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9881680
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak%2C%20Bird%2C%20Speak%20Again
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Speak, Bird, Speak Again
|
Speak, Bird, Speak Again: A book of Palestinian folk tales is a book first published in English in 1989 by Palestinian authors Ibrahim Muhawi and professor of sociology and anthropology at Bir Zeit University Sharif Kanaana.
After the original English book of 1989, a French version, published by UNESCO, followed in 1997, and an Arabic one in Lebanon in 2001.
The book contains a collection of 45 Palestinian folk tales drawn from a collection of two hundred tales narrated by women from different areas of the region of Palestine (the Galilee, the West Bank, and Gaza). The stories collected were chosen on the basis of their popularity, their aesthetic and narrative qualities, and what they tell about popular Palestinian culture dating back many centuries. The authors spent 30 years collecting the material for the book.
The English version of the book is studied as part of literature courses at both University of California at Berkeley and Chicago University, and Kana'nah himself taught the study of the book in the masters programs at Bir Zeit University.
Some of the folk tales from Speak, Bird, Speak Again have been used in other collections/books:
Margareth Read MacDonald, Alik Arzoumanian (ill), (2006): Tunjur! Tunjur! Tunjur! A Palestinian Folktale, , is based on the "Tunjur, Tunjur" story, first told by Fatme Abdel Qader, Arrabe, Galilee, for Speak, Bird, Speak Again.
Sonia Nimr (Introduction by Ghada Karmi), (2007): Ghaddar the Ghoul and other Palestinian Stories, , contains the story "Hasan and the Golden Feather", which is based on the story entitled "Bushel of Gold" (or "The Golden Pail") in Speak, Bird, Speak Again.
Controversy
In 2007 the Hamas-run Palestinian Authority (PA) banned the book and issued a directive to pull Professor Kanaana's book from school libraries and destroy it, however, the ban was later lifted. The book was misinterpreted, explained the author, "since it was not meant to be taught to children, as it is taught at the masters and doctorate level [in literature studies]."
The Palestinian novelist Zakariya Mohammed warned that Hamas' decision to ban the book, which is a collection of 45 folk tales, was "only the beginning" and he urged intellectuals to take action. He said: "If we don't stand up to the Islamists now, they won't stop confiscating books, songs and folklore".
See also
Palestinian literature
References
External references
Full online version
Arabian mythology
Palestinian culture
Collections of fairy tales
Hamas
Censorship in Islam
Islam-related controversies
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7009060
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Ritchie%20%28trader%29
|
Mark Ritchie (trader)
|
Mark Andrew Ritchie is a Chicago Board of Trade and Chicago Mercantile Exchange commodities trader. A twenty-year veteran of the financial industry, Mark is one of the original founding partners of Chicago Research and Trading (CRT) (the other his brother Joe Ritchie) once the largest options firm in the industry. He is also the author of two books, God in the Pits and Spirit of the Rainforest. Mark has traveled extensively throughout the third world as an amateur anthropologist with a special interest in the poor. Featured by BusinessWeek in a November 3, 1986 article titled These Traders Made All-Star By Hitting Singles.
Mark grew up in the poverty of Afghanistan, the deep south of Texas, and an Oregon-coast logging town.
Education
B.A. Trinity International University, 1973
M-Div Trinity International University, 1980
Career
Mark was at one point a theology student and also worked as a night-shift prison guard before he became one of the founding members of C.R.T.
Personal
Mark Ritchie has 5 kids and 11 grandchildren.
Philanthropy
Mark is a member of Board of Directors of Warm Blankets Orphan Care International and Southern Evangelical Seminary and Bible College.
Published works
Ritchie, Mark Andrew (2014). My trading Bible: Lose your shirt. Save your life. Keep trading. Island Lake Press. .
See also
Joe Ritchie
References
Further reading
Ritchie, Mark Andrew (2014). My trading Bible: Lose your shirt. Save your life. Keep trading. Island Lake Press. .
1956 births
Amateur anthropologists
American commodities traders
American derivatives traders
American financial analysts
American investors
American money managers
American hedge fund managers
American stock traders
Living people
Stock and commodity market managers
Trinity International University alumni
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14581076
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n%20Vargas%20Lleras
|
Germán Vargas Lleras
|
Germán Vargas Lleras (; born 19 February 1962) is a Colombian politician who recently served as Vice President of Colombia under President Juan Manuel Santos Calderón. A member of the Radical Change political party, he served four consecutive terms in the Senate, having been elected in 1994. German Vargas also served in the Cabinet as the Minister of Interior and then as the Minister of Housing, City and Territory. He was elected Vice President of Colombia in 2014, running alongside Juan Manuel Santos who was seeking re-election for a second term as President. On 15 March 2017, Vargas Lleras resigned as Vice President in order to be eligible to run for President in the 2018 presidential elections. He finished in fourth place.
Background
Germán was born on 19 February 1962 in Bogotá to Germán Vargas Espinosa and Clemencia Lleras de la Fuente. He comes from one of the country's most prominent political families, with his mother being the daughter of former President Carlos Lleras Restrepo, and he is the nephew of former presidential candidate Carlos Lleras de la Fuente. Former president Alberto Lleras Camargo is also related to the family.
Vargas Lleras graduated from Universidad del Rosario in Bogota where he received his Bachelor of Laws degree. Afterwards he went to Spain to study Government and Political Science at the Ortega and Gasset Institute of the Complutense University of Madrid.
Political career
Germán Vargas Lleras began his political career while in college at 19 years of age in a successful campaign that got him elected as councilman of Bojacá, Cundinamarca, in 1981 under the flags of the New Liberalism, a dissident political movement founded by the then young Senator Luis Carlos Galán. Right after the election, Galan appointed him political coordinator for the district of Los Mártires in the capital city of Bogotá. The experience he acquired during his tenure led him to run for city councilman of Bogotá in 1988. After the assassination of his political mentor in 1989, the New Liberalism began to crumble, and Vargas Lleras, who was then Private Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, joined the ranks of the Colombian Liberal Party.
Once he had joined the party he retook his tasks in the capital district of Los Mártires and assembled a team that helped him get elected for two consecutive terms as City Councilman (1990–1994). He then ran successfully for the Colombian Senate in 1994 under the auspices of the Liberal Party.
In 1999 Vargas Lleras became the visible head of the opposition in the Senate to the government of president Andrés Pastrana, mainly due to the ill-fated 1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process. His staunch opposition to ongoing peace talks in midst of those circumstances, brought him nearer to Álvaro Uribe Vélez, a dissident liberal candidate for the presidential election of 2002 who was calling for the end of the Demilitarized Zone of San Vicente del Caguán. Vargas Lleras moved to support Uribe's candidacy, a decision that forced him to go against the Liberal party and its official candidate for the presidency Horacio Serpa.
In 2002 he ran for his third term of office in the Senate on the ticket of the political movement Colombia Always, a dissident of the Liberal Party, founded by Juan Lozano. He not only got re-elected but thanks to the high number of votes received, carried another candidate in the same ticket to get elected along him, with the third highest ballot count in the country. Five months into his third term, Senator Vargas Lleras was the victim of a terrorist attack, a bomb hidden in a book wrapped in gift paper. As a result of the attack, Vargas Lleras lost some fingers in his left hand. Still recovering from his wounds, Vargas Lleras returned to the Senate's floor in 2003, consolidating himself as one of the leaders of President Uribe's Senate coalition. In 2003, Vargas Lleras was elected Senate President.
In July 2005, the national news magazine Semana published a report stating that the Office of the Attorney General of Colombia pointed a man called Joaquín Vergara Mojica, an ex guerilla member of the ELN terrorist organization as the one behind the bomb-attack against Senator Vargas Lleras. The report stated that the accused – along with two other "reinsertados" (deserters who had been pardoned) from the terrorist organization FARC, staged a plan to send explosive devices to high-profile individuals – Senator Vargas Lleras among them, to then seek rewards from the CIA by tipping them of the terrorist attacks before the devices exploded. According to Vergara's version, the bomb inside the book aimed for Senator Vargas Lleras exploded before the law enforcers made it to his office.
In October 2003, Juan Lozano was defeated into his run for mayor of Bogotá under the Colombia Always party. Senator Vargas Lleras then decided to join the Radical Change party, he rose among its ranks and in 2004 became its Chairman and Director.
In the second half of 2005 a group of Uribists led by Juan Manuel Santos founded the Party of the U, and publicly invited Senator Vargas Lleras to merge both parties looking to ensure the majorities in the following elections. The Senator declined the invitation arguing that both parties represented different political sectors. Soon after the elections, the infiltration of the Party of the U by extreme right paramilitary organizations became public, triggering a storm of indignation among many Colombians.
Senator Vargas Lleras suffered another terrorist attack, this time with a car-bomb. Vargas Lleras escaped the attack unharmed but a few of his bodyguards were seriously injured. The attack led to a confrontation between the Senator and President Uribe when the latter accused the FARC terrorist organization for the attack, disregarding leads attained by the Senator, pointing towards a possible alliance of politicians and the paramilitary organizations. The Colombian Attorney General's Office has not concluded that investigation, to date.
The 2006 elections consolidated Radical Change as a major political party by getting 15 Senators and 22 Congressmen elected. Senator Vargas Lleras achieved the highest number of ballots for the Senate (223.330) with a 50% advantage margin over the second runner up. Beginning 2008 Vargas Lleras went on a temporary leave of absence from the Senate to pursue studies in Europe. He was replaced by Rodrigo Lara Restrepo. However, on June of the same year he resigned his senate seat in a move to try to save the political reform law, in face of the crisis triggered by the fact that Lara Restrepo could not vote it for risk of being accused of legal bias. He was then replaced by Elsa Gladys Cifuentes, but regardless of this bold move by Vargas Lleras, the law did not pass in the Senate.
Vargas Lleras is cited in the Panama Papers scandal.
Parapolitics scandal
The Cambio Radical party was implicated in a so-called "parapolitics" scandal when there were allegations og ties between the paramilitary group AUC and politicians. In the wake of this scandal, Vargas reportedly "resigned from the Senate 'to study' and announced his opposition to a second re-election of Uribe, which was being led by Santos' U Party. Instead, Vargas announced to be running for president himself in 2009 creating increasing tensions between the then-president and his former ally."
In 2012 the "parapolitics" scandal was reported on again when Inspector General Alejandro Ordoñez announced that there would be an investigation into the alleged ties between Vargas and jailed warlord Martin Llanos.
2010 Presidential elections
Vargas Lleras launched his presidential bid on June 25, 2009. During the event, he stated that he would stay on the race regardless of whether incumbent President Uribe would run for a third term. The messaging of the former Senator has always been very clear on intending to continue with the policies of Uribe's Administration, but without Uribe.
After a long campaign trail where he visited 30 of the 32 Departments of Colombia, Vargas Lleras gradually launched his government plan, calling for a number of politically important reforms. Regardless of the offers of alliances made by a number of political parties, Vargas Lleras decided to wait for the political landscape to become clear, he became emphatic on stating that only at the right time and under the right conditions, he would be willing to participate in a coalition government.
The election was won by Uribe's chosen successor, Juan Manuel Santos Calderón. Vargas won 10% of the vote and placed third, and later became a minister in Santos' coalition in August 2010.
2018 Presidential elections
German Vargas Lleras launched his presidential bid on August 29, 2017. In a video published in his Facebook account he thank the group of citizens who launched his presidential bid through the registration of a committee to collect signatures towards running for the presidency. The Citizen committee was formed by Simón Vélez (architect expert on bamboo), Eduardo Pacheco (President of Grupo Colpatria and economist) and Jeison Aristizábal (founder of Asodivalle and chosen in 2016 as a CNN Heroes of the year] . The citizens committee launched the hashtag #MejorVargasLLeras to promote the presidential bid.
This launch of the campaign surprised many politicians because he didn't use his political party to run (Radical Change) but instead started to collect signatures from citizens all around Colombia. A political tactic criticized by his opponents but validated by the constitution. One of the strategies that the campaign used was the usage of message to make Colombians to reflect about the situation of neighbor country Venezuela and how electing him could avoid that from happening. The strategy from Vargas Lleras to run by signatures could be a technique to avoid the bad image that his own party has had for corruption acts committed by many of his members including members of the parliament and attorneys
Vargas Lleras began his campaign with a favorable image of 41% against a dis-favorable image of 48% according to Gallup poll on August 30, 2017. The polls of July 2017 put him in the first position reaching 14% of the popular opinion if the presidential elections would be to be held according to Cifras y Conceptos. However, most of the electors are not sure who are they going to vote for reaching 17%. He finished the race in fourth place with 7.30% of the votes.
In 2019, 65% of the population surveyed said they had an unfavourable image of Germán Vargas Lleras, while 25% said they had a favourable image.
References
External links
Official site of Germán Vargas Lleras
Germán Vargas Lleras' Fan Page on Facebook
Germán Vargas Lleras' Twitter
Political biography of Vargas Lleras
Profile at Votebien.com
Profile of his party Cambio Radical at Votebien.com
German Vargas Lleras profile on Colombia Reports
Germán Vargas Lleras should be the next president of Colombia
1962 births
Living people
People from Bogotá
German
Del Rosario University alumni
20th-century Colombian lawyers
Members of the Senate of Colombia
Presidents of the Senate of Colombia
Candidates for President of Colombia
Colombian Ministers of the Interior and Justice
Colombian Ministers of the Interior
Ministers of Housing, City and Territory of Colombia
Radical Change politicians
Colombian Liberal Party politicians
Colombia Always politicians
Vice presidents of Colombia
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7997297
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul%20Samsung%20Thunders
|
Seoul Samsung Thunders
|
The Seoul Samsung Thunders () are a professional basketball club, competing in the Korean Basketball League since its inception years ago. The Seoul Samsung Thunders received their name from Samsung Electronics. Initially based in Suwon, they are now located in the South Korean capital, Seoul, and play at Jamsil Arena.
Team names
1978–1982: Samsung Men's Basketball Club
1982–1996: Samsung Electronics Basketball Club
1996–2001: Suwon Samsung Thunders
2001–present: Seoul Samsung Thunders
Honours
Domestic
Korean Basketball League
KBL Championship
Winners: 2000–01, 2005–06
Runners-up: 2007–08, 2008–09, 2016–17
KBL Regular Season
Winners: 2000–01
Runners-up: 2005–06
Third place: 1999–2000, 2007–08, 2016–17
Continental
FIBA Asia Champions Cup
Third place: 1988
ABA Club Championship
Winners: 2001, 2007, 2010
Third place: 2008, 2009
International invitationals
Merlion Cup
Third place: 2016
Record
External links
Official website
Basketball teams established in 1978
Basketball teams in South Korea
Korean Basketball League teams
Sport in Seoul
Samsung Sports
Cheil Worldwide
1978 establishments in South Korea
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70367862
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Joyce%20%28baseball%29
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Ben Joyce (baseball)
|
Benjamin Alan Joyce (born September 17, 2000) is an American baseball pitcher in the Los Angeles Angels organization.
Amateur career
Joyce grew up in Knoxville, Tennessee and attended Farragut High School. He entered high school at and weighed and did not make the varsity baseball team until his junior year, by which time he had grown to tall.
Joyce enrolled at Walters State Community College along with his twin brother, Zach, and missed his freshman season due to a stress fracture in his elbow. By the end of the year, he had grown to tall. As a sophomore, Joyce went 3–1 with a 4.79 ERA and 35 strikeouts in innings pitched. Joyce and his brother committed to transfer to Tennessee to continue their college careers. Joyce tore the ulnar collateral ligament during a fall practice and had Tommy John surgery, causing him to miss his first season at Tennessee. In his first healthy season at Tennessee as a redshirt junior, Joyce gained national attention for regularly throwing his fastball over , throwing as hard as . On May 1, 2022, he threw the fastest recorded pitch in the history of college baseball with a fastball. Joyce finished the season with a 2.23 ERA and 53 strikeouts in innings pitched over 27 appearances.
Professional career
Joyce was selected in the third round by the Los Angeles Angels in the 2022 Major League Baseball draft. He signed with the Angels on July 22, 2022, and received a $1 million signing bonus. Joyce was assigned to the Double-A Rocket City Trash Pandas to start his professional career.
References
External links
Walters State Senators bio
Tennessee Volunteers bio
Living people
Baseball players from Tennessee
Baseball pitchers
Tennessee Volunteers baseball players
Walters State Senators baseball players
2000 births
Rocket City Trash Pandas players
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52817775
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosio%3A%20El%20asesinato
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Colosio: El asesinato
|
Colosio: El asesinato () is a 2012 Mexican thriller film directed by Carlos Bolado.
It examines the events leading to the assassination of Mexican presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio, of the PRI party at a campaign rally in Tijuana during the Mexican presidential campaign of 1994.
Cast
José María Yazpik as Andrés Vázquez
Daniel Giménez Cacho as José María Córdoba Montoya
Kate del Castillo as Verónica
Odiseo Bichir as José Francisco Ruiz Massieu
Tenoch Huerta Mejía as Jesús 'Chuy'
Harold Torres as Mario Aburto Martínez / Joel López 'La Ballena' / Juan Manuel Sánchez Ortiz
References
External links
2012 thriller films
2012 films
Mexican films
Mexican thriller films
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3795557
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skye%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Skye (disambiguation)
|
Skye is the largest island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland.
Skye or Isle of Skye may also refer to:
Places
Skye (Charlotte), a skyscraper in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
Skye, Ontario, a community of The Nation, Canada
Skye, South Australia, an eastern suburb of Adelaide
Skye, Victoria, a suburb in Melbourne, Australia
Skye of Curr, a hamlet near Grantown-on-Spey, Highland, Scotland
Isle of Skye (bar), a pub in New York, United States
Isle of Skye, Ontario, Canada, an island in Lake Muskoka, Ottawa
Isle of Skye, a former name for Newham, Victoria, Australia
Broadford Airfield, Scotland
People and fictional characters
Skye (name), a list of people or fictional characters with the surname or given name
Vicky Swain (born 1985), often known as Skye, former British professional wrestler
Other uses
Operation Skye, code name for the radio component of an Allied military deception in World War II
Skye Bank, a commercial bank based in Nigeria
Skye Records, a former music label
See also
Sky (disambiguation)
Skyy (disambiguation)
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55805679
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20Franden%20Dakin
|
Edwin Franden Dakin
|
Edwin Franden Dakin (1898–1976) was an American advertising executive and author who wrote a critical biography of Mary Baker Eddy.
Biography
Dakin was associate editor of the weekly magazine Commerce and Finance (1922-1926). He also edited the magazine Plane Talk. He is best known for his book Mrs. Eddy: The Biography of a Virginal Mind, a critical biography of Mary Baker Eddy. It was the first biography to document Eddy's use of morphine. It received positive reviews in academic journals.
In 1929, H. L. Mencken commented that Dakin "has been at pains to unearth the precise facts and he sets them forth carefully and pleasantly. The Christian Science press-agents, of course, will damn him as a slanderer, but that fact is unimportant. He has made a valuable contribution to American history."
The Dictionary of American Biography described it as the "most impartial and scholarly biography" of Eddy. It has also been described it as "a superbly documented biography." Psychiatrist Karl Menninger described the book as "remarkable". Ernest Sutherland Bates praised the book for its judicious examination of sources.
Literary critic Daniel Burt wrote that it is a detailed biography and Dakin achieved an "objectivity rare in books about Eddy."
Controversy
When Dakin's biography of Mary Baker Eddy was published in 1929, Christian Science officials from the Mother Church tried to censor and supress the book.
Christian Scientists complained that the biography was biased and negative towards Eddy. The Mother Church threatened a number of bookstores that were selling it with foreclosure of mortgages. John Hall Wheelock noted that an officer from the First Church of Christ Scientist threatened its publisher Charles Scribner's Sons with "malicious animal magnetism".
Christian Scientists threatened to boycott stores that displayed the book for sale. They were unsuccessful and Dakin's biography was republished by Scribner's in 1930. It was issued with a pamphlet that documented the attempted suppression, The Blight that Failed.
William J. Whalen has noted that the Christian Science attempts of censorship "backfired and turned the book into a best seller".
Cycles: The Science of Prediction
In 1947, Dakin along with Edward R. Dewey, published the book Cycles: The Science of Prediction which argued the United States economy was driven by four cycles of different length. Robert Gale Woolbert
wrote that they "adduce interesting second-hand statistics to the effect that cyclical tendencies have been observed in industrial, biological and solar phenomena." Milton Friedman dismissed their theory as pseudoscience saying:
[Cycles: The Science of Prediction] is not a scientific book: the evidence underlying the stated conclusions is not presented in full; data graphed are not identified so that someone else could reproduce them; the techniques employed are nowhere described in detail. [...] Its closest analogue is the modern high-power advertisement—here of book length and designed to sell an esoteric and supposedly scientific product. Like most modern advertising, the book seeks to sell its product by making exaggerated claims for it [...], showing it in association with other valued objects which really don't have anything to do with it [...], keeping discreetly silent about its defeats or mentioning them in only the vaguest form [...], and citing authorities who think highly of the product.
Publications
Mrs. Eddy: The Biography of a Virginal Mind (1929)
Cycles: The Science of Prediction (1947) [with Edward R. Dewey]
References
External links
Mrs. Eddy, by Edwin Franden Dakin. The Stanford Daily, Volume 76, Issue 48, 9 December 1929.
The Press: Scientific Censorship. Time, 16 December 1929.
1898 births
1976 deaths
American advertising executives
20th-century American biographers
American magazine editors
Critics of Christian Science
Writers from Missouri
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55524896
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20section%20%28electronics%29
|
Cross section (electronics)
|
In electronics, a cross section, cross-section, or microsection, is a prepared electronics sample that allows analysis at a plane that cuts through the sample. It is a destructive technique requiring that a portion of the sample be cut or ground away to expose the internal plane for analysis. They are commonly prepared for research, manufacturing quality assurance, supplier conformity, and failure analysis. Printed wiring boards (PWBs) and electronic components and their solder joints are common cross sectioned samples. The features of interest to be analyzed in cross section can be nanometer-scale metal and dielectric layers in semiconductors up to macroscopic features such as the amount of solder that has filled into a large, 0.125in (3.18mm) diameter plated through hole.
Preparation
Cross sections can be prepared by several methods typically chosen based on the scale of the feature of interest because the technique affects the smoothness of the final polish. Smoother polishes allow analysis of smaller features, but can also take longer or can be more expensive to prepare. Cross sectioning hard materials such as alumina might require a different technique than a soft material like gold or soft plastic.
Mechanical grinding and polishing
Mechanical grinding and polishing is a common method of preparation to analyze features on the order of 1s to 10s of microns to macroscopic features. Samples may first be cut down in size, for example around a via in a PWB, or around a ceramic capacitor soldered to a PWB. Samples may be prepared by encapsulation in a rigid material such as epoxy to keep the sample intact during grinding, and with a vacuum step, to fill in air gaps and create a solid sample with no voids. However, cross sections of some samples can be prepared with no encapsulation.
Encapsulated samples are prepared first by using a rough grinding medium to remove material from the sample until just before the plane of interest is reached. Equipment can help automate the process by holding grinding and polishing media firm, and by then spinning it so that a sample can be pressed against it. Typical grinding media are silicon carbide and diamond which can in the form of disposable discs impregnated with the grinding media, or a slurry applied to a reusable pad. Successively finer media are used to finish grinding to the plane of interest and to polish at the plane of interest. Each successively smaller grit is used to remove the scratches and damage caused by the previous grit.
Mechanical cutting or milling
Some equipment allows for preparation of cross sections by direct cutting or milling.
Other techniques
Focused ion beam, ion beam milling, and cleaving are common techniques in the semiconductor fabrication industry.
Printed wiring boards
Manufacturers of substrates used in electronics prepare cross sections of a final product for quality assurance. In cross section, the quality of drill holes can be assessed and the plating quality and thickness in vias can be measured. Voids in the substrate materials may be seen which show the quality of the lamination process.
Electronic components
Viewing the internal structures of electronic components by cross section can reveal problems with manufacturing and material quality. In integrated circuits, a cross section can reveal the die and its active layers, the die paddle, and 1st level interconnects (wire bonds or solder bumps).
Solder joints
Cross sections of component solder joints are commonly prepared to assess the quality and extent of the metallurgical bond. This analysis can be used to help determine any issues during the soldering processes that could lead to solder fatigue and failure. Solder joint cross sections are also commonly prepared during failure analysis to see cracks in the solder. Crack morphology can lead to identification of the type of stress and ultimately the root cause of the solder joint failure.
Analysis techniques for cross sections
Analysis of polished cross sections can be performed with a variety of techniques. Images are commonly taken with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Chemical analysis can be done with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Hardness testing can also be performed.
References
Semiconductor device fabrication
Quality control
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3658445
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychonaut%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Psychonaut (disambiguation)
|
A psychonaut is a person who explores the psyche through the use of hallucinogens or other techniques.
Psychonaut may also refer to:
Psychonauts, a 2005 video game
Psychonauts in the Rhombus of Ruin, a 2017 video game
Psychonauts 2, a 2021 video game
Psychonaut (album), a 1972 album by Brainticket
Psychonauts (band), a British music duo
Psychonauts (comics), an Epic Comics limited series
Psychonaut, a 1982 book by Peter J. Carroll
"Psychonaut", a song by Fields of the Nephilim from the 1991 album Earth Inferno
Psychonaut Records, a Dutch independent record label
Birdboy: The Forgotten Children, or Psychonauts, the Forgotten Children, a 2015 Spanish animated film
Psiconautas, an Argentine TV series
See also
Psychonomics, an approach to psychology that aims at discovering the laws that govern the workings of the mind
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52653771
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdu%20al-Hudhaifi
|
Abdu al-Hudhaifi
|
Abdu Mohammed Hussein al-Hudhaifi () was the minister of Yemen's Interior Ministry from 26 May 2015 to 1 December 2015.
References
Living people
Yemeni Sunni Muslims
Interior ministers of Yemen
People from Dhale Governorate
1954 births
| 1 | 1 |
8147161
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20MacDonald
|
Lee MacDonald
|
Lee MacDonald (born 21 June 1968) is an English actor, who is known for his role as Zammo McGuire in the BBC drama Grange Hill. Since then, he has made cameo appearances on Birds of a Feather and The Bill. In 2019, he began appearing in the BBC soap opera EastEnders as Terry.
Career
MacDonald became introverted at age five after his elder sister died, which led to a teacher at his primary school suggesting he attend an after-school drama club. This was the Anna Scher Theatre and resulted in minor television roles before an audition for Grange Hill.
He appeared in The Bill ("A Willing Victim" (S09 E66)) as Martin Buckley, a boxer, with Melissa Wilks playing his wife Sandra.
He appeared in the Sky 1 show Cirque de Celebrité until he was voted out on the fourth show. He was, however, invited back when Sophie Anderton left due to injury, but was again voted out on the seventh show.
MacDonald filmed a pilot for a series entitled Cabbies for ITV: he also appeared as a travel correspondent on BroadbandTV.
In October 2008, MacDonald appeared in BBC Three's Celebrity Scissorhands, where celebrities learned to cut hair and do other beauty treatments, raising money for BBC Children in Need.
In November 2015, MacDonald took part in a "Child Stars" edition of Pointless Celebrities, with fellow Grange Hill star Erkan Mustafa as his teammate. In September 2016, he appeared on an edition of ITV's Who's Doing the Dishes?.
In April 2019, it was announced that MacDonald would appear in the BBC soap opera EastEnders as Terry.
In July 2019, MacDonald appeared as a guest artist on a single called "We Are London". The song was by British band The Knowledge. The video for the song also featured British actress Maureen Lipman and BBC Radio presenter and journalist Duncan Barkes.
On 30 November 2019, MacDonald surprised Robert Rinder as a guest in the "Midnight Gameshow" of Michael McIntyre's Big Show.
In a special Christmas Day episode of podcast White Wine Question Time, released in December 2020, MacDonald told host Kate Thornton how the role of Zammo had typecast him in his acting career and that he was jealous of other Grange Hill colleagues like John Alford doing so well.
In addition to acting, MacDonald has worked for many years as a locksmith in Wallington, Surrey.
References
External links
We Are London featuring Lee MacDonald.
AGENT - CHERRY PARKER MANAGEMENT
1968 births
Alumni of the Anna Scher Theatre School
Living people
English male television actors
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50431429
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna%20Dear
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Jenna Dear
|
Jenna May Dear (born 29 May 1996) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for FC Fleury 91 in the French Division 1 Féminine.
Career
Born in Hayes, Hillingdon, Dear spent her early years at the Reading FC Girls' Centre of Excellence and played for Yiewsley Predators and Hayes & Yeading Youth.
She joined Chelsea LFC at the age of 14, and went on loan to Watford Ladies in March 2015 for the first half of that season. She joined Everton LFC in January 2016, before moving to Sheffield in April 2017.
She has since mid-August 2018 played for Vålerenga Fotball Damer in Norway. Before this, she played for Sheffield F.C. Ladies.
International career
Dear has represented England at under-15 level, captaining the side at the age on 14. She made the move up to under-19 level, where she made her debut against Sweden on 15 July 2014, and has since represented the under-20 team.
References
External links
Jenna Dear at Sheffield FC Ladies
1996 births
Living people
Footballers from Hayes, Hillingdon
English women's footballers
Women's association football midfielders
Chelsea F.C. Women players
Watford L.F.C. players
Everton F.C. (women) players
Sheffield F.C. Ladies players
English expatriate women's footballers
Vålerenga Fotball Damer players
Toppserien players
Division 1 Féminine players
Expatriate women's footballers in Norway
English expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Expatriate footballers in France
FC Fleury 91 (women) players
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2552443
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Pakistani%20flags
|
List of Pakistani flags
|
This is a list of flags used in Pakistan.
National Flag
Government Flags
Civil Ensign
Civil Air Ensign
Provincial and territorial flags
Military
Naval rank flags
Historical flags
Pre-colonial states
British India
Former national flag proposals
See also
National Flag of Pakistan
References
External links
Pakistan
Pakistani culture
Flags
| 1 | 1 |
1914541
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20giraffe
|
Northern giraffe
|
The northern giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), also known as three-horned giraffe, is the type species of giraffe, G. camelopardalis, and is native to North Africa, although alternative taxonomic hypotheses have proposed the northern giraffe as a separate species.
Once abundant throughout Africa since the 19th century, Northern giraffes ranged from Senegal, Mali and Nigeria from West Africa to up north in Egypt. The similar West African giraffes lived in Algeria and Morocco in ancient periods until their extinctions due to the Saharan dry climate.
Giraffes collectively are considered Vulnerable to extinction by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), with around 97,000 wild individuals alive in 2016, of which 5,195 are Northern giraffes.
Taxonomy and evolution
The current IUCN taxonomic scheme lists one species of giraffe with the name G. camelopardalis and nine subspecies. A 2021 whole genome sequencing study suggests the northern giraffe as a separate species, and postulates the existence of three distinct subspecies.
Description
Often mistaken with the Southern Giraffes, Northern giraffe's are differentiated by their distinctive two horn-like protuberances known as ossicones on their foreheads, which are longer and larger than those of southern giraffes'. Bull Northern giraffes have a third cylindrical ossicone in the center of the head just above the eyes, which is from 3 to 5 inches long.
Distribution and habitat
Northern giraffes live in savannahs, shrublands, and woodlands. After numerous local extinctions, Northern giraffes are the least numerous giraffe species, and the most endangered. In East Africa, they are mostly found in Kenya and southwestern Ethiopia, though rarely in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan. There are about 2,000 in the Central African Republic, Chad and Cameroon of Central Africa. Once widespread in West Africa, a few hundred Northern giraffes are confined in the Dosso Reserve of Kouré, Niger. It is isolated in South Sudan, Kenya, Chad and Niger. They commonly live both in and outside of protected areas.
The earliest ranges of the Northern giraffes were in Chad during the late Pliocene. Once abundant in North Africa, they lived in Algeria since early Pleistocene during the Quaternary period. They lived in Morocco, Libya and Egypt until their extinction around the year AD 600, as the dry climate of the Sahara made conditions impossible for giraffes. Though their remenant's; bones and fossils, have been found across these countries.
References
External links
ARKive – images and movies of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).
Giraffe, African Wildlife Foundation
Giraffes
Mammals of North Africa
Mammals described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Extant Miocene first appearances
| 0 | -1 |
47759150
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%27s%20world%20map
|
Leonardo's world map
|
Leonardo's unique equilateral triangular design is applied for a world map. It is a map drawn using the "octant projection" and dated by Richard Henry Major to approximately 1514. It was found loosely inserted among a Codex of Leonardo da Vinci. It features an early use of the name America. The map incorporates information from the travels of Amerigo Vespucci, published in 1503 and 1505. Additionally, the map depicts the Arctic as an ocean and Antarctica as a continent of about the correct size.
The likelihood that the map, found among Leonardo da Vinci's papers preserved in Windsor, was drawn by Leonardo himself has not been completely accepted by scholars. According to Major, who published the map in 1865 and defended its authenticity, the date indicated would be doubtful also because Florida is drawn as an island with the name of TERRA FLORIDA.
Description
Da Vinci developed the concept of dividing the surface of the globe into eight spherical equilateral triangles based on his botanical drawings. Each section of the globe is bounded by the Equator and two meridians separate by 90°. This was the first map of this type. Some critics believe that the existing map was not really an autograph work, since the precision and expertise in the drawing does not reflect the usual high standards of da Vinci. They suggest that it was probably done by a trusted employee or copyist at Leonardo's workshop. Da Vinci's authorship would be demonstrated by Christopher Tyler in his paper entitled "Leonardo da Vinci’s World Map", in which he provides examples of derivative maps in a similar projection to da Vinci's. The map was originally documented by R. H. Major in his work Memoir on a mappemonde by Leonardo da Vinci, the earliest map Being Known hitherto container containing the name of America Grothe.
The eight triangles are configured as two four-leaf clovers side by side, with the earth poles in the center of each clove. One of the sides of the eight triangles (the one opposite the center of the pseudo clover), forms one fourth of the equator, the remaining two (those that converge to the center of the pseudo clover) forming the two meridians that, combined with the equator, dissect the globe into eight octants.
The name of "Florida" (Terra Florida), correctly placed opposite Cuba although in form of "an island", is used after the discovery of Florida in 1513 and the return of Ponce de Leon's expedition.
Authorship
Leonardo's map authorship it is not universally accepted, with some authors being completely against any minimal contribution from him, either in the map or in the type of projection used; among them, Henry Harrisse (1892), or Eugène Müntz (1899 - citing Harrisse authority from 1892).
Since the discovery of the Ostrich Egg Globe, Stefaan Missinne has written a book in which he argues that the authorship of the design of the map is Leonardo's. In contrast the cartographic content is by a third hand. The manuscript world map intended to be glued has been attributed to Melzi, because of the type of lettering used and because of his proximity to Leonardo during his stay in France. Missinne finds it difficult to substantiate this attribution. He argues that on the map, the capital letters and small letters are used in combination, which is contradictory to Leonardo´s costumery practice. In addition, an unhatched mountain range in South America, is depicted showing only one not particularly “attractive” river. Missinne argues that the precise level of detail, for which Leonardo was known, is lacking. In contrast, the maker drew many toponyms on the coastal ranges, which shows that he must have used a portolan map as a template. The oceans do bear names and the spelling has only a few “mistakes,” i.e. variants such as “Brazill” ending with a double “l.” The letter “z” on C (abo) B (ona) speranza differs considerably from Leonardo’s types of “z.” which is also the case for the “b” in “Abatia”. The Missinne's findings, however, are disputed.
Several scholars explicitly accept the authorship of both (map and projection: "..the eight of a supposed globe represented in a plane.."), completely as Leonardo's work, describing the octant projection as the first of this type, among them, R. H. Major (1865) in his work Memoir on a mappemonde by Leonardo da Vinci, being the earliest map hitherto known containing the name of America, Grothe, the "Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana" (1934), Snyder in his book Flattening the Earth (1993), Christopher Tyler in his paper (2014) Leonardo da Vinci’s World Map, José Luis Espejo in his book (2012) Los mensajes ocultos de Leonardo Da Vinci, or David Bower in his work (2012) The unusual projection for one of John Dee's maps of 1580.
Others also accept explicitly the authorship of both (the map and its projection) as authentic, although leaving open the question of Leonardo's direct hand, giving the authorship of the work to one of his disciples as Nordenskiöld states in his book Facsimile-Atlas (1889) confirmed by Dutton (1995) and many others: "..on account of the remarkable projection not by Leonardo himself, but by some ignorant clerk.", or Keunig (1955) being more precise: "..by one of his followers at his direction.."
Many scholars based their assumption on Leonardo´s using the Italian word “mappamondo” J.P. Richter translated this as world map instead of world globe. J.P. Richter’s erroneous translation from Arundel, page 191 recto, is: “The map of the world from Benci”.
See also
Bernard J. S. Cahill
Codex Atlanticus
Cahill–Keyes projection
Octant projection
Waterman butterfly projection
Waterman polyhedron
World map
References
External links
Proyecciones-cartograficas
Leonardo's Blueprint for the Jagiellonian armillary sphere
Map projections
Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci
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54318467
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%20Massey
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Lionel Massey
|
Lionel Massey (July 2, 1916 – July 28, 1965) was a Canadian civil servant and dignitary, most noted for serving as Secretary to the Governor General of Canada during his father Vincent Massey's term as Governor General.
Born in Toronto to Vincent and Alice Massey, he was educated at Upper Canada College and Balliol College, Oxford. He served in the King's Royal Rifle Corps during World War II, during which he was injured in Greece and spent time as a German prisoner of war.
He returned to Canada in 1944, and married Lilias Ahearn Van Buskirk in 1946. The couple's primary residence was Batterwood House in Canton, Ontario, although they travelled frequently on family business.
His brother Hart also served in WWII, as a Spitfire pilot.
When Vincent Massey was appointed as Governor General in 1952, he appointed Lionel as secretary; as Alice Massey had by this time died and there would be no viceregal consort, Lilias was simultaneously appointed as acting châtelaine of Rideau Hall.
Following the end of Vincent Massey's term in office, Lionel was appointed as administrative director of the Royal Ontario Museum. He was promoted to associate director of the institution in 1963. He also served on the boards of Hart House, Upper Canada College and the Stratford Festival.
He died in Toronto on July 28, 1965 after suffering a stroke.
References
1916 births
1965 deaths
Lionel Massey
Canadian civil servants
Canadian corporate directors
King's Royal Rifle Corps officers
Military personnel from Toronto
Upper Canada College alumni
Royal Ontario Museum
British Army personnel of World War II
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
British World War II prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
| 1 | 1 |
32403034
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensburg%20Towerstars
|
Ravensburg Towerstars
|
The Ravensburg Towerstars, also known as EV Ravensburg, are a professional ice hockey team based in Ravensburg, Germany, and one of the oldest clubs in the country. They currently play in DEL2, the second level of ice hockey in Germany.
Prior to the 2013–14 season they played in the 2nd Bundesliga. They finished the 2011 season first, becoming champions of the 2nd Bundesliga. However, as there was at the time no promotion and relegation between 2nd Bundesliga and the highest German ice hockey league, the DEL, the Ravensburg Towerstars were not promoted following their success.
Until 2007 they played in the Oberliga.
Achievements
Oberliga champion : 1967, 2007
2nd Bundesliga champion: 2010/11, 2018/19
References
External links
towerstars.de – official website
Ice hockey teams in Germany
Ice hockey teams in Baden-Württemberg
Ravensburg
| 1 | 1 |
13318486
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Lebel
|
Denis Lebel
|
Denis Lebel (born May 26, 1954) is a Canadian politician and who served as mayor of Roberval, Quebec and deputy leader of the Official Opposition. Lebel was born in Roberval, Quebec.
Political career
Lebel was elected to the House of Commons of Canada on September 17, 2007, in the Roberval—Lac-Saint-Jean by-election, as a member of the Conservative Party. Four years later, it emerged that he had been an active member of the Bloc Quebecois from 1993 to 2001. Lebel stated that he joined the Conservatives because Prime Minister Stephen Harper recognized the Québécois nation, and maintains that he has always been a Quebec nationalist.
On October 30, 2008, he was appointed to Harper's cabinet as minister of the Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec. Following the 2011 election, Lebel was promoted to minister of transport. He was shuffled out of the post in July 2013, shortly after the Lac-Megantic rail disaster.
He was also the minister of infrastructure, communities and intergovernmental affairs and served as the Harper government's Quebec lieutenant.
In the 2015 election, Lebel was re-elected in the new Lac-Saint-Jean riding.
After the election, he and fellow member of Parliament (MP) Michelle Rempel proposed to become joint interim leaders of the party but ultimately lost to Rona Ambrose.
On November 18, 2015 he was named deputy leader of the Conservative Party and thus deputy Opposition leader.
Career after politics
Lebel announced on June 19, 2017 that he will be stepping down as an MP in the following weeks, before the House of Commons resumed sitting in the fall. The seat was lost to the liberals in the following by-election.
The Montreal Gazette reported on June 20, 2017 that Lebel is to be appointed as the CEO of Québec Forest Industry Council. It has also been reported that then-premier of Quebec, Philippe Couillard was interested in recruiting Lebel to run for the Quebec Liberals in the 2018 Quebec general election, but he did not run.
Electoral history
References
External links
Denis Lebel official site
1954 births
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
French Quebecers
Living people
Mayors of places in Quebec
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
People from Roberval, Quebec
Members of the 28th Canadian Ministry
Deputy opposition leaders
| 1 | 1 |
69727387
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie%20Prespakis
|
Georgie Prespakis
|
Georgie Prespakis (born 13 March 2003) is an Australian rules footballer playing for Geelong Football Club in the AFL Women's (AFLW).
Early life
Prespakis is the daughter of Damien and Jody. Her mother is an Indigenous Australian from the Djadjawurrung tribe. Prespakis has three siblings: twins Annalea and Madison, and Jimmy. Older sister Madison currently plays for Essendon.
She played junior football with the boys in Romsey, crossing to Sunbury to play in the under-18 girls' competition. Picked up by the Calder Cannons development program, she took out the competition's best and fairest in 2019. Prespakis won her second best and fairest award in 2021, scoring seven best-on-ground votes in just nine appearances for the Cannons.
Prespakis finished the 2021 season playing with in the VFL Women's competition, playing five matches (including three finals), her last game coming against at Windy Hill.
AFL Women's career
recruited Prespakis with their first selection and second overall in the 2021 AFL Women's draft. She made her AFL Women's debut in the opening round of the 2022 season against at Arden Street Oval, a game in which she was nominated for the 2022 AFL Women's Rising Star award. In March, Prespakis was included in the 40-player squad for the AFL Players Association 22under22 team, and was named on the wing in the final 22under22 team.
In round 1 of AFL Women's season seven, Prespakis kicked Geelong's only two goals, including one in the last minute to score a 15–11 victory over at GMHBA Stadium.
Statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2022 season.
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2022
| style="text-align:center;"|
| 41 || 10 || 0 || 2 || 70 || 63 || 133 || 6 || 68 || 0.0 || 0.2 || 7.0 || 6.3 || 13.3 || 0.6 || 6.8 || 1
|-
|- class=sortbottom
! colspan=3 | Career
! 10 !! 0 !! 2 !! 70 !! 63 !! 133 !! 6 !! 68 !! 0.0 !! 0.2 !! 7.0 !! 6.3 !! 13.3 !! 0.6 !! 6.8 !! 1
|}
References
External links
2003 births
Living people
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Calder Cannons players
Geelong Football Club (AFLW) players
Calder Cannons players (NAB League Girls)
| 1 | 1 |
39573514
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori%20Kuzmin
|
Grigori Kuzmin
|
Grigori Kuzmin (8 April 1917 – 22 April 1988) was an Estonian astronomer, who worked mainly in the field of stellar dynamics.
Life and career
Grigori Kuzmin was born in 1917 in Viipuri, part of the Grand Duchy of Finland. His family was Russian. In 1924 they moved to Tallinn, Estonia, where Kuzmin attended school. Although his mother tongue was Russian, and he had learned to speak Finnish during childhood, after moving to Estonia, Estonian became his primary language. Kuzmin graduated cum laude from the University of Tartu in 1940.
See also
Tartu Observatory
References
External links
NASA ADS search for G. Kuzmin works
1917 births
1988 deaths
Estonian astronomers
University of Tartu alumni
University of Tartu faculty
Scientists from Vyborg
Soviet astronomers
Estonian people of Russian descent
Russian emigrants to Estonia
| 1 | 1 |
43362692
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20FX-Superbike%20Championship
|
Australian FX-Superbike Championship
|
The Australian FX-Superbike Championship is a professional motorcycle road-racing series in Australia. Organised by Australian Road and Track Rider Promotions, the championship, run for Superbike class racing motorcycles, has been run each year since 2009. Originally known as the Formula Xtreme Tri-State Series, it originally formed as a breakaway series from the Australian Superbike Championship. The 2009 series was run over three events. The 2010 series was ramped up to a five-round series and was rebranded as the Australian FX-Superbike Championship with it expanding further to six rounds in 2011.
Merger talks with the Motorcycling Australia during 2011 fell apart. YMF Loan, the financial arm of Yamaha motorcycles in Australia, sponsored the series from 2010 to 2013.
At the end of the 2013 season, a one-off non-championship race was held at Sydney Motorsport Park under the name Australasian Superbike Championship, reviving a name used in the past in Australia road racing. The 2014 championship was rebranded under this banner with sponsor support from specialist motorcycle insurance company Swann Insurance, with the aim of attracting teams from New Zealand and further afield in the Asian region. The popularity of the break-away series has eclipsed its rival, with the Australian Superbike Championship holding just two rounds in 2013.
Kevin Curtain dominated the early series. Riding for the Australian Yamaha Racing Team, he won three titles in a row from 2010 to 2012 and was runner up to teammate Broc Parkes in 2013.
In 2017, the series returned to its earlier name, the Australian FX-Superbike Championship, dropping its 'Australasian' identity.
Champions
Source:
References
Motorcycle road racing series
Australasian Superbike
| 1 | 1 |
51983983
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trops
|
Trops
|
Trops () is a Philippine television drama romance comedy series, broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Linnet Zurbano, it stars Kenneth Medrano, Miggy Tolentino, Joel Palencia, Jon Timmons, Tommy Peñaflor, Kim Last and Taki Saito. It premiered on October 24, 2016 on the network's afternoon line up replacing Calle Siete. The series concluded on September 22, 2017 with a total of 238 episodes. It was replaced by The Lolas' Beautiful Show in its timeslot.
Cast and characters
Lead cast
Taki Saito as Martha Tanya Kiera "Taki" Masson-Mercado
Kenneth Medrano as Kenneth "Ken" Garcia-Mercado
Miggy Tolentino as Angelo Miguelito "Miggy" Tolentino
Kim Last as Kim Michael Park
Tommy Peñaflor as Tommy "Taba" Fernando
Joel Palencia as Joel "Jo" Santos
Jon Timmons as Jonathan "Jon" Masson
Supporting cast
Toni Aquino as Joanna "Liempo" Santos
Krystal Reyes as Zoey Sevilla
Shaira Diaz as Amanda "Mandy" Santiago-Tolentino
Benjie Paras as Fred Fernando
Irma Adlawan as Sheena "Momskie" Tolentino
Rey "PJ" Abellana as Armando Santiago
Juan Rodrigo as Kevin Mercado
Dexter Doria as Armida Santiago
Ces Quesada as Aurora Agoncilio
Leo Martinez as Eli
Allysa de Real as Sandra
Jace Flores as Mars
Archie Adamos as Bien
Guest cast
Ai-Ai Delas Alas as Rosa Mystica "Rose" Carpio Vda. de Roxas
Ina Raymundo as Almalyn Macauba
Glenda Garcia as Celia Garcia-Mercado
Maureen Mauricio as Rebecca Silangkuan
Gilleth Sandico as Zita Sevilla
Marco Alcaraz as Bastie
Lou Veloso as Uge / Noy
Ermie Concepcion as Ces
Rolando Inocencio as Mr. Sarmiento
Kate Lapuz as Pia Angelie Avela
Francis Mata as Mr. Chua
VJ Mendoza as a school pageant host
Andrew Gan as Carlo
Afi Africa as Mr. Kulote
Rhett Romero as Zoey's father
Myka Flores as Mariah
Ryan Arana as Loren Jaime
Therese Malvar as Veronica "Roni / Nica" Sanchez
Kenken Nuyad as Renato "Nato" Monteza
Yasser Marta as Drew
Phytos Ramirez as Diego
Jan Marini as Ces
Jojo Alejar as Dindo Soterio
Empress Schuck as Monette Soterio
Super Tekla as Tiffany
Ratings
According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Mega Manila household television ratings, the pilot episode of Trops earned a 15.5% rating. While the final episode scored a 4.1 rating in Nationwide Urban Television Audience Measurement People in television homes.
References
External links
2016 Philippine television series debuts
2017 Philippine television series endings
Filipino-language television shows
GMA Network drama series
Television series by TAPE Inc.
Television shows set in Manila
Television shows set in Quezon City
| 0 | -1 |
13434677
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby%20Bridges%20%28film%29
|
Ruby Bridges (film)
|
Ruby Bridges is a 1998 television film, written by Toni Ann Johnson, directed by Euzhan Palcy and based on the true story of Ruby Bridges, one of the first black students to attend integrated schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1960. As a six-year-old, Bridges was one of four black first-graders, selected on the basis of test scores, to attend previously all-white public schools in New Orleans. Three students were sent to McDonogh 19, and Ruby was the only black child to be sent to William Frantz Public School.
The film received positive reviews, and has an approval rating of 83% on Rotten Tomatoes. The film was nominated for several awards, including an NAACP Image award. The writer, Toni Ann Johnson, won the 1998 Humanitas Prize for her teleplay. The film also won The Christopher Award. It is currently available for streaming on Disney+.
Plot
Ruby Bridges tells the story of how a six-year old Black girl integrated a New Orleans segregated school in 1960. Of course, Ruby didn’t achieve this feat alone– there was the NAACP that chose her; four US Marshals that kept back the angry mob of haters bent on lynching her; a kind-hearted White teacher who pushed back against her racist superiors; a famous psychiatrist to help her with the stress; and, most of all, her courageous mother who shared the deep faith that gave the girl the strength to persist.
Cast
Chaz Monet as Ruby Bridges
Michael Beach as Abon Bridges
Lela Rochon as Lucielle 'Lucy' Bridges
Penelope Ann Miller as Barbara Henry
Kevin Pollak as Dr. Robert Coles
Jean Louisa Kelly as Jane Coles
Peter Francis James as Dr. Broyard
Toni Ann Johnson as Alma Broyard
Patrika Darbo as Miss Spencer
Diana Scarwid as Miss Woodmere
See also
Civil rights movement in popular culture
External links
https://readthespirit.com/visual-parables/ruby-bridges-1998/
1998 films
Civil rights movement in television
Films set in 1960
Films set in New Orleans
Disney television films
African-American films
African-American biographical dramas
Films directed by Euzhan Palcy
American drama television films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
| 1 | 1 |
35332495
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melis%20Abzalov
|
Melis Abzalov
|
Melis Abzalov (; ; November 18, 1938 – October 26, 2016) was an Uzbek actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer. His most famous films include Suyunchi (1982), Kelinlar qoʻzgʻoloni (1984), Armon (1986), and Oʻtgan kunlar (1997).
Abzalov is celebrated as one of the founders and prominent members of the Uzbek film making industry. During his lifetime, he received many honorary titles and awards, including the title Meritorious Artist of Uzbekistan (1987).
Life and work
Melis Oripovich Abzalov was born on November 18, 1938, in Yangiyul, then the Uzbek SSR. He graduated from the Ostrovsky Tashkent Theater Arts Institute in 1961. A year later, in 1962, he started working at Uzbekfilm. He died on October 26, 2016, in Stockholm.
Filmography
As director
Chinor tagidagi duel (Russian: Дуэль под чинарой) (The Duel under a Plane Tree) (1979)
Suyunchi (Russian: Бабушка-генерал) (1982)
Kelinlar qoʻzgʻoloni (Russian: Бунт невесток) (The Rebellion of the Brides) (1985)
Armon (Russian: Уходя, остаются) (Sorrow) (1986)
Maysaraning ishi (Russian: Восточная плутовка) (The Case of Maysara) (1989)
Oʻtgan kunlar (Russian: Минувшие дни) (Days Gone By) (1997)
Chimildiq (1999)
Meshpolvon (2000)
Baribir hayot goʻzal (Russian: Жизнь прекрасна или киллер поневоле) (After All, Life is Good) (2004)
Sirli sirtmoq (The Secret Trap) (2008)
Taʼziyadagi toʻy (Russian: Свадьба на поминках) (The Wedding at a Funeral) (2010)
As actor
Laylak keldi, yoz boʻldi (Russian: Белые, белые аисты) (White Storks) (1966) (not credited)
Влюбленные (The Lovers) (1969)
Седьмая пуля (The Seventh Bullet) (1972)
Встречи и расставания (Meetings and Partings) (1973)
Поклонник (The Worshiper) (1973)
Ты, песня моя (You, My Song) (1975)
Inson qushlar ortidan boradi (Russian: Человек уходит за птицами) (Man is after the Birds) (1975)
Далекие близкие годы (Far, Near Years) (1976)
Птицы наших надежд (The Birds of Our Hopes) (1976)
Седьмой джинн (The Seventh Genie) (1976)
Буйный «Лебедь» (The Wild "Swan") (1977)
Qoʻqon voqeasi (Russian: Это было в Коканде) (This Happened in Kokand) (1977)
Olovli yoʻllar (Russian: Огненные дороги) (The Fiery Roads) (1978) (series)
Любовь моя — революция (My Love — Revolution) (1981)
Встреча у высоких снегов (The Meeting at High Snow Mountains) (1982)
Новые приключения Акмаля (The New Adventures of Akmal) (1983) (not credited)
Уроки на завтра (Lessons for Tomorrow) (1983)
Прощай, зелень лета... (Good-Bye, Summer) (1985) (not credited)
Я тебя помню (I Remember You) (1985)
Armon (Russian: Уходя, остаются) (Sorrow) (1986)
Kлиника (The Clinic) (1987)
Приключения Арслана (The Adventures of Arslan) (1988)
Чудовище или кто-то другой (A Monster or Somebody Else) (1988)
Maysaraning ishi (Russian: Восточная плутовка) (The Case of Maysara) (1989)
Кодекс молчания (The Code of Silence) (1989)
Шок (Shock) (1989)
La Batalla de los Tres Reyes (Russian: Битва трех королей) (Battle of the Three Kings) (1990)
Tangalik bolalar (Russian: Мальчики из Танги) (1990) (not credited)
Ангел в огне (The Angel on Fire) (1992)
Маклер (The Broker) (1992)
Shaytanat (Russian: Шайтанат — царство бесов) (1998)
Alpomish (Russian: Алпомыш) (2000)
Дронго (The Drongo) (2002)
Синедиктум (Cinedictum) (2002)
Devona (Russian: Влюбленный) (2004)
Baribir hayot goʻzal (Russian: Жизнь прекрасна или киллер поневоле) (After All, Life is Good) (2004)
Vatan (Fatherland) (2006)
Ходжа Насреддин: Игра начинается (Hodja Nasreddin: The Game Starts) (2006)
Застава (The Outpost) (2007) (TV series)
Tilla buva (Russian: Золотой дедушка) (Golden Grandpa) (2011)
As screenwriter
Oʻtgan kunlar (Russian: Минувшие дни) (Days Gone By) (1997)
Awards
Abzalov is celebrated as one of the founders of the Uzbek film making industry. He received many honorary titles and awards throughout his career, including the title Meritorious Artist of Uzbekistan (1987). In 2008, he received a Shuhrat Order.
References
External links
1938 births
2016 deaths
People from Yangiyo‘l
Ethnic Uzbek people
Soviet film directors
Soviet screenwriters
Male screenwriters
Soviet male film actors
Uzbekistani film directors
Uzbekistani film producers
Uzbekistani male film actors
Uzbekistani screenwriters
20th-century Uzbekistani male actors
21st-century Uzbekistani male actors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai%20Ne%C8%99u
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Mihai Neșu
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Mihai Mircea Neșu (born 19 February 1983) is a Romanian former footballer and philanthropist.
A left-back, Neșu played as a senior for Steaua București and FC Utrecht, as well as being capped eight times for the Romania national team. His career was cut short at age 28, when he suffered a severe neck injury that left him paralyzed.
After his accident, Neșu started a personal foundation dedicated to children with motor disorders, at the same time receiving treatment for his paralysis from which he did not make a full recovery.
Club career
Steaua București
Neșu, who was nicknamed Bișonul (Romanian for "the Bichon"), was born in Oradea and started to play football with the junior squads of Bihor Oradea. He was transferred to Steaua București in 2001 for $6,000 and made his Divizia A debut on 21 April 2002, when head coach Victor Pițurcă used him in a 1–1 draw with Petrolul Ploiești.
During his time in the capital, Neșu aided the club in winning the national title in the 2004–05 and the 2005–06 seasons. He also amassed 33 games in European competitions, of which twelve in the latter campaign as they reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup.
FC Utrecht and career-ending injury
On 27 August 2008, Neșu was sold to FC Utrecht for €1.2 to replace PSV Eindhoven-bound Erik Pieters. He played 86 Eredivisie matches and scored two goals during his stint, and in 2008 was named the best left-back of the competition.
On 10 May 2011, Neșu got injured during a training session by colliding with teammate Alje Schut; he broke his cervical vertebrae, leaving him paralyzed in a wheel chair ever since. His contract expired in July 2012, formally ending his football career.
In 2020, he was selected by FC Utrecht fans as the best left-back the team's history.
International career
Neșu appeared eight times at international level for Romania, with manager Victor Pițurcă handing him his debut on 12 November 2005, when he replaced Răzvan Raț in the 80th minute of a friendly 2–1 loss to Ivory Coast. His last game for the national team was a friendly which ended in a 2–0 loss to Israel.
Personal life
Neșu's father, Mircea, was a footballer, referee, and doctor. His nephew Nikos Barboudis is also a football player.
Neșu married Maria Laura Gherman in June 2006, but they divorced after six years.
Philanthropy
In the 2012–13 season, Steaua București honoured Neșu by displaying the logo of his namesake foundation on the club's kit in UEFA Europa League matches against Ekranas, Ajax and Chelsea.
As of January 2022, Neșu manages the construction of a new and larger rehabilitation centre in Oradea for children with motor disorders.
Honours
Steaua București
Divizia A: 2004–05, 2005–06
Supercupa României: 2006
References
External links
Mihai Neșu Foundation official website
Mihai Neșu at Voetbal International
1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Oradea
Romanian footballers
Association football defenders
Liga I players
FC Steaua București players
Eredivisie players
FC Utrecht players
Romania international footballers
Romanian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Romanian philanthropists
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35948425
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio%20Meneses
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Claudio Meneses
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Claudio Andrés Meneses Cordero (, born 5 February 1988) is a Chilean footballer that currently plays for San Luis de Quillota as a defender.
Career
O'Higgins
In 2012, Meneses was runner-up with O'Higgins, after lose the final against Universidad de Chile in the penalty shoot-out.
In 2013, he won the Apertura 2013-14 with O'Higgins. In the tournament, he played in 11 of 18 matches.
Honours
Club
O'Higgins
Primera División: 2013–A
Individual
O'Higgins
Medalla Santa Cruz de Triana: 2014
References
External links
Claudio Meneses at Football-Lineups
1988 births
Living people
People from La Serena
Chilean footballers
Chilean expatriate footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Malaysia Super League players
Primera B de Chile players
Deportes La Serena footballers
O'Higgins F.C. footballers
Audax Italiano footballers
San Luis de Quillota footballers
Sri Pahang FC players
A.C. Barnechea footballers
Unión La Calera footballers
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia
Expatriate footballers in Malaysia
Association football defenders
| 1 | 1 |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison%20Belmont%20Building
|
Madison Belmont Building
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The Madison Belmont Building, also known as 183 Madison Avenue, is a commercial building at the southeast corner of Madison Avenue and 34th Street in Murray Hill, Manhattan, New York. It was designed by Warren & Wetmore in the Neoclassical style and built in 1924–1925. The Madison Belmont Building has a "transitional" design that deviates from Warren & Wetmore's other commissions, combining elements of the Neoclassical style and more modern influences from the Art Deco style.
183 Madison Avenue's articulation consists of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, shaft, and capital. The base, comprising the lowest three stories of the facade, contains iron-and-bronze showroom frames, grilles, and doors designed by Edgar Brandt. The shaft contains brick piers, between which are recessed bays that contain windows and spandrels. The upper stories contain architectural terracotta ornamentation and a large cornice. The lobby is finished in bronze and marble, and contains a vaulted ceiling.
183 Madison Avenue was constructed as a showroom building for a development company called the Merchants & Manufacturers Exchange of New York. It originally housed showrooms for silk companies in Manhattan's "Silk District". In 2011, the building's exterior and first floor interior were made New York City designated landmarks.
Site
183 Madison Avenue is in Murray Hill, Manhattan, on the southeast corner of Madison Avenue and 34th Street. The building is shaped like an "L", running along Madison Avenue to the west and 34th Street to the north. A section extends southward toward 33rd Street, where it has a frontage measuring . Its official address is 181–183 Madison Avenue, though the building carries alternate addresses of 31 East 33rd Street and 44–46 East 34th Street. Nearby structures include the Grolier Club and 2 Park Avenue to the south, as well as the Collectors Club of New York and the B. Altman and Company Building to the north.
Architecture
183 Madison Avenue was designed by Warren and Wetmore in the neoclassical style. The doors and metal ornamentation at the base, as well as the metal work in the lobby, were designed by Edgar Brandt, a French iron worker. The building is tall, and was built with 17 stories. An additional floor was erected on the roof for mechanical equipment and commercial space in 1953. 183 Madison Avenue contains with 30 commercial units.
The design was distinguished from Warren and Wetmore's previous commissions, which had included the Grand Central Terminal and surrounding structures. 183 Madison Avenue's design also included more modern influences in the Art Deco style, which had just started to become popular when the building was completed. In addition to brick and architectural terracotta, the building used of iron. Brandt's lower-floor design was one of the first usages of Art Deco in a building in the United States. In 1925, International Studio magazine characterized the main entrance doors as being "carried to the nth power of perfection".
Facade
The articulation of the facade consists of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, shaft, and capital. While the facade was made mostly of brick, it also used carved terracotta motifs designed by the New York Architectural Terra Cotta Company. The terracotta used on the Madison Belmont Building is flatter and simpler in design than on Warren and Wetmore's other structures.
The base is three stories tall. On Madison Avenue and 34th Street, the base is clad almost entirely with large display windows set between granite piers, which are twice as wide as the bays above. The windows are set within gilded bronze frames, and below the first floor windows, there are geometrically patterned iron motifs. The eastern end of the 34th Street facade contains the building's main entrance; there is also a showroom entrance on Madison Avenue and a service entrance at 33rd Street. The Art Deco-inspired entrance doors are decorated with leaves and floral patterns. Above are transoms with black-and-gold motifs resembling frozen fountains. The entrance gates on Madison Avenue and 34th Street have slightly different detailing but have similar floral motifs. On 33rd Street, the first-story opening is a steel service entrance while the second story contains a ventilation grate. The third and fourth stories on 33rd Street contain large windows with red frames, with metal spandrels underneath the windows, and a small cornice above the fourth story.
The shaft, consisting of the fourth through fifteenth stories, includes continuous vertical piers made of brick. The piers subdivide the facade into narrow bays, which contain one recessed window on each floor. The windows are surrounded by red metal frames, and the window openings on each floor are separated by spandrels made of multicolored brick. On 34th Street and Madison Avenue, the fourth floor windows are flanked by terracotta panels and topped by terracotta pediments. On 33rd Street, the windows are not decorated or recessed, and there is a band course above the tenth floor. The 33rd Street side is set back above the eleventh floor.
Above the fifteenth story is a large terracotta cornice and three additional stories set back from all sides. The sixteenth and seventeenth stories contain terracotta ornamentation, and their center sections are set back slightly less than the outer sections. The eighteenth story is set back further and is not decorated.
Lobby
The main lobby runs southward from the 34th Street entrance, leading to a vestibule that connects to a rectangular lobby. In turn, the lobby connects to the building's elevators and showrooms. Unlike other elevator lobbies in contemporary New York City buildings, the Madison Belmont Building's lobby does not contain any stores or auxiliary spaces; it only has a security desk, a bronze backlit tenant directory, and elevator doors. The lobby is highly ornamented with bronze and marble. Christopher Gray of The New York Times wrote that the lobby "puts other Midtown [Manhattan] lobbies to shame".
The lobby is designed with motifs from ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman culture. These depictions include the Greek myth of Leda and the Swan, as well as mythological figures such as Mercury, the Roman god of trade and travel. The walls are clad with multicolored marble set inside bronze frames, which in turn contain Egyptian motifs such as lotus leaves and sphinxes The top of the lobby wall is circled with a metal frieze that contains Greek-vase and arabesque motifs. At the southern end of the lobby are four bronze elevator doors.
The floors are made of terrazzo tiles. Bronze-framed roundels, some of which contain motifs related to silk production and transport, separate the coved ceiling into several sections. Light panels with stencils of mythological beasts run along the edge of the ceiling, and light fixtures also hang from the center of the ceiling. Other objects in the lobby, such as a mailbox and fire alarm box, also contain bronze decorations.
History
Manhattan's Silk District, concentrated around the lower section of Park Avenue South in the 19th century, had moved northward to the intersection of Madison Avenue and 34th Street by the early 1920s. During that time, the upper-class residences that had characterized the adjacent portion of Madison Avenue in the 19th century were being replaced with retail establishments. Three of the plots that form 183 Madison Avenue's site had been held by August Belmont Jr. until 1915. The Madison Belmont Building, along with a 16-story structure on the southwestern corner of Madison Avenue and 34th Street, were to form the core of the relocated Silk District.
Construction
The Madison Belmont Building was developed by Robert M. Catts, a real estate developer who served as the Merchants and Manufacturers Exchange of New York's president. Catts purchased several plots for the building in February 1924, including a plot on 33rd Street and the southeastern corner plots at Madison Avenue and 34th Street. Concurrently, Catts hired Warren & Wetmore to design a 17-story structure for tenants in the silk industry. William A. White and Sons arranged an $825,000 mortgage for the site in June 1924.
In May 1924, silk manufacturers Cheney Brothers leased the lowest three stories and basement for 21 years. Cheney Brothers hired Brandt to design the decorative ironwork because Brandt was already affiliated with the company. The company's art director Henry Creange had become acquainted with Brandt through several exhibitions in the early 1920s, and Cheney remade several of Brandt's designs in silk. The Madison Belmont Building opened on October 15, 1925. The ceremony was overseen by architect Harvey Wiley Corbett, while commerce secretary Herbert Hoover, geologist Henry Fairfield Osborn, jeweler Louis Comfort Tiffany, and the French minister of commerce were among those who sent telegrams to celebrate the opening of the Cheney showroom in the building. The Cheney showroom occupied the corner space at 34th Street and Madison Avenue on the first through third floors.
Use
Catts had gone into bankruptcy by 1927. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company placed a new first mortgage of $2 million on the Madison Belmont Building in 1930. At the time, the building had a rent roll of $475,000 and was 95% rented. A second mortgage of $150,000 was placed on the building the next year. Cheney Brothers, meanwhile, experienced financial difficulties in the late 1920s and early 1930s because of changes in the economy and silk industry, and in 1935, the business was reorganized. When Cheney reorganized, a federal judge in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut ruled that Cheney's annual lease of $155,000 at the Madison Belmont Building was too high.
During the mid-20th century, the upper floors were leased to tenants such as the publications Management Corporation, which published Esquire magazine, as well as the Blue Print Company, which had a photostat printing plant in the building. The Madison Belmont Corporation transferred the title for the Madison Belmont Building to the Madison-Thirty-Fourth Street Corporation in 1942 for $40,000. A mechanical floor was added to the building in 1953. 183 Madison Avenue was later owned by British businessman Paul Kemsley, who had lost control of the building by 2010. At the time, its tenants were mainly lingerie companies.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the facade and lobby interior as official New York City landmarks on September 20, 2011. The building was purchased in 2014 by a joint venture composed of Tishman Speyer and The Cogswell-Lee Development Group, at a cost of $185 million. At the time, 95% of space in the building was leased. The building was resold to APF Properties in 2018 for $222.5 million. Early-21st century tenants of 183 Madison Avenue have included a law firm, an audio company, an architectural firm, and an advertising firm, as well as the coworking company WeWork.
See also
Art Deco architecture of New York City
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
1925 establishments in New York City
34th Street (Manhattan)
Commercial buildings completed in 1925
Madison Avenue
Murray Hill, Manhattan
Neoclassical architecture in New York City
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City interior landmarks
Art Deco architecture in Manhattan
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1665460
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Lingens
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Rudolf Lingens
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Rudolph Lingens is a fictional character often used by contemporary analytic philosophers as a placeholder name in a hypothetical scenario which illustrates some feature of the indexicality of natural language. He was created by the logician Gottlob Frege in the course of one of the earliest systematic discussions of indexicals. A number of philosophers picking up on Frege's discussion of indexicals, notably John Perry, David Lewis, and Robert Stalnaker, have adopted Lingens to make their own points about indexicals.
De se attitudes
Lingens first appeared in Frege's influential essay 'Thought' ('Der Gedanke', published in Beiträge zur Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus I (1918–19), pp. 58–77). Mr. Lingens appears in the company of Leo Peter. Both are concerned with Dr. Gustav Lauben's having been wounded, and are later joined by Herbert Garner who is possessed of the knowledge that Gustav Lauben was born on 13 September 1875. Frege's discussion is concerned with how proper names and indexicals like 'I' function and how they are connected with the sense (or mode of presentation) that, on his account, each speaker who uses them associates with them.
Rudolph Lingens makes a number of appearances in the subsequent literature on Frege and on indexicals. Notably, he occurs in an influential 1977 paper by John Perry ('Frege on Demonstratives'), in which Perry asks us to imagine Lingens as an amnesiac in Main Library at Stanford who comes to read a complete biography of himself. By reading the biography, Lingens comes to have a rich body of factual information about Rudolph Lingens, but he still fails to realize that (as we would put it) he himself is Lingens. Here we resort to natural language indexicals—he himself—to try to express what knowledge it is Lingens lacks; and our resort to such indexicals for expressing this knowledge seems to be ineliminable. Much of the philosophical literature on indexicality is concerned with trying to explicate the apparently "essentially indexical" character of the information Lingens lacks in Perry's imagined scenario.
Attitudes that essentially require indexical reference to oneself to express—such as the belief Lingens would express by saying I am Rudolph Lingens'—are often called de se attitudes.
Philosophers David Lewis and Robert Stalnaker pick up on Perry's discussion. Lingens reappears in David Lewis's 1979 paper on the topic ('Attitudes de dicto and de se) and also in a 1981 paper by Robert Stalnaker ('Indexical Belief'). In his paper, Stalnaker suggests that Lingens is the cousin of Bernard J. Ortcutt, a character originally created by W. V. O. Quine to illustrate the distinction between de dicto and de re attitude ascriptions.
References
(Standard philosophical references for de se that discuss Lingens' predicament)
Gottlob Frege (1997 [1918–19]). Thought. In The Frege Reader, ed. by Michael Beaney. New York: Blackwell. pp. 325–345.
John Perry (1977). Frege on demonstratives Philosophical Review 86. pp. 474–97
David Lewis (1979). Attitudes de dicto and de se Philosophical Review 88. pp. 513–43
David Kaplan (1989). Demonstratives. In Themes from Kaplan, ed. by Joseph Almog, John Perry & Howard Wettstein. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 481–614.
Analytic philosophy
Thought experiments in philosophy
Literary characters introduced in 1918
Placeholder names
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21890604
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly%20to%20the%20Angels
|
Fly to the Angels
|
"Fly to the Angels" is a power ballad by American glam metal band Slaughter.
Charts
References
1990 singles
1990 songs
Slaughter (band) songs
Chrysalis Records singles
Glam metal ballads
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22827144
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens%20S%C3%B6ring
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Jens Söring
|
Jens Söring, usually rendered in English as Jens Soering, (born 1 August 1966, in Bangkok, Thailand) is a German who, in 1990, was convicted in Virginia, United States of America of murdering the parents of his then-girlfriend, Elizabeth Haysom. For her role in the deaths, Haysom was convicted of two counts of accessory before the fact to murder.
The killings took place at the Haysom's residence in the unincorporated hamlet of Boonsboro, Bedford County, Virginia in March 1985. Söring (along with Elizabeth Haysom) fled the United States shortly after. They were arrested in London in April 1986. His fight against extradition led to the landmark judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in Soering v United Kingdom that establishes that extradition to the United States is illegal if the accused faces the death penalty. Söring was extradited after the authorities in Bedford County gave assurances that they would not seek the death penalty.
Following his arrest in 1986, Söring confessed to the murders during interrogation by police but at his trial in 1990 he pleaded not guilty, claiming he confessed to shield Haysom from prosecution, believing that he had diplomatic immunity. Söring was convicted and sentenced to two consecutive life sentences. Alleging irregularities in the investigation leading to his arrest and in his trial, in the years following his conviction Söring filed a number of legal appeals and post-conviction petitions. All were rejected by the courts. Prior to being granted parole in November 2019, fourteen parole requests were denied and numerous petitions for a gubernatorial pardon were unsuccessful. His parole was granted in November 2019, with Söring being deported back to Germany and barred from entering the United States.
During his incarceration, Söring converted from Buddhism to Roman Catholicism and wrote multiple books about his life in prison and his religious beliefs. His 2007 book The Convict Christ was awarded first prize by the Catholic Press Association of North America in the category "Social Concerns".
Early life and education
Jens Söring was born on 1 August 1966, in Bangkok as the son of a German diplomat, Klaus Söring. He moved to the United States in 1977 and graduated from The Lovett School in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1984. He then attended the University of Virginia where he entered into a relationship with fellow student Elizabeth Haysom.
Crimes, confessions and extradition
In March 1985, when Söring was 18 and Haysom was 20, Haysom's parents, Derek (born 1913) and Nancy Haysom (born 1931), were murdered in their home in the then unincorporated hamlet of Boonsboro, in Bedford County, Virginia. Six months after the murders, with investigators closing in on the couple, Söring and Haysom fled to England where they lived under assumed names.
On 30 April 1986, Söring and Haysom were arrested for fraud after writing over $5,000 ($ today) in fake checks, using false papers, and lying to the police in London, England. Under questioning by British, American, West German and Virginia authorities, Söring confessed to the double murder several times to several authorities, including medical persons.
Haysom waived extradition. Söring fought extradition on the basis that the capital punishment and especially the exposure to the so-called death row phenomenon, i.e. the emotional distress felt by prisoners on death row constitute inhuman or degrading treatment as forbidden by Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. On 7 July 1989, the European Court of Human Rights agreed with this assessment and ruled in Soering v United Kingdom that extradition to countries where the accused faces the death row phenomenon is unlawful. After this decision, the authorities in Bedford County agreed not to pursue the death penalty, and Söring was extradited to the United States on 12 January 1990.
Trial and conviction
Haysom pleaded guilty and then testified against Söring. At trial, she testified that Söring committed the murders and that she was an accessory to the crime.
Söring was tried for two counts of first degree murder in 1990. According to the prosecution, he committed the murders and Haysom was an accessory before the fact. Söring pleaded not guilty, stating he made a false confession to protect Haysom, as he assumed he would have diplomatic immunity.
Söring was sentenced to two consecutive life terms. Haysom was sentenced to 90 years imprisonment (one 45-year sentence for each murder, to be served consecutively). She had a mandatory release date in 2032 when she would have been 68 years old, but was released concurrently with Söring and deported to Canada in December 2019.
Alleged irregularities
Since the trial, Söring has raised several issues regarding his trial: Richard Neaton, Söring's defense attorney, was subsequently disciplined and eventually disbarred for reasons unrelated to Söring's case, and admitted to having had a drug problem while representing Söring; moreover, the judge, William M. Sweeney, knew Nancy Haysom's brother (Elizabeth's uncle) and had presided over Elizabeth's court proceeding. Ed Sulzbach, a FBI profiler who according to some familiar with the case was asked to consult, concluded that the crime had been committed by a female who knew the Haysoms, settling on Elizabeth as the likely killer. The detective working on the case, Ricky Gardner, denied that a profile had been created by Sulzbach. No report was entered into evidence at Söring's trial.
A blood-smeared sock print was introduced as main evidence against Söring. The prosecution's expert witness, Robert Hallett, who was not an expert on footprints, claimed that he was able to match it perfectly to Söring. An FBI agent interviewed by WVTF in 2018 dismissed the witnesses' methods as a "magic trick" and noted that Sulzbach had matched the sock to a female in his report.
In 2009, the 42 pieces of DNA evidence from the crime scene were tested (technology was previously not sufficiently advanced). Of the 42, 31 were either too small or degraded to yield results. The 11 samples successfully tested excluded both Söring and Elizabeth Haysom.
Further investigations and parole requests
Jens Söring began to be eligible for parole in 2003. His twelfth parole request was denied at the beginning of 2017. A petition for an absolute pardon was filed on 22 August 2016.
Chuck Reid, one of the original investigators of the Haysom murders, has occasionally agreed to be interviewed about the case. His participation in the 2016 documentary The Promise led him to take his long-standing doubts about the outcome more seriously.
On 3 May 2017, Albemarle County Sheriff J. E. "Chip" Harding released a 19-page report on a months-long investigation he had conducted on this case. He concluded that Jens Söring is innocent and asked Governor McAuliffe to pardon him. On 27 September 2017, Harding held a press conference and advocated for Söring's release together with another investigator, Richard L. Hudson Jr. They also presented expert testimony of three forensic scientists who agreed that Söring's DNA did not match the blood found on the crime scene.
On 10 October 2017, Germany's ambassador Peter Wittig and its former president Christian Wulff, amongst Söring's Counsel Steven Rosenfield and others, attended Söring's 13th parole hearing. Following this hearing, Wittig told the assembled media "We are deeply convinced of the innocence of Jens Söring."
On 27 October 2017, a further press conference was held by Gail Starling Marshall, former Deputy Attorney General of Virginia, where Söring's counsel, Steven Rosenfield, announced that the University of Richmond School of Law's Institute for Actual Innocence supports Söring's pardon petition based on the DNA evidence excluding Söring.
On 25 November 2019, Governor Ralph Northam accepted the Virginia Parole Board's recommendation to release both Haysom and Söring. Though neither will receive a gubernatorial pardon, both were released into the custody of US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for deportation to their home countries of Canada and Germany. Both remain ineligible to reenter the United States.
On 17 December 2019, Söring returned to Germany by landing in Frankfurt.
Life in prison and writings
Söring served his sentence at the Buckingham Correctional Center in Dillwyn, Virginia. While in prison, he converted from Buddhism to Roman Catholicism. Söring has published several books and articles while incarcerated. In 1995, he wrote Mortal Thoughts, describing it as "The autobiography of a young man imprisoned for a double-murder he did not commit." In 2007, his book The Convict Christ was awarded first prize by the Catholic Press Association of North America in the category, "Social Concerns."
Mortal Thoughts. 1995
(Written by Jens Söring and Bill Sizemore, with a foreword by Martin Sheen)
Documentary
A full-length documentary film about the case, Killing for Love (German: Das Versprechen or The Promise), by Marcus Vetter and Karin Steinberger, premiered at the Munich International Film Festival and was released theatrically in October 2016. It had its North American premiere on 5 November 2016, at the Virginia Film Festival. In the U.K. the film was expanded into a six-part series shown in March 2017 on BBC Four as part of the documentary strand Storyville. In the Netherlands, public broadcaster NPO2 showed the film in two parts in its documentary series 2Doc in April 2017.
A podcast inspired by the documentary Killing for Love (in German, Das Versprechen) was reproduced and publicized in the United States by AMC Theatres, in collaboration with Amanda Knox's true crime podcast, The Truth About True Crime. Another podcast based on his case was published by Jason Flom and novelist John Grisham, Did a Fatal Attraction Lead to a Wrongful Conviction? The Story of Jens Soering.
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
20th-century German criminals
German people imprisoned abroad
German autobiographers
German Roman Catholics
German non-fiction writers
Prison reformers
German bloggers
University of Virginia alumni
1985 murders in the United States
German people convicted of murder
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Virginia
People convicted of murder by Virginia
Murder in Virginia
German male non-fiction writers
People extradited from the United Kingdom to the United States
German prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
People paroled from life sentence
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Buddhism
Male bloggers
20th-century non-fiction writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koji%20Emura
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Koji Emura
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(born 22 February 1961) is a Japanese fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil events at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
Japanese male foil fencers
Olympic fencers of Japan
Fencers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in fencing
Fencers at the 1986 Asian Games
Fencers at the 1990 Asian Games
Fencers at the 1994 Asian Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
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385877
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije%20Universiteit%20Brussel
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Vrije Universiteit Brussel
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The Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) () is a Dutch and English-speaking research university located in Brussels, Belgium. It has four campuses: Brussels Humanities, Science and Engineering Campus (in Elsene), Brussels Health Campus (in Jette), Brussels Technology Campus (in Anderlecht) and Brussels Photonics Campus (in Gooik).
The Vrije Universiteit Brussel was formed by the splitting in 1970 of the Free University of Brussels, which was founded in 1834 by the Flemish-Brussels lawyer Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen. He wanted to establish a university independent from state and church, where academic freedom would be prevalent. This is today still reflected in the university's motto Scientia vincere tenebras, or Conquering darkness by science, and in its more recent slogan Redelijk eigenzinnig , or Reasonably opinionated. Accordingly, the university is pluralistic – it is open to all students on the basis of equality regardless of their ideological, political, cultural or social background – and it is managed using democratic structures, which means that all members – from students to faculty – participate in the decision-making processes.
The university is organised into 8 faculties that accomplish the three central missions of the university: education, research, and service to the community. The faculties cover a broad range of fields of knowledge including the natural sciences, classics, life sciences, social sciences, humanities, and engineering. The university provides bachelor, master, and doctoral education to about 8,000 undergraduate and 1,000 graduate students. It is also a strongly research-oriented institute, which has led to its top-189th position among universities worldwide. Its research articles are on average more cited than articles by any other Flemish university.
History
Establishment of a university in Brussels
The history of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel is closely linked with that of Belgium itself. At the time of the declaration of independence of Belgium in 1830, two state universities existed in the cities of Ghent and Liège. In Brussels, the capital of the newly established country, a university was lacking. A group of leading intellectuals in the fields of arts, science, and education – amongst whom Auguste Baron and the astronomer and mathematician Adolphe Quetelet — pointed out the advantages of a university to the new capital and country. Initially, they sought for the establishment of a state university, but the Belgian government showed little enthusiasm due to the onerous financial burden of yet another state university.
In 1834, the Belgian episcopate decided to establish a Catholic university in Mechelen with the aim of regaining the influence of the Catholic Church on the academic scene in Belgium, and the Belgian government had the intent to close the university at Leuven and donate the buildings to the Catholic institution. The liberals in Belgium strongly opposed to this decision, and furthered their ideas for a university in Brussels as a counterbalance to the Catholic institution. At the same time, Auguste Baron had just become a member of the freemasonic lodge "Les Amis Philantropes", as had a large number of other intellectuals with enlightened ideas. Baron was able to convince Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen, the president of the lodge, to support the idea for a new university. On 24 June 1834, Verhaegen presented his plan to establish a free university.
After sufficient funding was collected among advocates, the Université libre de Bruxelles was inaugurated on 20 November 1834, in the Gothic room of the city hall of Brussels. After its establishment, the Université libre de Bruxelles faced difficult times, since it did receive no subsidies or grants from the government; yearly fundraising events and tuition fees provided the only financial means. Verhaegen, who became a professor and later head of the new university, gave it a mission statement which he summarized in a speech to King Leopold I: the principle of free inquiry and academic freedom uninfluenced by any political or religious authority.
Splitting of the university
In the nineteenth century, courses at the Université libre de Bruxelles were taught exclusively in French, the language of the upper class in Belgium at that time. However, with the Dutch-speaking population asking for more rights in Belgium, some courses were already taught in Dutch at the Faculty of Law as early as 1935. Nevertheless, it was not until 1963 that all faculties offered their courses in Dutch. On 1 October 1969, the university was finally split in two sister institutions: the French-speaking Université libre de Bruxelles and the Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel. This splitting became official by the law of 28 May 1970, of the Belgian parliament, by which the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Université libre de Bruxelles became two separate legal entities.
Organisation
The Vrije Universiteit Brussel is an independent institution. The members of all its governing entities are elected by the entire academic community – including faculty staff, researchers, personnel, and students. This system guarantees the democratic process of decision-making and the independence from state and outside organisations. Nevertheless, the university receives significant funding from the Flemish government, although less than other Flemish universities. Other important funding sources are grants for research projects (mostly from Belgian and European funding agencies), scholarships of academic members, revenues from cooperation with industry, and tuition fees to a lesser extent.
The main organisational structure of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel is its division into faculties:
Faculty of Law and Criminology
Faculty of Social Sciences & Solvay Business School
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences
Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy
Faculty of Arts and Philosophy
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy
These faculties benefit a wide autonomy over how they structure their educational programmes and research efforts, although their decisions need to comply with the university's statutes and must be approved by the central administration.
The central administration is formed by the Governing Board, which is currently presided by Eddy Van Gelder. It decides the university's long-term vision and must approve all decisions made by the faculties. The Governing Board is supported by three advising bodies: the Research Council, the Education Council, and the Senate. These bodies provide advice to the Governing Board on all issues regarding research, education, and the academic excellence of faculty staff, and may also propose changes to the university's strategy. The daily management of the university is the responsibility of the Rector and three Vice-Rectors. The current Rector of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel is Prof. Dr. Caroline Pauwels[4]
Education
The Vrije Universiteit Brussel offers courses in a large variety of modern disciplines: law, economics, social sciences, management, psychology, physical sciences, life sciences, medical sciences, pharmaceutical sciences, humanities, engineering, physical education. About 12,000 students follow one of its 128 educational programmes. All programmes are taught in Dutch, but 59 are also taught in English. In agreement with the Bologna process, the university has implemented the so-called bachelor-master system. It therefore issues four types of degrees: bachelor's, master's, master after master's, and doctoral degrees.
Admission to the programmes is generally not restricted; anyone can subscribe to the programme of his/her choice. However, prerequisite degrees may be mandatory for advanced programmes, e.g., a bachelor's degree is required to subscribe to a master's programme, and a master's degree is required to subscribe to a master after master's or doctoral programme. An exception to this is the admission exam to the bachelor in medicine, which is required following ruling of the Flemish government. Tuition fees are low, and even decreased or eliminated for some students with less financial means.
The academic year is divided into two semesters, each spanning thirteen course weeks: the first semester lasts from October to January, the second semester from February to June. Students take exams in January and June. Apart from the Christmas and Easter holidays (both lasting two weeks) that are normally used to prepare for the exams, students are free the week between both semesters and during the summer vacations from July to September.
The university has implemented several quality control schemes in order to preserve the high quality of its educational programmes. Each semester, all students evaluate the courses they have followed. All programmes are also regularly assessed by internal panels and by external international visitation committees. Furthermore, all programmes are accredited by the Nederlands-Vlaamse Accreditatie Organisatie, an independent accreditation organisation charged with the accreditation of higher education programmes in both Flanders and the Netherlands.
Research
Notable faculty:
Diederik Aerts
Kris Deschouwer
Paul Devroey
Mark Elchardus
Francis Heylighen
Jonathan Holslag
Dave Sinardet
Hugo Soly
Luc Steels
Jean-Paul Van Bendegem
Willy van Ryckeghem
Andre Van Steirteghem
Irina Veretennicoff
Els Witte
Lode Wyns
Basic principles
The Vrije Universiteit Brussel considers itself an open-minded and tolerant university. Its central principles are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in particular the principle of free inquiry for the progress of humanity. The latter includes the dismissal of any argument of authority and the right of free opinion. The Vrije Universiteit Brussel is the only Flemish university that has incorporated such principle in its statutes. The principle of free inquiry is often described by a quotation of the French mathematician and philosopher Henri Poincaré:
This principle is also reflected in the university's motto Scientia vincere tenebras, or Conquering darkness by science, and in its seal. The seal of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel displays a beggar's wallet and joined hands on the orange-white-blue (the colours of the Prince of Orange) escutcheon in the emblem, referring to the struggle of the Protestant Geuzen and the Prince of Orange against the oppressive Spanish rule and the Inquisition in the sixteenth century.
Another basic principle of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel – also incorporated in the university's statutes – is that the institution must be managed according to the model of democracy. Practically, this means that all members of the academic community — faculty staff, researchers, personnel, and students – are represented in all governing bodies. In this way, the university ensures that everyone has a voice in its decision-making processes and participates in its management. This principle must also guarantee the independence of the university and the academic freedom.
Campus and facilities
Brussels Humanities, Sciences & Engineering Campus
Most of the faculties are located on the Etterbeek campus (which is actually located on the territory of the neighbouring borough of Elsene). It is the livelier of the two campuses and consists almost entirely of concrete structures, most built in the 1970s. Some are decaying rapidly but at least one, the Rectoraat designed by Renaat Braem, is heritage-listed. Activities take place in numerous auditoriums and labs. In addition, there is a modern sports centre, a football pitch encircled by a running track, and a swimming pool. For eating out, there is a restaurant with subsidies for students and staff, and the bars/cafes 't Complex, Opinio, and KultuurKaffee. The was a full-fledged concert venue during the evening/night, offering the university a cultural scene and organising free concerts and events. It was demolished to make space for the new XY construction project in 2015.
Brussels Health Campus
The campus in Jette is also a fully-fledged campus. The University Hospital () is in the vicinity. All courses and research in the life sciences (medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, the biomedical and paramedical sciences) are located here.
Brussels Technology Campus
The campus Kaai in Anderlecht was established in 2013 and shared with the Erasmushogeschool Brussel. It houses the Industrial Engineering section of the Faculty of Engineering. Among extensive industrial laboratory facilities, the Brussels fablab has grown to the centre of activity on the campus in recent years.
Brussels Photonics Campus in Gooik.
Faculties
Languages and Humanities
Social Sciences and Solvay Business School
Engineering
Medicine and Pharmacy
Psychology and Educational Sciences
Sciences and Biomedical Sciences
Law and Criminology
Physical Education and Physiotherapy
Institutional cooperation
The Vrije Universiteit Brussel cooperates with several institutions of higher education. They are:
Brussels Chamber of Commerce
Erasmushogeschool Brussel (together with the Vrije Universiteit Brussel they make up the Brussels University Association)
UCLouvain Higher Institute for Re-adaptation Sciences
Top Industrial Managers for Europe
UCOS, the University Development Cooperation Centre
UNICA, the Institutional Network of the UNIversities from the CApitals of Europe
Université libre de Bruxelles
University of Kent (Brussels School of International Studies)
Vesalius College, an anglophone institution sharing the VUB campus
XIOS Hogeschool Limburg and Provinciale Hogeschool Limburg
Royal Military Academy
Worldwide, on the international level the Vrije Universiteit Brussel has concluded institutional collaboration agreements with 38 universities all over the world, and student exchange agreements with 160 universities.
Academic Profiles
The university is included in major world university rankings such as Times Higher Education World University Rankings, QS World University Rankings and Academic Ranking of World Universities.
Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology
The Heart Rhythm Management Centre started its activities at the University Hospital UZ Brussel during spring 2007. The clinical activities soon rocketed to the #1 position in Belgium, and has been paralleled by important scientific production. Emerging fields of activity are multidisciplinary (clinical) and translational (research) programs in collaboration with the departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, Neonatology, Geriatrics, Neurology, as well as a fundamental research program in Physiology.
This Postgraduate course in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing – is offered within the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy – after a specialization in Cardiology, and is supported by the Institute for Postgraduate Training of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (iPAVUB). The core faculty for the Postgraduate program includes Prof. Dr. Pedro Brugada, who directs the EP fellowship training and the Cardiovascular Department, Prof. Dr. Carlo de Asmundis, Director of the Heart rhythm Management Centre, Prof. Dr. Gian Battista Chierchia, Director of Atrial Fibrillation Program, Prof. Dr. Marc La Meir and Prof. Dr. Francis Wellens, Director of Cardiac Surgery Service. Additional faculty who participate in the program includes: Prof. Dr. Bonduelle Mary-Louise and Prof. Dr. Ramon Brugada, who trains fellows in cardiac genetics, Prof. Dr. Joel Smets, University of Nijmegen, Nederland, who trains fellows in electrocardiography and basic electrophysiology.
Student life
The BSG is the umbrella organisation for all other student organizations and acts as the defender of the moral interests of the students. Together with their French-speaking counterparts ACE at the ULB, they organise the annual St V memorial.
These are some of the student organizations at the VUB:
Studiekring vrij onderzoek: a collective of students from various faculties, promoting free inquiry through the organisation of debates, lectures and more
Letteren-en Wijsbegeertekring (LWK): for students studying at the Arts and Philosophy faculty
Perskring (Pers): for students studying Communication Sciences
Geneeskundige Kring (GK) and Farmaceutische Kring (FK): for students studying at the Medicine and Pharmacy faculty
Polytechnische Kring (PK) for students studying at the Engineering faculty
Psycho-Ped'Agogische Kring (PPK): for students studying at the Psychology and Educational Sciences faculty
Kring der Politieke Economische en Sociale Wetenschappen (KEPS) and Solvay ($); for students studying at the Economics and Political faculty
: for students studying at the faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences
Mens Sana in Corpore Sano (Mesacosa or MC): for students studying at the Physical Education and Physiotherapy faculty
Vlaams Rechtsgenootschap (VRG): for students studying at the Law and Criminology faculty
Vrije Universiteit Brussel Model United Nations (VUBMUN): for all students of the VUB.
Members of these organizations (except VUBMUN) wear a klak (Dutch) or penne (French).
Furthermore, the VUB has student organizations for students with a specific regional background. They are: Antverpia (Antwerp), Westland (Westhoek), WUK (West Flanders), KBS (Brussels and Flemish Brabant), Campina (Campine), Kinneke Baba (East Flanders), Limburgia (Limburg), VSKM (Mechelen) and Hesbania (Haspengouw). VUB students also make up for the largest part of the secretive student club Boves Luci based in Jette. There are also several organizations for specific majors within a faculty, such as Infogroep (computer science), Biotecho (bio-engineering), bru:tecture (previously Pantheon) (architecture) and Promeco, Inisol and Business Club (economics). Last but not least there are organizations centered around a common interest, such as the Society of Weird And Mad People (SWAMP, for all kinds of games), BierKultuur (based on the rich beer culture in Belgium) and ZWK (on emancipation of women), Liberaal Vlaams Studentenverbond (LVSV, students interested in classic liberalism).
Notable alumni
Scientists and academics
Antoon Van den Braembussche (1946-).
Patrick Baert (1961–)
Willy Gepts (1922–1991)
Leo Apostel (1925–1995)
Clement Hiel (1952–)
Christine Van Den Wyngaert (1952–), former Judge of the International Criminal Court.
Jean Bourgain (1954–2018)
Ingrid Daubechies (1954–), Belgian physicist and mathematician and Professor at Duke University.
Peter Rousseeuw (1956-), Belgian statistician and professor at KU Leuven.
Sophie de Schaepdrijver (1961–)
Pattie Maes (1961-), Professor of Media Technology at Media Lab MIT
Sathyabhama Das Biju (1963-), Indian amphibian biologist and wildlife conservationist.
Frank Pattyn (1966-), Belgian glaciologist and professor at the Université libre de Bruxelles.
Bob Coecke (1968-), Belgian theoretical physicist and logician and professor of Quantum Foundations, Logics and Structures at Oxford University.
Kris Deschouwer
Raymond Hamers, Discoverer of 'single-chain antibodies' or nanobodies.
Steven Laureys
Wim Leemans
Helena Van Swygenhoven
Els Witte
Guido Geerts
Johan Schoukens
Ram Lakhan Ray (1968-)
Kieran Moore, Chief Medical Officer of Health of Ontario Canada.
Artists
André Delvaux (1926–2002), Belgian film director.
Jef Geeraerts (1930–), Belgian writer.
Claude Coppens (1936-), Belgian pianist and composer.
Erik Pevernagie (1939), Belgian painter and writer.
Marcel Vanthilt (1957-), Belgian singer and television presenter.
Fabienne Demal (Axelle Red) (1968–), Belgian singer and songwriter.
Stéphane Ginsburgh (1969-), Belgian pianist.
Businesspeople
Pieter De Leenheer
Tony Mary (1950–)
Felix Van de Maele
Politicians
Marco Formentini (1930-2021), Italian Politician & former mayor of Milan.
Willy Claes (1938–), former Minister of Foreign Affair and former Secretary General of NATO.
Louis Tobback (1938–), former mayor of Leuven and former Minister of the Interior - Belgium.
Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck (1944-)
Norbert De Batselier (1947–),
Marc Verwilghen (1952-), former Minister of Justice - Belgium.
Karel De Gucht (1954–), former Minister of Foreign Affair - Belgium.
Christian Leysen (1954–)
Patrick Dewael (1955–), former Minister of the interior - Belgium.
Frank Vanhecke (1959–)
Bert Anciaux (1959–)
Gunther Sleeuwagen (1958–)
Jan Jambon (1960–)
Maggie De Block (1962–), former Minister of Health - Belgium.
Hans Bonte (1962-)
Florika Fink-Hooijer (1962-)
Zoran Milanović (1966–), President of Croatia.
Bruno Tobback (1969-)
Wouter Beke (1974-)
Alexander De Croo (1975–), Prime Minister of Belgium
Tinne Van der Straeten (1978-), Minister of Energy - Belgium.
Zuhal Demir (1980-)
Nadia Sminate (1981-)
Sammy Mahdi (1988-)
Athletes
Sébastien Godefroid (1971–), Olympic sailor.
Emma Meesseman, Belgian professional basketball player.
Dirk Van Tichelt, Olympic judoka.
Jürgen Roelandts, Belgian professional road bicycle racer.
Kathleen Smet, Olympic triathlon.
Journalists
Yves Desmet
Jean Mentens
Danira Boukhriss, Flemish television presenter and newscaster.
Tim Trachet, Belgian writer, publicist and journalist.
Honorary doctorates
Notable recipients of honorary doctorates (doctor honoris causa) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel include:
Nelson Mandela
Václav Havel
Jacques Cousteau
Hans Blix
Julia Gillard
Noam Chomsky
Dario Fo, Sonia Gandhi
Natan Ramet
Richard Stallman
Johann Olav Koss
Herman van Veen
Richard Dawkins
Kim Clijsters
Rom Harré
Daniel Barenboim
See also
Flanders Interuniversity Institute of Biotechnology (VIB)
Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC)
Science and technology in Brussels
Science and technology in Flanders
Top Industrial Managers for Europe
Université libre de Bruxelles
University Foundation
List of split up universities
Notes and references
External links
Official website of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Official website of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel
More complete list of famous alumni (in Dutch)
Find an officially recognised programme of this institution in the Higher Education Register
V.Ir.Br. – VUB Engineering Alumni Association
Research institutes in Belgium
Education in Brussels
Educational institutions established in 1970
Business schools in Belgium
Engineering universities and colleges in Belgium
English as a global language
Information schools
1970 establishments in Belgium
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Wynn Palace
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Wynn Palace () is the second luxury integrated resort from international resort developer Wynn Resorts in the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, following the launch of Wynn Macau. Located in Cotai, it features a 28-story hotel with 1,706 rooms, suites and villas, meeting facilities, over of luxury retail, 13 casual and fine dining restaurants, Macau's largest spa, a salon, a pool and approximately of casino space. The resort also features a variety of entertainment experiences, including the 8-acre Performance Lake with a choreographed display of water, music and light, the unique SkyCab, spectacular, large-scale floral displays by renowned designer Preston Bailey and an extensive collection of art works by some of the world's leading artists.
Wynn Resorts is the recipient of more Forbes Travel Guide Five Star Awards than any other independent hotel company in the world. Wynn Palace is the first and only resort in the world with more than one thousand rooms to receive Forbes Travel Guide Five Star Awards. As of 2020, Wynn Palace now has more Forbes Five-Star restaurants than any other individual resort in the world, including Sichuan Moon which holds the distinction as "Restaurant of the Year." Wynn Palace opened on August 22, 2016.
History
Proposal and design stage (2008-2011)
In 2006, the hotel and casino Wynn Macau was launched in the city of Macau by Wynn Resorts, a Las Vegas-based hospitality and development company. Wynn Macau, Ltd became a subsidiary of Wynn Resorts, with Wynn Resorts owning 72.2% of Wynn Macau, Ltd. Following the opening of Wynn Macau, Wynn Enterprises expressed interest in opening a second resort nearby and began looking into land in Cotai, which is similar to the Vegas Strip in its focus on luxury casino-hotels and entertainment.
In 2008, Wynn Resorts paid US$50 million to Tien Chiao Entertainment and Investment Company Limited "in exchange for the company relinquishing its rights to what is now Wynn's Cotai site," a plot in close proximity to casinos such as City of Dreams, Las Vegas Sands, St. Regis Macao and Sheraton Resorts. Steve Wynn, the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Wynn Resorts, announced in mid-August 2010 that he would be building a new casino-resort on the plot, and that the Cotai project could break ground in March or April 2011, or as soon as the building's design was completed. He estimated that the resort could open within five years after the start of construction. The overall development was initially projected to cost over MOP 20 billion, and would more than double the operator's hotel rooms in the special administrative regions of China (SAR). The development's designs were advanced throughout 2010 and early 2011.
Land concession contract (2011)
As of May 16, 2011, Steve Wynn was expecting the Government of Macau to approve the application for the Cotai resort shortly, with construction to begin right after. Wynn stated to the press in May 2011, "I believe the Cotai project is the best work we have done... it has many new things and new approaches to the way the property is presented.... now that we have nine years of experience in Macau, as you saw with [Encore at Wynn Macau] we are learning how to really address the emotional and physical needs of our guests." At the time, Wynn estimated that the proposed hotel-casino would need around 9,000 staff.
Wynn Macau announced on September 12, 2011 that it had accepted a land concession contract from the Macau government to develop of the plot. Specifically, the contract permitted Wynn Resorts (Macau) S.A. and Wynn Resort's Palo Estate Company Ltd unit to develop a resort containing a five-star hotel, gaming areas, retail, entertainment, food and beverage outlets, a spa, and convention offerings. Under the contract, Palo Estate will lease the land from the Macau government for an initial term of 25 years, with a right to renew the lease. On top of a US$193 million land premium payment to the Macau government, Palo must also pay $771,738 in yearly rent during the resort's development phase, which increases to $1 million in yearly rent after development is complete. In December 2011, Wynn made a deposit of $62.6 million for the land, with eight more projected payments of $16.4 million. At the time, the project's overall budget was estimated at $2.5 billion, with design still in flux.
Approval and groundbreaking (2012-2013)
On May 1, 2012, Wynn Macau received formal approval from the Macau government for its Cotai resort, paving the way for ground to be broken on the plot. A cost was not revealed at the time, though financing would be mostly cash and partly loans. Wynn Macau, Ltd announced on June 5, 2012, that it had started the first stage of construction, with an estimated cost of US$4 billion and a projected construction timeline of around four years. Overall, the development would equal , with the height of the skyscraper restricted to due to a nearby airport. The resort's design as of June 2012 included a hotel with convention space, shops, entertainment, ten restaurants, 500 gaming tables, a spa, meeting rooms, and a nightclub named 'Climax,' among other attractions. While no real estate projects were announced as part of the new casino resort, Wynn did state that there was space to develop such properties if policy allowed.
Pre-foundation work started in February 2013, with the name of the new skyscraper, Wynn Palace, first announced on July 29, 2013. Steve Wynn described Wynn Palace as "the most aggressive, ambitious and lovely project" he had ever undertaken, outlining new attractions such as gondolas, pedestal gardens, and a performance lake at the entrance and a 1,700-room hotel. The construction firm Leighton Asia finalized a US$2.6 billion design and build contract on July 30, 2013 to construct Wynn Palace, with clients listed as Wynn Resorts (Macau) S.A. and Palo Real Estate Development Company S.A. Leighton Asia projected a 2016 completion date for Wynn Palace. Wynn Macau, Ltd had invested a total of US$519 million in the project by the summer of 2013, with US$109.9 million invested during that year's third quarter.
Initial construction stages (2014-2015)
By the summer of 2014, Wynn Macau, Ltd was one of only six licensed casino operators in Macau. In July 2014, Reuters reported that Macau's corruption agency was examining the 2008 sale of Wynn's Cotai land plot for signs of graft, after the International Union of Operating Engineers requested an inquiry into "how a little-known company [like Tien Chiao Entertainment and Investment Company had] secured rights to land before it was granted to Wynn." In response, Macau's Land, Public Works and Transport Bureau announced that the land grant had followed legal procedures.
Foundations for the Wynn Palace were being laid by July 2014. During the ensuing construction process, at one point eleven tower cranes from Comansa CM were being used simultaneously. Work commenced on the casino's interior design in October 2014, with Chinese interior decoration subcontractor Sundart projecting completion for November 2015. On February 2, 2015, Wynn Macau, Ltd announced that the opening of Wynn Palace had been delayed, and would no longer take place before the February 2016 Chinese New Year. The delay resulted from late and incomplete approval of workers permits, with Barron's Asia explaining that "they received only 700 workers after requesting 1000 and the approvals came three months late. Wynn said they need a total of 7000 workers, which means they need approvals for another 1600-1700." The resort announced it was still on budget despite the delay, with a new estimated launch for the first half of 2016.
Final construction stages (2015-2016)
Approximately US$374.3 million was invested into the Wynn Palace Cotai project during the first quarter of 2015, making the accumulative investment equal to US$2.2 billion. As of April 2015, the total projected budget including "construction costs, capitalized interest, pre-opening expenses, land costs and financing fees" was US$4.1 billion. Wynn Macau, Ltd was seeking government approval for 500 gaming tables by the fall of 2015. In November 2015, around 130 non-resident construction workers for Wynn Palace staged a meeting outside the PRC Liaison Office, alleging unpaid and involuntary overtime. The Labour Affairs Bureau (DSAL) subsequently stated that it had been aware of the situation since October 2015, and had promised staff to examine the issue. Also in November 2015, general construction delays pushed the projected opening back three months, from March 25, 2016 to the original date of June 25, 2016. As a result, Leighton Holdings (then renamed CIMIC) lost access to a US$38 million bonus. Wynn Resorts share values fell 6 percent after the announcement, before rising again shortly afterwards. Wynn Macau, Ltd stated in January 2016 that if substantial delays continued, CIMIC might be liable for a maximum of US$200 million in damages. Following a further update, the current expected opening date is August 22, 2016.
Although Wynn Palace was built to have space for 500 gaming tables, it was reported that Wynn Palace had only been allotted 100 gaming tables at opening, with 50 more to be allotted before 2019. As a result, Wynn moved 250 of their approved tables from nearby Wynn Macau to Wynn Palace, leaving to a total of 350 tables at Wynn Palace and 270 at Wynn Macau. Sixty of the 400 total tables at the casino are devoted to VIP guests, a high concentration in comparison to other Cotai casinos.
Opening and Reception
On January 28, 2016, Forbes described Wynn Palace's upcoming debut as one of the "20 Most Anticipated Hotel Openings Of 2016." Despite an effort on behalf of the Chinese government to make new Cotai casinos into family-friendly attractions, before the opening Steve Wynn described Wynn Palace as "for adults" and "pitched at 21-year-olds or above." On August 22, 2016, Steve Wynn unveiled the resort at an event officiated by political figures such as Chui Sai On of Macau. The official opening time for the casino was 8 pm on a Monday, considered a time of cultural significance, with opening ceremonies held around the musical fountain and in the ballroom. The Macau Post Daily wrote the following day that the opening drew "big crowds to Cotai to try their luck in the new casino," and Wynn Palace's design met with a positive response.
A week after the resort's opening, analysts claimed the casino had caused a "lackluster" to "marginal" increase in mass-market customers in Macau, with Credit Suisse reporting that VIP business to Macau remained consistent. Although Cotai's gambling profits had been steadily dropping since 2014 due to government crackdowns on corruption, among other factors, Macau's gross gaming revenue (GGR) grew 1.1% for the month of August to $2.4 billion, "the first growth since May 2014 and beating street estimate of 1.5% decline." Barron's credited "Macau casino operators" and the opening of Wynn Palace for the increase. Opining that Macau was experiencing a market "revival," on September 16, 2016, Nasdaq reported that the shares of Wynn Resorts had "rallied to a 52-week high." For Wynn Resorts, "gross gaming revenues for the month of August rose 1.1%," and AFR Weekend wrote that Wynn Resorts' "gamble" in Macau had paid off, per "signs that revenue in the gambling mecca has passed a key inflection point."
Features
Design and architecture
Opened on August 22, 2016, the Wynn Palace resort in Cotai includes a 1706-room luxury hotel, a casino, convention space, a spa and salon, and venues for retail, entertainment, and dining. Steve Wynn described it as "the most aggressive, ambitious and lovely project" he has ever undertaken, with a design "reminiscent" of the Bellagio in its use of fountains and lighting as a key attraction. With a construction floor area of around , after topping off in 2015 the main Wynn Palace tower is tall, with 29 floors and design by Wynn Design & Development. According to the Las Vegas Review-Journal, "the halls to the guest rooms are wider than those found in conventional hotels to evoke a sense of palatial living." The article goes on to say that "the largest suites — there are four penthouses — have of living space, two master bedrooms with floor-to-ceiling views of the performance lake, walk-in closets, media rooms, grand pianos and 24-hour butler service. The beds have 800-thread count Italian linen."
Attractions and venues
The resort features a number of attractions and venues, including convention space, shops, restaurants, gaming tables, and meeting rooms. There are of luxury retail space in the Wynn Palace Esplanade, and as of September 2016, brands such as Chanel, Chopard, Hermès, Franck Muller, Panerai and Brioni had set up outlets. There are thirteen dining venues in Wynn Palace, with five fine dining restaurants, and eight casual. One of the luxury restaurants, Wing Lei Palace, was designed by Roger Thomas.
GOCO Hospitality operates a spa area, with 22 treatment rooms and four spa suites, as well as a barber and beauty salon, tea lounge, juice bar, gym, and an area for foot massages. The spa offers $450 facials with gold leaf and crushed diamonds.
Exterior features include an aerial transport system with gondolas, pedestal gardens, and a Performance Lake at the entrance. The Performance Lake is a choreographed dancing fountain created by WET, with more than 1,000 jets and 2,000 lights that are synchronized to various broadway musical, classical, Chinese traditional, and western songs.
Interior design and artwork
Steve Wynn described the interior design theme as "flowers," explaining the "use of... water and natural light and flowers has been taken to a new level." Jerry Sibal was appointed Design, Development and Floral Director for Wynn Palace in April 2015, arriving in Macau that September. The Chinese interior design subcontractor Sundart published several photos of the Wynn Palace design in June 2015, displaying a floral theme. Some of the floral sculptures move. There is floral designer Preston Bailey's floral carousel and Ferris wheel in the atriums, among other projects.
Fine art and Chinese antiques are display at the resort, including $150 million of art at opening. Wynn Macau, Ltd, first paid £8 million (US$12.8 million) at a London auction on July 7, 2011, for a set of four 18th-century Chinese porcelain vases, as well as a Chinoiserie tapestry. Explicitly purchased for Wynn Palace, Roger Thomas executive vice president of design for Wynn Design and Development said after the sale that "we are delighted to return works of this extraordinary quality to the city of Macau." The vases and sixteenth-century Louis XIV Beauvais Chinoiserie tapestry of 'The Emperor on a Journey' were shown on October 27, 2011, in the Wynn Macau lobby, and will "later on join other pieces of art in the new hotel in Cotai," Wynn said.
Transportation
Bus
There are several shuttle bus services connecting Wynn Palace to Macau's major ports of entry and other hotels. These shuttle services are provided free of charge. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some services are temporarily not in operation.
Wynn Palace to Wynn Macau
Wynn Palace to Border Gate
Wynn Palace to Macau Ferry Terminal
Wynn Palace to Taipa Ferry Terminal and Macau International Airport
Wynn Palace to Lotus Port
Macau Light Rapid Transit
Wynn Palace is within walking distance from Cotai East Station on the Taipa section of the Macau Light Rapid Transit that serves Cotai and the larger area of Cotai.
SkyCab
Aside from being an attraction on its own, the Wynn Palace's SkyCab also serves as a transportation link connecting Wynn Palace to the other side of the Performance Lake and Cotai East Station.
Future Developments
Announced on 10 July 2019 by Wynn Resorts, Wynn Palace will be undergoing an over $2 billion expansion. The expansion, to be completed in two phases, will primarily be focusing on non-gaming assets such as a theater and sculpture gardens. Two hotel towers housing approximately 1,300 rooms are also part of the expansion plans.
Phase 1 of the expansion will see the addition of an all-new 650-room hotel tower, an immersive theater, a food pavilion offering Asian gourmet, art sculpture gardens, and a glass and steel structure in the shape of a water lily named The Crystal Pavilion. Construction is expected to begin in late 2021 and completed by 2024 on the southern portion of Wynn Palace's land concession. In September 2020, the vice-chairman and COO of Wynn Macau Limited announced that the design phase has been completed.
Phase 2 of the expansion will see the addition of another hotel tower housing 650 rooms. Details for this phase have yet to be confirmed.
See also
Gambling in Macau
Wynn Palace at the Cotai Strip
List of properties on the Cotai Strip
List of tallest buildings in Macau
List of Macau casinos
References
External links
WynnPalace.com
WynnPalace.com
Casinos in Macau
Resorts in Macau
Hotels in Macau
Cotai
Hotels established in 2016
Hotel buildings completed in 2016
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike%20Magazine
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Bike Magazine
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Bike Magazine may refer to:
BIKE Magazine – British cycling, touring, and bike packing media outlet
Bike (magazine) a UK motorcycling magazine
Bike Magazine () an Anaheim, California mountain biking magazine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Sundborg
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Stephen Sundborg
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Stephen Vincent Sundborg, S.J. (born 1943) is an American Jesuit and theologian. He served as the 21st President of Seattle University from July 1997 to July 2021.
Sundborg was raised in the Territory of Alaska. His father, George Walter Sundborg (1913-2009), was a newspaper reporter and editor, and longtime assistant to Ernest Gruening when Governor and U.S. Senator from the new State of Alaska. George Sundborg was a delegate to the Alaska State Constitutional convention in 1955–56, where, as Chairman of the Committee on Style and Drafting, he was responsible for selecting most of the words in that document.
Stephen Sundborg entered the Society of Jesus in 1961 and was ordained a Roman Catholic Jesuit priest in 1974 in Seattle. In 1982, he obtained a doctorate in spirituality from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. He taught theology at Seattle University from 1982 until 1990, when he was appointed the Provincial of the Northwest Jesuits, a position he held until 1996. Sundborg also served as the rector of the Jesuit community at Seattle University beginning in 1986.
In July 1997, Father Sundborg became the 21st President of Seattle University. He is well known around campus as "Father Steve," a nickname used by all at SU. In 2017 the Trustees appointed him to another 5-year term. In 2019 he notified the Trustees of his hope to retire in 2021.
On June 30, 2021, Steve retired from the Presidency of Seattle University. His 24 years as President set a longevity record among all presidents of colleges and universities then serving in the State of Washington. He has been given a full year of complete freedom, and in 2021 is traveling the United States and Europe. In mid-2022, his Jesuit Northwest Province superior will give him a new assignment. Steve, now only 78, says he is ready for one more challenge before full retirement.
Father Sundborg was succeeded by Eduardo Peñalver as the President of Seattle University on July 1, 2021. Penalver is the first non-Jesuit President of the university.
Controversy
In October 2019, Seattle University removed references to Planned Parenthood as a student resource from its website, after anti-abortion group Students for Life of America sent a letter to Sundborg and other university leaders in August 2019 arguing that Planned Parenthood had "no place on a Christian campus" as an "abortion corporation".
An excerpt from Sundberg's email response to the request to remove references to Planned Parenthood:
Sundborg also "refused an in-person interview when approached by Spectator reporters on Oct. 3 and refused a phone interview with The Spectator on Oct. 4 or over the weekend".
Sundborg issued a statement responding to the controversy, reading in part:
On October 9, 2019, Sundborg sent an email message to the Seattle University Community with additional statements about his decision, which read in part:
References
20th-century American Jesuits
21st-century American Jesuits
Living people
Educators from Seattle
People of the Alaska Territory
Presidents of Seattle University
Seattle University faculty
1943 births
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53290934
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanba%20Nanba
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Nanba Nanba
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Nanba Nanba () is a 2002 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Jayabharathi, starring Charle and Chandrasekhar. The film was released on 27 December 2002 and received critical acclaim, winning Chandrasekhar the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor.
Plot
Lawrence (Chandrasekhar) and Joseph (Charle) are two orphans brought up by Father Kirupakaran ('Bharathi' Mani). They are best of friends and both become teachers in a school and live in the same house. One fateful day, they meet with an accident and Lawrence becomes a quadriplegic, with no movement below hip, due to multiple injuries in his spinal cord. Life comes to a standstill for Lawrence and he is restricted to his bed. Joseph starts taking care of Lawrence and Joseph's help is needed to even perform his daily essential chores. Joseph continues teaching and Lawrence brings out a literary magazine, which does not sell much but gives him satisfaction of writing and doing something useful for others.
Lawrence feels lonely and longs to see the outside world and live like a normal person. He spends most of his time watching television and his only consolation is the daily visit by Janani (Shwetha), a young girl, who comes for tuition with him. A noisy neighbourhood gives him the opportunity to know the problems of that family and urges him to help in their demanding situation. Joseph thinks of sending Lawrence abroad for treatment, but doctors inform that Lawrence cannot be cured. One day, the neighbourhood family vacates the house and Lawrence's window to the world is shut down.
Lawrence advertises for a good proposal for Joseph in a matrimonial column — though the latter turns down the opportunity to look after Lawrence. Lawrence gets upset and tries to commit suicide so Joseph can get married. He gets admitted to a hospital and recovers, and Joseph agrees to marriage ad long as he can continue to take care of his friend. Edward (Bala Singh, the bride Lucy (Rindhya)'s father, likes Joseph but does not like the deal to care for Lawrence. However, Lucy comes and meets Lawrence and gives her consent for the marriage and cites that she will also help look after Lawrence.
Cast
Charle as Joseph
Chandrasekhar as Lawrence
Bala Singh as Edwards
Rindhya as Lucy
'Bharathi' Mani as Kirupakaran
Shwetha as Janani
Ramadoss
Julie
Production
The story of the film is by Ravindran Ramamurthy, the brother of director Jayabharathi. He had initially requested the National Film Development Corporation of India to produce the film, but their process took four years and they also subsequently rejected the film. Following the negative response, he wrote to hundred people asking them to give him 5000 rupees to make the film. Raja Vaidyanathan's DreamWorks studio offered to produce the film. Charlee and Chandrasekhar did not take any money for the project, while Ramesh Prasad of Prasad Studios lent Jayabharathi post-production material for free.
Shot in 16 mm in 13 days and then made 35 mm, Nanba Nanba was made on a shoestring budget of ₹6 lakh (worth ₹45 lakh in 2021 prices).
Release
Despite garnering critical acclaim, the film did not perform well at the box office and had taken a low profile opening.
Awards
National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor – Chandrasekhar (2002)
References
2002 films
Indian drama films
2000s Tamil-language films
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor National Film Award-winning performance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86%20%28novel%20series%29
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86 (novel series)
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is a Japanese science fiction light novel series written by Asato Asato and illustrated by Shirabii. It began publication by ASCII Media Works under their Dengeki Bunko imprint in February 2017. The series is licensed in North America by Yen Press.
A manga adaptation illustrated by Motoki Yoshihara has been serialized in Square Enix's seinen manga magazine Young Gangan since 2018, with two spin-off manga series—86: Operation High School by Suzume Somemiya and 86: Fragmental Neoteny—being serialized in Media Factory's seinen manga magazine Monthly Comic Alive since June 27, 2020, and April 26, 2021, respectively. An anime television series adaptation by A-1 Pictures aired from April 2021 to March 2022.
Plot
The Republic of San Magnolia has been at war with the Empire of Giad for nine years. Though it initially suffered devastating losses to the Empire's autonomous mechanized Legions, the Republic has since developed its own autonomous units, called Juggernauts, which are directed remotely by a Handler. While on the surface, the public believes the war is being fought between machines, in reality, the Juggernauts are being piloted by humans, all of whom are "86"—the designation given to the Colorata minority of San Magnolia. The 86 originally had equal rights, but were persecuted and scapegoated by the dominant Alba race and the Alba-supremacist Republic government to the point where Colorata were both officially designated and popularly considered subhuman. The 86 were not permitted to have personal names and were immured in internment camps in the 86th District (their namesake); all the while being forced to fight in the Republic's war with the Empire to receive better treatment.
Major Vladilena "Lena" Milizé, an Alba noble and military officer in the San Magnolian military, is an outspoken activist against the grave mistreatment of the nation's Colorata minority, and the willful deception of the general public by the Republic government. She is assigned as the Handler of the Spearhead Squadron of the Eastern Front: an elite unit composed entirely of 86 veterans who have earned names. Led by their squad leader, Shinei "The Undertaker" Nouzen, the Spearhead Squadron is infamous among military officials. Its notoriety stems from the state in which its commanding officers are left: Handlers presiding over the squad have descended into insanity and some have gone as far as committing suicide. Lena, an avowed 86 sympathizer, gets to know the Spearhead Squadron in her time as head of the contingent. At the same time, Lena and Shinei learn a dark secret: the Republic and the war with the Empire are not what they seem.
Characters
Commonly called . An officer in the San Magnolian military who got promoted to Major at just 16 years old thanks to a mixture of her skills and family connections. Lena has a habit of treating her 86 subordinates like humans, unlike other Handlers who treat the 86 as disposable objects. Lena is the newly-assigned Handler of the Republic's "Spearhead" squadron.
//
Commonly called as . The leader of the 86 squadron who has fought in and survived countless battles despite only being 16 years old. Nicknamed The Reaper for his habit of keeping a box full of makeshift dogtags crafted out of a small piece of each dead comrade's Juggernaut, which he plans to bury when the war is over. Shin is known for his ruthlessness against both enemies and allies. It is rumored that previous Handlers who have dealt with him have gone insane and left the unit, retired, or even committed suicide for unknown reasons.
//
The Executive Officer and vice-captain of the Spearhead Squadron. A friend of Shin before they joined the same squad.
//
Known by his nickname . His callsign was inspired by an Alba commander who sacrificed himself to save Theo's unit. Theo is often blunt and sarcastic when dealing with others, especially their Handlers. He gives Lena a hard time, especially after seeing Kaie, a close friend and comrade die. Theo keeps a sketchbook that he draws in on his spare time, and designed several of the squadron's personal marks on their Juggernauts.
//
A very soft spoken and kind member. Anju was beaten and abused even more than most 86'ers for being a mixed-race child. Anju grew her hair out to hide the scars on her back.
//
An active and caring girl, her parents were murdered by Alba soldiers in the past and her sister was conscripted into another 86 unit, never to be seen again. As a result, she carries intense hatred against all Albas. Kurena has feelings for Shin, and dislikes Lena both because of her race and the close relationship she forms with Shin.
//
Kaie is one of the oldest active members of the Spearhead squadron, who enjoys teasing her fellow teammates. She was killed in battle after her Juggernaut gets trapped in soft terrain and destroyed by enemy fire.
//
A friend of Anju who alternates between being compassionate and awkward. It was implied that they had feelings towards each other. He was mercy killed by Shin to thwart the Legion's plan to create more Black Sheep.
//
A boisterous and somewhat lecherous member, however he does become serious when needed. He died prior to Spearhead's Special Recon mission.
One of the Spearhead Squadron members who is mercy-killed by Shinei after an early battle leaves him crippled and bleeding out.
//
//
//
//
A female member of the squad. She committed suicide after her Juggernaut malfunctioned and before a Legion unit killed her.
//
One of Lena's few friends in the San Magnolia military. She works in the Research Division, specializing in the "Para-RAID" device that allows Handlers to instantly connect with the 86'er combatants under their command. The device was partially created by her late father.
A Colonel in the San Magnolia military and a friend of Lena's father. He is aware of the situation with the 86'ers but continues to treat them like objects.
A repairman for the Spearhead squadron. It is revealed that he is an Alba; his wife and daughter were 86'ers, so he dyed his hair and was enlisted as a volunteer to get the 86s rights back. Despite seeming like an irate man, he cares for the remaining squad members and those who come after them.
The adopted daughter of Ernst. Her full name is , the last Empress of the Giad Empire before it collapsed, with the ability to see the past and present of anyone she meets. She decides to join Shin and his crew at the Officer Training school in order to end the suffering of her knight, Kiriya, who was turned into a Legion Shepherd.
The Provisional President of the new Federacy that overthrew the Empire, a kindly old man who takes Frederica and the surviving members of Shin's squadron as his adopted children.
//
The leader of the Brísingamen Squadron that Lena commands after the Spearhead Squadron was ended. Shiden's nickname is derived from her heterochromatic eyes that led to her being abused even by other 86ers in their internment camp.
Nina's older brother, and the first person Shin befriended after his citizenship. Eugene was mercy-killed by Shin after a Legion attack.
Eugene's sister.
The leader of the Federacy's Nordlicht Commandment where the 86s are under her command. She is nicknamed "spider woman" due to her obsessiveness of using the Reginleifs; an improved prototype of the Republic's Juggernauts.
Shin's older brother who saved Lena from a Legion unit. Shourei felt powerless as to not protecting fellow 86s including his parents. In a fit of rage, he strangled Shin and blamed everything on his brother. His head was taken in Shin's 1st year as a Processor, and was turned into a Shephard by the Legion. During Spearhead's Special Recon mission, Shourei led a batallion of Legions to eliminate the remaining Juggernauts. Shourei died at the hands of Shin, finally coming to peace with his brother.
Kiriya is a descendant of the Nouzen family, and was Frederica's Imperial Knight. During the war, he killed a lot of people for the sake of Frederica and the Giad Empire. This turn of behaviour scared Frederica, so she faked her death to escape to the Giad Federacy.
Production
One of the inspirations for the series was drone warfare, and the novel explores the logistics and ethics around this form of combat. Another major inspiration was the 2007 film The Mist. As she came up with the fictional ideas of the story, Asato started working on the light novel. Asato had been working on the novel since 2014 and it was only in 2017 that it was published. The setting of the story took a while for the author to come up with. She wanted the story to take place within a fortressed city. However, she switched the idea and finalized the current setting for the series. She usually spend about 6–8 hours a day writing.
Media
Light novel
The light novel is written by Asato Asato and is illustrated by Shirabii, with mechanical design by I-IV. ASCII Media Works has published eleven volumes since February 2017 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint. The light novels are licensed in North America by Yen Press, which has published nine volumes of the series. The English version was translated by Roman Lempert.
Manga
A manga adaptation by Motoki Yoshihara has been serialized in Square Enix's seinen manga magazine Young Gangan since February 16, 2018. It has been collected in three tankōbon volumes. The manga adaptation is also licensed in North America by Yen Press.
A spin-off manga series titled 86: Operation High School by Suzume Somemiya was serialized in Media Factory's seinen manga magazine Monthly Comic Alive from June 27, 2020, to August 27, 2021.
A third manga titled 86: Run Through the Battlefront by Hiroya Yamazaki began serialization in Square Enix's Manga UP! app on January 24, 2021.
A prequel manga series titled 86: Fragmental Neoteny began serialization in Monthly Comic Alive on April 26, 2021.
Anime
An anime television series adaptation was announced in a livestream commemorating the first anniversary of Kadokawa's "Kimirano" light novel website on March 15, 2020. It is produced by A-1 Pictures and directed by Toshimasa Ishii, with Toshiya Ōno writing the scripts, Tetsuya Kawakami designing the characters, and Hiroyuki Sawano and Kohta Yamamoto composing the music. The CGI will be developed by Shirogumi. The series was originally scheduled to air in 2020, but it was indefinitely delayed. The series is a split-cour anime, with the first half airing on Tokyo MX and other stations from April 11 to June 20, 2021. On March 28, 2021, Tokyo MX broadcast a special program commemorating the start of the series starring main cast members Shōya Chiba and Ikumi Hasegawa, producer Nobuhiro Nakayama and music composer Hiroyuki Sawano. The second half aired from October 3, 2021 to March 19, 2022. Crunchyroll licensed the series outside of Asia for an English simulcast and simuldub. Muse Communication licensed the series in Southeast Asia and is streaming it on iQIYI, Bilibili and Netflix. The first opening theme is "3-pun 29-byō" (, San-pun Nijūkyū-byō; "3 Minutes 29 Seconds") by Hitorie, while the first ending theme is "Avid" by SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]:mizuki and the second theme is "Hands Up to the Sky" by SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]:Laco. The second opening theme is "Kyōkaisen" (; "Boundary Line") by Amazarashi, while the third ending theme is "Alchemilla" (, ) by Regal Lily and the fourth ending theme is "LilaS" by SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]:Takahashi Honoka.
Reception
The light novel won the Grand Prize at the 23rd Dengeki Novel Prize award in 2016. The light novel also ranked second in 2018 in Takarajimasha's annual light novel guide book Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi!, in the bunkobon category. It ranked fifth in 2019.
Joe Ballard of Comic Book Resources noted the light novel's critical acclaim and called it "a movingly honest portrayal of war, drama, the supernatural, and the shockingly discriminatory views of a nation's general public, 86-Eighty-Six is anything but your standard light novel series." UK Anime News praised the first volume of the light novel, calling it thought-provoking, emotional and incredibly difficult to put down." The Fandom Post found the first volume "not particularly groundbreaking", but was impressed by the subversion of the "bloodless war" theme and found the development of the plot and characters "quite solid."
IGN listed the show as one of the best anime of 2021. Multiple writers from Anime News Network listed the anime's first season as one of their favorite series from spring 2021, with Steve Jones also naming the second season as his most anticipated for fall 2021.
The Fandom Post gave the show an A−, noting that although the first episode felt stiff and full of "technobabble", the show found its footing by episode two. At the close of season one, the site praised the show's stellar production value, solid animation and music, and beautiful conveyance of its themes. Callum May's review for Anime News Network also noted the series' improvement by episode two, describing the first few episodes as "surprisingly gripping", and offered specific praise to the show's directing, storyboarding, and animation.
The anime received four nominations at the 6th Crunchyroll Anime Awards in the categories: Anime of the Year, Best Drama, Best Girl, and Best Score.
Notes
References
External links
2017 Japanese novels
A-1 Pictures
Anime and manga based on light novels
Anime composed by Hiroyuki Sawano
Aniplex
Book series introduced in 2017
Crunchyroll anime
Dengeki Bunko
Gangan Comics manga
Japanese science fiction novels
Kadokawa Dwango franchises
Light novels
Mecha anime and manga
Media Factory manga
Military in anime and manga
Muse Communication
Seinen manga
Works about child soldiers
Works about race and ethnicity
Yen Press titles
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66141911
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20New%20Teacher%20%281922%20film%29
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The New Teacher (1922 film)
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The New Teacher is a 1922 American silent drama film directed by Joseph Franz and starring Shirley Mason, Allan Forrest and Earl Metcalfe.
Cast
Shirley Mason as Constance Bailey
Allan Forrest as Bruce Van Griff
Earl Metcalfe as Edward Hurley
Otto Hoffman as Joseph Hurley
Olah Norman as Mrs. Brissell
Pat Moore as George Brissell
Kate Price as Mrs. Brennan
References
Bibliography
Munden, Kenneth White. The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1. University of California Press, 1997.
External links
1922 films
1922 drama films
1920s English-language films
American silent feature films
Silent American drama films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Joseph Franz
Fox Film films
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22412632
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honcut%2C%20California
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Honcut, California
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Honcut (formerly, Moores Station) is a census-designated place in Butte County, California. It lies at an elevation of 108 feet (33 m). Lower Honcut Rd. links the community to California State Route 70. Honcut is near the Yuba County line. Honcut's post office was established in 1856 and moved back and forth several times between Butte and Yuba Counties, before being closed for good in 1943. Moores Station (named for John C. Moore, first postmaster) post office was opened in 1869, closed in 1875, reopened in 1876, and closed for good in 1892. Honcut's population was 370 at the 2010 census.
Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Honcut had a population of 370. The population density was 87.3 people per square mile (33.7/km). The racial makeup of Honcut was 248 (67.0%) White, 6 (1.6%) African American, 14 (3.8%) Native American, 4 (1.1%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 85 (23.0%) from other races, and 13 (3.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 145 persons (39.2%).
The Census reported that 370 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 106 households, out of which 49 (46.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 62 (58.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 11 (10.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 12 (11.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 10 (9.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2 (1.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 14 households (13.2%) were made up of individuals, and 6 (5.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.49. There were 85 families (80.2% of all households); the average family size was 3.78.
The population was spread out, with 113 people (30.5%) under the age of 18, 24 people (6.5%) aged 18 to 24, 93 people (25.1%) aged 25 to 44, 91 people (24.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 49 people (13.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.4 males.
There were 115 housing units at an average density of 27.1 per square mile (10.5/km), of which 106 were occupied, of which 71 (67.0%) were owner-occupied, and 35 (33.0%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 0%. 267 people (72.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 103 people (27.8%) lived in rental housing units.
References
Census-designated places in Butte County, California
Census-designated places in California
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10300911
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance%20consulting
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Performance consulting
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Performance consulting is a practice that became popular in the early 2000s. Performance consulting is a practice that evolved from the instructional design discipline. It is performed by performance consultants who use more of a systems-thinking approach to resolving workplace performance problems. Performance consulting acknowledges that there are other environmental factors that affect one's performance. While instructional design and the development of training or learning solutions helps to build knowledge and skills, performance consulting takes a more systems-thinking approach to investigate and identify other environmental factors that may degrade one's performance.
References
Business analysis
Business terms
Consulting
Consulting occupations
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25528727
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Two%20Faces%20of%20War
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The Two Faces of War
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The Two Faces of War (As duas faces da guerra in Portuguese) is a 2007 documentary shot in Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde and Portugal that includes a series of interviews and testimonies of people who lived through the period of the anti-colonial war and liberation in Guinea-Bissau. This documentary, directed by Diana Andringa and Flora Gomes, sets the tone for a debate around the themes of reconciliation and historical memory in the post-conflict period of the Portuguese colonial war.
Synopsis
The documentary consists of interviews with veterans and leaders from Portugal, Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. Those countries lived through the conflict spanning from 1963 to 1974, a conflict between the PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde) and Portuguese troops.
In 1995, Diana Andringa, the director of the film, visited the town of Geba as a reporter and there she found a stone half-destroyed in the name of the Portuguese soldiers killed on African soil. This was the starting point for this work. Along with Flora Gomes, the second director, the two directors produced a documentary which is the result of two points of view of Portugal and Guiné, about one of the bloodiest conflicts suffered during the Portuguese Colonial War.
For six weeks, Diana Andringa and Flora Gomes traveled through the regions of Mansoa, Geba, and guilegar in Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde and Portugal where they collected the testimonies of people who lived through the colonial war.
Throughout the documentary we see the homage to Amílcar Cabral, founder of the PAIGC. The testimonies show the magnitude of Cabral who, despite being in the middle of the conflict between the two countries, has never ceased to feel to the Portuguese people as something of their own.
According to Amilcar, there existed between the two sides a complicity that went beyond the war. "We're not fighting against the Portuguese people, but against colonialism," words that show how many of the Portuguese colonies were joined in solidarity with revolutionary movements for independence. It was the case of
PAIGC in Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde, the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) in the case of Angola and FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) in the case of Mozambique. Therefore, it is no accident that it was in Guinea where the captains' movement (Capitães de Abril in Portuguese) grew, leading to the Carnation Revolution of April 25, 1974.
The war resulted in two victories: the independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde and democracy in Portugal. It is this "paired adventure" that Andringa and Flora want to tell through the voices of those who lived through the conflict. Diana Andringa and Flora Gomes are the narrators of the documentary. The soundtrack is made up of music from Portuguese, Guinea and Cape Verde from the featured period.
Historical background
The Estado Novo (New State)
The European colonies always expressed a certain resistance to the presence of the colonial powers. This feeling intensified in the 20th century where the first and second world wars implemented a strong nationalist sentiment in the colonized peoples.
Moreover, the large emerging powers of World War II, the United States of America and the Soviet Union, supported the formation of nationalist resistance groups. It is in this context that the Bandung Conference, held in 1955 gives voice to the colonies seeking an alternative to the bipolarity that confronted those two countries.
The U.S. and the former USSR were therefore keen to legitimize the claims of the colonies, either to maintain a balance in international relations, or for their own benefit.
In Portugal, the Estado Novo put the country into a dilemma: on the one hand, the Portuguese policy of neutrality in World War II which saved the Portuguese Armed Forces from a possible confrontation between East and West, and secondly, the responsibility for the maintenance of sovereignty over its colonies. Yet the Portuguese governors of the time chose to join the NATO and the consequent desire of an alliance with the winners.
This integration of Portugal in NATO formed a military elite that became indispensable in the conduct of the Portuguese Colonial War. This established a series of conflicts between the military structure and political power.
In March 1961 in Portugal there was an attempt against the state conduct by Major General Botelho Moniz. This marked the beginning of the break, and the origin of a certain distrust of the arrangements for the maintenance of a single command center, facing the threat of confrontation with armed force. This led to rupture between the three staffs: the Army, Air Force and Navy.
The Estado Novo considered the independence movements as terrorist forces and camps as part of Portugal, and therefore never recognized the existence of a war.
From the Portuguese point of view, the fighting in Guinea-Bissau began in July 1961 when guerrillas of the Liberation Movement of Guinea (MLG) launched attacks on the villages of Santo Domingo, near the northwest border with Senegal. From the Guinean point of view, the clashes began in January 1963 when the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), launched an attack on the Moncada Tite, south of Bissau, in the Corubal River.
The attacks quickly spread throughout almost the entire territory of Guinea, growing in intensity to the surprise of the Portuguese who considered themselves to be of greater military force.
The theater of war in Guinea was led by two men of strong personality. On the Portuguese side, General António Spínola and from Guinean side was Amílcar Cabral the president of PAIGC. With the decisions of the former, the Portuguese forces gained ground in 1968 and 1972 and managed to maintain the situation and sometimes take action to confirm the positions.
One can say that the Portuguese troops took in Guinea a defensive stance in order to control the actions of the PAIGC. To this end, Portugal manipulated public opinion through propaganda in favor of their troops, which profoundly affected the highest levels of the hierarchy of the party of Guinea. However, the situation rapidly changed position, favoring thus the position of the colony.
Anti-aircraft missiles forced the Portuguese troops to reassess the war effort. Marcelo Caetano fought with Spinola, exempting him from the position of governor who came to be occupied by Bettencourt Rodrigues on 21 September 1973. Three days later, the PAIGC declared the independence of the new state in Medina of Boe.
The PAIGC
The PAIGC had its genesis as the African Party for Independence (PAI) and was founded on September 19, 1956 by Amílcar Cabral, in the company of Aristides Pereira, Luís Cabral, Fernando Fortes de Almeida, and Julius Elisee Turpin.
At first it was a non official party and was only legalized four years later when it acquired its first office in Guinea Conakry.
In November 1957 the founders of the PAIGC participated in a meeting in Paris on the development of the struggle against Portuguese colonialism.
In January 1960 in Tunis the second Conference of African peoples was held, which Cabral and his colleagues attended.
Later that year in London for the first time in an international conference Portuguese colonialism was discussed. This climate of denunciation gave stabilization to the PAIGC and they initiated the training of militants and the expansion into the country at the same time as requesting the support of bordering countries. The People's Republic of China was the first to contribute, giving them training and ideological preparation. In 1961 was the turn of the Kingdom of Morocco to support the young party and so began the armed struggle with Portugal in 1962.
Killed on 20 January 1973, the founder of the PAIGC did not survive to see the freedom of Guinea. However, he went down in history as one of the most important chiefs among nationalists in the former colonies. Amílcar Cabral is the essence of the doctrine of the party.
Bibliography
Afonso, Aniceto, e Carlos Gomes. Guerra Colonial ()
Azeredo, Carlos. Trabalhos e Dias de um Soldado do Império ()
Calvão, Alpoim. De Conakry ao MDLP
Felgas, Hélio. Guerra na Guiné
Fraga, Luís Alves de. Força Aérea na Guerra em África
Marinho, Luís de. Operação Mar - Verde: Um documentário para a história
Mateus, Dalila Cabrita. A PIDE/DGS na Guerra Colonial 1961-1974
Monteiro, Saturnino. Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa (vol. VIII) ()
Mourão, Piçarra. Guiné Sempre,
Pereira, Aristides. Uma luta, um partido, dois países
Vaz, Nuno Mira. Guiné 1968 e 1973 - Soldados uma vez, sempre soldados!
External links
References
Documentary films about African resistance to colonialism
Portuguese Colonial War
20th century in Cape Verde
2007 films
Films set in Cape Verde
Films set in Guinea-Bissau
Films set in Portugal
Documentary films about war
Films shot in Cape Verde
Films shot in Portugal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s%20disease
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Huntington's disease
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Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is a neurodegenerative disease that is mostly inherited. The earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or mental abilities. A general lack of coordination and an unsteady gait often follow. It is also a basal ganglia disease causing a hyperkinetic movement disorder known as chorea. As the disease advances, uncoordinated, involuntary body movements of chorea become more apparent. Physical abilities gradually worsen until coordinated movement becomes difficult and the person is unable to talk. Mental abilities generally decline into dementia. The specific symptoms vary somewhat between people. Symptoms usually begin between 30 and 50 years of age but can start at any age. The disease may develop earlier in each successive generation. About eight percent of cases start before the age of 20 years, and are known as juvenile HD, which typically present with the slow movement symptoms of Parkinson's disease rather than those of chorea.
HD is typically inherited from an affected parent, who carries a mutation in the huntingtin gene (HTT). However, up to 10% of cases are due to a new mutation. The huntingtin gene provides the genetic information for huntingtin protein (Htt). Expansion of CAG repeats of cytosine-adenine-guanine (known as a trinucleotide repeat expansion) in the gene coding for the huntingtin protein results in an abnormal mutant protein (mHtt), which gradually damages brain cells through a number of possible mechanisms. Diagnosis is by genetic testing, which can be carried out at any time, regardless of whether or not symptoms are present. This fact raises several ethical debates: the age at which an individual is considered mature enough to choose testing; whether parents have the right to have their children tested; and managing confidentiality and disclosure of test results.
No cure for HD is known, and full-time care is required in the later stages. Treatments can relieve some symptoms, and in some, improve quality of life. The best evidence for treatment of the movement problems is with tetrabenazine. HD affects about 4 to 15 in 100,000 people of European descent. It is rare among Japanese, while the occurrence rate in Africa is unknown. The disease affects men and women equally. Complications such as pneumonia, heart disease, and physical injury from falls reduce life expectancy. Suicide is the cause of death in about 9% of cases. Death typically occurs 15–20 years from when the disease was first detected.
The earliest known description of the disease was in 1841 by American physician Charles Oscar Waters. The condition was described in further detail in 1872 by American physician George Huntington. The genetic basis was discovered in 1993 by an international collaborative effort led by the Hereditary Disease Foundation. Research and support organizations began forming in the late 1960s to increase public awareness, provide support for individuals and their families and promote research. Research directions include determining the exact mechanism of the disease, improving animal models to aid with research, testing of medications and their delivery to treat symptoms or slow the progression of the disease, and studying procedures such as stem-cell therapy with the goal of replacing damaged or lost neurons.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of Huntington's disease most commonly become noticeable between the ages of 30 and 50 years, but they can begin at any age, and present as a triad of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. In 50% of cases, the psychiatric symptoms appear first. Their progression is often described in early stages, middle stages, and late stages with an earlier prodromal phase. In the early stages, subtle personality changes, problems in cognition, and physical skills, irritability, and mood swings occur, all of which may go unnoticed, and these usually precede the motor symptoms. Almost everyone with HD eventually exhibits similar physical symptoms, but the onset, progression, and extent of cognitive and behavioral symptoms vary significantly between individuals.
The most characteristic initial physical symptoms are jerky, random, and uncontrollable movements called chorea. Many people are not aware of their involuntary movements, or impeded by them. Chorea may be initially exhibited as general restlessness, small unintentionally initiated or uncompleted motions, lack of coordination, or slowed saccadic eye movements. These minor motor abnormalities usually precede more obvious signs of motor dysfunction by at least three years. The clear appearance of symptoms such as rigidity, writhing motions, or abnormal posturing appear as the disorder progresses. These are signs that the system in the brain that is responsible for movement has been affected. Psychomotor functions become increasingly impaired, such that any action that requires muscle control is affected. Common consequences are physical instability, abnormal facial expression, and difficulties chewing, swallowing, and speaking. Sleep disturbances and weight loss are also associated symptoms. Eating difficulties commonly cause weight loss and may lead to malnutrition. Juvenile HD generally progresses at a faster rate with greater cognitive decline, and chorea is exhibited briefly, if at all; the Westphal variant of slowness of movement, rigidity, and tremors is more typical in juvenile HD, as are seizures.
Cognitive abilities are progressively impaired and tend to generally decline into dementia. Especially affected are executive functions, which include planning, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, rule acquisition, initiation of appropriate actions, and inhibition of inappropriate actions. As the disease progresses, memory deficits tend to appear. Reported impairments range from short-term memory deficits to long-term memory difficulties, including deficits in episodic (memory of one's life), procedural (memory of the body of how to perform an activity), and working memory.
Reported neuropsychiatric signs are anxiety, depression, a reduced display of emotions, egocentrism, aggression, and compulsive behavior, the latter of which can cause or worsen addictions, including alcoholism, gambling, and hypersexuality. Difficulties in recognizing other people's negative expressions have also been observed. The prevalence of these symptoms is highly variable between studies, with estimated rates for lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders between 33 and 76%. For many with the disease and their families, these symptoms are among the most distressing aspects of the disease, often affecting daily functioning and constituting reason for institutionalization. Early behavioral changes in HD result in an increased risk of suicide. Often, individuals have reduced awareness of chorea, cognitive, and emotional impairments.
Mutant huntingtin is expressed throughout the body and associated with abnormalities in peripheral tissues that are directly caused by such expression outside the brain. These abnormalities include muscle atrophy, cardiac failure, impaired glucose tolerance, weight loss, osteoporosis, and testicular atrophy.
Genetics
Everyone has two copies of the huntingtin gene (HTT), which codes for the huntingtin protein (Htt). HTT is also called the HD gene, and the IT15 gene, (interesting transcript 15). Part of this gene is a repeated section called a trinucleotide repeat expansion – a short repeat, which varies in length between individuals, and may change length between generations. If the repeat is present in a healthy gene, a dynamic mutation may increase the repeat count and result in a defective gene. When the length of this repeated section reaches a certain threshold, it produces an altered form of the protein, called mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt). The differing functions of these proteins are the cause of pathological changes, which in turn cause the disease symptoms. The Huntington's disease mutation is genetically dominant and almost fully penetrant; mutation of either of a person's HTT alleles causes the disease. It is not inherited according to sex, but by the length of the repeated section of the gene, hence its severity can be influenced by the sex of the affected parent.
Genetic mutation
HD is one of several trinucleotide repeat disorders that are caused by the length of a repeated section of a gene exceeding a normal range. The HTT gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 4 at 4p16.3. HTT contains a sequence of three DNA bases—cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG)—repeated multiple times (i.e. ... CAGCAGCAG ...), known as a trinucleotide repeat. CAG is the three-letter genetic code (codon) for the amino acid glutamine, so a series of them results in the production of a chain of glutamine known as a polyglutamine tract (or polyQ tract), and the repeated part of the gene, the polyQ region.
Generally, people have fewer than 36 repeated glutamines in the polyQ region, which results in the production of the cytoplasmic protein huntingtin. However, a sequence of 36 or more glutamines results in the production of a protein with different characteristics. This altered form, called mutant huntingtin (mHtt), increases the decay rate of certain types of neurons. Regions of the brain have differing amounts and reliance on these types of neurons and are affected accordingly. Generally, the number of CAG repeats is related to how much this process is affected, and accounts for about 60% of the variation of the age of the onset of symptoms. The remaining variation is attributed to the environment and other genes that modify the mechanism of HD. About 36 to 39 repeats result in a reduced-penetrance form of the disease, with a much later onset and slower progression of symptoms. In some cases, the onset may be so late that symptoms are never noticed. With very large repeat counts (more than 60), HD onset can occur below the age of 20, known as juvenile HD. Juvenile HD is typically of the Westphal variant that is characterised by slowness of movement, rigidity, and tremors. This accounts for about 7% of HD carriers.
Inheritance
Huntington's disease has autosomal dominant inheritance, meaning that an affected individual typically inherits one copy of the gene with an expanded trinucleotide repeat (the mutant allele) from an affected parent. Since the penetrance of the mutation is very high, those who have a mutated copy of the gene will have the disease. In this type of inheritance pattern, each offspring of an affected individual has a 50% risk of inheriting the mutant allele, so are affected with the disorder (see figure). This probability is sex-independent.
Trinucleotide CAG repeats numbering over 28 are unstable during replication, and this instability increases with the number of repeats present. This usually leads to new expansions as generations pass (dynamic mutations) instead of reproducing an exact copy of the trinucleotide repeat. This causes the number of repeats to change in successive generations, such that an unaffected parent with an "intermediate" number of repeats (28–35), or "reduced penetrance" (36–40), may pass on a copy of the gene with an increase in the number of repeats that produces fully penetrant HD. The earlier age of onset and greater severity of disease in successive generations due to increases in the number of repeats is known as genetic anticipation. Instability is greater in spermatogenesis than oogenesis; maternally inherited alleles are usually of a similar repeat length, whereas paternally inherited ones have a higher chance of increasing in length. Rarely is Huntington's disease caused by a new mutation, where neither parent has over 36 CAG repeats.
In the rare situations where both parents have an expanded HD gene, the risk increases to 75%, and when either parent has two expanded copies, the risk is 100% (all children will be affected). Individuals with both genes affected are rare. For some time, HD was thought to be the only disease for which possession of a second mutated gene did not affect symptoms and progression, but it has since been found that it can affect the phenotype and the rate of progression.
Mechanisms
Huntingtin protein interacts with over 100 other proteins, and appears to have multiple functions. The behavior of the mutated protein (mHtt) is not completely understood, but it is toxic to certain cell types, particularly brain cells. Early damage is most evident in the subcortical basal ganglia, initially in the striatum, but as the disease progresses, other areas of the brain are also affected, including regions of the cerebral cortex. Early symptoms are attributable to functions of the striatum and its cortical connections—namely control over movement, mood, and higher cognitive function. DNA methylation also appears to be changed in HD.
Huntingtin function
Htt is expressed in all cells, with the highest concentrations found in the brain and testes, and moderate amounts in the liver, heart, and lungs. Its functions are unclear, but it does interact with proteins involved in transcription, cell signaling, and intracellular transporting. In animals genetically modified to exhibit HD, several functions of Htt have been identified. In these animals, Htt is important for embryonic development, as its absence is related to embryonic death. Caspase, an enzyme which plays a role in catalyzing apoptosis, is thought to be activated by the mutated gene through damaging the ubiquitin-protease system. It also acts as an antiapoptotic agent preventing programmed cell death and controls the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a protein that protects neurons and regulates their creation during neurogenesis. Htt also facilitates synaptic vesicular transport and synaptic transmission, and controls neuronal gene transcription. If the expression of Htt is increased, brain cell survival is improved and the effects of mHtt are reduced, whereas when the expression of Htt is reduced, the resulting characteristics are more as seen in the presence of mHtt. Accordingly, the disease is thought not to be caused by inadequate production of Htt, but by a toxic gain-of-function of mHtt in the body.
Cellular changes
The toxic action of mHtt may manifest and produce the HD pathology through multiple cellular changes. In its mutant (polyglutamine expanded) form, the protein is more prone to cleavage that creates shorter fragments containing the polyglutamine expansion. These protein fragments have a propensity to undergo misfolding and aggregation, yielding fibrillar aggregates in which non-native polyglutamine β-strands from multiple proteins are bonded together by hydrogen bonds. These aggregates share the same fundamental cross-beta amyloid architecture seen in other protein deposition diseases. Over time, the aggregates accumulate to form inclusion bodies within cells, ultimately interfering with neuronal function. Inclusion bodies have been found in both the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. Inclusion bodies in cells of the brain are one of the earliest pathological changes, and some experiments have found that they can be toxic for the cell, but other experiments have shown that they may form as part of the body's defense mechanism and help protect cells.
Several pathways by which mHtt may cause cell death have been identified. These include effects on chaperone proteins, which help fold proteins and remove misfolded ones; interactions with caspases, which play a role in the process of removing cells; the toxic effects of glutamine on nerve cells; impairment of energy production within cells; and effects on the expression of genes.
Mutant huntingtin protein has been found to play a key role in mitochondrial dysfunction. The impairment of mitochondrial electron transport can result in higher levels of oxidative stress and release of reactive oxygen species.
Glutamine is known to be excitotoxic when present in large amounts, that can cause damage to numerous cellular structures. Excessive glutamine is not found in HD, but the interactions of the altered huntingtin protein with numerous proteins in neurons lead to an increased vulnerability to glutamine. The increased vulnerability is thought to result in excitotoxic effects from normal glutamine levels.
Macroscopic changes
Initially, damage to the brain is regionally specific with the dorsal striatum in the subcortical basal ganglia being primarily affected, followed later by cortical involvement in all areas. Other areas of the basal ganglia affected include the substantia nigra; cortical involvement includes cortical layers 3, 5, and 6; also evident is involvement of the hippocampus, Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, lateral tuberal nuclei of the hypothalamus and parts of the thalamus. These areas are affected according to their structure and the types of neurons they contain, reducing in size as they lose cells. Striatal medium spiny neurons are the most vulnerable, particularly ones with projections towards the external globus pallidus, with interneurons and spiny cells projecting to the internal globus pallidus being less affected. HD also causes an abnormal increase in astrocytes and activation of the brain's immune cells, microglia.
The basal ganglia play a key role in movement and behavior control. Their functions are not fully understood, but theories propose that they are part of the cognitive executive system and the motor circuit. The basal ganglia ordinarily inhibit a large number of circuits that generate specific movements. To initiate a particular movement, the cerebral cortex sends a signal to the basal ganglia that causes the inhibition to be released. Damage to the basal ganglia can cause the release or reinstatement of the inhibitions to be erratic and uncontrolled, which results in an awkward start to motion or motions to be unintentionally initiated, or a motion to be halted before, or beyond, its intended completion. The accumulating damage to this area causes the characteristic erratic movements associated with HD known as chorea, a dyskinesia. Because of the basal ganglia's inability to inhibit movements, individuals affected by it inevitably experience a reduced ability to produce speech and swallow foods and liquids (dysphagia).
Transcriptional dysregulation
CREB-binding protein (CBP), a transcriptional coregulator, is essential for cell function because as a coactivator at a significant number of promoters, it activates the transcription of genes for survival pathways. Furthermore, the amino acids that form CBP include a strip of 18 glutamines. Thus, the glutamines on CBP interact directly with the increased numbers of glutamine on the HTT chain and CBP gets pulled away from its typical location next to the nucleus. Specifically, CBP contains an acetyltransferase domain to which HTT binds through its polyglutamine-containing domain. Autopsied brains of those who had Huntington's disease also have been found to have incredibly reduced amounts of CBP. In addition, when CBP is overexpressed, polyglutamine-induced death is diminished, further demonstrating that CBP plays an important role in Huntington's disease and neurons in general.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of the onset of HD can be made following the appearance of physical symptoms specific to the disease. Genetic testing can be used to confirm a physical diagnosis if no family history of HD exists. Even before the onset of symptoms, genetic testing can confirm if an individual or embryo carries an expanded copy of the trinucleotide repeat (CAG) in the HTT gene that causes the disease. Genetic counseling is available to provide advice and guidance throughout the testing procedure and on the implications of a confirmed diagnosis. These implications include the impact on an individual's psychology, career, family-planning decisions, relatives, and relationships. Despite the availability of presymptomatic testing, only 5% of those at risk of inheriting HD choose to do so.
Clinical
A physical examination, sometimes combined with a psychological examination, can determine whether the onset of the disease has begun. Excessive unintentional movements of any part of the body are often the reason for seeking medical consultation. If these are abrupt and have random timing and distribution, they suggest a diagnosis of HD. Cognitive or behavioral symptoms are rarely the first symptoms diagnosed; they are usually only recognized in hindsight or when they develop further. How far the disease has progressed can be measured using the unified Huntington's disease rating scale, which provides an overall rating system based on motor, behavioral, cognitive, and functional assessments. Medical imaging, such as a CT scan or MRI scan, can show atrophy of the caudate nuclei early in the disease, as seen in the illustration to the right, but these changes are not, by themselves, diagnostic of HD. Cerebral atrophy can be seen in the advanced stages of the disease. Functional neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), can show changes in brain activity before the onset of physical symptoms, but they are experimental tools and are not used clinically.
Predictive genetic testing
Because HD follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, a strong motivation exists for individuals who are at risk of inheriting it to seek a diagnosis. The genetic test for HD consists of a blood test, which counts the numbers of CAG repeats in each of the HTT alleles. Cutoffs are given as follows:
At 40 or more CAG repeats, full penetrance allele (FPA) exists. A "positive test" or "positive result" generally refers to this case. A positive result is not considered a diagnosis, since it may be obtained decades before the symptoms begin. However, a negative test means that the individual does not carry the expanded copy of the gene and will not develop HD. The test will tell a person who originally had a 50% chance of inheriting the disease if their risk goes up to 100% or is eliminated. Persons who test positive for the disease will develop HD sometime within their lifetimes, provided they live long enough for the disease to appear.
At 36 to 39 repeats, incomplete or reduced penetrance allele (RPA) may cause symptoms, usually later in the adult life. The maximum risk is 60% that a person with an RPA will be symptomatic at age 65, and 70% at 75.
At 27 to 35 repeats, intermediate allele (IA), or large normal allele, is not associated with symptomatic disease in the tested individual, but may expand upon further inheritance to give symptoms in offspring.
With 26 or fewer repeats, the result is not associated with HD.
Testing before the onset of symptoms is a life-changing event and a very personal decision. The main reason given for choosing to test for HD is to aid in career and family decisions. Predictive testing for Huntington's disease has been available via linkage analysis (which requires testing multiple family members) since 1986 and via direct mutation analysis since 1993. At that time, surveys indicated that 50–70% of at-risk individuals would have been interested in receiving testing, but since predictive testing has been offered far fewer choose to be tested. Over 95% of individuals at risk of inheriting HD do not proceed with testing, mostly because it has no treatment. A key issue is the anxiety an individual experiences about not knowing whether they will eventually develop HD, compared to the impact of a positive result. Irrespective of the result, stress levels are lower two years after being tested, but the risk of suicide is increased after a positive test result. Individuals found to have not inherited the disorder may experience survivor guilt about family members who are affected. Other factors taken into account when considering testing include the possibility of discrimination and the implications of a positive result, which usually means a parent has an affected gene and that the individual's siblings will be at risk of inheriting it. In one study, genetic discrimination was found in 46% of individuals at risk for Huntington's disease. It occurred at higher rates within personal relationships than health insurance or employment relations. Genetic counseling in HD can provide information, advice and support for initial decision-making, and then, if chosen, throughout all stages of the testing process. Because of the implications of this test, patients who wish to undergo testing must complete three counseling sessions which provide information about Huntington's.
Counseling and guidelines on the use of genetic testing for HD have become models for other genetic disorders, such as autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia. Presymptomatic testing for HD has also influenced testing for other illnesses with genetic variants such as polycystic kidney disease, familial Alzheimer's disease and breast cancer. The European Molecular Genetics Quality Network have published yearly external quality assessment scheme for molecular genetic testing for this disease and have developed best practice guidelines for genetic testing for HD to assist in testing and reporting of results.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Embryos produced using in vitro fertilization may be genetically tested for HD using preimplantation genetic diagnosis. This technique, where one or two cells are extracted from a typically 4- to 8-cell embryo and then tested for the genetic abnormality, can then be used to ensure embryos affected with HD genes are not implanted, so any offspring will not inherit the disease. Some forms of preimplantation genetic diagnosis—non-disclosure or exclusion testing—allow at-risk people to have HD-free offspring without revealing their own parental genotype, giving no information about whether they themselves are destined to develop HD. In exclusion testing, the embryo's DNA is compared with that of the parents and grandparents to avoid inheritance of the chromosomal region containing the HD gene from the affected grandparent. In nondisclosure testing, only disease-free embryos are replaced in the uterus while the parental genotype and hence parental risk for HD are never disclosed.
Prenatal testing
Obtaining a prenatal diagnosis for an embryo or fetus in the womb is also possible, using fetal genetic material acquired through chorionic villus sampling. An amniocentesis can be performed if the pregnancy is further along, within 14–18 weeks. This procedure looks at the amniotic fluid surrounding the baby for indicators of the HD mutation. This, too, can be paired with exclusion testing to avoid disclosure of parental genotype. Prenatal testing can be done when parents have been diagnosed with HD, when they have had genetic testing showing the expansion of the HTTgene, or when they have a 50% chance of inheriting the disease. The parents can be counseled on their options, which include termination of pregnancy, and on the difficulties of a child with the identified gene.
In addition, in at-risk pregnancies due to an affected male partner, noninvasive prenatal diagnosis can be performed by analyzing cell-free fetal DNA in a blood sample taken from the mother (via venipuncture) between six and 12 weeks of pregnancy. It has no procedure-related risk of miscarriage.
Differential diagnosis
About 99% of HD diagnoses based on the typical symptoms and a family history of the disease are confirmed by genetic testing to have the expanded trinucleotide repeat that causes HD. Most of the remaining are called HD-like (HDL) syndromes. The cause of most HDL diseases is unknown, but those with known causes are due to mutations in the prion protein gene (HDL1), the junctophilin 3 gene (HDL2), a recessively inherited unknown gene (HDL3—only found in two families and poorly understood), and the gene encoding the TATA box-binding protein (SCA17, sometimes called HDL4). Other autosomal dominant diseases that can be misdiagnosed as HD are dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy and neuroferritinopathy. Also, some autosomal recessive disorders resemble sporadic cases of HD. These include chorea acanthocytosis and pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. One X-linked disorder of this type is McLeod syndrome.
Management
Treatments are available to reduce the severity of some of HD symptoms. For many of these treatments, evidence to confirm their effectiveness in treating symptoms of HD specifically are incomplete. As the disease progresses, the ability to care for oneself declines, and carefully managed multidisciplinary caregiving becomes increasingly necessary. Although relatively few studies of exercises and therapies have shown to be helpful to rehabilitate cognitive symptoms of HD, some evidence shows the usefulness of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy.
Therapy
Weight loss and problems in eating due to dysphagia and other muscle discoordination are common, making nutrition management increasingly important as the disease advances. Thickening agents can be added to liquids, as thicker fluids are easier and safer to swallow. Reminding the affected person to eat slowly and to take smaller pieces of food into the mouth may also be of use to prevent choking. If eating becomes too hazardous or uncomfortable, the option of using a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is available. This feeding tube, permanently attached through the abdomen into the stomach, reduces the risk of aspirating food and provides better nutritional management. Assessment and management by speech-language pathologists with experience in Huntington's disease is recommended.
People with Huntington's disease may see a physical therapist for noninvasive and nonmedication-based ways of managing the physical symptoms. Physical therapists may implement fall risk assessment and prevention, as well as strengthening, stretching, and cardiovascular exercises. Walking aids may be prescribed as appropriate. Physical therapists also prescribe breathing exercises and airway clearance techniques with the development of respiratory problems. Consensus guidelines on physiotherapy in Huntington's disease have been produced by the European HD Network. Goals of early rehabilitation interventions are prevention of loss of function. Participation in rehabilitation programs during the early to middle stage of the disease may be beneficial as it translates into long-term maintenance of motor and functional performance. Rehabilitation during the late stage aims to compensate for motor and functional losses. For long-term independent management, the therapist may develop home exercise programs for appropriate people.
Additionally, an increasing number of people with HD are turning to palliative care, which aims to improve quality of life through the treatment of the symptoms and stress of serious illness, in addition to their other treatments.
Medications
Tetrabenazine was approved in 2000 for treatment of chorea in Huntington's disease in the EU, and in 2008 in the US. Although other drugs had been used "off label," tetrabenazine was the first approved treatment for Huntington's disease in the U.S. The compound has been known since the 1950s. An alternative to tetrabenazine is amantadine but there is limited evidence for its safety and efficacy.
Other drugs that help to reduce chorea include antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. Hypokinesia and rigidity, especially in juvenile cases, can be treated with antiparkinsonian drugs, and myoclonic hyperkinesia can be treated with valproic acid. Tentative evidence has found ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid to improve motor symptoms at one year. In 2017 Deutetrabenazine a heavier form of tetrabenazine medication for the treatment of chorea in HD was approved by the FDA. This is marketed as Austedo, and is the first small-molecule drug to receive U.S. FDA approval.
Psychiatric symptoms can be treated with medications similar to those used in the general population. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and mirtazapine have been recommended for depression, while atypical antipsychotics are recommended for psychosis and behavioral problems. Specialist neuropsychiatric input is recommended as people may require long-term treatment with multiple medications in combination.
Education
The families of individuals, and society at large, who have inherited or are at risk of inheriting HD have generations of experience of HD but may be unaware of recent breakthroughs in understanding the disease, and of the availability of genetic testing. Genetic counseling benefits these individuals by updating their knowledge, seeking to dispel any unfounded beliefs that they may have, and helping them consider their future options and plans. The Patient Education Program for Huntington's Disease has been created to help educate family members, caretakers, and those diagnosed with Huntington's disease. Also covered is information concerning family planning choices, care management, and other considerations.
Prognosis
The length of the trinucleotide repeat accounts for 60% of the variation of the age of symptoms onset and their rate of progress. A longer repeat results in an earlier age of onset and a faster progression of symptoms. Individuals with more than sixty repeats often develop the disease before age 20, while those with fewer than 40 repeats may remain asymptomatic. The remaining variation is due to environmental factors and other genes that influence the mechanism of the disease.
Life expectancy in HD is generally around 20 years following the onset of visible symptoms. Most life-threatening complications result from muscle coordination, and to a lesser extent, behavioral changes induced by declining cognitive function. The largest risk is pneumonia, which causes death in one third of those with HD. As the ability to synchronize movements deteriorates, difficulty clearing the lungs, and an increased risk of aspirating food or drink both increase the risk of contracting pneumonia. The second-greatest risk is heart disease, which causes almost a quarter of fatalities of those with HD. Suicide is the third greatest cause of fatalities, with 7.3% of those with HD taking their own lives and up to 27% attempting to do so. To what extent suicidal thoughts are influenced by behavioral symptoms is unclear, as they signify a desire to avoid the later stages of the disease. Other associated risks include choking, physical injury from falls, and malnutrition.
Epidemiology
The late onset of Huntington's disease means it does not usually affect reproduction. The worldwide prevalence of HD is 5–10 cases per 100,000 persons, but varies greatly geographically as a result of ethnicity, local migration and past immigration patterns. Prevalence is similar for men and women. The rate of occurrence is highest in peoples of Western European descent, averaging around seven per 100,000 people, and is lower in the rest of the world; e.g., one per million people of Asian and African descent. A 2013 epidemiological study of the prevalence of Huntington's disease in the UK between 1990 and 2010 found that the average prevalence for the UK was 12.3 per 100,000. Additionally, some localized areas have a much higher prevalence than their regional average. One of the highest incidences is in the isolated populations of the Lake Maracaibo region of Venezuela, where HD affects up to 700 per 100,000 persons. Other areas of high localization have been found in Tasmania and specific regions of Scotland, Wales and Sweden. Increased prevalence in some cases occurs due to a local founder effect, a historical migration of carriers into an area of geographic isolation. Some of these carriers have been traced back hundreds of years using genealogical studies. Genetic haplotypes can also give clues for the geographic variations of prevalence. Iceland, on the contrary, has a rather low prevalence of 1 per 100,000, despite the fact that Icelanders as a people are descended of the early Germanic tribes of Scandinavia which also gave rise to the Swedes; all cases with the exception of one going back nearly two centuries having derived from the offspring of a couple living early in the 19th century. Finland, as well, has a low incidence of only 2.2 per 100,000 people.
Until the discovery of a genetic test, statistics could only include clinical diagnosis based on physical symptoms and a family history of HD, excluding those who died of other causes before diagnosis. These cases can now be included in statistics; and, as the test becomes more widely available, estimates of the prevalence and incidence of the disorder are likely to increase.
History
The first definite mention of HD was in a letter by Charles Oscar Waters (1816–1892), published in the first edition of Robley Dunglison's Practice of Medicine in 1842. Waters described "a form of chorea, vulgarly called magrums", including accurate descriptions of the chorea, its progression, and the strong heredity of the disease. In 1846 Charles Rollin Gorman (1817–1879) observed how higher prevalence seemed to occur in localized regions. Independently of Gorman and Waters, both students of Dunglison at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, (1830–1906) also produced an early description in 1860. He specifically noted that in Setesdalen, a secluded mountain valley in Norway, the high prevalence of dementia was associated with a pattern of jerking movement disorders that ran in families.
The first thorough description of the disease was by George Huntington in 1872. Examining the combined medical history of several generations of a family exhibiting similar symptoms, he realized their conditions must be linked; he presented his detailed and accurate definition of the disease as his first paper. Huntington described the exact pattern of inheritance of autosomal dominant disease years before the rediscovery by scientists of Mendelian inheritance.
Sir William Osler was interested in the disorder and chorea in general, and was impressed with Huntington's paper, stating, "In the history of medicine, there are few instances in which a disease has been more accurately, more graphically or more briefly described." Osler's continued interest in HD, combined with his influence in the field of medicine, helped to rapidly spread awareness and knowledge of the disorder throughout the medical community. Great interest was shown by scientists in Europe, including Louis Théophile Joseph Landouzy, Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, Camillo Golgi, and Joseph Jules Dejerine, and until the end of the century, much of the research into HD was European in origin. By the end of the 19th century, research and reports on HD had been published in many countries and the disease was recognized as a worldwide condition.
During the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance at the turn of the 20th century, HD was used tentatively as an example of autosomal dominant inheritance. English biologist William Bateson used the pedigrees of affected families to establish that HD had an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The strong inheritance pattern prompted several researchers, including Smith Ely Jelliffe, to attempt to trace and connect family members of previous studies. Jelliffe collected information from across New York and published several articles regarding the genealogy of HD in New England. Jelliffe's research roused the interest of his college friend, Charles Davenport, who commissioned Elizabeth Muncey to produce the first field study on the East Coast of the United States of families with HD and to construct their pedigrees. Davenport used this information to document the variable age of onset and range of symptoms of HD; he claimed that most cases of HD in the US could be traced back to a handful of individuals. This research was further embellished in 1932 by P. R. Vessie, who popularized the idea that three brothers who left England in 1630 bound for Boston were the progenitors of HD in the US. The claim that the earliest progenitors had been established and eugenic bias of Muncey's, Davenport's, and Vessie's work contributed to misunderstandings and prejudice about HD. Muncey and Davenport also popularized the idea that in the past, some with HD may have been thought to be possessed by spirits or victims of witchcraft, and were sometimes shunned or exiled by society. This idea has not been proven. Researchers have found contrary evidence; for instance, the community of the family studied by George Huntington openly accommodated those who exhibited symptoms of HD.
The search for the cause of this condition was enhanced considerably in 1968, when the Hereditary Disease Foundation (HDF) was created by Milton Wexler, a psychoanalyst based in Los Angeles, California, whose wife Leonore Sabin had been diagnosed earlier that year with Huntington's disease. The three brothers of Wexler's wife also had this disease.
The foundation was involved in the recruitment of more than 100 scientists in the US-Venezuela Huntington's Disease Collaborative Project, which over a 10-year period from 1979, worked to locate the genetic cause. This was achieved in 1983 when a causal gene was approximately located, and in 1993, the gene was precisely located at chromosome 4 (4p16.3). The study had focused on the populations of two isolated Venezuelan villages, Barranquitas and Lagunetas, where there was an unusually high prevalence of HD, and involved over 18,000 people, mostly from a single extended family, and resulted in making HD the first autosomal disease locus found using genetic linkage analysis. Among other innovations, the project developed DNA-marking methods which were an important step in making the Human Genome Project possible.
In the same time, key discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the disorder were being made, including the findings by Anita Harding's research group on the effects of the gene's length.
Modelling the disease in various types of animals, such as the transgenic mouse developed in 1996, enabled larger-scale experiments. As these animals have faster metabolisms and much shorter lifespans than humans results from experiments are received sooner, speeding research. The 1997 discovery that mHtt fragments misfold led to the discovery of the nuclear inclusions they cause. These advances have led to increasingly extensive research into the proteins involved with the disease, potential drug treatments, care methods, and the gene itself.
The condition was formerly called Huntington's chorea, but this term has been replaced by Huntington's disease because not all patients develop chorea and due to the importance of cognitive and behavioral problems.
Society and culture
Ethics
Genetic testing for Huntington's disease has raised several ethical issues. The issues for genetic testing include defining how mature an individual should be before being considered eligible for testing, ensuring the confidentiality of results, and whether companies should be allowed to use test results for decisions on employment, life insurance or other financial matters. There was controversy when Charles Davenport proposed in 1910 that compulsory sterilization and immigration control be used for people with certain diseases, including HD, as part of the eugenics movement. In vitro fertilization has some issues regarding its use of embryos. Some HD research has ethical issues due to its use of animal testing and embryonic stem cells.
The development of an accurate diagnostic test for Huntington's disease has caused social, legal, and ethical concerns over access to and use of a person's results.
Many guidelines and testing procedures have strict procedures for disclosure and confidentiality to allow individuals to decide when and how to receive their results and also to whom the results are made available. Insurance companies and businesses are faced with the question of whether to use genetic test results when assessing an individual, such as for life insurance or employment. The United Kingdom's insurance companies agreed with the Department of Health and Social Care that until 2017 customers would not need to disclose predictive genetics tests to them, but this agreement explicitly excluded the government-approved test for Huntington's when writing policies with a value over . As with other untreatable genetic conditions with a later onset, it is ethically questionable to perform pre-symptomatic testing on a child or adolescent, as there would be no medical benefit for that individual. There is consensus for testing only individuals who are considered cognitively mature, although there is a counter-argument that parents have a right to make the decision on their child's behalf. With the lack of an effective treatment, testing a person under legal age who is not judged to be competent is considered unethical in most cases.
There are ethical concerns related to prenatal genetic testing or preimplantation genetic diagnosis to ensure a child is not born with a given disease. For example, prenatal testing raises the issue of selective abortion, a choice considered unacceptable by some. As it is a dominant disease, there are difficulties in situations in which a parent does not want to know his or her own diagnosis. This would require parts of the process to be kept secret from the parent.
Support organizations
In 1968, after experiencing HD in his wife's family, Dr. Milton Wexler was inspired to start the Hereditary Disease Foundation (HDF), with the aim of curing genetic illnesses by coordinating and supporting research. The foundation and Wexler's daughter, Nancy Wexler, were key parts of the research team in Venezuela which discovered the HD gene.
At roughly the same time as the HDF formed, Marjorie Guthrie helped to found the committee to Combat Huntington's Disease (now the Huntington's Disease Society of America), after her husband, folk singer-songwriter Woody Guthrie died from complications of HD.
Since then, support and research organizations have formed in many countries around the world and have helped to increase public awareness of HD. A number of these collaborate in umbrella organizations, like the International Huntington Association and the European HD network. Many support organizations hold an annual HD awareness event, some of which have been endorsed by their respective governments. For example, 6 June is designated "National Huntington's Disease Awareness Day" by the US Senate. Many organizations exist to support and inform those affected by HD, including the Huntington's Disease Association in the UK. The largest funder of research is provided by the Cure Huntington's Disease Initiative Foundation (CHDI).
Research directions
Research into the mechanism of HD is focused on identifying the functioning of Htt, how mHtt differs or interferes with it, and the brain pathology that the disease produces. Research is conducted using in vitro methods, genetically modified animals, (also called transgenic animal models), and human volunteers. Animal models are critical for understanding the fundamental mechanisms causing the disease, and for supporting the early stages of drug development. The identification of the causative gene has enabled the development of many genetically modified organisms including nematodes (roundworms), Drosophila fruit flies, and genetically modified mammals including mice, rats, sheep, pigs and monkeys that express mutant huntingtin and develop progressive neurodegeneration and HD-like symptoms.
Research is being conducted using many approaches to either prevent Huntington's disease or slow its progression. Disease-modifying strategies can be broadly grouped into three categories: reducing the level of the mutant huntingtin protein (including gene splicing and gene silencing); approaches aimed at improving neuronal survival by reducing the harm caused by the protein to specific cellular pathways and mechanisms (including protein homeostasis and histone deacetylase inhibition); and strategies to replace lost neurons. In addition, novel therapies to improve brain functioning are under development; these seek to produce symptomatic rather than disease-modifying therapies, and include phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
The CHDI Foundation funds a great many research initiatives providing many publications. The CHDI foundation is the largest funder of Huntington's disease research globally and aims to find and develop drugs that will slow the progression of HD. CHDI was formerly known as the High Q Foundation. In 2006, it spent $50 million on Huntington's disease research. CHDI collaborates with many academic and commercial laboratories globally and engages in oversight and management of research projects as well as funding.
Reducing huntingtin production
Gene silencing aims to reduce the production of the mutant protein, since HD is caused by a single dominant gene encoding a toxic protein. Gene silencing experiments in mouse models have shown that when the expression of mHtt is reduced, symptoms improve. The safety of RNA interference, and allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) methods of gene silencing has been demonstrated in mice and the larger primate macaque brain. Allele-specific silencing attempts to silence mutant htt while leaving wild-type Htt untouched. One way of accomplishing this is to identify polymorphisms present on only one allele and produce gene silencing drugs that target polymorphisms in only the mutant allele. The first gene silencing trial involving humans with HD began in 2015, testing the safety of IONIS-HTTRx, produced by Ionis Pharmaceuticals and led by UCL Institute of Neurology. Mutant huntingtin was detected and quantified for the first time in cerebrospinal fluid from Huntington's disease mutation-carriers in 2015 using a novel "single-molecule counting" immunoassay, providing a direct way to assess whether huntingtin-lowering treatments are achieving the desired effect. A phase 3 trial of this compound, renamed tominersen and sponsored by Roche Pharmaceuticals, began in 2019 but was halted in 2021 after the safety monitoring board concluded that the risk-benefit balance was unfavourable. A huntingtin-lowering gene therapy trial run by Uniqure began in 2019, and several trials of orally administered huntingtin-lowering splicing modulator compounds have been announced. Gene splicing techniques are being looked at to try to repair a genome with the erroneous gene that causes HD, using tools such as CRISPR/Cas9.
Increasing huntingtin clearance
Another strategy to reduce the level of mutant huntingtin is to increase the rate at which cells are able to clear it. As mHtt (and many other protein aggregates) are degraded by autophagy, increasing the rate of autophagy has the potential to reduce levels of mHtt and thereby ameliorate disease. Pharmacological and genetic inducers of autophagy have been tested in a variety of Huntington's disease models; many have been shown to reduce mHtt levels and decrease toxicity.
Improving cell survival
Among the approaches aimed at improving cell survival in the presence of mutant huntingtin are correction of transcriptional regulation using histone deacetylase inhibitors, modulating aggregation of huntingtin, improving metabolism and mitochondrial function and restoring function of synapses.
Neuronal replacement
Stem-cell therapy is used to replace damaged neurons by transplantation of stem cells into affected regions of the brain. Experiments in animal models (rats and mice only) have yielded positive results.
Whatever their future therapeutic potential, stem cells are already a valuable tool for studying Huntington's disease in the laboratory.
Clinical trials
In 2020 there were 197 clinical trials related to varied therapies and biomarkers for Huntington's disease listed as either underway, recruiting or newly completed. Compounds trialled, that have failed to prevent or slow the progression of Huntington's disease include remacemide, coenzyme Q10, riluzole, creatine, minocycline, ethyl-EPA, phenylbutyrate and dimebon.
See also
References
External links
HOPES project – Stanford University's HD information project
HDBuzz – HD research news written by scientists in plain language
HD Drug Works – news about current treatments and planned trials
Autosomal dominant disorders
Disorders causing seizures
Extrapyramidal and movement disorders
Genetic diseases and disorders
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate
Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system
Trinucleotide repeat disorders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfer
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Enfer
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The Enfer (; , literally, Inferno or Hell) is a special department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. It is a special collection of books and manuscripts of an erotic or pornographic character which, because of their rarity and value, may be seen only with authorization. The Enfer was established 1836–1844 and is one of the most famous Private Case collections. In 2013, the Enfer contained about 2,600 volumes, dating from the 16th century to the present.
Meaning
The roots of the Enfer at the Bibliothèque nationale de France date to the end of the 17th century. The catalogue, which was introduced in the then Bibliothèque du Roi ("Royal Library"), already separated "good" and "bad" books. In 1702, orthodox and heterodox theological treatises, literary and entertaining novels, love and adventure stories were given different Library classification press marks (or "call numbers"). By the mid-18th century, there were 24 "ouvrages licencieux" ("scandalous works"), including Pietro Aretino's prostitute dialogue "Ragionamenti". These scandalous works were kept mostly in a special "cabinet" (a bookcase), and there are likely to have been fewer than 50 before the French Revolution of 1789 – although legal deposit was introduced in 1537 by François I. However, "ouvrages licencieux" were banned in France generally; so clandestine editions were printed in Holland or Switzerland and distributed and sold in secret. Such books found their way into the Royal Library only after seizures of banned books or, more rarely, as gifts or purchases. Such books were not made available to the reading public, although they appeared in library catalogues.
During the French Revolution, the book collections of fleeing aristocrats and secularized monasteries contributed significantly to the growth of public libraries. However, as a result of strict censorship under Napoleon, many banned books were destroyed. In the Bibliothèque nationale particularly notable books were first separated from the general library in 1795, and the foundations of the later Réserve (Rare Books collections) was established. Between 1836 and 1844, the concept (not the press mark) "Enfer" appeared for the first time in the library inventories for morally dubious writings. The library director, Joseph Naudet, characterized these works as follows: "fort mauvais, mais quelquefois très précieux pour les bibliophiles, et de grande valeur vénale; cet enfer est pour les imprimés ce qu'est le Musée de Naples pour les antiques." ("extremely reprehensible from a book collector’s view but sometimes highly valuable and of great resale value; this hell is for the pamphlets, what the Napels Museum is for ancient art."). The exact circumstances under which this closed-collection of books was built up during the reign of Louis Philippe are not known. However, a significant influence was likely to have been the increasing prudery of the bourgeoisie in post-revolutionary France. By establishing a sequestered collection of erotic material, the ordinary reader was screened from works that were considered objectionable and detrimental to the moral health of readers.
Name
The first collection of books called an Enfer is attributed to the Feuillants convent in Paris, on the Rue Saint-Honoré. These monks reportedly kept in the attic, ironically described as "hell", a large number of Protestant writings that had been given to the convent in 1652. The name apparently played on the fate that frequently befell the authors and readers of forbidden and heretical works (i.e., burning). Collections of theological writings of a similar character, not always carrying this title, were widely used, most famously in the Vatican Library.
At the time of the Second Empire, at the latest, the word "enfer" was widely used to refer to a clandestine or sequestered collection. Pierre Larousse’s Encyclopedia Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle (Paris 1866–1877) defined the word as "endroit fermé d'une bibliothèque, où l'on tient les livres dont on pense que la lecture est dangereuse; exemple: l'Enfer de la Bibliothèque nationale." ("A closed area in a library, containing books whose reading is considered dangerous, for example: The 'hell' of the Bibliothèque nationale."). In 1913, the Bibliothèque nationale received a huge book collection from Auguste Lesouëf and his sister (whose married name was Smith); 34 of these items were given the press mark Enfer Smith-Lesouëf. The prints and photographs of the Bibliothèque nationale also received a special press mark, if they were seen as morally questionable.
Other libraries separated their Erotica from their general collections, in a similar way to the Bibliothèque nationale. These libraries often used obscure collection names and press marks, such as The Private Case at the British Museum, the *** (or Triple star) collection at the New York Public Library, the Δ (Greek Delta) collection in the Library of Congress and the Φ collection (Greek Phi) at the Bodleian Library.
Inventory and cataloguing
After the establishment of the Enfer, the public were curious about which, and how many, works were contained in the collections. It was assumed to be a very impressive collection, as many books had been seized during the French Ancien Régime, at the peak of literary libertinism, during the life of authors such as the Comte de Mirabeau, the Marquis de Sade or Rétif de la Bretonne. From 1848 to 1850, the Enfer was subject to a public attack, accused of the negligent loss of a large numbers of books. Two-thirds of original 600 books were rumoured to have been lost, not least because unsupervised young employees had acted as attendants. In fact, the library then had, at most, 150 books. The first supplementary volume of the Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle of 1877 discuss the popular opinions about the Enfer:
"Il existe à la Bibliothèque nationale un dépôt qui n’est jamais ouvert au public; c’est l’Enfer, recueil de tous les dévergondages luxurieux de la plume et du crayon. Toutefois, le chiffre de ce recueil honteux n’est pas aussi élevé qu’on l’imagine généralement, puisque le nombre des ouvrages n'y est que de 340 et celui des volumes de 730. Mais il est bon de noter que cette catégorie ne comprend que les livres d’une obscénité révoltante, ceux qu’il est défendue de communiquer sous quelque prétexte que ce puisse être."
("In the Bibliothèque nationale there is a stock that is not open to the public; it is the Enfer, the rendezvous of all the excesses of the pen and the pencil. However, the size this shameful collection is not as high as one generally imagines, as the number of books is only 340 and the volumes only 730. But it is good to note that this category includes only the repulsive obscene books, those that are forbidden to circulate under any pretext.")
The Enfer experienced renewed growth during the Second Empire, particularly due to the tightened censorship. In 1865 and 1866, the collection grew by more than 330 items; in 1876, there were 620 titles, of which more than half originated from seizures. In 1886, the collection had increased to slightly more than 700, including many cheap reprints of Libertine novels from the Ancien Régime. The Enfer remained virtually inaccessible. To be allowed to consult one of his books a strongly reasoned application needed to be made to the head office, and the decision of a committee was required.
Between 1876 and 1886, the original press mark for the Enfer, which had been in use since the late 17th century, was replaced with Y2. This press mark is used in 1896 in the general catalogue of the Bibliothèque nationale. From 1909 to 1913, Guillaume Apollinaire and others prepared, without the support or knowledge of library management, a special bibliographic catalog, which recorded 854 titles and described the works. (The library had managed to stop the first, less well disguised start, made by the linguist Robert Yve-Plessis after 1900.) Apollinaire's catalog was issued in an edition of 1,500 copies, a second edition of 1919 sold 2,000 copies, clearly showing the scale of the public interest in the Enfer. The 1978 catalog of the Enfer by Pascal Pia added around 700 titles.
Repurposing
The work of Apollinaire and Pia contributed largely to publicising the Enfer and the literature it contains. The stock of the Enfer was enlarged in the 20th century mainly through acquisitions from ordinary bookstores. In the 1980s, the renowned publishing firm Fayard published a seven-volume collection of out-of-copyright novels held in the Enfer, with contemporary photographs and explanatory introductions. Book historians are concerned with the material that is preserved in the Enfer, while new cultural historians study the pre-revolutionary pornography found in it. A prominent example is Robert Darnton, who points to the emancipatory potential of the texts in which social and religious criticism are often embedded in moral transgressions.
The development of the book market, changing moral standards and the widespread repeal of censorship regulations have changed the character of the Enfer. Through the mass availability of erotic and pornographic works it has lost a sense of purpose. Already in 1909, serial fiction was kept in it to protect it against theft. The further growth of this cheaply produced literature led, in 1932, to a separate press mark within the collection, replaced between 1960 and 1969 by two more specific signatures of the general catalog, which in turn were abandoned without being replaced.
The Bibliothèque nationale closed the Enfer press mark in 1969, but opened it again in 1983, for practical reasons; for librarians and library users, it was easier to find all the erotic works under a single press mark. The acquisition policy of the Bibliothèque nationale is, however, no longer based only on genre. While efforts are made to continue collecting erotic material, the decisive factor now is rarity or bibliophilic quality. Besides older works that were missing from the Enfer, contemporary and foreign books are added to the Enfer. By 2013, the collection had grown to 2,600 volumes, dating from the 16th century. Since 1977, access to the Enfer is no longer stricter than for the rest of the Réserve collections.
Bibliography
Guillaume Apollinaire, Fernand Fleuret, Louis Perceau: L’Enfer de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Paris 1913. – The first catalog of the Enfer, now outdated. (Nouvelle èdition, 1919, available online via the Internet Archive and Wikisource.)
Pascal Pia: Les livres de l’Enfer: bibliographie critique des ouvrages érotiques dans leurs différentes éditions du XVIe siècle à nos jours. Fayard, Paris 1998 (2., erweiterte Auflage), . – The standard bibliography of the Enfer, contains additional information on the collection and on individual works.
L’Enfer de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Fayard, Paris 1984–1988. – Seven-volume selection of 29 novels from the collection of Enfer. Jeanne Veyrin-Forrer: L’Enfer vu d’ici . In: Revue de la Bibliothèque Nationale, 14 (1984), S. 22–41. – A history of the Enfer, current state of knowledge. Robert Darnton: The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Prerevolutionary France. Norton, New York, 1996. "An essay on the Enfer and pornographic literature of the Enlightenment.
Marie-Françoise Quignard, Raymond-Josué Seckel: L’Enfer de la Bibliothèque. Éros au secret. Paris 2007. – Exhibition catalogue.
Websites
Darstellung des Enfer mit einem längeren Zitat der Rechtsabteilung der Bibliothèque nationale zur Anschaffungspolitik
Informationen zur Ausstellung der Bibliothèque nationale über den Enfer (4. Dezember 2007–2. März 2008)
Artikel der Neuen Zürcher Zeitung über den Enfer und die Ausstellung der Bibliothèque nationale (4. Dezember 2007–2. März 2008)
References
Pornography
Erotic literature
Book censorship
France
Library cataloging and classification
Research libraries in France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy%20%28French%20TV%20channel%29
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Syfy (French TV channel)
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Syfy is the French-speaking 24-hour science fiction entertainment channel based on the US version of the same name. The channel originally launched in December 2005 under the branding of the Sci-fi Channel. It became the fourth "Sci Fi Channel" alongside channels in the United States, UK and Germany. The channel was rebranded Syfy on January 5, 2010 as part of global rebrand. SYFY on August 29, 2017 as part of global rebrand.
2010 Rebrand
Sci-fi was rebranded as Syfy since January 5 2010 (formerly known as Sci Fi in France).
The channel rebranding coincides with NBC Universal Global Networks rebranding campaign which initially started in the US in July 1999.
Ownership
Syfy is one of two channels operating in France under ownership of General Electric's NBC Universal Global Networks network. French company Vivendi hold a 20 per cent share in NBC Universal. NBC Universal Global Networks also operate two other channels in France called 13ème Rue (http://www.13èmerue.fr) and E!.
Distribution
France: Syfy (SD) and Syfy (HD) are widely available in France on CanalSat, and Numericable.
In December 2016, SFR announced that it had signed an exclusivity agreement with NBCUniversal and resumed exclusive distribution of Syfy, 13ème Rue Universal and E!, available until now in the Canal offers as well as via the Freebox of Free.
Since then, the channels have arrived at SFR, but are still broadcast on Canal, Free and Orange. But this was no longer the case as of 26 September 2017.
See also
List of Syfy Universal (France) programs
External links
Syfy France
Syfy
Television stations in France
French-language television stations
Television channels and stations established in 2005
2005 establishments in France
Science fiction television channels
Universal Networks International
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal%20Hearts
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Fatal Hearts
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Fatal Hearts is an English-language visual novel/adventure game in which players control a teenage female protagonist who is having strange dreams while people are being murdered. It was released in October 2007 for Microsoft Windows.
The game received mixed reviews by critics, citing its storyline as a strong point and the low production values as its biggest flaw.
Gameplay
Like traditional adventure games, the player must solve puzzles and minigames to progress through the story, but like visual novels, the player must choose the path that the story goes down in order to reach up to 14 different endings.
Characters
Christina Robinson
The main character, who has the dreams while girls are being murdered.
Lucy Torvill
Christina's best friend that is daring and outgoing.
Jeremy Bowman
A clever and polite young man seeking girls who need help.
Randy Gardner
He is cheerful and loyal, but he has a family secret.
Tim Davies
A jokester with a very serious side.
Elizabeth Sumners
A shy and nerdy schoolgirl who is eager to fit in with everyone else.
A man whose name is not known
The man of Christina's dreams and her nightmares.
Reception
Fatal Hearts received mixed to positive reviews upon release.
Neal Chandran of RPGFan rated the game 83/100, called the game and story engaging, despite needing more polish, and said that its replay value was high.
Erin Bell of Gamezebo rated the game 3.5/5 stars, saying that its narrative was well-written and its music and sounds were atmospheric, but criticized its low production values and the fact that the puzzles were hard to control.
Kim Wild of Adventure Gamers rated the game 2.5/5 stars, praising the amount of player choice, but criticizing the user interface as "clumsy" and the storyline and characterization "underdeveloped".
External links
Official website
References
2007 video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Otome games
Indie video games
Visual novels
Ren'Py games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%20the%20Grinch%20Stole%20Christmas%20%282000%20film%29
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How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)
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How the Grinch Stole Christmas (also known as Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas or simply The Grinch) is a 2000 American Christmas fantasy comedy film directed by Ron Howard, who also produced with Brian Grazer, written by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman. The film is based on Dr. Seuss's 1957 children's book of the same name and is the first Dr. Seuss book to be adapted into a full-length feature film. The film is narrated by Anthony Hopkins and stars Jim Carrey as the eponymous character, with Jeffrey Tambor, Christine Baranski, Bill Irwin and Molly Shannon in supporting roles.
Produced by Imagine Entertainment, How the Grinch Stole Christmas was released by Universal Pictures in the United States on November 17, 2000. The film earned mixed reviews from critics, who praised Jim Carrey's performance, but criticized its dark theme and somewhat scary moments. It spent four weeks as the #1 film in the United States. How the Grinch Stole Christmas grossed $345 million worldwide, making it the sixth-highest grossing film of 2000 and originally becoming the second highest-grossing holiday film of all-time behind Home Alone (1990), until both films were surpassed in 2018 by the third film adaptation of the story. It won the Academy Award for Best Makeup as well as getting nominations for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design.
Plot
Every Who down in Whoville really likes Christmas. However, the Whos dislike the Grinch, a misanthropic green creature who lives in a cave on nearby Mount Crumpit, north of Whoville, because of his mean-spiritedness, especially during the holiday season. Six-year-old Cindy Lou Who believes that everyone is focusing more on gifts and festivities rather than personal relationships. She encounters the Grinch at the post office (while he plays with the mail by switching everything around as well as throwing unpleasant jury duty notices into random mailboxes), where he saves her life after getting stuck in the mail shaft. Cindy starts researching the Grinch and later discovers more of his past.
The Grinch arrived in Whoville as a baby and was adopted by two elderly sisters. In school, the then-timid Grinch was attracted to Martha May Whovier, a girl in his class who reciprocated his feelings. Classmate Augustus MayWho, however, started bullying him, jealous that Martha favored the Grinch over him. That Christmas, he made an angel as a gift for Martha, but accidentally cut his face while trying to shave due to MayWho claiming he had a beard. When MayWho and their other classmates saw his cut face the next day, they (except Martha) teased him, causing him to lose his temper, declare his hatred for Christmas, and flee to Mount Crumpit, where he has resided since.
Cindy nominates the Grinch as the town's "Holiday Cheermeister", outraging MayWho, now mayor. Cindy climbs to Mount Crumpit to invite the Grinch to the celebration and he eventually accepts, realizing he could potentially encounter Martha there and finally upset MayWho. As Cheermeister, the Grinch participates in several events and begins enjoying himself until MayWho presents him with an electric razor, reminding him of his childhood humiliation. MayWho then publicly proposes to Martha, giving her a gaudy engagement ring and a new car. Enraged, the Grinch berates the Whos' materialism, mocking their belief that Christmas is only about gifts that will ultimately be discarded. He shaves MayWho's head, burns down the tree with a makeshift flamethrower (the Whos, however, have a spare) and goes on a rampage before returning home.
Finally disgusted with the Whos' Christmas, the Grinch vows to crush their spirit by stealing all of their presents, decorations and food while they are asleep. He disguises himself as Santa Claus and his pet dog Max as a reindeer, then descends into Whoville. The first house he enters is Cindy's, and when she catches him stealing their tree, he lies to her to facilitate his escape. The Grinch continues stealing all of the gifts, decorations and food and stuffing them all in a large sack, before climbing back atop Mount Crumpit to destroy it all by pushing the sack off the side. Upon awakening on Christmas morning, the Whos horrifyingly discover the theft and Mayor MayWho blames Cindy for enabling the Grinch to ruin the town's spirit. However, her cheerful father, town postmaster Lou Lou Who, defends her by informing MayWho and the others that Cindy has been trying to tell them that Christmas mainly involves time with family and friends, not just gifts and fancy decorations. The Whos agree with Lou and start singing Whoville's Christmas carol.
Before the Grinch can push the sack off the top of Mount Crumpit, he hears the Whos singing and realizes that he has failed to prevent Christmas, but then figures out the true meaning of Christmas, causing his heart to grow three sizes, and breaks down in tears. The sleigh full of gifts then begins to slide over the edge of the cliff along with Cindy, who had come to spend Christmas with him. The Grinch gets the strength to lift the loaded sleigh and carry Cindy to safety, and they ride down the mountain to return everything. The Grinch apologizes for his pranks and the burglary before surrendering himself to the police, who accept his apology and deny MayWho's request to arrest and pepper spray him. Martha even rejects MayWho's proposal and returns his engagement ring to him, declaring that she loves the Grinch. Afterwards, the reformed Grinch joins in the Whos' celebration feast and carves the roast beast himself in his cave.
Cast
Jim Carrey as the Grinch, a bad-tempered, devious and misanthropic green-furred creature who despises Christmas and the Whos of Whoville. It is revealed in his origin story that he started to hate Christmas after his school classmates mocked him for trying to shave his face. Before Carrey was cast to play the Grinch, Jack Nicholson, Robin Williams, Dustin Hoffman, Tom Hanks, Tim Curry and Eddie Murphy were all considered.
Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who, a kind young Who girl who believes that the Christmas spirit in Whoville is lost and is one of the only people to see past the Grinch's nasty behavior. In the film, she is 6 years old whereas in the 1957 book and the 1966 TV special she is "no more than 2".
Christine Baranski as Martha May Whovier, the Grinch's love interest, as well as the romantic interest of Mayor Augustus MayWho.
Anthony Hopkins as the narrator.
Josh Ryan Evans as the 8-year-old Grinch; his humiliation at school by Augustus MayWho is what drives him into a hatred of Christmas. This was Evans' final film role before his death in 2002.
Kelley as Max, the Grinch's pet dog and only companion on Mt. Crumpit.
Frank Welker performs the vocal effects for Max.
Landry Allbright as 8-year-old Martha May Whovier who shows compassion towards the young Grinch.
Jeffrey Tambor as Mayor Augustus MayWho, Whoville's arrogant and judgmental mayor. He is revealed to be a school bully who picked on the young Grinch over his shaved face, which is what motivated the Grinch to hate Christmas in the first place.
Ben Bookbinder as 8-year-old Augustus MayWho; he tormented the young Grinch, which motivated the Grinch to hate Christmas.
Bill Irwin as Louie Lou Who, the cheerful and slightly dimwitted postmaster of Whoville, as well as Cindy's father.
Molly Shannon as Betty Lou Who, Cindy's mother and Martha's rival in a house-lighting contest.
Clint Howard as Whobris, the mayor's sycophantic aide and servant.
Reid Kirchenbauer as 8-year-old Whobris.
Mindy Sterling as Clarnella Who, one of the Grinch's adoptive mothers in his childhood.
Rachel Winfree as Rose Who, one of the Grinch's adoptive mothers in his childhood.
Jeremy Howard as Drew Lou Who, one of the troublesome sons of Lou and Betty and brother of Cindy.
T. J. Thyne as Stu Lou Who, one of the troublesome sons of Lou and Betty and brother of Cindy.
Jim Meskimen as Officer Wholihan, the chief of police.
Mary Stein as Miss Rue Who, the Grinch's school teacher who later becomes Cindy's teacher.
Deep Roy as Post Office Clerk
Rance Howard as Elderly Timekeeper
Verne Troyer as Band Member
Bryce Howard as Surprised Who
Production
Before his death in 1991, Dr. Seuss had refused offers to sell the film rights to his books. After his death, however, his widow Audrey Geisel agreed to several merchandising deals, including clothing lines, accessories and CDs. In July 1998, Geisel's agents announced via letter she would auction the film rights of How the Grinch Stole Christmas. In order to pitch their ideas to Geisel, the suitors ultimately had to be willing to pay $5 million for the material and hand over 4 percent of the box-office gross, 50 percent of the merchandising revenue and music-related material, and 70 percent of the income from book tie-ins. The letter also stated that "any actor submitted for the Grinch must be of comparable stature to Jack Nicholson, Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Dustin Hoffman." Additionally, it was stipulated that the estate would not consider a director or writer who had not earned at least $1 million on a previous picture.
20th Century Fox pitched its version with director Tom Shadyac and producers Dave Phillips and John Davis in attendance, in which Nicholson was in mind to play the Grinch. Additionally, the Farrelly brothers and John Hughes pitched their own separate versions. Universal Pictures held its pitch presentation with Brian Grazer and Gary Ross in attendance, but Geisel refused each offer. Grazer then enlisted his producing partner Ron Howard to help with the negotiations. At the time, Howard was developing a film adaptation of The Sea-Wolf, and, despite being an avid fan of the animated special, did not express interest in Grinch but Grazer talked Howard into traveling to Geisel's residence for the pitch meeting. While studying the book, Howard became interested in the character Cindy Lou Who and pitched a film in which she would have a larger role as well as a materialistic representation of the Whos and an expanded backstory of the Grinch.
On September 16, 1998, it was announced that Howard would direct and co-produce a live-action adaptation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas with Jim Carrey attached to star. It was also reported that Universal Pictures, who had acquired the distribution rights, paid $9 million for the film rights for an adaptation of Grinch and Oh, the Places You'll Go! to Geisel. Before Howard signed on, Tim Burton was considered to direct but he turned it down due to a scheduling conflict with Sleepy Hollow. Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman (of both Who Framed Roger Rabbit and Doc Hollywood fame) wrote the final screenplay following eight drafts, but Geisel also had veto power over the script. She objected to several jokes and sexual innuendos in the screenplay, including one about a family who did not have a Christmas tree or presents jokingly called the "Who-steins" and the placement of a stuffed trophy of the Cat in the Hat on the Grinch's wall. Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer (who were also writers on the television series Seinfeld) did an uncredited rewrite of the script.
The film was shot between September 1999 and January 2000. Geisel visited the set in October 1999. Much of the Whoville set was constructed on the backlot of Universal Studios behind the Bates Motel set from Psycho. Rick Baker was hired to design and create the film's prosthetic makeup for Carrey and the rest of the cast. It took a number of tests, and ultimately Carrey admiring a photo of Baker in his first test makeup, for the decision to use Baker's original makeup design. The Grinch suit was covered in yak hair, dyed green and sewed onto a spandex suit. The application of the makeup took up to 2 and a half hours, after which a frustrated Carrey kicked a hole in the wall of his trailer. Carrey's makeup artist Kazu Hiro recounted, "On set, [Carrey] was really mean to everybody and at the beginning of the production they couldn't finish. After two weeks we only could finish three days' worth of shooting schedule, because suddenly he would just disappear and when he came back, everything was ripped apart. We couldn't shoot anything." Kazu Hiro left production until Baker and Howard had a discussion with Carrey on how important Kazu Hiro was to the production. Carrey agreed to keep his anger in check and Kazu Hiro returned to his role. Meanwhile, Josh Ryan Evans, who played the 8-year old Grinch, wore the same style of makeup and bodysuit that Carrey wore. In total, Carrey spent 92 days in the Grinch makeup and became adept at remaining calm while sitting in the make-up chair. Most of the appliances the actors wore were noses that connected to an upper lip along with a few dentures, ears and wigs.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the album was released on November 7, 2000. It features a collection of music performed by several artists, including Busta Rhymes, Faith Hill, Eels, Smash Mouth, and NSYNC.
All song lengths via Apple Music.
Release
How the Grinch Stole Christmas was released by Universal Pictures in the United States on November 17, 2000.
Marketing
In the summer of 2000, a trailer for How the Grinch Stole Christmas premiered in theaters. It was hooked up to the screenings of Mission: Impossible 2, The Perfect Storm and Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. The next trailer debuted on October 6, 2000 with the release of Meet the Parents. Meanwhile, Toys "R" Us began promoting the film, transforming their locations into Whobilation Headquarters with the most aggressive visual merchandising display in the company's history. Shoppers would be wowed from the moment they entered the store by the unbelievable displays and visual elements featuring the Grinch. The Herald Square location in New York City featured floor-to-ceiling themed window graphics of the film's main characters. Moreover, the entrances featured 3D film characters at numerous stores. Wendy's would even begin selling kids meal toys at their restaurants.
Home media
The film was released on VHS and DVD on November 20, 2001. Within its first week of release, the film sold a combined total of 8.5 million home video units, selling 3 million DVD copies and 4 million VHS copies, making it the best-selling holiday home video title at the time. It would go on to join Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Shrek and The Mummy Returns as one of the only four films to sell more than 2 million DVD copies during their opening weeks. Overall, it was ranked as the second-highest opening week home video sales for any live-action film, after Titanic. In December 2001, Variety reported that it was the second biggest selling home video release of 2001, selling 16.9 million copies and earning $296 million in sales revenue. A Blu-ray/DVD combo pack was released on October 13, 2009, then later given a separate Blu-ray release on October 13, 2015. It was also remastered in 4K and released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on October 17, 2017.
Television
It premiered on television on ABC on November 25, 2004 and aired for a few years. How the Grinch Stole Christmas currently annually airs on Freeform's (formerly ABC Family) 25 Days of Christmas. The American television airings include deleted footage which was not included on the original, theatrical, and VHS/DVD releases such as Cindy's dad maxing out his credit card buying Christmas gifts, Cindy asking her dad who the Grinch was before heading off to school, Lou visiting Cindy staying after school after mentioning the Grinch, a few extended scenes of the post office, the Grinch in his cave and Cindy inviting the Grinch to the Christmas party, Martha May and Betty Lou competing in the Christmas Lights Contest, the Grinch trying out different outfits to wear at the Christmas party, the Grinch drinking eggnog, the Whos passing out gifts to each other, and Cindy's family getting ready for Christmas morning at night. It also airs on NBC during Christmas night after the animated television special. It aired on FX to promote the television broadcast premiere of the 2018 animated film in 2020.
Reception
Box office
How the Grinch Stole Christmas grossed $260 million domestically and $85.1 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $345.1 million, becoming the sixth highest-grossing film of 2000.
In the United States, How the Grinch Stole Christmas opened at number-one on its opening day, making $15.6 million, with a weekend gross of $55.1 million, for an average of $17,615 from 3,127 theaters. Upon its opening, the film had the sixth-highest three-day opening weekend of any film, behind Toy Story 2, X-Men, Mission: Impossible 2, Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace and The Lost World: Jurassic Park. Moreover, the film surpassed Batman Forever to have the largest opening weekend for a Jim Carrey film. How the Grinch Stole Christmas even had the biggest opening weekend for a Ron Howard film, smashing the previous record held by Ransom. It was the first non-Disney film to win the Thanksgiving weekend box office since Mrs. Doubtfire in 1993. The film held the record for the highest opening weekend for a Christmas-themed film for 18 years until the 2018 film version of The Grinch surpassed it with $67.6 million. In its second weekend, the film grossed $52.1 million, dropping only 5.1%, settling a new record for highest-grossing second weekend for any film at the time, beating The Phantom Menace. The film stayed at the top of the box office for four weekends until it was overtaken by What Women Want and Dude, Where's My Car? in mid-December. How the Grinch Stole Christmas continued to draw in holiday crowds while defeating another family-oriented film, The Emperor's New Groove. By this point, it surpassed Mission: Impossible 2 to become the top-grossing film of the year. The film closed on March 1, 2001, with a final domestic gross of $260,044,825. Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 48.1 million tickets in North America.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, How the Grinch Stole Christmas holds an approval rating of based on reviews and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "Jim Carrey shines as the Grinch. Unfortunately, it's not enough to save this movie. You'd be better off watching the TV cartoon." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 46 out of 100 based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.
Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars, referring to it as "a dank, eerie, weird movie about a sour creature" and said, "There should be ... a jollier production design and a brighter look overall ... It's just not much fun." Ebert observed that Carrey "works as hard as an actor has ever worked in a movie, to small avail". Nevertheless, he decided that "adults may appreciate Carrey's remarkable performance in an intellectual sort of way and give him points for what was obviously a supreme effort".
Paul Clinton of CNN declared that Carrey "was born to play this role" and noted that "Carrey carries nearly every scene. In fact, if he's not in the scene, there is no scene." Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly began his review of the film analyzing the Grinch's "mischievously divided, now-I'm-calm/ now-I'm-a-raving-sarcastic-PSYCH-o! personality" and summed up Carrey's Grinch as "a slobby, self-loathing elitist ruled by the secret fear that he's always being left out of things." Gleiberman expressed surprise at "how affecting Carrey makes the Grinch's ultimate big-hearted turnaround, as Carrey the actor sneaks up on Carrey the wild-man dervish. In whichever mode, he carreys the movie."
Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle said, "Nobody could play the Grinch better than Jim Carrey, whose rubbery antics and maniacal sense of mischief are so well suited to How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Dr. Seuss himself might have turned to Carrey as a model for the classic curmudgeon had the actor been around in 1957." However, he wondered why Carrey "made himself sound like Sean Connery" and warned that the character's intensity may frighten small children. James Berardinelli of ReelViews wrote that Carrey's "off-the-wall performance is reminiscent of what he accomplished in The Mask, except that here he never allows the special effects to upstage him. Carrey's Grinch is a combination of Seuss' creation and Carrey's personality, with a voice that sounds far more like a weird amalgamation of Sean Connery and Jim Backus (Bond meets Magoo!) than it does Karloff." He concluded that Carrey "brings animation to the live action, and, surrounded by glittering, fantastical sets and computer-spun special effects, Carrey enables Ron Howard's version of the classic story to come across as more of a welcome endeavor than a pointless re-tread."
Some reviews were more polarized. Stephanie Zacharek of Salon in a generally negative review of the film, wrote that "Carrey pulls off an admirable impersonation of an animated figure ... It's fine as mimicry goes – but mimicry isn't the best playground for comic genius. Shouldn't we be asking more of a man who's very likely the most gifted comic actor of his generation?" She concluded that in spite of "a few terrific ad-libs ... his jokes come off as nothing more than a desperate effort to inject some offbeat humor into an otherwise numbingly unhip, nonsensical and just plain dull story".
Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "Carrey tries out all sorts of intonations, vocal pitches and delivery styles, his tough guy posturing reminding at times of Cagney and his sibilant S's recalling Bogart. His antic gesturing and face-making hit the mark at times, but at other moments seem arbitrary and scattershot. Furthermore, his free-flowing tirades, full of catch-all allusions and references, are pitched for adult appreciation and look destined to sail right over the heads of pre-teens."
Accolades
See also
Grinch
The Grinch (film)
The Grinch (video game)
List of Christmas films
References
External links
2000 films
2000 comedy films
2000 fantasy films
2000s Christmas comedy films
2000s children's fantasy films
2000s children's comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s fantasy-comedy films
American films with live action and animation
American Christmas comedy films
American children's fantasy films
American children's comedy films
American fantasy-comedy films
American films about revenge
Children's Christmas films
Films about orphans
Films about bullying
Films about consumerism
Films based on children's books
Films based on works by Dr. Seuss
Films directed by Ron Howard
Films produced by Ron Howard
Films produced by Brian Grazer
Films with screenplays by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman
Films scored by James Horner
Films shot in Los Angeles County, California
Films shot in Utah
Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup
The Grinch (franchise)
Imagine Entertainment films
Universal Pictures films
2000s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura%20Miyawaki
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Sakura Miyawaki
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is a Japanese singer and actress. She began her music career with the girl group HKT48 in 2011, and was a concurrent member of their sister group AKB48 from 2014 to 2018. During her tenure, she held center positions for the singles "Kimi wa Melody" and "No Way Man".
Miyawaki took a hiatus from HKT48 in 2018 after placing second in the reality competition show Produce 48, joining the South Korea-based girl group Iz*One. After the group's dissolution in 2021, she graduated from the 48 system that same year and began to focus activities in South Korea. She signed an exclusive contract with Source Music in 2022, and became a member of their girl group Le Sserafim.
Career
2011–2017: Career beginnings
Miyawaki joined HKT48 as a first generation trainee in July 2011. She made her first official appearance as an HKT48 member on October 23 at a national handshake event for the song "Flying Get". She made her theater debut on November 26 with a revival of SKE48 Team S stage "Te wo Tsunaginagara".
Miyawaki was officially promoted to full member status of HKT48 Team H on March 4, 2012, along with 15 other trainees.
In 2012, Miyawaki became the first HKT48 member to have ranked in the AKB48 general election. She received 6,635 votes, placing her at the 47th position. Later that year, she landed her first A-side participation on AKB48's 28th single "Uza". Although she did not make the A-side for the 29th and 30th singles, she appeared on the A-side for the 31st single, "Sayonara Crawl", released on May 22, 2013, and placed 26th overall in AKB48's 2013 general election with 25,760 votes.
Miyawaki's first A-side participation with HKT48 was on its first single "Suki! Suki! Skip!" (Like! Like! Skip!) and Melon Juice.
On January 11, 2014, it was announced during the first day of HKT48's Kyushu 7 Prefecture Tour at Oita, that Miyawaki would be transferred to the newly formed Team KIV. Later, at AKB48's Group Grand Reformation Festival, she was promoted to vice captain of Team KIV and given a concurrent position in AKB48 Team A.
Miyawaki participated in the 2014 AKB48 general election and placed 11th overall with 45,538 votes, landing her a position on the A-side for "Kokoro no Placard". In that year's rock-paper-scissors tournament, Miyawaki lost in the 3rd round of the preliminary competition. However, management decided she would share the lead position with winner Mayu Watanabe for AKB48's 38th single, "Kiboteki Refrain", and became the first local HKT48 member to have lead position on an A-side single.
In 2015, Miyawaki was given a lead role in AKB48's drama Majisuka Gakuen 4 along with Haruka Shimazaki. The season premiered on January 19. She placed 7th overall in the general election the same year with 81,422 votes.
In July 2015, she released her first photobook, titled Sakura which reached number 1 on the weekly Oricon photobook chart and number 3 on the general book chart.
She got her first solo lead position on AKB's 43rd single with "Kimi wa Melody", released on March 9, 2016.
2018–2021: Produce 48, Iz*One, graduation from HKT48
In 2018, Miyawaki participated and placed second in reality girl group survival show Produce 48 and became a member of Korean-Japanese idol group Iz*One that debuted in October of the same year. She and the other two Japanese members of the group took a hiatus from their respective Japanese groups until their contracts with Iz*One expired in April 2021. She also launched her own video gaming channel on YouTube. As of August 6, 2021, Miyawaki has over 692,000 subscribers and garnering 22 million video views.
After Iz*One's disbandment in April 2021, a preview of her interview with the July issue of Vivi leaked that she was leaving HKT48. On May 15, 2021, Miyawaki confirmed her departure, with a graduation concert scheduled to be held on June 19. A short version for the music video of her graduation song, , was uploaded to YouTube on June 14, while the official audio was released on June 20. Her final performance with HKT48 was on June 27. In May 2021, Miyawaki became the face of the hair care brand Kerastase and the Chinese cosmetics brand Flower Knows. On November 1, 2021, Vernalossom announced that Miyawaki's contract with them has concluded.
2022–present: Debut with Le Sserafim
On March 14, 2022, Miyawaki, alongside former Iz*One member Kim Chae-won, signed exclusive contracts with Source Music, and will be debuting as members of Le Sserafim in May. On March 21, 2022, Japanese talent agency A.M. Entertainment confirmed through their official website that she had joined the agency for her individual activities in Japan. On May 2, 2022, Le Sserafim made their debut with the extended play, Fearless.
AKB48 General Election placements
Miyawaki's placements in AKB48's annual general elections:
Discography
Composition credits
All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted.
Filmography
Film
Television series
Web series
Television show
Radio show
Bibliography
Solo photobooks
Notes
References
External links
1998 births
Living people
21st-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese women singers
AKB48 members
HKT48 members
Iz*One members
Le Sserafim members
Japanese idols
Japanese expatriates in South Korea
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese K-pop singers
Japanese television actresses
Korean-language singers of Japan
Musicians from Kagoshima Prefecture
Produce 48 contestants
Swing Entertainment artists
Reality show winners
People from Kagoshima
Hybe Corporation artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%20at%20the%202022%20Commonwealth%20Games
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Australia at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
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Australia is scheduled to compete at the 2022 Commonwealth Games held in Birmingham, England. It will be Australia's 22nd appearance at the Commonwealth Games, having competed at every Games since their inception in 1930.
Administration
Petria Thomas is Chef de Mission.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.
Athletics
32 athletes were selected on 16 May 2022. An additional 53 athletes selected on 28 June 2022.
Men
Track & road events
Field events
Combined events – Decathlon
Women
Track & road events
Field events
Combined events – Heptathlon
Badminton
Ten athletes were selected on 31 May 2022. As of 1 June 2022, Australia also qualified for the mixed team event via the BWF World Rankings.
Singles & doubles
3x3 basketball
Australia qualified to compete in both the men's and women's tournaments, having done so as the highest-ranked nation not already qualified by regional rankings. As of 19 May 2022, they also accepted Bipartite Invitations for both wheelchair tournaments (awarded in lieu of the quotas from the abandoned IWBF Asia/Oceania Qualifiers).
Beach volleyball
Four players selected on 13 May 2022.
Boxing
Eleven boxers were selected on 26 April 2022.
Men
Women
Cricket
By virtue of its position in the ICC Women's T20I rankings (as of 1 April 2021), Australia qualified for the tournament.
Fixtures were announced in November 2021.
Roster
Fifteen players were selected on 20 May 2022.
Darcie Brown
Nicola Carey
Ashleigh Gardner
Grace Harris
Rachael Haynes
Alyssa Healy
Jess Jonassen
Alana King
Meg Lanning
Tahlia McGrath
Beth Mooney
Ellyse Perry
Megan Schutt
Annabel Sutherland
Amanda-Jade Wellington
Summary
Group stage
Cycling
34 cyclists were selected on 16 June 2022.
Road
Men
Women
Track
Sprint
Keirin
Pursuit
Time trial
Points race
Scratch race
Mountain biking
Diving
Fourteen divers - 10 women and 4 men selected on 7 June 2022.
Men
Women
Mixed
Gymnastics
Thirteen gymnasts selected on 20 June 2022.
Artistic
Men
Team
Women
Team
Rhythmic
Team
Hockey
Australia qualified for both tournaments. The men qualified as defending champions, whereas the women qualified based on their position in the FIH Women's World Ranking (as of 1 February 2022).
Detailed fixtures were released on 9 March 2022.
Summary
Men's tournament
Eighteen players selected on 21 June 2022.
Roster
Jacob Anderson
Daniel Beale
Joshua Beltz
Tim Brand
Andrew Charter
Matthew Dawson
Johan Durst
Nathan Ephraums
Blake Govers
Jake Harvie
Jeremy Hayward
Tim Howard
Eddie Ockenden
Flynn Ogilvie
Joshua Simmonds
Jake Whetton
Tom Wickham
Aran Zalewski
Group play
Women's tournament
Eighteen players selected on 11 June 2022.
Roster
Jocelyn Bartram
Jane Claxton
Claire Colwill
Madison Fitzpatrick
Greta Hayes
Stephanie Kershaw
Amy Lawton
Ambrosia Malone
Kaitlin Nobbs
Brooke Peris
Aleisha Power
Courtney Schonell
Karri Somerville
Penny Squibb
Renee Taylor
Shanea Tonkin
Mariah Williams
Georgia Wilson
Group play
Judo
Twelve judokas were selected on 18 May 2022.
Men
Women
Lawn bowls
Eighteen bowlers were selected on 3 June 2022.
Men
Carl Healey, Barrie Lester, Ben Twist, Corey Wedlock, Aaron Wilson
Women
Lynsey Clarke, Kristina Krstic, Ellen Ryan, Rebecca Van Asch, Natasha Van Eldik
Men Para
Damien Delgado, Peter Doherty (Director), Jake Fehlberg, Grant Fehlberg (Director), Chris Flavel
Women Para
Helen Boardman, Serena Bonnell, Cheryl Lindfield
Netball
By virtue of its position in the World Netball Rankings (as of 28 July 2021), Australia qualified for the tournament.
Partial fixtures were announced in November 2021, then updated with the remaining qualifiers in March 2022.
Twelve players were selected on 14 June 2022 with three travelling reserves - Donnell Wallam, Jamie-Lee Price, Ruby Bakewell-Doran.
Roster
Sunday Aryang
Kiera Austin
Ash Brazill
Courtney Bruce
Gretel Bueta
Paige Hadley
Sarah Klau
Cara Koenen
Kate Moloney
Liz Watson (c)
Jo Weston
Steph Wood (vc)
Summary
Group stage
Para powerlifting
Two athletes selected on 15 June 2022.
Rugby sevens
Australia qualified for both the men's and women's tournaments. This was achieved through their positions in the 2018–19 / 2019–20 World Rugby Sevens Series and 2018–19 / 2019–20 World Rugby Women's Sevens Series respectively.
Squash
Eight players - four men and four women selected on 10 June 2022.
Singles
Doubles
Swimming
A squad of twenty-seven para swimmers was selected on 4 May 2022, all having qualified via the World Para Swimming World Rankings for performances registered between 31 December 2020 and 18 April 2022. Forty six able bodied swimmers were selected on 22 May 2022.
Athletes listed in events are subject to change up to the close of entries.
Men
Women
Mixed
Table tennis
Team of six athletes was announced on 29 April 2022. Eight athletes select ed on 30 May 2022.
Singles
Team event
Triathlon
Four vision impaired Para-Triathletes and their guides were announced on 11 May 2022. Six triathletes were selected on 13 June 2022.
Men
Women
Weightlifting
A squad of eleven weightlifters (five men, six women) was officially selected on 19 April 2022.
Sarah Cochrane qualified by winning gold at the 2021 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, whereas the rest of the squad qualified via the IWF Commonwealth Ranking List.
Men
Women
Wrestling
Six wrestlers selected on 1 July 2022.
See also
Australia at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Australia at the 2022 Winter Paralympics
References
External links
Commonwealth Games Australia Official site
Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games Official site
2022
Nations at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow%20Valley%2C%20Nebraska
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Bow Valley, Nebraska
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Bow Valley is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Cedar County, Nebraska, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 116.
Geography
Bow Valley is located in northern Cedar County, in the valley of West Bow Creek, a tributary of the Missouri River. Nebraska Highway 12 passes one mile north of the community, leading east to Ponca and west to Crofton. Nebraska Highway 57 passes a mile west of Bow Valley, leading south to Hartington.
History
A post office was established at Bow Valley in 1871, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1907. The community takes its name from Bow Valley.
References
Census-designated places in Nebraska
Census-designated places in Cedar County, Nebraska
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24458234
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Regis%20Granjon
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Henry Regis Granjon
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Henry Regis Granjon (June 15, 1863 – November 9, 1922) was a French-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Tucson in the American Southwest from 1900 until his death in 1922.
Biography
Early life
Henry Granjon was born in Saint-Étienne, Loire, to Pierre Marie and Jeanne (née Meunier) Granjon. He received his seminary training at Saint-Sulpice in Paris, and in Rome, where he earned a Doctor of Divinity degree.
Granjon was ordained to the priesthood on December 17, 1887. He joined the missions at Arizona in 1890. After arriving in Arizona, he was sent to a mission in Tombstone. From 1897 to 1900, he was in charge of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, with residence in Baltimore, Maryland.
Bishop of Tucson
On April 19, 1900, Granjon was appointed the second bishop of the Diocese of Tucson by Pope Leo XIII. He received his episcopal consecration at the Baltimore Cathedral on the following June 17 from Cardinal James Gibbons, with Bishops John J. Monaghan and Edward Patrick Allen serving as co-consecrators.
During his tenure, the Mission San Xavier del Bac on the San Xavier Indian Reservation underwent needed restoration. Granjon contributed the articles "Tucson" and "Mission San Xavier del Bac" to the Catholic Encyclopedia.In 1904, Granjon stated that his diocese included "...40,000 Catholics, 90,000 heretics and 30,000 infidels".
At age 59, Henry Granjon died on November 9, 1922, in Brignais, France while on a trip in Europe to meet with Pope Pius XI.
References
1863 births
1922 deaths
People from Saint-Étienne
French emigrants to the United States
Seminary of Saint-Sulpice (France) alumni
French Roman Catholic missionaries
French Roman Catholic bishops in North America
Roman Catholic bishops of Tucson
Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States
Contributors to the Catholic Encyclopedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco%20Vidarte
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Paco Vidarte
|
Francisco "Paco" Javier Vidarte Fernández (1 March 1970 – 29 January 2008 in Madrid) was a Spanish philosopher, writer and LGBT activist.
Biography
After studying philosophy at the Universidad Pontificia Comillas (UPC) in Madrid/Spain, as well as psychoanalysis (Master, Universidad Complutense Madrid) and pedagogy (Certificado de Aptitud Pedagógica (CAP), UPC/Madrid), Vidarte became a Doctor of Philosophy at Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) in Madrid with his dissertation about Jacques Derrida.
From the mid-1990s onwards, Paco Vidarte, who was gay, was an active member of the gay movement in Spain, and especially Madrid. He was a member of the group "Radical Gai", and later became one of the leading theoretics and philosophers of the Spanish LGBT-groups. Vidarte was the first to discuss "Teoría Queer" (Queer Theory) at Spanish university and published an impressive, internationally renowned number of articles and books about J. Dérrida as well as about LGTB-theory.
He was a professor at UNED-university until his death in Madrid in 2008, caused by a malign form of lymphatic cancer and HIV.
Publications
Jacques Derrida. With Cristina de Peretti. Ed. del Orto, Madrid 1998.
Homografías. With Ricardo Llamas. Espasa-Calpe, Madrid 1999. (can be downloaded as PDF)
Francisco J. Vidarte (ed.): Marginales. Leyendo a Derrida. Aula Abierta, UNED, Madrid 2000.
Extravíos. With Ricardo Llamas. Espasa-Calpe, Madrid 2001. (can be downloaded as PDF)
Derritages. Une thèse en déconstruction. L’Harmattan, Paris 2001.
Guerra y filosofía. La concepción de la guerra en el pensamiento filosófíco. With José García Caneiro. Tirant lo Blanc, Valencia 2002.
Filosofías del siglo XX. With mit F. Rampérez. Síntesis, Madrid 2005.
D. Córdoba, J. Sáez, P. Vidarte (Eds..): Teoría queer. Egales, Madrid 2005.
¿Qué es leer? La invención del texto en filosofía. Tirant lo Blanc, Valencia 2006.
Ética Marica. Proclamas libertarias para una militancia LGTBQ. Egales, Madrid 2007.
He contributed to a number of translations, courses, and publications such as:
Cristina de Peretti, Velasco (ed.), Conjunciones. Derrida y compañía. Madrid, Ed. Dykinson, 2007.
Masculinitats per al segle XXI. Barcelona, CEDIC, 2007.
References
External links
Vidarte´s personal homepage (Spanish)
Vidartes homepage at UNED (Spanish)
Books
(downloads, Spanish):
'Homografías'
'Extravíos'
'Ética marica' (Introduction, contents)
Selected articles
(Spanish):
Dhivorcio y matrimonio gay
Disgayland: fantasías animadas de ayer y hoy
El internauta desnudo: la autoimagen pornográfica en el imaginario yoico
¡Qué mariquita ni qué niño muerto!
Feminismos filosóficos y teorías del género
Reviews
(Spanish):
about: Ética marica
more reviews
Obituaries
(Spanish):
http://teleuned.uned.es/teleuned2001/directo.asp?ID=3420&Tipo=C Hommage of Universidad de Educación a Distancia, Madrid (video)
http://www.elpais.com/articulo/Necrologicas/Paco/Vidarte/militante/gay/elpepinec/20080131elpepinec_1/Tes
https://web.archive.org/web/20110614025757/http://www.redasociativa.org/gas/?q=node%2F340
1970 births
2008 deaths
Spanish translators
LGBT rights activists from Spain
Spanish gay writers
AIDS-related deaths in Spain
Spanish non-fiction writers
Comillas Pontifical University alumni
20th-century translators
20th-century Spanish male writers
Male non-fiction writers
20th-century LGBT people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa%20requirements%20for%20United%20States%20citizens
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Visa requirements for United States citizens
|
Holders of a United States passport could travel to 186 countries and territories without a travel visa, or with a visa on arrival. The United States passport currently ranks 7th in terms of travel freedom (tied with the passports of Czech Republic, Greece, Malta, Norway, and the UK) according to the Henley Passport Index. United States Passport is ranked 3rd by the Global Passport Power Rank.
Visa requirements map
Visa requirements
General visa requirements of sovereign countries towards United States citizens:
Pre-approved visas pick-up
Pre-approved visas can be picked up on arrival in the following countries instead in embassy or consulate.
Territories or administrative subdivisions with different visa policies
Visa requirements for United States citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries not mentioned in the list above, recognized administrative subdivisions that operate on different visa policies and restricted zones:
Passport card
The United States Passport Card can be used as an alternative to the passport booklet only when travelling to and from Canada, Mexico, Bermuda, and Caribbean islands at maritime ports-of-entry or land border crossings. The card is not valid for international air travel whatsoever; if traveling by air, the passport book is required.
APEC Travel Business Card
The APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) is meant to facilitate travel for U.S. citizens engaged in verified business in the APEC region.
The U.S. ABTC should enable access to a dedicated fast-track lane for expedited immigration processing at some participating foreign APEC member airports. U.S. APEC Business Travel Card holders may also use the Global Entry kiosks at participating airports upon their U.S. return. However, as the U.S. is a transitional member of the ABTC scheme, the U.S. APEC Business Travel Card cannot be used in lieu of a visa to enter an APEC member country. The program was initially set to expire on 30 September 2018, but the November 2017 signing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Business Travel Cards Act of 2017 (S. 504) ensured it would permanently remain.
Consular protection of U.S. citizens abroad
The United States has the second most diplomatic missions of any country in the world.
See also List of diplomatic missions of the United States and List of diplomatic missions in the United States.
The Department of State regularly publishes travel warnings or travel alerts.
Non-visa restrictions
Foreign travel statistics
See also
Visa policy of the United States
United States passport
Bureau of Consular Affairs
United States Passport Card
List of nationalities forbidden at border
Notes
References
External links
Official U.S. Government database, Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State
United States of America
Foreign relations of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20sock%20manufacturers
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List of sock manufacturers
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This is a list of sock manufacturers.
Blacksocks
Bonds
Corgi Socks
Fox River Mills
Gold Toe Brands
Hanesbrands
Happy Socks
PEDS Legwear
QT Inc.
SmartWool
Sock Shop
Stance
Swiss Barefoot Company
Tabio
Wigwam Mills
References
Sock manufacturers
Sock manufacturers
Sock manufacturers
Sock manufacturers
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66275192
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotboii
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Hotboii
|
Javarri Latre Walker (born June 13, 2000), known professionally as Hotboii (often stylized as or ), is an American rapper. His 2020 breakout single "Don't Need Time" has received over 75 million views on YouTube and spawned a remix featuring rapper Lil Baby. He is signed to Geffen Records, Interscope Records and Rebel Music, in conjunction with Hitmaker Music Group and 22 Entertainment.
Early life
Javarri Latre Walker was born on June 13, 2000, in Orlando, Florida, growing up in the Pine Hills neighborhood on the westside as one of 17 siblings. He listened to artists such as Lil Wayne, Rich Homie Quan and Kodak Black. He began rapping at the age of seven and began releasing music in 2016 with the help of his mother, beginning by uploading music onto SoundCloud and YouTube.
Walker served two years in a juvenile detention program from 2016 to 2018 for breaking and entering. It was during this time that he decided to take his career more seriously, further developing his songwriting while in juvenile detention.
Career
Just before his incarceration, Walker had begun to receive some attention locally for his song "Switcharoo". After his release in 2018 he began to put out more singles, publishing his first music video that September for "Life of a Dog". In 2019 he released the single "YG's", a "detailed walk through [his] experiences and survival tactics in the street" that quickly gained traction. He began 2020 by securing features from Stunna 4 Vegas ("4PF Like Baby") and Rylo Rodriguez ("Sick of Cell") before releasing his breakout single "Don't Need Time" on April 27. Written in memory of his recently deceased friend Wolph, the piano-driven track was notably slower-paced and more self-reflective than his previous songs. In five months it accumulated more than nine million streams on Spotify and 24 million YouTube views on its music video, which was shot at Wolph's funeral. On August 25, a remix featuring Lil Baby was released along with a new music video that addressed the theme of police brutality following the killing of another one of Hotboii's friends, Salaythis Melvin, by an Orange County sheriff's deputy earlier that month.
Hotboii released his first mixtape, Kut Da Fan On, on May 22, 2020. It included previous hits such as "Don't Need Time", "YG's", and "Goat Talk", as well as features from Plies, LPB Poody, Rico Cartel and 438 Tok. Some of the songs were written during his time served in the juvenile detention program. Pitchfork noted how he "came into his own by polishing his blend of painful street tales and witty punchlines" on the project, while Audiomack called it "41 hyper-realistic and melodic minutes of contemporary hip-hop goodness." After releasing more music videos, he secured a feature from Polo G on "Goat Talk 2", a followup to the original which had by then become one of his most popular songs.
On December 11, 2020, he released his debut album Double O Baby with features from Lil Mosey, Toosii and Pooh Shiesty. Expanding on the theme from his last project, songs like "Police Brutality", "Malcolm X" and "Problems (No Rights)" addressed problems facing the African-American community in the context of the recent George Floyd protests and specifically his friend Salaythis Melvin's killing by police. Elevator Mag praised his "masterful flow and soul-baring storytelling" on the album. Later that month he performed on the Rolling Loud 'Home for the Holidaze' livestream headlined by Rick Ross.
Following the February 2021 release of "Fuck Shit", Hotboii returned on May 28 with the single and music video for "Nobody Special", featuring Future. Hotboii was scheduled to perform at Rolling Loud Miami from July 23 to 25, 2021.
Legal issues
Walker was arrested on July 12, 2021 on charges of racketeering and conspiracy to commit racketeering. He was booked at the Orange County Sheriff's Office in Orlando, bond revoked.
Personal life
Walker has a son. Walker has symptoms of ADHD.
Discography
Albums
Studio Albums
Mixtapes
Singles
References
External links
Living people
2000 births
African-American male rappers
Musicians from Orlando, Florida
Rappers from Florida
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
People charged with racketeering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Clair
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Philippe Clair
|
Prosper Charles Bensoussan professionally known as Philippe Clair (14 September 1930 – 28 November 2020) was a Moroccan-French actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and popular humorist. Along with fellow French directors Max Pécas and Richard Balducci, his name is synonymous with the golden age of camp and low comedy in French cinema.
Career
Philippe Clair moved to Paris in 1950 to study acting at the National Conservatory of Dramatic Arts of Paris. He won the Bernstein and College Stars awards, honors given to the best young Parisian actors. He performed on stage and television with major directors and writers in shows such as L'Affaire des poisons [Affair of the Poisons] directed by Raymond Rouleau, Une femme libre [A free woman] by Armand Salacrou, and Les Îles fortunées [The Prosperous Islands] by Simon Gantillon. Eventually he got a show of his own and became an important French humorist, mounting such works as the Judeo-Arabic Purée de nous z'otres [Mashed we z'otres], and Le Cid in Oued Bel [Parody of El Cid] based on the book by Edmond Brua. He specialized in improvisation and in writing comedy sketches.
In 1965 Clair directed his first film, Déclic et des claques [Clicks and Slaps] with Annie Girardot, the comic misadventures of a young pied-noir [French Algerian] in Paris. He continued his work as a singer: in 1967, his sketch Rien Nasser de courir which satirized the Six-Day War was banned because of its political overtones.
In 1970, Philippe Clair became the leading director of popular comedy. His humor usually had a French Algerian flavor. Most of his films were commercial successes, although sometimes they were panned by critics who called them vulgar or overacted. His films were often plagiarized by other directors with typical French disrespect or–as the French call it–franchouillards.
His 1971 film La Grande Java [Great Java] launched the comedy careers of the members of the French band Les Charlots. He went on to use band member Aldo Maccione in The Great Maffia, Plus beau que moi, tu meurs [More beautiful than me, you die], and Tais-toi quand tu parles! [Shut up when you talk]. He made several surreal films, such as Le Führer en folie [The Fuhrer Runs Amok], which featured Henri Tisot in the role of Adolf Hitler and in which Michel Galabru plays the role of a football referee. In 1984, he managed the greatest coup of his career by casting Jerry Lewis in the film Par où t'es rentré ? On t'a pas vu sortir [How Did You Get In? We Didn't See You Leave].
In 2013 journalist and filmmaker Gilles Botineau joined with Philippe Clair to produce a documentary portrait titled, Plus drôle que lui, tu meurs [Funnier than him, you die]. The film, lasting 55 minutes covered Clair's entire career, focusing especially on his vision of comedy. Clair retired in 1990 at the age of 60. However, he returned with a production he wrote in 2013 titled, Help, Philippe Clair returns.
Reception
Philippe Clair was not always treated kindly by the critics. Critic John Tulard in the "Dictionary of French directors" said, "His work is incredibly stupid and vulgar". The weekly French magazineTélérama opined, "Every film by Philippe Clair is worse than the last, and yet it never stops".
In the 1980s Clair's style of popular comedy went out of favor in France and he stopped producing films. But critic Louis Skorecki maintained that the 1996 film La Vérité si je mens! [Would I Lie to You?], a classic Jewish-Algerian comedy, was simply a remake of Philippe Clair's first film, Click and slaps.
Filmography
1962 Girl on the Road (dir. Jacqueline Audry), as Le motard #2
1965 Déclic et des claques (Clicks and Slaps)
1971 (The Great Java)
1971 (The Great Maffia)
1973 (The Mad Brigade)
1974 (The Führer Runs Amok)
1976 (The Great Braggart)
1978 (How to Reform)
1978 (The Reformers are Doing Well)
1979 (Those Strange Cops From Elsewhere)
1980 (Rodriguez in the Land of Merguez)
1981 (Shut Up When You Talk)
1982 (More Beautiful Than Me, You Die)
1984 Par où t'es rentré ? On t'a pas vu sortir (How Did You Get In? We Didn't See You Leave)
1986 Si t'as besoin de rien... fais-moi signe (If You Need Anything, Let Me Know)
1987 (If You Go to Rio ... You Die)
1990 (Extraordinary Adventure of an Ordinary Papa)
References
External links
The database of the Parisian Theater of ART
Autobiography of Philippe Clair
1930 births
2020 deaths
French film directors
20th-century French male actors
Alumni of the French National Academy of Dramatic Arts
French people of Moroccan descent
French male writers
French male film actors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Alianna%20DeFreeze
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Murder of Alianna DeFreeze
|
On January 26, 2017, Alianna DeFreeze, a fourteen-year-old girl from Cleveland, Ohio, was kidnapped, raped, tortured, and murdered by Christopher Whitaker. Whitaker, who had a criminal history involving grand theft, burglary, aggravated robbery, felonious assault, and sexual assault, took DeFreeze to an abandoned house where he raped her, and stabbed and beat her to death using a hammer, a screwdriver, a nut driver, a box cutter, and a drill. DeFreeze, who attended school at E Prep & Village Prep Woodland Hills, was reported missing, causing a city-wide search. Her body was discovered three days later.
Whitaker’s murder trial occurred in February 2018. Defense attorneys argued that Whitaker's drug use impaired his ability to control impulses and obey the law while prosecutors disagreed, saying that he knew what he was doing. The jury convicted Whitaker on February 13, 2018. Later, the jury recommended that Whitaker receive the death penalty and the judge upheld it. Whitaker is currently on death row.
In 2019 DeFreeze’s parents filed a lawsuit against several people and entities arguing that the school's failure to notify them about DeFreeze’s absence and the failure to monitor abandoned properties led to her death. In 2019 Governor John Kasich signed a law named after DeFreeze which requires schools to notify parents of unexcused absences within two hours.
Background
Alianna DeFreeze
Alianna DeFreeze, the daughter of Damon DeFreeze and Donnesha Cooper, was a seventh-grader at E Prep & Village Prep Woodland Hills. She was fourteen years old and had a developmental disability. She would take the RTA bus to school, which her mother and grandmother did not like, though the fact that one stop was in front of a police station made them feel better about her means of transportation.
Alianna DeFreeze was the granddaughter of Donald DeFreeze, the founder and leader of the Symbionese Liberation Army, a left-wing terrorist organization that gained notoriety for kidnapping Patty Hearst.
Christopher Whitaker
Christopher Whitaker (born 1973) was a native of Fayetteville, Tennessee with a long criminal record. His crimes and alleged crimes include:
In 1998 he was charged with grand theft and burglary. He was also charged with aggravated robbery and felonious assault, though the case was dismissed.
On April 8, 2005, he committed sexual battery and felonious assault against a woman in her home after she let him in so that he could use the bathroom. According to the victim, he came out of the bathroom with a pair of scissors and began choking her. He proceeded to stab her in the neck with the scissors. She passed out and woke up on the floor with neck pain and with her pants and underwear removed. An evaluation determined that she had been sexually assaulted. Whitaker was sentenced to four years in prison for third-degree felony sexual battery and second-degree felonious assault. He was released in 2009 and was registered as a sex offender.
In 2012 he was charged with aggravated theft.
Crime
RTA surveillance footage recorded on the morning of January 26, 2017, shows DeFreeze exiting a bus while surveillance video from a business shows her crossing East 93rd Street. She was then stopped outside the True Gospel Missionary Baptist Church by Whitaker, who, according to video recorded from the church, had been pacing around the area for several hours. DeFreeze took a step back from Whitaker, who then followed her. According to a witness, Whitaker grabbed her as she walked along East 93rd Avenue. The witness did not contact the police because he was unsure of the relationship between DeFreeze and Whitaker. Surveillance video then shows Whitaker leading DeFreeze through a field to Fuller Avenue.
Whitaker took DeFreeze to an abandoned house. There, he raped her. Whitaker then used a Black and Decker drill, a Phillips-head screwdriver, a nut driver, a box cutter, and a hammer to stab and beat her to death. DeFreeze died as a result of the stab wounds and blunt force injuries which were numerous and severe.
Whitaker claimed that he was high on cocaine and blacked out during the crime. After murdering DeFreeze, in the late morning hours, Whitaker assisted a pastor at the Golgatha Missionary Baptist Church to unload food pantry items from a truck. The pastor described Whitaker's demeanor as calm.
Criminal proceedings
Investigation
At 4:00 pm when DeFreeze had still not returned home from school her mother became concerned. She called E Prep and was informed that DeFreeze never arrived at school. DeFreeze was reported missing, prompting a city-wide search.
On January 29, DeFreeze's body was found at the house where Whitaker had murdered her by three Cleveland police officers. The officers entered the house after noticing that the back door was open and found a trail of blood leading from the dining room into a room behind a closed door. After kicking open the door, they found DeFreeze's deceased body crumpled in a corner in a pool of blood. She was naked except for her socks and had wounds to her head.
The boxcutter was used to slash DeFreeze's neck while the drill had been used to put four puncture wounds into her cheek, as well as a wound on her forehead that dislodged her right eyeball from the socket. Because many of the wounds showed signs that they had started healing, they were inflicted on her several hours before she died. DeFreeze appeared as if she had been dragged and thrown into the room. DeFreeze’s clothing, including a tie soaked with blood and a sweater that was torn open down the front, were found strewn about the house.
Along with DeFreeze's clothing, police also found her backpack, and tools including a drill, box cutter, a screwdriver, and a hammer, all of which had blood on them. The tools were laid out on a built-in bench in the dining room, which prosecutors described as a makeshift workstation.
DeFreeze’s body was identified using dental records by the medical examiner's office. An autopsy performed by Cuyahoga County Deputy Medical Examiner Dr. David Dolinak revealed that she suffered wounds caused by tools found in the house including a drill, a screwdriver, and a box cutter. She had so many injuries and her injuries were so severe that Dolinak could not identify which one caused her death. Forensics analysts also found Whitaker's DNA on DeFreeze's body. Whitaker was identified using the DNA and was arrested at 7:00 pm on February 2 at the Villa Serena Apartments in Mayfield Heights with the assistance of U.S. Marshalls.
Whitaker was interrogated by Cleveland Police, and changed his story several times, initially denying any involvement in the murder and then going on to admit his involvement, but still denying responsibility by blaming his actions on crack-cocaine use. Whitaker said that he had blacked out after punching DeFreeze and that he would not have committed the crime if he were sober. "People are going to look at me like a monster. I'm not a monster” he told investigators, adding that he was “just an addict who made a mistake that shouldn't have happened." Whitaker also told investigators that he did not want his face in the news.
Trial and death sentence
DeFreeze's murder trial began on February 1, 2018. Whitaker's defense attorneys acknowledged his crimes but said that his drug use made him less able to control his impulses and follow the law. Prosecutors disagreed, with assistant prosecutor Mahmoud Awadallah saying: “the evidence does not point to a drug-induced frenzy, does not point to a blackout. It points to that he knows what he was doing.” On February 13, 2018, Whitaker was found guilty of ten counts.
After convicting Whitaker jurors had to decide whether or not he should be sentenced to death or life in prison. On February 23 the jury recommended that he be put to death and Judge Carolyn Friedland agreed and formally sentenced him on March 26, saying that the mitigating circumstances "pale in comparison to the barbarity of the evidence."
DeFreeze's mother told the court that “death is too good for him and I won’t believe he has any remorse until he suffers like my daughter suffered.” DeFreeze’s father told Whitaker “when you get where you’re going, you’re going to get what you got coming, before you get to the gas, lethal injection chamber, and that “my baby didn’t have a chance.” The woman Whitaker had attacked in 2005 supported his death sentence. Along with his death sentence, Whitaker was sentenced to forty-eight years in prison for aggravated burglary, felonious assault, rape, obstruction of justice, and gross abuse of a corpse.
Whitaker is currently imprisoned on death row at the Chillicothe Correctional Institution in Chillicothe, Ohio for aggravated burglary, kidnapping, rape, aggravated murder, tampering with evidence, and abuse of a corpse.
Aftermath
Hundreds of people attended DeFreeze’s funeral on February 11.
Shortly after the murder, DeFreeze's mother became homeless.
DeFreeze’s family began a nonprofit foundation in her name called the Alianna DeFreeze Let’s Make A Change Foundation. The foundation works to address the issues of abandoned homes, help children obtain safe routes to school, and address domestic violence, homelessness, and police-community relations.
In January 2019, DeFreeze's parents filed a wrongful death lawsuit in the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas naming the Cleveland Metropolitan School District, E Prep and Village Prep Woodland Hills, Friends of Breakthrough Schools, the City of Cleveland, the man who owned the abandoned house where the crime occurred, murderer Christopher Whittaker, and others as defendants. The lawsuit claims that there was a system in place in which administrators at E Prep would send an automated message notification to parents to alert them about news involving their children, including unexcused absences. DeFreeze's parents were signed up to receive text messages in the case of their daughter's unexcused absence but did not receive any such notification, only finding out about her absence at 4:00 pm after she did not make it home. The lawsuit alleges that the school was aware of DeFreeze’s absence, but did not contact her parents and that if DeFreeze's parents had been notified immediately or within a reasonable amount of time, she may have been located before being raped, tortured, and murdered. The lawsuit also alleges that the school lied when they said they tried to send an alert but failed, and that they should have been immediately concerned about DeFreeze's absence because of her developmental disability and because it was uncharacteristic of her to miss school. The lawsuit states that because of the defendants' negligence DeFreeze’s last hours "were spent in excruciating, paralyzing, debilitating and unthinkable physical and mental pain." The lawsuit also claims that the City of Cleveland and city employees failed to monitor abandoned properties and prevent illicit activities from occurring in them and names the owner of the house where the murder occurred, saying that he failed to maintain, operate and monitor it. DeFreeze’s family is seeking fifteen million in damages. In March 2019, the DeFreezes filed an amended complaint, which E Prep moved to dismiss. E Prep argued that it is immune from liability due to its status as a political subdivision. The motion was denied by the trial court and E Prep appealed to Ohio's Court of Appeals for the Eighth District, which ruled in their favor.
In January 2019, Ohio Governor John Kasich signed into law the Alianna Alert bill after it passed the House of Representatives 85-4. The law requires schools to call parents within 120 minutes of the start of the school day if their child is absent without the parents having previously notified the school. It went into effect in April 2019. DeFreeze's mother also expressed an interest in having more police protect the streets.
See also
List of kidnappings
List of solved missing person cases
References
2017 murders in the United States
January 2017 crimes in the United States
2010s in Cleveland
2010s missing person cases
Crimes in Cleveland
History of women in Ohio
Incidents of violence against girls
Murdered American children
Female murder victims
Deaths by stabbing in Ohio
Deaths by beating in the United States
Deaths by person in Ohio
People murdered in Ohio
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22748963
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Stagg%20Coakley
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Paul Stagg Coakley
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Paul Stagg Coakley (born June 3, 1955) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the archbishop of the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City.
Early life and education
Paul Stagg Coakley was born in Norfolk, Virginia, to John and Mary Coakley. His mother was of French descent and his father of Irish descent. The second of three children, he has an older brother, John, and a younger sister, Mary Christina. At age 2, he and his family moved to Metairie, Louisiana, where Coakley attended St. Mary Magdalen School from 1960 to 1965.
The family then moved to Overland Park, Kansas in 1965, and Coakley there attended Cherokee Elementary School for two years. He attended Broadmoor Junior High School (1967–1970) and Shawnee Mission West High School (1970–1973) before studying at the University of Kansas, from where Coakley obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and Classical Antiquities 1977. During this period, he was also a student in KU's Integrated Humanities Program. After graduating from KU, Coakley traveled in Europe and briefly considered a monastic vocation at the Abbey of Notre Dame de Fontgombault in France before returning to the United States, where he entered St. Pius X Seminary in Erlanger, Kentucky in 1978.
On April 8, 1982, he was ordained a deacon by Bishop David M. Maloney. He also studied at Mount St. Mary's Seminary in Emmitsburg, Maryland, earning a Master's in Divinity in 1983.
Priesthood
Coakley was ordained a priest by Bishop Eugene J. Gerber on May 21, 1983. He then served as chaplain at St. Francis Regional Medical Center in Wichita from June to August 1983, and as associate pastor at St. Mary's Church in Derby from 1983 to 1985. He then furthered his studies in Rome at the Pontifical Gregorian University, where he received a Licentiate of Sacred Theology in 1987.
Upon his return to the Diocese of Wichita, Coakley served as chaplain at Kansas Newman College from 1987 to 1989. He also was director of the Office of Youth and Young Adult Ministries (1987–91), and pastor of Our Lady of Guadalupe Church (1989–90). From 1990 to 1995, he served as associate director of the Spiritual Life Center and associate pastor of St. Thomas Aquinas Church. He served as pastor of the Church of the Resurrection from 1995 to 1998 before returning to Mount St. Mary's Seminary in Maryland, where he was Director of Spiritual Formation from 1998 to 2002.
Coakley served as director of the Spiritual Life Center in Wichita from 2002 to January 2004, when he became Vice-Chancellor of the Diocese of Wichita. In addition to his role as Vice-Chancellor, he served as administrator of the Church of the Magdalen from July to December 2004.
Bishop of Salina, Kansas
On October 21, 2004, Coakley was appointed the ninth Bishop of Salina by Pope John Paul II. He was consecrated on December 28 by Archbishop James P. Keleher, with Bishops George K. Fitzsimons and Eugene J. Gerber serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto: Duc In Altum, meaning, "Put Out Into The Deep" ().
During the 2008 presidential election, Coakley declared, "To vote for a candidate who supports an intrinsic evil, such as abortion or genocide, would require a proportionately grave moral reason for ignoring such a flaw."
He later stated that House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senator Joe Biden "misrepresented Catholic teaching on abortion" in their respective interviews on Meet the Press. Later calling the victory of Democratic candidate Barack Obama an "undeniable irony," he said that the election of the first African-American president "signals that our nation has crossed a threshold in the struggle for civil rights" but also noted Obama's "denial of civil rights and legal protection to a whole class of persons as well, unborn human beings."
In March 2009, Coakley described President Obama's reversal of the Mexico City Policy and nomination of Governor Kathleen Sebelius as Secretary of Health and Human Services as "serious assaults against the rights of conscience and our efforts to protect innocent human life."
Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Coakley currently sits on the Subcommittee on Home Missions; Committee on Clergy, Consecrated Life and Vocations; and Committee on Evangelization and Catechesis. He is also a Fourth Degree Knight of Columbus, and a member of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem.
Archbishop of Oklahoma City
On December 16, 2010, he was announced as the Archbishop-designate for the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City, and was installed on February 11, 2011, replacing retiring Eusebius J. Beltran. At the announcement of his appointment at the pastoral Center in Oklahoma City, Coakley remarked: "This new pastoral responsibility is an opportunity and a challenge that I certainly had not sought, but one which I will eagerly embrace with all my heart."
In August 2014, Coakley criticized the Oklahoma City municipal government for allowing a Satanist gathering at the Civic Center Music Hall, saying, "If someone had come to them to rent the Civic Center to stage a burning of the Koran or to hold an event that was blatantly and clearly anti-Semitic, I think they might find a way to prevent it ... Not all speech is protected if there is hate speech and it is intended to ridicule another religion ... I don't believe it is a free speech matter."
On August 25, 2018, Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò, former apostolic nuncio to the United States, released an 11-page letter describing a series of warnings to the Vatican regarding sexual misconduct by Theodore McCarrick, who had been removed from active ministry on June 20 following allegations deemed credible of sexually abusing a minor and was later forced to resign from the cardinalate. According to Viganò, Pope Benedict XVI placed secret restrictions on McCarrick in 2009 or 2010, but Pope Francis removed these sanctions and made McCarrick "his trusted counselor." The end of the letter called on Francis and all those responsible for the coverrup to resign. The letter provoked diverse reactions. It was said to read "in part like a homophobic attack on Francis" filled with "unsubstantiated allegations and personal attacks," with many speculating that Viganò's conservative views, among other things, led him into a "declaration of war" against Francis. A number of bishops sharply criticized it while others called for an investigation. Coakley professed to having "the deepest respect for Archbishop Viganó and his personal integrity" and called for an investigation and a "purification" of the Church.
Catholic Relief Services
On November 18, 2013, at the General Assembly of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Archbishop Coakley was announced as the new chair of the board of Catholic Relief Services (CRS), succeeding Bishop Gerald Kicanas of Tucson. The international relief and humanitarian agency of the US Catholic Church, CRS operates in about 91 companies, and the board stewards a budget of over $700 million. Coakley had been on the board since 2012, and at the time of his appointment, the agency was in the midst of responding to the impact of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. Coakley described himself as "humbled" and "honored" to chair the 70-year-old organization.
In his first months as chair, Archbishop Coakley undertook visits to the Holy Land and the Philippines to observe the agency's programs and meet with local staff and beneficiaries.
See also
Catholic Church hierarchy
Catholic Church in the United States
Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
List of Catholic bishops of the United States
Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops
References
External links
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City's Official Site
Roman Catholic Archbishop of Oklahoma City's Official Site
Episcopal succession
1955 births
Living people
Mount St. Mary's University alumni
Pontifical North American College alumni
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
University of Kansas alumni
American people of French descent
American people of Irish descent
Catholics from Virginia
Catholics from Kansas
People from Norfolk, Virginia
Roman Catholic Diocese of Wichita
Roman Catholic archbishops of Oklahoma City
Roman Catholic bishops of Salina
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States
Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
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48050967
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJFA
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KJFA
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KJFA may refer to:
KJFA (AM), a radio station (840 AM) licensed to serve Belen, New Mexico, United States
KJFA-FM, a radio station (102.9 FM) licensed to serve Pecos, New Mexico, United States
KRKE-FM, a radio station (101.3 FM) licensed to serve Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, which held the call sign KJFA from 2002 to 2006 and KJFA-FM from 2015 to 2017
KKRG-FM, a radio station (105.1 FM) licensed to serve Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, which held the call sign KJFA from 2006 to 2015
KLVB, a radio station (99.5 FM) licensed to serve Citrus Heights, California, United States, which held the call sign KJFA from 1989 to 1997
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40874103
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal%20Behavior%20Milestones%20Assessment%20and%20Placement%20Program
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Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program
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The Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program (VB-MAPP) is an assessment and skills-tracking system to assess the language, learning and social skills of children with autism or other developmental disabilities. A strong focus of the VB-MAPP is language and social interaction, which are the predominant areas of weakness in children with autism.
Development
The VB-MAPP is based on the principles and procedures of applied behavior analysis (ABA), B.F. Skinner's behavioral analysis of language, verbal behavior and establishment of developmental milestones.
The VB-MAPP was developed by Mark Sundberg, Ph.D., BCBA-D and is a continuation of the author's 30+ year research in language assessment and intervention as it applies to individuals with autism. A contributing author to the VB-MAPP is Barbara Esch, Ph.D., CCC-SLP, BCBA-D, a speech and language pathologist who includes an assessment of speech sounds with a guide for developmental progression called the Early Echoic Skills Assessment (EESA).
Usage
The VB-MAPP is most commonly used to assess individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities, but can also be used for children who demonstrated delays in language development. It is intended to be used by individuals who have training in applied behavior analysis (ABA) and is primarily used by behavior analysts, speech-language pathologists, school psychologists and special educators to assess strengths and weaknesses in skills and behaviors that might impede language and social development. The results of assessment help to prioritize intervention needs, provide feedback to parents and other professionals, guide curriculum planning and track skill acquisition.
Features
The VB-MAPP set contains an individual scoring protocol and a users guide. The main components of the VB-MAPP are:
Milestones Assessment: Focuses on 170 milestones that serve as the foundation of language, learning and social development.
Barriers Assessment: Focuses on barriers that may impede the acquisition of new skills.
Transition Assessment: Serves as a guide for planning the child's educational needs.
Task Analysis and Skills Tracking: A checklist of skills that support the developmental milestones and can be used for daily curriculum activities and skill tracking.
Users Guide provides the scoring criteria, examples, tips for the tester and an overview of Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior. Included are placement and Individualized Education Program goals to establish intervention and curriculum priorities that are measurable, meaningful and manageable.
The Milestones Assessment is broken down into three levels:
Level 1 (0–18 Months)
Level 2 (18–30 Months)
Level 3 (30–48 Months)
At Level 1, the child is tested for Mand, Tact, Listener Responding, Visual Perceptual Skills and Matching-to-Sample, Independent Play, Social Behaviour and Social Play, Motor Imitation, Echoic, Spontaneous Vocal Behaviour.
Level 2 adds Listener Responding by Function Feature and Class, Intraverbal, Classroom Routines and Group Skills, Linguistic Structure.
Level 3 adds Reading, Writing, and Mathematics.
Measurement criteria
The VB-MAPP has objective measurement criteria that makes it effective for use in both treatment and research outcomes, as demonstrated in studies in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, The Analysis of Verbal Behavior and Education and Treatment of Young Children.
Comparison to other assessments
A study by Esch, LaLonde and Esch J.W. in 2010, reviewed 28 commonly used assessment for the treatment of autism and concluded, "Most speech-language assessments in widespread use today evaluate response topographies (forms of responses) alone, without regard for a functional analysis of the causal variables" (p. 166.) For example, 26 of the 28 assessment programs reviewed failed to provide a measure of a student's ability to mand. These authors point out that the VB-MAPP contains a functional analysis of language, including a mand assessment component.
A similar study by Gould, Dixon, Najdowski, Smith and Tarbox in 2011 compares 30 assessments, including the ABLLS-R, Bayley, Brigance ... and the VB-MAPP. The authors reviewed the 30 assessments for: comprehension, targets child development, considers behavior function and not just topography, link from the assessment to curricula targets and useful for tracking child progress over time. The authors concluded: "After reviewing the assessments described above, only four meet our five criteria most closely: the VB-MAPP, Brigance IED-II, VABSII and CIBS-R."
Use in research
The VB-MAPP has been used as a measurement tool in published studies to measure the participants' verbal or social skills:
Charania, S.M. LeBlanc, L.A., Sabanathan, Narmatha, Ktaetch, I.A., Carr, J.E., & Gunby, K., (2010). Teaching effective hand raising to children with autism during group instruction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43, 493–497.
Esch, B.E., LaLonde, K.B.,& Esch J.W. (2010). Speech and language assessment: A verbal behavior analysis. The Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis, 5, 166–191.
Geiger, K.B., LeBlanc, L.A., Dillon, C.M., & Bates, S.L. (2010). An evaluation of preferences for video and in vivo modeling, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43, 279–283.
Grannon, L., & Rehfeldt, R.A. (2012). Emergent intraverbal responses via tact and match-to-sample instruction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 45, 601–605.
Gunby, K.V., Carr, J.E., & LeBlanc, L.A. (2010). Teaching abduction-prevention skills to children with autism, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43, 107–112.
Causin, K.G., Albert, K.M., Carbone, V.J., & Sweeney-Kerwin, E.J. (2013). The role of joint control in teaching listener responding to children with autism and other developmental disabilities. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 997–1011.
Kobari-Wright, V.V., (2011). The effects of listener training on naming and categorization by children with autism, unpublished Master's Thesis.
Koehler-Platten, K., Grow, L.L., Schulze, K.A., Bertone, T., (2013). Using a lag schedule of reinforcement to increase phonemic variability in children with autism spectrum disorders. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 29, 71–83.
Marchese, N.V., Carr, J.E., LeBlanc, L.A., Rosati, T.C., & Conroy, S.A. (2012). The effects of the question "what is this?" on tact training outcomes of children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 45 (3) 539–547.
Polick, A.S., Carr, J.E., & Hanney, N.M.A., (2012). A comparison of general and descriptive praise in teaching intraverbal behavior to children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 45, 593–605.
Vandbakk, M., Arntzen, E., Gisnaas, A., Antonsen, V., & Gundhus, T., (2012.) Effect of training different classes of verbal behavior to decrease aberrant verbal behavior. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 28, 137–144.
References
External links
Association for Behavioral Analysis International
Archive of the Analysis of Verbal Behavior Journal
Association for Science in Autism Treatment - an organization that provides information regarding effective treatment for individuals with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders
Autism Resource- Glossary of Terms
AVB Press- publisher and distributor of the VB-MAPP.
Behavior Analyst Certification Board
B.F. Skinner Foundation - promotes the science founded by B. F. Skinner and supports the practices derived from that science.
Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies- an organization that provides research-based information regarding effective treatment for individuals with a diagnosis of autism spectrum
Mark Sundberg
Behavior Analysis Center for Autism
Speech Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis Special Interest Group
The Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis
Verbal Behavior Special Interest Group
Autism screening and assessment tools
Screening and assessment tools in child and adolescent psychiatry
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28926976
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid%20in%20Paris
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Maid in Paris
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Maid in Paris (French: Paris canaille) is a 1956 French comedy film directed by Pierre Gaspard-Huit and starring Dany Robin, Daniel Gélin and Tilda Thamar. The screenplay concerns a young woman from the countryside who visits Paris and falls in love with a police officer there.
The film's sets were designed by the art director Robert Hubert.
Cast
Dany Robin as Penny Benson
Daniel Gélin as Antoine du Merlet
Tilda Thamar as Gloria Benson
Mary Marquet as Mme. Bernemal
Marie Daëms as Claude
Maryse Martin as Germaine
François Guérin as Jean-Pierre
Robert Murzeau as Le monsieur fauché
Micheline Gary as Une pensionnaire
Michel Etcheverry as Le commissaire des mineurs
Roger Pierre as Gérard Destremeaux, le gigolo
Darry Cowl as Daniel, le casseur d'assiettes
Yoko Tani as Une élève
Sophie Daumier as Une élève
Renée Passeur as La dame au gigolo
Roger Dumas as Un jeune dragueur au jardin
Jackie Sardou
References
Bibliography
Rège, Philippe . Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1. Scarecrow Press, 2009.
External links
A still from the film appeared in the New York Times on July 7, 1957
1956 films
French films
1956 romantic comedy films
English-language films
Films directed by Pierre Gaspard-Huit
Films set in Paris
French romantic comedy films
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8560670
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Saint%20Vincent%20and%20the%20Grenadines
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Islam in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an overwhelmingly Christian majority country, with adherents of Islam being a minuscule minority. Due to secular nature of the country's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country.
According to the United States Department of State, Islam is a minority religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, with 2,000 Muslims (approximately 1.5% of the total population) living in the island nation.
References
Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent
Saint Vincent
| 1 | 1 |
7755694
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco%20at%20the%201988%20Winter%20Olympics
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Morocco at the 1988 Winter Olympics
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Morocco competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Alpine skiing
Men
References
Official Olympic Reports
Olympic Winter Games 1988, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1988 Winter Olympics
1988 Winter Olympics
1988 in Moroccan sport
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4042957
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians%20in%20Serbia
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Hungarians in Serbia
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Hungarians (, ) are the second-largest ethnic group in Serbia. According to the 2011 census, there are 253,899 ethnic Hungarians composing 3.5% of the population of Serbia. The vast majority of them live in the northern autonomous province of Vojvodina, where they number 251,136 or 13% of the province's population, and almost 99% of all Hungarians in Serbia. Most Hungarians in Serbia are Roman Catholics by faith, while smaller numbers of them are Protestant (mostly Calvinist). Hungarian is listed as one of the six official languages of the Vojvodina, an autonomous province that traditionally fosters multilingualism, multiculturalism and multiconfessionalism.
History
Parts of the Vojvodina region were included in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary in the 10th century, and Hungarians then began to settle in the region, which before that time was mostly populated by West Slavs. During the Hungarian administration, Hungarians formed the largest part of the population in northern parts of the region, while southern parts were populated by sizable Slavic peoples. Following the Ottoman conquest and inclusion of Vojvodina into the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, most Hungarians fled the region. During Ottoman rule, the Vojvodina region was mostly populated by Serbs and Muslim Slavs (Great Migrations of the Serbs). New Hungarian settlers started to come to the region with the establishment of the Habsburg administration at the beginning of the 18th century, mostly after the Peace of Passarowitz (Požarevac).
Settlement
Count Imre Csáky settled Hungarians in his possessions in Bačka in 1712. In 1745, Hungarian colonists settled in Senta, in 1750 in Topola, in 1752 in Doroslovo, in 1772 in Bogojevo, in 1760 in Stara Kanjiža, in 1764 in Iđoš, in 1767 in Petrovo Selo, in 1776 in Martonoš, in 1786 in Pačir and Ostojićevo, in 1787 in Piroš, and in 1789 in Feketić. Between 1782 and 1786, Hungarians settled in Crvenka and Stara Moravica, and in 1794 in Kula.
Hungarians of Roman Catholic faith originated mostly from Transdanubia, while those of Protestant faith originated mostly from Alföld. Between 1751 and 1753, Hungarians settled in Mol and Ada (Those originated mostly from Szeged and Jászság). In 1764–1767, Hungarians settled in Subotica, Bajmok and Čantavir, and in 1770 again in Kanjiža, Mol, Ada and Petrovo Selo, as well as in Feldvarac, Sentomaš and Turija.
In Banat, the settling of Hungarians started later. In 1784 Hungarians settled in Padej and Nakovo, in 1776 in Torda, in 1786 in Donji Itebej, in 1796 in Beodra and Čoka, in 1782 in Monoštor, in 1798 in Mađarska Crnja, in 1773 in Krstur and Majdan, in 1774 in Debeljača, in 1755–1760 in Bečkerek, and in 1766 in Vršac. In 1790, 14 Hungarian families from Transylvania settled in Banat.
In the 19th century, the Hungarian expansion increased. From the beginning of the century, the Hungarian individuals and small groups of settlers from Alföld constantly immigrating to Bačka. In the first half of the 19th century, larger and smaller groups of the colonists settled in Mol (in 1805), as well as in Feldvarac, Temerin and Novi Sad (in 1806). In 1884, Hungarian colonists settled in Šajkaška and in Mali Stapar near Sombor. In 1889, Hungarians were settled in Svilojevo near Apatin and in 1892 in Gomboš, while another group settled in Gomboš in 1898. Many Hungarian settlers from Gomboš moved to Bačka Palanka. After the abolishment of the Military Frontier, Hungarian colonists were settled in Potisje, Čurug, Žabalj, Šajkaški Sveti Ivan, Titel and Mošorin. In 1883 around 1,000 Székely Hungarians settled in Kula, Stara Kanjiža, Stari Bečej and Titel.
In 1800, smaller groups of Hungarian colonists from Transdanubia settled in Čoka, while in the same time colonists from Csanád and Csongrád counties settled in the area around Itebej and Crnja, where they at first lived in scattered small settlements. Later they formed one single settlement – Mađarska Crnja. In 1824, one group of colonists from Čestereg also settled in Mađarska Crnja. In 1829 Hungarians settled in Mokrin, and in 1880 an even larger number of Hungarians settled in this municipality. In 1804, Hungarian colonists from Csongrád county settled in Firiđhaza (which was then joined with Turska Kanjiža), as well as in Sajan and Torda. Even a larger group of Hungarians from Csongrád settled in 1804 in Debeljača. In 1817–1818 Hungarians settled in Veliki Bikač, and in 1820–1840 smaller groups of Hungarians settled in Vranjevo. In 1826, colonists from Jászság and Kunság settled in Arač near Beodra. In 1830, Hungarians from Alföld settled in Veliki Lec, in 1831 in Ostojićevo, in 1832 in Malenčino Selo near Veliki Gaj, in 1839 and 1870 in Padej, in 1840 in Jermenovci and Mađarski Sentmihalj, in 1840–1841 in Dušanovac, in 1841 in Hetin, in 1859 in Sanad, in 1869 in Đurđevo (later moved to Skorenovac), and in 1890 in Gornja Mužlja. In 1883-1886, Székely Hungarians from Bukovina were settled in Vojlovica, Skorenovac, Ivanovo and Đurđevo. The total number of Székely colonists was 3,520.
In the southern region of Srem, the first Hungarian settlers moved there during the 1860s from neighbouring counties, especially from Bačka.
According to the 1900 census, the Hungarians were the largest ethnic group in the Bács-Bodrog County and made up 42.7% in the population (the second largest were Germans with 25.1%, and the third largest group were Serbs with 18.2%). The Hungarians were third largest group in the Torontál County (West Banat) with 18.8% (after Serbs with 31.5% and Germans with 30,2%). In the next census, in 1910, the Hungarians were the largest group in the Bács-Bodrog County with 44,8% in the population (followed by Germans with 23.5% and Serbs with 17.9%), and the third largest in the Torontál County with 20.9% (Serbs with 32.5%, Germans with 26.9%).
The new temporary borders established in 1918 and permanent ones defined by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 put an end to Hungarian immigration. After World War I, present-day Vojvodina was included into the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), and many Hungarians of Vojvodina wanted to live in the post-Trianon Hungarian state; thus, some of them immigrated to Hungary, which was a destination for several emigration waves of Hungarians from Vojvodina. As a result, the interwar period was generally marked by a stagnation of the Hungarian population. They numbered around 363,000 (1921 census) – 376,000 (1931 census), and they constituted about 23-24% of the entire population of Vojvodina. The outbreak of the Second World War caused some changes in population numbers, but more importantly, it created tensions between the Hungarian and Serb communities.
World War II
With the onset of World War II, the Hungarian-Serb relations were low. Nazi Germany, in accordance to its "Operation Punishment" plan, invaded Yugoslavia, and subsequently, Axis Hungarian forces occupied Bačka. Hungary annexed this region, and it was settled by new Hungarian settlers, at which time the number of Hungarians in the area grew considerably. In contrast, at the same time, many Serbs were expelled from Bačka. The brutal conduct of the Axis Hungarian occupying forces, including the Hungarian army and Royal Hungarian Gendarmes, has polarized both Hungarian and Serb communities. Under the Axis Hungarian authority, 19,573 people were killed in Bačka, of which the majority of victims were of Serb, Jewish and Romani origin.
Although most of the local Hungarian population supported Hungarian Axis authorities, some other local Hungarians opposed Axis rule and fought against it together with Serbs and other peoples of Vojvodina in the Partisan resistance movement organized by the Communist Party. In some places of Vojvodina (Bačka Topola, Senta), most of the members of the communist party were ethnic Hungarians. In Subotica, the party secretary and most of the leadership were either ethnic Hungarians or Hungarian-speaking Jews. In the Bačka Topola municipality, 95% of communists were ethnic Hungarians. One of the leaders of the partisan resistance movement in Vojvodina was Erne Kiš, an ethnic Hungarian, who was captured by the Axis authorities, sentenced to death by the court in Szeged and executed.
Among the other actions of the resistance movement, the first corn stacks were burned near Futog by five communists, of whom two were ethnic Hungarians – brothers Antal Nemet and Đerđ Nemet. Antal was killed there, together with his Serb comrade, fighting against gendarmes. At the same time, his brother was captured and killed in Novi Sad because he refused to reveal any information about the resistance movement. The corn stacks were soon also burned near Subotica. The communists that burned these corn stacks were arrested, tortured and sent to court. Two of them were sentenced to death (Ferenc Hegediš and Jožef Liht), while five others were sentenced to prison (because they were underage).
The Axis authorities also arrested a sizable number of Hungarian communists in Bačka Topola, Čantavir, Senta, Subotica and Novi Sad. Many of them were sent to the investigation centre in Bačka Topola, where some were killed, while some committed suicide. Among those Hungarian communists who were sent to the centre were Otmar Majer, Đula Varga, Pal Karas and Janoš Koči. Because of the size of the communist movement among Hungarians, new investigation centres were opened in Čantavir, Senta, Ada and Subotica. In the investigation centre in Subotica, almost 1,000 people were tortured, and part of them killed, among whom were Maćaš Vuković and Daniel Sabo. Among those communists sentenced to death were Otmar Majer, Rokuš Šimoković and Ištvan Lukač from Subotica, Peter Molnar from Senta, as well as Đula Varga, Rudi Klaus, Pal Karas and Janoš Koči from Novi Sad. In Petrovo Selo, Mihalj Šamu was killed during his attempt to escape. These actions of the Axis authorities were a hard strike on the resistance movement in Bačka, especially on its Hungarian component. The Hungarian component of the resistance movement was struck so hard that it could not recover until the war's end.
In 1944, the Soviet Red Army and the Yugoslav partisan took control of Vojvodina. New communist authorities initiated purges against one part of the local population that either collaborated with the Axis authorities or was viewed as a threat to the new regime (see: Communist purges in Serbia in 1944–1945). During this time, Partisans brutally massacred about 40,000 Hungarian civilians. In October 1944, 3,000 inhabitants of Hungarian nationality in Srbobran were executed by the Serbian communist partisans from the village of 18,000 inhabitants.
In Bečej killing of the Hungarians began on 9 October 1944. In the city of Sombor in October 1944, the murdering of the Hungarians started at once based on the death list previously made. The Hungarians were taken to the Palace of Kronich. Next to the race-course, the common graves were dug in which 2,500 Hungarians were buried. Several other common graves can be found in the outside districts of the city. The inhabitants of the Hungarian city were fully exterminated. In total, 5,650 Hungarians were executed. A Soviet officer in Temerin prevented the extirpation of the whole Hungarian population of the village. Hungarian human loss of the village was 480 people. During the first week, about 1500 Hungarians were shot down into the Danube in Novi Sad under the leadership of Todor Gavrilović. On 3 November 1944 in Bezdan, Hungarian male inhabitants of the village between 16 and 50 years were driven to a sports ground. 118 men were shot down by machine pistol to the Danube. 2830 Serbian communist partisans who made the murder belonged to the 12th "Udarna" Brigade of the 51st Division. Strangely, the Soviet officers stopped further executions as they were also horrified at the massacre. On 3 December 1944, 56 Hungarian citizens were executed on the bank of the Tisza river in Adorjan. In Žabalj, 2,000 Hungarian citizens were killed.
In Subotica during the 1944-45 period, about 8,000 citizens (mainly Hungarian) were killed by Yugoslav Partisans as retribution for supporting Hungary re-taking the city. At the end of the war, detachments of Serbian Partisans occupied Čurug and murdered 3000 local ethnic Hungarian residents. The surviving ethnic Hungarian residents of the village were deported to detention camps and were never allowed to return. Ethnic Hungarians Germans were declared to be collaborators or exploiters. Those suspected of not supporting the emerging Communist regime or who belonged to a "wrong" ethnic group were the targets of persecution.
After World War II
Since the end of the Second World War, the Hungarian population has been steadily declining, mainly due to low birth rates and emigration. In 1974, the Yugoslav constitution was modified, giving Vojvodina a very high autonomy and local Hungarians participated in Vojvodinian provincial administration. The Hungarians were also allowed to keep their culture and language alive; they had their own schools and cultural institutions. During the reign of Josip Broz Tito, life in Vojvodina was peaceful for Hungarians and others. The Yugoslav authorities heavily cracked down on single nations' nationalist activity.
As the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s were raging, more Hungarians left Vojvodina. One of the reasons for this emigration was the country's ruined economy and the inability of employment, which was why many Serbs and others also emigrated from Vojvodina. Although the province was peaceful and calm compared to other areas of Yugoslavia, some Hungarians felt threatened, especially because Vojvodina was near the front lines during the War in Croatia. With an emigration of Hungarians from Vojvodina, one part of their former houses was used to resettle refugees from other parts of the former Yugoslavia. This created a change in the ethnic structure in some parts of the region. The Hungarian population has fallen from 340,946 (16.9%) in 1991, to 290,207 (14.28%) in 2002. In recent years (mostly in 2004 and 2005), some members of the ethnic Hungarian community have sometimes been the targets of anti-Hungarian sentiment.
Today, many Hungarians in Vojvodina want their political rights to be extended. Some local Hungarian politicians proposing the creation of a new autonomous region in the northern part of Vojvodina inhabited mainly by Hungarians (see: Hungarian Regional Autonomy). They also want to attain Hungarian citizenship without being Hungarian residents, as this would automatically make them EU citizens, giving them many benefits. However, a referendum on this issue in Hungary failed. The political future of Vojvodinian Hungarians is uncertain, as their community is characterized by low birth rates and a dwindling population – according to some demographic predictions, Hungarians of Vojvodina will probably lose ethnic majority/plurality in some municipalities and sizable towns. Still, they will certainly remain in the majority in others. Thus, while Hungarians will remain a notable ethnic group in the northern part of Vojvodina, partial demographic changes in the area will probably reduce the demands of local Hungarian politicians for territorial autonomy or at least for wide territorial extension of the proposed Hungarian autonomous region.
Demographics
Almost all Hungarians in Serbia are to be found in Vojvodina, and especially in its northern part (North Bačka and North Banat districts, respectively) where majority (57.17%) of them live. Hungarians in the five municipalities form the absolute majority: Kanjiža (85.13%), Senta (79.09%), Ada (75.04%), Bačka Topola (57.94%), and Mali Iđoš (53.91%). The ethnically mixed municipalities with relative Hungarian majority are Čoka (49.66%), Bečej (46.34%) and Subotica (35.65%). The multiethnic city of Subotica is a cultural and political centre for the Hungarians in Serbia. Protestant Hungarians form the plurality or majority of population in the settlements of Stara Moravica, Pačir, Feketić, Novi Itebej and Debeljača.
Religion
According to the 2011 Census, most Hungarians are part of the Catholic Church in Serbia (224,291 people, or 88.3% of all Hungarian people). Around 6.2% belong to various forms of Protestantism and a much smaller number is part of the Eastern Orthodox Church (1.2%).
Politics
There are five main ethnic Hungarian political parties in Vojvodina:
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by István Pásztor
Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by Áron Csonka
Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians, led by András Ágoston
Civic Alliance of Hungarians, led by László Rác Szabó
Movement of Hungarian Hope, led by Bálint László
These parties advocate establishing territorial autonomy for Hungarians in the northern part of Vojvodina, which would include the municipalities with a Hungarian majority.
Culture
Media
Magyar Szó, a Hungarian-language daily newspaper published in Subotica
Radio Television of Vojvodina broadcasts program in 10 local languages, including daily radio and TV shows in Hungarian language.
Délmagyarország ("Southern Hungary") was a Hungarian-language daily newspaper. The first issue was published on March 14, 1909, to serve as the information source for the Hungarian language-speaking population in Bács-Bodrog County within the Kingdom of Hungary in Austria-Hungary. It was published in Subotica. The last issue of Délmagyarország was on June 27, 1909. Its editor-in-chief was Henrik Braun.
Notable people
Born before 1920 in the Kingdom of Hungary
Catherine, Queen consort of Serbia
Elizabeth, Queen consort of Serbia
Paul Abraham, Jewish-Hungarian composer of operettas
Géza Allaga, Hungarian composer, cellist and cimbalis
József Bittenbinder, Hungarian gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics
Ugrin Csák, Hungarian nobleman and oligarch in the early 14th century
Géza Csáth, physician, writer
József Törley, sparkling-wine producer
István Donogán, Hungarian track and field athlete
József Hátszeghy, Hungarian fencer
Ferenc Herczeg, playwright and author who promoted conservative nationalist opinion in his country
Tibor Harsányi, composer and pianist
Alexander Kasza, World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories
Dezső Kosztolányi, one of the most renowned Hungarian-language writer
Vilmos Lázár, Hungarian general, one of the 13 Martyrs of Arad
András Littay, Hungarian General during World War II
Endre Madarász, Hungarian track and field athlete
László Moholy-Nagy, Hungarian painter and photographer, a notable professor of the Bauhaus school
Károly Molter, Hungarian novelist
Gyula Ortutay, Hungarian politician in FKGP
Gyula Pártos, Hungarian architect
Ferenc Rákosi, Hungarian field handball player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics
Mátyás Rákosi, Communist leader of Hungary
Jenő Rátz, Hungarian military officer
Michael Szilágyi, general and Regent of Hungary in 1458
Carl von Than, Hungarian chemist
Mór Than, Hungarian painter
József Vértesy, Hungarian water polo player
Jenő Vincze, Hungarian footballer and a legend of Újpest, playing for the national team in the 1938 World Cup Final
Henrik Werth, Hungarian military officer
Born after 1920 in Yugoslavia and Serbia
Dalma Ružičić-Benedek, Hungarian-born sprint canoer
Aranka Binder, sport shooter, bronze medal winner in Women's Air Rifle in the 1992 Summer Olympics
Tamara Boros, Croatian table tennis player
Zoltán Dani, a former colonel of the Yugoslav Army who shot down an F-117 Nighthawk during the Kosovo War
Lajos Engler, basketball player
Szilvia Erdélyi, table tennis player
Krisztián Frisz, wrestler
László Györe, tennis player
Vilim Harangozó, table tennis player
Ervin Holpert, sprint canoer
Jožef Holpert, handball goalkeeper
Zoltán Illés, Hungarian politician in Fidesz
Karolj Kasap, wrestler
Gabor Kasa, cyclist
József Kasza, politician, former leader of the Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians
Ervin Katona, strongman competitor
Zsombor Kerekes, Hungary national football team player
Mihály Kéri, footballer playing for Yugoslavia and the United States
Mihalj Kertes, politician, close associate of Slobodan Milošević
Tereza Kočiš, gymnast
Norbert Könyves, Hungarian national football team player
Renata Kubik, sprint canoer
Félix Lajkó, violinist and composer
Péter Lékó, Hungarian Chess Grand Master
Sylvester Levay, Hungarian composer
Vilmos Lóczi, basketball player and coach
Béla Mavrák, Hungarian tenor singer
Đula Mešter, FR Yugoslav volleyball player, Olympic champion
Brižitka Molnar, volleyball player
Antonija Nađ, sprint canoeist
Albert Nađ, footballer
Mate Nemeš, wrestler
Viktor Nemeš, wrestler
László Nemet, Roman Catholic bishop of Zrenjanin (Nagybecskerek)
Nemanja Nikolić, footballer
Erzsebet Palatinus, table tennis player
Béla Pálfi, footballer
Antónia Panda, sprint canoeist
János Pénzes, Roman Catholic bishop of Subotica (Szabadka)
Žolt Peto, table tennis player
Eva Ras, actress, writer, painter
László Rátgéber, Hungarian basketball coach
Magdolna Rúzsa, singer, winner of the third season of Megasztár (Hungarian Idol)
Nandor Sabo, wrestler
Szebasztián Szabó, swimmer
Monica Seles, former World No.1 female tennis player
Árpád Sterbik, world champion handball goalkeeper
Csaba Szilágyi, Serbian Olympic swimmer
Mario Szenessy, German author, translator, and literary critic
Lajos Szűcs, Hungarian national football team player, a gold medal winner at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Marta Tibor, sprint canoer
József Törtei, wrestler, bronze medal winner at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Mihály Tóth, Hungarian footballer and a legend of Újpest, playing for the national team in the 1954 World Cup Final
Tibor Várady, legal scholar former Minister of Justice of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (July-December 1992)
See also
Ethnic groups of Vojvodina
Hungarian exonyms (Vojvodina)
Hungarians in Slovakia
Hungarians in Romania
Székelys
Hungarian-Serbian relations
Notes
Further reading
Jenne, Erin. 2007. "Ethnic Bargaining in the Balkans: Secessionist Kosovo versus Integrationist Vojvodina." in Ethnic Bargaining: The Paradox of Minority Empowerment. Cornell University Press.
References
Notes
Karolj Brindza, Učešće jugoslovenskih Mađara u narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi, Vojvodina u borbi, Matica Srpska, Novi Sad, 1951.
Borislav Jankulov, Pregled kolonizacije Vojvodine u XVIII i XIX veku, Novi Sad - Pančevo, 2003.
Peter Rokai - Zoltan Đere - Tibor Pal - Aleksandar Kasaš, Istorija Mađara, Beograd, 2002.
Enike A. Šajti, Mađari u Vojvodini 1918-1947, Novi Sad, 2010.
Aleksandar Kasaš, Mađari u Vojvodini 1941-1946, Novi Sad, 1996.
External links
The Encyclopedia of Vojvodina
Hungarian population in the territory of present-day Vojvodina between 1880 and 1991
Ethnic Hungarian Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe
Vojvodina
Ethnic groups in Vojvodina
Ethnic groups in Serbia
Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsang%20%28disambiguation%29
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Satsang (disambiguation)
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Satsang is an audience with a Satguru for religious instruction.
Satsang or Satsanga may also refer to these spiritual movements originating in India:
Neo-Advaita, also known as the Satsang movement/Satsanga movement, inspired by Ramana Maharshi
Satsang (Deoghar), founded by Thakur Anukulchandra
Satsang Ashram, its headquarters in Deoghar, Jharkhand, India
Satsang Vihar Purusottampur, its temple in West Bengal, India
Radha Soami or Radhasoami Satsang, founded by Seth Shiv Dayal Singh Ji Maharaj
Radha Soami Satsang Beas, its organization centred in Punjab, India
Radha Soami Satsang Sabha of Dayalbagh, Agra, India.
Radha Swami Satsang, Dinod, its organization centred in Dinod, Haryana, India
Ramashram Satsang, Mathura, founded by Guru Maharaj in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ruhani Satsang, founded by Kirpal Singh in Delhi, India
Yogoda Satsanga Society of India, founded by Paramahansa Yogananda in Kolkata, West Bengal, India
See also
Satsangi, a follower of Swaminarayan
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16169419
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello%20d%27Orey
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Marcello d'Orey
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Marcelo Rui Dias d'Orey Branco (born Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 7 March 1976) is a former Portuguese rugby union player. Professionally, he's a lawyer.
His position in the field is as a lock, but he has also played as number 8.
He played his entire career in CDUP, where he won 2 National CUPs, in 2002/2003 and 2005/2006.
D'Orey is one of the most capped Portuguese rugby footballers, with 60 caps and 5 tries, 25 points in aggregate, since his debut, at 10 November 1996, in a 20-31 loss to Spain.
D'Orey was selected for the squad that entered the 2007 Rugby World Cup. He got injured in his only presence, at the loss to New Zealand (13-108), in the first time the two teams played, missing the rest of the tournament. That would be his last game for the National Team.
External links
Marcello d'Orey International Statistics
1976 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Portuguese rugby union players
Brazilian rugby union players
Brazilian emigrants to Portugal
Rugby union locks
Portugal international rugby union players
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42927468
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikina%20Heights
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Marikina Heights
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Marikina Heights is one of the barangays of Marikina measuring some . Once a privately owned hacienda, it is now populated by 35,416 people according to the 2010 National Census.
History
Before becoming a barangay in 1978, Marikina Heights started out as a grazing and pasture land for carabaos, cows, goats and horses. Because it was owned by the Tuason family, the Marikina Dairy Farm was established in what was now known as C&P Mall, Palmera Homes and the Tanseco Residence.
During the Japanese occupation, Marikina Heights became a vital military location as the Imperial soldiers dug through parts of the area leading to Paliparan, Sto. Nino and Concepcion where the airfields are situated. One of the said tunnels lies underneath a police sub-station along Bayan-Bayanan Avenue. When the combined Filipino and American troops retaken in Marikina Heights was defeat by the Japanese during the Allied liberation and ended in World War II.
Due to the land's terrain which resembles the highlands of South Korea, the area also became a training ground for Filipino soldiers prior to their deployment in the Korean War, thus earning the nickname "Mari-Korea".
The late 1950s witnessed the growth of the area as the Tuasons decided to develop their landholdings into the Marikina Heights subdivision. Finally, on April 2, 1978, President Ferdinand Marcos signed the Presidential Decree No. 1489, declaring Marikina Heights as another barangay in Marikina's growing populace.
Present day
Marikina Heights is now a lush barangay with many trees and maintained parks. Marikina's best exclusive schools are in this barangay; St. Scholastica's Academy Marikina (for girls) and Marist School (for boys). Ayala Malls Marikina, opened in 2017, is located here.
References
Marikina
Barangays of Metro Manila
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40953996
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20Center%20Girl
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Call Center Girl
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Call Center Girl is a 2013 Filipino family comedy drama film directed by Don Cuaresma, starring Pokwang, Jessy Mendiola, and Enchong Dee. The film is produced by Skylight Films and Star Cinema. It premiered on November 27, 2013 as part of Star Cinema's 20th Anniversary presentation.
The film also marks as Pokwang's 11th film under Star Cinema.
Cast
Main Cast
Pokwang as Teresa "Terry" Manlapat
Jessy Mendiola as Regina "Reg" Manlapat
Enchong Dee as Vince Sandoval
Supporting Cast
K Brosas as Lolay
John Lapus as Ritchie
Alex Castro as Martin
Ogie Diaz as Midang
Ejay Falcon as Dennis
Arron Villaflor as Perry Manlapat
Dianne Medina as Claire Manlapat
Dawn Jimenez as Lea
Special Participation
Jestoni Alarcon as Raul Manlapat
Jayson Gainza as Vendor
Pooh as Interviewer
Chokoleit† as Trainer Chokie
Tado Jimenez† as Security Guard
Cheridel Alejandrino as Elevator Girl
References
External links
2013 films
Philippine films
2010s comedy-drama films
Star Cinema films
Skylight Films films
Tagalog-language films
English-language films
2013 comedy films
2013 drama films
Philippine comedy-drama films
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30698713
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavkat%20Mullajanov
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Shavkat Mullajanov
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Shavkat Mullajanov (; born 19 January 1986) is an Uzbek professional football player who currently plays for Uzbekistan national football team. His position is center back, but he can also play as a right back.
Career
After his great performance at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup he left for Qatar, to play for Al-Ahli. He was also the first player on the Uzbekistan's team to transfer to another club after the Asian Cup. Over the span of two seasons with Al Ahli, he received 12 yellow cards and 2 red cards in 29 games.
On 5 July 2012, it was announced that Mullajanov would join Al Nasr SC in Saudi Arabia. Mullajanov transferred to Chinese Super League side Liaoning Whowin on 27 February 2013.
Honours
Club
Lokomotiv
Uzbek League runners-up (2): 2014, 2015
Uzbek Cup (1): 2014
Uzbekistan Super Cup (1): 2015
References
External links
Shavkat Mullajanov- Goal.com
1986 births
Living people
Uzbekistani footballers
Uzbekistani expatriate footballers
Uzbekistan international footballers
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
2015 AFC Asian Cup players
Al Ahli SC (Doha) players
Al-Nassr FC players
Liaoning F.C. players
Al-Shaab CSC players
PFK Metallurg Bekabad players
Qatar Stars League players
Saudi Professional League players
Chinese Super League players
UAE Pro League players
Expatriate footballers in Qatar
Expatriate footballers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate footballers in China
Expatriate footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistani expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Uzbekistani expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Uzbekistani expatriate sportspeople in China
Uzbekistani expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Association football defenders
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30418200
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobinda%20Chandra%20Naskar
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Gobinda Chandra Naskar
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Gobinda Chandra Naskar was a member of the 15th Lok Sabha. He was elected as a Trinamool Congress candidate from Bangaon. He was also member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly in 4 different terms. He is also chief of Trinamool Congress OBC Cell.Now he is the member of legislative assembly of West Bengal.He is elected from Basanti constituency in 2016.
Pratima Mondal, his daughter, has been elected to the 16th Lok Sabha from Jaynagar.
References
Bengali politicians
15th Lok Sabha members
All India Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal
Living people
Jadavpur University alumni
1941 births
Lok Sabha members from West Bengal
People from North 24 Parganas district
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94395
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravalli%20County%2C%20Montana
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Ravalli County, Montana
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Ravalli County is a county in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 44,174. Its county seat is Hamilton.
Ravalli County is part of a north–south mountain valley bordered by the Sapphire Mountains on the East and the Bitterroot Mountains on the West. It is often referred to as the Bitterroot Valley, which is named for the Bitterroot Flower. The county is on the Pacific Ocean side of the Continental Divide, which follows the Idaho-Montana border from Wyoming until Ravalli County. Here, it turns east into Montana, between Chief Joseph Pass and Lost Trail Pass, and follows the Ravalli County-Beaverhead County border.
History
Ravalli County was once home to the Bitterroot Salish tribe. The tribe was first encountered in 1805 by the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which noted their friendly nature. The Catholic Church took an interest in creating a mission in the area, and in 1841 founded St. Mary's Mission, subsequently renamed as Fort Owen. In 1864, the settlement's current name, Stevensville, was adopted. In 1891, the Salish tribe moved to the current Flathead Reservation under the Treaty of Hellgate.
In 1877, Chief Joseph and his Wallowa band of Nez Perce passed through Ravalli County in their attempt to escape confinement to a reservation; they were captured en route to Canada just south of Havre.
Ravalli County was created in 1893 by the Montana Legislature, annexing a portion of Missoula County. It was named after the Italian Jesuit priest Antony Ravalli, who came to the Bitterroot Valley in 1845.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of , of which is land and (0.4%) is water.
Major highways
U.S. Highway 93
Montana Highway 38
Adjacent counties
Missoula County - north
Granite County - northeast
Deer Lodge County - east
Beaverhead County - southeast
Lemhi County, Idaho - south
Idaho County, Idaho - west/Pacific Time Border
National protected areas
Bitterroot National Forest (part)
Lee Metcalf National Wildlife Refuge
Lolo National Forest (part)
Demographics
2000 census
As of the 2000 United States census, there were 36,070 people, 14,289 households, and 10,188 families in the county. The population density was 15 people per square mile (6/km2). There were 15,946 housing units at an average density of 7 per square mile (3/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.71% White, 0.14% Black or African American, 0.88% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.44% from other races, and 1.44% from two or more races. 1.88% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 22.1% were of German, 14.1% English, 11.1% Irish, 7.9% American and 6.3% Norwegian ancestry.
There were 14,289 households, out of which 30.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.30% were married couples living together, 7.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.70% were non-families. 24.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.94.
The county population contained 25.60% under the age of 18, 6.20% from 18 to 24, 24.70% from 25 to 44, 28.00% from 45 to 64, and 15.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 98.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.40 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $31,992, and the median income for a family was $38,397. Males had a median income of $30,994 versus $19,987 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,935. About 9.60% of families and 13.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.10% of those under age 18 and 6.30% of those age 65 or over.
2010 census
As of the 2010 United States census, there were 40,212 people, 16,933 households, and 11,380 families in the county. The population density was . There were 19,583 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 95.9% white, 0.9% American Indian, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.1% Pacific islander, 0.6% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 3.0% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 28.8% were German, 17.4% were English, 15.9% were Irish, 8.3% were American, 5.7% were Italian, and 5.5% were Norwegian.
Of the 16,933 households, 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.8% were non-families, and 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.83. The median age was 46.0 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $43,000 and the median income for a family was $53,004. Males had a median income of $42,065 versus $27,629 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,908. About 9.6% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.5% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Agriculture and timber form the bulk of Ravalli County economic activity. Marcus Daly, one of three Butte copper kings, funded logging operations in the Bitterroot Valley. The lumber was necessary for the Butte copper operation. Recently, more of Ravalli County's economy stems from tourism. The valley borders the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness and offers a wide variety of wildlife, including some of the few remaining wolverine and wolf populations in the contiguous states. The Lost Trail Powder Mountain ski area is at Lost Trail Pass on the Idaho border on US-93.
Politics
Ravalli County voters have been reliably Republican, opting only one time for the Democratic Party candidate in national elections since 1940 (as of 2020).
Communities
City
Hamilton
Towns
Darby
Pinesdale
Stevensville
Census-designated places
Charlos Heights
Conner
Corvallis
Florence
Sula
Victor
Unincorporated communities
Alta
Bell Crossing
Cinnibar Court
Como
Gorus
Grantsdale
Medicine Hot Springs
Riverside
Notable person
Henry L. Myers, Ravalli County prosecuting attorney, U.S. Senator from Montana
See also
List of lakes in Ravalli County, Montana
List of mountains in Ravalli County, Montana
National Register of Historic Places listings in Ravalli County MT
References
External links
1893 establishments in Montana
Populated places established in 1893
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67678006
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding%20Mr.%20Wright
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Finding Mr. Wright
|
Finding Mr. Wright is a 2011 American romantic comedy film directed by Nancy Criss. It was produced by Matthew Montgomery and Nancy Driss, and written by Jake Helgren. The film stars Matthew Montgomery, Rebekah Kochan, David Moretti, Jason Stuart, Scotch Ellis Loring, Rasool J'Han and Evan Miller. The film had its premiere at the Philadelphia QFest on July 13, 2011. It then moved on for a screening at the FilmOut San Diego LGBT Film Festival on August 20, 2011.
Plot
Clark Townsend is single and gay, along with being a successful Hollywood talent manager. His client, and best friend Eddy Malone, is a popular TV actress who is a booze loving party girl. Her constant partying is making Clark and his cross dressing secretary Goldie, increasingly high strung. Eddy's publicist TJ is fed up with the constant drama as well. So TJ invites Pearce Wright, a life coach and counselor, who also happens to be gay, to a party to try and straighten Eddy out. After witnessing her antics at the party, Pearce suggests a weekend wilderness therapy retreat to bring her back down to earth. Pearce also has a ulterior motive for the retreat, because after meeting Clark at the party, he is attracted to Clark and wants to see if there is a possible relationship to be developed. The whole crew, and a few tag-alongs all decide to go, and when they arrive, Pearce begins the task of leading this unusual and diverse group of characters to a new outlook on life. In the end, Clark and Pearce finally get together and begin a relationship.
Cast
Matthew Montgomery as Clark Townsend
Rebekah Kochan as Eddy Malone
David Moretti as Pearce Wright
Jason Stuart as Phillip
Scotch Ellis Loring as Geoffrey
Edward Gusts as Cooper
Rasool J'Han as TJ
Keye Chen as Goldie
Evan Miller as Gage
Cameron Cash as Sam
Ryan Anthony as Steve
Production notes and release
Both Montgomery and Driss served as executive producers on the film, and both of their production companies, Montgomerys' Proteus Pictures, and Driss' NANDAR Entertainment were in charge of production for the project. The movie was filmed on location in California, with select filming at Arrowbear Lake and Castaic Lake State Recreation Area. The film premiered at the Philadelphia QFest on July 13, 2011, and was then screened at the FilmOut San Diego LGBT Film Festival on August 20, 2011. It also had a screening at Central Florida Film Festival on September 2, 2011. The movie was released to DVD in 2012.
Critical reception
Out in Jersey gave it a positive review saying "the characters are real, in depth and totally believable and inevitably remind us of people we know in our own lives. This is a charming movie and a lot of fun". This Week in Texas was also pleased with the film, stating the wilderness setting was "beauiful" and had an "attractive cast and constant awkwardness", which made the film an "enjoyable retreat for its viewers". David Hall of Gay Celluloid was generally satisfied stating, "not all of the thick and fast jokes hit the mark, but there's equally no denying the overwhelming fun of the piece". He said the actors performances were "somewhat uneven at times", but overall, "Criss undeniably knows her market and her feel good approach shows in this cinematic medley of one-liner styled laughs and emotional observations on life and love".
Edge Media said that although the title of the film was lame, this "gay indie is a cut above the standard fare, with decent writing, good direction, and even some talented acting". They also pointed out that director Criss did a good job with limited resources, saying "with her at the helm it's become all it can be". Reviews by Amos was impressed with Criss' directing, saying she "handles the whole thing with great skill and directed the entire film beautifully". He also praised the talented acting, the cinematography, and a "story that captures the viewer from the first frame". The Dutch LGBT Cinemagazine said some of the scenes were bland, but actors Montgomery and Moretti were "convincing and serious in their roles". They noted that technical details, like the sound and picture quality were "somewhat disappointing", but they recommended the film because "the passion with which this film was made does come across".
See also
List of LGBT-related films of 2011
List of LGBT-related films directed by women
References
External links
Finding Mr. Wright at TV Guide
Finding Mr. Wright at AllMovie
Official website
2011 films
2011 LGBT-related films
American films
American LGBT-related films
American romantic comedy films
2010s English-language films
Films set in California
Gay-related films
LGBT-related romantic comedy films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaserama
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Teaserama
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Teaserama is a 1955 American low-budget sexploitation film directed by Irving Klaw. It follows the performance of a burlesque show.
Plot
Teaserama is presented as a documentary film, with all actors and actresses playing themselves. It opens with Bettie Page assisting Tempest Storm with her brassiere. Afterwards, when the show begins, Page separates the acts by showing placards with the names of the acts. Stripteases are provided by Storm, Chris La Chris, Twinnie Wallen, Trudy Wayne, Vicki Lynn, and Cherry Knight. Stand-up comedy is provided by Joe E. Ross and Dave Starr.
Production
The film was directed by Irving Klaw, who was known for producing bondage photographs for distribution through the mail. Redheaded burlesque dancer Tempest Storm was cast for the leading role.
Playboy Playmate of 1955 Bettie Page, whom Klaw had previously directed, was cast as a second-tier dancer. Page, who had previously appeared in Striporama (1953) and Varietease (1954), performed three dance routines, including one alongside star Tempest Storm. Teaserama was the last mainstream film in which Page had a major role.
Vicki Lynn, who had also previously appeared in Varietease, appeared in drag in the film. According to film historian Eric Schaefer, Lynn's performance in Teaserama was presented with "the same degree of sensuality and tease as the strips by women" and as "erotic to heterosexual men". He considers the number a form of "gender sabotage" against the prevailing sexual norms of the time.
According to a review by Variety, the film was produced almost entirely without props. The majority occurs on inlaid linoleum with yard equipment visible in the background, although some sofas make an appearance. It was shot in Eastman Color. The film features little nudity.
Release and reception
Teaserama was released in 1955. It has since been reissued several times. In 1993, it was released as a video cassette, introducing the 1950s-era burlesque dancers to a new audience. In 2006, Teaserama was re-released together with Varietease as a double feature DVD by Something Weird Video under the title Bettie Page in Varietease and Teaserama. Bill Gibron of DVD Talk wrote that one of the special features on the DVD, a two-hour interview with sexploitation film director David F. Friedman about the history of the genre, was "far more fascinating" than the films.
See also
List of American films of 1955
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
1955 films
American sexploitation films
Films about striptease
1950s English-language films
1950s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20Kho%20Jr.
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Antonio Kho Jr.
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Antonio Tongio Kho Jr. (born June 29, 1966) is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He was appointed by president Rodrigo Duterte to replace justice Rosmari Carandang.
Early life and education
Kho was born in 1966 in Jolo, Sulu. He received his Bachelor of Laws degree from the San Beda College of Law in 1991, where he was part of the Lex Talionis Fraternitas fraternity.
Legal career
Kho served as an undersecretary in the Depeartment of Justice under former secretary Vitaliano Aguirre II. In July 2018, Kho was appointed to COMELEC by president Rodrigo Duterte and he retired from the organization on February 2, 2022.
Supreme Court appointment
On February 23, 2022, president Rodrigo Duterte appointed Kho to the Court, to fill the vacancy left by the retirement of justice Rosmari Carandang. He took the oath of office on February 24, 2022. He will retire from the court on June 29, 2036.
Gallery
References
1966 births
Living people
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
Commissioners of constitutional commissions of the Philippines
Filipino lawyers
People from Sulu
San Beda University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Resch
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Rudolf Resch
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Rudolf Resch (7 April 1914 – 11 July 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during the Spanish Civil War and World War II, a fighter ace listed with 94 enemy aircraft shot down. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. He was credited with one aerial during the Spanish Civil War and further 93 on the Eastern Front of World War II.
Born in Kamenz, Resch volunteered for service with the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War where he was assigned to Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88—88th Fighter Group). Following service in Spain, Resch was posted to Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) and became a Staffelkapitän (squadron leader). Serving in the Battle of France and Battle of Britain, he was then transferred to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing). He claimed his first aerial victory of World War II on 22 June 1941, the day German forces launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. On 6 September 1942, Resch was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross after 58 aerial victories claimed in World War II.
Resch was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of IV. Gruppe (4th group) of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) on 1 March 1943. He was killed in action on 11 July 1943, when he was shot down near Oryol during the Battle of Kursk.
Early life and career
Resch was born on 7 April 1914 in Kamenz, at the time in the Kingdom of Saxony, part of the German Empire. His father was a professor of Slavic studies at the Dresden University of Technology. In early 1938, he joined the Condor Legion and was posted to 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88—88th Fighter Group) as a fighter pilot. On 17 July, he claimed an aerial victory over a Polikarpov I-15 fighter aircraft. On 14 April 1939, he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords (), for his service in the Spanish Civil War. Following his return to Germany, he served as an instructor at the Jagdfliegerschule Schleißheim, the fighter pilot school at Schleißheim.
World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Resch was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) in April 1940 during the "Phoney War" period of World War II. He replaced Oberleutnant Werner Eichel. The Staffel belonged to I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 77, at the time based in Odendorf, preparing for the upcoming Battle of France. During the Battle of Britain on 31 August, Resch made a forced landing in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-1 (Werknummer 3642—factory number) following aerial combat with the Royal Air Force (RAF) over the Thames Estuary.
On 6 October 1940, Resch was transferred and made Staffelkapitän of 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing). He replaced Oberleutnant Werner Lederer in this function who was transferred. The Staffel was subordinated to II. Gruppe of JG 52 which was headed by Hauptmann Wilhelm Ensslen. In consequence, command of his former 3. Staffel of JG 77 passed on to Oberleutnant Karl-Gottfried Nordmann. At the time, the Gruppe was based at Peuplingues near the English Channel and fighting the RAF during the Battle of Britain. II. Gruppe was withdrawn from the Channel Front on 2 November and moved to München Gladbach, present-day Mönchengladbach, on 5 November for a period of rest and replenishment. The Gruppe had also lost its commanding officer, Ensslen, who was killed in action on 2 November. Ensslen was replaced by Hauptmann Erich Woitke. On 22 December, II. Gruppe was ordered to Leeuwarden Airfield where they were tasked with flying fighter patrols along the Dutch North Sea coast. On 15 January 1941, the Gruppe moved to Ypenburg Airfield where they stayed until 10 February.
Operation Barbarossa
In preparation of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, II. Gruppe of JG 52, without a period of replenishment in Germany, was ordered to airfields close to the German-Soviet demarcation line. While the Gruppenstab (group headquarters unit) and 4. Staffel were based at Suwałki in northeastern Poland, 5. and 6. Staffel were transferred to a forward airfield at Sobolewo. For the invasion, II. Gruppe of JG 52 was subordinated to the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). The Geschwader was part of the VIII. Fliegerkorps commanded by Generaloberst Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen which supported the northern wing of Army Group Centre.
On 22 June, the German forces launched the attack on the Soviet Union which opened the Eastern Front. That day, Resch claimed his first aerial victory of World War II. He was credited with shooting down a Tupolev SB-2 bomber in the afternoon. On 25 June, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Varėna in Lithuania which had previously been occupied by the Soviet Air Forces (VVS—Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily). Two days later, the Gruppe moved to Maladzyechna, supporting the advance Panzergruppe 3 near Barysaw. Flying from this airfield, Resch claimed an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber shot down on 2 July. Two days later, the Gruppe moved to Sloboda, east of Minsk, before moving to an airfield named Lepel-West at Lyepyel on 5 July. From this airfield, II. Gruppe flew combat air patrols and fighter escort missions to combat areas near Vitebsk and Haradok, supporting Panzergruppe 2 and 3 in their advance to Vitebsk and Polotsk. Here, Resch claimed the destruction of a SB-3 bomber on 7 July. On 12 July, the Gruppe moved to Kamary, an airfield in the western parts of Vitebsk. Resch shot down a SB-2 bomber on 17 July. On 22 July, II. Gruppe advanced to the airfield Andrejewka near Smolensk where it stayed until 5 August. Operating from Andrejewka, Resch shot down another SB-2 bomber on 27 July.
II. Gruppe was ordered to relocate to Soltsy, west of Lake Ilmen, on 5 August in support of the 16th Army and Army Group North. Here, the Gruppe supported the fighting south of Lake Ilmen, and the German attacks on Shlisselburg, Leningrad and the Soviet fleet at Kronstadt. Operating from Soltsy, Resch claimed one Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 fighter shot down on 16 and 19 August. The next day, II. Gruppe was ordered to an airfield at Spasskaya Polist, south of Chudovo and north of Lake Ilmen, supporting the 18th Army in its advance towards the Neva and Lake Ladoga. Resch claimed three MiG-1 fighters while flying from Spasskaya Polist, one on 25 August and two the following day. Since German forces had reached the proximity of Leningrad, II. Gruppe was ordered to Lyuban, approximately to Leningrad and located on the road to Moscow. The Gruppe stayed at Lyuban until 30 September, flying missions to Shlisselburg, Leningrad and Mga. Fighting in this combat area, Resch claimed six aerial victories in September 1941. On 2 September, he was credited with the destruction of a MiG-1 fighter followed by a Polikarpov R-5 reconnaissance bomber on 5 September followed by another MiG-1 fighter on 11 September. The following day, he claimed another MiG-1 fighter, followed by two further MiG-1 fighters shot down on 26 and 27 September.
On 2 October, German forces launched Operation Typhoon, the failed strategic offensive to capture Moscow. In support of this offensive, II. Gruppe was moved to Stabna, located just north of Smolensk. Operating from Stabna, Resch shot down a Mig-1 fighter on 3 October and a Polikarpov I-16 fighter south of Rzhev on 8 October. On 12 October, II. Gruppe was ordered to Novodugino where it stayed for four days. The Gruppe then moved to an airfield west of Kalinin, present-day Tver, on 16 October. The following day, Resch claimed two MiG-1 fighters and two DB-3 bombers on 18 October. These were his last claims in 1941. He was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe () on 20 December 1941.
Eastern Front
In late January 1942, II. Gruppe was withdrawn from the Eastern Front and sent to Jesau near Königsberg for a period of recuperation and replenishment, arriving on 24 January 1942. In Jesau, the Gruppe received many factory new Bf 109 F-4 aircraft. On 14 April, II. Gruppe received orders to move to Pilsen, present-day Plzeň in the Czech Republic, for relocation to the Eastern Front. The Gruppe had also received a new commander, Woitke had been transferred and was replaced by Hauptmann Johannes Steinhoff who thus became Resch's commanding officer. Following a series of relocations, including a short deployment on the Crimea where Resch claimed an Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft on 8 May. The Gruppe was then ordered to the airfield named Kharkov-Waitschenko on 14 May and participated in the Second Battle of Kharkov. The next day, Resch was credited with shooting down a Polikarpov I-153 fighter. On 16 May, the Gruppe moved to Artyomovsk, present-day Bakhmut, where they stayed until 23 May supporting German forces fighting in the Second Battle of Kharkov. Operating from Artyomovsk, Resch shot down a MiG-1 fighter on 20 May, and one on 21 and 22 May each. On 23 May, the Gruppe was ordered to relocate to Barvinkove. There, Resch claimed a Vultee V-11 attack aircraft and a Petlyakov Pe-2 bomber on 26 May.
On 1 June, II. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Grakowo, located approximately halfway between Kharkov and Kupiansk. The main German objectives in that combat area were, breakthrough to the upper Don and capture of Voronezh. Resch claimed the destruction of an Il-2 ground attack aircraft that day. On 10 June, he was credited with two aerial victories, a further Il-2 aircraft, and a MiG-1 fighter. Three days later, he claimed two Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighters destroyed. Flying Bf 109 F-4/R1 (Werknummer 13358), Resch was wounded in combat on 21 June near Sochorowka. On 26 June, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Bilyi Kolodyaz, approximately southeast of Vovchansk, and to an airfield named Ssowy south of Kursk on 3 July, before returning to Artemovsk on 8 July. On 14 July, II. Gruppe again relocated, this time south to Chatzepetowka, and then on 17 July to Taganrog located on the Sea of Azov. There, Resch shot down a LaGG-3 fighter on 19 July, and two further LaGG-3 fighters the following day. On 22 July, II. Gruppe moved to an airfield named Nowy-Cholan, south of Tatsinskaya, where the Gruppe flew combat air patrols. There, Resch claimed a Sukhoi Su-2 aircraft shot down on 24 July. The next day, he claimed an I-153 fighter, an I-16 fighter and a LaGG-3 fighter. For 40 aerial victories claimed to date, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold () on 27 July 1942.
Following several relocations, II. Gruppe was ordered to Tusov on 20 August. Located approximately southwest of Kalach-na-Donu on the western bank of the Don, the Gruppe operated in the combat area of Stalingrad. Until end of August, Resch claimed ten further aerial victories. He shot down a LaGG-3 fighter on 23 August, the next day he claimed a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter. On 25 August, a Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter and LaGG-3 fighter fell to his guns, followed by one LaGG-3 fighter on 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31 August, respectively. Resch was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 6 September 1942 for 50 aerial victories claimed.
Group commander
Resch was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of IV. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) on 1 March 1943. He replaced Hauptmann Johann Knauth who was transferred. Command of his former 6. Staffel of JG 52 was passed on to Oberleutnant Gustav Denk. His three squadron leaders were, Oberleutnant Horst-Günther von Fassong heading 10. Staffel, Hauptmann Adolf Borchers in charge of 11. Staffel, and Hauptmann Wilhelm Moritz leading 12. Staffel. The Gruppe had just completed conversion from the Bf 109 F-2 to the Focke Wulf Fw 190 A-4 and was based at Smolensk. In that combat area, Army Group Centre had launched Operation Büffel, a series of retreats eliminating the Rzhev salient. On 21 March, IV. Gruppe was ordered to Bryansk where it was deployed over the left wing of Army Group Centre. On 23 March, Resch claimed his first aerial victory as Gruppenkommandeur when he shot down a LaGG-3 fighter northeast of Zhizdra.
On the afternoon of 11 April, IV. Gruppe escorted 16 Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers from III. Gruppe of Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 (StG 1—1st Dive Bomber Wing) on a bombing mission to various targets near Kursk. On this mission, Resch claimed two LaGG-3 fighters shot down north of Kursk. The Gruppe flew missions to the combat area south and southeast of Oryol on 25 April. That day, Resch claimed a MiG-3 fighter shot down. The following day, the Gruppe was ordered to the airfield named Sjablowo, a satellite airfield near Oryol. On 7 May, large Soviet bomber and ground attack aircraft units attacked Luftwaffe airfields in the area of Oryol and Bryansk. Defending against this attack, Resch was credited with destruction of an Il-2 ground attack aircraft. Resch was then credited with shooting down a Yak-1 fighter east of Verkhovye on 11 May. The following day, he claimed a LaGG-3 shot down south Oryol, the only claim by IV. Gruppe that day. On 2 June, IV. Gruppe flew escort missions and combat air patrols to Kursk. Without loss, IV. Gruppe pilots claimed 13 aerial victories, including two LaGG-3 fighters by Resch. Combat on 8 June, led the Gruppe to an area east and southeast of Oryol. On two separate missions, Resch shot down a LaGG-3 fighter in the morning and a La-5 fighter later that evening.
Operation Citadel and death
On 5 July, German forces launched Operation Citadel in a failed attempt to eliminate the Kursk salient that initiated the Battle of Kursk. In preparation of this operation, IV. Gruppe was ordered to an airfield named Oryol-West and supported Generaloberst Walter Model's 9th Army on the northern pincer. That day, pilots of the Gruppe flew up to five combat missions in the combat area near Maloarkhangelsk. The Gruppe escorted bombers from Kampfgeschwader 4 (KG 4—4th Bomber Wing), KG 51 and KG 53 as well as Ju 87 dive bombers from StG 1. The Gruppe claimed 36 aerial victories that day, including two La-5 fighters by Resch, one northeast of Maloarkhangelsk and another south-southeast of Trosna.
In the early morning of 6 July, Resch shot down Leytnant Yevgeniy Stepanov from the 157 IAP (Fighter Aviation Regiment—Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk). On 8 July, the Gruppe flew multiple missions in support of the Army near Ponyri as well as escort missions for Ju 87 dive bombers from StG 1. In their defense, Resch shot down a Yak-1 fighter west of Livny and a La-5 fighter west of Maloarkhangelsk. The next day, the 9th Army was fighting near Olkhovatka and Ponyri. The Gruppe claimed 24 aerial victories, including a LaGG-3 fighter and an Il-2 ground attack aircraft by Resch. On 11 July, Resch claimed another Il-2 ground attack aircraft. He was then shot down and killed in action in his Fw 190 A-5 (Werknummer 7264) near Judinka, the combat area near Maloarkhangelsk. He was succeeded by Major Hans-Ekkehard Bob as commander of IV. Gruppe.
Summary of career
Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Resch was credited with 93 aerial victories during World War II. Spick lists Resch with 94 aerial victories claimed in an unknown number combat missions. This figure includes 93 aerial victories on the Eastern Front, and one further victory during the Spanish Civil War. Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 93 aerial victory claims. This number includes one claim during the Spanish Civil War and 65 on the Eastern Front.
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 44243". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.
Awards
Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords (14 April 1939)
Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 20 December 1941 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän
German Cross in Gold on 27 July 1942 as Hauptmann in the 6./Jagdgeschwader 52
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 6 September 1942 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 5./Jagdgeschwader 52
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Luftwaffe 1939–1945 History
TracesOfWar.com
1914 births
1943 deaths
People from Kamenz
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
German military personnel of the Spanish Civil War
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
German military personnel killed in World War II
Aviators killed by being shot down
Condor Legion personnel
Military personnel from Saxony
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhendi%20Bazaar
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Bhendi Bazaar
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Bhendi Bazaar is a market (bazaar) in South Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Bhendi Bazaar occupies an area between Mohammed Ali Road and Khetwadi. The closest Central and Harbour lines station for the Mumbai Suburban Railway is Sandhurst Road, and the closest Western railway stations are Charni Road and Grant Road. The bazaar is popular for shopping viz antique and hardware items. It is also home to the popular Bhendibazaar gharana of Hindustani classical music.
There are other markets surrounding Bhendi Bazaar such as Crawford Market (Phule Market), Chor Bazaar, Nul Bazaar, and other smaller ones.
Etymology
As per Samuel Townsend Sheppard, Bhendi Bazaar gets its name from the row of Hibiscus populnea (locally called Bhendi) located north of Pydhonie. According to Sir George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood, "the Bhendy tree is Thespesia populnea, in Southern India, commonly called Portia, a favourite ornamental tree, thriving best near the sea. In Ceylon, it is called Saria gansuri and also the Tulip tree."
Another theory posits that name comes from the British living on the southern division of the Crawford Market (or Crawford Bazaar), who used to call the northern side of Crawford Market - "behind the Bazaar", which the local people started calling Bhindi or Bhendi Bazaar (phonetically similar to the Indian term for Okra - bhindi).
History
During the British Raj, Bhendi Bazaar was built as a labor camp for workers, engaged in the development of Bombay, to stay in. The buildings of the labor camp were later sold to private owners who in turn accommodated tenants based on the local pagri system.
, the area is set to be revamped with the project being undertaken by the Saifee Burhani Upliftment Trust initiated by Mohammed Burhanuddin, head of the Dawoodi Bohra community.
Demographics and culture
Bhendi Bazaar is primarily a Muslim-populated area, home to Muslims with origins in all parts of India, especially Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala and northern India. Shop-owners and hawkers in this market belong to different religious groups.
Old streets like Saifee Jubilee Street, Khara Tank Road, Dhabu Street (now called Raudat Tahera Street), Pakmodia Street, Zainabia Marg, Tokra Gulli, 1st Cooper Street, 2nd Cooper Street, 3rd Cooper Street, and Chor Bazaar (consisting of Mutton Street and Chimna Butcher street) are populated by Bohri Muslims of the Dawoodi Bohra (a sect of Ismaili Shia Islam) among other Muslim sects.
The area houses Raudat Tahera, the mausoleum of the 51st and 52nd Dai-al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohras, Taher Saifuddin and Mohammed Burhanuddin. Bhendi Bazaar has the first two wing high-story tower of its own named Al-Saadah.
Bhendi Bazaar is famous for the food delicacies that it has to offer, it has been called 'A Glutton's Guide To Mumbai's Best Bohri Mohalla Food Joints'. A 2010 Bollywood film, Bhindi Bazaar, was shot in the area.
Places to visit in Bhendi Bazaar
Famous mouth-watering eateries and kothas in Bhendi Bazaar
Shabbir's Tawakkal Sweets
Taj Ice Cream
Jilani Fast Food Corner
Surti 12 Handi
Imdadiya Bakery
Haji Seekh Corner
Topi and Paghri shops
Dawoodi Amama Makers
Calcutta Fetahwala
See also
References
Retail markets in Mumbai
Bazaars in India
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Flag%20Code
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United States Flag Code
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The United States Flag Code establishes advisory rules for display and care of the national flag of the United States of America. It is Chapter 5 of Title 4 of the United States Code ( et seq). Although this is a U.S. federal law, the code is not mandatory: it uses non-binding language like "should" and "custom" throughout and does not prescribe any penalties for failure to follow the guidelines.
Separately, Congress passed the Flag Protection Act of 1968 (amended in 1989) (), a since struck-down criminal statute, which prohibits mutilating, defacing, defiling or burning the flag. Although it remains part of codified federal law, it is not enforceable due to the Supreme Court of the United States finding it unconstitutional in United States v. Eichman.
Additionally, the public law which includes the Flag Code (Pub. L. 105–225, largely codified in Title 36 of the U.S. Code), addresses conduct when the U.S. National Anthem is being played while the flag is present. That law suggests civilians in attendance should face the flag "at attention" (standing upright) with their hand over their heart.
Definition of a United States Flag
The U.S. Flag is defined by , executive order and official government standards: The flag of the United States for the purpose of this chapter shall be defined according to sections 1 and 2 of this title and Executive Order 10834 issued pursuant thereto.Executive Order 10834 Proportions And Sizes Of Flags And Position Of Stars prescribes the design of the flag as well as Federal Specification DDD-F-416F
Summary of the advisory code
The flag should never be dipped to any person or thing, unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation. This is sometimes misreported as a tradition that comes from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII; American team flag bearer Ralph Rose did not follow this protocol, and teammate Martin Sheridan is often, though apocryphally, quoted as proclaiming that "this flag dips before no earthly king."
When a flag is so tattered that it no longer fits to serve as a symbol of the United States, it should be replaced in a dignified manner, preferably by burning. The Veterans of Foreign Wars, American Legion, Boy Scouts of America, Girl Scouts of the USA, TrailLife USA, the U.S. Military and other organizations regularly conduct dignified flag retirement ceremonies.
The flag should never be used as a receptacle for receiving, holding, carrying, or delivering anything.
The flag should never touch anything physically beneath it.
The flag should never be used as wearing apparel, bedding or drapery. It should never be festooned, drawn back, nor up, in folds but always allowed to fall free.
The flag should always be permitted to fall freely. (An exception was made during the Apollo moon landings when the flag hung from a vertical pole designed with an extensible horizontal bar, allowing full display even in the absence of an atmosphere.)
The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally.
The flag should never be used for advertising purposes in any manner whatsoever.
The flag should never have placed upon it, nor on any part of it, nor attached to it any mark, insignia, letter, word, figure, design, picture, or drawing of any nature.
The flag should never be upside down, except to signal distress or great danger.
When displayed vertically against a wall, the union should be to the observer’s left.
Federal Law Regarding Flag Etiquette and National Anthem
While the Flag Code itself does not directly address behavior during the playing of the National Anthem, the same public law codified elsewhere, covers suggested respectful conduct.
The relevant part of law for the general public states:
(b) Conduct During Playing.—During a rendition of the national anthem—
(1) when the flag is displayed—
(C) all other persons present should face the flag and stand at attention with their right hand over the heart
(2) when the flag is not displayed, all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed.
History
Flag Day
Prior to Flag Day, June 14, 1923, neither the federal government nor the states had official guidelines governing the display of the United States' flag. On that date, the National Flag Code was constructed by representatives of over 68 organizations, under the auspices of the National Americanism Commission of the American Legion. The code drafted by that conference was printed by the national organization of the American Legion and given nationwide distribution.
On June 22, 1942, the code became Public Law 77-623; chapter 435. Little had changed in the code since the Flag Day 1923 Conference. The most notable change was the removal of the Bellamy salute because of its similarities to the Hitler salute.
The Freedom to Display the American Flag Act of 2005 prohibits real estate management organizations from restricting homeowners from displaying the Flag of the United States on their own property.
The Army Specialist Greg L. Chambers Federal Flag Code Amendment Act of 2007 added a provision to allow governors, or the mayor of the District of Columbia, to proclaim that the flag be flown at half-staff upon the death of a member of the Armed Forces from any State, territory, or possession who died while serving on active duty. The provision directs federal facilities in the area covered by the governor or mayor of the District of Columbia to fly the flag at half-staff consistent with such proclamations.
The Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 (Sec. 595.) allows the military salute for the flag during the national anthem by members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and by veterans.
Notes and references
External links
Full text of United States Code, Title 4, Chapter 1, available at Cornell University Law School.
"Tattered: Investigation of an American Icon" is a documentary photo essay, investigating the principle identity, misuse, commodification and desecration of the American flag in the context of the U.S. Flag Code.
“God for Harry! England and Saint George! The Evolution of the Sacred Flag and the Modern Nation-State" is a study of the flag code as a sacred symbol, special issue of The Flag Bulletin, No. 191, Vol. 39, No. 1 (January–February 2000).
Flags of the United States
Title 4 of the United States Code
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4439786
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%20irredentism
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Bulgarian irredentism
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Bulgarian irredentism is a term to identify the territory associated with a historical national state and a modern Bulgarian irredentist nationalist movement in the 19th and 20th centuries, which would include most of Macedonia, Thrace and Moesia.
History
The larger proposed Bulgarian state was suggested under the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878.
The issue of irredentism and nationalism gained greater prominence after the Treaty of San Stefano. It established a Principality of Bulgaria, with territory including most of Moesia - the plain between the Danube and the Balkan mountains range (Stara Planina), the regions of Sofia, Pirot, and Vranje in the Morava Valley, Thrace - Northern Thrace, parts of Eastern Thrace, and nearly all of Macedonia. This treaty laid grounds for much of the later claims for a Greater Bulgaria. However, the Treaty of San Stefano was a preliminary one and the borders of the newly created Bulgaria were established in the Treaty of Berlin. It saw the previous territory divided in three – the Principality of Bulgaria, the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia, and Macedonia, which remained under Ottoman control.
In the early 20th century control over Macedonia was a key point of contention between Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia who fought both the First Balkan War of 1912–1913 and the Second Balkan War of 1913. The area was further fought over during the Macedonian Campaign of World War I (1915–1918).
Just before entering World War II, Bulgaria had peacefully secured the return of Southern Dobruja from Romania in the Treaty of Craiova. During World War II some of the territories in question were briefly added to Bulgaria by Nazi Germany, as a reward to Bulgaria, which had fought with Germany as one of the Axis powers. It was granted territory in Greece, namely Eastern Macedonia and parts of Western Thrace, as well as Yugoslav Macedonia (Vardar Macedonia). With the exception of the Southern Dobruja, these concessions were reversed with the Allied victory (i.e. at the Paris Peace Conference of 1947).
See also
Balkan sprachbund
Bulgarian Crisis (1885–88)
Bulgarian Declaration of Independence
Bulgarian Millet
Bulgarian National Awakening
Bulgarian unification
Greater Albania
Greater Croatia
Greater Moldova
Greater Romania
Greater Serbia
Hungarian irredentism
Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
Kresna–Razlog uprising
Megali Idea
National awakening of Bulgaria
References
External links
Yugoslav - Bulgarian Relations from 1955 to 1980
Political history of Bulgaria
Irredentism
Bulgarian nationalism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Shariy
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Ivan Shariy
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Ivan Shariy (; born 24 November 1957) is a former Soviet and Ukrainian footballer and Ukrainian football manager.
Biography
Native of Poltava, Ivan Shariy actively played football for almost a quarter of century. He started to play football at a local Poltava sports school. Viktor Nosov who at that time was a head coach of the Vorskla's predecessor Kolos invited Shariy to the team of masters that played at the Soviet Second League when Shariy just turned 16. Shariy debuted coming out as a substitute during the game against Avtomobilist (later better known as FC Polissya Zhytomyr). Soon he was noticed by scouts of the Soviet Top League from Dynamo Kyiv and CSKA Moscow and in 1976 joined the Kyivan team.
Due to strong competition for a spot on the main team and the reserve squad, Shariy soon left Dynamo in Kiev for another in Minsk that was coached by Oleh Bazylevych helping the main Belarusian team with promotion to the Soviet Top League. Following promotion of Dinamo Minsk, Shariy decided to stay and continue to play at the Soviet First League joining FC Metalurh Zaporizhia for which he scored a notable number of goals. After couple of seasons Shariy tried to return to Kiev and played for Dynamo of Valeriy Lobanovsky few games in the Soviet Cup, but later joined another Soviet Top League team, FC Chornomorets Odesa, that was coached by Nikita Simonyan. In Chornomorets Shariy spent the next six seasons. During his stay in Odessa Shariy continued to receive offers from PFC CSKA Moscow, particularly from Sergei Shaposhnikov.
Following Chornomorets, the Shariy's career took a dive and in late 1980s he played for lower tier clubs Nistru Kishinev and the recently revived Vorskla Poltava (in place of Kolos) from native Poltava. In 1990 Shariy left for Bulgaria where he played for Etar Veliko Tarnovo which placed third in the national top league that season. During that season he played alongside such players like Krasimir Balakov, Ilian Kiriakov, and Tsanko Tsvetanov. Soon after return from Bulgaria, Shariy continued to play for few seasons in lower tiers before the dissolution of the Soviet Union and in 1992 decided to retire from professional football.
After almost three year break in 1995 the Vorskla head coach Viktor Pozhechevskyi invited Shariy who was 39 years old to the club where he contributed to Vorskla's win of the Persha Liha (tier 2). After few seasons he returned to amateurs where he continued to play until around 2015.
Ivan Shariy also played couple of games at continental club competitions, the UEFA Cup, at first in the 1985–86 UEFA Cup for FC Chornomorets Odesa that represented the Soviet Union and hosted German Werder Bremen when he came out to substitute Igor Savelyev on the 66th minute. The second his game Shariy played on August 12, 1997 for FC Vorskla Poltava which represented Ukraine in away game against Belgian Anderlecht coming on as a substitute for Serhiy Chuichenko on the 83rd minute.
On 18 May 1999 Ivan Shariy set a record during the Vyshcha Liha (Top football league in Ukraine) game against SC Mykolaiv for coming out on the field at the age of 41. The Ukrainian First League top scorer Serhiy Chuichenko considered Ivan Shariy to be the best footballer in history of Poltava football.
On 5 June 2009 he was appointed as an interim head coach of FC Poltava, while Shariy will be assisted by Oleh Morhun. Shariy who until his appointed was a director of the Ivan Horpynko sports school in Poltava replaced the FC Poltava head coach Oleksandr Omelchuk.
Career statistics
Club
Notes
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
People from Poltava
Soviet footballers
Ukrainian footballers
Association football forwards
FC Vorskla Poltava players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
FC Dinamo Minsk players
FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia players
FC Chornomorets Odesa players
FC Zimbru Chișinău players
FC Etar Veliko Tarnovo players
FC Nyva Vinnytsia players
FC Hirnyk-Sport Horishni Plavni players
FC Vorskla-2 Poltava players
FC Kremin Kremenchuk players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Soviet Top League players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
FC Vorskla-2 Poltava managers
FC Vorskla Poltava managers
FC Poltava managers
FC Spartak Sumy managers
Expatriate footballers in Bulgaria
Ukrainian expatriate footballers
Ukrainian football managers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOXO-FM
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WOXO-FM
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WOXO-FM (92.7 FM, "WOXO Country 92.7 & 100.7") is a radio station licensed to serve Norway, Maine, United States. Established in 1970 as WNWY-FM, the station is owned by Bennett Radio Group. WOXO-FM broadcasts a country music format, and simulcasts on Mexico sister station WIGY-FM (100.7).
History
WOXO-FM signed on December 12, 1970 as WNWY-FM under the ownership of Oxford Hills Radio Communications. The station originally operated on 105.5 FM with a middle of the road format. By 1974, WNWY had moved to 92.7 FM, a change made to accommodate the move of Skowhegan station WTOS-FM from 107.1 to 105.1, and was programming contemporary music, country music, pop, and gold.
Richard Gleason, the general manager of WSKW and WTOS in Skowhegan, bought WNWY-FM for $120,000 in 1975; the following year, the call letters were changed to WOXO to reflect the station's service to Oxford County and the Oxford Hills. By 1978, WOXO's top 40 format was 80-percent simulcast with WXIV (1450 AM) in South Paris, which Gleason acquired in 1976. In 1981, WOXO dropped the top 40 format in favor of country music after Gleason conducted a survey that found that a country-formatted station would be highly rated. WOXO-FM's country format was simulcast on 1450 AM, which had taken on the WOXO call letters, until the early 1980s, when the AM station shifted to religious programming; in 1986, that station changed its call letters to WKTQ. In 1990, Gleason bought WTBM (100.7 FM) in Mexico; that station then became a simulcast of WOXO-FM.
WOXO-FM's country format moved to WKTQ, which took on the WOXO call letters, on August 1, 2016. Concurrently, the station changed its call letters to WEZR-FM and began simulcasting the hot adult contemporary format of Lewiston sister station WEZR (1240 AM), expanding that station's reach to serve the entirety of the Western Maine Mountains region and parts of Carroll County, New Hampshire, and the WOXO-FM call letters were transferred to WTBM, which continued to air WOXO's country music programming. In April 2019, WEZR-FM returned to simulcasting country music with WOXO-FM, with the simulcast of WEZR's hot adult contemporary programming moving to WOXO (AM) (now WPNO). The move back to country increased competition for the country audience in the Lewiston-Auburn market with heritage outlet WTHT along with North Conway, New Hampshire-based WPKQ (which switched to a WCYY simulcast in 2021). On September 27, 2019, the WOXO-FM call sign was moved back to 92.7, with 100.7 briefly taking on the WEZR-FM call sign before changing to WRMO-FM.
WOXO-FM, along with its sister stations, went off the air March 29, 2020, citing financial considerations that included expected reduction in advertising revenue attributed to COVID-19. The stations had been up for sale following the death of owner Dick Gleason in February 2019. A sale of the Gleason Media Group stations to Bennett Radio Group was announced in May 2020.
Bennett Radio Group's purchase, at a price of $300,000, was consummated on August 5, 2020. On August 10, 2020, WOXO-FM returned to the airwaves by its new owners.
References
External links
OXO-FM
Country radio stations in the United States
Oxford County, Maine
Radio stations established in 1970
1970 establishments in Maine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act%20III%3A%20Life%20and%20Death
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Act III: Life and Death
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Act III: Life and Death is the third studio album by American rock band The Dear Hunter, released on June 23, 2009. According to lead vocalist Casey Crescenzo, it is the third part of a six-act story, following the original in 2006, Act I: The Lake South, the River North, and 2007's Act II: The Meaning of, and All Things Regarding Ms. Leading, and preceding Act IV: Rebirth In Reprise (2015). The album was produced by Casey Crescenzo and Andy Wildrick in the band's own studio in Providence, Rhode Island, with a number of musicians making guest appearances.
As of July 1, 2009, the album had peaked on the Billboard 200 at #182 (the first time a Dear Hunter album ever cracked the top 200), #14 on the Billboard Top Heatseakers, and #31 on Top Independent Albums.
Track listing
Deluxe edition
The band released a deluxe edition of the album in a DVD-sized case that contained an autographed poster, picture-postcards with the lyrics to each song, and a storybook of the band's previous full-length album Act II: The Meaning of, and All Things Regarding Ms. Leading, which was illustrated by artist Kent St. John. In addition, the album came with four bonus tracks. The deluxe edition was only available through preorder of the album while supplies lasted, but was also seen at the merchandise table during The Dear Hunter's tour with Kay Kay and His Weathered Underground and mewithoutYou.
Music video
The Dear Hunter, along with the help of artist Glenn Thomas, created an animated music video for their song "What It Means to Be Alone". Though the band still neglects to have an actual single, charting or otherwise, this is their second music video, the first being "The Church and the Dime" from their previous album.
Personnel
Casey Crescenzo – vocals, piano, organ, synthesizer, guitar, bass, banjo, production, engineering
Andy Wildrick – guitar, acoustic guitar, vocals, engineering
Erick Serna – guitars, vocals
Nick Crescenzo – drums, percussion, vocals
Nate Patterson – bass
Mike Watts - Mixing
Additional personnel
Austin Hatch – clarinet, saxophone
Pasquale Lanelli – saxophone
Dave Calzone – trombone
Andrew Mericle – trumpet
Samantha Conway – French horn
Charles Lidell – cello
Angela Preston – violin, viola
Mark Adelle – violin
Lynn Mira – harp
Mike Watts – mixing
References
2009 albums
The Dear Hunter albums
Concept albums
Rock operas
Triple Crown Records albums
Sequel albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%20Air%20Transport
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Indonesia Air Transport
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Indonesia Air Transport (IAT or sometimes called INDOSAT) is an airline and aviation company based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It provides a wide range of aviation services to both the on and offshore oil, gas and mining industries within Indonesia and South-east Asia. Its main base is Halim Perdanakusuma Airport, Jakarta. The company also maintain a secondary hub for its oil & gas industry clients in Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, East Kalimantan, and operates limited scheduled services from Ngurah Rai International Airport on the island of Bali to the islands of Lombok and Flores. Indonesia Air Transport is listed in category 1 by Indonesian Civil Aviation Authority for airline safety quality. The Company provides air passenger and cargo transportation, aircraft hiring and leasing services, aircraft repairs, and training facilities. IAT also supplies aviation technical equipment and spare parts. It operates various types of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters.
Other operations include tourism charter work, photo mapping and magnometer survey missions, executive jet services, medical and medevac operation support, air cargo requirements including operations from short or unimproved airstrips, maintenance facilities in Jakarta and Balikpapan and East Kalimantan. Indonesia Air Transport has certification from the Department of Transportation of Republic Indonesia and Eurocopter claims over 20,000 safe flight hours on helicopter SA365 Dauphin C2.
History
The airline was established and started operations in 1968, initially for state oil company Pertamina and its foreign oil production sharing contractors. The airline is operated by PT Indonesia Air Transport Tbk and the company is currently listed on the Jakarta (JKT) Stock exchange ().
PT Global Transport Services, a subsidiary of PT Bhakti Investama Tbk (MNC Media Group) and PT Global Mediacom Tbk, the southeast Asia's largest and most integrated media group, is owner of PT Indonesia Air Transport Tbk. In March 2007 the company had 246 employees. In 2010 the company was reported as having 232 employees.
Destinations
In October 2008 IAT was offering scheduled services from Bali's Ngurah Rai International Airport DPS to Selaparang Airport AMI at Mataram on the island of Lombok; and to Labuan Bajo's Komodo Airport on the island of Flores. In September 2010 the DPS-AMI services were still being operated with Fokker 50 aircraft. On 1 October 2011 all arriving and departing Lombok were relocated to the new Lombok International Airport.
Fleet
Current Fleet
As of December 2021, the Indonesia Air Transport fleet includes the following aircraft:
Former Fleet
The airline previously operated the following aircraft (as of August 2017):
1 ATR 42-300QC
1 Embraer Legacy 600
According to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation in September 2010 the Indonesia Air Transport fleet consisted of 21 aircraft. As a total of 32 aircraft appear on charter availability lists possibly IAT are dry leasing some further aircraft such as the Short's, the Grumman Gulfstream I, and the Squirrels.
At August 2006 the airline also operated:
BAC One-Eleven 400, 1 Aircraft
BAC One-Eleven 475, 1 Aircraft
Expansion
In September 2012, the company has proposing to change its aviation business licence (Surat Izin Usaha Pererbangan) to Transportation Ministry for including medium class regular flight with Husein Sastranegara International Airport, Bandung as the hub. Initial regular flight occurred on February 22, 2013 from Bandung to Medan.
References
External links
Airlines of Indonesia
Airlines established in 1968
Indonesian companies established in 1968
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican%20mafia
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Corsican mafia
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The Corsican mafia is a set of criminal groups originating from Corsica, which are partially independent of but also closely tied to and participating heavily in both the French underworld and Italian Mafia. The Corsican mafia is an influential organized crime structure operating in France, Russia, and many African and Latin American countries. The most important groups of the Corsican mafia include the Unione Corse and the Brise de Mer gang.
History
The Union Corse and the French Connection era
The pre-war crime bosses of Marseille, Paul Carbone and François Spirito, collaborated closely with the Milice in Vichy France and the Nazi Gestapo in Occupied France. Also during World War II, the Corsican gang led by the Guerini brothers (Antoine and Barthélémy, nicknamed "Mémé") sided with the anti-communist Gaullist faction within the French Resistance.
In 1947, Marseille was the main trading port of the French colonial empire and it had a Stalinist mayor, Jean Christofol, who was backed by the labour unions for longshoremen, transportation workers, and dockworkers. In the coming Cold War, both the center-left French government and the US fought against Soviet influence in Marseille while covertly employing illegal means to further that goal: the Guerini gang was employed to disrupt union and electoral gatherings, back strikebreakers and support US-funded anti-Soviet labor unions.
From the 1950s to the 1960s, the Guerini brother were exempt from prosecution in Marseille. The Guerini brothers smuggled opiates from French Indochina using the Messageries Maritimes, a French merchant shipping company.
From the 1960s to the early 1970s the major Corsican organized crime groups were collectively termed Unione Corse by American law enforcement. During the same era, they organized the French Connection, a massive heroin trafficking operation based in Marseille and selling to the American Mafia.
The Corsican mafia today
The end of the French Connection caused the disbandment of Corsican clans involved in the heroin trade. However, the evolution of the Corsican Mafia has continued in several illegal activities (hold-ups, racketeering, casinos, illegal slot machines, various drug dealing and prostitution).
From the 1980s to the end of the 2000s, violent internal conflicts troubled the Corsican mafia, resulting in around 102 murders on the island of Corsica.
Today, the Corsican mafia consists of multiple families, allies, and rivals. Known groups in the Corsican mafia are the Venzolasca gang (nickname in reference to the village of Venzolasca, in northern Corsica, which are from key members of the gang), considered the Brise de Mer successors. The "Petit Bar" gang (also called the "Tiny Bar) and the Corsican mob of Marseille are also active.
Known activities of the Corsican mafia
Money laundering
Racketeering
Drug trafficking
Arms trafficking
Prostitution
Extortion
Robbery
Corporate crime
Tax evasion
Contract killing
Casinos and gambling
Political corruption
Usury and loansharking
Popular culture references
The French film A Prophet (2009) shows the gradual rise of a young prisoner, cornered by the leader of the Corsican gang who rules the prison.
The French television series Mafiosa references a Corsican gang led by a woman.
In the film American Gangster, the Corsican mafia attempt to murder Frank Lucas after he puts them out of business through his monopoly on the heroin trade.
Mireille Bouquet from the anime series Noir (2001) is a surviving member of a family once involved with the Corsican mafia.
An extensive French study called "Les Parrains Corses" by J. Follorou and V. Nouzille explains the history of the Corsican mafia.
Ian Fleming's James Bond novel On Her Majesty's Secret Service is set against a background of Union Corse activities.
In the Japanese manga and anime Banana Fish by Akimi Yoshida, a fictionalized version of the Corsican mafia is heavily featured as the villain. In modern times (1980s for the manga and 2010s for the anime) it is run by an international Corsican Foundation and funded by prostitution, money laundering, tax evasion, government corruption, and the focus of the show is on their drug experimentation.
References
Further reading
"Suspected boss of Corsican mob reported dead" - 1 Nov 2006 USA Today
"Corsicans prisoners faxed free" - 7 June 2001 BBC Online
Henry Samuel "Future of Paris gambling clubs under threat" - Daily Telegraph, 11 June 2011
Kim Willsher On Corsica, the intrigue of crime and politics claims another life -The Guardian, 20 October 2012.
Mafia
Organized crime by ethnic or national origin
Transnational organized crime
Organised crime groups in Australia
Organized crime groups in France
French Connection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap%20substitute
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Soap substitute
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Traditionally, soap has been made from animal or plant derived fats and has been used by humans for cleaning purposes for several thousand years. Soap is not harmful to human health but, like any natural or unnatural surfactant, it does have the potential to cause environmental harm by forming a surface film that impedes the diffusion of oxygen into the water if it is added to an aquatic environment faster than it can biodegrade.
Many washing agents today, from laundry and dish detergents to body wash and shampoos, are technically not soap, but synthetic detergents. They also often contain compounds that have been found to be harmful to human and wildlife health as well as to the environment. In this context, “Soap Substitutes” refers to cleansing products that significantly reduce or eliminate some or all of the components that have the potential to cause human or environmental harm. Throughout the last 100 years many changes have been made to the formulas of cleansing agents for these purposes, but the process of developing effective substitute detergent formulations that are completely harmless to humans and the environment is ongoing.
This article outlines some of the problems and concerns about synthetic surfactant based cleaning products since their popularization in the early 20th century as well as how these issues have been addressed, both technologically and legislatively.
Synthetic surfactants
Petroleum derived synthetic detergents became popular in the United States during World War 2 due to shortages of animal and plant derived fats and because they worked better when cleaning with hard water (water with a high concentration of dissolved minerals) than traditional soap. By the 1950s synthetic detergents were more commonly used than traditional soap in the United States. Many of the first synthetic detergents were made from compounds that contained branched carbon chains, which persist in the environment for far longer than their linear counterparts. Consequently, this led to the buildup of these foamy surfactants in water treatment plants as well as the formation of large flotillas of foam in waterways. Public pressure led the US and Europe to ban the use of alkyl benzene sulphonate (ABS) and other branched chain surfactants in 1965.
This sparked great interest in the development of synthetic detergents that biodegrade into environmentally friendly byproducts. Such interest has led to the development of the linear carbon chain compounds commonly used today, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate/ sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLS/SLES). While these surfactants are still derived from petroleum, a nonrenewable resource, and have been shown to cause mild to moderate irritation of skin, they biodegrade significantly faster, and this has led to a drastic reduction in surfactant pollution of waterways. While the environmental friendliness of the biodegradation byproducts of the surfactants most commonly used today varies, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitors and regulates claims made by companies about the environmental friendliness and potential toxicity of the biodegradation byproducts of their cleansing products.
There have been continued efforts to develop surfactants that are milder to humans and pose less risk to the environment. An emerging substitute for synthetic petroleum derived surfactants such as SDS are Alkyl polyglycosides (APGs). They are derived from plant based substances such as palm oil or wheat and exposure of APGs to skin and eyes is considerably safer than their petroleum derived counterparts. Studies have shown APG use, even in large quantities, pose no measurable environmental risk, while others report that more research is needed to confirm the true environmental impact of APGs. Although the use of APG surfactants currently have some disadvantages, such as the relatively high cost of production and uncertainties about the potential environmental impact of large scale use, further research into the development of APG surfactants shows a promising path to the creation of a naturally derived, non-toxic and environmentally friendly substitute for petroleum derived surfactants that is inexpensive, equally effective, and mass producible.
Phosphates in Detergent Products
Another environmental issue with synthetic detergents is the addition of phosphates to these cleaning products. Phosphates are added to detergent as tripolyphosphate or as sodium/potassium phosphate. Phosphates interact with other ions in solution, like Calcium and Magnesium, to improve the washing ability of the detergent, especially when washing with hard water. Phosphates have also been shown to aid in killing germs when used in washing. However, most wastewater treatment processes generally remove only a small fraction of the phosphate in the water, and subsequently large quantities are released into waterways.
When large quantities of phosphates accumulate in waterways, it causes a bloom in algae and a subsequent lack of oxygen in the water, which severely damages the aquatic ecosystem. This process is called “eutrophication”. In 1959 detergents contained 7-12% phosphate by weight, by 1969 this increased to 15-17% by weight. It is believed that during its peak use in the 1970s, half of all phosphates released by human activity was from detergents.
Newfound knowledge of eutrophication from scientific research in the 1940s and 1950s along with the occurrence of massive algal blooms during the 1960s-1970s in waterways like Lake Erie led to significant public concern about the increasing pollution in lakes and rivers (6,12). People believed phosphates from detergents to be a major cause. This led to a demand for methods of removal of phosphate from wastewater during the treatment. The first processes designed to remove phosphates from municipal wastewater (for environmental purposes) were implemented in the 1960s.
During this time, two main processes were used; phosphates were removed from the wastewater by either chemical precipitation or through biological mechanisms. Further investment and research into phosphate removal methods led to the development of the modern multiphase biological reactor for removal of phosphorus-containing compounds. Despite the technological advances made in phosphate removal processes, most were designed for use in large water treatment facilities that have advanced monitoring capabilities and expert operating technicians on site. As of 1999, only 7% of municipal wastewater treatment facilities in the United States have the tertiary treatment processes needed to remove greater than 20% of the phosphate from affluent wastewater. Even today, there remains a lack of technologies for phosphate removal in the smaller water treatment facilities found in non-urban areas.
By the early 1970s there was also significant public pressure on the United States government to ban phosphates in detergent cleansing products and congressional hearings on the topic were held. Detergent manufacturers explored the use of other compounds as a potential substitute for phosphates such as nitrile-tri-acetic acid (NTA), gluconic acid, citric acid, and polyelectrolytes. Ultimately, effective detergent formulations using citric acid and polyelectrolytes were developed and in some cases even sold; but they were not a comparable substitute to phosphate containing detergent formulations, either economically or in cleaning ability. While these hearings did not result in any direct regulation of the phosphate content of detergent by the federal government, they were part of the many hearings that led to the Clean Water Act of 1972.
Major soap manufactures resisted an outright ban on phosphates, and in 1970 voluntarily agreed to lower phosphate concentrations in detergents to 8.7%. Although the US federal government has made no legislation banning phosphates in laundry detergent, between 1971 and 1990, most US states independently banned or strictly limited it. In 1994, the Soap and Detergent Association (today known as the American Cleaning Institute (ACI)), a coalition representing most major detergent manufactures, voluntarily agreed to ban phosphates in consumer laundry detergents. Notably, this ban did not include dish detergents. Procter and Gamble, a detergent industry giant and ACI member, did not remove phosphates from all of their brands of laundry detergent (Tide, Ariel, Ace, and Bounty) until 2016.
By 2010, many US states and municipalities also enacted regulations on the use of phosphates in dishwashing detergent. At that time, The American Cleaning Institute announced a voluntary ban on the use of phosphates in all dish detergents. Despite this, Procter & Gamble’s sustainability reports only report the complete removal of phosphates from its Fairy and Dreft brand dish detergent; and these changes were not enacted until 2017.
The European Union took a different path than the United States. They banned the use of phosphates in consumer laundry and dish detergents in 2014 and 2017 respectively. Like the regulations enacted by many US states, these laws did not apply to the use of phosphates in commercial products.
Although there are a number of exceptions to the laws and bans that allow phosphate use in detergent products and it is not entirely clear of the degree in which detergent manufacturers complied with their voluntary bans, there has been a significant reduction in phosphate use in detergent products. Today, formulations with zeolites, polycarboxylates, citric acid, and sodium bicarbonate are among the most effective and popular substitutes for phosphates in detergent cleaning products. This, along with improved water treatment processes, has greatly contributed to a significant reduction in the amount of phosphate from detergent in waterways. These efforts have resulted in an overall reduction of the phosphate concentration in US waterways and some of the ecosystems most effected by eutrophication, such as Lake Erie, to show drastic improvement.
There are also opponents to eliminating phosphates in detergent. There are widespread claims that no effective substitute for phosphate has been developed, as many people report that when washing with phosphate free dish detergents, the dishes are left with a white film or spots on them. Opponents to bans of phosphate in dish detergents argue that efforts should be focused on developing an effective method of removal during the treatment process, not banning the product itself; which is both useful and unrivaled by any substitute. Additionally, there are arguments that phosphate is not the primary cause of eutrophication in coastal waters, and therefore phosphorus should not be regulated in these regions. This argument is based upon reports that the nitrogen content of coastal waters is limited (nitrogen is required for algal growth), therefore, reduction in phosphate use would have little effect on the amount of algae that can grow in these coastal areas.
Enzyme Additives
There have been more recent efforts to increase the environmental sustainability of laundry and dish detergents via the addition of enzymes that break down dirt and grease. Adding enzymes significantly reduces the amount of detergent needed to wash, and subsequently reduces the amount of surfactant being put into waterways. Enzymes that have been designed to work at lower temperatures can also significantly reduce the amount of energy needed to wash clothes. For example, when using a top-load washer, switching from using “hot/warm” or “warm/warm” cycle to a “cold/cold” cycle uses 15 times and 11.6 times less energy, respectively. This technology has already been implemented by companies like Tide, in its Cold Water Clean Laundry Detergent.
Hazardous Additives
Automatic dishwashing detergent is poisonous if swallowed. Formaldehyde, while not intentionally added, has also been found in some detergent cleansing products. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), exposure to formaldehyde at low levels from inhalation increases one’s risk of cancer and the EPA classifies formaldehyde as a B1 probable carcinogen.
There has also been recent concern about potential environmental and health risks associated with an antimicrobial agent called Triclosan. Triclosan is found in so many consumer products that it is believed that 75% of all Americans have been exposed to it. While research on the health and environmental risks of Triclosan are far from complete, studies have shown it is dermally absorbed and retained in the body and it has also been shown to disrupt biological processes. Investigations of the chemical properties of Triclosan have revealed it has the potential to accumulate and persist in the environment. In 2016, the FDA banned the marketing of Triclosan, along with several other antimicrobial agents, in antibacterial detergent products because “manufactures did not demonstrate that the ingredients are both safe for long-term daily use and more effective than plain soap and water in preventing illness and the spread of certain infections”. In the US, Triclosan is still used in toothpaste, mouthwash, hand sanitizer, and surgical soaps. In 2017, the European Union banned Triclosan from all personal hygiene products.
Even though the fragrances in scented cleaning products have been shown to release volatile and potentially harmful compounds into the air, fragrance ingredients are not required to be listed by manufactures. Artificial fragrances can cause sensitivity, allergies, and rashes and some of these chemicals are known carcinogens and endocrine disruptors.
Informed Choices
There are still many compounds that are potentially damaging to human and environmental health found in many detergent cleaning products; and just because a product is labeled as “green” does not mean it is safe. If people are concerned about being exposed to harmful compounds through detergent products, it is best to do their own research on how to decide which product is best for them using a reliable source, such as the EPA’s “Safer Choice” program, which provides consumers with safety information of products like dish, laundry, and hand detergents.
There are many small companies that offer soaps claimed to be made the traditional way (from all natural fats and contain no harmful additives, such as Rocky Mountain Soap Co. and Dr. Squatch Soap Co). There are also companies that claim to sell all natural and additive free laundry soaps, but many of these soaps still contain an additive called borax, which has been shown to cause irritation to skin, eyes, and lungs as well as reproductive and kidney damage if swallowed or inhaled.
Additionally, one can ensure their soap is all natural and contains no potentially harmful additives by making their own soap at home. There are many resources for instructions on making soap at home, and the only required ingredients are plant or animal fat, water, and lye (sodium hydroxide). It is also noteworthy that there are many homemade products that are highly efficient at cleaning, such as hot water, vinegar, baking soda, lemon juice, salt, coffee powder, ascorbic acid, and grapefruit extract.
Soap substitute plants
The soap plant group (amole root, soap plant root, soaproot bulb)
Guaiac leaves
Papaya leaves
Quillaia bark
Red campion root and leaves
Atriplex root
Sapindus fruit
Passiflora foetida
Alphitonia excelsa
Soap pod fruit (various acacias)
Mojave yucca root
Red Quinoa
Soapwort root
Our Lord's Candle root
Wild gourd fruit (Cucurbita foetidissima[?])
Coralberry plant
Yucca plant
See also
Green cleaning
Vegan soap
References
Cleaning products
Anionic surfactants
Skin care
Sustainable products
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914%20Denver%20Pioneers%20football%20team
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1914 Denver Pioneers football team
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The 1914 Denver Pioneers football team represented the University of Denver in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1914 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Harry G. Buckingham, the team compiled a 5–4 record (1–4 against RMC opponents), finished seventh in the conference, and outscored all opponents by a total of 186 to 114.
Schedule
References
Denver
Denver Pioneers football seasons
Denver Pioneers football
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Sacheverel%20Darwin
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Francis Sacheverel Darwin
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Sir Francis Sacheverel Darwin (17 June 1786 – 6 November 1859) was a physician and traveller who was knighted by King George IV. Francis Galton and Charles Darwin were his nephews.
Biography
Early life
Francis Sacheverel was a son of Erasmus Darwin and his second wife Elizabeth (née) Collier, widow of Col Edward Pole and natural daughter of Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore. He was an uncle (and godfather) of Francis Galton, half-brother of Robert Waring Darwin and a half-uncle of Charles Darwin.
He graduated from Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
Travels
In 1808, at 22, he started with four others, one of whom was his brother-in-law Theodore Galton, on a tour through Spain, the Mediterranean and the Near East. Travelling was not then what it is now, and they came in contact with war, robbers, privateers and the plague in the diary of this two years' tour in the East. Of the five who started, only Darwin returned alive.
The diary of the tour shows a keen antiquarian taste gratified under many difficulties, and it is recognised that Darwin not only loved adventure for its own sake, but was a born naturalist also, whose ready pencil followed a keen eye, where rock and mineral, plant and beast were concerned, as readily as when it portrayed an archaeological novelty or displayed the costumes of Greece or Turkey. Typical of the man is the account he gives of the plague in Smyrna; instead of flying from the place, he remarks
On the 2nd day we again found ourselves at Smyrna amongst the plague, which had increased, 400 persons having died in our absence. I had now an opportunity of watching the progress of this disorder in several English sailors, who having been on shore, had caught the infection. I also visited the Armenian, and Greek hospitals, where numbers were dying daily of the plague (p. 55).
At Smyrna also we hear the tale of a gun discharged immediately under the window, which their host informed them was the shooting of another cat by a soldier posted to shoot the cats coming out of the next house where everybody but the baby had died of plague; the cats being the chief transporters of the infection. Darwin, wanting more experience of the plague, on another return to Smyrna undertook by invitation of the native physicians charge of several hospitals, of which the Greek and Armenian contained each 120 patients.
This was a good opportunity to become conversant, with the diseases of the climate, and from constant observation I found the plague was frequently checked by an active practice of which the Medici of the East were totally ignorant. Intermittent fevers and the Lepra Graecorum are very peculiar in the Levant. Hard eggs and salt fish being the hospital diet, phthisis is most prevalent.
During the tour Darwin visited Tangiers, Tetuan, and attempted to get into Fes, not then visited by Europeans, but was not permitted to reach that closed centre of Islam.
His wife's copy of her husband's diary was the source for Travels in Spain and the East, 1808-1810; by Sir Francis Sacheverell Darwin; [edited by F. D. S. Darwin]. Cambridge: University Press, 1927.
Marriage and children
On 16 December 1815 he married Jane Harriet Ryle (11 December 1794 – 19 April 1866) - at St. George, Hanover Square London. They had the following children:
Mary Jane Darwin (12 February 1817 – 1872), married Charles Carill-Worsley of Platt Hall, near Manchester, in 1840. One daughter,
Elizabeth (d. 1927), married Nicolas Tindal of Aylesbury Manor. Four children survived infancy (surnamed Tindal-Carill-Worsley):
Charles (d. 1920), Captain RN, married Rose Dalby, leaving no issue;
Ralph (d. 1967), Commander RN, married Kathleen, d of Simon Mangan of Dunboyne Castle, HM Lieutenant for County Meath from 1895–1905, leaving a son and two daughters:
Nicolas, Grp Capt RAF (1911–2006), married Winnifred, d of Major Henry Cooper, leaving seven children;
Sheila M. (d. 1953), married Raymond O'Neill SC, leaving four children;
Margaret (1909–2008), Convent of the Sacred Heart;
Clementia (d. 1969), married Phillip Frank of East Carleton Manor, Norfolk, became Tindal-Carill-Worsley, by Royal Licence. leaving two sons and one daughter
Geoffrey, Air Commodore, Married 1st Berys Gilmour, left a son Philip Nicolas.
Peter, Lt Col, married Rosemary Lloyd Davidson and has a son and daughter;
Elizabeth, married Richard Holland.
Acton, early winter sports pioneer at Davos, died unmarried;
Reginald Darwin (4 April 1818 – 1892)
Emma Elizabeth Darwin (27 February 1820 – 22 December 1898), married Edward Woollett Wilmot in 1842.
Edward Levett Darwin (12 April 1821 – 1901)
Frances Sarah Darwin (19 July 1822 – 1881), married Gustavus Barton in 1845, widowed 1846 and remarried to Marcus Huish (the father of the art dealer Marcus Bourne Huish) in 1849.
Georgiana Elizabeth Darwin (12 August 1823 – 1902), married Rev. Benjamin Swift in 1862.
Violetta Harriot Darwin (5 March 1826 – 1880), aka V. H. Darwin, illustrator.
Ann Eliza Thomasine Darwin (2 June 1828 – 1904)
Millicent Susan Darwin (26 March 1833 – 1899), married the Rev. Henry Oldershaw in 1861.
John Robert Darwin (29 March 1835 – 1899)
Later life
The strange element in Darwin's life is that he returned home, and after a short practice in Lichfield, where his father had a practice, settled down at Breadsall Priory in Derbyshire, and spent his days in studying archaeology and natural history without ulterior end; his home was full of animal oddities as well as tame snakes, while there were wild pigs in the woods. As he was studying the European honey bee, he discovered isomayl acetate in 1859.
He transmitted his love of natural history to his son Edward Levett Darwin, author (under the name of "Hugh Elms") of a 'Gamekeeper's Manual' (4th edition 1863), which shows keen observation of the habits of various animals.
Darwin was knighted by George IV in 1820, and was also a Deputy Lieutenant of Derbyshire.
Both he and his wife are buried at Breadsall Priory, and a memorial plaque to them and some of their family is located in All Saints' Church, Breadsall.
References
Karl Pearson, ''The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton: at Google books
Francis Sacheverel Darwin
1786 births
1859 deaths
People from Breadsall
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Knights Bachelor
Deputy Lieutenants of Derbyshire
Burials in Derbyshire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20373
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NGC 373
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NGC 373 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on December 12, 1876 by Dreyer. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, very small."
References
External links
0373
18761212
Pisces (constellation)
Elliptical galaxies
003946
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20R.%20Donahue
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Thomas R. Donahue
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Thomas Reilly Donahue (born September 4, 1928), who served as Secretary-Treasurer of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations from 1979 to 1995, President in 1995, and President Emeritus since 1996, is one of the most influential leaders of the post-World War II American trade union movement.
Early life
Born and raised in the Bronx in New York City, Donahue is the son of Thomas R. and Mary E. Donahue and the grandson of Irish immigrants. As the New York Times noted, he “came of age at a time when unions were helping deliver New Yorkers from the Depression and were perceived as a beacon for many young people.”
Donahue was first drawn to the trade union movement after he saw how much his father's wages jumped when he went from being a nonunion janitor to a unionized construction worker. The younger Donahue worked as a Best & Company department store elevator operator, a school bus driver, a bakery worker, and a doorman at Radio City Music Hall.
He graduated from Manhattan College in 1949 with a degree in labor relations. Donahue's union career actually started a year before that when he became a part-time organizer for the Retail Clerks International Association. From 1949 to 1957, he held several positions with Local 32B, the flagship local of the Building Service Employees International Union (BSEIU), including business agent, education director, contractor director, and publications editor. Meanwhile, he attended night classes at Fordham Law School and received his law degree in 1956.
In 1957, he became the European labor program coordinator for the Free Europe Committee in Paris. He returned to the United States in 1960 to take a position as executive assistant to David Sullivan, the newly elected president of the BSEIU.
Many years later, Donahue would tell interviewers that Sullivan “remains my hero in the trade union movement. He was an Irish immigrant who came here in 1926 and was an elevator operator at the start, and became active in the union. He then led the reform faction in the union to oust a racket-dominated leadership.”
Donahue was nominated by President Lyndon Johnson as Assistant Secretary for Labor-Management Relations in the Labor Department in 1967. He served in that position until the end of the Johnson administration in 1969, then returned to the Service Employees International Union, as it was by then called, where he served as executive secretary and later first vice-president.
He became executive assistant to the president of the AFL-CIO, George Meany, in 1973.
Career as a Labor Leader
Already an influential figure as Meany's executive assistant, when Meany retired in 1979 Donahue was elected Secretary-Treasurer, the second-ranking position in the AFL-CIO. The week of his election, the New York Times reported that “his position is a strong one. The federation is generally regarded as the voice of labor. And Mr. Donahue is an intelligent man with clear opinions.” He was re-elected at seven AFL-CIO biennial conventions.
For the next 16 years, Donahue was involved in virtually every part of the trade union movement. But his strongest influence was in three areas: the campaign against the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), rejuvenation of the union movement, and advancing Catholic social teaching on workers’ rights.
NAFTA
On December 17, 1992, President George H. W. Bush, Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and Mexican President Carlos Salinas met in Texas to sign NAFTA, which would create a trilateral trade bloc and financial zone in North America. To take effect, NAFTA had to be ratified by the legislatures in the three countries.
Long before the signing ceremony, Donahue was already leading a massive campaign by the AFL-CIO against US ratification. As early as February, 1991, “the AFL-CIO has made blocking a Mexican agreement its No. 1 legislative priority,” the New York Times reported.
The main reasons for AFL-CIO opposition were that “it would pave the way for tens of thousands of… jobs to be exported to Mexico, and it would bump hundreds of thousands down the economic ladder to underemployment and low wages,” Donahue wrote.
He condemned its “powerfully regressive effect” and noted, “The jobs that are most easily exported to Mexico are not those of probate attorneys, stockbrokers, economists, and editorial writers; they are the jobs of assembly-line workers and others who can least afford a massive disruption of their work lives.”
The AFL-CIO was certainly not the only opponent of NAFTA. Others included Ross Perot (among the most vocal critics of NAFTA), the Sierra Club, Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth, the National Farmers Union, the National Council of Senior Citizens, Ralph Nader's Public Citizen, Jerry Brown's We the People, and Jesse Jackson's Rainbow Coalition.
However, a pro-NAFTA editorial in the Washington Post complained that “it’s not Ross Perot but the labor movement that’s the central force in the campaign to kill NAFTA – the North American Free Trade Agreement. Mr. Perot has little following in Congress, but the unions have been working ferociously to line up their friends and campaign beneficiaries against the agreement.”
Donahue succeeded in mobilizing the entire trade union movement against NAFTA. The New York Times reported that “within the labor movement, the campaign against the accord extends far beyond the industrial unions…’Our self-interest is very similar,’ said Albert Shanker, president of the American Federation of Teachers. When factories close, he said, community tax revenues plunge, so teachers lose wages and jobs.”
Beyond the AFL-CIO, Donahue oversaw what the New York Times described as the federation’s “lobbying, petition drives and $3.2 million in billboard and radio advertising.” He testified before Congress against NAFTA at least nine times. He appeared on such TV shows as NBC's Meet the Press and CNN's Late Edition. He frequently wrote articles, letters to editors, and op-ed pieces for leading newspapers.
And he built an unprecedented working coalition between the AFL-CIO and leading environmentalists, notably the Sierra Club and the National Toxics Campaign – the strongest relationship in the history of the two movements.
All of it was not enough.
By September, 1993, NAFTA's supporters “seem to have the stronger hand: the prestige of the White House as well as five of its former occupants; a slew of eminent economists; the nation’s most powerful business lobbies, including the Chamber of Commerce and the National Association of Manufacturers; and even the Christian Coalition. The Mexican government, as well, has poured millions of dollars into U.S. lobbying,” the Philadelphia Inquirer reported.
Two months later, NAFTA passed the House by a vote of 234-200 and the Senate by a vote of 61–38. It was signed by President Clinton on December 8, 1993, and went into effect on January 1, 1994.
Nine years later, an Economic Policy Institute briefing paper on NAFTA's effects pointed out that “the rise in the U.S. trade deficit with Canada and Mexico through 2002 has caused the displacement of production that supported 879,280 U.S. jobs. Most of those lost jobs were high-wage positions in manufacturing industries.”
It continued, “The loss of these jobs is just the most visible tip of NAFTA's impact on the U.S. economy. In fact, NAFTA has also contributed to rising income inequality, suppressed real wages for production workers, weakened workers' collective bargaining powers and ability to organize unions, and reduced fringe benefits.”
AFL-CIO Change Agent
Although Donahue's personal background and career were in many respects traditional for trade union officials, no AFL-CIO leader has been more intensely focused on creating institutional change.
When he was elected secretary-treasurer, he told a reporter, “My hopes for the labor movement are growth, dynamism, militancy.” For Donahue, those meant innovation and sweeping reforms.
The chief vehicle for his efforts was the AFL-CIO Committee on the Evolution of Work, which he chaired. Under Donahue, “the group has become the federation’s principal think tank for modernizing its structure,” according to the New York Times.
It eventually published three reports: “The Future of Work” (August, 1983), “The Changing Situation of Workers and Their Unions” (February, 1985), and “The New American Workplace: A Labor Perspective” (February, 1994).
“The New American Workplace” is still notable for exploring “a model for a new system of work organization”: one that rejects “the traditional dichotomy between thinking and doing, conception and execution” and recognizes that “workers – the individuals who actually do what it is the organization is doing – are in the best position to decide how their work can most efficiently and effectively be accomplished.”
But the most important report of Donahue's committee—and the one with the greatest long-term effect on American unions—was “The Changing Situation of Workers and Their Unions.” The New York Times summarized its message as: “American unions have fallen ‘behind the pace of change,’ and should adopt innovative methods for representing their members and for attracting new ones.”
The Times in a front-page story called it a “frank study” and “the first of its type in the history of the nearly 35-year-old AFL-CIO.” One committee member, American Federation of Teachers president Albert Shanker, described the Report as “a revolutionary document.” Similar support was expressed by other members of the committee, including Jack Joyce, president of the International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers; Charles Pillard, president of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers; Glenn Watts, president of the Communications Workers of America; and Lynn Williams, president of the United Steelworkers.
Several of the Report's recommendations would serve as a blueprint for some of the largest changes in the AFL-CIO during the quarter-century that followed its publication.
For example, Donahue's committee recommended that “consideration should be given to establishing new categories of membership for workers not employed in an organized bargaining unit.” Such a significant structural change would constitute a dramatic departure from the normative way that workers became and maintained their status as union members.
At first, it was not universally embraced. When Donahue presented a membership benefits program to the 1985 AFL-CIO convention based on his committee's recommendation, “several local and national union officials who are supposed to carry out the program say they have grave misgivings about it,” the Wall Street Journal reported. “They worry that labor’s goal of bargaining collectively will be blurred by a special category of members whom the union wouldn’t fully represent and probably couldn’t count on in a strike.”
But Donahue's vision ultimately won out. He and his committee laid the groundwork for:
Union Privilege, which today offers an array of Union Plus consumer benefits to union members and retirees, including mortgage assistance, credit cards with provisions for laid-off and striking workers, supplemental Medicare insurance, and discounts on vision and dental care; and,
Working America, the AFL-CIO's community affiliate for “workers without the benefit of a workplace union” who support “good jobs, affordable health care, world-class education, secure retirements, real homeland security and more” and are eligible for Union Plus benefits.
Another reform that Donahue championed was systematic, intensive training of a new generation of union organizers. “The Changing Situation of Workers and Their Unions” stated that “[union] organizing is a skill; it is not something that everyone can do and is not something that can be taught in a one-week training session…. Organizers should be extensively trained.”
Donahue became the leading advocate inside the AFL-CIO of creating an Organizing Institute (OI). It was launched in 1989. “One of my proudest accomplishments as AFL-CIO secretary-treasurer was our creation of the AFL-CIO Organizing Institute to recruit and train organizers,” he commented in 1995.
The OI has trained and graduated thousands of union members, staffers, and students, who have gone on to help organize countless American workers into unions. It was emulated nine years later by the Trades Union Congress in Britain which created its own Organising Academy.
Catholic social teaching
Donahue has said that the two people who sparked his early interest in the trade union movement were Brother Cornelius Justin, his teacher at Manhattan College, and George Donahue (no relation), who was president of the National Association of Catholic Trade Unionists.
Thomas Donahue's Catholicism was always central to his career in the trade union movement. Along with Sen. Ted Kennedy (D-Mass.), Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D-N.Y.) and former Gov. Mario Cuomo (D-N.Y.), he became known in the 1980s and 1990s as an important lay advocate in public life of Catholic social teaching.
His main focus was always workers' rights. In his formal role as a North American Commentator to the Pontifical Commission on Justice and Peace, Donahue summarized his ideas in a presentation he gave at an international symposium in Rome on the topic of Laborem exercens, Pope John Paul II’s encyclical on human work. He praised the Pope's "statements that work must provide 'fulfillment as a human being' and must be arranged so that it also 'corresponds to man's dignity'".
However, Donahue also expressed his conviction that "what the Pope takes for granted as a right of association freely exercised, guaranteed in a democratic society, is often trampled upon in this country and others. And one must conclude that it is trampled upon in pursuit of the profit motive and in an effort to exclude workers from any voice in ownership, or management, or indeed, from any effective participation in the fixing of the conditions under which they will labor".
International activity
“The American labor movement has always been involved with the well-being of workers in other lands,” Donahue wrote in a 2000 letter to the editor of Foreign Affairs magazine that set out his views of the AFL-CIO's international role.
He added that “in more than 50 countries [after World War II], the AFL-CIO helped workers develop independent unions to protect and advance their interests, both on the job and in civil society. It was a relentless foe of all forms of totalitarianism. It had and still has only one test by which to judge a nation: Is a free and democratic union movement allowed to function there?”
Two major areas of Donahue's own international work, both as AFL-CIO secretary-treasurer and during his retirement, have been his support of the struggle against South African apartheid and his activism on behalf of Cuban workers.
His involvement in the South African effort in the 1980s included testifying before Congress in opposition to apartheid on three occasions.
When the New York Times columnist and human-rights advocate Anthony Lewis wrote in 1984 that Americans “have begun to feel a responsibility for helping to bring the cruelty of [South African racism] to an end” and noted that “members of Congress and other political and community leaders have picketed and deliberately invited arrest by walking across police lines,” the only one he mentioned by name was Donahue.
Lewis reported approvingly that Donahue “said it was time to boycott South African imports and, if necessary, to prohibit U.S. investment in South Africa.”
Donahue is now a leading advocate of Cuban workers’ rights in his role as chair of the Committee for Free Trade Unionism (CFTU).
He has written that the committee supports “the right of Freedom of Association – the right [of workers] to form and join unions of their own choosing, run by people they elect.” He has also noted that “the CFTU has been active in recent years in attempts to assist workers in Cuba struggling to assert that right – in the face of their government’s insistence that only one union, guided by the Communist Party, can represent them, and against the background of continuing imprisonment and harassment of those who think otherwise.”
In struggles elsewhere, Donahue as secretary-treasurer played a leading role in the AFL-CIO's critical support movement for Poland's Solidarność (Solidarity) movement, which succeeded in establishing free trade unions in the Soviet bloc and was a key catalyst for the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe.
Donahue served as chairman of the Special Advisory Committee to the President and Secretary of State on Labor and Diplomacy during the tenures of Secretary Albright and Secretary Powell. The Committee produced reports urging, among other items, strengthening of the Foreign Service's Labor Attaché program. In addition, the Committee urged the State Department to intensify its outreach activities among workers and labor unions abroad, including in countries such as Pakistan and Afghanistan.
He served on the board of the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) for ten years between 1997 and 2006, and continues to serve on the organization's Audit & Budget Committee. Today, in addition to serving as chairman of the Committee for Free Trade Unionism, he is a board member of the Albert Shanker Institute, and a board member of the Dunlop Agricultural Labor Commission. Donahue is a past member of the boards of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Carnegie Corporation, and the Brookings Institution.
In 1997, Donahue remarked, “For (former AFL-CIO President George) Meany, for (former President Lane) Kirkland, and I hope always for myself, those issues were always fairly clear. Either you stand on the side of democratic forces or you don’t.”
Ireland
Donahue first led a U.S. labor delegation to Ireland and Northern Ireland in 1983 and met with the Northern Ireland committee of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) to discuss discrimination against Catholics within Northern Ireland.
After meetings in Belfast, the delegation met in London with the British Trade Union Congress to press further the case for fair employment principles in Northern Ireland. The call for such reform was embodied in a Report of the Trade Union Delegation to Northern Ireland published in 1983.
During the 1980s, Donahue was a strong advocate for the Sullivan Principles, which called upon U.S. companies operating in Northern Ireland to observe fair employment principles and practices.
Because of his consistent role in advancing the struggle for human rights in Northern Ireland, he was invited to join President Clinton's 1996 delegation to Belfast. He was also named a recipient of the annual Bell and Thrush Award by the Irish American Historical Society in recognition and was honored to be appointed as the 1997 Grand Marshal of the St. Patrick's Day Parade in Washington, D.C.
AFL-CIO President
Early in 1995, leaders of a broad cross-section of the labor federation's unions encouraged Donahue to challenge incumbent AFL-CIO President Lane Kirkland. Owing to his sense of loyalty, Donahue insisted that he would not oppose Kirkland, who for his part maintained his intent to seek another term. As a result, a faction of dissenting unions decided to abandon their “Draft Donahue” efforts and lined up behind then-SEIU President John Sweeney, a former Donahue protégé and fellow native of The Bronx, New York.
Then, in the late Spring of 1995, Kirkland made it known that he had changed his mind and would resign from office. In August 1995, Donahue was elected president by a two-to-one margin over Sweeney in a vote by the AFL-CIO's governing body, its Executive Council. Prior to the vote, Donahue had asked Barbara Easterling, Secretary-Treasurer of the Communications Workers of America, to join his ticket as candidate for the Secretary-Treasurer position. Easterling agreed, and was duly elected as the first female officer in either of the labor federation's two senior positions.
Four months later, John Sweeney ran against Donahue again, this time at the federation's bi-annual convention. His platform included a pledge to add a third national officer (Executive Vice President) and to increase the size of the Executive Council from 33 members to 45. While Donahue remained open to the idea of expanding the number of unions represented on the governing council, he declined to solicit votes on the basis of such a concept.
Honorary Degrees
Donahue has been awarded several post-graduate honorary degrees by several institutions of higher learning, including Notre Dame; Loyola University Chicago; Manhattan College; City University of New York; State University of New York; University of Massachusetts, and the National Labor College.
Personal life
Donahue has been married to Rachelle Horowitz since 1979. He and his late first wife Natalie had two children, Nancy Donahue and Thomas R. Donahue III(1959-2018).
Horowitz has been involved in the civil rights movement, the trade union movement, and Democratic politics since the 1950s.
At the age of 24, she was the transportation director for the 1963 March on Washington, which brought together some 250,000 people for the largest demonstration in America until then. Horowitz spent three months in Jackson, Mississippi, planning for the formation of the Mississippi Freedom Democrats and Freedom Summer in 1964 and was arrested in labor and civil rights protests.
In the trade union movement, Horowitz served as the assistant to the civil rights leader Bayard Rustin from 1964 to 1973 when he was president of the A. Philip Randolph Institute. She later became the political director of the American Federation of Teachers and assistant to its president, Albert Shanker, who had enormous influence in the union movement and politics. William Galston of the Brookings Institution once described Horowitz's role. Referring to the 1973 Woody Allen movie Sleeper—in which “a thawing Woody is informed that most of civilization was destroyed when a man named Albert Shanker got the Bomb” – Galston joked, “Well, if Al Shanker had gotten the bomb, Rachelle would have been in charge of target selection.”
She represented the trade union movement on the Democratic National Committee from 1980 until 2000. In that period, she co-chaired the party's Rules Committee and served on the executive committee and the committees that drafted the party's 1988 and 1992 platforms. Horowitz was a leading figure in the presidential campaigns of Ted Kennedy (1980), Walter Mondale (1984), Michael Dukakis (1988), and Bill Clinton (1992).
Horowitz spent many years on the Board of Directors of the National Democratic Institute, which she helped found in 1983.
Together, Horowitz and Donahue currently lead an active retirement in Washington, D.C.
Notes
External links
AFL-CIO biography
SEIU Local 32B-32J Records at the Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University
1928 births
American trade unionists of Irish descent
Living people
Activists from New York City
Presidents of the AFL–CIO
Manhattan College alumni
Trade unionists from New York (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Trego%20Webb
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William Trego Webb
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William Trego Webb (24 August 1847 – 8 January 1934) was a British educationist and author who taught English Literature in various colleges in Bengal in India in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A prolific writer, he also produced a number of English language grammar books for Indian students with fellow-academic F. J. Rowe.
William Trego Webb was born in Ipswich in 1847, the eldest son of Frances Webb (1809–1883) and the Rev. James Webb (1803–1881), a Baptist minister of Stoke Green in Ipswich. He attended Ipswich School and matriculated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge on 26 March 1866, taking his BA in 1870 and gaining his MA in 1874. He was an Assistant Master at La Martiniere College in Calcutta from 1870 to 1875. He entered the Indian Education Service in Bengal in 1875, and was Professor of English Literature at Dacca College from 1875 to 1878. Webb was Professor of English Literature at the Presidency College in Calcutta from 1878 to 1892. While working for the Bengal Education Department Webb collaborated with F. J. Rowe to produce a number of English grammar books for Indian students.
Webb married Isabel Mary née Aldis (1864–1952) on 27 September 1886 at St. George's church in Walsall in Stafford. They had eight children born between 1887 and 1901: Phillis, Paul, Hope, Alice, Roy, Noel William (Billy), Molly and Josephine. Captain Noel William Ward Webb (1896–1917), a British World War I flying ace was credited with fourteen aerial victories. The first pilot to use the Sopwith Camel to claim an enemy aircraft, he also claimed the life of German ace Leutnant Otto Brauneck for his ninth victory. Another son was Lieutenant Paul Frederic Hobson Webb (1889–1918), who was killed in action on 7 July 1918 while serving in No. 27 Squadron RAF. His daughter Phillis Emily Cunnington was a physician, costume collector, historian and author.
William Trego Webb died in January 1934 in his cottage The Nothe at West Mersea in Essex. In his will he left £30,724 15s to his widow Isabel Mary Webb.
Publications
Hints on the Study of English – with F. J. Rowe (Calcutta : Thacker, Spink and Co., 1874)
Select Epigrams from Martial for English Readers (Trans.) (London : Macmillan, 1879)
Indian Lyrics and Other Verses (Thacker, Calcutta, 1884)
Selections from Tennyson – with F. J. Rowe (Ed.) (London : Macmillan & Co, 1888)
English Etiquette, For Indian Gentlemen (Calcutta: S. K. Lahiri and Co., 1890)
Essays Written in the Intervals of Business, (London, New York, Macmillan and Co., 1890)
Enoch Arden (Ed.) (London : Macmillan & Co, 1891)
Aylmer's Field – with F. J. Rowe (London : Macmillan and Co, 1891)
The Coming of Arthur and The Passing of Arthur. With introductions and notes (London, New York, Macmillan and Co., 1891)
Selections from Cowper's letters (Ed.) (London ; New York : Macmillan, 1895)
Cowper's Shorter Poems (London : Macmillan & Co, 1896)
Four Children : in prose and verse (London ; New York : Macmillan, 1896)
Selections from Wordsworth (Macmillan & Co : London, 1897)
Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome (Ed) (London : Macmillan & Co, 1897)
An Introductory English Grammar, in English and Bengali: with Numerous Exercises – with F. J. Rowe (Calcutta : S.K. Lahiri, 1901)
Selections from Campbell (Ed.) (London : Macmillan & Co, 1902)
A Book of Bad Children (verse) (1903)
A Handbook of English Literature – with J. A. Aldis (Calcutta : S.K. Lahiri, 1912)
By Siloa's Brook; or, Songs of the Faith (London : Headley Bros, 1913)
English Poetry for Young Students. Selected and edited, with notes (London : Macmillan & Co, 1915)
Stories in Verse. With introduction, paraphrases, substance-writing, questions, and notes – with J. A. Aldis (Calcutta, 1917)
How to Write an Essay,: with Sample Essays and Subjects for Essays, (London : G. Routledge & Sons, Limited; New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1920)
English of To-day (London : G. Routledge & Sons ; New York : E. P. Dutton & Co, 1925)
References
1847 births
1934 deaths
Writers from Ipswich
People educated at Ipswich School
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Indian Education Service officers
Presidency University, Kolkata faculty
Indian schoolteachers
Schoolteachers from Suffolk
19th-century English male writers
20th-century English male writers
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47186773
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass%20the%20Light
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Pass the Light
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Pass the Light is a 2015 American faith based film, directed by Malcolm Goodwin and written by Victor Hawks. The film stars Cameron Palatas, Dalpre Grayer, Alexandria DeBerry, Milena Govich, Colby French, Lawrence Saint-Victor, Jon Gries, and Anne Winters. It was released in the United States by DigiNext Films in a limited release on February 6, 2015.
Premise
Pass the Light is the story of Steve Bellafiore (Cameron Palatas), a 17-year-old high school senior who decides to run for Congress in order to protect the faith that he so loves.
Cast
Cameron Palatas as Steve Bellafiore
Alexandria DeBerry as Jackie
Dalpre Grayer as Willy
Milena Govich as Anne
Colby French as Pete
Lawrence Saint-Victor as Trevor
Jon Gries as Franklin Baumann
Charlie DePew as Wes
Anne Winters as Gwen
Ruby Lewis as Gina Winters
Samantha Figura as Helen Baumann
Production
The film was written by Broadway actor and screenwriter Victor Hawks; it reportedly took him less than a week to write the screenplay. Hawks then introduced the script to his friend, actor Malcolm Goodwin, who signed on to direct. The film was shot within 17 days in and around Thousand Oaks, California.
Release
The film's United States distribution rights were acquired by DigiNext Films in August 2014. The film was released in select theaters by DigiNext on February 6, 2015.
References
External links
2015 films
Films about religion
Films about Christianity
Films shot in California
2010s English-language films
American teen drama films
2010s American films
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53785204
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahadevappa%20Rampure%20Medical%20College
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Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College
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Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College (MRMC) is a semi-government medical college in Gulbarga, Karnataka, India. The college is affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore.
History
Hyderabad Karnataka Education Society established MRMC in 1963, and opened Basaveshwar Teaching and General Hospital in January 1967. The college received recognition from the Medical Council of India in 1972.
Curing clubfoot
Recognizing that clubfoot can result in permanent disability despite being easily detected and inexpensively cured, the college teamed up with CURE International India Trust to begin offering free treatment for clubfoot in 2011. Using the Ponseti method, the college's CURE Clubfoot Clinic treated 80 children in the first year.
Teaching Hospital
The clinical training was initially at the present District General Hospital in Gulbarga. From 2005, all clinical teaching activity was moved to hospitals operated by the college, Basaveshwara Teaching and General Hospital, Gulbarga and Sangameshwar Teaching Hospital to satisfy Medical Council of India requirements.
Departments
Anatomy
Physiology
Biochemistry
Pharmacology
Pathology
Microbiology
Forensic Medicine
Community Medicine
General Medicine
Psychiatry
Tuberculosis & Chest Diseases
Skin & Venereal Disease
General Surgery
Orthopaedics
Ophthalmology
Ear, Nose & Throat
Radiology
Anaesthesiology
Paediatrics
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Notable alumni
Dr. Y.S. Raja Sekhara Reddy, Former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.
Dr Sharanprakash Patil , Former Minister
Dr Chandrasekhar Patil , MLC
Dr Neeraj Patil , Former Mayor of Lambeth
Dr Sharan Patil , Chairman Sparsh Groups Of Hospital
References
Medical Council of India
Medical colleges in Karnataka
Education in Kalaburagi
Companies based in Kalaburagi
Universities and colleges in Kalaburagi district
1963 establishments in Mysore State
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29708055
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haissam%20Hussain
|
Haissam Hussain
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Haissam Hussain is a Pakistani television and film director known for directed a number of critically acclaimed television serials such as Noorpur Ki Rani (2009), Akbari Asghari (2011), Durr-e-Shehwar (2012) and Aunn Zara (2013). He made his cinematic debut by directing romantic-comedy Balu Mahi (2017). Hussain directed the period play Dastaan (2010) which earned him critical praise and several accolades including the Lux Style Award for Best television director.
Personal life
Hussain was born to a Muslim family in Lahore, Pakistan. He has studied at a handful of universities, including the Army Burn Hall College in 1992, Punjab University in 1996, West Herts College in 2002 and Middlesex University in 2006. He directed his first telefilm Beetay Pal in 2007. He is married and the couple has 2 daughters and one son.
Career
Hussain got fame with television serial Noorpur Ki Rani. He then directed romamce Ishq Gumshuda, period-romance Dastaan, social domestic-drama Durr-e-Shehwar, coming of age Aik Nayee Cinderella, dark humour Akbari Asghari and romamtic comedy Aunn Zara.
In 2017, he ventured into cinema by directing romantic comedy Balu Mahi. He also directed small part of Bin Roye and then left it due to unknown reasons.
In 2021, Hussain debut as a producer and made television comeback by directing political-period drama Jo Bichar Gaye.
Filmography
Taming of the Shrew (2012)
Bin Roye (2015)
Balu Mahi
(2017)
Jo Bichar Gaye (2021-2022)
Television
Telefilms
Single Plays
Short Films
2006 - No Regrets
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Pakistani television directors
People from Lahore
Hum Award winners
Pakistani film directors
Army Burn Hall College alumni
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60589293
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counillonia
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Counillonia
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Counillonia is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the area of Luang Prabang in Laos, Southeast Asia that lived at around the time of the Permian-Triassic boundary and possibly dates to the earliest Early Triassic. Its type and only known species is C. superoculis. Counillonia was related to the Triassic dicynodonts such as Lystrosaurus and the Kannemeyeriiformes that survived the Permian mass extinction, but it was more closely related to the Permian genus Dicynodon than to either of these lineages. Counillonia may then possibly represent another line of dicynodonts that survived the Permian mass extinction into the Triassic period, depending on its age. The discovery of Counillonia in Laos and its unexpected evolutionary relationships hint at the less well understood geographies of dicynodont diversity across the Permo-Triassic boundary outside of well explored regions like the Karoo Basin in South Africa.
Description
Counillonia was a medium-sized dicynodont (skull length of ) currently known only from a single skull that's missing the lower jaws. However, it likely resembled other closely related dicynodonts, particularly Dicynodon itself, and so was probably a squat, sprawling quadruped with a short tail and a large head with nearly toothless jaws and a tortoise-like beak, sporting a pair of prominent tusks.
Skull
The skull of Counillonia is short and relatively slender in construction, with the typically broad temporal fenestra of most dicynodonts at the back (although they are relatively reduced for a dicynodont) and a short, narrow snout that comes to a squared-off beak tip. The caniniform process of the maxilla is short and directed anteriorly so that the tusks point somewhat forward as well as down, and sits entirely in front of the eyes. The upper jaw is completely toothless apart from these two tusks. The interorbital region between the eyes is narrow, and so the large orbits are characteristically directed upwards. The nostrils are large, occupying approximately 1/3 of the snout's surface, and sit low at the front of the snout above the short and fused premaxillae. The nasal bones near the front of the snout sport a single well-developed boss that sits almost right above the nostrils and the premaxilla. This boss is bordered on each side by wide, elongate depressions that extend up on to the frontal bones behind the nasals. The boss has a roughened, rugose texture, but the surface of the rest of the snout is too weathered to determine if they were similarly rugose.
Contacts between the bones are difficult to discern, and sutures are hardly visible on the surface of the skull, mostly between the contacts of the frontals and the surrounding bones. The pineal foramen (the opening for the "third eye") is oval and lies across the parietal bones just behind the preparietal and is positioned relatively far back in the last quarter of the skull. The braincase and rear of the skull is somewhat weathered, but they appear similarly constructed to those of other dicynodonts. The secondary palate formed by the premaxilla is unusually short and reduced, and their contact with the palatine bones is not visible. The palatines themselves preserve expanded, roughly textured pads that indicate the front of the roof of the mouth was covered in keratinous horn like the beak.
History of discovery
The holotype and only specimen of Counillonia was discovered in the Purple Claystone Formation of the Luang Prabang Basin in northern Laos. This sedimentary unit mostly consists of purple silty-claystones mixed with layers of conglomerates and sandstone, as well as volcaniclastic sediments. Estimated dates for the age of the formation have ranged from the Late Permian to the Late Triassic or even the earliest Jurassic period. More recently, radiometric dating using U—Pb geochronology from detrital zircon has yielded a maximum age for deposition of 251.0 ± 1.4 Ma. It has been further suggested that mixing and reworking of the sediments implies that the actual depositional age of the formation is possibly even younger than this date, and so likely placing it in the Early Triassic.
However, the reliability of this date was contested by Jun Liu in 2020, who argued that based on biostratigraphy the Purple Claystone Formation should instead be regarded as Late Permian in age, comparing Counillonia to dicynodonts found in the 255-253 million year old Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa. Furthermore, Liu argued that the conditions of the Permian mass extinction in equatorial regions between the palaeolatitudes where Laos was situated (such as high temperatures over 40 °C) would have been inhospitable for dicynodonts, and concluded that Counillonia instead likely pre-dates the extinction event for these reasons.
The first dicynodont remains to be discovered in the Purple Claystone Formation was a single, poorly preserved partial skull discussed by French geologist Jean-Baptiste-Henri Counillon in 1896. This skull was described in 1923 by another French geologist, Joseph Répelin, who named it as a new species of Dicynodon, "Dicynodon incisivum". The incomplete and damaged nature of the skull made identification difficult, and it has been variously attributed to Dicynodon and Lystrosaurus due to a supposed resemblance to the latter. The specimen has since been lost, and the poor quality of the remaining illustrations of the skull are unsuitable for supporting the validity of the species, and "D. incisivum" has since been considered a nomen dubium. As such, its relationships to other Purple Claystone dicynodonts like Counillonia remain unknown, despite the similarities the lost skull of "D. incisivum" and the type of Counillonia share with Dicynodon.
More dicynodont remains were recovered by a Franco-Laotian expedition between 1993 and 2003 led by palaeontologist Philippe Taquet. Three skulls in particular were studied and briefly described in 2009 and were assigned to Dicynodon, tentatively as a new species, although this relationship was not tested and remained uncertain. In 2019, the three skulls were more described in full detail and were recognised as representing two distinct new taxa, one of which, specimen LPB 1993–3, is the holotype for Counillonia. The other two skulls were assigned to another new genus, Repelinosaurus. The holotype was temporarily stored, prepared and studied at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, and is permanently housed at the Savannakhet Dinosaur Museum in Laos.
LPB 1993-3 is relatively complete, although the left portion of the orbit is damaged and it is missing the stapes and quadrate bones, as well as poorly preserving the preparietal, prootic and epipterygoid bones. The top surfaces of the snout and head are also partly weathered and eroded. The genus was named in honour of the geologist Jean-Baptiste-Henri Conillon as the first person to recognise the presence of dicynodonts in Laos, while the species is from the Latin super (upward) and oculis (eyes) in reference to its upward-facing orbits.
Classification
Preliminary studies of specimen LPB 1993-3 found it to be closely comparable to Dicynodon based on comparative anatomy. A phylogenetic analysis was later performed when Counillonia was officially described, utilising the dataset of Angielcyzk & Kammerer (2017), where Counillonia was found to be a "Dicynodon"-grade dicynodontoid forming a clade with Dicynodon and various other Dicynodon-like species. Amongst these similar species, Counillonia could be distinguished by three unique autapomorphies (derived traits): a relatively large median pterygoid plate, and a braincase with no intertuberal ridge on the basioccipital and distinct backwards-facing processes on the opisthotics. The occipital condyle that connects the skull with the spinal column is also unfused, a feature it only shares with Delectosaurus among the "Dicynodon"-grade taxa (in which they are otherwise fused). Counillonia also differs from its nearest phylogenetic and geographic relatives in various other combinations of features on the skull that further distinguish it from these other genera. Furthermore, despite not being found as particularly closely related to the existing valid species of Dicynodon, many of the genera within the "Dicynodon"-grade were formerly assigned to Dicynodon, and so the results of the phylogenetic analysis corroborate the initial identification.
A simplified cladogram, an excerpt from the full analysis by Olivier and colleagues focused on the relationships of the "Dicynodon"-grade dicynodontoids, is shown below:
Unusually, their analysis recovered Counillonia and the other "Dicynodon"-grade taxa united as a clade sister to the Kannemeyeriiformes, and not as a grade of taxa leading up to Lystrosauridae and Kannemeyeriiformes, which are usually recovered as each other's sister taxa. In this analysis, Counillonia shares four synapomorphies with all the other members of this clade, and they all together share another two with the Kannemeyeriiformes.
Another analysis performed in 2020 by Jun Liu found Counillonia to be the sister taxon to the contemporary Laotian dicynodont Repelinosaurus, together forming a clade with the newly described Chinese dicynodont Taoheodon. Liu identified a 'core-Dicynodon''' clade containing these taxa, Dicynodon itself, and the Russian genera Delectosaurus and Vivaxosaurus. A simplified excerpt of the cladogram produced by Liu (2020) is shown below:
Palaeoecology
In the Purple Clay Formation, Counillonia is currently only known to have co-existed with the basal kannemeyeriiform dicynodont Repelinosaurus and the semi-aquatic chroniosuchian tetrapod Laosuchus. The only direct evidence of plants in the formation are preserved root traces in palaeosols, but a locality underlying the Purple Claystone Formation and above late Changhsingian (Late Permian) deposits preserves a rich and diverse palaeoflora. The sediments preserved indicate that the Purple Clay Formation was deposited in a braided river environment that gradually transitioned to an alluvial plain with ponds. The region was volcanically active, as evidenced by the volcaniclastic rocks mixed in with the sediments of the formation. This appears to be associated with a volcanic arc that was formed as the then isolated Indochina Block where Laos was located approached the rest of the supercontinent Pangaea.
Palaeobiogeography
The presence of typical Permian fauna like Counillonia at a time close to the Permian mass extinction may suggest that the Indochina Block, including the Laos region, may have acted as a refugium for Permian life across the Permo-Triassic boundary (similarly, plant diversities in nearby South China appear to have been relatively stable across the Permo-Triassic boundary). This could also be supported by the absence of "Dicynodon"-grade dicynodonts like Counillonia in other parts of the world, such as in the Karoo Basin of South Africa where they appear to have disappeared entirely. This could reflect a potential bias in the geographic sampling of Permo-Triassic dicynodonts that may hinder our understanding of how they evolved, such as potential Triassic aged "Dicynodon"-grade dicynodonts like Counillonia.
Alternatively, if Counillonia'' is Late Permian in age, its presence in Laos would indicate that the Indochina Block was connected to the Southern and Northern China Blocks by this time. This is in contrast with previously inferred dates suggesting that these landmasses did not collide and connect with each other until the Triassic period.
References
Dicynodonts
Anomodont genera
Early Triassic synapsids
Triassic synapsids of Asia
Early Triassic Asia
Early Triassic genus extinctions
Fossils of Laos
Fossil taxa described in 2019
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12715868
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Jackson%20%28anthropologist%29
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Michael Jackson (anthropologist)
|
Michael D. Jackson (born 1940) is a New Zealand poet and anthropologist who has taught in anthropology departments at Massey University, the Australian National University, Indiana University Bloomington, and the University of Copenhagen. He is currently distinguished professor of world religions at Harvard Divinity School.
Career
Jackson is the founder of existential anthropology, a non-traditional sub-field of anthropology using ethnographic methods and drawing on traditions of phenomenology, existentialism, and critical theory, as well as American pragmatism, in exploring the human condition from the perspectives of both lifeworlds and worldviews, histories and biographies, collective representations and individual realities.
The struggle for being involves a struggle to reconcile shared and singular experiences, acting and being acted upon, being for others and being for oneself. But rather than polarise subject and object, Jackson emphasises the intersubjective negotiations at the heart of all relationships – whether between persons, persons and things, persons and language – and shows that being-in-the-world consists of endless dilemmas and constant oscillations in consciousness that admit of only temporary, imagined, narrative or ritualised resolutions. Insofar as anthropological understanding is attained through conversations and events in which the ethnographer's prejudices, ontological assumptions, and emotional dispositions are at play, the ethnographer cannot pretend to be an impartial observer, producing objective knowledge. Jackson's published work fully discloses the contexts in which understandings are negotiated, arrived at, or, in some instances, unattainable.
Jackson's recent books have explored diverse topics such as well-being in one of the world's poorest societies (Life Within Limits), the relation between religious experience and limit situations (The Palm at the End of the Mind), the interplay between egocentric and sociocentric modes of being (Between One and One Another), and writing as a technology for creating connections that transcend the limits of ordinary communication (The Other Shore).
Fieldwork
He has conducted fieldwork among the Kuranko of Sierra Leone from 1969, among the Warlpiri of Australia's Northern Territory between 1989 and 1991, and among the Kuku Yalangi of Cape York Peninsula in 1993 and 1994.
His poetry has appeared in Poetry NZ. and in the Poetry Archive (UK). One critic wrote: In Dead Reckoning, Jackson deploys "a navigator’s term for estimating one’s location based upon extrapolations of distance and direction from one’s last-known position. The eponymous poem cements the metaphor’s connection to personal identity..." In Being of Two Minds (2012), Jackson explores the existential quandaries of being torn between seemingly irreconcilable affections, identifications, and places of personal anchorage. The critic Vincent O'Sullivan writes, "What one hears in his readings is the modest, confidant, international voice that drives his poems, the conversing of a man who, as ever, is on one road to find another."
Education
Jackson holds a Bachelor of Arts from Victoria University of Wellington, a Master of Arts (postgraduate) from the University of Auckland, and a Doctor of Philosophy from Cambridge University.
Awards
1981 New Zealand Book Award for Poetry for Wall
1982 Katherine Mansfield Fellowship
1995 Montana New Zealand Book Award for Pieces of Music
Bibliography
Latitudes of Exile: Poems 1965–1975 (1976)
The Kuranko: Dimensions of Social Reality in a West African Society (1977)
Wall: Poems 1976–1979 (1980)
Allegories of the Wilderness: Ethics and Ambiguity in Kuranko Narratives (1982)
Going On (1985)
Barawa, and the Ways Birds Fly in the Sky (1986)
Rainshadow (1988)
Paths Towards a Clearing (1989)
Duty Free: Selected Poems 1965–1988 (1989)
Personhood and Agency: The Experience of Self and Other in African Cultures (1990)
Pieces of Music (1994)
At Home in the World (1995)
Things As They Are: New Directions in Phenomenological Anthropology (1996)
The Blind Impress (1997)
Antipodes (1997)
Minima Ethnographica (1998) Review
The Politics of Storytelling: Violence, Transgression, and Intersubjectivity (2002)
In Sierra Leone (2004)
Existential Anthropology (2005) Review
Dead Reckoning (2006)
The Accidental Anthropologist: a Memoir (2006)
Excursions (2007)
The Palm at the End of the Mind: Relatedness, Religiosity, and the Real (2009)
Life Within Limits: Well-being in a World of Want (2011)
Between One and One Another (2013)
Road Markings: An Anthropologist in the Antipodes (2012)
The Other Shore: Essays on Writers and Writing (2013)
Being of Two Minds (2012)
Lifeworlds: Essays in Existential Anthropology (2013)
Midwinter at Walden Pond (2013)
The Wherewithal of Life: Ethics, Migration and the Question of Wellbeing (2013)
Harmattan: A Philosophical Fiction (2015)
Critique of Identity Thinking (2019)
Dowsing (2021)
See also
Philosophical anthropology
References
External links
Many pages online accessible. See also a short annotation.
"Michael Jackson", New Zealand Literature File, University of Auckland
Harvard Divinity School Faculty Page
Michael D. Jackson
1940 births
New Zealand anthropologists
Living people
Indiana University faculty
Harvard Divinity School faculty
University of Auckland alumni
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
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63443224
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Luiz%20Vieira
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José Luiz Vieira
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José Luiz Vieira (born 22 August 1959) is a Brazilian handball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Brazilian male handball players
Olympic handball players of Brazil
Handball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
People from Maringá
Sportspeople from Paraná (state)
| 0 | -1 |
7964
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition
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Definition
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A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Definitions can be classified into two large categories: intensional definitions (which try to give the sense of a term), and extensional definitions (which try to list the objects that a term describes). Another important category of definitions is the class of ostensive definitions, which convey the meaning of a term by pointing out examples. A term may have many different senses and multiple meanings, and thus require multiple definitions.
In mathematics, a definition is used to give a precise meaning to a new term, by describing a condition which unambiguously qualifies what a mathematical term is and is not. Definitions and axioms form the basis on which all of modern mathematics is to be constructed.
Basic terminology
In modern usage, a definition is something, typically expressed in words, that attaches a meaning to a word or group of words. The word or group of words that is to be defined is called the definiendum, and the word, group of words, or action that defines it is called the definiens. For example, in the definition "An elephant is a large gray animal native to Asia and Africa", the word "elephant" is the definiendum, and everything after the word "is" is the definiens.
The definiens is not the meaning of the word defined, but is instead something that conveys the same meaning as that word.
There are many sub-types of definitions, often specific to a given field of knowledge or study. These include, among many others, lexical definitions, or the common dictionary definitions of words already in a language; demonstrative definitions, which define something by pointing to an example of it ("This," [said while pointing to a large grey animal], "is an Asian elephant."); and precising definitions, which reduce the vagueness of a word, typically in some special sense ("'Large', among female Asian elephants, is any individual weighing over 5,500 pounds.").
Intensional definitions vs extensional definitions
An intensional definition, also called a connotative definition, specifies the necessary and sufficient conditions for a thing to be a member of a specific set. Any definition that attempts to set out the essence of something, such as that by genus and differentia, is an intensional definition.
An extensional definition, also called a denotative definition, of a concept or term specifies its extension. It is a list naming every object that is a member of a specific set.
Thus, the "seven deadly sins" can be defined intensionally as those singled out by Pope Gregory I as particularly destructive of the life of grace and charity within a person, thus creating the threat of eternal damnation. An extensional definition, on the other hand, would be the list of wrath, greed, sloth, pride, lust, envy, and gluttony. In contrast, while an intensional definition of "Prime Minister" might be "the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of parliamentary government", an extensional definition is not possible since it is not known who the future prime ministers will be (even though all prime ministers from the past and present can be listed).
Classes of intensional definitions
A genus–differentia definition is a type of intensional definition that takes a large category (the genus) and narrows it down to a smaller category by a distinguishing characteristic (i.e. the differentia).
More formally, a genus–differentia definition consists of:
a genus (or family): An existing definition that serves as a portion of the new definition; all definitions with the same genus are considered members of that genus.
the differentia: The portion of the new definition that is not provided by the genus.
For example, consider the following genus–differentia definitions:
a triangle: A plane figure that has three straight bounding sides.
a quadrilateral: A plane figure that has four straight bounding sides.
Those definitions can be expressed as a genus ("a plane figure") and two differentiae ("that has three straight bounding sides" and "that has four straight bounding sides", respectively).
It is also possible to have two different genus–differentia definitions that describe the same term, especially when the term describes the overlap of two large categories. For instance, both of these genus–differentia definitions of "square" are equally acceptable:
a square: a rectangle that is a rhombus.
a square: a rhombus that is a rectangle.
Thus, a "square" is a member of both genera (the plural of genus): the genus "rectangle" and the genus "rhombus".
Classes of extensional definitions
One important form of the extensional definition is ostensive definition. This gives the meaning of a term by pointing, in the case of an individual, to the thing itself, or in the case of a class, to examples of the right kind. For example, one can explain who Alice (an individual) is, by pointing her out to another; or what a rabbit (a class) is, by pointing at several and expecting another to understand. The process of ostensive definition itself was critically appraised by Ludwig Wittgenstein.
An enumerative definition of a concept or a term is an extensional definition that gives an explicit and exhaustive listing of all the objects that fall under the concept or term in question. Enumerative definitions are only possible for finite sets (and in fact only practical for relatively small sets).
Divisio and partitio
Divisio and partitio are classical terms for definitions. A partitio is simply an intensional definition. A divisio is not an extensional definition, but an exhaustive list of subsets of a set, in the sense that every member of the "divided" set is a member of one of the subsets. An extreme form of divisio lists all sets whose only member is a member of the "divided" set. The difference between this and an extensional definition is that extensional definitions list members, and not subsets.
Nominal definitions vs real definitions
In classical thought, a definition was taken to be a statement of the essence of a thing. Aristotle had it that an object's essential attributes form its "essential nature", and that a definition of the object must include these essential attributes.
The idea that a definition should state the essence of a thing led to the distinction between nominal and real essence—a distinction originating with Aristotle. In the Posterior Analytics, he says that the meaning of a made-up name can be known (he gives the example "goat stag") without knowing what he calls the "essential nature" of the thing that the name would denote (if there were such a thing). This led medieval logicians to distinguish between what they called the quid nominis, or the "whatness of the name", and the underlying nature common to all the things it names, which they called the quid rei, or the "whatness of the thing". The name "hobbit", for example, is perfectly meaningful. It has a quid nominis, but one could not know the real nature of hobbits, and so the quid rei of hobbits cannot be known. By contrast, the name "man" denotes real things (men) that have a certain quid rei. The meaning of a name is distinct from the nature that a thing must have in order that the name apply to it.
This leads to a corresponding distinction between nominal and real definitions. A nominal definition is the definition explaining what a word means (i.e., which says what the "nominal essence" is), and is definition in the classical sense as given above. A real definition, by contrast, is one expressing the real nature or quid rei of the thing.
This preoccupation with essence dissipated in much of modern philosophy. Analytic philosophy, in particular, is critical of attempts to elucidate the essence of a thing. Russell described essence as "a hopelessly muddle-headed notion".
More recently Kripke's formalisation of possible world semantics in modal logic led to a new approach to essentialism. Insofar as the essential properties of a thing are necessary to it, they are those things that it possesses in all possible worlds. Kripke refers to names used in this way as rigid designators.
Operational vs. theoretical definitions
A definition may also be classified as an operational definition or theoretical definition.
Terms with multiple definitions
Homonyms
A homonym is, in the strict sense, one of a group of words that share the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings. Thus homonyms are simultaneously homographs (words that share the same spelling, regardless of their pronunciation) and homophones (words that share the same pronunciation, regardless of their spelling). The state of being a homonym is called homonymy. Examples of homonyms are the pair stalk (part of a plant) and stalk (follow/harass a person) and the pair left (past tense of leave) and left (opposite of right). A distinction is sometimes made between "true" homonyms, which are unrelated in origin, such as skate (glide on ice) and skate (the fish), and polysemous homonyms, or polysemes, which have a shared origin, such as mouth (of a river) and mouth (of an animal).
Polysemes
Polysemy is the capacity for a sign (such as a word, phrase, or symbol) to have multiple meanings (that is, multiple semes or sememes and thus multiple senses), usually related by contiguity of meaning within a semantic field. It is thus usually regarded as distinct from homonymy, in which the multiple meanings of a word may be unconnected or unrelated.
In logic and mathematics
In mathematics, definitions are generally not used to describe existing terms, but to describe or characterize a concept. For naming the object of a definition mathematicians can use either a neologism (this was mainly the case in the past) or words or phrases of the common language (this is generally the case in modern mathematics). The precise meaning of a term given by a mathematical definition is often different than the English definition of the word used, which can lead to confusion, particularly when the meanings are close. For example a set is not exactly the same thing in mathematics and in common language. In some case, the word used can be misleading; for example, a real number has nothing more (or less) real than an imaginary number. Frequently, a definition uses a phrase built with common English words, which has no meaning outside mathematics, such as primitive group or irreducible variety.
In first-order logic definitions are usually introduced using extension by definition (so using a metalogic). On the other hand, lambda-calculi are a kind of logic where the definitions are included as the feature of the formal system itself.
Classification
Authors have used different terms to classify definitions used in formal languages like mathematics. Norman Swartz classifies a definition as "stipulative" if it is intended to guide a specific discussion. A stipulative definition might be considered a temporary, working definition, and can only be disproved by showing a logical contradiction. In contrast, a "descriptive" definition can be shown to be "right" or "wrong" with reference to general usage.
Swartz defines a precising definition as one that extends the descriptive dictionary definition (lexical definition) for a specific purpose by including additional criteria. A precising definition narrows the set of things that meet the definition.
C.L. Stevenson has identified persuasive definition as a form of stipulative definition which purports to state the "true" or "commonly accepted" meaning of a term, while in reality stipulating an altered use (perhaps as an argument for some specific belief). Stevenson has also noted that some definitions are "legal" or "coercive" – their object is to create or alter rights, duties, or crimes.
Recursive definitions
A recursive definition, sometimes also called an inductive definition, is one that defines a word in terms of itself, so to speak, albeit in a useful way. Normally this consists of three steps:
At least one thing is stated to be a member of the set being defined; this is sometimes called a "base set".
All things bearing a certain relation to other members of the set are also to count as members of the set. It is this step that makes the definition recursive.
All other things are excluded from the set
For instance, we could define a natural number as follows (after Peano):
"0" is a natural number.
Each natural number has a unique successor, such that:
the successor of a natural number is also a natural number;
distinct natural numbers have distinct successors;
no natural number is succeeded by "0".
Nothing else is a natural number.
So "0" will have exactly one successor, which for convenience can be called "1". In turn, "1" will have exactly one successor, which could be called "2", and so on. Notice that the second condition in the definition itself refers to natural numbers, and hence involves self-reference. Although this sort of definition involves a form of circularity, it is not vicious, and the definition has been quite successful.
In the same way, we can define ancestor as follows:
A parent is an ancestor.
A parent of an ancestor is an ancestor.
Nothing else is an ancestor.
Or simply: an ancestor is a parent or a parent of an ancestor.
In medicine
In medical dictionaries, guidelines and other consensus statements and classifications, definitions should as far as possible be:
simple and easy to understand, preferably even by the general public;
useful clinically or in related areas where the definition will be used;
specific (that is, by reading the definition only, it should ideally not be possible to refer to any other entity than that being defined);
measurable;
a reflection of current scientific knowledge.
Problems
Certain rules have traditionally been given for definitions (in particular, genus-differentia definitions).
A definition must set out the essential attributes of the thing defined.
Definitions should avoid circularity. To define a horse as "a member of the species equus" would convey no information whatsoever. For this reason, Locke adds that a definition of a term must not consist of terms which are synonymous with it. This would be a circular definition, a circulus in definiendo. Note, however, that it is acceptable to define two relative terms in respect of each other. Clearly, we cannot define "antecedent" without using the term "consequent", nor conversely.
The definition must not be too wide or too narrow. It must be applicable to everything to which the defined term applies (i.e. not miss anything out), and to nothing else (i.e. not include any things to which the defined term would not truly apply).
The definition must not be obscure. The purpose of a definition is to explain the meaning of a term which may be obscure or difficult, by the use of terms that are commonly understood and whose meaning is clear. The violation of this rule is known by the Latin term obscurum per obscurius. However, sometimes scientific and philosophical terms are difficult to define without obscurity.
A definition should not be negative where it can be positive. We should not define "wisdom" as the absence of folly, or a healthy thing as whatever is not sick. Sometimes this is unavoidable, however. For example, it appears difficult to define blindness in positive terms rather than as "the absence of sight in a creature that is normally sighted".
Fallacies of definition
Limitations of definition
Given that a natural language such as English contains, at any given time, a finite number of words, any comprehensive list of definitions must either be circular or rely upon primitive notions. If every term of every definiens must itself be defined, "where at last should we stop?" A dictionary, for instance, insofar as it is a comprehensive list of lexical definitions, must resort to circularity.
Many philosophers have chosen instead to leave some terms undefined. The scholastic philosophers claimed that the highest genera (called the ten generalissima) cannot be defined, since a higher genus cannot be assigned under which they may fall. Thus being, unity and similar concepts cannot be defined. Locke supposes in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding that the names of simple concepts do not admit of any definition. More recently Bertrand Russell sought to develop a formal language based on logical atoms. Other philosophers, notably Wittgenstein, rejected the need for any undefined simples. Wittgenstein pointed out in his Philosophical Investigations that what counts as a "simple" in one circumstance might not do so in another. He rejected the very idea that every explanation of the meaning of a term needed itself to be explained: "As though an explanation hung in the air unless supported by another one", claiming instead that explanation of a term is only needed to avoid misunderstanding.
Locke and Mill also argued that individuals cannot be defined. Names are learned by connecting an idea with a sound, so that speaker and hearer have the same idea when the same word is used. This is not possible when no one else is acquainted with the particular thing that has "fallen under our notice". Russell offered his theory of descriptions in part as a way of defining a proper name, the definition being given by a definite description that "picks out" exactly one individual. Saul Kripke pointed to difficulties with this approach, especially in relation to modality, in his book Naming and Necessity.
There is a presumption in the classic example of a definition that the definiens can be stated. Wittgenstein argued that for some terms this is not the case.<ref>Philosophical Investigations</ref> The examples he used include game, number and family. In such cases, he argued, there is no fixed boundary that can be used to provide a definition. Rather, the items are grouped together because of a family resemblance. For terms such as these it is not possible and indeed not necessary to state a definition; rather, one simply comes to understand the use of the term.
See also
Analytic proposition
Circular definition
Definable set
Definitionism
Extensional definition
Fallacies of definition
Indeterminacy
Intensional definition
Lexical definition
Operational definition
Ostensive definition
Ramsey–Lewis method
Semantics
Synthetic proposition
Theoretical definition
Notes
References
(full text of 1st ed. (1906))
(worldcat) (full text of 2nd ed. (1916))
(full text: vol 1, vol 2)
External links
Definitions, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Gupta, Anil (2008)
Definitions, Dictionaries, and Meanings, Norman Swartz 1997
Guy Longworth (ca. 2008) "Definitions: Uses and Varieties of". = in: K. Brown (ed.): Elsevier Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics'', Elsevier.
Definition and Meaning, a very short introduction by Garth Kemerling (2001).
Philosophical logic
Philosophy of language
Semantics
Linguistics terminology
Mathematical terminology
Concepts in logic
Lexicography
Meaning (philosophy of language)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod%20Agrippa%20II
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Herod Agrippa II
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Herod Agrippa II (; AD 27/28 – or 100), officially named Marcus Julius Agrippa and sometimes shortened to Agrippa, was the last ruler from the Herodian dynasty, reigning over territories outside of Judea as a Roman client. Agrippa II fled Jerusalem in 66, fearing the Jewish uprising and supported the Roman side in the First Jewish–Roman War.
Early life
Herod Agrippa II was the son of the first and better-known Herod Agrippa and the brother of Berenice, Mariamne, and Drusilla (second wife of the Roman procurator Antonius Felix). He was educated at the court of the emperor Claudius, and at the time of his father's death he was only seventeen years old. Claudius therefore kept him at Rome, and sent Cuspius Fadus as procurator of the Roman province of Judaea. While at Rome, he voiced his support for the Jews to Claudius, and against the Samaritans and the procurator of Iudaea Province, Ventidius Cumanus, who was lately thought to have been the cause of some disturbances there.
Rise in power
On the death of king Herod of Chalcis in 48, his small Syrian kingdom of Chalcis was given to Agrippa, with the right of superintending the Temple in Jerusalem and appointing its high priest, but only as a tetrarch.
In 53, Agrippa was forced to give up the tetrarchy of Chalcis but in exchange Claudius made him ruler with the title of king over the territories previously governed by Philip, namely, Batanea, Trachonitis and Gaulonitis, and the kingdom of Lysanias in Abila. The tetrarchy of Chalcis was subsequently in 57 given to his cousin, Aristobulus (). Herod Agrippa celebrated by marrying off his two sisters Mariamne and Drusilla. Flavius Josephus, the Jewish historian, repeats the gossip that Agrippa lived in an incestuous relationship with his sister, Berenice.
In 55, the Emperor Nero added to Agrippa's realm the cities of Tiberias and Taricheae in Galilee, and Livias (Iulias), with fourteen villages near it, in Peraea.
It was before Agrippa and his sister Berenice that, according to the New Testament, Paul the Apostle pleaded his case at Caesarea Maritima, probably in 59 or 60 ().
Agrippa expended large sums in beautifying Jerusalem and other cities, especially Berytus (ancient Beirut), a Hellenised city in Phoenicia. His partiality for the latter rendered him unpopular amongst his own subjects, and the capricious manner in which he appointed and deposed the high priests made him disliked by his coreligionists.
During Jewish-Roman War
In the seventeenth year of Agrippa's reign (corresponding with the 12th year of Nero's reign, or 65/66 AD), Agrippa tried desperately to avert a war with Rome, when he saw his countrymen generally disposed to fight against Rome, because of certain insults and abuses they had had under the Roman procurator, Gessius Florus. At this time, they had broken-off the cloisters leading from Antonia Fortress to the Temple Mount where Roman soldiers went to keep guard during the Jewish holidays, and they refused to pay the tribute which was due to Caesar. Agrippa convened the people and urged instead that they tolerate the temporary injustices done to them and submit themselves to Roman hegemony. At length, Agrippa failed to prevent his subjects from rebelling, whereas, during a certain holiday when the Roman governor of Syria, Cestius Gallus, had passed through Judea to quell the rebellion, he was routed by Jewish forces. By 66 the citizenry of Jerusalem expelled their king, Agrippa, and his sister, Berenice, from Jerusalem. During the First Jewish–Roman War of 66–73, he sent 2,000 men, archers and cavalry, to support Vespasian, showing that, although a Jew, he was entirely devoted to the Roman Empire. He accompanied Titus on some campaigns, and was wounded at the siege of Gamla. After the capture of Jerusalem, he went with his sister Berenice to Rome, where he was invested with the dignity of praetor and rewarded with additional territory.
Relations with Josephus
Agrippa had a great intimacy with the historian Josephus, having supplied him with information for his history, Antiquities of the Jews. Josephus preserved two of the letters he received from him.
Death
According to the Photius I of Constantinople, Agrippa died, childless, at the age of seventy, in the third year of the reign of Trajan, that is, 100, but statements of historian Josephus, in addition to the contemporary epigraphy from his kingdom, cast this date into serious doubt. The modern scholarly consensus holds that he died before 93/94. He was the last prince from the House of Herod.
Ancestry
See also
Herodian kingdom
List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers
References
Sources
Yohanan Aharoni & Michael Avi-Yonah, "The MacMillan Bible Atlas", Revised Edition, p. 156 (1968 & 1977 by Carta Ltd.).
Further reading
External links
Jewish Encyclopedia: Agrippa II
Agrippa II – Article in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
Livius.org: Julius Marcus Agrippa
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27 births
90s deaths
Year of death unknown
1st-century Herodian rulers
1st-century Jews
1st-century monarchs in the Middle East
1st-century Romans
Herodian dynasty
Judea (Roman province)
Judean people
Herod Agrippa
People in Acts of the Apostles
People of the First Jewish–Roman War
Roman client rulers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20C.%20Vouza
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Jacob C. Vouza
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Sir Jacob Charles Vouza, , KPM (c. 1892 – 15 March 1984) was a native police officer of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, who served with the United States Marine Corps in the Guadalcanal campaign during World War II.
Early life
Vouza was born in Tasimboko, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, and educated at the South Seas Evangelical Mission School there. In 1916 he joined the Solomon Islands Protectorate Armed Constabulary. He retired in 1941, after 25 years of service, at the rank of Sergeant Major.
World War II service
In mid-1942, Japanese forces invaded Guadalcanal. Vouza returned to active duty with the British forces and volunteered to work with the Coastwatchers. A Scotsman, Major Martin Clemens, a former British Solomon Islands Protectorate District Officer, was the officer in charge of SgtMaj Vouza's brigade of native scouts. Vouza's ability as a scout had already been established when the US 1st Marine Division landed on Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942. That same day, Vouza rescued an aviator from USS Wasp who was shot down in Japanese-held territory. He guided the pilot to American lines, where he met the Marines for the first time.
Vouza then volunteered to scout behind enemy lines. On 20 August, while scouting for suspected Japanese outposts, Vouza was captured by men of the Ichiki Detachment, a battalion-strength force of the Japanese 28th Infantry Regiment. Having found a small American flag in Vouza's loincloth, the Japanese tied him to a tree and tortured him for information about Allied forces. Vouza was questioned for hours, but refused to talk. He was then bayoneted in both of his arms, throat, shoulder, face, and stomach, and left to die.
After his captors departed, he freed himself by chewing through the ropes with his teeth, and made his way through the miles of jungle to American lines. Before receiving medical attention, he gasped a warning to Martin Clemens and Lieutenant Colonel Edwin A. Pollock, whose 2nd Battalion 1st Marines held the defences at the Ilu River mouth. Vouza told him that an estimated 250 to 500 Japanese soldiers were coming to attack his position in any minute. This warning gave the Marines the brief but precious time of about 10 minutes to prepare their defences along the Ilu river. The subsequent Battle of the Tenaru was a clear victory for the Marines.
After spending 12 days in the hospital, Vouza returned to duty as the chief scout for the Marines. He accompanied Lieutenant Colonel Evans F. Carlson and the 2nd Raider Battalion on their 30-day raid behind enemy lines.
Awards
Vouza was highly decorated for his World War II service. The Silver Star was presented to him personally by Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift, commanding general of the 1st Marine Division, for refusing to give information under Japanese torture. In 1945, he also was awarded the Legion of Merit for outstanding service with the 2nd Raider Battalion during November and December 1942, and was made an honorary Sergeant Major in the Marine Corps. From the British government, Vouza received the George Medal (GM) for gallant conduct and exceptional devotion to duty, and the Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal. In the 1957 New Year Honours, he furthermore was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for public services in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, and in the 1979 Birthday Honours promoted to a Knight Commander of the same Order (KBE) for outstanding services to his country and local community.
After the war
After the war, Vouza continued to serve his fellow islanders. He was appointed district headman in 1949, and was president of the Guadalcanal Council from 1952 to 1958. He was a member of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate Advisory Council from 1950 to 1960.
He made many friends during his association with the Marine Corps, and Marines frequently visited him on Guadalcanal. In 1968, Vouza visited the United States as the honoured guest of the 1st Marine Division Association. He wore his Marine Corps tunic until his death on 15 March 1984, and was buried in it.
Memorial
A monument in his honour stands in front of the police headquarters building in Honiara, the capital of the Solomon Islands.
Further reading
James, P. D. (2016). War at the End of the World: Douglas MacArthur and the Forgotten Fight For New Guinea, 1942-1945. New York: Penguin Books.
Leckie, R. (1965). Challenge for the Pacific: Guadalcanal: The Turning Point of the War. London: Penguin Random House/Bantam Press.
Toll, I. W. (2016). 'The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942-1944. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
See also
Coastwatchers
Paul Mason (politician)
William John Read
References
External links
Video of Sir Jacob presenting a wreath on the US Bicentennial
First Offensive: The Marine Campaign for Guadalcanal, Henry I. Shaw Jr. (biography of Jacob Vouza by Ann A. Ferrante)
"Sir Jacob Vouza-Solomon Islands War Hero", Gina Maka'a, Solomon Times'', 22 September 2008
1890s births
1984 deaths
Recipients of the Silver Star
Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%20Supreme%20Court
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Oklahoma Supreme Court
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The Supreme Court of Oklahoma is a court of appeal for non-criminal cases, one of the two highest judicial bodies in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and leads the judiciary of Oklahoma, the judicial branch of the government of Oklahoma.
The Oklahoma Supreme Court meets in the Oklahoma Judicial Center, having previously met in the Oklahoma State Capitol until 2011. The court consists of nine justices nominated by a state commission and appointed by the governor.
Members of the court are required to be nonpartisan and are prohibited from a number of political activities including making or soliciting campaign contributions.
History
The Oklahoma Supreme Court was created by the ratification of the Oklahoma Constitution in 1907.
After the construction on the Oklahoma State Capitol, which was completed in 1917, the Oklahoma Supreme Court offices and chamber were housed in the building. Plans to move the offices began in 2006. In 2011, the Oklahoma Supreme Court moved its offices from the Oklahoma State Capitol to the Oklahoma Judicial Center.
Composition
The court consists of a chief justice, a vice-chief justice, and seven associate justices, who are nominated by the Oklahoma Judicial Nominating Commission and are appointed by the governor. After appointment, the justices serve until the next general state election. At that time, they must face a retention election. If retained, they begin a six-year term. After their first term, justices must file for direct election by the people of Oklahoma to retain their position.
The Oklahoma Constitution specifies the size of the Oklahoma Supreme Court; however, it also grants the state legislature the power to change the number of justices by statute. According to Article VII, section 2, of the Oklahoma Constitution, the court shall consist of nine justices, one justice from each of the nine judicial districts of the state.
Qualification, appointment process and tenure
Each justice, at the time of his or her election or appointment, must be at least thirty years old, a registered voter in the Supreme Court judicial district they represent for at least one year before filing for the position and a licensed practicing attorney or judge (or both) in Oklahoma for five years before appointment. The potential justice must maintain certification as an attorney or judge during his or her tenure in office in order to remain in their position.
Qualified nominees must submit their names to the Oklahoma Judicial Nominating Commission to verify that they will serve if appointed. In the event of a vacancy on the court, after reviewing potential justices, the commission must submit three names to the governor, of whom the governor appoints one to the Supreme Court to serve until the next general state election. If the governor fails to appoint a justice within sixty days, the chief justice may appoint one of the nominees, who must certify their appointment to the Oklahoma Secretary of State.
Each time a justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court is elected to retain his or her position in the general state elections, he or she continues to serve for another six years in office with a term beginning on the second Monday in January following the general election. Justices appointed to fill vacancies take office immediately and continue to serve in their appointed posts until the next general election. To be eligible to stand for reelection, justices must, within sixty days before the general election, submit their desire to stand for reelection to the Secretary of State.
The justice is then put to election by the people of Oklahoma. If the majority votes to maintain the justice, the justice will serve for another six-year term. However, if the justice declines reelection or the voters vote the justice down, the seat on the Supreme Court shall be considered vacant at the end of the current term and the Judicial Nominating Commission must search for a potential replacement. Justices who have failed to file for reelection or were not retained by the people in the general election are not eligible to immediately succeed themselves.
Retention in office may be sought for successive terms without limit as to number of years or terms served in office.
Jurisdiction and powers
Section 4 of Article VII of the Oklahoma Constitution outlines the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Oklahoma. The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is co-extensive with that of the state's borders. The court's jurisdiction applies to all cases "at law and in equity," except criminal cases, in which the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals has exclusive appellate jurisdiction. If there is a conflict in determining which court has jurisdiction, the Oklahoma Supreme Court is granted the power to determine which court has jurisdiction, with no appeal from the court's determination.
Along with Texas, Oklahoma is one of two states to have two courts of last resort; the Oklahoma Supreme Court decides only civil cases, and the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals decides criminal cases. The Oklahoma Supreme Court has only immediate jurisdiction with respect to new first-impression issues, important legal issues, and cases of great public interest. In addition to appeals from the trial courts, the Oklahoma Supreme Court has jurisdiction over all lower courts, excluding the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary, and the Oklahoma Senate, when that body is sitting as a Court of Impeachment. Judgments of the Oklahoma Supreme Court with respect to the Oklahoma Constitution are considered final.
The court's authority includes the power to temporarily reassign judges. The Oklahoma Supreme Court also maintains the power to appoint an administrative director and staff. The director serves at the pleasure of the court to assist the chief justice in his administrative duties and to assist the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary when it calls upon the office's administrative powers.
The court has the power to issue, hear and determine writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, quo warranto, certiorari, prohibition and other remedial writs provided in statute and can be given further authority through statute. A justice of the court can issue the writ of habeas corpus to individuals held in custody if petitioned. Writs can be made to appear before any judge in the state.
Aside from hearing cases, the court is also responsible for administering the state's entire judicial system, establishing rules of operation for the state's other courts. The Oklahoma Supreme Court formulates the rules for the practice of law, which govern the conduct of attorneys, and it administers discipline in appropriate cases. Many of the justices make personal appearances to speak to members of the bar, civic clubs, and educational groups. These appearances are made to help citizens understand the court's workings and decision-making process. Justices are also called upon to administer official oaths of office to public officials.
Ethics restrictions
Judicial officers are charged with maintaining the integrity and independence of the judiciary. Justices are required to be nonpartisan and are prohibited from using their office or powers to promote or assist any private interest. Justices may not hold offices in political parties, make speeches for candidates, or contribute to campaigns for political office.
Justices are also forbidden from campaigning for their own re-election unless there is active opposition to their retention in office. Even if justices or judges are actively campaigning for retention, they can not personally raise funds for their campaign.
Membership
Current justices
The Justices of the Oklahoma Supreme Court are:
This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice's tenure (but not seniority) on the Court:
Chief Justice
The Chief Justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court is the highest ranking judicial officer in the State and is tasked with administering the state judiciary. Unlike the Supreme Court of the United States where one justice is specifically appointed to be chief, the office of Chief Justice rotates among the justices. The justice elect from among their members a chief justice and a vice chief justice to serve a two-year term. There are no term limits or age restrictions on the position.
The Senior Justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court is the current serving justice with the longest tenure on the Court. As most of the day-to-day activities of the Court are based upon seniority of the justices, the position is the third highest ranking on the Court, behind the Chief Justice and the Vice Chief Justice. As the role of Chief Justice rotates among the justices, the Senior Justice represents the institutional memory of the Court.
Retired justices
There are currently six living retired justices of the Oklahoma Supreme Court: Daniel J. Boudreau, Steven W. Taylor, Joseph M. Watt, Patrick Wyrick, John Reif, and Tom Colbert. As retired justices, they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court.
Seating
Many of the internal operations of the Court are organized by seniority of justices, with the chief justice is considered the most senior member of the court followed by the vice-chief justice, regardless of the length of their service. The other justices are then ranked by the length of their service. During the sessions of the Court, the justices sit according to seniority, with the Chief Justice in the center, the Vice-Chief Justice to chief's immediate right, and the most senior Justice to the chief's immediate left. The remaining justices alternate sides, with the most junior justice being to the chief's furthest left.
As of July 26, 2021, with the retirement of Justice Tom Colbert, from the perspective of the audience, the justices sit as follows:
Succession of seats
The court has nine seats for active justices, numbered in the order in which they were filled. Justices who retire have no role in the operations of court except as authorized by the court itself. That seat is filled by the next justices appointed by the governor.
Timeline of justices
Since 1968
Beginning in 1968 with an amendment to the Oklahoma Constitution approved in 1967, seats on the Supreme Court ceased being filled by partisan election and instead were filled by non-partisan appointment by the Governor of Oklahoma upon nomination by the Oklahoma Judicial Nominating Commission. Justices serve until the next general election following their appointment at which they are retained or rejected. If retained, they serve for an additional six-years until the next retention election.
Note 1:
Note 2:
Note 3:
Bar key:
Democrat appointee Republican appointee
Current court
The Kauger Court is the time since 2011 during which the Oklahoma Supreme Court has been led by Senior Justice Yvonne Kauger, who was appointed by Governor George Nigh in 1984. Justice Kauger assumed the role of Senior Justice upon the retirement of Justice Rudolph Hargrave.
Note:
Bar key:
George Nigh appointeeDavid Walters appointee Frank Keating appointee Brad Henry appointee Mary Fallin appointee Kevin Stitt appointee
Notable cases
Prescott v. Oklahoma Capitol Preservation Commission
In Prescott v. Oklahoma Capitol Preservation Commission, Oklahoma citizens challenged the placement of a Ten Commandments Monument on the grounds of the Oklahoma State Capitol under Article 2, Section 5 of the Oklahoma Constitution. The Court ruled, "We hold that the Ten Commandments Monument violates Article 2, Section 5 of the Oklahoma Constitution, is enjoined, and shall be removed". The 7–2 ruling overturns a decision by a district court judge who determined the monument could stay. It prompted calls by a handful of Republican lawmakers for impeachment of the justices who said the monument must be removed. Since the original monument was erected in 2012, several other groups have asked to put up their own monuments on the Capitol grounds. Among them is a group that wants to erect a 7-foot-tall statue that depicts Satan as Baphomet, a goat-headed figure with horns, wings and a long beard. A Hindu leader in Nevada, an animal rights group, and the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster also have made requests.
References
External links
Oklahoma Supreme Court official homepage
Oklahoma State Courts Network
1907 establishments in Oklahoma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20de%20Loughry
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Peter de Loughry
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Peter de Loughry (or Deloughry; 4 February 1868 – 23 October 1931) was an Irish nationalist and politician, who was a leadership figure in Kilkenny city in the early 20th century.
Background
De Loughry married Winifred Murphy in 1911. Winifred would share her husband's political agenda, and would become President of Cumann na mBan in County Kilkenny during the Irish Revolutionary period.
Leading the IRB in Kilkenny
De Loughry was a committed Irish nationalist long even before the events of the 1916 Easter Rising, which would spark a surge of support in Ireland for Nationalism in its wake. In 1912 the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), the Irish nationalist secret society, decided to try and re-establish a chapter of its organisation in Kilkenny City, and it was de Loughry who became the primary organiser of the chapter.
Irish Volunteers
On 5 March 1914, a company of Irish Volunteers was established in Kilkenny City. The Irish Volunteers were a paramilitary force created in response to the creation of the Ulster Volunteers. The Ulster Volunteers were a force created to violently resist the creation of an All-Ireland Parliament in the event of Home Rule being granted to Ireland by the British Government. The Irish Volunteers, in the event the Ulster Volunteers moved to do this, would have attempted to counteract them. However, in mid-1914 there was a split in the Irish Volunteers when John Redmond, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, called upon the Irish Volunteers to join the British Army and serve in World War I. This move was strongly and vocally opposed by the most radical nationalists among the Volunteers, among them the IRB. Those volunteers who followed Redmond's call took on the name National Volunteers while those who refused to join the British Army retained the name Irish Volunteers.
In Kilkenny in September 1914, de Loughly approached an assembly of Volunteers and asked those who rejected Redmond to leave their ranks and join him. Thomas Treacy, who witnessed this, described the event:
As demonstrated by the small numbers who switched over to de Loughry, previous to 1916 the Irish Parliamentary Party remained extremely strong in County Kilkenny, partially because the Redmond family who led the IPP were based in County Waterford, which directly borders County Kilkenny.
Nonetheless, de Loughry pressed on with his radical Nationalist agenda. By 1916 those Volunteers in Kilkenny who had taken the anti-Redmond stance consolidated around de Loughry. De Loughry who ran a garage in Kilkenny city, converted part of it into a foundry and arsenal and began producing homemade grenades. The garage also meant De Loughry had easy access to vehicles, meaning he was able to provide transport and quick communication for his organisations.
Easter Rising
In the spring of 1916, Irish Nationalists conspired to launch a rebellion against British rule in Ireland, a plan which would eventually ferment as the Easter Rising. In the weeks directly before the rising, agents were sent to Kilkenny to make this plan known. Cathal Brugha, himself an IRB member, arrived in Kilkenny and told local Nationalists to gather arms and prepare for the arrival of J. J. "Ginger" O'Connell, who was to act as their commander.
When the Easter Rising started the Kilkenny company gathered each day and was ready to act. However, in the chaos surround Easter Rising, with different counties being sent conflicting information about whether the Rising was "on" or "called off", the Kilkenny company was unsure how to proceed. Ultimately they did not attack any Royal Irish Constabulary units. Nonetheless, in the aftermath of the rising Ginger O'Connell was arrested and so was De Loughry, and over 1,000 British Army soldiers were stationed in Kilkenny.
War of Independence
In 1919, while still in prison, de Loughry was elected Mayor of Kilkenny, an office he would retain until 1925. He was also briefly Brigade Commandant of the Irish Republican Army army units in Kilkenny until he was once again arrested by British authorities.
Freeing de Valera
By the start of 1919, the British had several important nationalist figures arrested and imprisoned in Lincoln Gaol, England. Among them were Seán Milroy, Seán McGarry and most prominently of all, Éamon de Valera, the emerging leader of Sinn Féin and the nationalist movement overall. De Loughry joined them when he too was sent to the prison. A number of attempts were made to break these men out of the prison using forged keys, but all of these failed until de Loughry was asked for help. De Loughry was able to use his metalworking skills to forge a master key that was subsequently used in the successful escape of the other three from the prison, an event considered a major political and military coup for the nationalists against the British. De Loughry remained behind as his release date was just a few weeks away regardless.
During the Irish Civil War, de Loughry was in favour of the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, leading him subsequently to joining Cumann na nGaedheal.
Post-war period
He was elected to the Irish Free State Seanad in 1922, but lost his seat at the 1925 election. He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Cumann na nGaedheal Teachta Dála (TD) for the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency at the September 1927 general election. He died in office on 23 October 1931; no by-election was held for his seat.
A book about him called Peter's Key was published in 2012. The book recounts the story his involvement in the plot to free Éamon de Valera from Lincoln Gaol during the Irish War of Independence. During and after the escape from prison de Loughry remained the Mayor of Kilkenny, a position he held for six consecutive years.
References
1868 births
1931 deaths
Cumann na nGaedheal TDs
Cumann na nGaedheal senators
Mayors of Kilkenny
Members of the 1922 Seanad
Members of the 6th Dáil
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
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