angharad Beckett (University of Leeds, UK), Dr Greg Hollin (University of Leeds, UK), Professor Jason Hughes (University of Leicester, UK), Dr Katy Wright (University of Leeds, UK), and Professor Lucie Middlemiss (University of Leeds, UK).
Abstracting, indexing and impact factor
The journal is indexed by ISI, EBSCO, SCOPUS and others. As of 2020, the journal had an impact factor of 2.417, ranking 56 out of 149 in Sociology.
Access
The journal is available without charge to individuals who do not have access to institutional networks.
References
Sociology journals
Quarterly journals
Publications established in 1996
Online-only journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20defense%20by%20country
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Civil defense by country
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Many countries around the world have civil defense organizations dedicated to protecting civilians from military attacks and providing rescue services after widespread disasters. In most countries, civil defense is a government-managed and often volunteer-staffed organization.
Towards the end of the Cold War, a number of civil defense organizations have been disbanded or mothballed (as in the case of the Royal Observer Corps in the United Kingdom and the United States civil defense), while others have changed their focuses into providing rescue services after natural disasters (as for the State Emergency Service in Australia).
Africa
Egypt
The Egyptian General Administration of Civil Defense is a department of Ministry of Interior (Egypt), founded in 1875. Its main task is to respond and to protect civilians and animals in case of emergency or natural disasters."
Algeria
Nigeria
The Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps "is a para-military agency of the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria that is commissioned in 2003, to provide measures against threat and any form of attack or disaster against the nation and its citizenry."
Americas
Brazil
States and some cities have their own civil defense measures, overseen by the Ministry of Regional Development.
Canada
Canada's civil defense measures evolved over time. As with many other matters in Canada, responsibility is shared between the federal and provincial government. The first post-WWII civil defence co-ordinator was appointed in October 1948 "to supervise the work of federal, provincial and municipal authorities in planning for public air-raid shelters, emergency food and medical supplies, and the evacuation of likely target areas".
In 1959, the Government of Canada, under John Diefenbaker handed authority for civilian defense to the Emergency Measures Organisation (EMO). Large fallout shelters, known as "Diefenbunkers" were built at rural locations outside major cities across Canada at the height of the Cold War during the infancy of the ICBM threat.
The EMO then became Emergency Planning Canada in 1974, then Emergency Preparedness Canada in 1986. In February 2001, the Government replaced Emergency Preparedness with the Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Preparedness (OCIPEP), responsible for civilian emergency planning in both peace and war.
Among the "Core Missions" of the Canada First Defence Strategy (under the Canadian Department of National Defence) are to respond to terrorist attacks and other crises such as natural disasters. According to the Emergency Management Act, the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness is responsible for exercising leadership relating to emergency management in Canada by coordinating, among government institutions and in cooperation with the provinces and other entities, emergency management activities.
Caribbean
Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, the British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands, are members of the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency, which organizes relief efforts after widespread disasters. Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines are also members of the Regional Security System, which may also provide assistance during national emergencies.
Panama
The Panama Civil Defense Seismic Network has the capability of informing and warning citizens of hazardous conditions such as earthquakes, volcanoes, or tsunami.
United States
The Office of Civilian Defense was set up May 20, 1941, by Executive Order 8757, to co-ordinate state and federal measures for protection of civilians in case of war emergency. The Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) was organized on December 1, 1950, and distributed civil defense information until it was merged with FEMA in 1979. Between 1979 and 2001, the duties of Civil Defense were served by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). FEMA was absorbed into the Department of Homeland Security in 2003.
Asia
China
China continues to construct large public emergency shelters. Not less than three large (maximum capacity of around 8000) shelters are to be completed in the Shanghai area by 2012, with more planned. The ironic completion date of late 2012 has been dismissed as coincidence, with the true intent claimed to be a response to the 2008 Sichuan earthquakes, "as a precaution against possible natural disasters."
Indonesia
Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana or loosely translated into English as Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management is the government agency that has the authority of managing disaster in the national scale.
Israel
The Israeli Home Front Command was created in February 1992 to cope with the variety of military and terrorist threats to the centers of civilian population in Israel.
Lebanon
The Directorate General for the Lebanese Civil Defense works alongside the Lebanese Red Cross and is administered by the Ministry of Interior and Municipalities (Lebanon). It provides search and rescue, fire-fighting and pre-hospital services.
Malaysia
The Malaysia Civil Defence Force is mainly in charge of disaster relief efforts. A separate department the Malaysian Fire and Rescue Department is in charge of the fire and rescue services in Malaysia.
Mongolia
The paramilitary National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) was established by the State Great Khural in June 2003. It was established with the duty to conduct nationwide post-disaster activities. All 21 Aimags as well as the capital of Ulaanbaatar have a NEMA division and department. Similarly to the Post-Soviet Ministry of Emergency Situations, it broadly develops environmental legislation and implements activities on disaster prevention and search and rescue work.
Pakistan
The Directorate General of Civil Defence provides civil defence services in Pakistan.
Philippines
The Office of Civil Defense began as the National Civil Defense Administration, established on August 18, 1954 through the Civil Defense Act of 1954. The Department of National Defense exercises executive supervision over the Office of Civil Defense.
On September 27, 2010 the 'Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010' was passed to strengthen the country's disaster risk reduction and management system in response to Typhoon Ondoy.
Singapore
The Singapore Civil Defense Force (SCDF) was established by the Civil Defense Act of 1986 as an independent organization under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The SCDF and the Singapore Fire Service were formally merged in 1989.
South Korea
On December 15, 2010, Seoul held its largest civil defense drill in since 1975, in response to the Bombardment of Yeonpyeong.
Sri Lanka
The Sri Lanka Department of Civil Security is a paramilitary force which is tasked as an auxiliary to the Sri Lanka Police. It evolved from the "Home Guards" created in response to attacks by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.
Syria
The Syrian Civil Defence Forces, also known as Self-Protection Squads, is a civil defence organisation that operates in Syria. It is also known as The People's Army. Directors-General of the organisation have included Brigadier General Abdel-Chani Jamal. The forces are divided into units or squads.
Taiwan
There are more than 117,000 air raid shelters in Taiwan, some dating back to the Japanese colonial period. Many more obsolete shelters as well as military bunkers have been repurposed as commercial, artistic, or public buildings.
Turkmenistan
The General Directorate of Civil Defense and Rescue () is part of the Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistan. It is the civil defense agency of Turkmenistan that is similar organizationally to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. It conducts exercises in the territories of industrial enterprises with non-militarized rescue workers, developing tactics in the event of various natural disasters and/or rescue operations. The directorate opened the Center for Emergency Management in January 2011.
UAE
Dubai has the Dubai Civil Defence organization.
Europe
Albania
Civil Protection in Albania is coordinated by Drejtoria e Përgjithshme e Emergjencave Civile (General Directorate of Civil Emergencies), a department within the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Albania. Established in 2001, this Directorate deals with preparedness and response to natural and man-made disasters.
Belgium
The Belgian Civil Protection is coordinated by the Federal Public Service Interior (the former Ministry of the Interior) and operates as a specialized second-line service. It is not a first-response service like the fire departments, but is only called upon when specialized assistance is needed. Its main tasks revolve around CBRN incidents, search and rescue operations and heavy technical assistance. As of 2016, the Belgian Civil Protection employs about 1,100 people, of which 450 professionals and 650 volunteers.
Cyprus
The Cyprus Civil Defense Force was established in 1964 in response to the Turkish bombings of Tilliria in order to protect the civilian population and to help it recover from the immediate effects of hostilities or disasters.
Denmark
The Danish Emergency Management Agency is a governmental agency under the Ministry of Defence chiefly tasked with preparing for and responding to natural disasters and national emergencies in Denmark. The DEMA is also capable of deploying abroad on request from other states. It evolved from the wartime Civilforsvarsstyrelsen (Civil Defense Agency), and the general public still often refer to it as the Civil Defense.
Finland
Civil defense in Finland is a civilian effort, coordinated by the Ministry of Interior through the Civil Defense Act of 1958, to provide shelters in high-risk areas, evacuate civilian populations from threatened areas, and limit damage from natural disasters.
France
The Direction de la Défense de la Sécurité Civile (Department of Civil Defense and Emergency Preparedness) is the civil defence agency of the French Government, which includes the Sous-Direction des Sapeur-pompiers and the Sous-Direction des opérations de Secours et de la coopération civilo-militaire (Rescue operation and civil-military cooperation branch).
Germany
The German Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW Technisches Hilfswerk) is an organization of voluntary experts as an authority in the department of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, founded in 1950.
East Germany
Greece
In 1995, the Civil defense was institutionally established with the establishment of the General Secretariat for Civil Protection at the Ministry of the Interior.
Ireland
Civil Defence Ireland, established in 1950 in response to the threat of nuclear disaster following "The Emergency", is operated at local authority level in conjunction with the Department of Defence.
Isle of Man
Established in 1949, the IOMCDC is an emergency service of the Isle of Man Government, with a wide brief for emergency response, civilian evacuation, flood control, disaster management, emergency communications, and mass decontamination.
Italy
The Civil Protection deals at national level with the forecast, prevention, management and overcoming of human and natural disasters and in emergency situations. It also deals with sector such as forest fire and hydrogeological risk.
Monaco
The Corps des Sapeurs-Pompiers is a military force, consisting of 135 military personnel and 25 civilian employees, which handles fire-fighting and civil defense duties.
Norway
The Norwegian Civil Defence support the police, fire departments and health care during larger incidents which those departments do not have the manpower to handle.
Portugal
In Portugal, Autoridade Nacional de Proteção Civil (ANPC) works in prevention, preparation, response and recovery activities against natural and technological risks, as well as preventing and fighting rural fires.
Romania
In Romania, the General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations () is the governmental body responsible for nationwide civil defence. Each county has a bureau in charge of emergency management in the area. IGSU is accountable for the construction and maintenance of public ABC shelters.
The concept of centralized civil defence was established by law in 1933, through the Royal Decree 433, to which Col. Gheorghe Pohrib made essential contributions. It continues to be part of various ministries, such as Internal Affairs and Defence.
Russia
During the Soviet era, specialized civil defence subunits were maintained in order to provide assistance to the population after bombing raids and nuclear, biological or chemical attacks. And today, by law, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Affairs for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters civil defence troops must retain such a wartime role. Thus they are charged with the organisation and coordination of Russian military forces for the purpose of civil defence not only during natural and manmade disasters, but also during wartime.
San Marino
The Civil Police and the are responsible for civil defence, as well as tax collection, domestic security, and traffic control.
Spain
Spain started the civil defence policies in the 1940s and since 1960s, the Directorate-General for Civil Protection and Emergencies, a component of the Ministry of the Interior has existed to develop the government policy on civil protection. In addition, the Spanish regions and municipalities also have their own civil defence plans. Also, since 2006 there is a military unit, the Military Emergencies Unit.
Sweden
Swedish civil defense "consists of a diverse range of activities conducted by society to strengthen the ability to cope with a state of heightened alert and war." Sweden's objectives of civil defence are to: protect the civilian population; contribute to peace and security; and strengthen societies ability to prevent and manage severe peacetime emergencies.
Switzerland
The Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection (FOCP), under the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports, is responsible for the coordination of civil defense services. It operates the National Emergency Operations Center (NEOC) and the Spiez Laboratory, which is responsible for weapons of mass destruction research and protection. Switzerland built an extensive network of fallout shelters during the cold war, including the Sonnenberg Tunnel. The reference Nuclear War Survival Skills declared that, as of 1986, "Switzerland has the best civil defense system, one that already includes blast shelters for over 85 percent of all its citizens." Switzerland also has mandatory stockpiling of essential goods.
Ukraine
Formerly a munisterial level agency, today the State Emergency Service of Ukraine is part of Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Before 2005, in Ukraine existed the Civil Defense Troops.
United Kingdom
The Civil Defence Corps was a civilian volunteer organization established in Great Britain in 1949 as the primary organization for civil defence work. It was disbanded in 1968.
The unit has now been re-established. The Joint Civil Aid Corps – a voluntary Civil Defence (Emergency Support) organisation.
Its concept is to provide opportunities to learn and train in skills to support communities and professional services during emergencies.
There are three elements to the Joint Civil Aid Corps (JCAC):
The Civil Aid Volunteer Corps (CAVC).
The Community Resilience Volunteers (CRVs).
The Civil Cadet Corps (CCC).
Oceania
Australia
Australia's State Emergency Service is a fully volunteer organization intended to provide emergency help during and after officially declared disasters. The SES is one of many public safety organizations using the Australasian Inter-Service Incident Management System.
New Zealand
The National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) is the public civil defense department of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet in New Zealand. The agency administers the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002 in its duties. NEMA's child agency is the National Crisis Management Centre.
External links
National Emergency Management Agency (Mongolia)
Civil Protection (Ministry of Interior, Spain).
Protezione Civile Italian Civil Defense
Dublin Civil Defence Ireland
SEBEV Search and Rescue (originally a Civil Defence team in the UK)
Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations
Armenian Ministry of Emergency Situations
Directorate General of Civil Defense
Norwegian Civil Defence
Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense of Tajikistan
Official Website of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine
References
Civil defense
Emergency management by country
Lists by country
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1423965
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949%20British%20Columbia%20general%20election
|
1949 British Columbia general election
|
The 1949 British Columbia general election was the 22nd general election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on April 16, 1949, and held on June 15, 1949. The new legislature met for the first time on February 14, 1950.
The centre-right coalition formed by the Liberal and Conservative parties in order to defeat the social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in the 1945 election increased its share of the vote and its majority in the legislature.
Three different social credit groupings nominated or endorsed candidates in the election: the Social Credit Party, the Social Credit League, and the Union of Electors.
Results
Notes:
* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.
1 Various social credit groups nominated 16 candidates in the 1945 election as part of a Social Credit "alliance". These candidates won 6,627 votes, 1.42% of the popular vote in that election.
2 The candidate, running independently from the Liberal-PC Coalition, is listed as "Conservative" rather than "Progressive Conservative" in the Statement of Votes.
Results by riding
|-
||
|align="center" |Angus Maclean
|align="center" |CaribooCoalition
||
||
|align="center" |AtlinCo-operative Commonwealth Fed.
|align="center" |Frank Arthur Calder
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Leslie Harvey Eyres
|align="center" |ChilliwackCoalition
||
||
|align="center" |BurnabyCo-operative Commonwealth Fed.
|align="center" |Ernest Edward Winch
||
|-
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|align="center" |Thomas King
|align="center" |ColumbiaCoalition
||
||
|align="center" |CranbrookCo-operative Commonwealth Fed.
|align="center" |Leo Thomas Nimsick
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Andrew Mowatt Whisker
|align="center" |Cowichan-NewcastleCoalition
||
||
|align="center" |Grand Forks-GreenwoodCo-operative Commonwealth Fed.
|align="center" |Rupert Haggen
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Herbert John Welch
|align="center" |ComoxCoalition
||
||
|align="center" |Kaslo-SlocanCo-operative Commonwealth Fed.
|align="center" |Randolph Harding
||
|-
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|align="center" |Alexander Campbell Hope
|align="center" |DeltaCoalition
||
||
|align="center" rowspan=2 |Vancouver EastCo-operative Commonwealth Fed.
|align="center" |Arthur James Turner
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Roderick Charles MacDonald
|align="center" |DewdneyCoalition
||
||
|align="center" |Harold Edward Winch2
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Charles Taschereau Beard
|align="center" |EsquimaltCoalition
||
||
|align="center" |FernieLabour (Party)
|align="center" |Thomas Aubert Uphill
||
|-
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|align="center" |Henry Robson Bowman
|align="center" |Fort GeorgeCoalition
||
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|align="center" |AlberniIndependent
|align="center" |James Mowat
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Sidney John Smith
|align="center" |KamloopsCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Ernest Crawford Carson
|align="center" |LillooetCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Battleman Milton MacIntyre
|align="center" |MackenzieCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |George Sharratt Pearson
|align="center" |Nanaimo and the IslandsCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Walter Hendricks
|align="center" |Nelson-CrestonCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Byron Ingemar Johnson
|align="center" |New WestminsterCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Charles William Morrow
|align="center" |North OkanaganCoalition
||
|-
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|align="center" |John Henry Cates
|align="center" |North VancouverCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Herbert Anscomb
|align="center" |Oak BayCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Roert Cecil Steele
|align="center" |OminecaCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Glen Everton Braden
|align="center" |Peace RiverCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |John Duncan McRae
|align="center" |Prince RupertCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Arvid Lundell
|align="center" |RevelstokeCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Alexander Douglas Turnbull
|align="center" |Rossland-TrailCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Arthur James Richard Ash
|align="center" |SaanichCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Maurice Patrick Finnerty
|align="center" |SimilkameenCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Edward Tourtellotte Kenney
|align="center" |SkeenaCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |William Andrew Cecil Bennett
|align="center" |South OkanaganCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Donald Cameron Brown
|align="center" rowspan=2 |Vancouver-BurrardCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |John Groves Gould
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Donald Cameron Brown
|align="center" rowspan=2 |Vancouver-BurrardCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |John Groves Gould
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Allan James McDonell
|align="center" rowspan=2 |Vancouver CentreCoalition
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Gordon Sylvester Wismer
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Albert Reginald MacDougall
|align="center" rowspan=3 |Vancouver-Point GreyCoalition
||
|-
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|align="center" |Tilly Rolston
||
|-
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|align="center" |Leigh Forbes Stevenson
||
|-
||
|align="center" |Nancy Hodges
|align="center" rowspan=3 |Victoria CityCoalition
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|-
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|align="center" |Daniel John Proudfoot
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|-
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|align="center" |William Thomas Straith
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|-
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|align="center" |John Joseph Alban Gillis
|align="center" |YaleCoalition
||
|-
|-
|
|align="center"|1 Premier-Elect and Incumbent
|
|
|
|
|-
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|align="center"|2 Leader of the Opposition
|-
| align="center" colspan="10"|Source:''' Elections BC
|-
|}
See also
List of British Columbia political parties
1949
British Columbia general election
General election
British Columbia general election
| 1 | 1 |
59250896
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey%20Reti
|
Harvey Reti
|
Harvey Neil Reti (1 September 1937 – 3 January 2020) was a Canadian boxer. He won a bronze medal at the 1962 Commonwealth Games in Perth, Australia, and competed in the men's light welterweight event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. At the 1964 Summer Olympics, he lost to István Tóth of Hungary.
References
External links
1937 births
2020 deaths
Canadian male boxers
Olympic boxers of Canada
Boxers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Saskatchewan
Commonwealth Games medallists in boxing
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Canada
Boxers at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Light-welterweight boxers
| 1 | 1 |
25012821
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20Race%20of%20Champions
|
1999 Race of Champions
|
The 1999 Race of Champions took place on December 5 at Gran Canaria. It was the 12th running of the event, and the eighth running at Gran Canaria. It was the first year for the new Nations' Cup Competition, which saw teams of three competitors - a rally driver, a circuit racing driver and a motorcyclist - team up to represent their nation and compete for national glory.
The vehicles used were the Peugeot 306 Maxi, The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution V WRC, the Toyota Corolla WRC and the ROC Buggy.
The individual competition was won by Didier Auriol for a fourth time, whilst the inaugural Nations' Cup was won by Finland with JJ Lehto, Tommi Mäkinen and Kari Tiainen.
Participants
Race of Champions
Nations Cup
Toivonen replaced Danny Sullivan in the All-Stars team.
Legends Race
Walter Röhrl & Hannu Mikkola eliminated in the First Round.
International Masters
Flavio Alonso and Luis Mónzon qualified for being the finalists for the Spanish Rally Masters competition.
Toni Gardemeister was invited but could not attend.
Michael Guest, Krzysztof Holowczyc, Markko Martin and Adruzilo Lopes were eliminated in the first round.
Race of Champions
Nations' Cup
Germany & Italy eliminated in the first round.
References
External links
Information sourced from http://www.atodomotor.com/pagina/ROC.html
Race of Champions
Race of Champions
International sports competitions hosted by Spain
1990s in the Canary Islands
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2782602
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Coons
|
Chris Coons
|
Christopher Andrew Coons (born September 9, 1963) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the junior United States senator from Delaware since 2010. A member of the Democratic Party, Coons served as the county executive of New Castle County from 2005 to 2010.
Raised in Hockessin, Delaware, Coons graduated from Amherst College in Massachusetts, where he joined Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He received graduate degrees from Yale Divinity School and Yale Law School. He went to work as a volunteer relief worker in Kenya, where he had taken classes in the University of Nairobi, later returning to the U.S. to work for the Coalition for the Homeless in New York. He spent some time as a legal clerk in New York before returning to Delaware in 1996, where he spent eight years as in-house counsel for a materials manufacturing company. In the interim he worked for several nonprofit organizations.
Coons served as president of the New Castle County Council from 2001 to 2005 and county executive of New Castle County from 2005 to 2010. He balanced the county budget with a surplus in fiscal year 2010 by cutting spending and raising taxes, and the county maintained a AAA bond rating. Coons contested the 2010 Senate special election for Delaware. He defeated the Republican nominee, Christine O'Donnell, to succeed Ted Kaufman, who had been appointed to the seat when Joe Biden resigned to become Vice President of the United States. He was elected to a full term in 2014. Coons is the chair of the Senate Ethics Committee. His other committee assignments include Appropriations, Foreign Relations, Judiciary, and Small Business and Entrepreneurship. He previously served as ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs and the Judiciary Subcommittee on Bankruptcy and the Courts.
Coons co-chaired the 2017 and 2019 National Prayer Breakfasts and co-chairs the weekly Senate Prayer Breakfast. The New York Times called him an "effective" emissary of Joe Biden to former and current Republican lawmakers in Biden's 2020 campaign for president.
Early life and education
Coons was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, the son of Sarah Louise "Sally" (née Ives) and Kenelm Winslow "Ken" Coons. His ancestry includes English and Irish. Coons grew up in Hockessin, Delaware, where he attended the public Yorklyn Elementary School and later H.B. DuPont Middle School. His parents struggled financially and divorced in the mid-1970s. He and his two brothers lived with their mother for a few years until 1977, when his mother married Robert W. Gore, the President of W. L. Gore and Associates.
He graduated from the private Tower Hill School and then Amherst College in 1985 with a Bachelor of Arts in chemistry and political science. While in college, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Sigma chapter) and a U.S. Senate intern. In 1983, Coons was awarded a Truman Scholarship. During his junior year of college, he studied abroad at the University of Nairobi in Kenya through St. Lawrence University's Kenya Semester Program. In 1992, he earned a master's degree in ethics from Yale Divinity School and a J.D. degree from Yale Law School. In 2018, Delaware State University named Coons as an Honorary Doctor in Humane Letters.
Professional career
After college, Coons worked in Washington, D.C., for the Investor Responsibility Research Center, where he wrote a book on South Africa and the U.S. divestment movement. He then worked as a volunteer for the South African Council of Churches and as a relief worker in Kenya, before returning to the U.S. to work for the National Coalition for the Homeless in New York. In 1992, he earned a J.D. degree from Yale Law School, and a master's degree in ethics from Yale Divinity School.
Coons clerked for Judge Jane Richards Roth on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and then worked for the National "I Have a Dream" Foundation in New York. After returning to Delaware in 1996, Coons began his eight-year career as in-house counsel for W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., Newark, Delaware-based makers of Gore-Tex fabrics and other high-tech materials. There he was responsible for the ethics training program, federal government relations, e-commerce legal work, and for general commercial contracting.
He has also worked for several nonprofits, including the Coalition for the Homeless, the education-oriented "I Have a Dream" Foundation, and the South African Council of Churches. Coons has served on several boards including First State Innovation, the Bear/Glasgow Boys & Girls Club, and the Delaware College of Art & Design.
Coons is on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service.
Early political career
Coons first became involved in politics working on behalf of Republican politicians. As a 17-year-old, in 1980, he independently campaigned for Ronald Reagan's presidential run. He also worked on Bill Roth's U.S. Senate campaign in 1982. During college, he switched from being a Republican to a Democrat and in 1988, Coons became the issues director for the U.S. Senate campaign of Democratic Delaware Lt. Gov. Shien Biau Woo. He was a delegate from Wilmington to the 1996 Democratic National Convention in Chicago.
His first elected office was president of the New Castle County Council, elected in 2000 and serving four years before being elected county executive in 2004. He was the endorsed candidate of the New Castle County Democratic Party in 2008, and was re-nominated by the party on September 9, 2008. Coons was re-elected on November 4, 2008, unopposed in the general election. In his six years in office as county executive, Coons balanced the budget with a surplus in fiscal year 2010 by cutting spending and raising taxes. As New Castle county executive, Coons raised taxes despite having campaigned on a promise not to increase them. New Castle County maintained a AAA bond rating throughout his tenure.
U.S. Senate
Elections
2010
Coons ran in the 2010 special election for the U.S. Senate seat then held by Democrat Ted Kaufman, who was appointed after Joe Biden resigned to take office as vice president. Kaufman had been appointed as a placeholder, and did not run in the special election. Coons was unopposed in the Democratic primary, and expected to face Republican Congressman and former Governor Mike Castle in the general election. He was considered a decided underdog in due to Castle's moderate profile and longstanding popularity in the state, but the dynamics of the race were significantly altered when Christine O'Donnell, a considerably more conservative Republican who had been Biden's opponent in 2008, upset Castle in the Republican primary.
In the first post-primary polls, Rasmussen Reports showed Coons with a double-digit lead over O'Donnell, describing this as a "remarkable turnaround" given that the race had leaned Republican before O'Donnell's primary victory. In the first week of October, Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind Poll showed Coons with a 17-point lead, 53%-36%, over O'Donnell, and that 85% of self-identified Democratic voters had united behind Coons, while only 68% of Republican voters endorsed O'Donnell. Days before the election, a second Fairleigh Dickinson poll showed Coons leading 57% to 36% among likely voters, and 72% to 20% among voters who described themselves as moderates. As polls closed at 8 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, multiple news sources announced that Coons had defeated O'Donnell based on exit poll data. Final results gave Coons close to a 17-point margin over O'Donnell, with 56.6% of the vote to her 40%.
During the campaign, a controversy arose about an article Coons wrote in 1985 for his college newspaper titled "Chris Coons: The Making of a Bearded Marxist". In it, he described his transformation from a Republican to what Fox News described as a "Democrat suspicious of America's power and ideals." Dave Hoffman, a Coons campaign spokesman, said the title of the article was designed as a humorous take-off on a joke Coons's college friends had made about how his time outside the country had affected his outlook. "After witnessing crushing poverty and the consequences of the Reagan Administration's 'constructive engagement' with the South African apartheid regime, he rethought his political views, returned to the America he loved and proudly registered as a Democrat," Hoffman said in a statement to Politico.
According to Fox News, Coons was "targeted by Republicans" over the 25-year-old piece. Coons downplayed the article, as well as controversial past statements by O'Donnell, saying that voters were interested in current issues such as job creation and the national debt and not "particularly interested in statements that either of us made 20 or 30 years ago." David Weigel wrote in Slate, "If the Tea Party Express slings the 'bearded Marxist' nonsense, I doubt it will work."
2014
Coons was elected to his first full term by defeating Republican challenger Kevin Wade and Green Party candidate Andrew Gross on November 4, 2014. Wade, an engineer and businessman, also ran against U.S. Senator Tom Carper in 2012. Coons won 55.8% of the popular vote (130,655 to Wade's 98,823 and to Groff's 4,560).
2020
In the 2020 Democratic primary election, Coons easily defeated technology executive Jessica Scarane, a progressive challenger endorsed by groups like Brand New Congress. In the general election, Coons faced Republican nominee Lauren Witzke, a controversial conservative activist and conspiracy theorist calling for a ten-year immigration moratorium. Coons and Witzke took part in a digital debate hosted by the Jewish Federation of Delaware, in which they debated the merits of late Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and the Black Lives Matter movement, as well as Witzke's comments about the QAnon conspiracy theory. In the November general election, Coons defeated Witzke, 59-38%.
Tenure
2010s
On November 15, 2010, Coons was sworn in as Delaware's newest senator by Vice President Joe Biden, the former occupant of Coons's Senate seat. Joe Manchin of West Virginia was sworn in on the same day, though he took an advantage in seniority over Coons, as the former governor of West Virginia.
The Affordable Care Act (commonly called Obamacare) had already been passed when Coons took office, but he has voted against repealing it, emphasizing that seniors in Delaware would have to pay higher prescription drug prices if it was repealed. In September 2017, Coons said the Graham-Cassidy bill, meant to replace the Affordable Care Act, would be playing "Russian roulette with the American health care system."
On abortion, Coons has received a 100% rating from the Planned Parenthood Action Fund and a 0% rating from the National Right to Life Committee.
In June 2013, after the death of Democratic senator Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey, Coons was appointed to his seat on the influential Appropriations Committee, becoming the first senator from Delaware to serve on the committee in 40 years. As a result, he gave up his seat on the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
In October 2013, Coons announced the formation of the inaugural Senate Chicken Caucus in the United States Senate. He stated, "I hope that the Senate Chicken Caucus will give America's chicken producers a platform to better inform legislators about the industry's vital contributions to our economy, and promote policy solutions that help their businesses grow and thrive."
On December 11, 2013, Coons introduced the Victims of Child Abuse Act Reauthorization Act of 2013 (S. 1799; 113th Congress), a bill that would reauthorize the Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990 and would authorize funding through 2018 to help child abuse victims. Coons said that "we have a responsibility to protect our children from violence and abuse."
In March 2014, Coons voted against President Obama's nomination of civil rights lawyer Debo Adegbile for Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights, even though he believed that Adegbile would have been "an asset to the Justice Department." He stated that voting for a nominee "who would face such visceral opposition from law enforcement on his first day on the job" was troubling and the vote was "one of the most difficult I have taken since joining the Senate". Obama described the Senate's vote against Adegbile as "a travesty based on wildly unfair character attacks against a good and qualified public servant." An open letter to Coons from students, faculty and alumni of the Yale Law and Divinity Schools, of which Coons is an alumnus, criticized his vote as "alarm[ing]" and "signal[ing] a lack of respect for the fundamental American legal principle that all parties have a right to zealous representation."
Coons was mentioned as a possible replacement for the late Justice Antonin Scalia in February 2016.
In April 2017, after President Trump tweeted that North Korea had "disrespected the wishes of China & its highly respected President" with a recent missile launch, Coons said Trump understood China was his sole "constructive path forward on North Korea" but that diplomacy would not work through tweeting.
In July 2017, Coons voted in favor of the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act that placed sanctions on Iran together with Russia and North Korea.
In April 2018, following the FBI raid on the hotel room and offices of Trump's personal attorney, Michael Cohen, Coons, Cory Booker, Lindsey Graham, and Thom Tillis introduced new legislation to "limit President Trump's ability to fire special counsel Robert Mueller". Termed the Special Counsel Independence and Integrity Act, the legislation would allow any special counsel, in this case Mueller, receive an "expedited judicial review" in the 10 days following being dismissed to determine whether the dismissal was appropriate. If not, the special counsel would be reinstated. At the same time, according to The Hill, the bill would "codify regulations" that a special counsel could be fired only by a senior Justice Department official, while having to provide reasons in writing.
2020s
In November 2020, Coons was named a candidate for Secretary of State in the Biden Administration. Biden ultimately chose Antony Blinken to lead the State Department, telling Coons, "I need you in the Senate." Coons is seen as among President Biden's closest allies in the Senate and is poised to broker political power during Biden's presidency.
During the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Coons was evacuated from the Senate chambers, along with other senators and staff. He said there were "some scary and chaotic moments" during the attack. When the Senate reconvened to certify the Electoral College vote count, Coons called for Trump's removal, saying he "poses a real and present threat to the future of our democracy". He called for the invocation of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution the day after the event on Good Morning America. That same day, January 7, he called for Republicans Josh Hawley and Ted Cruz, who both challenged the election results, to resign from the Senate.
Committee assignments
Select Committee on Ethics (Chair)
Committee on Appropriations
Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development
Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government
Subcommittee on Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies
Subcommittee on the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (Chair)
Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Committee on Foreign Relations
Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health Policy
Subcommittee on East Asia, The Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy
Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation
Committee on the Judiciary
Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration
Subcommittee on the Constitution
Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism
Subcommittee on Intellectual Property (Chair)
Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
Previous (2010–2015)
Committee on the Budget
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
Caucus memberships
Senate Law Enforcement Caucus (co-chair)
Senate Climate Solutions Caucus (co-chair)
Senate Competitiveness Caucus (co-chair)
Senate Chicken Caucus (co-chair)
Senate Human Rights Caucus (co-chair)
Congressional Trademark Caucus (co-chair)
Senate Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Caucus (co-chair)
Senate Caucus on Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases (co-chair)
Senate Oceans Caucus
Senate Manufacturing Caucus
Rare Disease Congressional Caucus
Senate Renewables and Energy Efficiency Caucus
Congressional International Creativity and Theft-Prevention Caucus
Congressional Bipartisan HBCU Caucus
Senate National Guard Caucus
Senate Small Brewers Caucus
Congressional Bicameral High-Speed & Intercity Passenger Rail Caucus
Senate Diabetes Caucus
Senate Global Internet Freedom Caucus
Senate India Caucus
Congressional French Caucus
Cloud Task Force, Congressional High Tech Caucus
Bicameral Congressional AIDS Caucus
Senate Veterans Jobs Caucus
Senate Air Force Caucus
Senate Recycling Caucus
National Service Congressional Caucus
Congressional Inventions Caucus
Afterschool Caucuses
Political positions
The American Conservative Union gave him a 3% lifetime conservative rating in 2020
Abortion
Coons supported Roe v. Wade and believes abortion should remain legal throughout the country. In 2015, he signed an amicus brief to the Supreme Court in Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt that urged the Court to step in to prevent states from enacting laws that restrict access to abortion. Coons described the June 2022 overturning of Roe v. Wade as taking away "the fundamental freedom for women to make their own choices about their body and their future."
Agriculture
In June 2019, Coons and 18 other Democratic senators sent USDA Inspector General Phyllis K. Fong a letter requesting that she investigate USDA instances of retaliation and political decision-making and asserting that not to conduct an investigation would mean these "actions could be perceived as a part of this administration’s broader pattern of not only discounting the value of federal employees, but suppressing, undermining, discounting, and wholesale ignoring scientific data produced by their own qualified scientists."
Child care
In 2019, Coons and 34 other senators introduced the Child Care for Working Families Act. The bill would create 770,000 new child-care jobs and ensure families with less than 75% of the state median income do not pay for child care, with higher-earning families having to pay "their fair share for care on a sliding scale, regardless of the number of children they have." The legislation also supports universal access to high-quality preschool programs for all 3- and 4-year-olds and changes the child care workforce's compensation and training to aid both teachers and caregivers. The bill has not made it out of committee as of August 2020.
Environment
In April 2019, Coons was one of 12 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to top senators on the Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development advocating that the Energy Department be granted maximum funding for carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), arguing that investment in viable options to capture carbon emissions could stimulate American job growth and expressing disagreement with Trump's 2020 budget request to combine the two federal programs that include carbon capture research. Coons was revealed in a sting operation by Greenpeace to be a key contact for ExxonMobil in efforts to weaken the climate regulations in President Biden's INVEST in America Act.
Gun law
As of 2010, Coons had a "F" rating from the National Rifle Association due to his stance on gun control. In 2015, he and 23 other Democratic senators signed a letter to Obama asking him to take executive action on gun control in the wake of the Umpqua Community College shooting. Coons supported the Feinstein Amendment, which sought to ban known and suspected terrorists from buying firearms. The next year, he participated in the Chris Murphy gun control filibuster.
Foreign policy
In December 2010, Coons voted for the ratification of New START, a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and Russian Federation obliging both countries to have no more than 1,550 strategic warheads as well as 700 launchers deployed during the next seven years along with providing a continuation of on-site inspections that halted when START I expired the previous year. It was the first arms treaty with Russia in eight years.
Coons is a member of the Senate Foreign Relations committee and is a staunch supporter of Israel. He has also been a guest speaker at AIPAC events. Coons is also a co-sponsor of a Senate resolution expressing objection to the UN Security Council Resolution 2334 because it undermines direct talks between the parties.
Coons condemned the genocide of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to the crisis.
In October 2018, Coons was one of seven senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo expressing that they found it "difficult to reconcile known facts with at least two" of the Trump administration's certifications that Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates were attempting to protect Yemeni civilians and were in compliance with US laws on arms sales, citing their lack of understanding for "a certification that the Saudi and Emirati governments are complying with applicable agreements and laws regulating defense articles when the [memo] explicitly states that, in certain instances, they have not done so."
In November 2018, Coons joined Senator Marco Rubio and a bipartisan group of lawmakers in sending the Trump administration a letter raising concerns about China's undue influence over media outlets and academic institutions in the United States. They wrote, "In American news outlets, Beijing has used financial ties to suppress negative information about the CCP. In the past four years, multiple media outlets with direct or indirect financial ties to China allegedly decided not to publish stories on wealth and corruption in the CCP...Beijing has also sought to use relationships with American academic institutions and student groups to shape public discourse."
In April 2019, Coons was one of 34 senators to sign a letter to Trump encouraging him "to listen to members of your own Administration and reverse a decision that will damage our national security and aggravate conditions inside Central America", asserting that Trump had "consistently expressed a flawed understanding of U.S. foreign assistance" since becoming president and that he was "personally undermining efforts to promote U.S. national security and economic prosperity" by preventing the use of Fiscal Year 2018 national security funding. The senators argued that foreign assistance to Central American countries created less migration to the U.S., arguing that the funding improved conditions in those countries.
On June 6, 2021, Coons and Senators Tammy Duckworth and Dan Sullivan visited Taipei in an U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster III transport to meet President Tsai Ing-wen and Minister Joseph Wu during the pandemic outbreak of Taiwan to announce President Joe Biden's donation plan of 750,000 COVID-19 vaccines included in the global COVAX program.
Fiscal position
Coons supports free-trade agreements. He opposed the Obama-era government bailouts. He is against right-to-work laws, and supports internet sales tax.
Housing
In April 2019, Coons was one of 41 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to the housing subcommittee praising the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 4 Capacity Building program for authorizing "HUD to partner with national nonprofit community development organizations to provide education, training, and financial support to local community development corporations (CDCs) across the country" and expressing disappointment that Trump's budget "has slated this program for elimination after decades of successful economic and community development." The senators wrote of their hope that the subcommittee would support continued funding for Section 4 in Fiscal Year 2020.
Labor
In May 2018, Coons was one of 12 senators to sign a letter to Chairman of the Federal Labor Relations Authority Colleen Kiko urging the FLRA to end efforts to close its Boston regional office until Congress debated the matter, adding that closing the FLRA's seven regional offices would cause staff to be placed farther away from the federal employees whose rights they protect.
On March 5, 2021, Coons voted against Bernie Sanders's amendment to include a $15/hour minimum wage in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.
LGBT rights
In September 2014, Coons was one of 69 members of the US House and Senate to sign a letter to then-FDA commissioner Sylvia Burwell requesting that the FDA revise its policy banning donation of corneas and other tissues by men who have had sex with another man in the preceding 5 years.
In October 2018, Coons was one of 20 senators to sign a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo urging him to reverse the rollback of a policy that granted visas to same-sex partners of LGBTQ diplomats who had unions that are not recognized by their home countries, writing that too many places around the world have seen LGBTQ individuals "subjected to discrimination and unspeakable violence, and receive little or no protection from the law or local authorities" and that refusing to let LGBTQ diplomats bring their partners to the US would be equivalent to upholding "the discriminatory policies of many countries around the world."
Patents
Coons proposed the Stronger Patents Act, which would make it more expensive to challenge patents and thus easier to enforce them.
Electoral history
Personal life
Coons is married to the former Annie Lingenfelter. They have three children, twins Mike and Jack, and daughter Maggie, and they live in Wilmington, Delaware. Coons is Presbyterian, his wife is Catholic, and they attend St. Ann's Roman Catholic Church in the city. Coons describes himself as "someone who is, privately, fairly religious," though he has never thought "that needs to be a big part of [campaigning]."
In 1999, he was awarded the Governor's Outstanding Volunteer Award for his work with the "I Have a Dream" Foundation, the Governor's Mentoring Council, and the United Way of Delaware.
As of 2018, according to OpenSecrets.org, Coons's net worth was more than $10 million.
References
External links
Senator Chris Coons official U.S. Senate website
Chris Coons for Senate
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1963 births
21st-century American politicians
Amherst College alumni
American Presbyterians
County council members and commissioners in Delaware
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
New Castle County Executives
Delaware Democrats
Delaware lawyers
Democratic Party United States senators from Delaware
Information Technology and Innovation Foundation
Living people
People from Greenwich, Connecticut
People from Hockessin, Delaware
People from Wilmington, Delaware
Yale Divinity School alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Tower Hill School alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati%20Merak
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Maserati Merak
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The Maserati Merak (Tipo AM122) is a mid-engined 2+2 sports car produced by Maserati between 1972 and 1983. The Merak was closely related to the Maserati Bora, sharing part of its structure and body panels, but was powered by a 3.0 L V6 in place of the latter's 4.7 L V8. The extra cabin space gained by fitting a smaller and more compact powertrain was used to carve out a second row of seats—suitable for children or very small adults—making the Merak not just a less expensive alternative to the Bora but also a 2+2.
History
The Maserati Merak was introduced at the 1972 Paris Auto Show, over a year after the Bora. The Merak shares the front part of its bodyshell with the Bora up to the doors. The front ends differ, mainly by the use of dual chrome bumpers on the Merak, in place of twin trapezoidal grilles on the Bora, but the similarities end at the B-pillar.
Giorgetto Giugiaro at Italdesign was commissioned to transform the Bora into the Merak. Unlike its bigger sister the Merak doesn't have a full glass fastback, but rather a cabin ending abruptly with a vertical rear window and a flat, horizontal engine cover pierced by four series of ventilation slats. Giugiaro completed the vehicle's silhouette by adding open flying buttresses, visually extending the roofline to the tail.
The main competitors of the Merak were the similarly Italian, mid-engine, 3-litre and 2+2 Dino 308 GT4 and Lamborghini Urraco. However unlike its transverse V8-engined rivals the Merak used a more compact V6, that could therefore be mounted longitudinally.
Having been designed during the Citroën ownership of Maserati (1968–1975) certain Citroën hydropneumatic systems were used in the Merak and the early Merak SS. In these cars the braking system was hydraulically assisted and operated, and the pop-up headlights hydraulically actuated. The clutches on these cars used the same hydropneumatic system as the brakes, but only some cars included servo assistance on the clutch. After 1976, when the French manufacturer gave up control of Maserati, the Citroën-derived parts were gradually replaced by more conventional systems.
When Alejandro de Tomaso purchased Maserati in 1977, the Bora was discontinued after a production run of less than 600 cars, while the Merak remained on sale for six more years.
Specifications
The Merak used a steel monocoque construction paired to a rear tubular subframe supporting the powertrain and rear suspension. This was of unequal length A-arms type all around, with coaxial coil springs and telescopic shock absorbers. The braking system consisted of discs on both axles with the front ones vented. On early models with the Citroën hydraulics, the rear brakes were inboard so as to reduce the unsprung weight.
Wheels were cast light alloy Campagnolo 7½J x 15", fitted with Michelin XWX tyres measuring 185/70 at the front and 205/70 at the rear. The compact spare tyre was stored in the engine compartment, above the transmission. On most US delivered models, the spare tyre was full size, requiring a modification to the engine cover (the humpback) and lowering the muffler.
The Merak's V6 engine descended from the 2.7 L Tipo C.114 originally designed by Giulio Alfieri in 1967 for use in the Citroën SM, that was bored out to 91.6 mm (piston stroke remained 75 mm) to displace . It was a chain-driven double overhead camshaft, 12-valve unit featuring an unusual 90° angle between the cylinder banks. The lubrication system used a wet sump and an oil cooler.
The powerplant was mounted longitudinally behind the passenger compartment, and joined through a single-plate dry clutch to a 5-speed, all syncromesh Citroën transaxle gearbox and a limited-slip differential.
Models
Merak
The original Merak's three-litre engine was rated at at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm. Three twin-choke Weber carburetors (one 42 DCNF 31 and two 42 DCNF 32) fed the engine, and the compression ratio was 8.75:1. Maserati declared a top speed of over .
Early left hand drive Meraks (1972 to 1975) were fitted with the same dashboard as the Citroën SM, characterized by oval instrument gauges inset in a brushed metal fascia and a single-spoke steering wheel. 630 cars were made in this configuration up to 1974. Right hand drive Meraks from this period were fitted with the same dashboard as the Bora with a three-spoke steering wheel.
Merak SS
The lightweight and more powerful Merak SS (Tipo AM122/A) was introduced at the 41st Geneva Motor Show in March 1975, although it did not enter production until the next year. The SS featured a weight reduction and a 30 PS power increase to , due to the adoption of three larger 44 DCNF 44 carburettors and a higher 9:1 compression ratio. The SS was recognizable from a black grille between the pop-up headlights. A Maserati-designed upper fascia with round instruments and a four-spoke steering wheel replaced the previous SM-derived interior. Later cars were bestowed with the full driver-oriented dashboard and three-spoke padded steering wheel of the Maserati Bora. The US-spec version of the Merak SS also saw a return to traditional hydraulics, eliminating the last of the Citroën high pressure system. 1000 units of the SS had been made by 1983, when the Merak was discontinued.
Merak 2000 GT
In November 1977 at the Turin Auto Show Alejandro de Tomaso presented the Merak 2000 GT (Tipo AM122/D), basically a Merak with a smaller two-litre powerplant. It was built almost exclusively for the Italian market, where a newly introduced law strongly penalized cars with engine capacity over 2,000 cc by subjecting them to a 38% Value Added Tax (VAT) against the usual 19% VAT. The Merak's competitors were similar two-litre models, specifically the Urraco P200 and Dino 208 GT4.
The Merak 2000 GT featured a engine rated at at 7,000 rpm and at 4,000 rpm, obtained by de-stroking and de-boring the V6 to 80x66.3 mm.
Colour choice was limited to two shades: metallic light blue or gold. The two-litre cars were also distinguished by a black tape stripe running just below the mid-body character line, matte black bumpers in place of the usual chrome and the absence of the front spoiler, available as an option. The SS's front bonnet with the grille between the headlights was used on 2000 GTs. When production ended in 1983 just 200 2000 GTs had been made.
References
External links
Merak
Italdesign vehicles
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
2+2 coupés
Group 4 (racing) cars
Cars introduced in 1972
1980s cars
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McCoy%20%28musician%29
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John McCoy (musician)
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John Matthew McCoy (born March 9, 1950, in Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England), is an English bass guitarist, who is best known for his work with Ian Gillan and Mammoth as well as numerous other bands and sessions since the late 1960s. He also played in British rock trio Guy McCoy Tormé with former Gillan/Ozzy guitarist Bernie Tormé and Bruce Dickinson/Sack Trick drummer Robin Guy. He is also an accomplished guitar, drum, trumpet, cello, and double bass player. Nearly as well known as his music is his appearance: he is always pictured wearing sunglasses, with the striking contrast of bald head and robust chin beard. Along with guitarist Vic Elmes and ZZebra colleague Liam Genockey on drums, McCoy can also be heard playing in the intro and end titles theme of the 1970s cult TV series Space: 1999.
Early career
In the 1960s, when he was 13, whilst still at school, McCoy began playing as lead guitarist with a working beat group, The Drovers. In 1966 he responded to an advertisement in the Yorkshire Post newspaper for a guitarist to join a band called Mamas Little Children who were about to begin touring Germany. McCoy went to audition only to find they had just given someone else the position, but still needed a bass player. He auditioned on a spare bass that was there and was given the job. In 1968 he was forced to resign from the band because he was working illegally underage. On his return to Britain, he went to London where he found work as a session musician with former Drifters member Clyde McPhatter touring the UK.
In 1974, McCoy was playing with London-based band Scrapyard when they recruited Irish-born lead guitarist Bernie Tormé. Although Tormé eventually left to form his own punk rock band, the two were later reunited in former Deep Purple singer Ian Gillan's band.
On 18 July 2009, John McCoy performed at the Furnace in Swindon Wiltshire, England Performing in a group G.M.T with Bernie Tormé (guitar legend formerly with Gillan, and Ozzy Osbourne) Robin Guy (former drummer with Iron Maiden's Bruce Dickinson and Faith No More). More recently John has played with the Tyla Gang, appearing on a live album recorded in Sweden.
Career with Gillan
In July 1978, the jazz-rock fusion Ian Gillan Band were altering direction, under the influence of keyboards player Colin Towns in a return to Ian Gillan's hard rock roots. Towns had begun writing new material, and Gillan gave him the task of recruiting the new line-up. Towns recruited session drummer Liam Genockey, McCoy and guitarist Richard Brampton, who was replaced by Steve Byrd - a former colleague of McCoy's from ZZebra - almost immediately. Within a month of their formation the band had recorded their first album, Gillan, and they made their live debut at the Reading Festival on 16 August 1978. They were originally listed there as the Ian Gillan Band but, in a move away from the jazz-rock connotations, they renamed the band, Gillan.
Gillan underwent a further three line-up changes, but McCoy remained as bass player until the band eventually split acrimoniously in 1982.
Mammoth
Post-Gillan, McCoy recruited session drummer Vinnie "Tubby" Reed, guitarist "Big" Mac Baker and vocalist Nicky Moore to form a band initially called Dinosaur. The name was already in use by a Californian band, so McCoy renamed his new band Mammoth. The name was also a tongue-in-cheek reference to the large size of the band members: McCoy weighed or 265 pounds, Reed or 309 pounds, Baker or 355 pounds, and Moore or 280 pounds.
The band toured with Whitesnake and Marillion and were well received by fans. They released three singles, "Fatman", "All The Days" and 'Can't Take The Hurt"; and two albums, Mammoth and Larger And Live. In 1988, the entire band appeared in the film Just Ask For Diamond, playing the henchmen. Musically, commercial success eluded them however and the band eventually split in 1989, with McCoy becoming an independent producer.
Equipment
McCoy usually uses a traditional four string fretted Fender Precision bass and predominantly Marshall amplification in various configurations. Although he has used Trace Elliot, he has described it as "...a bit clean for my personal taste..." Currently he uses a Marshall 200w integrated amp driving a 2x15 cab and a Marshall 100w lead amp driving 4x12 cabs.
His playing style utilises both pick and fingers, although he plays mostly with picks, preferring Fender extra heavy large triangles "...for greater precision and attack."
List of bands and artists worked with
The Drovers
Mamas Little Children
Clyde McPhatter
Welcome
Curtiss Maldoon
Julie Felix
V.H.F.
Scrapyard
Samson
John Du Cann
Riblja Čorba
Francis Rossi
Andy Bown
Pete Kircher
Neo
Mike Hugg
ZZebra
McCoy
Quadrant
The Coolies
Curved Air
Atomic Rooster
Bernie Tormé
Gillan
Colin Towns
Sledgehammer
U.K. Subs
Mammoth
Sun Red Sun
Joey Belladonna
Rafi Weinstock
The Split Knee Loons
Skintight Jaguars
G.M.T.
Twin Dragons
Tyla Gang
References
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Huddersfield
Atomic Rooster members
Samson (band) members
Gillan (band) members
1950 births
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9533339
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor%20relationship%20management
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Vendor relationship management
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Vendor relationship management (VRM) is a category of business activity made possible by software tools that aim to provide customers with both independence from vendors and better means for engaging with vendors. These same tools can also apply to individuals' relations with other institutions and organizations.
The term appeared in Computerworld magazine in May 2000, albeit in the context of a business managing its IT vendors. The term was first used in the context here by Mike Vizard on a Gillmor Gang podcast on September 1, 2006, in a conversation with Doc Searls about the project Searls had recently started as a fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University. Vizard saw VRM as a natural counterpart of customer relationship management. Searls' project then became named ProjectVRM, and has since worked to guide the development of VRM tools and services.
VRM tools provide customers with the means to bear their share of the relationship burden with vendors and other organizations. They relieve CRM of the perceived need to "target," "capture," "acquire," "lock in," "direct," "own," "manage," and otherwise take the lead of relationships with customers. With VRM operating on the customer's side, customers are also involved as participants, rather than as followers.
In its description of ProjectVRM, the Berkman Center says "The primary theory behind ProjectVRM is that many market problems (including the widespread belief that customer lock-in is a 'best practice') can only be solved from the customer side: by making the customer a fully empowered actor in the marketplace, rather than one whose power in many cases is dependent on exclusive relationships with vendors, by coerced agreement provided entirely by those vendors."
Doc Searls believes VRM will help create what he calls an intention economy, which he described first in an essay by that name in Linux Journal. There, he writes, "The Intention Economy grows around buyers, not sellers. It leverages the simple fact that buyers are the first source of money, and that they come ready-made. You don't need advertising to make them. The Intention Economy is about markets, not marketing. You don't need marketing to make Intention Markets." In May 2012 Searl's book titled The Intention Economy was published by Harvard Business Press. Searls also sees VRM addressing some of what he calls the "unfinished business" of The Cluetrain Manifesto, which he co-wrote in 1999 with Christopher Locke, Rick Levine and David Weinberger. Here he refers to Cluetrain's preamble, which says "We are not seats or eyeballs or end users or consumers. We are human beings—and our reach exceeds your grasp. Deal with it."
CRM magazine devoted much of its May 2010 issue to VRM. The magazine also named Doc Searls' one of its influential leaders in its August issue.
In early 2012, Customer Commons, a non-profit, was born out of ProjectVRM at Harvard, to support VRM principles. Customer Commons' mission is to educate, research, support and create VRM tools, and generally advocate for individuals as they interact with entities on and offline. Doc Searls is one of Customer Commons co-founders and board members.
In 2021, the terms VRM and supplier relationship management (SRM) have become synonyms in commercial software usage. With solutions dubbed "VRM", coming to the market.
VRM development work
As of August 2010 ProjectVRM lists nineteen VRM development efforts. These include:
Azigo
EmanciPay
Information Sharing Workgroup
Kynetx and Kinetic Rule Language (KRL)
ListenLog
Mydex
Onecub
digitando
Paoga
SwitchBook
User-Managed Access (UMA)
Banyan Project
The Mine Project
Project Danube
Free Your Memory
ShopAunt
HIE of One
Partenero
See also
Customer relationship management (CRM)
Personal data service
Vendor lock-in
References
External links
ProjectVRM
ProjectVRM blog
Berkman Center page on ProjectVRM
The Intention Economy, by Doc Searls, in Linux Journal, March 8, 2006
V Is for Victory — But the Victory Isn't Yours, by the editors of CRM Magazine, May 2010
It's Not Your Relationship to Manage, by Lauren McKay in CRM Magazine, May 2010
The Control Shift as it relates to personal data - Ctrl-Shift
Venddy - Healthcare Vendor Relationship Management
Supply chain management
Customer relationship management
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%20%28band%29
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Christie (band)
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Christie are an English soft rock band that formed at the end of the 1960s. They are best remembered for their UK chart-topping hit single "Yellow River", released in 1970, which hit number one in 26 countries that year.
Career
In addition to Jeff Christie (born Jeffrey Christie, 12 July 1946, Leeds, Yorkshire, England) their vocalist, bassist and songwriter; they initially included guitarist Vic Elmes and drummer Mike Blakley (born Michael Blakley, 12 January 1947, Bromley, Kent, England, brother of Alan Blakley).
Jeff Christie had previously worked with several bands, including The Outer Limits, who released "Just One More Chance" / "Help Me Please" (1967) and "Great Train Robbery" / "Sweet Freedom" (1968).
In 1970, Jeff Christie offered his composition "Yellow River" to The Tremeloes.
They recorded it to release as a single but changed their minds as they were going more progressive as the seventies started. At the same time Tremeloes member Alan Blakley's brother Michael had a little group called the Epics and Alan wanted to give his brother a break. They decided to get Jeff Christie to come down from Leeds and let him use the Tremeloes' backing track. The Epics became Christie with Jeff as the lead vocalist and the result was a UK number one hit in June 1970, and subsequently No. 23 in the US, also accumulating more weeks (23) on the Hot 100 than any other entry on that chart completely inside 1970. It was a worldwide hit and was number one in 26 countries with global sales of over 30 million.
The follow-up single from October 1970, "San Bernadino" (misspelled if referring to, for example, San Bernardino, California), reached UK Number 7 and Number 1 in Germany, but only US No. 100. Both tracks became flash songs on their eponymous debut album of that year, and it stayed on US Billboard 200 chart for ten weeks. But the trio failed to sustain a lasting career, and Blakley was replaced by Paul Fenton (born 4 July 1946, Huddersfield, Yorkshire) just before the release of the band's second album, For All Mankind (1971).
Lem Lubin (ex-Unit 4 + 2) was added to the line-up after the release of Iron Horse (1972), but the title track proved to be the band's final hit single. The departure of Fenton and Lubin hastened the demise of the original line-up, but Jeff Christie returned with new members Terry Fogg (drums) (born Terrence George Fogg, 25 September 1945, Chesterfield, Derbyshire), Roger Flavell (bass), and Danny Krieger (guitar). A 1974 single "Alabama" / "I'm Alive" failed to resurrect the band's fortunes, and new members Tony Ferguson (guitar) and Roger Willis (drums) were brought in to join Christie and Flavell. "JoJo's Band", written by Elmes, was a major hit for Christie in Argentina and Brazil, while the last Christie hit, "Navajo", was Number 1 in Mexico. In 1982 Vic Elmes enlisted Mick Blakley and Peter Morrison of NYPL, to tour Germany on a package tour. At the end of the tour, the band folded. The band recorded an Elmes song, Deep in the Night, produced by Alan Blakley.
Jeff Christie reformed the band in 1990 with members of UK band Tubeless Hearts, Kev Moore, Simon Kay and Adrian 'Fos' Foster. Tubeless Hearts tried to represent United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 with a Jeff Christie song, "Safe in your Arms", but were unsuccessful. They continued to tour for a further 16 years all over Europe, Russia and Israel, recording intermittently. Following the release of Jeff Christie's Floored Masters double album, the 1990 line-up of Christie embarked on a 2009 European Tour. In 2012, a Christie double album, No Turn Unstoned, was released, a collection of Christie demos and unreleased songs.
Band members
Current members
Jeff Christie - bass, vocals, keyboards (1969–1976, 1990–present)
Simon Kay - guitar (1990–present)
Adrian Foster - drums (1990–present)
Former members
Vic Elmes - guitar (1969–1973)
Mike Blakley - drums (1969–1970)
Paul Fenton - drums (1970–1973)
Lem Lubin - bass guitar (1972–1973)
Terry Fogg - drums (1973–1974)
Roger Flavell - bass guitar (1973–1976)
Danny Krieger - guitar (1973–1976)
Tony Ferguson - lead guitar (1974)
Roger Willis - drums (1974–1976)
Kev Moore - bass guitar (1990–2003)
Discography
Albums
Christie (1970)
For All Mankind (1971)
Iron Horse – unreleased (1972)
Los Mas Grandes Exitos (1972)
Navajo [released in Mexico] (1974)
Christie Again – Greatest Hits and More (2004)
Jeff Christie – Floored Masters (Past Imperfect) (2009)
Christie – No Turn Unstoned (2012)
Singles
Jeff Christie with The Outer Limits
"When the Work Is Thru'" (1967)
"Just One More Chance/Help Me Please" (1967)
"Great Train Robbery/Sweet Freedom" (1968)
Christie
Jeff Christie solo
"Both Ends of the Rainbow/Turn On Your Love Light|Turn on Your Lovelight" (1980)
"Tightrope/Somebody Else" (1980)
"Happy Christmas (War Is Over)/Yuletide Lights" (1997)
"Hattrick of Lions (Come on England)" (2010)
"You're not there" (with Lorenzo Gabanizza)" (2021)
See also
List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States
1970 in music
List of Epic Records artists
Bands and musicians from Yorkshire and North East England
List of bands originating in Leeds
List of performers on Top of the Pops
References
Reference bibliography
External links
Christie official website
Christie discography
English rock music groups
CBS Records artists
British soft rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1969
Musical groups disestablished in 1976
Musical groups reestablished in 1990
Musical groups from Leeds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS%20Alpine%20World%20Ski%20Championships%202017%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20downhill
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FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2017 – Women's downhill
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The Women's downhill competition at the 2017 World Championships was held on Sunday, 12 February 2017.
Slovenia's Ilka Štuhec won the gold medal, Stephanie Venier of Austria took the silver, and the bronze medalist was Lindsey Vonn of the United States.
The race course was in length, with a vertical drop of from a starting elevation of above sea level. Štuhec's winning time of 92.85 seconds yielded an average speed of and an average vertical descent rate of .
Results
The race was started at 11:15 CET (UTC+1).
References
Women's downhill
2017 in Swiss women's sport
FIS
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67089808
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Fransisca
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Maria Fransisca
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Maria Fransisca (born 1959; as Tjan So Gwan; 曾素光), is an Indonesian badminton player who played in the singles and doubles events.
Career
In the beginning Fransisca was known as Tjan So Gwan (Chinese descent), and changed her name to Maria Fransiska after received her Indonesian citizenship, take the oath in South Jakarta court in November 1980.
Fransisca started her career when she was trusted to strengthen the women's team team at the 1978 Uber Cup women's team championship at that time Indonesia was the defending champion two years ago in the final Indonesia had to meet again with Japan's enemy she was expected to win points but failed by losing to Atsuko Tokuda 11 -5, 11–4. Finally, the Indonesian women's team failed and again lost to Japan.
At the India Open, Fransisca was able to present 3 titles from three sectors, namely the women's singles she won against her compatriot Ivana Lie in women's doubles, to team up with her again to fight the British women's doubles, and in the mixed doubles she and Hariamanto Kartono also succeeded defeating his fellow strugglers Rudy Heryanto and Ivana Lie, she managed to prove she was still reliable.
At the Indonesia Open, she also won a title by defeating the Chinese women's doubles and in the SEA Games event, she won a gold medal in women's doubles and women's team and one silver in mixed doubles.
Achievements
World Masters Games
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
World Senior Championships
Mixed doubles
Asian Championships
Women's doubles
Southeast Asian Games
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
International Open Tournaments (4 titles, 3 runners-up)
The World Badminton Grand Prix has been sanctioned by the International Badminton Federation from 1983 to 2006.
Women's singles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
References
1959 births
Living people
People from Pasuruan
Sportspeople from East Java
Indonesian Hokkien people
Indonesian people of Chinese descent
Indonesian female badminton players
Badminton players at the 1978 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for Indonesia
Asian Games medalists in badminton
Medalists at the 1978 Asian Games
Competitors at the 1979 Southeast Asian Games
Competitors at the 1983 Southeast Asian Games
Southeast Asian Games gold medalists for Indonesia
Southeast Asian Games medalists in badminton
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixten%20Ringbom
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Sixten Ringbom
|
Sixten Ivar Alexander Ringbom (July 27, 1935 – August 18, 1992) was a Finnish art historian.
Biography
Sixten Ringbom was the son of , a professor of art history at Åbo Akademi University. He studied at the Swedish classical lyceum () in Turku, then at the Åbo Akademi University among students of his father. In 1965, Sixten received his PhD. A supervisor his doctoral thesis was art historian Ernst Gombrich. In 1970, Ringbom succeeded his father as professor of art history at Åbo Akademi University.
Ringbom became the first scientist who has supposed an existence of a connection between early abstract art and occultism. He published his conjectures in an article "Art in 'The Epoch of the Great Spiritual': Occult Elements in the Early Theory of Abstract Painting" (1966) and in a book The Sounding Cosmos: A Study in the Spiritualism of Kandinsky and the Genesis of Abstract Painting (1970). According to WorldCat, he had written 93 works. From 1969 to 1973, he was the chief editor of Finsk Tidskrift, he was also the editor of a book Konsten i Finland [Art in Finland].
Published works
Books
Icon to Narrative. The Rise of the Dramatic Close-Up in Fifteenth-Century Devotional Painting (1965)
The Sounding Cosmos. A Study in the Spiritualism of Kandinsky and the Genesis of Abstract Painting (1970)
Konsten i Finland: från medeltid till nutid (1978)
Kandinsky und 'Der Blaue Reiter'. German Art of the 20th Century (1985)
Art History in Finland before 1920 (1986)
Stone, Style and Truth. The Vogue for Natural Stone in Nordic Architecture 1880−1910 (1987)
Pinta ja syvyys: esseitä (1989)
Selected articles
"'Maria in Sole' and the Virgin of the Rosary" (1962)
"Plato on Images" (1965)
"Art in 'The Epoch of the Great Spiritual': Occult Elements in the Early Theory of Abstract Painting" (1966)
"Devotional Images and Imaginative Devotions" (1969)
"Paul Klee and the Inner Truth to Nature" (1977)
"Transcending the Visible" (1985)
"Action and Report. The Problem of Indirect Narration in the Academic Theory of Painting" (1988)
See also
Theosophy and visual arts
Notes
References
Sources
1935 births
1992 deaths
Finnish art historians
Writers from Turku
Åbo Akademi University alumni
Academic personnel of the Åbo Akademi University
20th-century Finnish historians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat%20Alsace%20Handball
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Sélestat Alsace Handball
|
The Sélestat Alsace Handball is a French handball club based in Sélestat in Alsace and founded in 1967 under the name Sport Club de Sélestat before taking its current name on September 1, 2008. The club has played 22 seasons in D1 since 1990 and is playing since 2017 in LNH Division 2.
History
The handball section of the Sport Club de Sélestat was created in 1967 by Germain Spatz and was enthusiastically received by young people in Sélestat. Subsequently, this enthusiasm allowed Selestadian handball players to climb all the levels to reach the top of departmental and regional competitions and finally reach in 1972 in the French National Championship 3 (4th national level at that time). Then the team remains 12 seasons at this level, winning in passing the title of champion of France of Nationale 3 in 1979. A season after the accession in 1984 in Nationale 2, the club goes up in Nationale 1B in 1985. Finally, in At the end of an exceptional 1989–1990 season, the club realized its dream by reaching division 1 and managing to stay there. The club entered the French 1st division championship during the 1990–1991 season. In 1995, he reached the final of the Coupe de France but was defeated by OM Vitrolles, which was his best professional result to date. However, the club has won the Coupe d'Alsace 6 times. One of the smallest budgets in the LNH, the Sélestat Alsace Handball is nevertheless renowned as having an excellent training center. It is notably here that Thierry Omeyer, Damien Waeghe, Mickaël Robin, Baptiste Butto, Rock Feliho or even Seufyann Sayad were trained. Often used as a springboard for a future career, the Sélestat Alsace Handball has also enabled many players, today of international class, to make themselves known to the general public or to relaunch their professional careers like the German Volker Michel, Argentinian Eric Gull as well as Tunisians Heykel Megannem and Issam Tej, elected in the purple jersey respectively best center-half in 2005 and best pivot of the French championship in 2005 and 2006. In 2008, the club took its independence by leaving the bosom of the Sport Club de Sélestat to become the Sélestat Alsace Handball (SAHB). Then a major development for the club took place on June 6, 2011, with the creation of SASP Alsace Promo Handball, one of the shareholders and member of the supervisory board of which is Thierry Omeyer, in order to manage the professional sector of the club. Structured in this way, the SAHB aspires to offer Alsace, the East of France and all of its partners a media scene with a European dimension. Relegated to the division at the end of the 2008–2009 season, the club returned to the elite two years later. The club then evolves in the "soft underbelly" of the championship, far from both relegation and European places. The club thus finished 7th in 2012 and 8th in 2013, the third and fourth best results for the club in the league. The 2014 offseason marked major changes in the club's sports management since, in contrast to the club's usual stability, eight starts and seven arrivals reshaped the club's workforce. Penultimate at the time of the international break, Jean-Luc Le Gall, club coach since 2008 and whose contract had been extended in the summer of 2014 until June 2016, was sacked on February 2, 2015 and was replaced three more days late by Christian Gaudin. The change is not beneficial since the club finally finished 13th and was relegated to the LNH Division 2 after having played 21 seasons in the elite. If the club immediately returns to the end of the 2015–2016 season, the club fails to maintain its finish by finishing last in 2017 with a record of two wins, one draw and 23 losses. Back in LNH Division 2, he stabilized at this level the following seasons.
Crest, colours, supporters
Naming history
Kits
Team
Current squad
Squad for the 2021–22 season
Former club members
Notable former players
Frédéric Beauregard (2009–2017)
Rock Feliho (2000-2004)
Francis Franck (2003-2007, 2009–2010)
Yanis Lenne (2015-2017)
Julien Meyer (2015-2016)
Thierry Omeyer (1994-2000)
Mickaël Robin (2001-2008)
Marc Wiltberger (1999-2001)
El Hadi Biloum (2006-2009)
Yacinn Bouakaz (2003–2004)
Sassi Boultif (2001-2003)
Abdelkader Rahim (2016–2017)
Eric Gull (2001-2003)
Thomas Cauwenberghs (2017-2020)
Simon Ooms (2018-2019)
Duško Čelica (2014)
Igor Mandić (2021-)
Volker Michel (2003-2004)
Snorri Guðjónsson (2014-2015)
Stevan Vujović (2013–2015)
Radu Ghiță (2014-2015)
Igor Chumak (2001-2003)
Hatem Haraket (2006-2008)
Mehdi Harbaoui (2020-)
Heykel Megannem (2002-2005)
Issam Tej (2003-2006)
Former coaches
References
External links
Sélestat
French handball clubs
Sport in Bas-Rhin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s%20House
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President's House
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President's House or Home or Manision may refer to:
Armenia
President's House, Yerevan
Sri Lanka
President's House, Colombo
Trinidad and Tobago
President's House, Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Residences of the President of the United States
President's House (Philadelphia), home of Washington and Adams
President's House (Ninth Street), mansion intended for the president of the United States in Philadelphia
College and university presidents' houses
Alabama
President's House, Marion Institute, Marion
President's Mansion (University of Alabama)
Arizona
President's House (Tempe, Arizona), Arizona State University
Arkansas
President's House (Southern Arkansas University), Magnolia
Florida
President's House (University of Florida), Gainesville
Georgia
President's House (University of Georgia), Athens
Kentucky
President's Home (Bowling Green, Kentucky), NRHP-listed in Warren County
Louisiana
President's Home, Northwestern State University, NRHP-listed in Natchitoches Parish
Dodd College President's Home, NRHP-listed in Caddo Parish
Massachusetts
Brandeis University President's House, Newton
President's House (Harvard), Cambridge
Michigan
President's House, University of Michigan
New Hampshire
President's House (Keene State College)
New Jersey
President's House (Princeton University)
President's House (Rutgers), New Brunswick
New Mexico
President's House (University of New Mexico), Albuquerque
Nason House, formerly the University President's House at New Mexico State University
New York
President's House (Columbia University)
Ohio
President's House (Heidelberg University), Tiffin, NRHP-listed in Seneca County
Oklahoma
Boyd House (University of Oklahoma), Norman, known as President's House and as OU White House
Pennsylvania
President's House (Washington & Jefferson College), Washington
Rhode Island
President's House (Naval War College), Newport
South Carolina
President's House (Clemson University)
Texas
President's House (Commerce, Texas), NRHP-listed in Hunt County
President's House at Texas College, Tyler, NRHP-listed in Smith County
Utah
Westminster College President's House, NRHP-listed in Salt Lake City
Virginia
President's House (College of William & Mary), Williamsburg
West Virginia
President's House (Bluefield State College)
Washington, D.C.
President's House (Gallaudet College)
See also
Official residence, lists houses of head of state for each country world-wide
List of university and college presidents' houses
List of university and college presidents' houses in the United States
Harbison College President's Home, Abbeville, South Carolina
President's Pavilion, Kandy, Sri Lanka
Beit HaNassi, residence of the president of Israel
Rashtrapati Bhavan, residence of the president of India
Rastrapati Bhawan, residence of the president of Nepal
White House, residence of the President of the United States
Vawter Hall and Old President's House, Virginia State University
Governor's House (disambiguation)
| 1 | 1 |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Harris%20%28American%20football%29
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Kevin Harris (American football)
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Kevin Harris (born November 17, 2000) is an American football running back for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at South Carolina.
Early life and high school
Harris grew up in Hinesville, Georgia and attended Bradwell Institute. He was named the Georgia Region 2-6A Player of the Year after rushing for 1,680 yards and 16 touchdowns in his junior year. As a senior, Harris rushed for 1,556 yards and 22 touchdowns and was named the Region 2-6A Player of the Year for the second straight season. Harris committed to play college football at South Carolina over offers from Army, Air Force, Navy, Cornell, Furman, The Citadel, Middle Tennessee State, Tulane and Wofford.
College career
Harris rushed 21 times for 179 yards and four touchdowns as a true freshman. He was named the Gamecocks starting running back several weeks into his sophomore season. Against Ole Miss, Harris rushed for 243, the fifth most in school history, and five touchdowns. He finished the season 1,138 yards and 15 touchdowns on 185 carries and caught 21 passes for 159 yards and one touchdown.
Professional career
References
External links
New England Patriots bio
South Carolina Gamecocks bio
Living people
American football running backs
South Carolina Gamecocks football players
Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Hinesville, Georgia
African-American players of American football
21st-century African-American sportspeople
2000 births
New England Patriots players
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6850785
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHC%20Chur
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EHC Chur
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EHC Chur Capricorns (formerly EHC Chur Sport AG) is a Swiss ice hockey team based in Chur, Switzerland who played until 2008 in National League B. They currently compete in the third tiered MySports League.
Honors
National League B Champions 1998–99, 1999–00
Swiss Regio Champions 2002–03
Players
Notable alumni
Ken Baumgartner
Renato Tosio
Thomas Vrabec
Harijs Vītoliņš
David Aebischer
Marco Bührer
Tobias Stephan
Wes Walz
Nino Niederreiter
Paul DiPietro
Mika Strömberg
Leonīds Tambijevs
Mauro Jörg
Edgar Salis
Dino Kessler
References
External links
EHC Chur official website
Ice hockey clubs established in 1933
Ice hockey teams in Switzerland
| 0 | -1 |
9783152
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRXO%20%28AM%29
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KRXO (AM)
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KRXO (1270 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Claremore, Oklahoma, and serves the Tulsa metropolitan area. KRXO is owned by Ty and Tony Tyler, through licensee Tyler Media, LLC. It airs a Spanish CHR radio format. It was previously Simulcast from co-owned KRXO-FM in Oklahoma City, with NBC Sports Radio programming late nights and weekends. Programming on KRXO is also broadcast on FM translator stations K300CY at 107.9 MHz and K245BZ at 96.9 MHz. The transmitter is off South 4100 Road in Claremore.
KRXO transmits with a directional signal around the clock, at 5,000 watts in the daytime and 1,000 watts at night. The day signal is maximized to send a 13,000 watt ERP lobe up and down Interstate 44. The day and night signals have been designed to provide the best possible coverage for Tulsa and the surrounding population centers.
History
The station originated as KWPR on January 17, 1958. The call sign was a tribute to famous Oklahoman Will Rogers. It began as a 500-watt daytimer, required to sign off at night to avoid interfering with other stations on AM 1270. In 1959, it was acquired by BRT Broadcasting.
On September 16, 2015, the then-KTUZ dropped its Spanish language format and picked up the sports talk format from sister station KRXO-FM in Oklahoma City. The station changed its call sign to KRXO on October 5, 2015.
On June 15, 2020, KRXO dropped its simulcast with KRXO-FM and changed its format from sports to Spanish CHR, branded as "Ritmo 107.9".
Translators
Previous logo
External links
References
RXO
Radio stations established in 1958
1958 establishments in Oklahoma
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
RXO (AM)
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69656682
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eopelecanus
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Eopelecanus
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Eopelecanus is an extinct genus of pelican from the Birket Qarun Formation in the Wadi El Hitan in Egypt, dating to the late Eocene (Priabonian). The holotype, a right tibiotarsus discovered in 2008, represents the oldest record of pelicans to date, the only named fossil pelican to date and only one species is known, E. aegyptiacus.
References
Pelicans
Fossil taxa described in 2021
Pelecaniformes
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715297
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20System%20model
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Solar System model
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Solar System models, especially mechanical models, called orreries, that illustrate the relative positions and motions of the planets and moons in the Solar System have been built for centuries. While they often showed relative sizes, these models were usually not built to scale. The enormous ratio of interplanetary distances to planetary diameters makes constructing a scale model of the Solar System a challenging task. As one example of the difficulty, the distance between the Earth and the Sun is almost 12,000 times the diameter of the Earth.
If the smaller planets are to be easily visible to the naked eye, large outdoor spaces are generally necessary, as is some means for highlighting objects that might otherwise not be noticed from a distance. The Boston Museum of Science has placed bronze models of the planets in major public buildings, all on similar stands with interpretive labels. For example, the model of Jupiter is located in the cavernous South Station waiting area. The properly-scaled, basket-ball-sized model is 1.3 miles (2.14 km) from the model Sun which is located at the museum, graphically illustrating the immense empty space in the Solar System.
The objects in such large models do not move. Traditional orreries often did move, and some used clockworks to display the relative speeds of objects accurately. These can be thought of as being correctly scaled in time, instead of distance.
Permanent true scale models
Many towns and institutions have built outdoor scale models of the Solar System. Here is a table comparing these models with the actual system.
Other models of the Solar System: historic, temporary, virtual, or dual-scale
Several sets of geocaching caches have been laid out as Solar System models.
A model based on a classroom globe
If the Earth were reduced to the size of a typical classroom globe, 41 cm (16 inches) in diameter, the Moon would be a 10 cm (4 in) baseball floating 12 metres (40 feet) away. The Sun would be 14 stories tall (somewhat smaller than the Spaceship Earth ride at Epcot) floating away. While a complete model to this scale has never been built, a Solar System built centered in Washington DC, London or Sydney, to that scale (approximately 1:31 000 000) would look like this:
If the scale of the above model is increased to 1:310 000 000, i.e. all distances and sizes reduced by a factor of 10, then the Earth and Venus can be modeled by ping pong balls, the Moon and smaller planets by various size marbles or lumps of modeling clay, the gas giants by balloons or larger playing balls, and a circle the diameter of the Sun can be drawn on the floor of most classrooms. The scale distance to Alpha Centauri would be 1/3 of the way to the Moon.
Some planetaria and related museums often use a scale model of the Solar System featuring a planetarium dome representing the Sun. Examples of this can be seen in planetaria like the Adler Planetarium, the Hayden Planetarium at the American Museum of Natural History, the Clark Planetarium, the Griffith Observatory, the Louisiana Arts and Science Museum, the Adventure Science Center, etc.
A commonly-portrayed scale model of the Solar System would use fruits of varying sizes to represent the planets: The Sun would be represented by an adult human, Mercury would be represented by a pea, Venus by a cherry or a grape, Earth by a strawberry or an apricot, the Moon by a peppercorn, Mars by a blueberry, Jupiter by a watermelon or a medium-sized pumpkin, Saturn by a grapefruit or a large melon like a cantaloupe or a honeydew, Uranus by an apple or an orange, and Neptune by a lime or a plum.
See also
Numerical model of the Solar System
Historical models of the Solar System
Infinite Corridor
References
External links
A list of websites related to Solar System models
The Otford Solar System
An online scale model (does not work in some browsers)
An online 3D model
An article on the Solar System in Maine
An article about a temporary exhibit in Melbourne, Australia
A map with Solar System models in Germany
A tool to calculate the diameters and distances needed for an accurate scale model
To Scale: The Solar System - video of model built in desert with Earth as the size of a marble.
Physics education
Scale modeling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Chen
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Joan Chen
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Joan Chen (born April 26, 1961) is a Chinese-American actress, film director, screenwriter, and film producer. In China she performed in the 1979 film and came to the attention of American audiences for her performance in the 1987 film The Last Emperor. She is also known for her roles in Twin Peaks, Red Rose White Rose, Saving Face, and The Home Song Stories, and for directing the feature film Xiu Xiu: The Sent Down Girl.
Early life
Chen was born in Shanghai, to a family of pharmacologists. She and her older brother, Chase, were raised during the Cultural Revolution. At the age of 14, Chen was discovered on the school rifle range by Jiang Qing, the wife of leader Mao Zedong and major Chinese Communist Party figure, for excelling at marksmanship. This led to her being selected for the Actors' Training Program by the Shanghai Film Studio in 1975, where she was discovered by veteran director Xie Jin who chose her to star in his 1977 film as a deaf mute whose senses are restored by an army medical team. Chen graduated from high school a year in advance, and at the age of 17 entered Shanghai International Studies University, where she majored in English.
Career
Early career in China
Chen performed alongside Tang Guoqiang in Zhang Zheng's () in 1979, for which she won the Hundred Flowers Award for Best Actress. Chen portrayed a pre-Maoist revolutionary's daughter, who, reunited with her brother, a wounded Communist soldier, later learned that his doctor was her biological mother. Little Flower was her second film and she soon achieved the status of China's most-loved actress; she was dubbed "the Elizabeth Taylor of China" by Time magazine for having achieved stardom while still a teenager.
In addition, Chen was in the 1979 film . The film directed by Ou Fan () and Xing Jitian () depicts an overseas Chinese family that returns to China from Southeast Asia out of their patriotic feelings but encounter political troubles during the Cultural Revolution. The songs, "I Love You, China" and "High Flies the Petrel" (), sung by Chen's character, are perennial favorites in China. In 1981, Chen starred in Awakening (), directed by .
Hollywood breakout
At age 20, Chen moved to the United States, where she studied filmmaking at California State University, Northridge.
Her first Hollywood movie was Tai-Pan, filmed on location in China. In 1985 she appeared in the U.S. television show Miami Vice as May Ying, former wife of Martin Castillo and husband to Ma Sek in the episode "Golden Triangle (Part II)". She went on to star in Bernardo Bertolucci's The Last Emperor in 1987 and the David Lynch/Mark Frost television series Twin Peaks as Josie Packard. She starred alongside Rutger Hauer in 1989's The Blood of Heroes, written and directed by David Webb Peoples. In 1993 she co-starred in Oliver Stone's Heaven & Earth. She portrayed two different characters in Clara Law's Temptation of a Monk: a seductive princess of Tang dynasty, and a dangerous temptress. She shaved her head on-screen for the role. The award-winning film was adapted from a novel by Lilian Lee.
In 1994 she co-starred with Steven Seagal in the action-adventure On Deadly Ground; she returned to Shanghai to star in Stanley Kwan's Red Rose White Rose opposite Winston Chao, and subsequently won a Golden Horse Award and a Hong Kong Film Critics Society Award for her performance. In 1996, she was a member of the jury at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival.
Tired of being cast as an exotic beauty in Hollywood films, Chen moved into directing in 1998 with the critically acclaimed Xiu Xiu: The Sent Down Girl, adapted from the novella Celestial Bath () by her friend Yan Geling. She later directed Autumn in New York, starring Richard Gere and Winona Ryder, in 2000.
Later career
In the middle of the 2000s, Chen made a comeback in acting and began to work intensely, alternating between English and Chinese-language roles.
In 2004, she starred in Hou Yong's family saga Jasmine Women, alongside Zhang Ziyi, in which they played multiple roles as daughters and mothers across three generations in Shanghai. She also starred in the Asian-American comedy Saving Face as a widowed mother, who is shunned by the Chinese-American community for being pregnant and unwed and has come to live with her lesbian daughter.
In 2005, she appeared in Zhang Yang's family saga Sunflower, as a mother whose husband and son have a troubled father-son relationship over 30 years. She starred in the Asian American independent film Americanese and in Michael Almereyda's Tonight at Noon, the first part of a two part project, scheduled to be released in 2009.
In 2007, Chen was acclaimed for her performance in Tony Ayres' drama The Home Song Stories. She portrayed a glamorous and unstable Chinese nightclub singer who struggles to survive in 1970s Australia with her two children. The role earned her four awards including the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress and the Golden Horse Award for Best Actress. The same year saw her co-starring in two other acclaimed films: Ang Lee's Lust, Caution, opposite Tony Leung Chiu-Wai, and Jiang Wen's The Sun Also Rises, opposite Anthony Wong Chau-Sang, for which she received an Asian Film Award for Best Supporting Actress.
In 2008, she starred alongside Sam Chow () in Shi Qi (), directed by Joe Chow (), as a rural mother of a 17-year-old in eastern Zhejiang province. The same year Joan Chen portrayed a factory worker in Jia Zhangke's 24 City once fancied because she resembled Chen herself in the 1979 film Little Flower, but who missed her chance at love.
She co-starred in Bruce Beresford's 2009 adaptation of the autobiography of dancer Li Cunxin, Mao's Last Dancer, along with Wang Shuangbao () and Kyle MacLachlan.
In 2009, Chen starred alongside Feng Yuanzheng and in the Chinese TV series Newcomers to the Middle-Aged (), directed by Dou Qi (), in which she played a female doctor facing middle-age problems. She also played the part of goddess Guan Yin in the 2010 Chinese TV adaptation of Journey to the West, directed by Cheng Lidong ().
In October 2009 Joan Chen was the curator of the first Singapore Sun Film Festival, whose theme was "The Art of Living Well". She selected and curated five films for screening during the festival: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, Dead Man Walking, Hannah and Her Sisters, Still Life and Edward Scissorhands.
In 2010, Chen joined the cast of Leehom Wang's directorial debut Love in Disguise, Alexi Tan's () Color Me Love (; alongside Liu Ye), Ilkka Järvi-Laturi's Kiss, His First (alongside Tony Leung Ka-fai and Gwei Lun-mei) and veteran acting coach Larry Moss' Relative Insanity (along with Juliette Binoche). In May 2010, she was set to star and direct one of the three parts of the anthology film Seeing Red.
In 2011, she played Secretary Bishop's girlfriend on the television series Fringe episode "Immortality". Chen was cast as the Mongol Yuan Dynasty empress Chabi in the 2014 American television series Marco Polo. Being somewhat unfamiliar with the Mongols, Chen read The Secret History of the Mongol Queens in order to prepare for the role. She also appeared in several episodes of the 2018 Chinese television drama Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace as Ula Nara Yixiu (the Empress Xiaojingxian).
Personal life
Chen was formerly married to actor Jim "Jimmy" Lau from 1985 to 1990. Chen married her second husband, cardiologist Peter Hui, on January 18, 1992. They have two daughters. They live in San Francisco, California.
During her early years in California, Chen attended California State University, Northridge. In 1989, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States. On April 9, 2008, Chen wrote an article entitled "Let the Games Go On" for the Washington Post objecting to the politicization of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
Charitable work
In May 2008, Chen appeared alongside James Kyson Lee, Silas Flensted, and Amy Hanaialiʻi Gilliom in a public service announcement for the Banyan Tree Project campaign to stop HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Asian & Pacific Islander communities.
In October 2008, Chen made the cover of Trends Health magazine alongside actresses Ke Lan () and Ma Yili () to promote the Chinese Pink Ribbon Breast Cancer Prevention campaign.
On January 8, 2010, Chen attended, alongside Nancy Pelosi, Nicole Kidman, and Joe Torre, the ceremony to help Family Violence Prevention Fund break ground on a new center located in the Presidio of San Francisco intended to combat violence against women and children. During the ceremony, Chen performed an excerpt from the documentary play The Thumbprint of Mukhtar Mai (presented as part of "Seven").
On January 15, 2010, Chen was set to appear, along with other Asian American personalities, in a series of videos supporting the Center for the Pacific Asian Family.
Filmography
Actress
Director
Writer
Producer
Other media
2008: "Shanghai," narrator—an audio walking tour by Louis Vuitton and Soundwalk
Awards and nominations
Other recognition
In 1992 People magazine chose her as one of the 50 most beautiful women in the world.
Chen inspired indie rock band Xiu Xiu, named after her film Xiu Xiu: The Sent Down Girl.
Chen was chosen by Goldsea as Number 45 on its compilation of "The 120 Most Inspiring Asian Americans of All Time".
References
Articles and interviews
"The Last Empress", by C. Mark Jacobson. Interview. December 1987. p. 146-147.
"In Praise of Actors: Joan Chen", by Peter Rainer. American Film. Volume 15: Issue 8. May 1990. p. 32.
"Heavenly And Hearthy", by Tom Kagy. Goldsea Asian American Daily. August 1992.
"Chen Reaction", by Alison Dakota Gee. Movieline (USA). December 1993. p. 54-59, 88.
"West To East", by Richard Corliss. TIME (USA). Volume 153: Issue 13. April 5, 1999.
"Joan of Art", by Richard Corliss. TIME (USA). April 5, 1999.
"The Sent Down Girl", by Steven Schwankert. Beijing Scene. Volume 5: Issue 8. May 7, 1999.
"Joan Chen: Guerilla Director", by Michael Sragow. Salon.com. May 27, 1999.
"Reel Poetry", by Kevin Berger. San Francisco (USA). July 2000. p. 51.
"Joan Chen: Whether it's China or Hollywood, this actress/director tells it like it is", by Franz Lidz. Interview. August 2000. p. 80-81.
"An Interview with Joan Chen", by Michelle Caswell. Asia Source. November 2000.
"Is Joan Chen Done with Hollywood?" Goldsea Asian American Daily. January 28, 2003.
"Empress and Enigma". China Daily. October 25, 2003.
"Joan Chen's Wild Side", by Malinda Lo. Curve. Volume 15: Issue 4. June 2005.
"The Face Behind Saving Face", by Kenny Tanemura. Asian Week. June 3, 2005.
"Sensuously Elegant: An Interview with Joan Chen", by Lisa Odham Stokes. Asian Cult Cinema (USA). Issue 48. October–December 2005. p. 51-61.
"Joan Chen on Filming Lust, Caution in Shanghai: Follow One's Heart.", by Liu Qing. The Chinese Mirror. February 28, 2007.
"The Many Faces of Joan Chen.", by Glen Schaefer. The Province. October 3, 2007.
"Joan Chen returns to Chinese film.", by Min Lee. The China Post. October 17, 2007.
External links
Joan Chen at the Chinese Movie Database
Joan Chen at Yahoo! Movies
Joan Chen at Allmovie
Joan Chen at Art and Culture
Joan Chen profile at EmanuelLevy.com
1961 births
Living people
20th-century Chinese actresses
20th-century American actresses
21st-century Chinese actresses
21st-century American actresses
American actresses of Chinese descent
American film actresses
American film directors
American film directors of Chinese descent
American television actresses
American women film directors
American writers of Chinese descent
California State University, Northridge alumni
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Chinese women film directors
Chinese film actresses
Film directors from Shanghai
Members of Committee of 100
Chinese television actresses
Screenwriters from Shanghai
Actresses from Shanghai
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Screenwriters from California
Best Actress AACTA Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Asian Film Award winners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Northern%202584
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Great Northern 2584
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Great Northern 2584 is a 4-8-4 "Northern" type steam locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in March 1930 for the Great Northern Railway (GN) as a member of the S-2 class.
*Note the Side view Elevation drawings were published in the 1938 Locomotive Cyclopedia by Simmons Boardman Publishing
The locomotive was built for fast passenger service and was assigned to pull the Great Northern's mainline passenger trains such as the Empire Builder and Oriental Limited. It was then retired in December 1957 and donated to the Havre depot in Havre, Montana for display in May 1964. It is the sole surviving Great Northern S-2 Class "Northern", the sole surviving Great Northern "Northern" type and the largest surviving Great Northern steam locomotive.
Service history
When delivered to the Great Northern in April 1930, 2584 was assigned to the railroad's premier passenger trains such as the Empire Builder and Oriental Limited between St. Paul, Minnesota and Seattle, Washington as well as fast mail trains. Initially, the locomotive was assigned to the flatter districts due to the districts having long tangents, easy curves and light grades, then a test in 1931 proved the class was capable of pulling the Empire Builder over the Divide between Havre and Whitefish, Montana where grades are up to 1.8% and the locomotive was also assigned to the Divide and eventually as far east as St. Paul, Minnesota, where the Empire Builder starts on the Great Northern's mainline. In 1945, the locomotive was fitted with Timken roller bearings on every axle, including every axle on its tender, replacing its original plain bearings. By 1949, despite performing excellently in passenger service, the railroad had dieselised its premier passenger trains and the locomotive was then reassigned to secondary passenger trains and freight service, of which the latter service was proven to be rather unsuitable for it due to being designed as a passenger locomotive. By the 1950s, No. 2584 and her sister locomotives were repainted from their original Glacier Green to black. Her last Fireman was Henry Norton who retired to be a farmer and lived in Turner Montana.
In late 1956, 2584 made its final run and was stored in a roundhouse in Superior, Wisconsin and had its axle boxes painted red and sat there for years.
Accident
On August 9, 1945, No. 2584 was involved in a wreck, however, the locomotive was undamaged, as the rear of its train was rear-ended by sister locomotive No. 2588 at 45 mph. No. 2584's tender, however, had suffered from a hot box and has stopped at Petersburg, North Dakota and again at Michigan, North Dakota prior to the wreck. After the hot box and accident were resolved, both 2584 and 2588 were returned to service.
Preservation
2584 was retired in December 1957 and on March 21, 1958, the Great Northern had decided to hold it for historical purposes and it was eventually repainted to its original Glacier Green paint scheme. On May 15, 1964, the locomotive was put on display at the Havre depot in Havre, Montana and was dedicated there. As of today, it still resides there on display. It also has a marker describing the locomotive and the S-2 class in general on the engineer's side of the locomotive's tender.
References
Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
Preserved steam locomotives of the United States
4-8-4 locomotives
Baldwin locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1930
2584
Individual locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Steam locomotives of the United States
Preserved steam locomotives of Montana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%20Drifters
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Two Drifters
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Two Drifters (also known as Odete) is a Portuguese feature film directed by João Pedro Rodrigues, produced at the independent production company Rosa Filmes and released in 2005.
Reception
Cannes Film Festival, 2005 – Méntion Spécial Cinémas de Recherche
Festival de Cine de Bogotá, 2005 – Bronze Precolumbian Circle
Festival Entre Vues de Belfort, 2005 – Best Actress for Ana Cristina de Oliveira
Festival do Rio, 2005
Milan Film Festival, 2006 – Special mention of the jury
Bratislava International Film Festival, 2005) – Great Award
São Paulo International Film Festival, 2005
Paths of the Portuguese cinema - Best Feature
Lagos Film Festival, 2006) – Best Supporting Actress for Teresa Madruga
Seattle International Film Festival, 2006 – Contemporary World Cinema
Bangkok International Film Festival, 2006
Portuguese Golden Globes, 2006 - Nomination for the categories of Best Film and Best Actress (Ana Cristina Oliveira)
External links
Portuguese drama films
2000s Portuguese-language films
2005 films
Films directed by João Pedro Rodrigues
2005 drama films
2005 LGBT-related films
Portuguese LGBT-related films
LGBT-related drama films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba
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Manitoba
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Manitoba ( ) is a province of Canada at the longitudinal centre of the country. It is Canada's fifth-most populous province, with a population of 1,342,153 as of 2021, of widely varied landscape, from arctic tundra and the Hudson Bay coastline in the north to dense boreal forest, large freshwater lakes, and prairie grassland in the central and southern regions.
Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years. In the early 17th century, British and French fur traders began arriving in the area and establishing settlements. The Kingdom of England secured control of the region in 1673 and created a territory named Rupert's Land, which was placed under the administration of the Hudson's Bay Company. Rupert's Land, which included all of present-day Manitoba, grew and evolved from 1673 until 1869 with significant settlements of Indigenous and Métis people in the Red River Colony. In 1869, negotiations with the Government of Canada for the creation of the province of Manitoba commenced. During the negotiations, several factors led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada, a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion. The resolution of the conflict and further negotiations led to Manitoba becoming the fifth province to join Canadian Confederation, when the Parliament of Canada passed the Manitoba Act on July 15, 1870.
Manitoba's capital and largest city is Winnipeg, the seventh most populous municipality in Canada. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and the Provincial Court. Four of the province's five universities, all four of its professional sports teams, and most of its cultural activities (including Festival du Voyageur and Folklorama) are located in Winnipeg. The city has train and bus stations and an international airport; a Canadian Forces base, CFB Winnipeg, operates from the airport and is the regional headquarters of the North American Aerospace Defense Command.
Etymology
The name Manitoba possibly derives from either Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwe manidoobaa, both meaning "straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit." Alternatively, it may be from the Assiniboine "minnetoba," meaning "Lake of the Prairie" (the lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies). The name was chosen by Thomas Spence for the new republic he proposed for the area south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel preferred the name over the proposed alternative of "Assiniboia." It was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870.
History
Indigenous societies and European settlement
Modern-day Manitoba was inhabited by the First Nations people shortly after the last ice age glaciers retreated in the southwest about 10,000 years ago; the first exposed land was the Turtle Mountain area. The Ojibwe, Cree, Dene, Sioux, Mandan, and Assiniboine peoples founded settlements, and other tribes entered the area to trade. In Northern Manitoba, quartz was mined to make arrowheads. The first farming in Manitoba was along the Red River, where corn and other seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans.
In 1611, Henry Hudson was one of the first Europeans to sail into what is now known as Hudson Bay, where he was abandoned by his crew. Thomas Button travelled this area in 1612 in an unsuccessful attempt to find and rescue Hudson. When the British ship Nonsuch sailed into Hudson Bay in 1668–1669, she became the first trading vessel to reach the area; that voyage led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company, to which the British government gave absolute control of the entire Hudson Bay watershed. This watershed was named Rupert's Land, after Prince Rupert, who helped to subsidize the Hudson's Bay Company. York Factory was founded in 1684 after the original fort of the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Nelson (built in 1682), was destroyed by rival French traders.
Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, visited the Red River Valley in the 1730s to help open the area for French exploration and trade. As French explorers entered the area, a Montreal-based company, the North West Company, began trading with the local Indigenous people. Both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company built fur-trading forts; the two companies competed in southern Manitoba, occasionally resulting in violence, until they merged in 1821 (the Hudson's Bay Company Archives in Winnipeg preserve the history of this era).
Great Britain secured the territory in 1763 after their victory over France in the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War, better known as the French and Indian War in North America; lasting from 1754 to 1763. The founding of the first agricultural community and settlements in 1812 by Lord Selkirk, north of the area which is now downtown Winnipeg, led to conflict between British colonists and the Métis. Twenty colonists, including the governor, and one Métis were killed in the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816.
Confederation
Rupert's Land was ceded to Canada by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869 and incorporated into the Northwest Territories; a lack of attention to Métis concerns caused Métis leader Louis Riel to establish a local provisional government which formed into the Convention of Forty and the subsequent elected Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia on 9 March 1870. This assembly subsequently sent three delegates to Ottawa to negotiate with the Canadian government. This resulted in the Manitoba Act and that province's entry into the Canadian Confederation. Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald introduced the Manitoba Act in the House of Commons of Canada, the bill was given Royal Assent and Manitoba was brought into Canada as a province in 1870. Louis Riel was pursued by British army officer Garnet Wolseley because of the rebellion, and Riel fled into exile. The Canadian government blocked the Métis' attempts to obtain land promised to them as part of Manitoba's entry into confederation. Facing racism from the new flood of white settlers from Ontario, large numbers of Métis moved to what would become Saskatchewan and Alberta.
Numbered Treaties were signed in the late 19th century with the chiefs of First Nations that lived in the area. They made specific promises of land for every family. As a result, a reserve system was established under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government. The prescribed amount of land promised to the native peoples was not always given; this led Indigenous groups to assert rights to the land through land claims, many of which are still ongoing.
The original province of Manitoba was a square one-eighteenth of its current size, and was known colloquially as the "postage stamp province". Its borders were expanded in 1881, taking land from the Northwest Territories and the District of Keewatin, but Ontario claimed a large portion of the land; the disputed portion was awarded to Ontario in 1889. Manitoba grew to its current size in 1912, absorbing land from the Northwest Territories to reach 60°N, uniform with the northern reach of its western neighbours Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia.
The Manitoba Schools Question showed the deep divergence of cultural values in the territory. The Catholic Franco-Manitobans had been guaranteed a state-supported separate school system in the original constitution of Manitoba, but a grassroots political movement among English Protestants from 1888 to 1890 demanded the end of French schools. In 1890, the Manitoba legislature passed a law removing funding for French Catholic schools. The French Catholic minority asked the federal government for support; however, the Orange Order and other anti-Catholic forces mobilized nationwide to oppose them. The federal Conservatives proposed remedial legislation to override Manitoba, but they were blocked by the Liberals, led by Wilfrid Laurier. Once elected Prime Minister in 1896, Laurier implemented a compromise stating Catholics in Manitoba could have their own religious instruction for 30 minutes at the end of the day if there were enough students to warrant it, implemented on a school-by-school basis.
Contemporary era
By 1911, Winnipeg was the third largest city in Canada, and remained so until overtaken by Vancouver in the 1920s. A boomtown, it grew quickly around the start of the 20th century, with outside investors and immigrants contributing to its success. The drop in growth in the second half of the decade was a result of the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, which reduced reliance on transcontinental railways for trade, as well as a decrease in immigration due to the outbreak of the First World War. Over 18,000 Manitoba residents enlisted in the first year of the war; by the end of the war, 14 Manitobans had received the Victoria Cross.
During the First World War, Nellie McClung started the campaign for women's votes. On January 28, 1916, the vote for women was legalized. Manitoba was the first province to allow women to vote in provincial elections. This was two years before Canada as a country granted women the right to vote.
After the First World War ended, severe discontent among farmers (over wheat prices) and union members (over wage rates) resulted in an upsurge of radicalism, coupled with a polarization over the rise of Bolshevism in Russia. The most dramatic result was the Winnipeg general strike of 1919. It began on 15 May and collapsed on 25 June 1919; as the workers gradually returned to their jobs, the Central Strike Committee decided to end the movement. Government efforts to violently crush the strike, including a Royal North-West Mounted Police charge into a crowd of protesters that resulted in multiple casualties and one death, had led to the arrest of the movement's leaders. In the aftermath, eight leaders went on trial, and most were convicted on charges of seditious conspiracy, illegal combinations, and seditious libel; four were deported under the Canadian Immigration Act.
The Great Depression (1929–c. 1939) hit especially hard in Western Canada, including Manitoba. The collapse of the world market combined with a steep drop in agricultural production due to drought led to economic diversification, moving away from a reliance on wheat production. The Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, forerunner to the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP), was founded in 1932.
Canada entered the Second World War in 1939. Winnipeg was one of the major commands for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan to train fighter pilots, and there were air training schools throughout Manitoba. Several Manitoba-based regiments were deployed overseas, including Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. In an effort to raise money for the war effort, the Victory Loan campaign organized "If Day" in 1942. The event featured a simulated Nazi invasion and occupation of Manitoba, and eventually raised over C$65 million.
Winnipeg was inundated during the 1950 Red River Flood and had to be partially evacuated. In that year, the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley. The damage caused by the flood led then-Premier Duff Roblin to advocate for the construction of the Red River Floodway; it was completed in 1968 after six years of excavation. Permanent dikes were erected in eight towns south of Winnipeg, and clay dikes and diversion dams were built in the Winnipeg area. In 1997, the "Flood of the Century" caused over in damages in Manitoba, but the floodway prevented Winnipeg from flooding.
In 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to pass the Meech Lake Accord, a series of constitutional amendments to persuade Quebec to endorse the Canada Act 1982. Unanimous support in the legislature was needed to bypass public consultation. Cree politician Elijah Harper opposed because he did not believe First Nations had been adequately involved in the Accord's process, and thus the Accord failed.
Glen Murray, elected in Winnipeg in 1998, became the first openly gay mayor of a large North American city. The province was impacted by major flooding in 2009 and 2011. In 2004, Manitoba became the first province in Canada to ban indoor smoking in public places. In 2013, Manitoba was the second province to introduce accessibility legislation, protecting the rights of persons with disabilities.
Geography
Manitoba is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west, the territory of Nunavut to the north, and the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south. Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a high volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg and then north down the Nelson River into Hudson Bay. This basin's rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, and east into Ontario. Major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill rivers. Most of Manitoba's inhabited south has developed in the prehistoric bed of Glacial Lake Agassiz. This region, particularly the Red River Valley, is flat and fertile; receding glaciers left hilly and rocky areas throughout the province.
The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more than 110,000 lakes, covering approximately 15.6 percent or of its surface area. Manitoba's major lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. A total of of traditional First Nations lands and boreal forest on Lake Winnipeg's east side were officially designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site known as Pimachiowin Aki in 2018.
Baldy Mountain is the province's highest point at above sea level, and the Hudson Bay coast is the lowest at sea level. Riding Mountain, the Pembina Hills, Sandilands Provincial Forest, and the Canadian Shield are also upland regions. Much of the province's sparsely inhabited north and east lie on the irregular granite Canadian Shield, including Whiteshell, Atikaki, and Nopiming Provincial Parks.
Extensive agriculture is found only in the province's southern areas, although there is grain farming in the Carrot Valley Region (near The Pas). Around 11 percent of Canada's farmland is in Manitoba.
Climate
Manitoba has an extreme continental climate. Temperatures and precipitation generally decrease from south to north and increase from east to west. Manitoba is far from the moderating influences of mountain ranges or large bodies of water. Because of the generally flat landscape, it is exposed to cold Arctic high-pressure air masses from the northwest during January and February. In the summer, air masses sometimes come out of the Southern United States, as warm humid air is drawn northward from the Gulf of Mexico. Temperatures exceed numerous times each summer, and the combination of heat and humidity can bring the humidex value to the mid-40s. Carman, Manitoba, recorded the second-highest humidex ever in Canada in 2007, with 53.0. According to Environment Canada, Manitoba ranked first for clearest skies year round and ranked second for clearest skies in the summer and for the sunniest province in the winter and spring.
Southern Manitoba (including the city of Winnipeg), falls into the humid continental climate zone (Köppen Dfb). This area is cold and windy in the winter and often has blizzards because of the open landscape. Summers are warm with a moderate length. This region is the most humid area in the prairie provinces, with moderate precipitation. Southwestern Manitoba, though under the same climate classification as the rest of Southern Manitoba, is closer to the semi-arid interior of Palliser's Triangle. The area is drier and more prone to droughts than other parts of southern Manitoba. This area is cold and windy in the winter and has frequent blizzards due to the openness of the Canadian Prairie landscape. Summers are generally warm to hot, with low to moderate humidity.
Southern parts of the province, just north of Tornado Alley, experience tornadoes, with 16 confirmed touchdowns in 2016. In 2007, on 22 and 23 June, numerous tornadoes touched down, the largest an F5 tornado that devastated parts of Elie (the strongest recorded tornado in Canada).
The province's northern sections (including the city of Thompson) fall in the subarctic climate zone (Köppen climate classification Dfc). This region features long and extremely cold winters and brief, warm summers with little precipitation. Overnight temperatures as low as occur on several days each winter.
Flora and fauna
Manitoba natural communities may be grouped within five ecozones: boreal plains, prairie, taiga shield, boreal shield and Hudson plains. Three of these—taiga shield, boreal shield and Hudson plain—contain part of the Boreal forest of Canada which covers the province's eastern, southeastern, and northern reaches.
Forests make up about , or 48 percent, of the province's land area. The forests consist of pines (Jack Pine, Red Pine, Eastern White Pine), spruces (White Spruce, Black Spruce), Balsam Fir, Tamarack (larch), poplars (Trembling Aspen, Balsam Poplar), birches (White Birch, Swamp Birch) and small pockets of Eastern White Cedar.
Two sections of the province are not dominated by forest. The province's northeast corner bordering Hudson Bay is above the treeline and is considered tundra. The tallgrass prairie once dominated the south central and southeastern parts including the Red River Valley. Mixed grass prairie is found in the southwestern region. Agriculture has replaced much of the natural prairie but prairie still can be found in parks and protected areas; some are notable for the presence of the endangered western prairie fringed orchid.
Manitoba is especially noted for its northern polar bear population; Churchill is commonly referred to as the "Polar Bear Capital". Other large animals, including moose, white-tailed deer, black bears, cougars, lynx, and wolves, are common throughout the province, especially in the provincial and national parks. There is a large population of red sided garter snakes near Narcisse; the dens there are home to the world's largest concentration of snakes.
Manitoba's bird diversity is enhanced by its position on two major migration routes, with 392 confirmed identified species; 287 of these nesting within the province. These include the great grey owl, the province's official bird, and the endangered peregrine falcon.
Manitoba's lakes host 18 species of game fish, particularly species of trout, pike, and goldeye, as well as many smaller fish.
Demography
At the 2016 census, Manitoba had a population of 1,278,365, more than half of which is in the Winnipeg Capital Region (778,489 as of the 2016 Census). Although initial colonization of the province revolved mostly around homesteading, the last century has seen a shift towards urbanization; Manitoba is the only Canadian province with over fifty-five percent of its population in a single city.
According to the 2006 Canadian census, the largest ethnic group in Manitoba is English (22.9%), followed by German (19.1%), Scottish (18.5%), Ukrainian (14.7%), Irish (13.4%), Indigenous (10.6%), Polish (7.3%), Métis (6.4%), French (5.6%), Dutch (4.9%), Russian (4.0%), and Icelandic (2.4%). Almost one-fifth of respondents also identified their ethnicity as "Canadian". Indigenous peoples (including Métis) are Manitoba's fastest-growing ethnic group, representing 13.6 percent of Manitoba's population as of 2001 (some reserves refused to allow census-takers to enumerate their populations or were otherwise incompletely counted). There is a significant Franco-Manitoban minority (148,370). Gimli, Manitoba is home to the largest Icelandic community outside of Iceland.
As of the 2021 Canadian Census, the ten most spoken languages in the province included English (1,288,950 or 98.6%), French (111,790 or 8.55%), Tagalog (73,440 or 5.62%), Punjabi (42,820 or 3.28%), German (41,980 or 3.21%), Hindi (26,980 or 2.06%), Spanish (23,435 or 1.79%), Mandarin (16,765 or 1.28%), Cree (16,115 or 1.23%), and Plautdietsch (15,055 or 1.15%). The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses.
Most Manitobans belong to a Christian denomination: on the 2001 census, 758,760 Manitobans (68.7%) reported being Christian, followed by 13,040 (1.2%) Jewish, 5,745 (0.5%) Buddhist, 5,485 (0.5%) Sikh, 5,095 (0.5%) Muslim, 3,840 (0.3%) Hindu, 3,415 (0.3%) Indigenous spirituality and 995 (0.1%) pagan. 201,825 Manitobans (18.3%) reported no religious affiliation. The largest Christian denominations by number of adherents were the Roman Catholic Church with 292,970 (27%); the United Church of Canada with 176,820 (16%); and the Anglican Church of Canada with 85,890 (8%).
Economy
Manitoba has a moderately strong economy based largely on natural resources. Its Gross Domestic Product was C$50.834 billion in 2008. The province's economy grew 2.4 percent in 2008, the third consecutive year of growth. The average individual income in Manitoba in 2006 was C$25,100 (compared to a national average of C$26,500), ranking fifth-highest among the provinces. As of October 2009, Manitoba's unemployment rate was 5.8 percent.
Manitoba's economy relies heavily on agriculture, tourism, electricity, oil, mining, and forestry. Agriculture is vital and is found mostly in the southern half of the province, although grain farming occurs as far north as The Pas. The most common agricultural activity is cattle husbandry, followed by assorted grains and oilseed. Manitoba is the nation's largest producer of sunflower seed and dry beans, and one of the leading sources of potatoes. Portage la Prairie is a major potato processing centre. Richardson International, one of the largest oat mills in the world, also has a plant in the municipality.
Manitoba's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including crown corporations and services like hospitals and universities. Major private-sector employers are The Great-West Life Assurance Company, Cargill Ltd., and Richardson International. Manitoba also has large manufacturing and tourism sectors. Churchill's Arctic wildlife is a major tourist attraction; the town is a world capital for polar bear and beluga whale watchers. Manitoba is the only province with an Arctic deep-water seaport, at Churchill.
In January 2018, the Canadian Federation of Independent Business claimed Manitoba was the most improved province for tackling red tape.
Economic history
Manitoba's early economy depended on mobility and living off the land. Indigenous Nations (Cree, Ojibwa, Dene, Sioux and Assiniboine) followed herds of bison and congregated to trade among themselves at key meeting places throughout the province. After the arrival of the first European traders in the 17th century, the economy centred on the trade of beaver pelts and other furs. Diversification of the economy came when Lord Selkirk brought the first agricultural settlers in 1811, though the triumph of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) over its competitors ensured the primacy of the fur trade over widespread agricultural colonization.
HBC control of Rupert's Land ended in 1868; when Manitoba became a province in 1870, all land became the property of the federal government, with homesteads granted to settlers for farming. Transcontinental railways were constructed to simplify trade. Manitoba's economy depended mainly on farming, which persisted until drought and the Great Depression led to further diversification.
Military bases
CFB Winnipeg is a Canadian Forces Base at the Winnipeg International Airport. The base is home to flight operations support divisions and several training schools, as well as the 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters. 17 Wing of the Canadian Forces is based at CFB Winnipeg; the Wing has three squadrons and six schools. It supports 113 units from Thunder Bay to the Saskatchewan/Alberta border, and from the 49th parallel north to the high Arctic. 17 Wing acts as a deployed operating base for CF-18 Hornet fighter–bombers assigned to the Canadian NORAD Region.
The two 17 Wing squadrons based in the city are: the 402 ("City of Winnipeg" Squadron), which flies the Canadian designed and produced de Havilland Canada CT-142 Dash 8 navigation trainer in support of the 1 Canadian Forces Flight Training School's Air Combat Systems Officer and Airborne Electronic Sensor Operator training programs (which trains all Canadian Air Combat Systems Officer); and the 435 ("Chinthe" Transport and Rescue Squadron), which flies the Lockheed C-130 Hercules tanker/transport in airlift search and rescue roles, and is the only Air Force squadron equipped and trained to conduct air-to-air refuelling of fighter aircraft.
Canadian Forces Base Shilo (CFB Shilo) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces east of Brandon. During the 1990s, Canadian Forces Base Shilo was designated as an Area Support Unit, acting as a local base of operations for Southwest Manitoba in times of military and civil emergency. CFB Shilo is the home of the 1st Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, both battalions of the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, and the Royal Canadian Artillery. The Second Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (2 PPCLI), which was originally stationed in Winnipeg (first at Fort Osborne, then in Kapyong Barracks), has operated out of CFB Shilo since 2004. CFB Shilo hosts a training unit, 3rd Canadian Division Training Centre. It serves as a base for support units of 3rd Canadian Division, also including 3 CDSG Signals Squadron, Shared Services Unit (West), 11 CF Health Services Centre, 1 Dental Unit, 1 Military Police Regiment, and an Integrated Personnel Support Centre. The base houses 1,700 soldiers.
Government and politics
After the control of Rupert's Land was passed from Great Britain to the Government of Canada in 1869, Manitoba attained full-fledged rights and responsibilities of self-government as the first Canadian province carved out of the Northwest Territories. The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba was established on 14 July 1870. Political parties first emerged between 1878 and 1883, with a two-party system (Liberals and Conservatives). The United Farmers of Manitoba appeared in 1922, and later merged with the Liberals in 1932. Other parties, including the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), appeared during the Great Depression; in the 1950s, Manitoban politics became a three-party system, and the Liberals gradually declined in power. The CCF became the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP), which came to power in 1969. Since then, the Progressive Conservatives and the NDP have been the dominant parties.
Like all Canadian provinces, Manitoba is governed by a unicameral legislative assembly. The executive branch is formed by the governing party; the party leader is the premier of Manitoba, the head of the executive branch. The head of state, King Charles III, is represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, who is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on advice of the Prime Minister. The head of state is primarily a ceremonial role, although the Lieutenant Governor has the official responsibility of ensuring Manitoba has a duly constituted government.
The Legislative Assembly consists of the 57 Members elected to represent the people of Manitoba. The premier of Manitoba is Heather Stefanson of the PC Party, after Brian Pallister's resignation. The province is represented in federal politics by 14 Members of Parliament and six Senators.
Manitoba's judiciary consists of the Court of Appeal, the Court of King's Bench, and the Provincial Court. The Provincial Court is primarily for criminal law; 95 per cent of criminal cases in Manitoba are heard here. The Court of King's Bench is the highest trial court in the province. It has four jurisdictions: family law (child and family services cases), civil law, criminal law (for indictable offences), and appeals. The Court of Appeal hears appeals from both benches; its decisions can only be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada.
Official languages
Both English and French are official languages of the legislature and courts of Manitoba, according to section 23 of the Manitoba Act of 1870 (part of the Constitution of Canada). In April 1890, the Manitoba legislature attempted to abolish the official status of French and ceased to publish bilingual legislation. However, in 1985, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the Reference re Manitoba Language Rights that section 23 still applied, and that legislation published only in English was invalid (unilingual legislation was declared valid for a temporary period to allow time for translation).
Although French is an official language for the purposes of the legislature, legislation, and the courts, the Manitoba Act does not require it to be an official language for the purpose of the executive branch (except when performing legislative or judicial functions). Hence, Manitoba's government is not completely bilingual. The Manitoba French Language Services Policy of 1999 is intended to provide a comparable level of provincial government services in both official languages. According to the 2006 Census, 82.8 percent of Manitoba's population spoke only English, 3.2 percent spoke only French, 15.1 percent spoke both, and 0.9 percent spoke neither.
In 2010, the provincial government of Manitoba passed the Aboriginal Languages Recognition Act, which gives official recognition to seven indigenous languages: Cree, Dakota, Dene, Inuktitut, Michif, Ojibway and Oji-Cree.
Transportation
Manitoba has two Class I railways: Canadian National Railway (CN) and Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Winnipeg is centrally located on the main lines of both carriers, and both maintain large inter-modal terminals in the city. Via Rail offers transcontinental and Northern Manitoba passenger service from Winnipeg's Union Station. Numerous small regional and short-line railways also run trains within Manitoba: the Hudson Bay Railway, the Southern Manitoba Railway, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba, Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway, and Central Manitoba Railway.
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport, Manitoba's largest airport, is one of only a few 24-hour unrestricted airports in Canada and is part of the National Airports System. A new, larger terminal opened in October 2011. It is the seventh busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic, serving 4,484,343 passengers in 2018, and the 11th busiest airport by aircraft movements. The airport handles approximately of cargo annually, making it the third largest cargo airport in the country. Winnipeg is a major sorting facility for both FedEx and Purolator, and receives daily trans-border service from UPS.
The Port of Churchill is the only Arctic deep-water port in Canada. It is nautically closer to ports in Northern Europe and Russia than any other port in Canada. It has four deep-sea berths for the loading and unloading of grain, general cargo and tanker vessels. The port is served by the Hudson Bay Railway. The port and railway came under complete community and Indigenous ownership in 2021, after AGT Food and Ingredients and Fairfax Financial transferred their shares in Arctic Gateway to OneNorth – a consortium of community and Indigenous partners which owned the other fifty percent of Arctic Gateway's shares.
Education
Public schools follow a provincially mandated curriculum in either French or English. There are sixty-five funded independent schools in Manitoba, including three boarding schools. These schools must follow the Manitoban curriculum and meet other provincial requirements. There are forty-four non-funded independent schools, which are not required to meet those standards. Public schools in Manitoba fall under the regulation of one of thirty-seven school divisions within the provincial education system (except for the Manitoba Band Operated Schools, which are administered by the federal government). In 2021, the provincial government announced a plan to merge all English-language school divisions into 15 regional catchment areas, overseen by a provincial education authority.
There are five universities in Manitoba, regulated by the Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy. Four of these universities are in Winnipeg: the University of Manitoba, the largest and most comprehensive; the University of Winnipeg, a liberal arts school primarily focused on undergrad studies downtown; Université de Saint-Boniface, the province's only French-language university; and the Canadian Mennonite University, a religious-based institution. The Université de Saint-Boniface, established in 1818 and now affiliated with the University of Manitoba, is the oldest university in Western Canada. Brandon University, formed in 1899 and in Brandon, is the province's only university not in Winnipeg.
Manitoba has fifty-four public library systems. Of these, Winnipeg Public Library has the largest collections, at 1.1 million items as of 2020.
Culture
Arts
The Minister of Culture, Heritage, Tourism and Sport is responsible for promoting and, to some extent, financing Manitoban culture. Manitoba is the birthplace of the Red River Jig, a combination of Indigenous pow-wows and European reels popular among early settlers. Manitoba's traditional music has strong roots in Métis and First Nations culture, in particular the old-time fiddling of the Métis. Manitoba's cultural scene also incorporates classical European traditions. The Winnipeg-based Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB), is Canada's oldest ballet and North America's longest continuously operating ballet company; it was granted its royal title in 1953 under Queen Elizabeth II. The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra (WSO) performs classical music and new compositions at the Centennial Concert Hall. Manitoba Opera, founded in 1969, also performs out of the Centennial Concert Hall.
Le Cercle Molière (founded 1925) is the oldest French-language theatre in Canada, and Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre (founded 1958) is Canada's oldest English-language regional theatre. Manitoba Theatre for Young People was the first English-language theatre to win the Canadian Institute of the Arts for Young Audiences Award, and offers plays for children and teenagers as well as a theatre school. The Winnipeg Art Gallery (WAG), Manitoba's largest art gallery and the sixth largest in the country, hosts an art school for children; the WAG's permanent collection comprises over twenty thousand works, with a particular emphasis on Manitoban and Canadian art.
The 1960s pop group The Guess Who was formed in Manitoba, and later became the first Canadian band to have a No. 1 hit in the United States; Guess Who guitarist Randy Bachman later created Bachman–Turner Overdrive (BTO) with fellow Winnipeg-based musician Fred Turner. Fellow rocker Neil Young, grew up in Manitoba, and later played in Buffalo Springfield, and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. Folk rock band Crash Test Dummies formed in the late 1980s in Winnipeg and were the 1992 Juno Awards Group of the Year.
Several prominent Canadian films were produced in Manitoba, such as The Stone Angel, based on the Margaret Laurence book of the same title, The Saddest Music in the World, Foodland, For Angela, and My Winnipeg. Major films shot in Manitoba include The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and Capote, both of which received Academy Award nominations. Falcon Beach, an internationally broadcast television drama, was filmed at Winnipeg Beach, Manitoba.
Manitoba has a strong literary tradition. Bertram Brooker won the first-ever Governor General's Award for Fiction in 1936. Cartoonist Lynn Johnston, author of the comic strip For Better or For Worse, was a finalist for a 1994 Pulitzer Prize and inducted into the Canadian Cartoonist Hall of Fame. Margaret Laurence's The Stone Angel and A Jest of God were set in Manawaka, a fictional town representing Neepawa; the latter title won the Governor General's Award in 1966. Carol Shields won both the Governor General's Award and the Pulitzer Prize for The Stone Diaries. Gabrielle Roy, a Franco-Manitoban writer, won the Governor General's Award three times. A quote from her writings is featured on the Canadian $20 bill. Joan Thomas was nominated for the Governor General's Award twice and won in 2019 for Five Wives. The province has also been home to many of the key figures in Mennonite literature, including Governor General Award-winning Miriam Toews, Giller winner David Bergen, Armin Wiebe and many others. Sandra Birdsell, whose fiction focusses on her Métis and Mennonite heritage, was thrice nominated for the Governor General's Literary Award for English Language Fiction, and also for the Scotiabank Giller Prize in 2001.
Festivals
Festivals take place throughout the province, with the largest centred in Winnipeg. The Winnipeg Folk Festival has an annual attendance of over 70,000. The Festival du Voyageur is an annual ten-day event held in Winnipeg's French Quarter, and is Western Canada's largest winter festival. It celebrates Canada's fur-trading past and French-Canadian heritage and culture. Folklorama, a multicultural festival run by the Folk Arts Council, receives around 400,000 pavilion visits each year, of which about thirty percent are from non-Winnipeg residents. The Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival is an annual alternative theatre festival, the second-largest festival of its kind in North America (after the Edmonton International Fringe Festival).
Museums
Manitoban museums document different aspects of the province's heritage. The Manitoba Museum is the largest museum in Manitoba and focuses on Manitoban history from prehistory to the 1920s. The full-size replica of the Nonsuch is the museum's showcase piece. The Manitoba Children's Museum at The Forks presents exhibits for children. There are two museums dedicated to the native flora and fauna of Manitoba: the Living Prairie Museum, a tall grass prairie preserve featuring 160 species of grasses and wildflowers, and FortWhyte Alive, a park encompassing prairie, lake, forest and wetland habitats, home to a large herd of bison. The Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre houses the largest collection of marine reptile fossils in Canada. Other museums feature the history of aviation, marine transport, and railways in the area. The Canadian Museum for Human Rights is the first Canadian national museum outside of the National Capital Region.
Media
Winnipeg has two daily newspapers: the Winnipeg Free Press, a broadsheet with the highest circulation numbers in Manitoba, as well as the Winnipeg Sun, a smaller tabloid-style paper. There are several ethnic weekly newspapers, including the weekly French-language La Liberté, and regional and national magazines based in the city. Brandon has two newspapers: the daily Brandon Sun and the weekly Wheat City Journal. Many small towns have local newspapers.
There are five English-language television stations and one French-language station based in Winnipeg. The Global Television Network (owned by Canwest) is headquartered in the city. Winnipeg is home to twenty-one AM and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language stations. Brandon's five local radio stations are provided by Astral Media and Westman Communications Group. In addition to the Brandon and Winnipeg stations, radio service is provided in rural areas and smaller towns by Golden West Broadcasting, Corus Entertainment, and local broadcasters. CBC Radio broadcasts local and national programming throughout the province. Native Communications is devoted to indigenous programming and broadcasts to many of the isolated native communities as well as to larger cities.
Sports
Manitoba has five professional sports teams: the Winnipeg Blue Bombers (Canadian Football League), the Winnipeg Jets (National Hockey League), the Manitoba Moose (American Hockey League), the Winnipeg Goldeyes (American Association), and Valour FC (Canadian Premier League). The province was previously home to another team called the Winnipeg Jets, which played in the World Hockey Association and National Hockey League from 1972 until 1996, when financial troubles prompted a sale and move of the team, renamed the Phoenix Coyotes. A second incarnation of the Winnipeg Jets returned, after True North Sports & Entertainment bought the Atlanta Thrashers and moved the team to Winnipeg in time for the 2011 hockey season. Manitoba has two major junior-level hockey teams, the Western Hockey League's Brandon Wheat Kings and Winnipeg Ice, and one junior football team, the Winnipeg Rifles of the Canadian Junior Football League.
The province is represented in university athletics by the university of Manitoba Bisons, the university of Winnipeg Wesmen, and the Brandon University Bobcats. All three teams compete in the Canada West Universities Athletic Association, a regional division of U Sports.
Curling is an important winter sport in the province with Manitoba producing more men's national champions than any other province, while additionally in the top 3 women's national champions, as well as multiple world champions in the sport. The province also hosts the world's largest curling tournament in the MCA Bonspiel.
Though not as prominent as hockey and curling, long track speed skating also features as a notable and top winter sport in Manitoba. The province has produced some of the world's best female speed skaters including Susan Auch and the country's top Olympic medal earners Cindy Klassen and Clara Hughes.
See also
Outline of Manitoba
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Provinces and territories of Canada
1870 establishments in Canada
Canadian Prairies
States and territories established in 1870
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linagliptin
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Linagliptin
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Linagliptin, sold under the brand name Trajenta among others, is a medication used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2. It is generally less preferred than metformin and sulfonylureas as an initial treatment. It is used together with exercise and diet. It is not recommended in type 1 diabetes. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include inflammation of the nose and throat. Serious side effects may include angioedema, pancreatitis, joint pain. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended. Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. It works by increasing the production of insulin and decreasing the production of glucagon by the pancreas.
Linagliptin was approved for medical use in the United States in 2011. In 2018, it was the 177th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions. As of August 2021, linagliptin is available as a generic medicine in the US.
Medical uses
Results in 2010, from a Phase III clinical trial of linagliptin showed that the drug can effectively reduce blood sugar.
Side effects
Linagliptin may cause severe joint pain.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning that the type 2 diabetes medicines like sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin may cause joint pain that can be severe and disabling. The FDA has added a new Warning and Precaution about this risk to the labels of all medicines in this drug class, called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors.
Trajenta's Prescribing Information states the drug is contraindicated for people with bronchial hyperreactivity (for example, asthma).
Mechanism of action
Linagliptin belongs to a class of drugs called DPP-4 inhibitors.
Terminology
Linagliptin is the INN.
See also
Empagliflozin/linagliptin
References
External links
Alkyne derivatives
Boehringer Ingelheim
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
Eli Lilly and Company brands
Piperidines
Quinazolines
Xanthines
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham%E2%80%93Shuttlesworth%20International%20Airport
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Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport
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Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport , formerly Birmingham Municipal Airport and later Birmingham International Airport, is a civil-military airport serving Birmingham, Alabama. The airport also provides scheduled airline service for the Birmingham and Tuscaloosa metropolitan areas. It is located in Jefferson County, five miles northeast of Downtown Birmingham, near the interchange of Interstates 20 and 59.
BHM averages 301 aircraft operations a day, including 136 flights to 43 airports in 40 cities. BHM served 3,090,604 passengers in 2019, and is the largest and busiest airport in the state of Alabama by passenger volume. The airfield can handle all aircraft types. The main runway is long. The secondary runway is long. A CategoryII ILS allows operations in visibility as low as a quarter-mile. The airport was renamed in July 2008 after Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, founding president of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights and a leader of the Birmingham campaign during the civil rights movement.
The airport carries the designation of an international airport and has a staffed U.S. Customs and Border Protection facility on site. There have been scheduled seasonal international flights to the Bahamas, Canada, and Mexico in the past, but as of March 2020, there are no scheduled international flights. However, air ambulance operator AirMed International regularly operates to and from destinations throughout the world; corporate aircraft routinely depart and arrive from foreign destinations, as well. The Southern Museum of Flight currently operates on Airport Authority property, to the east side of the north–south runway. There are plans for it to relocate to a new site near the Barber Motorsports Park.
History
Commercial air service to Birmingham began in 1928 by St. Tammy and Gulf Coast Airways, at Roberts Field on the west side of Birmingham on a route from Atlanta, Georgia to New Orleans, Louisiana. Delta Air Service began service to Birmingham in late 1929 with six seat Travel Air airplanes along a route from Love Field in Dallas, Texas to Birmingham. When American Airways (now American Airlines) began their Atlanta, Georgia to Fort Worth, Texas route, Birmingham was not included because their Ford Tri-Motors could not land at Roberts Field. Thus, Birmingham began construction of what is now Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport.
The airport opened on May 31, 1931 with a two-story, white, Georgian style terminal and a single east–west runway. The terminal was just east of the later 1962 and 1971 terminal complexes. No remains of the 1931 terminal or landscaping are visible. With the addition of American Airlines in 1931 and Eastern Airlines in 1934, air traffic increased enough to warrant a second runway.
World War II saw the airport leased to the United States Army Air Forces for $1 a year to support national defense. Birmingham Army Airfield was a section assigned to the Third Air Force as a fighter base, operated by the 310th Army Air Force Base Unit. The Army Air Force considerably improved the airport with land acquisitions, paving of additional taxiways, and construction of a control tower and an aircraft modification center south of the terminal, now operated by Stewart Industries for aircraft disassembly and disposal.
Around the 1940s, Birmingham was considered as a potential air transportation hub for the Deep South. However, Delta Air Lines, Eastern Air Lines and the United States Postal Service each opted to use Atlanta for this purpose instead. One factor was an aviation fuel tax imposed by the City of Birmingham in the 1940s; other factors included Birmingham's location in the Central Time Zone, which placed it at a disadvantage in accommodating traffic between East Coast points, and a relatively strong sales and marketing campaign by Atlanta under Mayor William Hartsfield.
After the airport returned to city control in August 1948 Southern Airways began service. In March 1951 four runways were in use, Runways 5/23 (now 6/24) and 18/36, and runways at about 45/225 degrees north of Runway 5/23 and 85/265 degrees mostly south of Runway 5/23. Runway lengths were about to . The runway at 45/225 degrees is now largely removed, though a paved portion remains crossing taxiway F near the Alabama Air National Guard facilities, used for airport equipment and helicopter landing/parking. The runway at 85/265 is also mostly removed, with remaining segments making up taxiway A5 and a portion of taxiway F east of Runway 18/36.
By 1959 Runway 5/23 was and service was started to Birmingham by Capital Airlines with Vickers Viscounts. The first scheduled jets were Delta Convair 880s in October 1961, flying ATL-BHM-MSY-LAX and back. Birmingham then had nonstops to Newark and Washington, DC, but no other nonstops beyond Charlotte, Memphis and New Orleans, and no nonstops to Florida. In the late 1960s Douglas DC-8, Douglas DC-9, Convair 880 and Boeing 727s were all scheduled to BHM.
During the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, pilots and crews from the Alabama Air National Guard's 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Birmingham were selected to train Cuban exile fliers in Nicaragua to fly the Douglas B-26 Invader in the close air support role. Although the 117th was flying the RF-84F Thunderflash, it had only recently retired its RB-26C Invaders, the last squadron in the Air Force to do so; thus the 117th was seen as the logical choice for the CIA's secret mission. Seven of the volunteer aviators participated combat operations during the final day of the invasion, on August 19, 1961. Birmingham natives Leo Baker, Wade Gray, Riley Shamburger, and Thomas "Pete" Ray were killed when their (two) aircraft were shot down. While American involvement had been suspected since before the invasion even began, Ray's frozen body was kept as concrete proof of U.S. support.
Continued growth in passenger traffic by 1962 resulted in the construction of a second passenger terminal and a new air traffic control tower, built west of the original 1931 terminal. This was dedicated on February 11, 1962 as the Birmingham Air Terminal. Charles H. McCauley Associates was the supervising architect and Radar & Associates was the designing architect. It consisted of a single story building of repeated bays with steeply pitched roofs, which flanked a wider, higher center bay at the south end of the building for ticketing. A long, flat roofed northern section comprised the ground-level aircraft gates. The air traffic control tower, completed in 1962 and located immediately southwest of the terminal, was tall. The 1962 control tower was demolished in 2004 after being replaced by the 2001 air traffic control tower. This terminal was demolished to make way for the 2011 terminal expansion; the 1962 terminal being located in the area now covered by the aircraft apron for Gate A1.
In 1973 a semi-circular terminal was completed west of the 1962 terminal and air traffic control tower. It had 15 aircraft gates and a 1,600 space parking deck. Allegheny Airlines (later US Airways) began service from Birmingham to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the late 1970s. Deregulation of the airline industry saw airlines such as Comair, Florida Express, People Express, Air New Orleans, L'Express Airlines, and most importantly Southwest Airlines enter the Birmingham market. The city unsuccessfully lobbied Piedmont Airlines to establish a Birmingham hub in the 1980s; American Airlines considered Birmingham as the site for a new north–south hub around the same time, but opted to establish hubs in Nashville and Raleigh/Durham instead.
The original 1931 terminal was finally demolished between 1970 and 1992. With the introduction of flights to Canada and Mexico, the official name of the airport was changed to Birmingham International Airport on October 20, 1993. Also in 1993, the airport marked the completion of a $50.4m terminal renovation.
In the early 1990s Runway 18/36 was extended to 7,100 feet, allowing use by airline jets. By the early 2000s, Birmingham had completed improvements to the air cargo areas, including a new facility at the far west end of runway 6-24 which houses FedEx and United Parcel Service. A new FAA air traffic control tower located south of the terminal parking deck and measuring in height entered service in the Summer of 2001. The 1962 blue and white air traffic control tower was demolished in 2004. In 2006 Birmingham International Airport celebrated its 75th year. In July 2007 an eastward extension to Runway 6/24 was completed. Now in length, Runway 6/24 allows a fully loaded Boeing 747 to land or take off.
On June 23, 2008 Birmingham Mayor Larry Langford announced his proposal to rename the airport as the Fred L. Shuttlesworth International Airport, in honor of civil rights activist Fred Shuttlesworth. On July 16, 2008, Mayor Langford and the Birmingham Airport Authority voted to change the name of the airport from the Birmingham International Airport to the Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport after the former civil rights activist. The name change cost about $300,000. The FAA approved the name change and signage of the airport took place on April 3, 2009.
In 2011, The Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport broke ground on a comprehensive Terminal Modernization Project. This project was completed in phases over three years, retaining with extensive renovations the 1973 landside terminal, demolishing the 1962 terminal and 1973 airside concourses and gates (portions of the 1973 Concourse C structure were reused), and constructing all new airside facilities with 19 gates equipped with jetways. Completed in 2014, the completed provided a beautiful new terminal that nearly doubled the airport's footprint, but with minimal impact on the community and environment.
Facilities
Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport covers 2,170 acres (878 ha) at an elevation of 650 feet (198 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt runways: 6/24 is 12,007 by 150 feet (3,660 x 46 m) and 18/36 is 7,099 by 150 feet (2,164 x 46 m).
Atlantic Aviation operates two general aviation fixed-base operator facilities, and there are numerous corporate hangars north of Runway 6/24 and east of Runway 18/36. AirMed International, a fixed-wing air ambulance company, operates its main hub from here. There is a large, full service aircraft modification and maintenance facility on the south side of the airport. It was originally built during World War II, but was subsequently expanded. While little work is now performed at the complex, the facility sits on approximately 180 acres of land and has 1.7 million square feet under its roof. It has 10 aircraft pull-through bays with space under the roof for 54 737-size aircraft.
In 2019 the airport had 104,847 aircraft operations, an average of 287 movements per day. Itinerant aircraft movements broke down as follows: 38% general aviation, 32% scheduled commercial, 19% air taxi, and 10% military. A total of 230 aircraft were then based at this airport.
Commercial aircraft
In September 2020, typical commercial passenger traffic included Boeing 737s, Boeing 717s, Embraer 170s, Embraer 145s, CRJ 900s, CRJ700s, CRJ550s, and CRJ 200s models on about 128 takeoffs or landings daily. Currently, Delta Airlines operates the Boeing 737 and 717 to BHM. Southwest utilizes Boeing 737s for all flights. United Express (GoJet Airlines, Mesa Airlines, SkyWest Airlines, Republic Airways) operate the Embraer 170/175, Embraer 140/145, and the CRJ-550 for their flights. American Eagle (PSA Airlines, Envoy Air, Mesa Airlines, and SkyWest Airlines) operate the ERJ145, ERJ175, and CRJ700/900 family. Recently, American Airlines also offered service on the Airbus A319, which has since been removed. The CRJ700/900 family was the most common regional aircraft, being used by American Eagle, Delta Connection, and United Express. The Canadair Regional Jets and ERJ 145 shared the second spot for regional jets, being utilized by the airlines above as well as American Eagle. Southern Airways Express formerly operated on-demand charter flights to select cities on the Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft (which was the only scheduled passenger service to BHM on turbo-prop aircraft). Mountain Air Cargo also operates daily flights to Memphis using the ATR-72 twin-turboprop aircraft on behalf of FedEx Express. FedEx operates their Boeing 757-200; while UPS uses their Boeing 767-300F as well as the Airbus A300-600F, these are the only wide-body aircraft to routinely use the airport. Numerous other aircraft are used for frequent charter flights. Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport is also a primary diversion airport for Atlanta Hartsfield–Jackson International Airport due to its 12,007 ft runway, which frequently brings brief but unique visitors.
Military aircraft
Sumpter Smith Air National Guard Base is located at the airport. It covers approximately 147 acres and essential facilities to support the mission of the 117th Air Refueling Wing (117 ARW), an Alabama Air National Guard unit operationally gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC), as well as its KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft.
The 117 ARW occupies 101 facilities including offices, mission support structures, maintenance hangars, a petroleum/oil/lubricants (POL) storage and refueling station, a joint Army and Air Force evacuation hospital, as well as 24/7 Security Forces, Fire Response, Base Defense Operations Center, and Base Command Post. The 117 ARW has nine KC-135R Stratotankers allotted among two squadrons the 106Th Air Refueling Squadron (ANG), and the 99Th Air Refueling Squadron (USAF). The current complement of personnel is over 300 full-time personnel, including military and civilian employees. This expands to over 1,300 personnel for Unit Training Assembly (UTA) weekends and during activation.
The Alabama Army National Guard (AL ARNG) and U.S. Army Reserve (USAR) have facilities and units co-located on the base. Alabama Army Aviation Support Facility #2 provides aircraft hangar and maintenance facilities for companies of the 1st Battalion, 169th Aviation Regiment which operate CH-47D Chinook and UH-72A Lakota aircraft. The Armed Forces Reserve Center Buildings 1&2 provide facilities for the 109th Evacuation Hospital, 20th Special Forces Group (1st Battalion), and a Detachment of the 450th Military Police Company (USAR). The (AL ARNG) Field Maintenance Shop #11(FMS-11) facility is also on base.
Terminal and concourses
BHM currently has one new terminal building with three new concourses, which opened on March 13, 2013 (Concourses A, B) and on August 14, 2014 (Concourse C). The landside terminal (the area before the security threshold) has two levels. The upper level has ticketing and check-in facilities, a business center, and a large function room. The lower level has baggage claim facilities, airline baggage offices, airport operations offices, and meeting rooms available for use. The airport has its own police force with offices on the lower level of the terminal. There are vending machines and ATMs throughout both levels, pre-security.
Terminal A referred to the former 1962 terminal, which was still in use as office space until it was closed in 2011. The former ConcourseB was closed in June 2011 and demolished alongside TerminalA for the first phase of the terminal modernization project to make way for two new concourses, AandB, which opened on March 13, 2013. ConcourseC was closed on March 13, 2013 upon completion of Concourses AandB. ConcourseC was not demolished, but was completely gutted and structurally modified, removing the rotunda at the end of the old concourse and changing the structure to make a rectangle shape with the same width from end to end. It then underwent an intensive remodel covering all aspects of the concourse, culminating in the opening of the concourse to flights on August 14, 2014.
There is a rental car facility in an annex on the ground floor of the parking deck. Eight rental car companies are housed within this facility. The airport offers a parking deck with over 5000 spaces available for hourly and daily parking. A remote lot is available for long term parking, with over 700 spaces. A shuttle runs between the terminal and the remote lot continuously throughout the day. There is a free cell phone waiting lot with a digital flight display for people waiting on arriving passengers.
Beginning in December 2015, Birmingham-Jefferson County Transit Authority introduced two new express Airport Shuttle routes from downtown Birmingham hotels directly to the terminal. The shuttle routes operate hourly on Mondays through Saturdays and the fare is $5.00.
Concourses
A ribbon cutting ceremony for the new Concourse A and Concourse B took place on February 26, 2013. The new terminal officially opened for business on March 13, 2013. The new ConcourseC was completed along with the second half of the main terminal building and baggage claim upon the completion of the second and final phase of the terminal modernization project. A ribbon cutting ceremony for the ConcourseC and phase2 completion was held on August 11, 2014, and ConcourseC officially opened for arriving and departing flights on August 14, 2014.
Concourse A, which opened on March 13, 2013, consists of eight gates: A1–A8. It is used by Delta and American. It also contains U.S. Customs and Immigration facilities capable of processing arriving international aircraft. For international arrivals, a partition is closed, forcing deplaning passengers through a glass corridor wherein they can see the interior of the main concourse, but cannot exit the corridor. The corridor leads down a special set of escalators into the U.S. customs an immigration facility below the main level. After being processed, passengers proceed through one-way doors into the main arrival hall.
Concourse B, which opened on March 13, 2013, consists of five gates: B1–B5. It is used by American. Concourse C, which opened on August 14, 2014, consists of six gates: C1-C6. It is used by Southwest and United. Former Concourse B consisted of six gates, B1-B6. Prior to its closure and demolition, ConcourseB was used by Northwest/Northwest Airlink, American/American Eagle, Continental/Continental Express and US Airways Express. Northwest moved to ConcourseC in May 2009 and was merged into Delta a year later. American Airlines moved to ConcourseC on June 10, 2011; while US Airways and Continental moved to ConcourseC on June 24, 2011. ConcourseB was then closed and demolished in August 2011 to make way for the construction for future concourses AandB.
Former ConcourseC consisted of 13 gates, C1–C14. It was the only concourse at the airport in operation and in use during the first phase of the terminal modernization project. Therefore, all commercial and charter services used this concourse. ConcourseC was then closed when the new concourses AandB opened on March 13, 2013.
Architecture
The 1974 terminal was built in the International style of architecture popular for American commercial and institutional buildings from the 1950s through the late 1970s. It consists of a single curved terminal with concourses radiating outward. Large floor to ceiling plate glass windows form curtain walls on the departure level of the terminal with horizontal bands of repetitive white architectural panels above and below. A slight departure from typical International style, the upper band of panels was decorated with raised circles of four sizes, two circles per size per panel. The roof is flat over the terminal and concourses; a series of steel columns painted white with stay cables for the terminal awning project from the roof. An enclosed white-clad Observation Deck jutted out from the airside terminal face at a sharp angle between the old concourses BandC. On the airside of the terminal, a large horizontal white sign with teal lettering identified the city as Birmingham.
Externally, Concourse C and Concourse B before their reconstruction were radically different from the terminal structure, consisting of straight radial spokes clad with white panels. ConcourseC included a circular end which invokes the appearance of the terminal, whereas ConcourseB terminated at a flat wall. The concourse walls had relatively few windows, typically at waiting and dining areas. The presence of multiple shops, restrooms and service areas reduced the need for windows in the concourses. Jetways were used for the majority of the gates and aircraft, though Delta Connection and United Express used stairs leading to the tarmac to board flights on regional jets (currently all flights at the new concourses use jetways). Passenger gates and services are on the second floor with airside baggage handling and aircraft servicing on the ground level.
The interior of the terminal was renovated in the early 1990s and completed in 1993 at a cost of $50.4 million which included new floor surfaces, lighting, wall coverings, renovated public spaces, and public art. The flooring was a mixture of carpet and large tiles, with tile primarily in the heavily used terminal spaces, dining areas, and restrooms. Numerous planters were positioned in hallways.
The new terminal and concourses completed in the 2010s feature open spaces and clean lines. There is abundant natural light from floor-to-ceiling windows and large skylights. Neutral colors accented with soft blue and chrome are found throughout the terminal.
Terminal expansion and modernization
In 2014, the airport completed a $201.6 million terminal renovation project. This project included a major renovation and upgrade to the airport's existing ConcourseC, which was dismantled down to its structural components and rebuilt. ConcourseB was completely demolished and new concourses AandB were built. All three concourses are now linked, allowing passengers to walk from ConcourseA, through to ConcourseC without exiting the secure area. The main terminal containing the ticketing and baggage claim areas has been completely gutted and remodelled. Additionally, there have been enhancements to the parking deck, allowing passengers to move between the terminal and the parking deck under cover and without navigating any stairs. There is now a single large security screening checkpoint with TSA PreCheck which provides access to all concourses. Many concessions and shopping, as well as US Customs and Border Protection offices have been added. A completely new integrated baggage screening system has been installed to handle the screening of checked luggage. The new terminal is said to be built with new efficient building standards, making it one of the greenest airports in the country. The first phase of construction was completed on February 26, 2013 with the entire modernization project completed in 2014, culminating in a ribbon cutting ceremony held on August, 7th 2014. The project team included KPS Group and KHAFRA (Architects & Engineers), A.G. Gaston Construction (Project Management), Margaret Jones Interiors, LLC and Brasfield & Gorrie and BLOC Global Services Group (Construction Management).
On March 22, 2013, a digital flight arrival/departure screen fixture, added as part of the 2013–2014 renovation, fell on a mother and her children, killing ten-year-old Luke Bresette and injuring his mother and two other siblings of Overland Park, Kansas. In September 2014, the Bresette family and companies involved in the installation of the display reached a wrongful death settlement. A bronze relief of Luke Bresette was installed in the landside Departures level near the location of the accident.
Artwork displays
Several pieces of artwork are displayed within the terminal and on the airport grounds. Approaching the airport along Messer Airport Boulevard, travelers pass a series of white three dimensional triangular shapes placed on raised posts along the shoulder and median of the roadway with a mid-span folded crease to suggest the wings of birds in flight or aircraft. In the 1990s terminal there were multiple pieces of art that became well known to frequent visitors to the airport. However, with the terminal modernisation project, most of these pieces were replaced with new, more modern, and in some cases, technologically advanced works. There are two unique major artwork displays in the terminal, both of which are in ConcourseB. The first major display is a living plant wall entitled "Earth Wind and Water: The Landscape of Alabama". This living wall is the largest living wall inside any airport terminal in the United States. The wall is 100 feet wide, 14 feet high, and contains 1,400 square feet of vegetated area. The second major work of art is an electronic display which is approximately 50 feet long and made up of 26 large format electronic LCD displays. The displays contain pictures and video clips which are linked to form an ever-changing moving wall depicting various "stories" focussing on African American history and civil rights.
An art program at the airport puts on display revolving collections of works throughout the terminal. The program includes works from local artists as well as artists from around the country. In addition there is a rotating Barber Motorsports exhibit on the lower level near the baggage claim. This exhibit features frequently changing displays containing various automobiles and race memorabilia such as driving suits and mounted steering wheels from famous race cars. There are many smaller works of art throughout the terminal, both pre and post-security. The airport website has an updated list of the various works of art on display.
Airport amenities
There are a range of dining and shopping options in the terminal, both pre and post-security. The airport features free Wi-Fi internet access throughout the terminal.
In 2014, Yahoo Travel ranked the airport as the 49th out of 72 on a list of "Every Important U.S. Airport, Ranked by Its Food and Drink."
Airlines and destinations
As of December 2021, the top five markets served non-stop from Birmingham are Atlanta, Dallas, Charlotte, Houston, and Denver. American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines serve Birmingham with mainline, narrowbody aircraft. Regional airlines provide a large share of daily air carrier service to Birmingham. The most common aircraft serving the airport are the Bombardier CRJ700 / CRJ900, the Embraer E-175, the Boeing 717, the Boeing 737 family, and the Airbus A319/A320.
Passenger
Cargo
Currently, FedEx Express operates daily, weekday service to Memphis with a Boeing 757-200F, along with an ATR-72, operated by Mountain Air Cargo. UPS Airlines operates daily, weekday service to Louisville. On Friday nights, instead of a direct flight to Louisville, UPS Airlines sends a Boeing 767-300F from New Orleans to BHM before continuing onto Louisville. On Saturday mornings, UPS Airlines sends an Airbus A300-600F from Louisville to Birmingham, which then continues on to Pensacola.
Statistics
Top destinations
Other statistics
Accidents and incidents
One fatal Part 121 (Air Carrier) accident has occurred at or in the immediate vicinity of Birmingham International Airport since 1934: the crash of Pennsylvania Central Airlines (a United Airlines predecessor) Flight 105 on January 6, 1946. The DC-3 landed on Runway 18 and continued off the end of the runway into Village Creek. Three crew members sustained fatal injuries as a result of the accident.
Two Part 135 (Air Taxi & Commuter) accidents have occurred since 1962 which resulted in fatalities. The most significant accident was the crash of L'Express Airlines Flight 508 on July 10, 1991, with 13 people killed. Eight fatal General Aviation accidents have occurred at or in the vicinity of Birmingham International Airport since 1962, including a flight line ground accident.
On November 10, 1972, Southern Airways Flight 49 was hijacked shortly after departing Birmingham for Montgomery on its multi-stop journey to Miami, Florida. All passengers and crew were safety released and the hijackers arrested over the two-day event, which is particularly notable as it led to the requirement that U.S. airline passengers be physically screened before boarding, beginning January 5, 1973.
On August 14, 2013 UPS Airlines Flight 1354, N155UP, an Airbus A300-600, crashed in an open field on approach to Runway 18, killing both the pilot and co-pilot.
Controversy
In September 2013, Atlanta-based ExpressJet Airlines, the then largest regional US passenger airline, told its pilots to avoid landing on Runway 18, following the crash of UPS Airlines Flight 1354 in Birmingham. An internal review following the accident concluded planes come "dangerously close" to nearby hills if even a few feet too low, that there is a significant "terrain threat" and a non-standard glide path. An aviation safety expert said the runway is "absolutely" safe.
Cultural references
A music video for contemporary Christian musician Brandon Heath's song "Give Me Your Eyes" was filmed over the night of July 23–24, 2008 at the airport after most flights had landed for the night. It was directed by the Erwin Brothers and premiered on the Gospel Music Channel on August 23, 2008.
See also
Alabama International Airport Authority
Alabama World War II Army Airfields
List of airports in Alabama
Images
References
External links
1931 establishments in Alabama
Airports established in 1931
Airports in Alabama
Buildings and structures in Birmingham, Alabama
Transportation buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Alabama
Transportation in Birmingham, Alabama
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Naxalites
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The Naxalites
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The Naxalites is a 1980 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, starring Mithun Chakraborty, Smita Patil, Dina Pathak, Jalal Agha, Bijaya Jena, Imtiaz and Nana Palsikar
Plot
The Naxalites is the story of Naxalites and their life struggle against the system.
Songs
"Aaj Apne Lahu Se" - Antara Chowdhury
Cast
Mithun Chakraborty as Amor Kal
Smita Patil as Ajitha
Nana Palsikar as Charu Majumdar
Dina Pathak
Jalal Agha
Bijaya Jena
Pinchoo Kapoor
Asit Sen
Imtiaz Khan as Haider Khan
Priyadarshini
Sunil Lahri
References
External links
1980 films
Films about Naxalism
Films directed by K. A. Abbas
1980s Hindi-language films
Indian films
Films scored by Prem Dhawan
Films with screenplays by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Henningsen
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Matt Henningsen
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Matt Henningsen (born May 1, 1999) is an American football defensive end for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Wisconsin.
Professional career
Henningsen was selected in the sixth round, 206th overall, of the 2022 NFL Draft by the Denver Broncos.
References
External links
Denver Broncos bio
Wisconsin Badgers bio
1999 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
American football defensive ends
Wisconsin Badgers football players
Denver Broncos players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine%20%282015%20film%29
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Chlorine (2015 film)
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Chlorine () is a 2015 drama film written and directed by Lamberto Sanfelice and starring Sara Serraiocco. It was entered into the World Cinema Dramatic competition at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. Sanfelice was nominated for Best New Director at the 2015 David di Donatello Awards.
Plot
Girl, who dreams to be a synchronized swimmer, puts her training on hold when she has to take care of her little brother and sick father after her mother suddenly dies.
Cast
Sara Serraiocco as Jenny
Piera Degli Esposti as Preside
Giorgio Colangeli as Tondino
Ivan Franek as Ivan
Anatol Sassi as Fabrizio
Andrea Vergoni as Alfio
See also
List of Italian films of 2015
References
External links
2015 drama films
2015 films
Italian drama films
2010s Italian films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Whitmey
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Nigel Whitmey
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Nigel Whitmey (born 23 February 1963) is a British-Canadian actor who has appeared in TV series and films. He is also the husband of the actress Abigail Thaw, whom he met while training at RADA.
Early life
Whitmey was born in Peace River, Alberta, Canada. His family emigrated there from Liverpool, England, where his father had been employed as a medical officer of health. He came to London in the mid-1980s to study drama at RADA.
Career
His television credits include Black Earth Rising, Doctor Who, Attila, Casualty, Waking the Dead and Agatha Christie's Poirot. He is also known for voicing numerous games, including the two Battlefield games of the Bad Company series, Crysis Warhead and Cyberpunk 2077.
Personal life
At RADA, Whitmey met actress Abigail Thaw, whom he married in 1986. They have two children: Molly Mae, born 1997, and Talia, born 2003. He has worked chiefly in Britain in film, television, and voice overs.
Filmography
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Male actors from Alberta
British male film actors
British male television actors
British male video game actors
British male voice actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male video game actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian emigrants to England
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Canadian people of English descent
Citizens of the United Kingdom through descent
20th-century British male actors
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century British male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian expatriates in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Mack%20%28police%20officer%29
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David Mack (police officer)
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David Anthony Mack (born May 30, 1961) is a former professional runner and Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officer involved in the Rampart Division's Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH) unit. He was one of the central figures in the LAPD Rampart police corruption scandal. Mack was arrested in December 1997 for robbery of $722,000 from a South Central Los Angeles branch of the Bank of America. He was sentenced to fourteen years and three months in federal prison. Mack has never revealed the whereabouts of the money.
Early life
As an athlete, David Mack ran track for Locke High School and was champion at the CIF California State Meet at 880 yards for two years in a row.
He attended the University of Oregon where he ran track with his high school rival Jeff West. After West transferred to UCLA, Mack considered following suit, but was convinced to stay at UO by coach Bill Dellinger. While in college, Mack dated later world record holder in the 100m & 200m, Flo Jo. In 1980, as a freshman in college, he finished sixth in the Olympic Trials. Mack won three Pac-10 conference titles in the 800 and in his junior year, the NCAA Division I Championship in the 800 meters.
As a professional, Mack ran for Santa Monica Track Club. He qualified for the United States national team, running the 800 metres in the 1983 World Championships in Athletics but failed to advance to the final. He was the rabbit in Sydney Maree's 1500 meter world record and one week later rabbited Steve Ovett to surpass that record. A stress fracture in his shin caused him to fail to make it out of the heats at the 1984 USATF Championships. In 1985 he ran 1:43.35 seconds which at the time was the second fastest time ever by an American and still ranks 9th fastest. He failed to advance from the heats in the 800m at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics. Beset by fatigue from iron deficiency, his last professional race was in 1988.
Police career
Mack joined the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in 1988. He first worked as a patrol officer and then as an undercover narcotics officer. Mack next moved to a late shift in West Los Angeles in 1990, where he began a relationship with Errolyn Romero, a nineteen-year-old ticket taker at the Baldwin Theatre. Mack was awarded the LAPD Medal for Heroism in 1993 for shooting a drug dealer who reportedly threatened his partner, Rafael "Ray" Pérez, although the event described by the two was later discovered to be a lie, and that the officers additionally had planted a gun on the suspect.
Bank robbery
In August 1997, Romero became employed at a Bank of America branch near the University of Southern California campus. On November 6, 1997, Mack entered the bank and claimed he wanted to access his safe deposit box. Romero admitted him to the secure area, where he threw her to the floor and robbed the vault of $722,000.
In her capacity as branch assistant manager, Romero had ordered double the usual amount of cash to be on hand at the bank on the day of the robbery. After one month of investigation, Romero confessed to her role in the crime and implicated Mack as the mastermind. He was arrested in December 1997. His two accomplices were never caught.
Mack was sentenced to fourteen years and three months in prison and has never revealed the whereabouts of the money. He was released on May 14, 2010.
According to the Tupac documentary Assassination: Battle for Compton, citing official legal documents, a reliable jail informant by the name of Ken Boagni, who befriended Rafael Perez in prison, stated Perez claimed the money stolen in the bank robbery was intended to go to Harry Billups, also known as Amir Muhammed, who was friends with Mack, for allegedly carrying out the murder of late rapper Christopher Wallace, also known as Biggie Smalls, because Billups was not paid in full by his contractors, namely Reggie Wright Jr. and David Kenner, because he failed to also murder Sean Combs, the second intended target. Boagni claimed both Perez and Mack were involved in the murder of Wallace, but Billups was the shooter.
Relation to the murder of The Notorious B.I.G.
In April 2007, the estate of Christopher Wallace, a rapper who performed under the name The Notorious B.I.G., filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the City of Los Angeles, which also named Mack, Pérez, and Nino Durden as defendants.
The lawsuit alleged that the officers conspired to murder Wallace, and that Pérez and Mack were present the night of the drive-by shooting which claimed his life on March 9, 1997. In 2010, a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit against the city and the officers.
Depictions in media
In the biography film City of Lies, David Mack is played by Shamier Anderson, features the 1997 bank robbery of David Mack.
References
Further reading
External links
1961 births
African-American police officers
American bank robbers
American male middle-distance runners
American police officers convicted of crimes
Bloods
Living people
Los Angeles Police Department officers
Oregon Ducks men's track and field athletes
Police officers convicted of robbery
Sportspeople from Compton, California
Track and field athletes from California
World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia%20ni%20Cristo
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Iglesia ni Cristo
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Iglesia ni Cristo (, abbreviated as INC; ; Spanish: Iglesia de Cristo) is an independent Nontrinitarian Christian church, founded in 1913 and registered by Felix Y. Manalo in 1914 as a unipersonal religious corporation to the United States administration of the Philippines.
INC describes itself to be the one true church and the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus, whereby all other Christian churches are apostate. According to INC doctrine, the official registration of the church with the Philippine government was on July 27, 1914, by Felix Y. Manalo—who is upheld by members to be the last messenger of God—was an act of divine providence and the fulfillment of biblical prophecy concerning the re-establishment of the original church of Christ in the Far East concurrent with the coming of the seventh seal marking the end of days.
By the time of Manalo's death in 1963, INC had become a nationwide church with 1,250 local chapels and 35 cathedrals. As his successor, Manalo's son, Eraño G. Manalo, led a campaign to grow and internationalize the church until his death on August 31, 2009. His son, Eduardo V. Manalo, succeeded him as Executive Minister. The 2015 Philippine census reported that 2,664,498 of the population's religious affiliation was with the church, placing it fourth behind, Roman Catholic, 80,304,061, Other Local Ethnicity, 24,042,850, and Islam, 6,064,744.
History
During American colonial rule over the Philippines, there were a variety of rural anti-colonial movements, often with religious undertones, and American Protestant missionaries introduced several alternatives to the Catholic Church, the established church during Spanish colonial period.
Felix Y. Manalo
Felix Y. Manalo, born on May 10, 1886, in Taguig, Philippines, was baptized in the Catholic Church. In his teenage years, Manalo became dissatisfied with Catholic theology. According to the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, the establishment of the Philippine Independent Church (also called the Aglipayan Church) was his major turning point, but Manalo remained uninterested since its doctrines were mainly Catholic. In 1904, he joined the Methodist Episcopal Church, entered the Methodist seminary, and became a pastor for a while. He also sought through various denominations, including the Presbyterian Church, Christian Mission, and finally Seventh-day Adventist Church in 1911. Manalo left Adventism in 1913 and associated himself with atheist and agnostic peers.
In November 1913, Manalo secluded himself with religious literature and unused notebooks in a friend's house in Pasay, instructing everyone in the house not to disturb him. He emerged from seclusion three days later with his new-found doctrines. Manalo, together with his wife, went to Punta, Santa Ana, Manila, in November 1913 and started preaching. He left the congregation in the care of his first ordained minister and returned to his native Taguig to evangelise; there, he was ridiculed and stoned at his meetings with locals. He was later able to baptize a few converts, including some of his persecutors. He later registered his new-found religion as the Iglesia ni Cristo (English: Church of Christ; Spanish: Iglesia de Cristo) on July 27, 1914, at the Bureau of Commerce as a corporation sole, with himself as the first executive minister. Expansion followed as INC started building congregations in the provinces in 1916, with Pasig (then in Rizal province) having two locals established. The first three ministers were ordained in 1919.
By 1924, INC had about 3,000 to 5,000 adherents in 43 or 45 congregations in Manila and six nearby provinces. By 1936, INC had 85,000 members. This figure grew to 200,000 by 1954. A Cebu congregation was built in 1937—the first to be established outside of Luzon, and the first in the Visayas. The first mission to Mindanao was commissioned in 1946. Meanwhile, its first concrete chapel was built in Sampaloc, Manila, in 1948. Adherents fleeing for the provinces away from Manila, where the Japanese forces were concentrated during World War II, were used for evangelization. As Manalo's health began to fail in the 1950s, his son Eraño began taking leadership of the church. Manalo died on April 12, 1963.
Reaching the Far West and expansion
On July 27, 1968, Eraño G. Manalo officiated the inaugural worship service of the church in Ewa Beach, Honolulu, Hawaii—the first mission of the church outside the Philippines. The following month, INC established the San Francisco congregation. INC reached Europe through the United Kingdom in 1971, and Canada in 1973. INC established its first congregation in South Africa in 1978. INC established congregations in Rome, Italy on July 27, 1994; Jerusalem, Israel on March 31, 1996; and Athens, Greece on May 10, 1997. In 1998, INC has established 543 congregations, and missions in 74 countries outside the Philippines.
In 1965, INC launched its first resettlement and land reform program in Barrio Maligaya, Laur, Nueva Ecija. INC started operating a radio station in 1969 while its first television program aired in 1983. The Ministerial Institute of Development, renamed as "Iglesia ni Cristo (Church Of Christ) School for Ministers", was founded in 1974 in Quiapo, Manila, and moved in Quezon City in 1978. In 1971, the INC Central Office building was built in Quezon City. In 1984, the 7,000-seat Central Temple was added in the complex. The Tabernacle, a multipurpose tent-like building which can accommodate up to 4,000 people, was finished in 1989. The complex also includes the New Era University, a tertiary education institution run by INC. Eraño G. Manalo died on August 31, 2009. His son, Eduardo V. Manalo, succeeded him as executive minister upon his death.
21st century
On July 21, 2014, former President Benigno Aquino III and INC executive minister Eduardo V. Manalo led the inauguration of Ciudad de Victoria, a 140-hectare tourism zone in Bocaue and Santa Maria, Bulacan, where the Philippine Arena is also located. The Philippine Arena, a 55,000-seat multi-purpose structure owned by the INC, currently holds the Guinness World Record for the largest mixed-used indoor theater.
Philippine government declared the year 2014 as the "Iglesia ni Cristo Centennial Year" through Proclamation No. 815, whereas, 27 July of the same year was declared as a special non-working holiday to commemorate the 100th founding anniversary of Iglesia ni Cristo.
On July 27, 2014, INC celebrated its centennial anniversary at Ciudad de Victoria, with Philippine Arena as the main venue, and in about 1,180 worship buildings worldwide through live video feed. The week-long celebration consisted of pyro-musical displays, worship service led by Manalo, oratorio, musical presentation, theatrical play, quiz show, and evangelical mission. For the worship service conducted for the INC centennial, INC secured two Guinness World Records for the largest gospel choir with 4,745 members and largest mixed-used indoor theater for the Philippine Arena with 51,929 attendees. On July 26, 2015, INC capped their centennial year through different activities such as International Unity Games, worship service led by Manalo, and Closing Centennial Celebration which were held at Washington D.C. United States, and the Philippine Arena.
On October 4, 2015, INC, through Viva films, conducted the world premiere of Felix Manalo, a film depicting the origin of the INC and the life of its first executive minister, which was held at the Philippine Arena.
According to the resolution passed by the Senate of the Philippines to commemorate INC's 104th anniversary, INC has already established more than 7,000 congregations in 151 countries and territories throughout the world.
Beliefs and core values
Iglesia ni Cristo believes that it is the true church established by Jesus Christ in the first century, and that its registration in the Philippines is the fulfillment of biblical prophecies that Christ's church would re-emerge in the Far East. Because of a number of similarities, INC's doctrines have been described as restorationist in outlook and theme.
Bible
The Iglesia ni Cristo believes that the Bible is the only book inspired by God, thus it is the sole basis of all their beliefs and practices.
God the Father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit
The Iglesia ni Cristo believes that God the Father is the creator deity and the only true God. INC rejects the traditional Christian belief in the Trinity as heresy, adopting a version of unitarianism. They believe that this position is attested by Jesus Christ and the Apostles.
The church believes that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and the mediator between God the Father and humanity, and was created by God the Father. God sanctified him to be without sin, and bestowed upon him the titles "Lord" and "Son of God". The church sees Jesus as God's highest creation, believe that he is a Man and denies the deity of Jesus. Adherents profess Jesus' substitutionary role in the redemption of humankind. He is believed to have been "foreordained before the foundation of the world" and sent by God "to deal with sin". Members "are saved by Christ's blood" who died because of his "self-sacrificing love".
INC believes that the Holy Spirit is the power of God and also not a deity, being sent by God the Father and Jesus Christ to guide God's people.
One true church
The Iglesia ni Cristo believes that it is the one true church founded by Jesus Christ and was restored by Felix Manalo in the last days. They believe that the first century church apostasized in that century, or in the 4th century due to false teachings. INC says that this apostate church is the Catholic Church. Meanwhile, its reestablishment is seen as the signal for the end of days.
They believe that the Iglesia ni Cristo is the fulfillment of the Bible verse, Isaiah 43:5, where "east" refers to the Philippines where the Church of Christ would be founded. INC teaches that its members constitute the "elect of God" and there is no salvation outside the Iglesia ni Cristo. Faith alone is insufficient for salvation. The Iglesia ni Cristo says that the official name of the true church is "Church of Christ or Iglesia ni Cristo (in Tagalog)". The two passages often cited by INC to support this are Romans 16:16 "Greet one another with a holy kiss. The churches of Christ greet you",
and the George Lamsa translation of Acts 20:28: "Take heed therefore ... to feed the church of Christ which he has purchased with his blood."
Felix Manalo as the founder
According to INC, Manalo is the "angel from the east" mentioned in Revelation 7:1–3 who started preaching about the INC coincide the outbreak of the World War I. This is the start of the period according to INC being referred to in the Bible as the ends of the earth
(cf Is 41:9-10; 43:5-6) the time when the end of the world is near, even at the very doors (cf. Mt. 24:3, 33), which began with the outbreak of a war of global proportions (cf. Mt. 24:6-7) Manalo is from the Philippines, which they say is in the "center" of the Far East. The ‘four winds’ in Revelation 7:1-3, they say refers to World War I and the four angels are the four leaders known as the big four (Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando) who they say worked on the prevention of the war to continue.
Manalo is also portrayed as the fulfillment of several passages in Isaiah and other books of the Bible. Manalo's titles are "ravenous bird from the east" (Isa. 46:11), "worm Jacob" (Ps. 22:6-7), "one shepherd" (John 10:16), and "the third Elijah" (Mt.17:10-11; Mal.4:5), and proclaimed to be an "Angel" or messenger in the Book of Revelations.
As the one who sent by God to restore INC, Manalo became the first executive minister and spiritual leader of the church. As such, he taught that what is written in the Bible was the ultimate authority in all aspects of the church, and effectively as a messenger of God, Manalo is "the foremost Biblical authority for all humanity and the divinely designated leader of a reestablished Church of Christ in the modern world."
Baptism
The church believes that baptism is done by immersion baptism or Believer's baptism by adults in water, and that it is necessary that people be baptised in the Iglesia ni Cristo to become disciples of Jesus Christ. The church rejects infant baptism. Newborn children of members are instead dedicated to God through a congregational prayer, led by an ordained minister of the INC.
People who wish to be baptized in the INC must first submit to a formal process taking at least six months. Once someone officially registers with their local congregation, the person is given the status of being a Bible student (Tagalog: dinudoktrinahan) and taught the lessons concerning fundamental teachings and its beginnings in the Philippines. These lessons are contained in the doctrine manual written by Eraño G. Manalo entitled "Fundamental Beliefs of the Iglesia ni Cristo". This book is given to ministers, evangelical workers, and ministerial students of the INC. Each lesson is usually thirty minutes to one hour in length. After hearing all the lessons, the students enters a probationary period (Tagalog: sinusubok) during which they are obliged to attend fifteen once-a-week group prayer meetings, where they are taught to pray and are guided in their adjustment to the INC lifestyle. When the sixth month comes, students who have been active in attending the twice-a-week worship services and whose lifestyles are in accordance with INC doctrines are screened before being baptized. During the screening, they are asked questions about the teachings of the church.
Excommunication
Members who are not living in accordance with the doctrines taught in the INC are admonished. Those who continue in violation of INC doctrines after being admonished are excommunicated or expelled from the INC, thus losing salvation. As such, the church does not believe in the perseverance of the saints. Certain violations, such as eating blood, having too long of an absence from church services without a solid reason, drinking alcohol, or having a romantic relationship (including marriage) with a non-member, may result in mandatory excommunication.
Eschatology and resurrection
INC believes that a person is composed of a body ("vehicle"), soul ("individual") and spirit ("life" or fuel). Members believe that when a person dies, his/her body and soul both die and go into the grave where both will remain until the Second Coming of Christ, whereas the spirit will go back to God. Upon Christ's return, all dead servants of God, from the time of the patriarchs up to the last days, would be resurrected to join living faithful and loyal INC members. They will be rewarded by living in the Holy City or New Jerusalem, together with God the Father, and Jesus Christ. At the right time chosen by God, a second resurrection would occur, and non-INC members will experience second death which is the Lake of Fire (Dagát-dagatang Apóy).
The church believes that God set a day where He will judge all people. They believe that this day is also the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.
INC divides time into three eras: the era of the Patriarchs from creation to the birth of Moses, the era of the Prophets from the birth of Moses to the birth of Jesus, and the Christian era from the birth of Jesus to the Last Judgment. Adherents believe Felix Manalo to be the last messenger of God in the Christian Era.
Practices
Worship and prayer
The church conducts regular worship services, one during the week, and one during the weekend, conducted in the local languages (providing sign language interpreters and translators in some congregations). It consists of singing of hymns, prayers, studies of the bible, collection of voluntary offerings, and benediction. Both God the Father and Jesus are worshiped. The ministers of every congregation in a given worship service use the same sermon outline prepared by the executive minister. Deacons and Deaconesses guide worshipers to their seats and collect voluntary offerings. The singing of hymns is led by the locale's choir. The first hymnbook, termed Ang Himnario ng Iglesia ni Cristo, which consists of over 300 songs, was published in 1937. Children's worship services (Tagalog: Pagsamba ng Kabataan, or PNK) are held every weekend. They use similar lessons as the standard worship services taught using the Socratic method (question and answer). The church teaches that willfully forsaking the worship service is a grievous sin, thus members are expected to attend the congregational worship services twice a week without fail.
The church encourages its members to make prayer a part of everyday life. Thus, prayer before various activities, such as taking meals and going to sleep, are commonly practiced. Prayers recited in rote repetition are not observed.
Evangelism
Since February 1939, the church has been publishing Pasugo ('God's Message') in both Tagalog and English. Filipino has been the only language used since its inception in 1939 until 1953. Currently, about two-thirds of its pages are devoted to the English-speaking population. Felix Manalo wrote its first editorial where he stated the publication's purpose, including the propagation of the faith. Issues contain articles which detail INC doctrines and refute doctrines which it considers as heresy, such as the Trinity. It also features information on church history, educational programs and missionary achievements, including lists and photographs of newly dedicated chapels. In 2001, it had a monthly circulation of 235,000 copies. For the year 2009, there were more than four million copies of Pasugo distributed worldwide.
In the Philippines, through the Christian Era Broadcasting Service International Incorporated (CEBSI Incorporated), INC broadcasts programs that discuss Bible
teachings over the radio and television. These programs are aired by about 60 other radio stations all over the Philippines (i.e. INC Radio- DZEM 954kHz) and several more in the US and Australia. INCTV-49, as well as major cable stations in the Philippines and some channels in the US Direct TV ch 2068, telecast the INC's religious programs. These programs can also be seen in the Internet via the website www.incmedia.org
INC holds religious gatherings called evangelical missions regularly which aim to attract more followers. On February 28, 2012, INC held its largest Philippine-wide evangelical missions simultaneously on 19 sites across the country. In Manila site alone, more than 600,000 people attended the event. On April 13, 2013, INC launched Lingap-Pamamahayag under its project Kabayan Ko, Kapatid Ko (English: My Countrymen, My Brethren), which incorporates outreach missions to its evangelical missions. On September 26, 2015, INC held its first worldwide evangelical mission at the Philippine Arena as the main venue and in 2,125 sites throughout the world through video conferencing. It was officiated by INC executive minister, Eduardo Manalo.
Outreach
On November 19, 1981, INC has launched the Lingap sa Mamamayan ('Aid To Humanity') Program. The program aims to provide relief goods, health care, and other services to the needy, especially those who are afflicted by calamities and disasters. It also provides seminars for disaster preparedness, first aid, and family planning. Other humanitarian activities such as blood donation and community clean up drives were also conducted in different parts of the world where the Iglesia ni Cristo is established.
Felix Y. Manalo (FYM) Foundation, the INC's arm in executing the Lingap sa Mamamayan and other related programs, was formally registered in the Philippines on February 4, 2011, and in the United States on May 17, 2012. The institution is also recognized in Japan, South Korea, Spain, and Russia.
INC also established the Unlad International, Inc in 2012. It is the INC's arm in providing sustainable livelihood to its members.
On July 7, 2012, the INC Lingap sa Mamamayan was conducted in the slums of Parola in Tondo, Manila and was awarded three Guinness world records for breaking records in the most people involved in a dental health check; the most blood pressure readings taken in 8 hours; and the most blood glucose level tests in 8 hours. On April 29, 2016, four more Guinness world records were broken by the INC. These records are the largest collection of clothes for recycle/donation, the most shoes donated to charity in 24 hours, the most medical ultrasound examinations in eight hours, and the most medical risk assessment in eight hours which was also held in Tondo, Manila.
On February 15, 2014, INC bagged another two Guinness world records when they conducted a worldwide charity walk simultaneously on 135 different sites scattered in 29 countries. INC holds the records for the largest charity walk on a single venue when 175,509 members of the church finished the 1.6 km walk in Manila; and for the largest charity walk in 24 hours (multiple venues) when a total of 519,521 participants finished the charity walk in different parts of the world. The proceeds were used for the housing and livelihood projects of super Typhoon Haiyan survivors. INC also broke the same records on May 6, 2018, for its Worldwide Walk to Fight Poverty with 283,171 people in single venue, and 773,136 people in multiple venues for its African missions and outreach.
On February 22, 2014, INC conducted another Lingap sa Mamamayan at its first resettlement project in Barrio Maligaya in Palayan City, Nueva Ecija. Coinciding with the barrio's 49th anniversary, INC bagged another world record after setting the record for the most hunger relief packs distributed within eight hours. A total of 302,311 hunger relief packages were given.
On March 14, 2014, after conducting a worship service in Tacloban, Leyte, INC executive minister Eduardo V. Manalo, led the groundbreaking ceremony of the EVM Self-Sustainable Community Rehabilitation Project in Sitio New Era, a 3000-hectare property of the church in Brgy. Langit, Alang-alang, Leyte. The project which costs more than one billion pesos includes at least 1000 housing units for the survivors of super typhoon Haiyan. Garments and dried fish factories, and eco-farming project are also included to provide livelihood to the community. More than 150,000 hunger relief packages were also given which contains 3 kilos of rice, canned goods and instant noodles aside from the free medical and dental services conducted that day. On January 23, 2015, Manalo inaugurated the livelihood and housing project.
On November 9, 2015, Manalo inaugurated a community project for Kabihug tribe, an indigenous group in Camarines Norte. The project is situated in a 100-hectare land which includes 300 housing units, calamansi orchard, ecological farm, dried fish factory, garments factory, clinic, learning center, and an INC worship building. After 6 months, another housing and eco-farming community project was inaugurated by the church on May 27, 2016, for the B'laan tribe in Bgy. Danlag, Tampakan South, South Cotabato in southern Philippines.
Administration and organization
Iglesia ni Cristo has had three Executive Ministers () who lead the Church Administration in overseeing the faith of the members. Eduardo V. Manalo, as the current Executive Minister, serves as the church's leader, and, in this capacity, manages the administration of the church. Along with other senior ministers which comprises the Church Economic Council (), the Executive Minister forms the Central Administration of Iglesia ni Cristo. All church ministers and ministerial workers are male, however, there are numerous female church officers. Ministers are encouraged to marry for the purpose of obeying the command to marry and multiply, and to become effective counselors to church members with family-related problems.
The Central Office in Quezon City, built in 1971, is Iglesia ni Cristo's headquarters. The Central Office is one of several structures inside the INC Central Office Complex. It houses the permanent offices of the central administration and some of the church's departments. It is here where about a thousand INC professionals and volunteers hold office. It was located in Manila during its early years, then in San Juan, and later in Makati, before moving to its present site. INC also has three main offices outside the Philippines; in Burlingame, California; Washington D.C.; and in Heathrow, London.
Administration and ministerial work are delegated into ecclesiastical districts (termed divisions until 1990) which are led by District Ministers (formerly, division ministers). Ecclesiastical districts comprise 40 congregations (referred to as locales) on average. All locales were directly managed by Felix Y. Manalo until 1924 when the first ecclesiastical district was organized in Pampanga.
Architecture
Iglesia ni Cristo church buildings primarily serve as places of worship and are used for other religious functions. These are described by Culture and Customs of the Philippines, a book published by Greenwood Publishing Group, as structures "which employ exterior neo-Gothic vertical support columns with tall narrow windows between, interlocking trapezoids, and rosette motifs, as well as tower and spires." There are multiple entrances leading to the main sanctuary, where males and females sit on either side of the aisle facing a dais where sermons are made. The choir loft is located behind the dais, and in larger churches, a baptistry with pools for immersion baptism is located at the back of the church. Meanwhile, Fernando Nakpil-Zialcita, an anthropologist from Ateneo de Manila University, said that INC churches can be uniquely identified for "its exuberant use of fanciful forms and ornaments [and a] brilliant white facade whose silhouette is a cusped Gothic arch or a flattened Saracenic arch." The distinctive spires represent "the reaching out of the faithful to God." Prominent architects, such as Juan Nakpil (a National Artist of the Philippines for architecture) and Carlos A. Santos-Viola, had been involved in designing INC churches while the Engineering and Construction Department of INC, established in 1971, oversees the uniformity in design of church buildings.
The first chapel was built on Gabriela Street in Tondo, Manila in 1918, fashioned out of sawali (woven leaf panels), nipa and wood, typified the style and materials of the early chapels. After World War II, INC began to build concrete chapels, the first of these in Washington (Maceda), Sampaloc, Manila completed in 1948. Next came the chapel and former official residence of the executive minister in San Juan, Rizal (now San Juan City, part of Metropolitan Manila), designed by Juan Nakpil. The Central Temple, which opened on July 27, 1984, can accommodate up to 7,000 persons, and was designed by Carlos A. Santos-Viola. It features octagonal spires, "fine latticework" and ribbed windows. Recent buildings are variations on the designs of the Central Temple. These are designed to accommodate 250 to 1,000 persons while larger churches in Metro Manila and provincial capitals can accommodate up to 3,000 persons.
INC churches outside the Philippines which were acquired from different religions undergo intensive renovations to meet the standard of INC worship services. Since most of INC churches abroad were acquired from different religions, there is significant variation from one house of worship to another.
Political influence in the Philippines
The Iglesia ni Cristo is close to fundamentalist style and supports conservative politicians. It is known for its practice of bloc voting during elections. During the 2016 presidential election, INC communities in Agusan del Sur, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Dasmariñas, and Quezon City delivered 98% to 100% of the total votes to the endorsed candidates. The church supported the candidacies of Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III, and Rodrigo Duterte during the 2010, and 2016 presidential elections respectively.
On June 12, 2009, former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed Republic Act 9645, declaring July 27 as "Iglesia ni Cristo Day", a special national working holiday. On February 13, 2018, President Duterte appointed INC's executive minister, Eduardo Manalo, as special envoy for overseas Filipino concerns.
Controversies
Iglesia ni Cristo Billion Loans
Despite the strict instructions of the previous leaders of the church namely Brothers Felix Y. Manalo and Erano G. Manalo against church-initiated loans and against pawning of church properties, the Iglesia ni Cristo in 2014 under the administration of Eduardo Manalo obtained billions of loans from two Philippine banks, Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company and from Asia United Bank. According to loan documents, the loans were meant to partially fund the construction and completion of Philippine Arena, this despite the initial pronouncements of church leaders that the project was fully funded by INC members’ offerings. In order to secure the loans, the church mortgaged its properties located in Metro Manila, Cavite, Nueva Ecija and Baguio. The church also used 317 residential units of its LIG Condominium, a housing for church ministers and church workers that is based beside the church headquarters in Barangay Central, Quezon City as part of the loan collaterals.
Leadership controversy
During mid 2015, internal conflicts challenged the century-old church. Felix Nathaniel "Angel" Manalo, the brother of current executive minister, Eduardo V. Manalo, as well as their mother, Cristina "Tenny" Manalo, the widow of former executive minister Eraño G. Manalo, uploaded a video to YouTube alleging that the INC administration had threatened their lives and that there has been a mass kidnapping of ministers. The INC, however, denied the claims of kidnapping. On July 23, 2015, Eduardo expelled his two brothers, one of three sisters, and mother, for allegedly trying to create a schism in the church and take over the church's leadership.
Former INC ministerial worker Lowell Menorca II stated that his life and that of his family were threatened by the INC administration, leading the Canadian government to grant him asylum: "When the panel considers the links between the INC and the law enforcement authorities in the Philippines…[t]he panel is satisfied Menorca would be unable to avail himself of state protection, from the risks that he fears in that country." The Immigration and Refugee Board has found that the Philippines-based church "is motivated by a vendetta" and has "both the means and the motivation to seriously harm or kill" him, should he return to the Philippines.
In response to these issues, the Church Administration launched the program “Tunay Na Defenders Of The Faith” (The True Defenders Of The Faith) on March 31, 2018, on YouTube and Facebook, dismissing allegations made by the expelled.
Suppression of critics
Rovic Gloria Canono was arrested in November 2016 over a case allegedly filed under the direction of INC leaders and INC Legal Department. Canono was allegedly behind the critical Facebook page "Sher Lock” and blog "Silent No More" which accuses corruption within the church's ranks. Canono fled the Philippines after being charged with various cases by church members, including a libel case by the church's top leader Eduardo V. Manalo. Canono arrived and applied for asylum in Canada in December 2016. In a hearing in February 2017, his claim was accepted by the Immigration and Refugee Board on the basis of religious persecution as mandated by the United Nations Convention on Refugees of 1951. Like Menorca, Canono is now a resident of Canada. Rotary Philippines now gives an award named after Canono, known as "The Rovic Canono Human Rights Award", in honor of Canono's work as an advocate of human rights.
Death of Lito Fruto
Another figure in the 2015 church crisis was a U.S. citizen living in the Philippines. American Lito Fruto was expelled from the INC in the early part of 2015 because of his critical statements against the church leadership, which had been rocked by corruption scandals and allegations of abductions supposedly perpetrated by top INC officials. He was initially under the witness protection program by the Philippine government in April 2015, as he claimed to have received threats due to his allegations against the INC leadership. In November 2015, he filed a complaint against members of the INC's top administrative body, the Sanggunian, accusing them of coercion, harassment, threats, and arbitrary detention. Fruto said that he had been forcibly taken at gunpoint from his Caloocan residence based on a complaint of alleged rape against him, which he said was fabricated by INC. Fruto believed that they were held by the INC against their will because of their supposed exposes against the church. He also said the judge in the rape case, who also issued Fruto a hold departure order, was a member of the INC.
Fruto was shot several times by an unidentified gunman as he was driving along Cavitex Exit in Barangay Marulas, Kawit, Cavite, around 1:30 am on May 24, 2017. Several excommunicated INC members allege that the killing may have been perpetrated by church officials, whom Fruto has publicly spoken out against.
Abductions and murders
A few weeks prior to the assassination of church critic Lito Fruto, two more sympathizers of the family members of the late INC Executive Minister Erano G. Manalo went missing. On April 11, 2017, Danilo Patungan was abducted while on his way to work as a security guard in a condominium building in Bonifacio Global City. He served as security personnel to Nathaniel ‘Angel’ Manalo for 16 years. He remains missing to this day.
A few days after Patungan was abducted, Felix Villocino disappeared as well. Villocino had long been delivering food supplies to the Manalo residence in Tandang Sora, Quezon City. Several former members of the church believed that these disappearances were a repeat of the suspected abductions, allegedly committed by the church against its own ministers in 2015 when the feud between the current INC leader Eduardo V. Manalo and his siblings Angel V. Manalo and Lottie Manalo-Hemedez became public knowledge.
Villocino was expelled after he openly supported Angel Manalo by delivering food supplies for the besieged Manalo siblings. Villocino's bullet-riddled body was found the following day in a grassy portion of Barangay Malamig, Bustos, Bulacan.
The Fifth Estate coverage
On November 11, 2018, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's The Fifth Estate, hosted by Bob McKeown, featured INC on an episode entitled "The Church of Secrets," which followed the story of a widow of a murder victim allegedly killed by INC members after a series of verbal altercations, as well as the story of excommunicated ministerial worker Lowell Menorca II, who sought refugee status in Canada. The news crew also attempted to land an interview with Eduardo V. Manalo after an event in Sacramento but were denied. During their attempt to land the interview, their vehicle's tires were slashed, which McKeown suspected was an act of intimidation by INC. An INC member denied the allegation. In February 2019, the CBC and The Fifth Estate were sued by INC for defamation, with officials calling the show "slanderous" and "without evidence". CBC News responded by stating they stand behind the story.
Reception from other religions
Karl Keating, the founder of Catholic Answers, said in 1990 that the INC engages in anti-Catholicism and anti-Protestantism in its God's Message magazine. Keating views the church as being built on a set of anti-Catholic doctrines, and that their lessons, as well as their God's Message magazine are dedicated more to debunking Catholic and Protestant beliefs and doctrines than to explaining their own positions.
Let Us Reason Ministries, an online apologetics research group, has challenged the Iglesia ni Cristo's doctrines that one can only receive salvation if they are a member of the INC, and for saying that the INC has the sole authority from God to interpret and preach the Bible, while other religions do not. They also say that the Iglesia ni Cristo fallaciously misinterprets Biblical passages in order to suit their doctrines.
James White, of Alpha and Omega Ministries, challenged the theology of the Iglesia ni Cristo in a public debate. White and Jose Ventilacion of the Iglesia ni Cristo met for a debate on April 21, 2017, in Rapid City, South Dakota.
A book-length Catholic treatment of INC history and teachings is: Elesterio, Fernando, The Iglesia Ni Kristo: Its Christology and Ecclesiology, Quezon City, Philippines: Cardinal Bea Studies, Cardinal Bea Institute, Loyola School of Theology, Ateneo de Manila University, 1976.
See also
Christian Era Broadcasting Service International
Eagle Broadcasting Corporation
DZEM - INC Radio DZEM 954
DZCE-TV - INC TV
DZEC-TV - Net 25
Notes
References
External links
Christian denominations established in the 20th century
Christian denominations founded in the Philippines
Restorationism (Christianity)
Indigenous Christianity
Christian new religious movements
Nontrinitarian denominations
Christian organizations established in 1914
1914 establishments in the Philippines
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List of virus genera
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This is a list of genera of biological viruses. See also Comparison of computer viruses.
This is an alphabetical list of genera of biological viruses. It includes all genera and subgenera of viruses listed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) 2019 report.
For a list of individual species, see List of virus species.
For a list of virus families and subfamilies, see List of virus families and subfamilies.
For a list of virus realms, subrealms, kingdoms, subkingdoms, phyla, subphyla, classes, subclasses, orders, and suborders, see List of higher virus taxa.
Genera
A
Alphaabyssovirus
Alphaarterivirus
Alphabaculovirus
Alphacarmotetravirus
Alphacarmovirus
Alphachrysovirus
Alphacoronavirus
Alphaendornavirus
Alphaentomopoxvirus
Alphafusellovirus
Alphaguttavirus
Alphainfluenzavirus
Alphaletovirus
Alphalipothrixvirus
Alphamesonivirus
Alphamononivirus
Alphanecrovirus
Alphanemrhavirus
Alphanodavirus
Alphanucleorhabdovirus
Alphanudivirus
Alphaovalivirus
Alphapapillomavirus
Alphapartitivirus
Alphapermutotetravirus
Alphapleolipovirus
Alphapolyomavirus
Alphaportoglobovirus
Alpharetrovirus
Alphasphaerolipovirus
Alphaspiravirus
Alphatectivirus
Alphatorquevirus
Alphatrevirus
Alphatristromavirus
Alphaturrivirus
Alphavirus
Amalgavirus
Amdoparvovirus
Amigovirus
Ampelovirus
Ampivirus
Ampullavirus
Ampunavirus
Anamdongvirus
Anaposvirus
Anativirus
Anatolevirus
Andhravirus
Andrewvirus
Andromedavirus
Anphevirus
Antennavirus
Anulavirus
Aokuangvirus
Aparavirus
Apdecimavirus
Aphroditevirus
Aphthovirus
Appavirus
Apricotvirus
Apscaviroid
Aquabirnavirus
Aqualcavirus
Aquamavirus
Aquambidensovirus
Aquaparamyxovirus
Aquareovirus
Arepavirus
Arequatrovirus
Aresaunavirus
Arlivirus
Armstrongvirus
Artiparvovirus
Arurhavirus
Ascovirus
Asfivirus
Ashivirus
Asteriusvirus
Atadenovirus
Atlauavirus
Attisvirus
Attoomivirus
Atuphduovirus
Aumaivirus
Aureusvirus
Aurivirus
Aurunvirus
Austintatiousvirus
Avastrovirus
Avenavirus
Aveparvovirus
Aviadenovirus
Avibirnavirus
Avihepadnavirus
Avihepatovirus
Avipoxvirus
Avisivirus
Avsunviroid
Avunavirus
Axomammavirus
Ayakvirus
Ayaqvirus
B
Babusatellite
Babuvirus
Bacillarnavirus
Badaguanvirus
Badnavirus
Bafinivirus
Baikalvirus
Baltimorevirus
Banchanvirus
Bandavirus
Bantamvirus
Baoshanvirus
Barbavirus
Barhavirus
Barnavirus
Barnyardvirus
Bastillevirus
Batrachovirus
Bavovirus
Baxtervirus
Baylorvirus
Bcepmuvirus
Bdellomicrovirus
Becurtovirus
Beetrevirus
Begomovirus
Beidivirus
Bellamyvirus
Bendigovirus
Benyvirus
Bequatrovirus
Berhavirus
Berlinvirus
Bernalvirus
Bertelyvirus
Betaarterivirus
Betabaculovirus
Betacarmovirus
Betachrysovirus
Betacoronavirus
Betaendornavirus
Betaentomopoxvirus
Betafusellovirus
Betaguttavirus
Betainfluenzavirus
Betalipothrixvirus
Betanecrovirus
Betanodavirus
Betanucleorhabdovirus
Betanudivirus
Betapapillomavirus
Betapartitivirus
Betapleolipovirus
Betapolyomavirus
Betaretrovirus
Betasatellite
Betasphaerolipovirus
Betatectivirus
Betatetravirus
Betatorquevirus
Betterkatzvirus
Bevemovirus
Bicaudavirus
Bidensovirus
Bielevirus
Bifilivirus
Bifseptvirus
Bignuzvirus
Bingvirus
Biquartavirus
Biseptimavirus
Bixzunavirus
Bjornvirus
Blattambidensovirus
Blosnavirus
Blunervirus
Bocaparvovirus
Bolenivirus
Bongovirus
Bonnellvirus
Boosepivirus
Bopivirus
Bostovirus
Botoulivirus
Botrexvirus
Botybirnavirus
Bovismacovirus
Bovispumavirus
Bowservirus
Bracovirus
Brambyvirus
Brevihamaparvovirus
Bridgettevirus
Brigitvirus
Britbratvirus
Brizovirus
Bromovirus
Bronvirus
Brujitavirus
Brunovirus
Brussowvirus
Bruynoghevirus
Bucovirus
Busanvirus
Buttersvirus
Bymovirus
C
Caeruleovirus
Cafeteriavirus
Caligrhavirus
Camvirus
Canoevirus
Capillovirus
Capistrivirus
Capripoxvirus
Capulavirus
Carbovirus
Cardiovirus
Cardoreovirus
Carlavirus
Carltongylesvirus
Caroctavirus
Carpasinavirus
Casadabanvirus
Catalunyavirus
Caulimovirus
Cavemovirus
Cbastvirus
Cecivirus
Ceduovirus
Ceetrepovirus
Celavirus
Centapoxvirus
Cepunavirus
Cequinquevirus
Certrevirus
Cervidpoxvirus
Cetovirus
Chakrabartyvirus
Chaphamaparvovirus
Charlievirus
Charybdisvirus
Charybnivirus
Chatterjeevirus
Chenonavirus
Cheoctovirus
Cheravirus
Cheungvirus
Chiangmaivirus
Chimshavirus
Chipapillomavirus
Chipolycivirus
Chivirus
Chlamydiamicrovirus
Chloriridovirus
Chlorovirus
Chordovirus
Chosvirus
Christensenvirus
Chunghsingvirus
Cilevirus
Cimpunavirus
Cinunavirus
Circovirus
Citexvirus
Citrivirus
Clavavirus
Clecrusatellite
Closterovirus
Clostunsatellite
Cocadviroid
Coccolithovirus
Coetzeevirus
Coguvirus
Colecusatellite
Coleviroid
Colossusvirus
Coltivirus
Comovirus
Coopervirus
Copiparvovirus
Coralvirus
Coriovirus
Corndogvirus
Cornellvirus
Corticovirus
Cosavirus
Cosmacovirus
Crahelivirus
Crinivirus
Cripavirus
Crocodylidpoxvirus
Crohivirus
Cronosvirus
Cronusvirus
Crustavirus
Cryspovirus
Cucumovirus
Cuernavacavirus
Cuevavirus
Cultervirus
Curiovirus
Curtovirus
Cyclitvirus
Cyclophivirus
Cyclovirus
Cymopoleiavirus
Cynoglossusvirus
Cypovirus
Cyprinivirus
Cystovirus
Cytomegalovirus
Cytorhabdovirus
D
Daemvirus
Daredevilvirus
Decapodiridovirus
Decurrovirus
Delepquintavirus
Deltaarterivirus
Deltabaculovirus
Deltacoronavirus
Deltaentomopoxvirus
Deltaflexivirus
Deltainfluenzavirus
Deltalipothrixvirus
Deltapapillomavirus
Deltapartitivirus
Deltapolyomavirus
Deltaretrovirus
Deltasatellite
Deltatorquevirus
Deltavirus
Demosthenesvirus
Dependoparvovirus
Derbicusvirus
Detrevirus
Dhakavirus
Dhillonvirus
Dianlovirus
Dianthovirus
Diatodnavirus
Dichorhavirus
Dicipivirus
Diegovirus
Dinodnavirus
Dinornavirus
Dinovernavirus
Dioscovirus
Diresapivirus
Dismasvirus
Divavirus
Doucettevirus
Douglaswolinvirus
Dragsmacovirus
Dronavirus
Drosmacovirus
Drulisvirus
Dyochipapillomavirus
Dyodeltapapillomavirus
Dyoepsilonpapillomavirus
Dyoetapapillomavirus
Dyoiotapapillomavirus
Dyokappapapillomavirus
Dyolambdapapillomavirus
Dyomupapillomavirus
Dyonupapillomavirus
Dyoomegapapillomavirus
Dyoomikronpapillomavirus
Dyophipapillomavirus
Dyopipapillomavirus
Dyopsipapillomavirus
Dyorhopapillomavirus
Dyosigmapapillomavirus
Dyotaupapillomavirus
Dyothetapapillomavirus
Dyoupsilonpapillomavirus
Dyoxipapillomavirus
Dyozetapapillomavirus
E
Eapunavirus
Eastlansingvirus
Ebolavirus
Eclunavirus
Edenvirus
Efquatrovirus
Eganvirus
Eiauvirus
Eisenstarkvirus
Elaviroid
Elerivirus
Elunavirus
Elvirus
Emalynvirus
Emaravirus
Emdodecavirus
Enamovirus
Eneladusvirus
Enhodamvirus
Enquatrovirus
Enterovirus
Entnonagintavirus
Entomobirnavirus
Entovirus
Ephemerovirus
Eponavirus
Epseptimavirus
Epsilonarterivirus
Epsilonpapillomavirus
Epsilonretrovirus
Epsilontorquevirus
Equispumavirus
Eracentumvirus
Eragrovirus
Erbovirus
Ermolevavirus
Errantivirus
Erskinevirus
Erythroparvovirus
Etaarterivirus
Etapapillomavirus
Etatorquevirus
Eurybiavirus
Eyrevirus
F
Fabavirus
Fabenesatellite
Fairfaxidumvirus
Farahnazvirus
Faunusvirus
Felipivirus
Felispumavirus
Felixounavirus
Felsduovirus
Feofaniavirus
Feravirus
Ferlavirus
Fibralongavirus
Fibrovirus
Ficleduovirus
Fijivirus
Finnlakevirus
Fipivirus
Fipvunavirus
Firehammervirus
Fischettivirus
Fishburnevirus
Flaumdravirus
Flavivirus
Fletchervirus
Foetvirus
Foturvirus
Foussvirus
Foveavirus
Franklinbayvirus
Friunavirus
Fromanvirus
Furovirus
Fussvirus
G
Gaiavirus
Gajwadongvirus
Galaxyvirus
Gallantivirus
Gallivirus
Galunavirus
Gamaleyavirus
Gammaarterivirus
Gammabaculovirus
Gammacarmovirus
Gammacoronavirus
Gammaentomopoxvirus
Gammainfluenzavirus
Gammalipothrixvirus
Gammanucleorhabdovirus
Gammapapillomavirus
Gammapartitivirus
Gammapleolipovirus
Gammapolyomavirus
Gammaretrovirus
Gammasphaerolipovirus
Gammatectivirus
Gammatorquevirus
Gamtrevirus
Gaprivervirus
Gelderlandvirus
Gemycircularvirus
Gemyduguivirus
Gemygorvirus
Gemykibivirus
Gemykolovirus
Gemykrogvirus
Gemykroznavirus
Gemytondvirus
Gemyvongvirus
Gequatrovirus
Gesputvirus
Getalongvirus
Getseptimavirus
Ghobesvirus
Ghunavirus
Giardiavirus
Giessenvirus
Gilesvirus
Gillianvirus
Globulovirus
Glossinavirus
Godonkavirus
Gofduovirus
Goodmanvirus
Goravirus
Gordonvirus
Gordtnkvirus
Gorganvirus
Gorjumvirus
Goslarvirus
Gosmusatellite
Goukovirus
Grablovirus
Gruhelivirus
Grusopivirus
Guelphvirus
Gustavvirus
Gutovirus
Gyeonggidovirus
Gyeongsanvirus
Gyrovirus
H
Haartmanvirus
Habenivirus
Hanrivervirus
Hapavirus
Hapunavirus
Harbinvirus
Harkavirus
Harrisonvirus
Hartmanivirus
Hawkeyevirus
Hedwigvirus
Heilongjiangvirus
Helsettvirus
Helsingorvirus
Hemiambidensovirus
Hemipivirus
Hemivirus
Hendrixvirus
Henipavirus
Hepacivirus
Hepanhamaparvovirus
Hepatovirus
Herbevirus
Herpetohepadnavirus
Hexartovirus
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Higrevirus
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Hollowayvirus
Holosalinivirus
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I
Iapetusvirus
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Jacevirus
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Kafavirus
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L
Labyrnavirus
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Lagovirus
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Lambdapapillomavirus
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M
Macanavirus
Macavirus
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Myxoctovirus
N
Nacovirus
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Nanovirus
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Norovirus
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Nymphadoravirus
O
Obolenskvirus
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Okavirus
Okubovirus
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Omikronpapillomavirus
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P
Paadamvirus
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Phytoreovirus
Picardvirus
Picobirnavirus
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Piedvirus
Pienvirus
Pifdecavirus
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Pipefishvirus
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Plaisancevirus
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Playavirus
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Plotvirus
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Podivirus
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Pogseptimavirus
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Pontunivirus
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Powvirus
Pradovirus
Prasinovirus
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Primolicivirus
Priunavirus
Proboscivirus
Prosimiispumavirus
Protoambidensovirus
Protobacilladnavirus
Protoparvovirus
Prunevirus
Prymnesiovirus
Przondovirus
Psavirus
Psecadovirus
Pseudovirus
Psimunavirus
Psipapillomavirus
Pteridovirus
Pteropopoxvirus
Pulverervirus
Punavirus
Q
Qadamvirus
Qingdaovirus
Quadrivirus
Quaranjavirus
Quhwahvirus
R
Rabovirus
Radnorvirus
Rafivirus
Raleighvirus
Ranavirus
Raphidovirus
Rauchvirus
Ravavirus
Ravinvirus
Recovirus
Redivirus
Reginaelenavirus
Reptarenavirus
Reptillovirus
Rerduovirus
Respirovirus
Restivirus
Reyvirus
Rhadinovirus
Rhizidiovirus
Rhopapillomavirus
Rigallicvirus
Rimavirus
Ripduovirus
Risingsunvirus
Risjevirus
Robigovirus
Rogerhendrixvirus
Rogunavirus
Rohelivirus
Ronaldovirus
Ronavirus
Rosadnavirus
Rosavirus
Rosebushvirus
Rosemountvirus
Rosenblumvirus
Roseolovirus
Rotavirus
Roufvirus
Rowavirus
Roymovirus
Rtpvirus
Rubivirus
Rubodvirus
Rudivirus
Ruthyvirus
Rymovirus
Ryyoungvirus
S
Saclayvirus
Sadwavirus
Saetivirus
Sajorinivirus
Sakobuvirus
Salacisavirus
Salasvirus
Salemvirus
Salisharnavirus
Salivirus
Salmondvirus
Salmonivirus
Salmonpoxvirus
Salovirus
Salterprovirus
Samistivirus
Samunavirus
Samwavirus
Sanovirus
Sansavirus
Sapelovirus
Saphexavirus
Sapovirus
Sashavirus
Sasquatchvirus
Sasvirus
Sauletekiovirus
Saundersvirus
Sawastrivirus
Sawgrhavirus
Scapunavirus
Schiekvirus
Schizotequatrovirus
Schmidvirus
Schmittlotzvirus
Schnabeltiervirus
Schubertvirus
Scindoambidensovirus
Sciuripoxvirus
Sciuriunavirus
Sclerodarnavirus
Sclerotimonavirus
Scleroulivirus
Scoliodonvirus
Scottvirus
Scutavirus
Scuticavirus
Seadornavirus
Sectovirus
Sednavirus
Semotivirus
Senecavirus
Senquatrovirus
Seongnamvirus
Seoulvirus
Septimatrevirus
Sepunavirus
Sequivirus
Serkorvirus
Sertoctavirus
Seunavirus
Seuratvirus
Seussvirus
Sextaecvirus
Shalavirus
Shanbavirus
Shangavirus
Shapirovirus
Shaspivirus
Shenzhenvirus
Shilevirus
Shizishanvirus
Siadenovirus
Sicinivirus
Sieqvirus
Sigmapapillomavirus
Sigmavirus
Silviavirus
Simiispumavirus
Siminovitchvirus
Simpcentumvirus
Simplexvirus
Sinaivirus
Sinsheimervirus
Sirevirus
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Skarprettervirus
Skunavirus
Slashvirus
Slopekvirus
Smoothievirus
Sobemovirus
Socyvirus
Sogarnavirus
Solendovirus
Sonalivirus
Sophoyesatellite
Sopolycivirus
Sortsnevirus
Soupsvirus
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Soymovirus
Spbetavirus
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Sprivivirus
Sputnikvirus
Squashvirus
Sripuvirus
Staminivirus
Stanholtvirus
Steinhofvirus
Stockinghallvirus
Stompelvirus
Stompvirus
Stopalavirus
Stopavirus
Striavirus
Striwavirus
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Stupnyavirus
Subclovsatellite
Subteminivirus
Sugarlandvirus
Suipoxvirus
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Sunrhavirus
Sunshinevirus
Suspvirus
Suturavirus
Suwonvirus
Svunavirus
Symapivirus
Synodonvirus
T
Tabernariusvirus
Taipeivirus
Tamkungvirus
Tangaroavirus
Tankvirus
Tapwovirus
Taranisvirus
Taupapillomavirus
Tawavirus
Teetrevirus
Tefnutvirus
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Telnavirus
Tenuivirus
Tepovirus
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Tequintavirus
Terapinvirus
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Teschovirus
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Tetraparvovirus
Thamnovirus
Thaumasvirus
Thetaarterivirus
Thetapapillomavirus
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Thetisvirus
Thogotovirus
Thomixvirus
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Tidunavirus
Tigrvirus
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Tiilvirus
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Tlsvirus
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Tobravirus
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Torbevirus
Torchivirus
Torovirus
Torradovirus
Tortellinivirus
Totivirus
Tottorivirus
Toursvirus
Toutatisvirus
Traversvirus
Treisdeltapapillomavirus
Treisepsilonpapillomavirus
Treisetapapillomavirus
Treisiotapapillomavirus
Treiskappapapillomavirus
Treisthetapapillomavirus
Treiszetapapillomavirus
Tremovirus
Triatovirus
Triavirus
Trichomonasvirus
Trichovirus
Trigintaduovirus
Trinavirus
Trinevirus
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Troedvirus
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Tsarbombavirus
Tulanevirus
Tunavirus
Tunggulviirus
Tungrovirus
Tuodvirus
Tupavirus
Turncurtovirus
Turrinivirus
Twortvirus
Tymovirus
U
Uetakevirus
Uliginvirus
Umbravirus
Unahavirus
Unaquatrovirus
Unyawovirus
Upsilonpapillomavirus
Uukuvirus
V
Vaccinivirus
Valovirus
Varicellovirus
Varicosavirus
Vashvirus
Vectrevirus
Vegasvirus
Velarivirus
Vellamovirus
Vendettavirus
Vequintavirus
Versovirus
Vesiculovirus
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Vespertilionpoxvirus
Vespertiliovirus
Vhmlvirus
Vhulanivirus
Vicialiavirus
Vicosavirus
Victorivirus
Vidquintavirus
Vieuvirus
Villovirus
Vilniusvirus
Vipunavirus
Virtovirus
Vitivirus
Viunavirus
Vividuovirus
Voetvirus
Vojvodinavirus
Votkovvirus
Vulnificusvirus
W
Waewaevirus
Waikavirus
Wamavirus
Wanjuvirus
Warwickvirus
Wbetavirus
Weaselvirus
Webervirus
Wellingtonvirus
Wenrivirus
Whispovirus
Wifcevirus
Wildcatvirus
Wilnyevirus
Wilsonroadvirus
Winklervirus
Wizardvirus
Woesvirus
Woodruffvirus
Wphvirus
Wuhanvirus
Wuhivirus
Wumivirus
X
Xiamenvirus
Xipapillomavirus
Xipdecavirus
Xuanwuvirus
Xuquatrovirus
Xylivirus
Y
Yangvirus
Yatapoxvirus
Yingvirus
Yokohamavirus
Yoloswagvirus
Yuavirus
Yushanvirus
Yuyuevirus
Yvonnevirus
Z
Zarhavirus
Zeavirus
Zetaarterivirus
Zetapapillomavirus
Zetatorquevirus
Zetavirus
Zindervirus
Zybavirus
Subgenera
Ampobartevirus
Andecovirus
Aplyccavirus
Balbicanovirus
Behecravirus
Beturrivirus
Blicbavirus
Bosnitovirus
Brangacovirus
Buldecovirus
Casualivirus
Cegacovirus
Chibartevirus
Cholivirus
Colacovirus
Cradenivirus
Debiartevirus
Decacovirus
Dumedivirus
Duvinacovirus
Embecovirus
Enselivirus
Eurpobartevirus
Hanalivirus
Hedartevirus
Hepoptovirus
Herdecovirus
Hibecovirus
Igacovirus
Kadilivirus
Kaftartevirus
Karsalivirus
Kigiartevirus
Luchacovirus
Menolivirus
Merbecovirus
Micartevirus
Milecovirus
Minacovirus
Minunacovirus
Mitartevirus
Myotacovirus
Namcalivirus
Nobecovirus
Nyctacovirus
Ofalivirus
Pedacovirus
Pedartevirus
Pimfabavirus
Rebatovirus
Renitovirus
Rhinacovirus
Roypretovirus
Salnivirus
Sanematovirus
Sarbecovirus
Satsumavirus
Setracovirus
Sheartevirus
Snaturtovirus
Soracovirus
Stramovirus
Sunacovirus
Tegacovirus
Tilitovirus
Tipravirus
Wenilivirus
Xintolivirus
See also
Virus
Virology
Virus classification
Table of clinically important viruses
WikiSpecies:Virus
Wikipedia:WikiProject Viruses
List of virus species
List of virus families and subfamilies
List of virus taxa
References
L
Genera
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19317087
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craterellus%20tubaeformis
|
Craterellus tubaeformis
|
Craterellus tubaeformis (formerly Cantharellus tubaeformis) is an edible fungus, also known as yellowfoot, winter mushroom, or funnel chanterelle. It is mycorrhizal, forming symbiotic associations with plants, making it very challenging to cultivate. It is smaller than the golden chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) and has a dark brown cap with paler gills and a hollow yellow stem. C. tubaeformis tastes stronger but less fruity than the golden chanterelle. It has a very distinctive smokey, peppery taste when raw. It grows in temperate and cold parts of Northern America and Europe, including Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, and the British Isles, as well as in the Himalayas in Asia, including Assam, in the central parts of the Indian subcontinent, and in Thailand.
C. tubaeformis is a yellowish-brown and trumpet-shaped mushroom found in great numbers late in the mushroom season, thus earning the common name winter mushroom. The cap is convex and sometimes hollow down the middle. The gills are widely separated, and of lighter color than the cap. It grows on moss or rotten wood, and in Northern America it is found mostly in conifer bogs. It is an excellent food mushroom, especially fried or in soups, and is easily dried for preservation.
Molecular phylogenetics has shown that C. tubaeformis deserves its reclassification from Cantharellus to Craterellus. Additionally, it appears that there are two distinct genetic populations that have traditionally been called tubaeformis: one in Europe and eastern North America, and another in western North America. If these two groups are defined as separate species, the "eastern" yellowfoot would retain the scientific epithet tubaeformis due to the origin of the type specimens in Sweden.
The western North American C. tubaeformis has been shown to make ectomycorrhizal relationships with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). It is also most common in forests with a large amount of well-rotted coarse woody debris.
Description
The mushroom is mostly yellow-brown. The cap is 1–4 cm wide, generally flat with a depressed center, funnel-shaped, waxy, with a wavy margin, and mild odor and taste. The gills are shallow, decurrent, forked, and pale. The hollow stalk is 2–8 cm tall and 1 cm or less wide. The spores are whitish, elliptical, and smooth.
It usually fruits later than other mushrooms, sometimes near Hydnum repandum. It usually grows in large groups.
Similar species
The edible Craterellus lutescens differs in colour, and is found only in very wet places. Also similar is Cantharellus californicus.
Edibility
Though small, the mushroom is choice and grows in large groups. It can be eaten with meat, in soups, pasta, and other dishes.
References
External links
Craterellus tubaeformis MushroomExpert.com
Cantharellales
Edible fungi
Fungi of Europe
Fungi described in 1888
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33703772
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.U.I.%20%28TV%20series%29
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D.U.I. (TV series)
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D.U.I. is an American reality television series featuring police officers. The show premiered on December 1, 2011 on TLC, and is a similar format to COPS, but focuses exclusively on suspects arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. However, unlike COPS, the show will also follow the suspects through the legal system, and will show the personal consequences of their decision to drink and drive for each individual. The first six episodes of the series aired in 2011, with the next six following in 2012.
The series was shot in Oklahoma in Pontotoc, Cleveland, Sequoyah, Tulsa and Oklahoma counties, and features local sheriff's deputies from those counties, as well as Oklahoma Highway Patrol troopers. The show's producers said that Oklahoma was chosen for a shooting location because the state has one of the fastest DUI turnarounds in court, as well as some of the strictest DUI laws in the United States.
Episode
See also
Policing in the United States
Crime in the United States
References
External links
2010s American crime television series
2010s American reality television series
2011 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
English-language television shows
TLC (TV network) original programming
Television shows set in Oklahoma
Television shows set in Tulsa, Oklahoma
Documentary television series about policing
Law enforcement in the United States
| 1 | 1 |
70222569
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manindra%20Mohan%20Shrivastava
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Manindra Mohan Shrivastava
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Manindra Mohan Shrivastava (born on 6 March 1964) is an Indian Judge. Presently, he is a Judge of Rajasthan High Court. He has also served as Acting Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court and Judge of Chhattisgarh High Court.
References
Indian judges
1964 births
Living people
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71178486
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake%20Rocks%20and%20Blowholes
|
Pancake Rocks and Blowholes
|
The Pancake Rocks and Blowholes are a coastal rock formation at Punakaiki on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand. They are a popular visitor attraction.
Location
The Pancake Rocks and Blowholes are located at Dolomite Point, immediately adjacent to the village of Punakaiki, in an area that is protected and forms part of the Paparoa National Park.
Geology
The limestone of the Pancake Rocks has been uplifted and then eroded into the current landforms by a combination of two processes – karst erosion (a slow process where chemical erosion of the limestone occurs through the action of water flowing in joints and caverns), and coastal erosion (including the collapse of underground caverns).
Limestone formation
The Pancake Rocks are a heavily eroded limestone formation where the sea bursts through several vertical blowholes during incoming swells, particularly at high tide. The limestone was formed in the Oligocene period (around 22–30 million years old), a period in the geological history of New Zealand where most of the continent of Zealandia was submerged beneath shallow seas. The limestone rocks of the Punakaiki region began forming on the sea floor in warm coastal waters, offshore from a group of low-lying islands. There was a great profusion and diversity of marine organisms growing in these waters, and when these animals died, their shells settled on the sea floor along with small amounts of sand and mud eroded from nearby islands. Over millions of years, vast quantities of shell debris accumulated on the sea floor, eventually forming a thick deposit of nearly pure calcium carbonate.
About 25 million years ago, at the beginning of the Miocene, there was a phase of upward movement of the earth's crust (known as the Kaikoura Orogeny), that led to the formation of the Southern Alps. Large amounts of sand and mud were eroded from the emerging land and deposited on the sea floor, on top of the shell debris. Over the following 20 million years, as the uplift of the crust continued, the older shell debris became buried under a great thickness of accumulated sand and mud. The high pressures created by the new layers expelled water from the shelly sediment, and this gradually became cemented and lithified to form limestone rock. In the Pliocene, a few million years ago, the Kaikoura Orogeny led to slow folding and faulting of sedimentary layers in the Paparoa region, raising them above sea level. Following this uplift, erosion processes stripped away most of the sedimentary rocks which covered the region. However, at Punakaiki, a downwarping of the crust preserved much of the sedimentary layers. Where the limestone now appears at the surface at Dolomite Point, erosion has removed all the younger mudstones and sandstones. Subsequent erosion of the limestone headland has created the unusual karst landscape.
The pancake appearance
The regular layering that can be observed in the Pancake Rocks results from a process called stylobedding. Under the influence of high pressure and compaction, small imperfections in the calcium carbonate that forms the limestone tend to aggregate in horizontal planes, in a process known as grain boundary diffusion. This leads to regular bands of stronger rock separated by weaker and more erodable mudstone rock. Thousands of years of rain, wind and spray have mechanically weathered away the surface of the mudstone layers, leaving the limestone layers in relief.
Continuing uplift
Uplift of the crust is continuing and its recent effects can be seen at Dolomite Point. The flat surface of the headland is in fact an old beach surface, formed at sea level 100,000 years ago and since uplifted by around . Patches of beach gravel and sand can be found on the headland.
Blowholes
The blowholes at Dolomite Point, Punakaiki have been formed through combined processes of erosion. The action of waves, combined with karst erosion in joints and faults in the limestone rock, leads to the creation of caverns that become sea caves. When the sea cave erodes upwards and towards the land, it can create an opening to the surface. Incoming waves trap air in the sea cave and the air inside the cave becomes compressed, leading to the ejection of air and water upwards from the top of the blowhole. The activity level of the blowhole, depends on factors like tide, sea conditions and the geometry of the caverns. . The best conditions for viewing the blowholes are when there is a high tide, and a large incoming ocean swell.
Tourism
State Highway 6 is the only through-road on the West Coast, and a large number of visitors pass through Punakaiki. In 2017, it was estimated that there were 450,000 visitors, and many of these take the short walk to view the Pancake Rocks and Blowholes. It has been claimed that the Pancake Rocks are the most photographed rock formations in New Zealand.
The site is accessible by a number of walkways winding through the rock formations. Parts of these are wheelchair-accessible and others are carved into stairways up and down the rock faces.
References
External links
Punakaiki Pancake Rocks – 3 min video
Buller District
Rock formations of New Zealand
Landforms of the West Coast, New Zealand
Tourist attractions in the West Coast, New Zealand
Paparoa National Park
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70507309
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky%20Burke
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Becky Burke
|
Becky Burke (born December 20, 1989) is an American women's basketball coach and former player. She is currently the head coach at the University at Buffalo.
Career
She attended Abington Heights High School in Clarks Summit, Pennsylvania. She later attended the University of Louisville, where she played guard for the Louisville Cardinals women's basketball team. During her freshman season in 2008–09, Burke led the Cardinals to the Final Four of the 2009 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament, where they fell to UConn in the championship game, 76–54.
Coaching career
After graduating from Louisville, Burke later went on to serve as an assistant women's basketball coach at Saint Joseph's College before serving as head women's basketball coach at Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott from 2016 to 2018, the University of Charleston from 2018 to 2020, and the University of South Carolina Upstate from 2020 to 2022. On April 6, 2022, Burke was named head women's basketball coach at the University at Buffalo.
Head coaching record
References
External links
Buffalo Bulls bio
USC Upstate Spartans bio
Charleston Golden Eagles bio
Louisville Cardinals bio
1989 births
American women's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania
Buffalo Bulls women's basketball coaches
Cal State Fullerton Titans women's basketball coaches
Female sports coaches
Living people
Louisville Cardinals women's basketball players
People from Clarks Summit, Pennsylvania
USC Upstate Spartans coaches
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39592488
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Zakheim
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Bernard Zakheim
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Bernard Baruch Zakheim (April 4, 1898 – November 28, 1985) was a Warsaw-born San Francisco muralist, best known for his work on the Coit Tower murals.
Early life and immigration
Zakheim was born to a Hasidic Jewish family in Warsaw, then part of the Russian Empire. At the age of 13, he expressed his desire to become an artist and to work with his hands, rather than to continue his religious training as a rabbi. His mother objected and as a compromise Zakheim was sent to a technical training school to become a furniture designer and upholsterer. However, he did not actually give up on his artistic goal; he studied watercolor art privately and then was awarded a scholarship to the Polish National Academy of Fine Art, where he studied drawing, painting, and sculpture.
After fighting in World War I, Zakheim and his wife arrived in San Francisco in 1920, where he lived and worked as a furniture maker in the Fillmore District, then a heavily Jewish neighborhood.
Career
In the early 1930s, he committed himself to the preservation and interpretation of Jewish-American life and culture through the making of art. He was one of the organizers of the Yiddish Folkschule on Steiner Street in San Francisco, where he taught children's art classes, and he organized the first "Yiddish art" exhibit in San Francisco.
Around this time, Zakheim was introduced to the muralist Diego Rivera by Lucretia Van Horn. Turning more seriously to mural painting as a form of expression, he traveled to Mexico, studied with Rivera, and met contemporary San Francisco muralist and fellow Russian Empire emigré Victor Arnautoff. He also traveled to Paris, returning with a more developed portfolio.
Back in San Francisco, in 1933 Zakheim helped found the San Francisco Artists and Writers Union, a group of activist artists. The Union lobbied the national government to create a federally funded arts program during the Great Depression. This program became the Public Works of Art Project, and funded Zakheim's work on Coit Tower.
In 1941, Zakheim moved out of the city to the rural-agricultural town of Sebastopol, California, where he taught classes at Pond Farm. He lived on an old apple orchard and continued his work as a painter.
Personal life
Zakheim had a daughter, Masha Zakheim (1932–2014), who became an art historian and published author, specializing in San Francisco murals and works by Diego Rivera. His daughter Ruth Gottstein (born 1922) was portrayed in her father's mural at Coit Tower, and was an activist for the restoration of the Coit murals.
Zakheim's son, Nathan Zakheim, has been an expert in mural restoration for most of his career. He was responsible for restoring many important murals, including a WPA-era mural at San Diego State University, one of Edward Biberman’s iconic murals, some of his own father's work, and the work of his father's contemporary artist and activist Victor Arnautoff.
Murals
Contemporaries described Zakheim's style as "bold, clean, and honest". He was considered one of the leading San Francisco muralists of the 1930s, alongside Victor Arnautoff.
Coit Tower murals
Zakheim conceptualized the Coit Tower murals, and as part of that project painted the mural "Library", portraying men reading newspapers and books. The work reflects Zakheim's own political orientation, as a then-member of the Communist party. For example, fellow artist John Langley Howard reaches for a copy of Das Kapital. It also reflected specific news events happening at the time — one of the newspaper headlines says "Local Artists Protest Destruction of Rivera's Fresco", referring to the destruction of Diego Rivera's "Man at the Crossroads" the year before. Because of this, the mural caused local controversy, with the San Francisco Examiner publishing a photo of the mural under a hammer and sickle (which was not part of Zakheim's design), leading to a temporary stoppage of work and locking of the building before the murals were eventually allowed to be seen by the public.
The History of Medicine in California
Over four years in the 1930s, Zakheim painted ten frescoes in Toland Hall Auditorium on the Parnassus campus of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), titled "The History of Medicine in California". These received national attention, including a mention in Time magazine. Considered controversial, they were papered over in 1948, and later restored by Zakheim's son Nathan. One of the murals shows Black nurse Biddy Mason working with John Strother Griffin.
In 2021, the murals were removed from the building so that it can be torn down. UCSF is working to identify a new location for display of the murals.
Other murals
In this period he also painted a mural (titled "The Jewish Wedding" or "The Wedding Ceremony") at the San Francisco Jewish Community Center.
Another set of murals were painted at the Alemany Hospital in San Francisco's Outer Mission, built in 1933.
Sculptures
In 1966, Zakheim created six wooden sculptures for one of the first Holocaust memorials in the United States, for 1969 display at the Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life in Berkeley. These sculptures are now displayed at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.
Politics and art
Later in life, Zakheim was allegedly rejected for some commissions in part because of his left-leaning politics. However, rather than abandon the political subtexts that informed his art, he advocated that artists should openly espouse their social and religious beliefs within their works. For example, he was a friend of the science fiction author Frank Herbert, and, according to Herbert's biography, he influenced Herbert's work by encouraging him to include political and religious messages in his books.
Restoration and exhibitions
A number of Zakheim's works have been restored since they were painted, including the UCSF and JCC murals referenced above, as well as two Depression-era works in Texas. The Coit Tower murals have also been restored repeatedly.
Two posthumous exhibitions of his work have been held, in 2009 in Los Angeles and in 2010 in San Francisco.
References
Further reading
Official website; includes many photos of art and artist
Zakheim: The Art of Prophetic Justice, from "This Week in Northern California" on KQED
Bernard Zakheim archival collection at UCSF
"Bernard Zakheim, Polish American Artist of California" by Robert Sherins; contains extensive detail on family history and many images of the artist's work.
Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
1898 births
1985 deaths
Polish muralists
American muralists
Jewish American artists
Public Works of Art Project artists
WPA artists
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Painters from California
Section of Painting and Sculpture artists
Federal Art Project artists
20th-century Polish painters
20th-century American male artists
Polish male painters
20th-century American Jews
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14020762
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Sonnon
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Scott Sonnon
|
Scott Sonnon is a US government research scientist in biotechnology, a martial art expert, creator of The Saddle SAMBO System, fitness coach, dyslexia advocate and wellness speaker. He has worked with movie stars such as Peta Wilson and fashion designer Donna Karan as well as Ultimate Fighting Championship mixed martial arts fighters such as Alberto Crane, Jorge Rivera, Andrei Arlovski, and Elvis Sinosic. He currently leads Human Performance for the United States Department of Energy and United States military special operations research in breathing techniques to improve performance and selection rates, and provides training, machine learning data analytics and biotechnology to special operations forces, intelligence officers and federal emergency response personnel through one of the US Department of Energy National Laboratories.
Scott Sonnon was voted one of "The 6 Most Influential Martial Artists of the 21st Century" by Black Belt Magazine in 2010.
As a dyslexic, institutionalized as a child, Scott Sonnon became a TED Fellow speaking on the nature of multiple learning styles being misdiagnosed as learning disabilities, and now travels the country giving talks advocating congressional legislation (House Resolution 456) for dyslexia educational support in public schools.
Scott Sonnon was named one of "Top 25 Fitness Trainers in the World" by "Men's Fitness Magazine" in 2011. He was named by Men's Health Magazine, the creator of the "World's Smartest Workout" (called TACFIT) in 2014. He is a global staff trainer for the 2014 Nike Academy.
His fitness system, Circular Strength Training, has been adopted by members of the United States military and law enforcement community. He is also a published author, a public speaker, and an advocate in the fight against childhood obesity.
Early life
Sonnon was born in 1969, in Pennsylvania, USA. His family emigrated to the United States two generations before him from the town of Sonnon, district of Passau, Bavaria, Germany. He overcame being legally blind due to myopia and Thygeson's disease, spending his youth in pain with Osteochondrosis and obesity, and suffering learning disabilities such as dyslexia. Sonnon is a member of Mensa International and has been a keynote speaker for the High IQ organization.
Martial arts training
Sonnon is credited as having reintroduced Indian clubs in the form of clubbells to strength training. By 2007 he had been inducted into three halls of fame: the National Fitness Hall of Fame, the International Martial Arts Hall of Fame and the Personal Trainer Hall of Fame, and is known to the Sambo and Russian martial arts communities. It has been reported that he is so highly regarded in Sambo training that people have been known to fly thousands of miles in order to attend one of his workshops.
Career highlights
Bibliography
RMAX Magazine (2003–2008) ISSN 1555-7723
Mastering Sambo for Mixed Martial Arts (2008)
Free to Move: The Intu-Flow Longevity System (2008)
Prasara Yoga: Flow Beyond Thought (2007)
The Big Book of Clubbell Training (2006)
Clubbell Training for Circular Strength: An Ancient Tool for the Modern Athlete (2003)
Body-Flow: Freedom from Fear-Reactivity (2003)
References
External links
Scott Sonnon, the Flow Coach
How we suppress genius and create learning disability, talk at TEDxBellingham, November 2013. (Also on YouTube.)
American male mixed martial artists
People from Hershey, Pennsylvania
1969 births
Living people
Mensans
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