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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20opera
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French opera
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French opera is one of Europe's most important operatic traditions, containing works by composers of the stature of Rameau, Berlioz, Gounod, Bizet, Massenet, Debussy, Ravel, Poulenc and Messiaen. Many foreign-born composers have played a part in the French tradition as well, including Lully, Gluck, Salieri, Cherubini, Spontini, Meyerbeer, Rossini, Donizetti, Verdi and Offenbach.
French opera began at the court of Louis XIV of France with Jean-Baptiste Lully's Cadmus et Hermione (1673), although there had been various experiments with the form before that, most notably Pomone by Robert Cambert. Lully and his librettist Quinault created tragédie en musique, a form in which dance music and choral writing were particularly prominent. Lully's most important successor was Rameau. After Rameau's death, the German Gluck was persuaded to produce six operas for the Parisian stage in the 1770s. They show the influence of Rameau, but simplified and with greater focus on the drama. At the same time, by the middle of the 18th century another genre was gaining popularity in France: opéra comique, in which arias alternated with spoken dialogue. By the 1820s, Gluckian influence in France had given way to a taste for the operas of Rossini. Rossini's Guillaume Tell helped found the new genre of Grand opera, a form whose most famous exponent was Giacomo Meyerbeer. Lighter opéra comique also enjoyed tremendous success in the hands of Boïeldieu, Auber, Hérold and Adam. In this climate, the operas of the French-born composer Hector Berlioz struggled to gain a hearing. Berlioz's epic masterpiece Les Troyens, the culmination of the Gluckian tradition, was not given a full performance for almost a hundred years after it was written.
In the second half of the 19th century, Jacques Offenbach dominated the new genre of operetta with witty and cynical works such as Orphée aux enfers; Charles Gounod scored a massive success with Faust; and Georges Bizet composed Carmen, probably the most famous French opera of all. At the same time, the influence of Richard Wagner was felt as a challenge to the French tradition. Perhaps the most interesting response to Wagnerian influence was Claude Debussy's unique operatic masterpiece Pelléas et Mélisande (1902). Other notable 20th-century names include Ravel, Poulenc and Messiaen.
The birth of French opera: Lully
The first operas to be staged in France were imported from Italy, beginning with Francesco Sacrati's La finta pazza in 1645. French audiences gave them a lukewarm reception. This was partly for political reasons, since these operas were promoted by the Italian-born Cardinal Mazarin, who was then first minister during the regency of the young King Louis XIV and a deeply unpopular figure with large sections of French society. Musical considerations also played a role, since the French court already had a firmly established genre of stage music, ballet de cour, which included sung elements as well as dance and lavish spectacle. When two Italian operas, Francesco Cavalli's Xerse and Ercole amante, proved failures in Paris in 1660 and 1662, the prospects of opera flourishing in France looked remote. Yet Italian opera would stimulate the French to make their own experiments at the genre and, paradoxically, it would be an Italian-born composer, Jean-Baptiste Lully, who would found a lasting French operatic tradition.
In 1669, Pierre Perrin founded the Académie d'Opéra and, in collaboration with the composer Robert Cambert, tried his hand at composing operatic works in French. Their first effort, Pomone, appeared on stage on 3 March 1671 and was followed a year later by Les peines et plaisirs de l'amour. At this point King Louis XIV transferred the privilege of producing operas from Perrin to Jean-Baptiste Lully. Lully, a Florentine, was already the favourite musician of the king, who had assumed full royal powers in 1661 and was intent on refashioning French culture in his image. Lully had a sure instinct for knowing exactly what would satisfy the taste of his master and the French public in general. He had already composed music for extravagant court entertainments as well as for the theatre, most notably the comédies-ballets inserted into plays by Molière. Yet Molière and Lully had quarrelled bitterly and the composer found a new and more pliable collaborator in Philippe Quinault, who would write the libretti for all but two of Lully's operas. On 27 April 1673, Lully's Cadmus et Hermione – often regarded as the first French opera in the full sense of the term – appeared in Paris. It was a work in a new genre, which its creators Lully and Quinault baptised tragédie en musique, a form of opera specially adapted for French taste. Lully went on to produce tragédies en musique at the rate of at least one a year until his death in 1687 and they formed the bedrock of the French national operatic tradition for almost a century. As the name suggests, tragédie en musique was modelled on the French Classical tragedy of Corneille and Racine. Lully and Quinault replaced the confusingly elaborate Baroque plots favoured by the Italians with a much clearer five-act structure. Each of the five acts generally followed a regular pattern. An aria in which one of the protagonists expresses their inner feelings is followed by recitative mixed with short arias (petits airs) which move the action forward. Acts end with a divertissement, the most striking feature of French Baroque opera, which allowed the composer to satisfy the public's love of dance, huge choruses and gorgeous visual spectacle. The recitative, too, was adapted and moulded to the unique rhythms of the French language and was often singled out for special praise by critics, a famous example occurring in Act Two of Lully's Armide. The five acts of the main opera were preceded by an allegorical prologue, another feature Lully took from the Italians, which he generally used to sing the praises of Louis XIV. Indeed, the entire opera was often thinly disguised flattery of the French monarch, who was represented by the noble heroes drawn from Classical myth or Mediaeval romance. The tragédie en musique was a form in which all the arts, not just music, played a crucial role. Quinault's verse combined with the set designs of Carlo Vigarani or Jean Bérain and the choreography of Beauchamp and Olivet, as well as the elaborate stage effects known as the machinery. As one of its detractors, Melchior Grimm, was forced to admit: "To judge of it, it is not enough to see it on paper and read the score; one must have seen the picture on the stage".
From Lully to Rameau: new genres
French opera was now established as a distinct genre. Though influenced by Italian models, tragédie en musique increasingly diverged from the form then dominating Italy, opera seria. French audiences disliked the castrato singers who were extremely popular in the rest of Europe, preferring their male heroes to be sung by the haute-contre, a particularly high tenor voice. Dramatic recitative was at the heart of Lullian opera, whereas in Italy recitative had dwindled to a perfunctory form known as secco, where the voice was accompanied only by the continuo. Likewise, the choruses and dances that were such a feature of French works played little or no part in opera seria. Arguments over the respective merits of French and Italian music dominated criticism throughout the following century, until Gluck arrived in Paris and effectively fused the two traditions in a new synthesis.
Lully had not guaranteed his supremacy as the leading French opera composer through his musical talents alone. In fact, he had used his friendship with King Louis to secure a virtual monopoly on the public performance of stage music. It was only after Lully's death that other opera composers emerged from his shadow. The most noteworthy was probably Marc-Antoine Charpentier, whose sole tragédie en musique, Médée, appeared in Paris in 1693 to a decidedly mixed reception. Lully's supporters were dismayed at Charpentier's inclusion of Italian elements in his opera, particularly the rich and dissonant harmony the composer had learned from his teacher Carissimi in Rome. Nevertheless, Médée has been acclaimed as "arguably the finest French opera of the 17th century".
Other composers tried their hand at tragédie en musique in the years following Lully's death, including Marin Marais (Alcyone, 1703), Destouches (Télémaque, 1714) and André Campra (Tancrède, 1702; Idomenée, 1712). Campra also invented a new, lighter genre: the opéra-ballet. As the name suggests, opéra-ballet contained even more dance music than the tragédie en musique. The subject matter was generally far less elevated too; the plots were not necessarily derived from Classical mythology and even allowed for the comic elements which Lully had excluded from the tragédie en musique after Thésée (1675). The opéra-ballet consisted of a prologue followed by a number of self-contained acts (also known as entrées), often loosely grouped round a single theme. The individual acts could also be performed independently, in which case they were known as actes de ballet. Campra's first work in the form, L'Europe galante ("Europe in Love") of 1697, is a good example of the genre. Each of its four acts is set in a different European country (France, Spain, Italy and Turkey) and features ordinary middle-class characters. Opéra-ballet continued to be a tremendously popular form for the rest of the Baroque period. Another popular genre of the era was the pastorale héroïque, the first example of which was Lully's last completed opera Acis et Galatée (1686). The pastorale héroïque usually drew on Classical subject matter associated with pastoral poetry and was in three acts, rather than the five of the tragédie en musique. Around this time, some composers also experimented at writing the first French comic operas, a good example being Mouret's Les amours de Ragonde (1714).
Rameau
Jean-Philippe Rameau was the most important opera composer to appear in France after Lully. He was also a highly controversial figure and his operas were subject to attacks by both the defenders of the French, Lullian tradition and the champions of Italian music. Rameau was almost fifty when he composed his first opera, Hippolyte et Aricie, in 1733. Until that point, his reputation had mainly rested on his works on music theory. Hippolyte caused an immediate stir. Some members of the audience, like Campra, were struck by its incredible richness of invention. Others, led by the supporters of Lully, found Rameau's use of unusual harmonies and dissonance perplexing and reacted with horror. The war of words between the "Lullistes" and the "Ramistes" continued to rage for the rest of the decade. Rameau made little attempt to create new genres; instead he took existing forms and innovated from within using a musical language of great originality. He was a prolific composer, writing five tragédies en musique, six opéra-ballets, numerous pastorales héroïques and actes de ballets as well as two comic operas, and often revising his works several times until they bore little resemblance to their original versions. By 1745, Rameau had won acceptance as the official court composer, but a new controversy broke out in the 1750s. This was the so-called Querelle des Bouffons, in which supporters of Italian opera, such as the philosopher and musician Jean-Jacques Rousseau, accused Rameau of being an old-fashioned, establishment figure. The "anti-nationalists" (as they were sometimes known) rejected Rameau's style, which they felt was too precious and too distanced from emotional expression, in favour of what they saw as the simplicity and "naturalness" of the Italian opera buffa, best represented by Pergolesi's La serva padrona. Their arguments would exert a great deal of influence over French opera in the second half of the eighteenth century, particularly over the emerging form known as opéra comique.
The growth of opéra comique
Opéra comique began life in the early eighteenth century, not in the prestigious opera houses or aristocratic salons, but in the theatres of the annual Paris fairs. Here plays began to include musical numbers called vaudevilles, which were existing popular tunes refitted with new words. In 1715, the two fair theatres were brought under the aegis of an institution called the Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique. In spite of fierce opposition from rival theatres, the venture flourished, and composers were gradually brought in to write original music for the plays, which became the French equivalent of the German Singspiel, because they contained a mixture of arias and spoken dialogue. The Querelle des Bouffons (1752–54), mentioned above, was a major turning-point for opéra comique. In 1752, the leading champion of Italian music, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, produced a short opera, Le Devin du village, in an attempt to introduce his ideals of musical simplicity and naturalness to France. Though Rousseau's piece had no spoken dialogue, it provided an ideal model for composers of opéra comique to follow. These included the Italian Egidio Duni (Le peintre amoureux de son modèle, 1757) and the French Philidor (Tom Jones, 1765) and Monsigny (Le déserteur, 1769). All these pieces dealt with ordinary bourgeois characters rather than Classical heroes. But the most important and popular composer of opéra comique in the late eighteenth century was André Ernest Modeste Grétry. Grétry successfully blended Italian tunefulness with a careful setting of the French language. He was a versatile composer who expanded the range of opéra comique to cover a wide variety of subjects from the Oriental fairy tale Zémire et Azor (1772) to the musical satire of Le jugement de Midas (1778) and the domestic farce of L'amant jaloux (also 1778). His most famous work was the historical "rescue opera", Richard Coeur-de-lion (1784), which achieved international popularity, reaching London in 1786 and Boston in 1797.
Gluck in Paris
While opéra comique flourished in the 1760s, serious French opera was in the doldrums. Rameau had died in 1764, leaving his last great tragédie en musique, Les Boréades unperformed. No French composer seemed capable of assuming his mantle. The answer was to import a leading figure from abroad. Christoph Willibald von Gluck, a German, was already famous for his reforms of Italian opera, which had replaced the old opera seria with a much more dramatic and direct style of music theatre, beginning with Orfeo ed Euridice in 1762. Gluck admired French opera and had absorbed the lessons of both Rameau and Rousseau. In 1765, Melchior Grimm published "Poème lyrique", an influential article for the Encyclopédie on lyric and opera librettos. Under the patronage of his former music pupil, Marie Antoinette, who had married the future French king Louis XVI in 1770, Gluck signed a contract for six stage works with the management of the Paris Opéra. He began with Iphigénie en Aulide (19 April 1774). The premiere sparked a huge controversy, almost a war, such as had not been seen in the city since the Querelle des Bouffons. Gluck's opponents brought the leading Italian composer, Niccolò Piccinni, to Paris to demonstrate the superiority of Neapolitan opera and the "whole town" engaged in an argument between "Gluckists" and "Piccinnists".
On 2 August 1774, the French version of Orfeo ed Euridice was performed, with the title role transposed from the castrato to the haute-contre, according to the French preference for high tenor voices which had ruled since the days of Lully. This time Gluck's work was better received by the Parisian public. Gluck went on to write a revised French version of his Alceste, as well as the new works Armide (1777), Iphigénie en Tauride (1779) and Echo et Narcisse for Paris. After the failure of the last named opera, Gluck left Paris and retired from composing. But he left behind an immense influence on French music and several other foreign composers followed his example and came to Paris to write Gluckian operas, including Salieri (Les Danaïdes, 1784) and Sacchini (Oedipe à Colone, 1786).
From the Revolution to Rossini
The French Revolution of 1789 was a cultural watershed. What was left of the old tradition of Lully and Rameau was finally swept away, to be rediscovered only in the twentieth century. The Gluckian school and opéra comique survived, but they immediately began to reflect the turbulent events around them. Established composers such as Grétry and Dalayrac were drafted in to write patriotic propaganda pieces for the new regime. A typical example is Gossec's Le triomphe de la République (1793) which celebrated the crucial Battle of Valmy the previous year. A new generation of composers appeared, led by Étienne Méhul and the Italian-born Luigi Cherubini. They applied Gluck's principles to opéra comique, giving the genre a new dramatic seriousness and musical sophistication. The stormy passions of Méhul's operas of the 1790s, such as Stratonice and Ariodant, earned their composer the title of the first musical Romantic. Cherubini's works too held a mirror to the times. Lodoiska was a "rescue opera" set in Poland, in which the imprisoned heroine is freed and her oppressor overthrown. Cherubini's masterpiece, Médée (1797), reflected the bloodshed of the Revolution only too successfully: it was always more popular abroad than in France. The lighter Les deux journées of 1800 was part of a new mood of reconciliation in the country.
Theatres had proliferated during the 1790s, but when Napoleon took power, he simplified matters by effectively reducing the number of Parisian opera houses to three. These were the Opéra (for serious operas with recitative not dialogue); the Opéra-Comique (for works with spoken dialogue in French); and the Théâtre-Italien (for imported Italian operas). All three would play a leading role over the next half-century or so. At the Opéra, Gaspare Spontini upheld the serious Gluckian tradition with La Vestale (1807) and Fernand Cortez (1809). Nevertheless, the lighter new opéra-comiques of Boieldieu and Isouard were a bigger hit with French audiences, who also flocked to the Théâtre-Italien to see traditional opera buffa and works in the newly fashionable bel canto style, especially those by Rossini, whose fame was sweeping across Europe. Rossini's influence began to pervade French opéra comique. Its presence is felt in Boieldieu's greatest success, La dame blanche (1825) as well as later works by Auber (Fra Diavolo, 1830; Le domino noir, 1837), Hérold (Zampa, 1831) and Adolphe Adam (Le postillon de Longjumeau, 1836). In 1823, the Théâtre-Italien scored an immense coup when it persuaded Rossini himself to come to Paris and take up the post of manager of the opera house. Rossini arrived to welcome worthy of a modern media celebrity. Not only did he revive the flagging fortunes of the Théâtre-Italien, but he also turned his attention to the Opéra, giving it French versions of his Italian operas and a new piece, Guillaume Tell (1829). This proved to be Rossini's final work for the stage. Ground down by the excessive workload of running a theatre and disillusioned by the failure of Tell, Rossini retired as an opera composer.
Grand opera
Guillaume Tell might initially have been a failure but together with a work from the previous year, Auber's La muette de Portici, it ushered in a new genre which dominated the French stage for the rest of the century: grand opera. This was a style of opera characterised by grandiose scale, heroic and historical subjects, large casts, vast orchestras, richly detailed sets, sumptuous costumes, spectacular scenic effects and – this being France – a great deal of ballet music. Grand opera had already been prefigured by works such as Spontini's La vestale and Cherubini's Les Abencérages (1813), but the composer history has above all come to associate with the genre is Giacomo Meyerbeer. Like Gluck, Meyerbeer was a German who had learnt his trade composing Italian opera before arriving in Paris. His first work for the Opéra, Robert le diable (1831), was a sensation; audiences particularly thrilled to the ballet sequence in Act Three in which the ghosts of corrupted nuns rise from their graves. Robert, together with Meyerbeer's three subsequent grand operas, Les Huguenots (1836), Le prophète (1849) and L'Africaine (1865), became part of the repertoire throughout Europe for the rest of the nineteenth century and exerted an immense influence on other composers, even though the musical merit of these extravagant works was often disputed. In fact, the most famous example of French grand opera likely to be encountered in opera houses today is by Giuseppe Verdi, who wrote Don Carlos for the Paris Opéra in 1867.
Berlioz
While Meyerbeer's popularity has faded, the fortunes of another French composer of the era have risen steeply over the past few decades. Yet the operas of Hector Berlioz were failures in their day. Berlioz was a unique mixture of an innovative modernist and a backward-looking conservative. His taste in opera had been formed in the 1820s, when the works of Gluck and his followers were being pushed aside in favour of Rossinian bel canto. Though Berlioz grudgingly admired some works by Rossini, he despised what he saw as the showy effects of the Italian style and longed to return opera to the dramatic truth of Gluck. He was also a fully-fledged Romantic, keen to find new ways of musical expression. His first and only work for the Paris Opéra, Benvenuto Cellini (1838), was a notorious failure. Audiences could not understand the opera's originality and musicians found its unconventional rhythms impossible to play. Twenty years later, Berlioz began writing his operatic masterpiece Les Troyens with himself rather than audiences of the day in mind. Les Troyens was to be the culmination of the French Classical tradition of Gluck and Spontini. Predictably, it failed to make the stage, at least in its complete, four-hour form. For that, it would have to wait until the second half of the twentieth century, fulfilling the composer's prophecy, "If only I could live till I am a hundred and forty, my life would become decidedly interesting". Berlioz's third and final opera, the Shakespearean comedy Béatrice et Bénédict (1862), was written for a theatre in Germany, where audiences were far more appreciative of his musical innovation.
The late 19th century
Berlioz was not the only one discontented with operatic life in Paris. In the 1850s, two new theatres attempted to break the monopoly of the Opéra and the Opéra-Comique on the performance of musical drama in the capital. The Théâtre Lyrique ran from 1851 to 1870. It was here in 1863 that Berlioz saw the only part of Les Troyens to be performed in his lifetime. But the Lyrique also staged the premieres of works by a rising new generation of French opera composers, led by Charles Gounod and Georges Bizet. Though not as innovative as Berlioz, these composers were receptive to new musical influences. They also liked writing operas on literary themes. Gounod's Faust (1859), based on the drama by Goethe, became an enormous worldwide success. Gounod followed it with Mireille (1864), based on the Provençal epic by Frédéric Mistral, and the Shakespeare-inspired Roméo et Juliette (1867). Bizet offered the Théâtre Lyrique Les pêcheurs de perles (1863) and La jolie fille de Perth, but his biggest triumph was written for the Opéra-Comique. Carmen (1875) is now perhaps the most famous of all French operas. Early critics and audiences, however, were shocked by its unconventional blend of romantic passion and realism.
Another figure unhappy with the Parisian operatic scene in the mid-nineteenth century was Jacques Offenbach. He found that contemporary French opéra-comiques no longer offered any room for comedy. His little theatre the Bouffes-Parisiens, established in 1855, put on short one-act pieces full of farce and satire. In 1858, Offenbach tried something more ambitious. Orphée aux enfers ("Orpheus in the Underworld") was the first work in a new genre: operetta. Orphée was both a parody of highflown Classical tragedy and a satire on contemporary society. Its incredible popularity prompted Offenbach to follow up with more operettas such as La belle Hélène (1864) and La Vie parisienne (1866) as well as the more serious Les contes d'Hoffmann (1881).
Opera flourished in late nineteenth-century Paris and many works of the period went on to gain international renown. These include Mignon (1866) and Hamlet (1868) by Ambroise Thomas; Samson et Dalila (1877, in the Opéras new home, the Palais Garnier) by Camille Saint-Saëns; Lakmé (1883) by Léo Delibes; and Le roi d'Ys (1888) by Édouard Lalo. The most consistently successful composer of the era was Jules Massenet, who produced twenty-five operas in his characteristically suave and elegant style, including several for the Théâtre de la Monnaie in Brussels and the Opéra de Monte-Carlo. His tragic romances Manon (1884) and Werther (1892) have weathered changes in musical fashion and are still widely performed today.
French Wagnerism and Debussy
The conservative music critics who had rejected Berlioz detected a new threat in the form of Richard Wagner, the German composer whose revolutionary music dramas were causing controversy throughout Europe. When Wagner presented a revised version of his opera Tannhäuser in Paris in 1861, it provoked so much hostility that the run was cancelled after only three performances. Deteriorating relations between France and Germany only made matters worse and after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, there were political and nationalistic reasons to reject Wagner's influence too. Traditionalist critics used the word "Wagnerian" as a term of abuse for anything that was modern in music. Yet composers such as Gounod and Bizet had already begun to introduce Wagnerian harmonic innovations into their scores, and many forward-thinking artists such as the poet Charles Baudelaire praised Wagner's "music of the future". Some French composers began to adopt the Wagnerian aesthetic wholesale. These included Emmanuel Chabrier (Gwendoline, 1886) and Ernest Chausson (Le roi Arthus, 1903). Few of these works have survived; they were too derivative, their composers were too overwhelmed by the example of their hero to preserve much individuality of their own.
Claude Debussy had a much more ambivalent – and ultimately more fruitful- attitude to Wagnerian influence. Initially overwhelmed by his experience of Wagner's operas, especially Parsifal, Debussy later tried to break free of the spell of the "Old Wizard of Bayreuth". Debussy's only completed opera Pelléas et Mélisande (1902) shows the influence of the German composer in the central role given to the orchestra and the complete abolition of the traditional difference between aria and recitative. Indeed, Debussy had complained that there was "too much singing" in conventional opera and replaced it with fluid, vocal declamation moulded to the rhythms of the French language. The love story of Pelléas et Mélisande avoided the grand passions of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde in favour of an elusive Symbolist drama in which the characters only express their feelings indirectly. The mysterious atmosphere of the opera is enhanced by orchestration of remarkable subtlety and suggestive power.
The twentieth century and beyond
The early years of the twentieth century saw two more French operas which, though not on the level of Debussy's achievement, managed to absorb Wagnerian influences while retaining a sense of individuality. These were Gabriel Fauré's austerely Classical Pénélope (1913) and Paul Dukas's colourful Symbolist drama, Ariane et Barbe-Bleue (1907). The more frivolous genres of operetta and opéra comique still thrived in the hands of composers like André Messager and Reynaldo Hahn. Indeed, for many people, light and elegant works like this represented the true French tradition as opposed to the "Teutonic heaviness" of Wagner. This was the opinion of Maurice Ravel, who wrote only two short but ingenious operas: L'heure espagnole (1911), a farce set in Spain; and L'enfant et les sortilèges (1925), a fantasy set in the world of childhood in which various animals and pieces of furniture come to life and sing. A younger group of composers, who formed a group known as Les Six shared a similar aesthetic to Ravel. The most important members of Les Six were Darius Milhaud, Arthur Honegger and Francis Poulenc. Milhaud was a prolific and versatile composer who wrote in a variety of forms and styles, from the Opéras-minutes (1927–28), none of which is more than ten minutes long, to the epic Christophe Colomb (1928). The Swiss-born Honegger experimented mixing opera with oratorio in works such as Le Roi David (1921) and Jeanne d'Arc au Bûcher (1938). But the most successful opera composer of the group was Poulenc, though he came late to the genre with the surrealist comedy Les mamelles de Tirésias in 1947. In complete contrast, Poulenc's greatest opera, Dialogues des Carmélites (1957) is an anguished spiritual drama about the fate of a convent during the French Revolution. Poulenc wrote some of the very few operas since the Second World War to win a wide international audience. Another post-war composer to attract attention outside France was Olivier Messiaen, like Poulenc a devout Catholic. Messiaen's religious drama Saint François d'Assise (1983) requires huge orchestral and choral forces and lasts four hours. St. François in turn was one of the inspirations for Kaija Saariaho's L'amour de loin (2000). Denisov's L'écume des jours (1981) is an adaptation of the novel by Boris Vian. Philippe Boesmans' Julie (2005, after Strindberg's Miss Julie) was commissioned by the Théâtre de la Monnaie of Brussels, an important center for French opera even in Lully's day.
See also
:Category:French-language operas
References
Sources
David Cairns Berlioz (Volume 1, André Deutsch, 1989; Volume 2, Allen Lane, 1999)
Basil Deane, Cherubini (OUP, 1965)
Cuthbert Girdlestone, Jean-Philippe Rameau: His Life and Work (Dover paperback edition, 1969)
Donald Jay Grout, A Short History of Opera (Columbia University Press, 2003 edition)
Paul Holmes Debussy (Omnibus Press, 1990)
The New Grove French Baroque Masters ed. Graham Sadler (Grove/Macmillan, 1988)
The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera ed. Roger Parker (OUP, 1994)
The Viking Opera Guide ed. Amanda Holden (Viking, 1993)
Opera by country
French styles of music
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List of One Life to Live characters (1980s)
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This is a list of characters from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live that began their run between the beginning of 1980 and the end of 1989.
Austin Buchanan
Austin Buchanan is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The fraternal nephew of Asa Buchanan, the role was played by actor David Gautreaux from March 1989 until the character's onscreen death in August of that year.
Drew Buchanan
Drew Buchanan is the son of Bo Buchanan and Becky Lee Abbott, conceived during a one-night stand between the two when Bo cheated on his then-fiancée Delilah Ralston. Upon the realization of her pregnancy with Drew, Becky Lee accepts the marriage proposal of Delilah's brother, Drew Ralston, to legitimize the pregnancy. The morning of Becky and Drew's wedding, Drew Ralston is killed. Asa Buchanan, assuming the child to be the illegitimate child of his son Bo, offered to marry Becky Lee to give the child the surname "Buchanan." The child is born to Becky Lee Buchanan on the episode first-run September 23, 1983, and Becky Lee later leaves Llanview with new husband Jesse Wilde and infant Drew Buchanan in tow in 1985. A SORAS-ed, teenaged Drew returns to Llanview in 1988 for the funeral of Bo's then-wife and his stepmother, Didi O'Neill, leaving shortly thereafter in 1989. Drew returns as the bitter estranged son of Bo in 1996, influenced by his mother's torrid feelings toward the Buchanan family. A charming and troubled young man, he engages in romantic liaisons with some women in Llanview before leaving again in 1997. In 1998, a reformed Drew, freshly graduated from the police academy, returns to Llanview to repair his broken relationship with his father, and is hired by Bo as an officer for the Llanview Police Department. Months later, he is shot and killed in the line of duty by Barbara Graham while trying to stop her from shooting Kevin Buchanan.
Olympia Buchanan
Olympia Buchanan (maiden name Bonard) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The first wife of Asa Buchanan and mother of Bo and Clint, the role was played by Taina Elg from August 1980 through Olympia's onscreen death in early January 1982. She was first seen in Paris as "Nichole Bernard" when Pat Ashley and Bo Buchanan were there on vacation, but ended up the prisoner of ex-husband Asa in the creepy mansion "Moorecliffe" where Asa's nephew Rafe Garretson took care of her. Olympia managed to escape several times, interrupting Asa and Samantha Vernon's wedding celebration. It was at this masked ball that she shot Asa and in a struggle with Samantha fell over a balcony mortally wounding herself. On her deathbed, she revealed to Bo that his real father was Yancy Ralston, although this was later to be proven a lie. It was later revealed that Olympia truly loved Asa and her sons Clint and Bo but that Asa's unfaithfulness and corrupt ways had driven her to madness.
Cassie Callison
Cassie Callison (formerly Coronal, Buchanan, and Carpenter) is a fictional character on the American ABC daytime drama One Life to Live. She is the daughter of Dr. Dorian Cramer Lord and musician David "David Renaldi" Reynolds, and adopted by former stepfather and attorney Herb Callison. The role was portrayed for the longest duration by actress Laura Koffman.
Storylines
In 1981, a young girl named Cassie Reynolds appeared and soon revealed herself as Dorian's daughter. Dorian had been in medical school when she had given birth to Cassie, whose father David Renaldi had run off with her. Mother and daughter reunited, and Dorian's husband Herb Callison adopted Cassie. In 1985, Cassie became engaged to Rob Coronal, but by 1986 their marriage had ended in divorce. Dorian left Llanview in 1987 (and became the U.S. Ambassador to Mendorra) after discovering that Cassie was having an affair with Dorian's boyfriend, private detective Jon Russell. Cassie and Jon's relationship later fizzled as she reunited with ex-husband Rob.
Cassie lives with a returned Melinda in Dorian's penthouse, but leaves town in 1988. Dorian returns in 1989, followed by Cassie in 1991.
Much to Dorian's chagrin, Cassie becomes involved with Bo Buchanan; Dorian's machinations (and a failed attempt to kill Cassie by Bo's insane ex, Alex Olanov) do not stop the couple from marrying. Immediately after the wedding, however, Bo's presumed-dead wife Sarah Gordon appears, very much alive. An anguished Bo chooses to stay with Cassie, but their marriage later falls apart after Cassie realizes Bo is still in love with Sarah.
In 1993, Cassie marries the Reverend Andrew Carpenter; she later miscarries their son, William. She finds an abandoned baby in the manger outside St. James Church. Beth, the mother of Cassie's foundling, appears but soon dies; her last wish is for Cassie and Andrew to adopt baby River.
After baby William's death, Cassie and Andrew's marriage was never quite the same. Prior to their adopting River, Cassie suffered a mental breakdown, and Andrew nearly fell into an affair with close friend Marty Saybrooke. The Carpenters' marriage seemed to be getting back on even footing as they focused on raising their new son River, but when Cassie went back to work as a journalist at The Banner in 1997, she began a tempestuous working relationship with rival reporter Kevin Buchanan, one that slowly blossomed into mutual passion. Cassie broke her wedding vows and began an affair with Kevin, ruining her marriage and her reputation, even losing custody of River in the ensuing divorce and custody battle. Kevin and Cassie were deeply in love, however, and Kevin risked his life to save Cassie from the inferno that burnt down the Cramer homestead in Canton, Ohio. Meanwhile, Cassie's long-lost father, David Renaldi, returned to Llanview, stricken with ALS, to reconnect with his daughter and new grandson.
Wounded in the fire in Canton, Kevin became enamoured of his hospital nurse, Barbara Graham, who developed an obsessive fixation on Kevin after their brief affair went sour. Turning murderous, Barbara attempted to kill Cassie, who she believed stood in the way of her future with Kevin. On September 15, 1998, Barbara lured Cassie to the docks in the warehouse district of Llanview and attempted to gun her down; instead, she murdered Drew Buchanan and gravely injured Cassie, leaving her paralyzed and using a wheelchair. Eventually, Cassie discovered that Barbara was the shooter, and her rage and fury left her mind once again unhinged. Cassie turned the tables on Barbara, blackmailing her with knowledge of her crime, forcing Barbara to participate in her wedding to Kevin and become Cassie's personal nurse. As Cassie slowly regained the use of her legs, she hid the truth from her friends and family. Finally, Cassie dragged Barbara to a bell tower at gunpoint, attempting to force her to jump to her death. Kevin and Andrew arrived just in time to stop Cassie. Cassie was institutionalized, and Barbara was arrested.
When Kevin and the family visited Cassie, they discovered she had suffered a full psychotic break, believing she was still happily married to Andrew. Andrew and Kevin both attempted to break through to her, to little avail. Cassie's mother, Dorian, had never approved of Cassie and Kevin's relationship, and in early 1999 decided to send Cassie to Switzerland for further treatment. Kevin fought her every step of the way, even stowing away on the private plane bound for Switzerland to try one last time to get through to his wife. In a brief moment of lucidity, Cassie begged Kevin to let her go. Heartbroken, Kevin returned to Llanview and agreed to have his marriage annulled. Cassie had makes a series of recurring appearances. In the years since Cassie's departure to Switzerland, it was revealed that she was slowly recovering, and eventually River was even sent out of the country to spend time with his mother. Cassie herself finally reappeared in December 2001, as a guest at Todd and Blair's wedding. Cassie explained that she was almost fully recovered and living in Switzerland, and shared a somewhat awkward reunion with her cousin Kelly, who had since gone on to marry Kevin herself.
Fully recovered, Cassie next returned a year later in November 2002, rushing to Blair's aid after she was apparently attacked by mob hitmen. Cassie believed Blair had been rendered catatonic, and was tasked to take her out of the country. In reality, Todd and Blair had used Cassie to lure away her supposed assailants with the help of a body double, while Blair hid out at Todd's penthouse.
While back in town for Blair, Cassie also recounted her harrowing experiences with Mitch Laurence for Viki and Bo. Nothing could have prepared her for the shock of her life when she returned the following March to see Dorian, only to discover that her mother was marrying the resurrected Mitch - the man who had tried to rape Cassie! Cassie and Blair watched in shock and disgust as Dorian and Mitch took their unholy vows, and gained control of the Lord fortune. Cassie did not yet realize that Dorian was conning Mitch in the hopes of winning his trust and destroying him. Dorian haltingly tried to explain things to her daughter, but Cassie left town in disgust for her new home in Savannah. Later that year, on Mother's Day, Cassie and Dorian made peace after Cassie discovered Dorian and Blair's efforts to murder Mitch. Meanwhile, a now-teenaged River came home from Savannah to spend time with his father and grandmother. During this visit, Cassie also painfully reunited with Kevin and Kelly.
In the fall of 2003, Cassie was part of the Cramers' competition to win "Aunt Betsy's" inheritance, but was immediately disqualified due to her own "lapses in judgment" with Andrew and Kevin. In 2004, Cassie returned, furious about River's relationship with Adriana Colon, his newfound "aunt". She and Adriana eventually made peace, and Cassie returned to Savannah, where she resides to this day. Dorian calls Cassie to warn her about a returned Mitch on February 15, 2010. She then returns to Llanview with her ex-husband, Andrew, in tow and reveals that Melinda has died. Following a short reunion with her mother, sisters and, cousins Cassie returns to Savannah. When Bo and Nora remarry, it is revealed that Andrew travelled back with her, to visit River.
Laurel Chapin
Laurel Chapin Wolek is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. Actress Janice Lynde appeared in the role from November 1983 until the character's death in November 1985. She came on as the mistress of mobster Alex Coronal and mother of his son, Rob. Laurel fell in love with Dr.Larry Wolek whom she eventually married. During that time, their happiness was threatened by a psychopath named Tracy James. When Larry's old enemy, Dr.Ivan Kipling, came back from the dead, Laurel, in fear of being stalked by him, drove her car off the road, causing her death.
Ted Clayton
Ted Clayton is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated on the series by actor Keith Charles in May 1980, a role he played through 1981. The role was assumed in 1981 by Mark Goddard, playing Ted until he is killed onscreen by police Lt. Ed Hall (Al Freeman, Jr.) in November 1981.
Wade Coleman
Wade Coleman is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Doug Wert debuted June 1987, appearing continually until June 22, 1989. Wade was a troubled young man who reformed with the help of Mari Lynn Dennison. He was the son of Roberta Coleman, a former cellmate of Dorian's.
Rob Coronal
Rob Coronal is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated from August 1984 until 1986 by Ted Marcoux. Actor Mark Arnold assumed the role in August 1987, playing Mark through the character's last appearance in 1989. Rob was the illegitimate son of Laurel Chapin and Alex Coronal and eventually married Cassie Cramer. After their divorce, they would briefly date again, but he also would become involved with her aunt, Melinda Cramer.
Mari Lynn Dennison
Mari Lynn Dennison Coleman is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Tammy Amerson from August 15, 1986 through December 7, 1989.
Character history
Arriving in fictional Llanview in August 1986, Mari Lynn is soon seduced into becoming a disciple of cult leader Mitch Laurence. Ultimately, she breaks free of the cult and marries Wade Coleman onscreen June 9, 1988. She later becomes a star of the fictional soap opera (within a soap opera) Fraternity Row alongside Megan Gordon, leaving town in July 1989.
Tom Dennison
Actor Lee Patterson returned to the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live and fictional Llanview in the role of widower Thomas "Tom" Dennison with his daughter Mari Lynn in August 1986. Everyone in town — especially Victoria "Viki" Lord Buchanan (Erika Slezak) — are shocked at his near-exact resemblance to the late Joe Riley (Patterson), Viki's first on-screen husband and father to her first two children. It is ultimately revealed that Tom is Joe's long-lost twin put up for adoption at birth. Tom and Viki engage in a brief affair before he leaves town in 1988.
Lee Halpern, a former prostitute for Renée Divine (Patricia Elliott) and now a business partner of Max Holden (James DePaiva), arrives in Llanview in 1987 and turns out to be Carol Harper Dennison, Tom's presumed-dead wife. Her awkward reunion with her daughter is cut short when Lee is accidentally shot to death by Mari Lynn in 1988.
Renée Divine Buchanan
Renée Divine Buchanan is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was portrayed by Phyllis Newman from 1987 to 1988 and Patricia Elliott from 1988 through 2011. Elliott was taken off contract in November 2003 and her screen time became increasingly infrequent.
Renée arrives in Llanview in 1987 as the former employer of Lee Halpern, secretly once a prostitute at Renée's Strip Club in Georgia. She soon runs into Asa Buchanan, her old flame; they rekindle their romance and marry on November 30, 1988 in a double wedding with Asa's grandson Cord Roberts, who remarries ex-wife Tina Lord.
Mobster Carlo Hesser—another of Renée's exes—appears in Chesnut Hills in 1990. Asa and Renée divorce in 1992 when Asa discovers old love letters that Carlo had sent Renée, but Asa and Renée eventually wed again on May 18, 1999. It is revealed that Renée had conceived a son by Asa when they had been involved in their youth, and had put the boy up for adoption. Max Holden poses as the missing heir, but Asa and Renée's real son turns out to be Ben Davidson, adoptive brother of Sam Rappaport and love interest of Asa's former daughter-in-law Victoria "Viki" Lord Carpenter. Asa and Renée divorce in 2001.
Renée and Asa remarry for the last time on February 14, 2004. The marriage ends with Asa's offscreen death on August 16, 2007. Afterwards, Renée is seldom seen, but resides in Llanview running the Palace Hotel. On August 23 and 24, 2011, Renée is seen at Ava's gravesite alongside Asa's son Bo Buchanan, in honour of the fourth anniversary of Asa's death.
Rafe Garretson
Rafe Garretson is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera on One Life to Live originated by Ken Meeker in February 1980. Meekler continued in the role until his last appearance on the series in 1991. Rafe was the nephew of wealthy Asa Buchannan and was utilized by his uncle to take care of Asa's presumed dead wife Olympia. After Asa's marriage to Samantha Vernon came to an end, Rafe fell in love with her and they were married. When a pregnant Samantha was shot and ended up brain dead, Delilah Ralston took on her embryo, eventually giving birth to a daughter, Sammi. Delilah and Rafe fell in love and were married but after she was kidnapped by the Sanders family, he was left alone until she turned up a year later. They were still married when Delilah left to pursue a singing career in 1989, and Rafe eventually left Llanview too two years later.
Sammi Garretson
Samantha "Sammi" Garretson is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera on One Life to Live. The character was considered a "miracle child," extracted as an embryo from the womb of her recently deceased mother Samantha Vernon and implanted in a family friend Delilah Ralston, whom her father Rafe later married. First appearing onscreen at birth May 16, 1985, the character was soon SORASed to a six-year-old at the introduction of child actor Danielle Harris to the role, and last appeared in 1989.
Roger Gordon
Roger Gordon is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Larry Pine from its debut in 1988 through 1992.
Roger Gordon, an archaeologist, arrived on the scene determined to convince both his daughters to move away from Llanview with him. Just as he and Sarah were about to leave town (after having convinced Megan to follow them to California), Roger overheard news that Viki had found the long-lost daughter she had spent months searching for. Inexplicably, Roger changed his plans and refused to leave town! Roger knew that the 'long-lost daughter' was a fraud - because Megan was the real missing Lord heir.
As a child, Roger Gordon's family participated in Victor Lord's disastrous, secret 'Eterna' project (in which a small underground city was created under Llantano Mountain). Against the wishes of the Eterna citizens themselves, they were sealed off from the outside world and abandoned to die. Roger's parents managed to break their teenaged son out of imprisonment. Once outside, Roger met and fell in love with a then-teenaged Victoria Lord. The teens married, made love, and Viki became pregnant with Roger's child. But Victor intervened, and instigated an accident that turned Viki into her alter ego Niki Smith for many months. Niki ran away to New York City and carried her baby to full term. Just as she was about to give birth, Victor tracked her down and forced her to return to Llanview with him. A very young Larry Wolek (still in med school at the time) delivered the baby, and Niki reverted to Viki immediately afterward. Victor hushed up the whole incident (including hiring a hypnotist to erase Viki's memory of the incident) and gave the baby to Roger. Roger later married Carrie Gordon, and the two passed Megan off as their own child (Carrie was the birth mother of Sarah & Anna. She was already divorced from Roger when he arrived in Llanview. Carrie appeared only rarely.)
Roger confessed to Viki that Megan was their daughter. Megan was initially less than thrilled to hear the news (she and Viki did not get along), but then developed a close rapport with Viki and the Buchanan family (especially Viki's other daughter Jessica). Both Roger and Viki began to feel their old teenaged passions rekindling, even though Viki was married to Clint at the time. However, Roger eventually realized he could never have what he once had with Viki, so he left town and allowed Viki to get on with her life.
Megan Gordon
Megan Gordon Harrison is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated in 1988 by actress Jessica Tuck, who regularly appeared until February 1992. Tuck returned for guest appearances in 1993, 1999, 2004, and 2012.
Character history
Larry Wolek tries to talk Viki out of attending her high school reunion in 1988; it is soon revealed that Viki had left school and had a baby — delivered by Larry. Viki's father Victor had sent her to a hypnotist, who had wiped away all memories of the experience. Viki is determined to find her daughter; meeting Roger Gordon ultimately brings Viki's memories flooding back in 1989. Roger and Viki had fallen in love, but his apparent death had shocked Viki into reverting into Niki Smith; Niki had been in control during the pregnancy, with Viki re-emerging briefly during childbirth. One of Roger's daughters is Viki's child; unfortunately, it is not sweet family friend Sarah, but her self-absorbed sister Megan Gordon — despised by Viki since Megan's appearance in Llanview in 1988. Megan, a soap opera star and major diva, has a passionate romance with Max Holden and feuds with rival actress Summer Skye while working on Bo Buchanan's soap Fraternity Row. Later, Megan softens towards Viki and develops a close relationship with her mother, then settles down with dashing international man of mystery Jake Harrison, her true love. But love can't save Megan from the ravages of lupus, which takes her life on February 7, 1992. Surrounded by friends and family, Megan dies in Jake's arms, and later appears as a blithe spirit to help Jake and her loved ones through troubled times.
Megan appears as a vision to her sister Jessica Buchanan in 1999 when she miscarries her baby, Megan Buchanan, who is named after her. Megan makes a spiritual visitation to Viki in 2004, and helps her mother cope with the loss of her husband Ben Davidson. In 2008, when Victoria goes to Heaven again after a car crash, her granddaughter Megan reveals that she works with her aunt Megan, who is currently absent due to being at a network meeting. On January 9, 2012, Megan appears to Viki during her third trip to Heaven. This time Megan tries to guide and convince her mother to cross over into the afterlife, after Viki continually comments how she is so tired. However, as Viki and Megan approach Heaven's gates, Clint goes running up from Hell, declares his love for her and states how they have conquered the odds before, and that can do so again. Clint's words prove stronger than Megan's as Viki ultimately chooses to give life another chance with Clint and is revived by paramedics, as Megan smiles on happily.
Sarah Gordon
Sarah Gordon Buchanan is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera, One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Jensen Buchanan in 1987, a role she played until 1990. Grace Phillips stepped into the role in 1991, playing the character through 1993.
Character history
Sarah, nicknamed "Paradise" by Bo, was the first member of the Gordon family to arrive in Llanview. While she was only on the show for a short time, she was a part of many memorable storylines, including Mendorra and Badderly Island. Born off-screen in 1965 to Roger and Carrie Gordon, Sarah grew up as the second of three daughters and came to Llanview in October 1987. As a therapist specializing in training newly-blind people to live without their sight, Sarah became a counsellor to Clint Buchanan, who had been blinded by a gunshot wound to the head. Early on, Sarah stated that her desire to help the blind was inspired by working with her sister Anna (never seen) who was blind from birth and died young. Sarah started out as Tina Lord's rival for Cord Roberts' affection, but Sarah and Cord never progressed far in their relationship. She later met the love of her life, Bo Buchanan, on the set of Fraternity Row, where she was working as a consultant. Though the two were deeply in love with each other, they often found themselves in dangerous situations that threatened their future. In 1989, Bo was sentenced to time in prison after being found guilty of killing Alicia Grande. Believing that Bo was being framed by his cousin Austin Buchanan, Sarah set out to get the truth and exonerate Bo by seducing Austin (who was obsessed with her) and tricking him into telling her the truth. Her plan, which was successful, had dire consequences. After discovering the tape recorder that Sarah was hiding under her blouse, Austin forced her to have sex in Asa's garage. Bo was ultimately set free thanks to the recorded confession, but Sarah's relationship with Bo suffered because she refused to tell him the truth about the rape; she was terrified that Bo would never be able to love her the same way again if he found out that she'd been violated by Austin. Unfortunately, Sarah wasn't able to keep the truth from Bo when she discovered that she was pregnant with Austin's baby. Always supportive, Bo stood by Sarah as she struggled with the decision to terminate the pregnancy or not. Ultimately she never had to make a choice because she suffered a miscarriage.
Despite the drama resulting from Austin's rampage, Bo and Sarah's relationship blossomed and the two became engaged. Their plan was to marry on Valentine's Day 1990, but Sarah was once again swept up into trouble when she was summoned to the kingdom of Mendorra to work with the future king, Prince Raymond, who was progressively losing his sight. Accompanied by Megan and Ambassador to Mendorra, Dorian Lord, Sarah walked right into a trap set by Raymond's scheming brother Roland. In an effort to steal the throne from his brother, Roland kidnapped Megan and Dorian to force Sarah into a marriage with his brother. Because Sarah was a commoner, Raymond would have to abdicate the throne, making Roland next in line. Little did Roland suspect that Bo and his nephew Cord were on their way to Mendorra to save Sarah, Megan and Dorian after Sarah subtly signalled her fiancé that something was wrong during a live television broadcast. Unbeknownst to Roland, Bo took Raymond's place at the altar and married Sarah in a lavish royal wedding, thwarting his plans to become king. With Raymond's help, Bo, Sarah, and Megan were finally able to escape from Mendorra, but only after Raymond was forced to shoot and kill his brother near the Austrian/Mendorran border. A little over a month later, on March 21, Bo and Sarah were legally married in a small ceremony held at Llanfair.
Soon after, Bo planned a location shoot for a prime time Fraternity Row movie and after looking at several exotic locations, he settled on Badderly, an island off the coast of Canada that was home to a deserted four-star resort. It seemed like the perfect location with private beaches and a large estate, but he wasn't the only one who had his eyes set on the secluded island resort. Johnny Dee, Carlo Hesser's lawyer and secret son, had arranged a meeting on Badderly with Frank "Whitey" Whitehead, one of Carlo's rivals, and several other top mob bosses to forge an uneasy peace with one another and discuss their plans to flood Llanview with drugs, which were being manufactured on the island. What Johnny hadn't counted on was Bo ending up with Whitey's invitation to the meeting. Because no one knew what the real Whitey looked liked (he always avoided having his picture taken), Bo was easily mistaken for the reclusive Whitehead by Johnny and his guests and welcomed into the soiree. To make matters worse, Sarah, Megan, Cord, Lucky Lippmann and Spring Skye also ended up on the island, each one taking on a new persona to pose as Whitey's entourage. Sarah, using a fake Texas accent and donning a curly blond wig, found herself constantly having to run interference for Bo after Hesser's daughter, Charlotte, set her sights on seducing him. It wasn't until Jake Harrison arrived on Badderly days later that Charlotte forgot all about "Whitey" and shifted her focus to Jake. After several more days on the island and a few mishaps later (Megan nearly drowning and Sarah almost dying in a pit of quicksand), Bo and his crew finally discovered the secret location of the drug manufacturing lab and were able to destroy the operation and bring down Johnny and his men. Thinking that the entire ordeal was over, everyone returned to Llanview to get back to their lives.
Sarah became a witness to the drug-trafficking activities of Carlo Hesser, who kidnapped her, and was thought to have killed her. Sarah turned up alive, just as Bo was about to marry Cassie Callison. Sarah and Bo divorced, but reconciled, all during a time in which Sarah was a major suspect in the first murder investigation of Carlo Hesser. Tragically, Sarah was killed on November 25, 1992 when the car she was riding in with Bo was run off of Llantano Bridge by a truck on the night before their wedding. Their car landed in the water and Sarah, who wasn't wearing her seat belt, died shortly after impact while Bo sustained only minor injuries.
Lee Halpern
Lee Halpern (originally Carol Harper; formerly Dennison) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was first played by Janet Zarish from 1987 until 1988, then again from April 2, 2008 until November 11, 2008 and January 12, 2009 until February 3, 2009. In 2008, the character assumes the alias Janet Ketring.
Lee Halpern arrives in Llanview in 1987 as a former prostitute for Renee Divine and now business partner of Max Holden. She marries Charles Sanders, former US Ambassador to the European principality of Mendorra, during a drunken night in Las Vegas, and he dies of a heart attack on their wedding night. It is soon revealed that Lee is in fact Carol Harper Dennison, the presumed-dead wife of Tom Dennison and mother to Tom's daughter, Mari Lynn. The revelation of Carol's past as a prostitute had ended her marriage to Tom, and she had subsequently chosen to fake her death. Lee's awkward reunion with her daughter is cut short when it appears that Lee is accidentally shot to death by Mari Lynn in 1988.
In April 2008, private nurse Janet Ketring appears in Llanview, helping Lee Ramsey care for a bedridden and amnesiac Marty Saybrooke. Ramsey is killed and Todd Manning secretly takes custody of Marty, who all of Llanview believes had been killed in an explosion in December 2007. Todd coerces Janet to continue tending to Marty under his employ. For the sum of $1 million, Janet also agrees to keep Marty's existence a secret. Neither Marty nor Janet are aware that Todd had raped Marty over a decade before. Seeking absolution for his crimes against Marty at any cost, Todd lies about their relationship as well as the existence of Marty's son. During a conversation with Todd, Janet reveals that she is estranged from her loved ones and claims she is "dead to them." Llanview Police Detective John McBain discovers that Janet is, in fact, Lee Halpern. He uses this information to try to pressure Janet into revealing that her mystery patient is, as he now suspects, the presumed-dead Marty. Janet is horrified to hear from John that Todd had raped Marty and is keeping her from her son. Janet confronts Todd, who also knows her true identity and threatens to expose her unless she continues to keep his secret. He soon forces her to assist him in his intended kidnapping of his unborn grandchild. Todd calls off the plan, but his mentally ill niece Jessica Buchanan switches her own stillborn baby girl with the new-born daughter of Todd's daughter Starr Manning. With Starr's baby believed dead, Janet leaves Llanview on November 11, 2008, but reappears on Renee Buchanan's doorstep on January 9, 2009, desperate for sanctuary. Janet fears prosecution and Todd's wrath, but soon agrees to cooperate with the authorities. Todd catches her wearing a wire, but Janet is kept in protective custody. Todd publishes an exposé on Janet in his newspaper, The Sun, to sabotage her credibility before the upcoming trial. Terrified that one of the people she had conned will come after her, Janet escapes police custody. Todd discovers Janet stabbed to death on his living room floor on January 30, 2009. Believing that Todd is innocent but realizing that he would be blamed, Téa confesses to the police that she had stabbed Janet in selfdefense, and Janet's body is taken away. Powell Lord III later confesses to the murder, as part of his plan to punish anyone who has hurt Marty and punish Todd.
Andy Harrison
Andrea "Andy" Harrison (formerly Guthrie and Vega) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by Bronwen Booth from August 1989 through 1991. Wendee Pratt assumed the role upon its reappearance onscreen in 1994, playing the character through 1997.
Character history
Max Holden's sister Andrea arrives in fictional Llanview in August 1989 with news of their mother Patricia's death; Max and Andy's volatile relationship eventually cooled before she left town in 1991 after marrying Hunter Guthrie. She would return in 1994 (divorced from the abusive Hunter) as a police officer, and become involved with fellow officer and ex-con Antonio Vega, who she had a whirlwind romance with, before marrying him and leaving again for Berkeley, California in 1997. Years later, Andy and Antonio's marriage ended when Andy cheated on him with her partner on the police force.
Al Holden
Alonzo "Al" Holden is a fictional character on the American soap opera, One Life to Live. Originally introduced in April 1987, Al was first featured as a regular character in 2001 played by Michael Tipps from March through November 2001. Nathaniel Marston assumed the role from December 4, 2001 until Al’s onscreen death on September 22, 2003, and as Al's spirit through his last appearance on February 14, 2004. Marston immediately began playing the role of Michael McBain, whose body Al's spirit inhabited, thereafter in 2004.
Steve Holden
Steven "Steve" Holden, Sr. is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by Russ Anderson from March 1987 through the character's onscreen death November 30, 1988.
Character history
Max Holden's brother Steve Holden arrives in fictional Llanview in March 1987 and soon begins a relationship with and marries Max's first love, Gabrielle Medina. Gabrielle's perpetual feeling for Max doom their relationship and they divorce. In 1988, at the double wedding of Cord Roberts to Tina Lord and Asa Buchanan to Renée Divine, Steve notices a bomb in a wedding cake and throws himself on it to protect his fiancée Brenda McGillis. Brenda gives birth Steve's child, his namesake, in 1989.
Dante Medina
Dante Medina is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Henry Darrow for months in 1987.
Debra Medina
Debra Medina is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by Lucinda Fisher from July 1989 through 1991.
Connie O'Neill
Constance Kathleen "Connie" O'Neill (formerly Vernon) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Elizabeth Keifer from April 1984 until 1985, reappearing briefly in 1988. Terry Donahoe assumed the role from August 1985 until September 1986.
Didi O'Neill
Deidra Cecilia "Didi" O'Neill Buchanan is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was portrayed by actress Barbara Treutelaar from April 1984 until the character's on-screen death on September 3, 1988.
Harry O'Neill
Harry O'Neill is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated by Arlen Dean Snyder in April 1984. Frank Converse assumed the role in October 1984 through the character's onscreen death in July 1985.
Character history
Factory worker Harry O'Neill is introduced in April 1984 when he is about to lose his job at the Lord-Manning plant joint-owned by Victoria Lord Buchanan and her husband Clint Buchanan when they consider closing it for financial reasons. Harry soon engages in romance with Niki Smith, a personality symptom of Victoria's multiple personality disorder. The relationship ends when Harry is murdered in 1985 by con man Mitch Laurence, who had intended to kill Clint and frame Viki.
Joy O'Neill
Joy O'Neill is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Kristen Vigard from April 1984 until 1985. Julie Ann Johnson assumed the role from 1985 until the character left town in 1986.
Pete O'Neill
Pete O'Neill is fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by James O'Sullivan from July 1985 until 1987.
Character history
Arriving in the wake of the death of his brother Harry, Pete O'Neill arrives in fictional Llanview in 1985 to support his family in their grief. A lawyer, he soon defends Tina Lord when she is accused of killing Harry, believing her alibi. Pete later falls for the ex-wife of business tycoon Asa Buchanan, Pamela Stuart, leaving town with her for her home island of Malakeva in 1987.
Delilah Ralston
Delilah Ralston Garretson (formerly Buchanan) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was portrayed by actress Shelly Burch from January 1982 until December 20, 1989. Burch briefly reprised the role in November 2001. She first came to Llanview, believing that Bo Buchannan was her cousin and married the wealthy Asa whose late wife Olympia had lied about Bo not being Asa's son. Delilah's scheming mother, Euphemia, knew the truth, and having vowed revenge on Asa for destroying her family, kept the secret. Asa and Delilah eventually divorced and she married Bo, but her constant lying caused him to leave her shortly into their marriage and fall in love with Didi O'Neill. Delilah showed she had a heart when the pregnant Samantha Garretson suddenly became brain dead and Delilah agreed to have Samantha's embryo transplanted into her. She eventually married her widower Rafe Garretson (Asa's nephew!) but was kidnapped by Elizabeth Sanders and her cohort Lord Henry Leighton as part of revenge against Asa. Delilah was eventually discovered (along with Bo) and reunited with Rafe. However, she left town to pursue a modeling career, only returning for one of Asa's several "fake" funerals.
Euphemia Ralston
Euphemia Ralston is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Grayson Hall from July 1982-April 1983. She was introduced as Euphemia Ralston Massey (although daughter Delilah used Euphemia's maiden name), the once wealthy owner of a Southern estate and now down on her luck because of a vendetta against her family by Asa Buchanan. In July 1982, Bo Buchanan, believing that Euphemia's late brother Yancy was his father, visited her, and Euphemia immediately began to put into motion a plot of revenge against Asa. She sent her nephew Drew to Llanview to ingratiate himself with Bo, and when she learned that her daughter Delilah had shown up to meet Bo, immediately went there for an extended visit. Asa, referring to Euphemia as "that witch in a turban", made a play for Delilah who had fallen in love with her own supposed cousin, Bo. To set her plans into motion, Euphemia encouraged Delilah to accept Asa's marriage proposal. Shortly afterwards, Asa was believed to have been killed in a boat explosion, but had survived, and hid out at his own funeral. Euphemia's somewhat eccentric cousin Twyla arrived and threatened Euphemia's plans with the knowledge that Yancy was sterile, and this was confirmed when Yancy's widow Blanche showed up. Cousin Twyla spilt the beans that Euphemia had known the truth all along, and Delilah ordered her mother to leave town.
David Renaldi
David "David Renaldi" Reynolds is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by actor Michael Zaslow in May 1983, and he continued in the role until 1986. Zaslow reprised the role suffering from ALS (a fate mirrored for the character) onscreen in late 1997, appearing onscreen in the role until shortly before his death from the disease in 1998.
Born as David Reynolds, he was a composer and conductor who used the name David Renali professionally. He was hired to come to Llanview to conduct the orchestra there, and became friends with Victoria. He and Dr.Dorian Callison had known each other before either came to Llanview, and he was, in fact, the father of Cassie Callison. He fell in love with Jenny Woleck Siegel Vernon, R. N., and they were involved in a Romeo and Juliet type story. After the conclusion of that story, Jenny and David married and left Llanview to move to Switzerland.
C.J. Roberts
Clinton James "C.J." Roberts is a fictional character from the original ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The character is first shown on-screen in April 1987 and was portrayed by child actors, most notably Tyler Noyes from 1992 to 1997.
Cord Roberts happily marries social climber and heiress, Tina Lord in April 1986. In 1987, Cord's mother, Maria Roberts does not approve of the relationship and convinces Max Holden to take Tina to Argentina where she soon discovers she is pregnant. Meanwhile, Cord marries Kate Sanders. Cord follows Tina to Argentina where Max and Tina have gotten mixed up with crime lord, Carlo Hesser and his drug ring. Carlo sends Tina over a waterfall in a raft; Tina and her unborn child are presumed dead. Tina survives and meets up with Gabrielle Medina, Max's former lover and convinces her that she and Max are now married. Gabrielle gives her and Max's new-born son to Tina so they can raise him. Tina returns to Llanview with baby Al, named after Cord's late step-father. Maria soon learns about Al's true identity and blackmails Tina into divorcing Cord in July 1987.
In 1988, it is learned that Tina's real son did not die, but was being cared for in the Argentinean jungle under the name "Milagro". Max's enemies later kidnap the infant and place him in an Italian convent; Tina must pose as nun to get him back. Cord and Tina later name him Clinton James, after Cord's biological father, Clint Buchanan. After Tina and Cord's divorce in January 1990, C.J. and Tina move to San Diego.
In February 1991, C.J. becomes a big brother to Sarah Victoria. When Cord is presumed dead in 1992, C.J. and Sarah become attached to their mother's new boyfriend, Cain Rogan. Cord returns in 1993, suffering from post traumatic stress syndrome. Tina marries Cain in 1994 and leaves town, leaving Cord to raise the kids. She returns in July 1994 and rededicates her life to raising C.J. and Sarah.
Convicted rapist Todd Manning escapes from prison, but saves the lives of C.J., Sarah, and their cousin Jessica Buchanan. A man named David Vickers comes to town, claiming to be Tina's long lost brother; soon Tina joins forces with imposter David to unsuccessfully try to swindle the massive inheritance from her and Viki's real brother, Todd Manning. Ultimately, Tina moves to Baltimore with C.J. and Sarah in June 1996, the three returning briefly in 1997 to say good bye to Cord as he leaves for London.
In February 2003, Sarah, now going by the nickname "Flash," comes to town searching for her brother C.J.. Sarah reveals that Tina's parenting forced C.J. and Sarah to run away from home. It is soon discovered that C.J. has joined the U. S. Navy and was deploying to the Indian Ocean. Later that year, Al Holden, the baby that C.J. was switched with as a child, dies at the age of 22, which revises their birth year to 1981. Tina calls C.J. on the day his parents tie the knot for the fourth time in 2011.
Maria Roberts
Maria Roberts (maiden name Vasquez) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live. Maria was portrayed by BarBara Luna from May 1986 until the character's onscreen death in 1987. Melissa Archer briefly played the role in a July 2008 storyline that took several characters back in time to the show's inception year of 1968. Maria is the mother of long-running character Cord Roberts.
Storylines
History revisited during the show's 40th anniversary episodes in 2008, around the series inception in 1968, Maria Vasquez becomes pregnant with the love child of Clint Buchanan. Clint's father, Asa, uncovered the pregnancy before Clint was told. Because Maria was of Mexican heritage, Asa condescended Maria and refused to allow her to marry Clint (as Clint may have characteristically done). Asa pressured Maria into abandoning Clint without ever telling him about the baby. Maria married the sturdy, reliable ranch hand Al Roberts instead, and gave birth to a boy named Cordero "Cord" Roberts. The Roberts family lived in El Paso, Texas. Al was a good husband and father, even though he knew Cord was not truly his son. Cord grew up believing that Al was his father. Maria however nursed a bitter grudge against Asa and spent her life pining for Clint.
In 1986, when Cord expressed an interest in photography, Maria sent Clint a telegram asking him to provide Cord a job at The Banner. Tina was in the midst of a bitter feud with Clint at the time. She intercepted the request and snooped about in El Paso, hoping to get some dirt on him. Cord met and quickly fell for Tina Clayton, and followed her back to Llanview. Tina reciprocated his interest, but had no intention of marrying a dirt-poor cowboy like Cord...until she discovered that he was Clint's biological son, and potential heir to the Buchanan mega-billions! After learning that, she wasted no time marrying him. Maria, who pegged Tina as a gold-digging tramp from their first meeting, became bitter enemies with her.
Al Roberts died of cancer very soon after Cord wed Tina. With no-one keeping her in El Paso, Maria relocated to Llanview to be near her son. By then, she had grown strong enough to hold her own against Asa's threats. Eventually she confessed to both Clint and Cord that they were father and son, and Clint welcomed Cord into the Buchanan family. Maria wheedled her way into both Clint and Viki's confidences, pretending to be just an 'old friend' to Clint. But she secretly conspired to break up their marriage. Maria had two overwhelming desires - to win Clint's love once again, and to break up Tina and Cord. Maria brought Tom Dennison to Llanview, hoping Viki would leave Clint for him. That failed to happen. Later, Maria discovered before anyone else that Allison Perkins had kidnapped Viki's newborn baby Jessica. Maria secretly helped Allison return the baby, but arranged circumstances to make it look as if Viki had become Niki Smith again and kidnapped her own baby. Her shenanigans were ultimately discovered, and Clint railed against her for her evil deeds. Going completely off the deep end, Maria attempted to poison Viki, and frame Tina for the crime, only to become tainted by the fatal poison herself and die.
Jon Russell
Jon Russell is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live.
The role was played by actor John Martin from December 1986 through December 27, 1989, and from 1991 until 1992.
Jon Russell was romantically involved with Dorian Lord, her daughter Cassie Callison {who was a partner with him in the private eye business}, And Audrey Ames[an actress on the fictional Fraternity Row]
He defended Gabrielle Medina Holden in 1989 when she was charged with the baby switching crime of Michael Grande's baby Garrick Grande and Brenda McGillis' baby Steven Holden McGillis.
He also served as a producer for "Fraternity Row" while Bo Buchanan was wrongly sentenced to prison for killing Alicia Grande
Jon was also the brother of Judith Russell Sanders
Judith Russell Sanders
Judith Russell (formerly Sanders) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared and was played by actress Louise Sorel from August 1986 through November 1987.
Character history
Judith Russell Sanders first arrives in fictional Llanview in August 1986 as the D.A. in Dorian Lord's murder trial for Mitch Lawrence. Her husband Charles Sanders, the former ambassador from Mendora, arrives soon thereafter hoping to mend their crumbling marriage, as did their children Jamie and Kate. It is established that the Sanders family has lived in Llanview for years. Judith was a free-spirited idealistic lawyer who never truly fit into the conservative, aristocratic lifestyle maintained by Charles, whose mother, Elizabeth, felt prejudiced against Judith because she was Jewish. The two eventually divorce but remained friends, and Judith even made amends with Elizabeth. Judith engages in an affair with fellow attorney Herb Callison (Dorian's ex-husband) before leaving Llanview after in 1987 after ex-husband Charles dies and Kate's marriage to Cord ended upon Tina Lord's return from the dead.
Charles Sanders
Charles Sanders III is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared and was originated by actor Michael Billington for one episode and then played by actor Peter Brown from September 1986 through September 1987.
Character history
Charles Sanders arrives in fictional Llanview soon after his wife Judtih in September 1986 to save their marriage. Unfortunately, the two couldn't resolve their differences over issues with their children and his mother Elizabeth's feelings of anti-Semitism towards her, and divorced. Judith subsequently has an affair with Herb Callison, while Charles romanced Dr.Dorian Lord as part of a money-making scheme. When Dorian realizes Charles is using her, she turns the tables on him by revealing that he had had an affair with a member of Mendorra's royal family. Charles is replaced as ambassador by Dorian herself. Later, Charles eloped with businesswoman Lee Halpern during a drunken night in Las Vegas, and died of a heart attack on their wedding night in 1987.
Elizabeth Sanders
Elizabeth Sanders is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Lois Kibbee from December 1986 through September 1988, returning briefly on April 13, 1989, and later from July 10 to 1989. Elizabeth was a powerful business woman who ran Sanders Chemicals. She disapproved of son Charles' marriage to the Jewish Judith Sanders and initially objected to the romance of granddaughter Kate and Cord Roberts. When Charles and Judith divorced, Elizabeth tried to pair him with Dorian who later took over Charles' former position as ambassador to Mendora. She was aghast when he took up with former hooker Lee Halpern and married her right before he died of a heart attack. Elizabeth vowed revenge on the Buchannan family after Cord broke up with Kate to return to Tina and Asa took control of Sanders chemicals. She was imprisoned after scheming to destroy the Buchannans through kidnapping and murder. The following spring, she was visited in prison by an information-seeking Clint. Later that summer, she escaped from prison with the help of her grandson Jamie. After they were captured, Elizabeth was brought to see Asa thanks to Bo's insistence that he see her, but Asa refused to accept her apologies for crimes against his family. Elizabeth was freed thanks to Bo's testimony on her behalf as to preventing Jamie and his co-hort Ursula Blackwell from electrocuting Tina and left town after revealing that she had a terminal illness.
Jamie Sanders
Jamie Sanders is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared and was played by actor Mark Philpot from December 1986 until 1989.
Character history
Jamie is introduced as the mean-spirited foil of a brother to gentle Kate Sanders in December 1986. He plays on his mother Judith's sympathies to bail him out of one dilemma after another. Eventually, Jamie's criminal behaviour (including running a crack cocaine factory with drug lord Dante Medina, killing a fellow cocaine dealer, and kidnapping Cassie Callison) caught up with him and he was sent to Statesville Prison for a life sentence. Even in jail, he was a menace: he threatened Tina when she was wrongly imprisoned for the murder of Maria Roberts, broke out and shot Clint Buchanan, and led a widescale prison riot with paternal grandmother Elizabeth when last seen in 1989.
Kate Sanders
Kathryn "Kate" Sanders (formerly Roberts) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared and was played by Marcia Cross from December 1986 through January 1988.
Character history
Kate is an anthropologist with a taste for adventure when introduced in December 1986, falling in love with Cord Roberts (then married to Tina Lord). When Tina was believed to be dead, Kate accepted Cord's proposal. But just as their wedding ceremony was coming to an end, Tina abruptly burst into the chapel — very much alive and carrying a baby she claimed to be Cord's son (who was actually the son of Gabrielle Medina and Max Holden). While Cord sought a divorce from Tina, Kate became entangled with Patrick London, her ex-fiancé, who stooped to insane measures to break up Cord and Kate. He didn't need to bother though; as Kate came to realize Cord loved Tina, she broke up with him and left Llanview.
Pamela Stuart
Pamela Reed Stuart Buchanan O'Neill is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. Christine Jones portrayed the character, first from 1986–87, then in 1988, October 2001, January 18 – 21, 2008, April 9–10, 2008, June 3, 2008 and October 19, 2009. Pamela is one of Asa Buchanan's many ex-wives.
In 1985, Tina Lord discovers that Asa has been leading a double life for years; on the tropical island of Malakeva, he is known as Jeb Stuart, and has been married to a kindly woman named Pamela for a decade. Tina tells Pamela that her husband is not a sea captain, as she believes, but actually a millionaire with a family in Llanview. Noting that Asa and Pamela's marriage is not legal, Tina convinces Pamela to pretend she is dying to manipulate Asa into marrying her for real. He does on January 20, 1986, and Pamela springs from her "deathbed" and confronts him. Arriving in Llanview to live as Mrs. Asa Buchanan, Pamela is at first a thorn in his side. As Asa realizes he wants her to be his wife, she demands a divorce — and half of his fortune. Their marriage ends in 1987; Pamela marries lawyer Pete O'Neill, and they leave town that year to return to Malakeva. The following year, Pamela comes back for the funeral of Pete's niece, Didi. Pamela was the manager of the Palace Hotel which Asa owned and later turned over to his next wife, Renee Divine.
Asa fakes his death in 2001, framing his wife Gabrielle Medina and her lover Max Holden; Pamela and all of Asa's other living ex-wives appear for the funeral. Ex-wife Alex Olanov finds Asa in hiding on his private island, St. Blaze's, and he is ultimately dragged back to Llanview.
Pamela returns to Llanview on January 18, 2008 at the invitation of Asa's son Bo Buchanan, and attends the Buchanan Enterprises board meeting to weigh in on the possibility that Jared Banks is the illegitimate son of Asa, who had died on August 16, 2007. Bo had determined that Asa had been with Pamela around the time of Jared's conception; Pamela confirms that Asa had never met Jared's mother Valerie Banks. To the shock of everyone assembled, Pamela reveals that Valerie had in fact been her sister; Pamela then drops the bombshell that she is actually Jared's biological mother. Afraid of losing Asa's love by bringing a child into the relationship, Pamela had asked Valerie to secretly adopt Asa's son. Pamela declares him the Buchanan heir; after the board meeting lets out, however, Pamela returns to meet with Jared alone. It is revealed that Pamela has lied to the Buchanans and is merely going along with Jared's scheme; Pamela is not really Jared's mother. Jared had not been aware that Pamela was going to appear at the meeting or lie for him, but Pamela explains that it was the least she could do "after everything my brother" — a violent abuser named Harlan Oliver who dated Jared's mother after Charlie left the Banks household — "did to you and your family." Pamela wishes Jared good luck with the company.
Pamela is summoned back to Llanview by Natalie Buchanan on April 9, 2008; Jared has admitted his true identity to Natalie, who wants to know why Pamela lied to the Buchanans. Pamela relates Jared's troubled childhood, and explains that she had only wanted to help him. Pamela appears again on June 3, 2008, making a surprise appearance at the Buchanan Enterprises shareholders' meeting. Reluctant and saddened, she confirms Dorian Lord's reveal that Jared is not really Asa's son. On October 19, 2009, Natalie and John McBain find Pamela's corpse at the Buchanan cabin.
Julia Wheaton
Julia Wheaton (formerly Medina) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Linda Thorson from July 1989 through June 1992. Julia originally came to town to aid her daughter Gabrielle and remained after she left town. Julia was revealed to be the accidental killer of Du Anne Demarest, the blackmailing housekeeper of Victoria Lord Buchanan, and was paralyzed for a time after being in a coma.
Courtney Wright
Courtney Wright is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Phylicia Rashād (credited as "Phylicia Ayers") from 1983 until 1984, when she left the series to accept the role of Claire Huxtable on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show.
References
Notes
Lists of One Life to Live characters
Lists of minor fictional characters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Smith%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201926%29
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Bill Smith (footballer, born 1926)
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William Henry Smith (7 September 1926 – December 2014) was an English professional footballer born in Plymouth, Devon, who played as a forward or wing half. He made 237 appearances and scored 40 goals in the Football League playing for Reading, Northampton Town, Birmingham City, Blackburn Rovers and Accrington Stanley.
He contributed to Blackburn's promotion to the First Division in the 1957–58 season, before moving to Accrington Stanley as player-coach in 1960. Appointed joint caretaker manager with trainer Harry Hubbick in late 1961, he retired from football when Stanley resigned from the Football League in March 1962.
References
General
Specific
1926 births
2014 deaths
Military personnel from Plymouth, Devon
Royal Marines ranks
Footballers from Plymouth, Devon
English footballers
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Accrington Stanley F.C. (1891) players
English Football League players
English football managers
Accrington Stanley F.C. (1891) managers
English Football League managers
20th-century Royal Marines personnel
Plymouth United F.C. players
Association football midfielders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunthunatha
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Kunthunatha
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Kunthunath was the seventeenth Tirthankara, seventh Chakravartin and twelfth Kamadeva of the present half time cycle, Avasarpini. According to Jain beliefs, he became a siddha, liberated soul which has destroyed all of its karma. Kunthunatha was born to King Surya (Sura) and Queen Shridevi at Hastinapur in the Ikshvaku dynasty on the fourteenth day of the Vaishakh Krishna month of the Indian calendar.
Etymology
Kunthu means heap of Jewels.
Life
According to the Jain belief, he was born in 27,695,000 BC, Like all other Chakravartin, he also conquered all the lands and went to write his name on the foothills of mountains. Seeing the names of other Chakravartin already there, he saw his ambitions dwarfed. He then renounced his throne and became an ascetic for penance. At an age of 95,000 years he liberated his soul and attained Moksha on Mount Shikharji.
Famous Temple
Prachin Bada Mandir, Hastinapur, Uttar Pradesh
Ganigitti Jain temple, Hampi
Kunthunath Temple at Jaisalmer Fort in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
See also
God in Jainism
Arihant (Jainism)
Jainism and non-creationism
References
Sources
External links
Tirthankaras
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The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle
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The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter. It was published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1905. Mrs. Tiggy-winkle is a hedgehog washerwoman (laundress) who lives in a tiny cottage in the fells of the Lake District. A human child named Lucie happens upon the cottage and stays for tea. The two deliver freshly laundered clothing to the animals and birds in the neighbourhood. Potter thought the book would be best enjoyed by girls, and, like most girls' books of the period, it is set indoors with a focus on housework.
Potter's pet hedgehog, Mrs. Tiggy-winkle, and Kitty MacDonald, a Scottish washerwoman, were the inspirations for the eponymous heroine. Lucie Carr, a child friend of Potter's, was the model for the fictional Lucie. Potter's Peter Rabbit and Benjamin Bunny make cameo appearances in the illustrations. The Newlands Valley and the surrounding fells are the sources for the backgrounds in the illustrations.
Mrs. Tiggy-winkle has been described as one of Potter's most positive creations, but critics consider Lucie an artistic failure. Although Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle is set in an identifiable place and time period, the tale is mythologized by reaching back to an age when household chores were performed manually and without the aid of modern mechanical inventions. The simple dwellings, rustic pathways, and stone fences enhance the tale's timeless aspect and suggest an unchanging countryside and its way of life.
Mrs. Tiggy-winkle became a popular character and the subject of considerable merchandise over the decades including nursery ware and porcelain figurines. The tale has been published in braille and the Initial Teaching Alphabet, and has been translated into French, German, and Dutch. In 1971, Mrs. Tiggy-winkle became a character performed by Sir Frederick Ashton in the Royal Ballet film, The Tales of Beatrix Potter. In 1993, the tale was adapted to animation and telecast as an episode of the BBC series, The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends. In the world of Peter rabbit and friends the story was combined with the tale of Jeremy Fisher, the 7th book in the series. This book, the tale of Mrs. Tiggy-winkle, is the 6th book in the series. It is also the 6th book to be published.
Plot
A little girl named Lucie lives on a farm called Little-town. She is a good little girl, but has lost three pocket handkerchiefs and a pinafore. She questions Tabby Kitten and Sally Henny-penny about them, but they know nothing (especially since Tabby Kitten licks her paw, and Sally Henny-penny flaps back into the barn clucking, "I go barefoot, barefoot, barefoot!" neither of which is very helpful). Lucie mounts a stile and spies some white cloths lying in the grass high on a hill behind the farm. She scrambles up the hill along a steep path-way which ends under a big rock. She finds a little door in the hillside, and hears someone singing behind it:
Lily-white and clean, oh!
With little frills between, oh!
Smooth and hot – red rusty spot
Never here be seen, oh!
She knocks. A frightened voice cries out, "Who's that?" Lucie opens the door, and discovers a low-ceilinged kitchen. Everything is tiny, even the pots and pans. At the table stands a short, stout person wearing a tucked-up print gown, an apron, and a striped petticoat. She is ironing. Her little black nose goes sniffle, sniffle, snuffle, and her eyes go twinkle, twinkle, and beneath her little white cap are prickles! She is Mrs. Tiggy-winkle, the animals' laundress and "an excellent clear-starcher". She keeps busy with her work. She has found Lucie's lost things, and launders them for her. She also shows Lucie items belonging to Mrs. Tiggy-winkle's animal customers. They have tea together, though Lucie keeps away from Mrs. Tiggy-winkle due to the prickles.
The laundered clothing is tied up in bundles and Lucie's handkerchiefs are neatly folded into her clean pinafore. They set off together down the path to return the fresh laundry to the little animals and birds in the neighbourhood. At the bottom of the hill, Lucie mounts the stile and turns to thank Mrs. Tiggy-winkle. "But what a very odd thing!" Mrs. Tiggy-winkle is "running running running up the hill". Her cap, shawl, and print gown are nowhere to be seen. How small and brown she has grown – and covered with prickles! "Why! Mrs. Tiggy-winkle [is] nothing but a HEDGEHOG!"
The narrator tells the reader that some thought Lucie had fallen asleep on the stile and dreamed the encounter, but if so, then how could she have three clean handkerchiefs and a laundered pinafore? "Besides," the narrator assures the reader, "I have seen that door into the back of the hill called Cat Bells – and besides I am very well acquainted with dear Mrs. Tiggy-winkle!"
Background
The story of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle was inspired by Kitty MacDonald, a Scottish washerwoman the Potters employed over the course of eleven summers at Dalguise House on the River Tay in Perthshire. Potter was 26 when, in 1892, she visited MacDonald while staying at Heath Park, Birnam. She wrote in her journal: "Went out with the pony ... to see Kitty MacDonald, our old washerwoman ... Kitty is eighty-three but waken, and delightfully merry ... She is a comical, round little woman, as brown as a berry and wears a multitude of petticoats and a white mutch. Her memory goes back for seventy years, and I really believe she is prepared to enumerate the articles of her first wash in the year '71". (The Scots Language Centre defines "mutch" as "A head-dress, especially a close-fitting day cap of white linen or muslin…specifically such as used to be worn by married women”.)
In 1942, the year before she died, Potter's thoughts returned to Kitty MacDonald when she wrote about a piece of crockery:Seventy eighty years ago it belonged to another old woman, old Katie MacDonald, the Highland washerwoman. She was a tiny body, brown as a berry, beady black eyes and much wrinkled, against an incongruously white frilled mutch. She wore a small plaid crossed over shawl pinned with a silver brooch, a bed jacket, and a full kilted petticoat. She dropped bob curtsies, but she was outspoken and very independent, proud and proper ... The joy of converse with old Katie was to draw her out to talk of the days when she was a wee bit lassie—herding the kine. The days when 'Boney' [Napleon] was a terror ... the old woman wouldn't dwell upon hard weather and storms; she spoke of the sunshine and clouds, and shadows, the heather bells, the ... "the broom of the Cowden Knowes", the sun and wind on the hills where she played, and knitted, and herded cattle and sheep. A bonny life it was, but it never came back ..."
Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle may have been conceived as early as 1886, it was not until 1901 Potter began elaborating it while on holiday at Lingholm west of Derwentwater where she met young Kathleen and Lucie Carr, daughters of the local vicar. In 1902, it was put to paper. The Carr family lived at Skelghyl, but Potter took some artistic liberty and moved the house's location to Little Town in the text. The family came to tea at Lingholm often with Potter delighted by the one-year-old child's behaviour. On one occasion, Lucie left her gloves behind at Lingholm, and Potter transformed the incident into the fictional Lucie's propensity for losing her pocket handkerchiefs. A small copy book contains what is believed to be the earliest manuscript of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle. Its title page is inscribed: "Made at Lingholm, Sept. 01 told to cousin Stephanie at Melford Nov. 01—written down Nov. 02. There are no pictures, it is a good one to tell—"
Potter used her cousin's daughter, Stephanie Hyde Parker, as audience for the draft of the story. She likely meant to dedicate the book to Stephanie, writing in the manuscript, "Now Stephanie, this is a story about a little girl called Lucie; she was smaller than you and could not speak quite plain.". In the end however, the book was dedicated to Lucie Carr. Stephanie would receive the dedication to The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher in 1906.
Early in 1904, Potter was putting the finishing touches on Benjamin Bunny and Two Bad Mice. At the same time, she began giving serious thought to developing the tale about Mrs. Tiggy-winkle and Lucie. She had been working on backgrounds and had been carrying her pet hedgehog with her when travelling. On 15 March she wrote to her editor Norman Warne, "I have been drawing the stump of a hollow tree for another hedgehog drawing".
Potter and Warne agreed a volume of nursery rhymes would be created in 1905 but she also brought his attention to a story she had previously written, writing to him, "I think 'Mrs. Tiggy' would be all right; it is a girl's book ... there must be a large audience of little girls. I think they would like the different clothes." She began the illustrations in the summer once he agreed to the concept.
Illustrations and production
Potter biographer Linda Lear writes that Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle, unlike Potter's earlier work, was "a story set in a real place, about a real washerwoman, a real hedge-hog named Tiggy-winkle, and a child Lucie, from Little-town in the Newlands valley". In the summer of 1904, Potter again took her holiday at Lingholm, and drew pen and ink illustrations for the hedgehog book based on in watercolours made of the area the previous year. After returning to London in October, family matters prevented her from continuing work on the tale; she returned to Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle in late November 1904. The sketchbook scenes of the path above Little Town, the Newlands Valley, the fells, and Skiddaw were reproduced in the published book almost exactly as found in the sketchbook, except for the inclusion of the figures and some minor artistic liberties. Potter included in her illustrations a depiction a small door used to close abandoned mine shafts in the fells. During her explorations of the area she visited farms at Skelghyl and sheep farms in the fells.
The model for the preliminary illustrations of Mrs. Tiggy-winkle was Potter's own pet hedgehog. Potter wrote to Warne on 12 November, "Mrs. Tiggy as a model is comical; so long as she can go to sleep on my knee she is delighted, but if she is propped up on end for half an hour, she first begins to yawn pathetically, and then she does bite! Nevertheless, she is a dear person; just like a very fat rather stupid little dog. I think the book will go all right when once started." Three weeks later, she wrote, "The hedgehog drawings are turning out very comical. I have dressed up a cottonwool dummy for convenience of drawing the clothes. It is such a figure of fun." The dummy terrified her rabbit and her pet mouse pulled out the stuffing. "I think it should make a good book," she wrote, "When I have learnt to draw the child."
Although Potter had little difficulty with the landscapes, the kitchen, and the birds and animals, Lucie presented a serious problem. Potter recognized and admitted the human form eluded her and confessed she faced a worrisome challenge whenever it was absolutely necessary to bring a human into an illustration. She made a number of preliminary sketches of Lucie, changed the colour of her cloak, and enlisted a real child as a model.
Mrs. Tiggy-winkle's kitchen is typical of those seen by Potter in Lakeland and Sawrey, and presented no artistic difficulties. She had been sketching interiors for years.
By February 1905, the drawings for the book sent to be converted to blocks, and, in late March, she began The Pie and the Patty-Pan, the companion piece to Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle. Potter continued to fuss with the tale's text and illustrations. The proofs of the text arrived in the beginning of June, and Potter laboured over them. She reconsidered the rhyme writing to Warne,
I do not think that rhyme is right grammar; it is the "no" that throws it out. If it were
"Smooth and hot—red rusty spot
never here be seen—oh!"
that would be all right. She is supposed to be exorcising spots and iron stains, same as Lady MacBeth(!). The verb is imperative, and apparently it is not reasonable to use "no" with a vocative noun. It is a contradiction to address "no spot!" I am afraid this is rather muddled; I used to know my Latin grammar but it has faded ... I wish another book could be planned out before the summer, if we are going on with them, I always feel very much lost when they are finished.
She had enjoyed developing the book with Warne, and, on 2 July, sent him the remainder of the book, expressing her regret that its production was over. On 25 July proofs sent to her from the publisher showed spottiness that may have been caused by the summer heat affecting the chemicals used in the engraving process; the plates were re-engraved in September.
Publication history and adaptations
Twenty thousand copies of the book were released in a format in October 1905 with The Pie and the Patty-Pan. Another 10,000 copies were released in November 1905, and another 8,000 in January 1906. The dedication reads, "For the real little Lucie of Newlands"; Lucie's copy of the book was inscribed, "For little Lucie with much love from Beatrix Potter and from dear 'Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle' Sept. 24. 05."
Soon after the book's publication, Potter's ageing Mrs. Tiggy began showing signs of failing health. She wrote a friend on 1 February 1906, "I am sorry to say I am upset about poor Mrs. Tiggy. She hasn't seemed well the last fortnight, and has begun to be sick, and she is so thin. I am going to try some physic but I am a little afraid that the long course of unnatural diet and indoor life is beginning to tell on her. It is a wonder she has lasted so long. One gets very fond of a little animal. I hope she will either get well or go quickly." A few weeks later Potter chloroformed her beloved hedgehog and laid her to rest in the garden at the Potter family home at 2 Bolton Gardens, Kensington.
The tale has had two dramatic adaptations. In 1971, Sir Frederick Ashton performed the role of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle in the Royal Ballet film The Tales of Beatrix Potter, which he also choreographed. In 1993, the tale was adapted (with The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher) as one of six episodes of the animated BBC anthology series The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends.
In the 2018 film Peter Rabbit, Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle is voiced by Australian singer-songwriter Sia doing a Scottish accent.
Miniature letters
Potter created a series of miniature letters for child fans between 1907 and 1912. These letters were written as from her characters and intended to shed light on their doings outside their tales and to tell the recipient more about them. Each letter was folded to represent an envelope, and addressed to the child recipient. There was a tiny stamp in the corner drawn with a red crayon. They were sent to the children in a miniature post bag marked G.P.O. that Potter had made herself or in a toy tin mail box enamelled bright red. "Some of the letters were very funny," Potter wrote, "The defect was that inquiries and answers were all mixed up."
Potter sent miniature letters to the Moore children, to the Warne children, Lucie Carr and her older sister Kathleen, Master Drew Fayle, and to Master John and Miss Margaret Hough. Seven letters about Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle are extant. Mrs. Josephine Rabbit writes to complain of starch in her handkerchiefs, Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle responds with apologies, Mrs. Rabbit then writes to compliment Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle on the "getting up of the children's muslin frocks" and promises not to seek another laundress. Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle writes Master Fayle warning him that "[e]verything has got all mixed up in wrong bundles" and wondering if he has received Mr. Jeremy Fisher's shirt or Mrs. Flopsy Bunny's apron? Mrs. Bunny writes Master Drew that she is looking for her apron. She has received a shirt marked J.F. that is 3-inches long. Jeremy writes twice to Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle. Once, to complain that he has received an apron marked F.B. and then to complain in a letter dated 22 January 1910:Mr. J. Fisher regrets to have to complain again about the washing. Mrs. T. Winkle has sent home an enormous handkerchief marked 'D. Fayle' instead of the tablecloth marked J.F. If this continues every week, Mr. J. Fisher will have to get married, so as to have the washing done at home.
Scholarly commentaries
Ruth K. MacDonald, Professor of English at New Mexico State University, past president of the Children's Literature Association, and author of Beatrix Potter (1986), views the plot of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle as "thin" and lacking the complications of Potter's previously published The Tale of Two Bad Mice (1905) and later books. The tale is held together, she asserts, by its attractive central character, and points out that, like many girls' books of the period, it is set indoors and revolves around household chores and duties. Unlike Two Bad Mice however, there is no ironic commentary on housekeeping; Potter gives her tacit approval to Mrs. Tiggy-winkle's spic and span cottage and her housekeeping practices. MacDonald points out that Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle is the first of Potter's books to depict a countryside of simple dwellings, pathways, stone fences, and the timeless, unchanging ways of rural life. Actual place names in the tale such as Skelghyl, Garthsgate, and Little-town ground the tale in a real world locality yet the tale is mythologized by suggesting a remote time before mechanical means of doing laundry had been invented. She notes that Mrs. Tiggy-winkle has become "synonymous for female hedgehogs and for fastidious housekeepers".
M. Daphne Kutzer, Professor of English at the State University of New York at Plattsburgh and author of Beatrix Potter: Writing in Code (2003) indicates Potter was venturing into new territory in creating a tale with a large human presence (Lucie). Potter's artistic uncertainty is evident in her attempt to establish a relationship between clothes and the social and animal selves of humans and animals. Mrs. Tiggy-winkle wears human clothing while the neighbourhood animals wear and shed only their skins. Logically, Kutzer points out, all the animals should wear either human clothing or only their skins. She believes Peter Rabbit's blue jacket is used in the tale as a gimmick to remind the reader that other Potter books exist for purchase, and a gimmick that disrupts Potter's artistic intent. If Peter wears human clothing then why do the other animals wear only their skins? The issue of animal clothing versus human clothing is further confused when Mrs. Tiggy-winkle sheds her human clothing at the end of the tale to reveal herself a hedgehog who may or may not be able to shed her skin as well. If she can shed her skin, then why is she wearing human clothes? Kutzer believes these questions remain unanswered and erode the tale's logic.
Shedding one's clothes, Kutzer observes, is a symbol of shedding the social self and its constraints to then embrace the freedom of the animal self, but Lucie, who sets off for an adventure after shedding her pinafore and handkerchiefs, fails to embrace her animal self and learns nothing new about herself. True, she learns something about the animal world – hens shed their stockings and robins their red vests – but Lucie began her adventure as a well-behaved, proper young Victorian child and remains so at tale's end, taking delight in the goffered pinafore and the laundered handkerchiefs that confine and define such a child. Having not learned something new about herself, Lucie's success as a literary heroine is moot.
By inserting her authorial voice in the tale's epilogue, Potter reveals her uncertainty about the believability of her fantasy, and her uncertainty mars the narrative line which, Kutzer remarks, is analogous to a "comedy sketch that should have stayed at joke length, but is unwisely stretched into ten minutes of tepid comedy." The notion of having animals shed their skins for laundering provides opportunities for amusing illustrations, but the tale does not have a strong narrative line to hold it together or to grip the reader's attention. The tale is held together solely by the quaint language and work of the charming central character.
Literary scholar Humphrey Carpenter writes in Secret Gardens The Golden Age of Children's Literature that Potter's work shows thematic shifts, seeing in The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle a utopian theme of nature-as-redemption in which the background represents a return to Arcadia of sorts. Young Lucy finds in Mrs. Tiggy-winkle's kitchen a place of refuge, and although unlike Potter's previous stories the main character is unthreatened by other characters or external circumstances, Carpenter writes "while no external threat enters this most utopian of Potter's books, there is none the less something faintly sinister about Mrs. Tiggy-winkle herself".
Merchandise
Potter asserted her tales would one day be nursery classics, and part of the "longevity of her books comes from strategy", writes her biographer Ruth MacDonald. Potter was the first to exploit the commercial possibilities of her characters and tales; between 1903 and 1905 these included a Peter Rabbit stuffed toy, an unpublished board game, and nursery wallpaper. Similar "side-shows" (as she termed the ancillary merchandise) were produced throughout her life. Upon publication of the book, Norman Warne suggested a Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle pin cushion doll as a merchandising gimmick.
Potter died on 22 December 1943 and left her home and the original illustrations for almost all of her books, including Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle, to the National Trust. Hilltop was opened to visitors in 1946, and displayed her original artwork there until 1985. In 1947, Frederick Warne & Co. granted Beswick Pottery of Longton, Staffordshire "rights and licences to produce" the Potter characters in porcelain. The next year, Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle was one of the first set of ten porcelain figurines released. Between 1985 and 1999 Beswick produced five more porcelain collectibles featuring the hedgehog, including her head as a mug in 1988, a larger version of the first figurine in 1996, and a limited edition tableau showing Lucie and Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle in 1999. Beswick Pottery was eventually acquired by Royal Doulton, which continued to issue the figurines under the "Royal Albert" brand until it was discontinued in 2002.
Stuffed toy manufacturers requested licensing for Potter's figures as early as 1909; however she refused to grant permission, having been disappointed with the quality of the proposed toys. In the early 1970s Frederick Warne & Co. granted a licence for plush toys to an English firm, House of Nesbit Ltd., which produced seven characters, including Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle. Their finely detailed products were labour-intensive and unprofitable, and were discontinued after a short time. In 1973, Eden Toys of Jersey City, New Jersey received a licence to manufacture stuffed animals based on Potter's characters. Eden produced a plush Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle in 1974, and made at least three other versions of the hedgehog over the years, including an "Giant" model, originally intended for display in stores. All of these were discontinued by 2001, when Eden Toys went out of business.
Potter's illustrations of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle were featured on biscuit tins made by Huntley & Palmer between 1974 and 1978, and on a series of enamel items made by Crummles of Poole, Dorset from 1974 to 1995. These included five different images on four different-sized enamel boxes, as well as an enamel thimble, needle case, and pin cushion. From 1977 to 1995 (when it went out of business), Schmid & Co. of Toronto and Randolph, Massachusetts made or distributed a series of items featuring the hedgehog washerwoman. These included one of the first ten Potter music boxes the company released in 1977. Schmid distributed two Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle Christmas ornaments ( tall) and another music box, all made by the Italian firm ANRI, as well as a figurine made by Border Fine Arts, a Scottish firm, showing Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle and other Potter characters around a Christmas tree.
In 1979, Wedgewood produced a 16-piece Queen's Ware nursery set; each piece was decorated with artwork and accompanying text from The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle. Wedgwood retired the items, which were similar in style to its Peter Rabbit nursery ware, in 1995. In 1982, Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle was featured on Wedgwood's Happy Birthday plate, "the only year that a character other than Peter Rabbit was used on the annual plate".
Reprints and translations
In 1913, Warnes considered publishing some of Potter's little books in French and thought it best to remove any wording in English from the pictures. Potter redrew the illustration of the spring bubbling out of the hillside to omit the words "How Keld" (Norse for Hill Well). Potter noted in a letter that the words occasionally brought inquiries about their meaning.
As of 2010, all 23 of Potter's small format books remain in print, and are available as complete sets in presentation boxes. A 400-page omnibus edition is also available. Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle is available in Kindle format. First editions and early reprints are occasionally offered by antiquarian booksellers.
The English language editions of the tales still bore the Frederick Warne imprint in 2010 though the company was bought by Penguin Books in 1983. Penguin remade the printing plates from new photographs of the original drawings in 1985, and all 23 volumes were released in 1987 as The Original and Authorized Edition.
Potter's small format books have been translated into nearly thirty languages, including Greek and Russian. Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle was released in braille in 1921, and in the Initial Teaching Alphabet in 1965. The tale was translated into French in 1922 as Poupette-à-L'Epingle, and in Dutch as Het Verhall van Vrouwtje Plooi in 1969. In 1932, it was translated into Welsh as Hanes Meistres Tigi-Dwt, and into German in 1948 as Die Geschichte von Frau Tiggy-Winkle. In 1986, MacDonald observed that the Potter books had become a "traditional part of childhood in most only English-speaking countries and in many of the countries into whose languages Potter's books have been translated".
Cultural impact
The British wildlife hospital Tiggywinkles is named after Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle.
References
Notes
Footnotes
Works cited
External links
360 degree panorama from Newlands Church
1905 children's books
British children's books
Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle, The Tale of
Fictional hedgehogs
Frederick Warne & Co books
Picture books by Beatrix Potter
Peter Rabbit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350%20William%20%26%20Mary%20Indians%20men%27s%20basketball%20team
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1949–50 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team
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The 1949–50 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1949–50 NCAA men's basketball season. Under the third year of head coach Barney Wilson, the team finished the season 23–9 and 12–4 in the Southern Conference. This was the 45th season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary, whose nickname is now the Tribe. William & Mary played its home games at Blow Gymnasium.
The Indians finished in a tie for 2nd place in the conference and qualified as the #2 seed for the 1950 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, hosted by Duke University at the Duke Indoor Stadium in Durham, North Carolina, where the Indians defeated North Carolina in the quarterfinals before losing against Duke in the semifinals.
For the second straight year, William & Mary was invited to participate in the 1950 Cincinnati Invitational Tournament, where the Indians lost their first game against Cincinnati but defeated Morris Harvey in their second.
Program notes
The Indians won their first ever game against a ranked opponent (and first against an AP Top 10 team) when they defeated #8 NC State on February 7, 1950, at Blow Gymnasium.
Senior center Chet Giermak was named to the first team All-Southern Conference for the second straight year. Furthermore, Giermak ended the season with the school record for career points at 2,052 (a record that was not surpassed until 2015, broken by Marcus Thornton). He was also named a second team All-American by Collier's Magazine. Following the season, Giermak was drafted by the Rochester Royals of the NBA. William & Mary would eventually retire his number (#32) and honor him with a banner in William & Mary Hall.
This was the second of three consecutive 20-win seasons for William & Mary, all under head coach Barney Wilson, the only such streak in program history.
The Indians played eight teams for the first time this season: Colby, Pensacola, John Carroll, Akron, Bowling Green, Siena, Cincinnati, and Morris Harvey/Charleston (WV).
Schedule
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!colspan=9 style="background:#006400; color:#FFD700;"| Regular season
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!colspan=9 style="background:#006400; color:#FFD700;"| 1950 Southern Conference Tournament
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!colspan=9 style="background:#006400; color:#FFD700;"| 1950 Cincinnati Invitational Tournament
Source
References
William & Mary Tribe men's basketball seasons
William and Mary Indians
William and Mary Indians Men's Basketball Team
William and Mary Indians Men's Basketball Team
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurekareka%20Henare
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Taurekareka Henare
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Taurekareka (Tau) Henare (1878 – 12 January 1940) was a Māori member of the New Zealand Parliament from 1914 to 1938, sitting for the Reform Party for most of that time, until it merged with the United Party to form the National Party in 1936.
Background and early life
Henare was born at Pipiwai in the Bay of Islands, in 1878 (probably) or 1877. His father, Henare Wynyard, was said to be the son of Robert Wynyard, acting governor of New Zealand. Henare was initially given the name Taurekareka Wynyard, but later adopted his father's first name as his own surname — this was likely because Robert Wynyard had been active in fighting against Māori, and his grandson, raised as Maori, did not wish to bear his name. Henare was also closely related to a number of prominent figures of Māori history, including Hone Heke. He was a member of the Ngāpuhi iwi, and his strongest affinity was with the Ngāti Hine hapū.
Henare had no formal education in the Western sense, but was taught Māori lore and traditions. He was raised for a time by Wi Pere (later to serve in Parliament) on the East Coast, but later returned north, possibly to avoid an arranged marriage. In 1903, Henare married Hera Paerata, whose mother was Māori and father was a member of the Subritzky family from Poland.
Political life
In the 1914 election, Henare stood for the conservative Reform Party in the Northern Maori electorate of the Parliament, and won. He did not often participate in parliamentary debates, but was heavily involved in policy related to Māori interests. He worked closely with Āpirana Ngata, a member of the Liberal Party, on a number of important issues, and took part in the consolidation of Māori lands in the North Auckland area.
In World War I, Henare argued against conscription of Māori, and suggested that the return of confiscated lands might persuade Māori to volunteer. He also helped Māori soldiers re-establish themselves upon their return from the war. In the influenza epidemic of 1918 he assisted the delivery of healthcare to Māori. Henare's wife was among the casualties of the epidemic. Henare also played a role in shaping Reform Party policy on Māori issues. He supported the efforts of Gordon Coates, then Minister of Native Affairs, to expand the role of his department, and promoted reforms of the Māori school system.
Henare remained in Parliament until the 1938 election, when he was defeated by Paraire Karaka Paikea of the Labour Party who was affiliated with the Labour-aligned Rātana movement, whose rise Henare had opposed.
Legacy
Henare died in 1940 at his farm near Kawakawa. He was survived by six sons and two daughters. His son, Sir James Henare, was a prominent military officer, and his daughter, Ihapera Taua, was an important figure in the Māori Women's Welfare League.
Two of this great-grandsons later served as members of the New Zealand Parliament: Tau Henare (as an MP for New Zealand First, then Mauri Pacific and later the National Party) and Peeni Henare (as an MP for the Labour Party).
References
The First 50 Years: A History of the New Zealand National Party by Barry Gustafson (1986, Reed Methuen, Auckland; biographical appendix of National MPs, page 320)
1878 births
1940 deaths
New Zealand farmers
Reform Party (New Zealand) MPs
New Zealand MPs for Māori electorates
New Zealand people of World War I
Ngāpuhi
Ngāti Hine
Māori politicians
People from Kawakawa, New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1938 New Zealand general election
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime%20NebrasKon
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Anime NebrasKon
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Anime NebrasKon is an annual three-day anime convention held during October at the Mid-America Center in Council Bluffs, Iowa. It is organized by the Nebraska Japanese Animation Society.
Programming
The convention typically offers an artist's alley, anime idol, anime music video contest, cosplay contests, cosplay masquerade, dance/rave, dating auction, dealer's room, game room (video, tournaments, tabletop), formal ball, human chess, panels, and talent shows. The convention raised $2,600 for Big Brothers Big Sisters during the 2012 charity auction. Charity auctions prior to 2012 raised around $1,000 which was donated to Make-a-Wish and Open Door Mission. The convention's charity events in 2015 benefited the National Alliance on Mental Illness and raised around $7,500. Basset and Beagle Rescue of the Heartland was 2018's charity.
History
Anime NebrasKon was founded by the members of University of Nebraska-Lincoln's anime club (Otaku Jinrui) in 2004 as an fund-raising project and had 300 attendees at the first convention. Due to the conventions growth, in 2009 it moved to the Holiday Inn Omaha Convention Center in Omaha, Nebraska, and added 24-hour programming. Weddings have been held at the convention in both 2010 and 2011. The dealers room was expanded in 2012 because of renovations at the Ramada. An attendee on the way to the convention in 2012 was briefly detained by police after entering a bank wearing cosplay from the series Resident Evil. For 2016, the convention moved to La Vista in order to accommodate growth. Anime NebrasKon 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Event history
NebKon Abridged
Anime NebrasKon held a one day event on July 9, 2022 at the DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Omaha Downtown in Omaha, Nebraska named NebKon Abridged.
Mascot
Anime NebrasKon's mascot is the Husker Ninja.
References
External links
Anime NebrasKon Website
Anime conventions in the United States
Recurring events established in 2004
2004 establishments in Nebraska
Nebraska culture
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Annual events in Iowa
Iowa culture
Festivals in Iowa
Tourist attractions in Council Bluffs, Iowa
Conventions in Iowa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes%20%C3%97%20harryana
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Nepenthes × harryana
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Nepenthes × harryana (; after Harry Veitch, head of the well known horticultural firm of Veitch & Sons) is the natural hybrid between N. edwardsiana and N. villosa. Its two parent species are very closely related and so N. × harryana, which is intermediate in form, may be difficult to distinguish from either of them.
Botanical history
Nepenthes × harryana was first described by Frederick William Burbidge in 1882. Burbidge wrote of it as follows:
Apart from these I found an intermediate between N. villosa and N. Edwardsiana, also epiphytic on Casuarina. This is, I believe, unnamed ; if so, I should like it to be called Nepenthes Harryana. Now, if a dried pitcher of N. Edwardsiana be examined, the upper four-fifths of it will be seen to be membranous, the lower part leathery and hard ; in N. villosa nearly all is hard and leathery except about half-an-inch below the hardened rim of the urns ; in N. Harryana about one-third is hard, and two-thirds soft or membranous below the rim. The edge of the pitcher mouths in these three kinds is quite distinct from those of all others, as shown in my sketches.
<p>
[...]
<p>
Sir Joseph Hooker, in Linn. Trans., vol. xxii., suggested that N. villosa and N. Edwardsiana might be forms of the same species. This is not so, however, they are quite distinct in zone on the mountain, and in habit of growth also, and in colour. Then N. Harryana is a hybrid no doubt, which shows they have distinct sexual characters.
John Muirhead Macfarlane agreed with Burbidge's hybrid hypothesis and described the plant as such in his monograph of 1908, "Nepenthaceae". B. H. Danser, in his 1928 revision, wrote that N. × harryana could be a hybrid as Macfarlane suggested or a form of N. villosa together with N. edwardsiana. Favouring the latter interpretation, he synonymised both taxa with N. villosa.
Identification
Nepenthes × harryana can be distinguished from N. villosa on the basis of its pitcher morphology. The pitchers of the hybrid are more cylindrical than those of N. villosa, whereas the indumentum is more dense than that of N. edwardsiana. The hip of the pitcher cup, which is found just below the peristome in N. villosa and in the lower quarter of N. edwardsiana pitchers, is located around the middle of N. × harryana pitchers. However, N. villosa plants from Mount Tambuyukon are easier to confuse with this hybrid, as they produce pitchers that may be elongated slightly above the hip.
Nepenthes × harryana is known from a ridge above the Upper Kolopis River and from two locations along the Kinabalu summit trail; several specimens grow between Pondok
Lowii and Pondok Mempening. N. edwardsiana is not known to grow along the summit trail, enabling easier identification of N. × harryana plants.
References
Further reading
[Anonymous] 1887. Nepenthes culture. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 2(41): 442–443.
Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
Dixon, W.E. 1889. Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 6(144): 354.
Mey, F.S. 2014. Joined lecture on carnivorous plants of Borneo with Stewart McPherson. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, February 21, 2014.
Yeo, J. 1996. A trip to Kinabalu Park. Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society, Inc. 15(4): 4–5.
Carnivorous plants of Asia
harryana
Endemic flora of Borneo
Flora of Sabah
Veitch Nurseries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando%20de%20Soto%20%28economist%29
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Hernando de Soto (economist)
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Hernando de Soto Polar (commonly known as simply Hernando de Soto ; born June 2, 1941) is a prominent Peruvian economist known for his work on the informal economy and on the importance of business and property rights. His work on the developing world has earned him praise worldwide by numerous heads of state, particularly for his publication The Mystery of Capital and The Other Path. He is the current president of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD), a think tank devoted to promoting economic development in developing countries located in Lima, Peru.
In Peru, de Soto's advisory has been recognized as inspiring the economic guidelines – including the loosening of economic regulation, the introduction of austerity measures and the utilization of neoliberal policies – that were ultimately adopted by the government of Alberto Fujimori and established in the 1993 Constitution of Peru. The policies prescribed by de Soto resulted with Peru becoming macro-economically stable following the period of price controls and increased regulation established during the Lost Decade. De Soto would go on to support Alberto's daughter, Keiko Fujimori, serving as an advisor during her presidential campaigns. De Soto worked closely with various Peruvian governments, even serving as a negotiator for the Peru-United States Free Trade Agreement. After years of speculation, de Soto ran for the Peruvian presidency in the 2021 presidential election, placing fourth in an atomized race of 18 nominees.
Internationally, de Soto helped inspire the Washington Consensus macroeconomic prescriptions and was credited by economist John Williamson, who coined the consensus' name. He also supported the creation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), with George H.W. Bush praising his promotion of free trade when announcing the North American agreement. Other heads of state have recognized de Soto, including Bill Clinton, Vladimir Putin, Emmanuel Macron, Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. The ILD has received praise from other people including Nobel laureate Milton Friedman, World Bank President James Wolfensohn, and former UN General Secretary Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.
Early life and education
De Soto was born on 2 June 1941 in Arequipa, Peru. His father José Alberto Soto was a Peruvian diplomat and lawyer. After the 1948 military coup in Peru, his parents chose exile in Europe, taking their two young sons with them. His father worked for the International Labour Organization following their exile and would often send de Soto back to Peru during the summer months.
In exile, de Soto was educated in Switzerland where he attended the International School of Geneva. He studied social psychology in National University of Saint Augustine in Arequipa, Peru. He returned to Geneva and received a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Geneva. In 1967, he earned a master's degree in international law and economics from Graduate Institute of International Studies, also in Geneva.
His younger brother Álvaro served in the Peruvian diplomatic corps in Lima, New York City and Geneva and was seconded to United Nations in 1982. He retired from the U.N. in 2007 with the title rank of Assistant Under-Secretary-General; his last position was as the UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process.
Economics career
Following his post-graduate studies, he worked as an economist for the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, a precursor to the World Trade Organization, as well as president of the Committee of the Copper Exporting Countries Organization, CEO of Universal Engineering Corporation and a principal for Swiss Bank Corporation.
Founding of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy
De Soto returned to Peru on the behalf of gold placer investors at the age of 38 in 1979 at a time when neoliberal policy was moving from the fringes of economic theory to mainstream practice. Upon de Soto's return in 1979, he met with Friedrich Hayek, a free market proponent who helped create the Mont Pelerin Society. Hayek, who sought to promote neoliberalism through a network of "second hand dealers", choosing de Soto. After making connections with Hayek, de Soto was acquainted with Sir Antony Fisher, a British businessman who created the Atlas Network, a nonprofit libertarian umbrella group that consolidated funds and research from businesses in the United States and Europe in order to create neoliberal organizations in developing countries.
With the assistance and funding of Fisher and the Atlas Network, de Soto created the Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD) in 1981, one of the first neoliberal organizations in Latin America. De Soto would later state "Anthony gave us enormous amounts of information and advice on how to get organized. ... It was on the basis of his vision that we designed the structure of the ILD". In 1984, de Soto received further assistance from the United States president Ronald Reagan's administration, with the National Endowment for Democracy's Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) providing ILD with funding and education for advertising campaigns. In 2003, the CIPE would later describe the ILD as being one of its most successful programs. Other funding was then provided by United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Smith Richardson Foundation, with USAID assisting the ILD with staging international networks to propagate their ideals. The ILD would then seek popular support in Peru by making informal housing their main concern.
Fujimori government
Between 1988 and 1995, de Soto and the Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD) were mainly responsible for some four hundred initiatives, laws, and regulations that led to significant changes in Peru's economic system. The ILD became involved with the Peruvian economy at the end of President Alan García's term. De Soto's group began to grown and advertised to the Peruvian public promoting their legislative goals, borrowing some advertisements from American lotteries.
De Soto then began to serve informally as "the President's personal representative" for the first three years of the administration of Alberto Fujimori. De Soto had originally been a part of the economics advisory team of the unsuccessful presidential candidate Mario Vargas Llosa in 1990, but Fujimori later requested de Soto's assistance in resolving the economic issues that were produced by the crisis of the 1980s. The New York Times described de Soto as an "overseas salesman" for the government of Alberto Fujimori in 1990, writing that he had represented the government when meeting with creditors and the United States representatives. Others dubbed de Soto as the "informal president" for Fujimori.
In a recommendation to Fujimori, de Soto called for a "shock" to Peru's economy. De Soto convinced then-president Fujimori to travel to New York City in a meeting organized by the Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, secretary general of the United Nations, where they met with the heads of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the Inter-American Development Bank, who convinced him to follow the guidelines for economic policy set by the international financial institutions. The policies included a 300 percent tax increase, unregulated prices and privatizing two-hundred and fifty state-owned entities. The policies of de Soto caused macroeconomic stability and a reduction in the rate of inflation, though Peru's poverty rate remained largely unchanged with over half of the population living in poverty in 1998. Peru would not see increased growth until the 2000s commodities boom.
University of Chicago political scientist Susan C. Stokes believes that de Soto's influence helped change the policies of Fujimori from a Keynesian to a neoliberal approach. De Soto also inspired Fujimori's anti-drug initiatives. The Cato Institute and The Economist magazine have argued that de Soto's policy prescriptions brought him into conflict with and eventually helped to undermine the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) guerrilla movement. By granting titles to small coca farmers in the two main coca-growing areas, they argued that the Shining Path was deprived of safe havens, recruits and money, and the leadership was forced to cities where they were arrested. Attacks were launched against the ILD and de Soto in light of the statements by Shining Path leader Abimael Guzmán, who saw ILD as a threat.
Land title initiative
Between 1992 and 1994, de Soto's ILD piloted a land title program to formally register 200,000 Peruvian households and two years later, expanded the program to Lima and seven other metropolitan areas that held ninety percent of informal housing developments within Peru. The program concluded in 2004 with 1.4 million households being registered and 920,000 land titles being provided.
Contrary to de Soto's claims, the land title project provided no change to the access of credit to poor Peruvians. The ILD's figures reported that homeowners also saw their hours at work increase by seventeen percent, while working at home decreased by forty-seven percent and child labor was reduced by twenty-eight percent, with the group stating that the latter two statistics were due to homeowners and their children no longer being required to defend their homes from seizure. According to Timothy Mitchell, the ILD's findings were "implausible" since the conclusion was already framed by the ILD, neighborhoods were already collective with limited property conflicts and those included in the project were already pursuing work outside of their homes when they chose to become involved. Following the findings, the ILD would distance itself from advocating credit access and instead promote increased work hours among formal landowners.
Resignation and condemnation of Fujimori
De Soto resigned from his post as the "Personal Representative of the President" in January 1992, two months prior to the 1992 Peruvian coup d'état, and condemned Fujimori's motivations being influenced by Director of the National Intelligence Service Vladimiro Montesinos, hinting at signs of corruption. In his letter, he called into question "the validity of the anti-drug agreement" that Fujimori adopted. He stated his reasons to resigning as due to "drug trafficking from within the State that sabotages efforts in the fight against drugs", and reportedly due to differences with Montesinos. Both Montesinos and Fujimori would later be indicted for corruption and violation of human rights.
Two months after de Soto resigned, Fujimori launched a self-coup which de Soto again condemned as "stupid, unproductive and blatantly unconstitutional". According to de Soto, one month after the coup the Minister of Economy Carlos Boloña contacted de Soto in desperation, after dozens of countries sanctioned Peru economically by cutting it off from investment and credit in response to the undemocratic event. Boloña resigned from his ministerial post, and de Soto lastly travelled to the 1992 Organization of American States summit in the Bahamas with Fujimori and pressured him to accept democratic elections to prevent another macroeconomic crisis.
International policy
Washington Consensus
De Soto was a main contributor to the Washington Consensus, a set of ten economic prescription requirements set by International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and United States Department of the Treasury towards countries in economic crisis. Neoliberal economists in the United States utilized de Soto's arguments as a way to promote the consensus. English economist John Williamson, who coined the term "Washington Consensus", partly credited de Soto for the prescriptions, saying his work was "the outcome of the worldwide intellectual trends to which Latin America provided". For United States presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, according to Kate Geohegan of Harvard University's Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, "de Soto's ideas offered a compelling new framework for explaining the problem of economic underdevelopment that seemed to affirm the wisdom of neoliberal policies like adjustment lending".
The Washington Consensus would result in socioeconomic exclusion and weakened trade unions in Latin America, resulting with unrest in the region. The consensus resulted with a shrinking middle class in Latin America that prompted dissatisfaction of neoliberalism, a turn to the political left and populist leaders by the late-1990s; in Bolivia, support for Evo Morales was established.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Upon its signing, de Soto expressed support for the creation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). When announcing NAFTA at the Annual Meeting of the Boards of Governors of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group on 27 September 1989, President George H. W. Bush – who had adopted de Soto's work for the United States' foreign policy towards the economies of developing countries – praised de Soto for helping inspire free trade.
In his speech announcing NAFTA at the 1989 meeting, Bush stated:
According to de Soto in 1993, "the virtues of a modern society" were able to be introduced to Latin America as a result of NAFTA. He would later say in 2001 that Mexico's economy and institution would progress due to NAFTA, concluding "All poor countries are lumped together and all rich countries are lumped together; there's this imitation effect".
Advisory work
Following its foundation in Peru, de Soto's institute, the ILD, has worked in dozens of countries. Heads of state in over 35 countries have sought the ILD's services to discuss how ILD's theories on property rights could potentially improve their economies. After the split with Fujimori, he and his institute designed similar programs in El Salvador, Haiti, Tanzania, and Egypt and has worked beside the World Bank, though the institute did not advocate for land title programs and instead promoted longer work hours. De Soto has received criticism of having relationships with controversial political leaders such as Alberto Fujimori and Libyan president Muammar Gaddafi, with de Soto responding to such statements saying "I have advised dictators, but that is irrelevant".
In 2006, de Soto served as a personal representative of President Alan García, and negotiated the Peru-United States Free Trade Agreement after 11 rounds of negotiation. In 2009, the ILD turned its attention back to Peru and the plight of the indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazon jungle. In response to Peru's President García's call to all Peruvians to present their proposals toward solving the problems leading to the bloody incidents in Bagua, the ILD assessed the situation and presented its preliminary findings. ILD published a short videotaped documentary, The Mystery of Capital among the Indigenous Peoples of the Amazon, summarizing its findings from indigenous communities in Alaska, Canada and the Peruvian jungle.
After previously working with her father Alberto, de Soto joined Keiko Fujimori with her election campaigns for the 2011 and 2016 Peruvian general election when Fujimori committed to implementing de Soto's property rights reforms. In an interview during the first campaign ok Keiko Fujimori, he also stated that Osama bin Laden's death was achieved thanks to land titling, a concept he holds as a way out of poverty. As part of the Fuerza Popular team, he harshly criticized Peruvians for Change candidate Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, whom he described as a "deserter and coward." In an interview with the newspaper Perú21, De Soto said that Kuczynski "is a gringo who does not know Peru, because there are those who do. He is a foreigner to the Peruvian reality."
Political career
2001 Peruvian general election
For the 2001 Peruvian general election, de Soto sought to run for president with his Popular Capital party, though he failed to register the party on time in order to participate. At the time, he sought support from left-wing political groups for his candidacy, though they disagreed with his liberal economic policies. He would later become a critic of such groups.
After learning about de Soto's inability to register for the election, former president and leader of the APRA Alan Garcia offered the economist the APRA's presidential nomination. De Soto declined the offer, claiming that he would have been "a figurehead president susceptible to the whims of disciplined APRA congressmen". Later, Garcia offered de Soto the position of Prime Minister, a role that Alberto Fujimori had also offered de Soto. De Soto declined again, not wanting to be held accountable for Garcia's government policies.
2021 presidential campaign
De Soto announced his candidacy for president in September 2020 under the party Go on Country. Prior to the announcement, De Soto expressed hesitation to formally run for president lest politicizing and potentially delegitimizing work done by the ILD and himself on dead capital.
On 30 October 2020, De Soto presented his technical team, which included the former president of CONFIEP Miguel Vega Alvear, businessman Carlos Añaños, former Fujimori minister and first Vice President Francisco Tudela, former GEIN commander Marco Miyashiro, the former head of the Operation Chavín de Huantar José Williams, the diplomat Álvaro de Soto, among others.
On December 14, 2020, de Soto shared an alleged secret poll in Beto Ortiz's show in Willax Televisión. That poll ranked him first. De Soto spoke in the interview that: "The way this (the cadres) comes to us is because people very close to the state apparatus, it seems, were outraged at the enormous difference between the polls they handle."
In January 2021, a strike was filed that considered that the Go on Country electoral court had not been properly formed. This strike was declared unfounded by the JEE.
Another strike was filed against him by a citizen, because he points out that Hernando de Soto "has entered in the Academic Training section of the resume, which has the academic degree 'demi license en sciences economiques' awarded by the University of Geneva, which would have been obtained in 1964.”. But since this degree or title is not registered with SUNEDU, false information would be declared and it should be excluded from the candidacy.
On 24 February 2021, following an approach to advise Francisco Sagasti on the COVID-19 pandemic management in Peru, De Soto announced the first Peruvian shadow cabinet. Mainly composed of his campaign technical team, the main purpose of the opposition cabinet is to offer an alternative in order for the government to concur and apply during the crisis.
De Soto rejected the exclusion of Rafael López Aliaga, an electoral rival in the 2021 elections, for which he appeared at the demonstration of his followers on the outskirts of the JNE, in which Lopez Aliaga was, who praised him.
De Soto was caught in controversy surrounding Vacunagate, a scandal where political elites in Peru were able to be vaccinated against COVID-19 ahead of schedule. He initially denied having received a COVID-19 vaccine "from any Peruvian", though it was later reported that he flew twice to the United States to be vaccinated. During presidential debates de Soto promised to work with the United Nations to prevent foreign "criminals or poor people" from entering Peru, stating "Let their governments take care of them, we will take care of ours". He proposed reforming Peru's education for less foreign reliance and increasing the health budget.
Ultimately, de Soto placed fourth in an atomized race of 18 nominees.
Main thesis
The main message of de Soto's work and writings is that no nation can have a strong market economy without adequate participation in an information framework that records ownership of property and other economic information. Unreported, unrecorded economic activity results in many small entrepreneurs who lack legal ownership of their property, making it difficult for them to obtain credit, sell the business, or expand. They cannot seek legal remedies to business conflicts in court, since they do not have legal ownership. Lack of information on income prevents governments from collecting taxes and acting for the public welfare.
The existence of such massive exclusion generates two parallel economies, legal and extra legal. An elite minority enjoys the economic benefits of the law and globalization, while the majority of entrepreneurs are stuck in poverty, where their assets—adding up to more than US$10 trillion worldwide—languish as dead capital in the shadows of the law.
To survive, to protect their assets, and to do as much business as possible, the extralegals create their own rules. But because these local arrangements are full of shortcomings and are not easily enforceable, the extralegals also create their own social, political and economic problems that affect the society at large.
Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, responsible nations around the developing world have worked hard to make the transition to a market economy, but have in general failed. Populist leaders have used this failure of the free market system to wipe out poverty in the developing world to beat their "anti-globalization" drums. But the ILD believes that the real enemy is within the flawed legal systems of developing nations that make it virtually impossible for the majority of their people—and their assets—to gain a stake in the market. The people of these countries have talent, enthusiasm, and an astonishing ability to wring a profit out of practically nothing`.
What the poor majority in the developing world do not have is easy access to the legal system which, in the advanced nations of the world and for the elite in their countries, is the gateway to economic success, for it is in the legal system where property documents are created and standardized according to law. That documentation builds a public memory that permits society to engage in such crucial economic activities as identifying and gaining access to information about individuals, their assets, their titles, rights, charges and obligations; establishing the limits of liability for businesses; knowing an asset's previous economic situation; assuring protection of third parties; and quantifying and valuing assets and rights. These public memory mechanisms in turn facilitate such opportunities as access to credit, the establishment of systems of identification, the creation of systems for credit and insurance information, the provision for housing and infrastructure, the issue of shares, the mortgage of property and a host of other economic activities that drive a modern market economy.
Work and research
Since 2008, de Soto has been refining his thesis about the importance of property rights to development in response to his organization's findings that a number of new global threats have "property rights distortions" at their root. In essays, that appeared from early 2009 into 2012 in media outlets in the U.S. and Europe, de Soto argued that the reason why the U.S. and European economies were mired in recession was the result of a "knowledge crisis" not a financial one. He has termed housing assets as "dead capital," in his papers on household ownership and deeds.
"Capitalism lives in two worlds," De Soto wrote in the Financial Times in January 2012. "There is the visible one of palm trees and Panamanian ships, but it is the other – made up of the property information cocooned in laws and records – that allows us to organize and understand fragments of reality and join them creatively." De Soto argued that the knowledge in those public memory systems, which "helped Capitalism triumph," was distorted over the past 15 years or so. "Until this knowledge system is repaired," he wrote, "neither US nor European capitalism will recover."
In another series of articles that appeared in US and Europe in 2011, de Soto used the findings of ILD field research in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya to make his case for "the economic roots of the Arab Spring." The ongoing Arab revolutions, he argued, were "economic revolutions" driven mainly by the frustrations of 200 million ordinary Arabs who depended on the informal economy for their livelihoods. He pointed to the ILD's earlier 2004 findings in Egypt, which revealed the nation's largest employer with 92% of the property in the informal economy – assets worth almost $247 billion. Also, as proof of the extent of desperation among MENA’s entrepreneurs, he elaborated ILD's exclusive research on Mohamed Bouazizi, the Tunisian street vendor whose public self-immolation in protest of the expropriation of his goods and scale literally sparked the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia, which spread unrest through the Arab world.
After losing core funding from USAID, ILD laid off the majority of their employees from their San Isidro office. In 2014–2015, de Soto and a small team working out of his house began to attempt to guide the political process in Peru, as presidential elections were due to take place in 2016, by finding solutions to the ongoing national mining crisis. De Soto has been a strong advocate for the formalisation of the informal miners that are scattered throughout Peru. Since 2014, several large national investment projects, including Las Bambas, and Tia Maria have been disrupted by violent protests by informal miners against government regulation and formal extractive industries. In July 2015, de Soto alleged that former Shining Path militants who have taken up the ecological cause were paralyzing some $70 billion in mining investment in Peru. Furthermore, recorded video debates between the former extremists and de Soto were published on ILD's YouTube channel and revealed that the Shining Path militants agree that property rights could be an important part of the solution to social conflicts in Peru. De Soto's stated goal is to determine the roots of informal hostility against multinationals and identify what is needed to build a national social contract on extractive industries that could harmonize their property interests with those of multinationals as opposed to creating conflict.
De Soto applies thesis to terrorism
In October 2014, de Soto published an article in The Wall Street Journal, "The Capitalist Cure for Terrorism", that stated an aggressive agenda for economic empowerment was needed in the Middle East in order to defeat terrorist groups like ISIL. He argued that the U.S. should promote an agenda similar to what was successfully used in Peru to defeat the Shining Path in the 1990s. He also mentions in the article that local policymakers in the Middle East are missing the fact that if ordinary people cannot play the game legally, they will be far less able to resist a terrorist offensive. The article received praise among high-level global Right-Wing politicians such as US Presidential candidates Rand Paul and Jeb Bush.
Once again In January 2016, de Soto released his second article, How to Win the War on Terror, which focused on defeating terrorism through promoting strong property rights. The article was distributed by Project Syndicate and published in dozens of countries and languages, including in Switzerland by the World Economic Forum in advance of their 2016 forum.
De Soto challenges Thomas Piketty
In 2014, de Soto started to refute French economist Thomas Piketty’s thesis by arguing that his recent attacks against capital in his worldwide best seller book Capital in the 21st Century were unjustified. His op-ed article challenging Piketty, ‘The Poor Against Piketty’ (French: Les pauvres contre Piketty) was first published in France's news magazine Le Point in April 2015.
De Soto argued that Piketty's statistics ignore the ninety percent of the world population that lives in developing countries and former Soviet states, whose inhabitants produce and hold their capital in the informal sector. Furthermore, he states that his institute's global research proves that most people actually want more rather than less capital. Finally, he argues that the wars against capital, which Piketty claims are coming, have already begun under Europe's nose in the form of the Arab Spring in the Middle East and North Africa.
De Soto addresses Pope Francis
In February 2016, de Soto took a break from countering Piketty's work and wrote an article addressing Pope Francis’s trip to Mexico titled, A Mexican Impasse for the Pope. The article encourages the Pope and the Vatican to address the lack of property rights among the poor in countries like Mexico as a solution to global refugee crises.
A week later, de Soto published a second article in Fortune Magazine addressing the Pope's and US Republican Presidential candidate Donald Trump’s public spat over building a wall on the Mexican-USA border. The article titled, What Pope Francis Should Really Say to Donald Trump, conveys five property rights related thoughts that the Pope should use to respond to Trump. The article led to many different opinion articles featured in conservative outlets such as Breitbart and Investors Business Daily.
Blockchain work
In May 2015, de Soto attended the 1st Annual Block Chain Summit hosted by British billionaire Richard Branson at his private Caribbean residence, Necker Island. De Soto was one of three moderators, along with Michael J. Casey, former Wall Street Journal senior columnist and Matthew Bishop, editor at The Economist. Advocates of blockchain technology argue that it is well-suited to acting as a public ledger to help achieve de Soto's objective of formalising the informally-held property rights of groups like the indigenous peoples of Peru.
De Soto presented a property application of Bitcoin to Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates and financial authorities of Abu Dhabi at a second Blockchain summit held in Abu Dhabi in 2015.
Reception
Ideology
De Soto's promotion of liberalism in developing countries has faced criticism as supporting the exploitation of poorer nations. Social scientist Joseph Hanlon described De Soto as "an economist of the far right" and that "the risk that people will be thrown off their land is fundamental to De Soto's system of bringing capitalism to the poor", summarizing that landlessness for some impoverished individuals "is intrinsic to his strategy". The Guardian described de Soto as "a radical free-market economist". Geohegan states that the United States government under President Ronald Reagan and his successor George H. W. Bush adopted de Soto's work as the main strategy of the United States' foreign policy towards developing countries since "de Soto's interpretation of underdevelopment seemed to validate the emerging 'neoliberal' US policies". According to de Soto, Peru was not poor because of international inequality enforced by the globalized economy but due to Peru's own economic regulation. Reagan – whose administration provided funding to found de Soto's ILD – George H. W. Bush and Bush's successor Bill Clinton would continue promoting de Soto's work. Timothy Mitchell says that de Soto's background as a European economist was often ignored by American neoliberals promoting him, writing that his popularity and experience "came to depend on his identity as a neoliberal from the third world, willing to describe the poverty of the global south as a self-inflicted injury unconnected to its relationship to the north". Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Andrew Natsios would later advocate de Soto's work, stating "Instead of seeing the developing world as victims of capitalism, Hernando argues 'We're inflicting our own wounds' ... Since he is Peruvian, he can make this argument credibly".
The promotion of neoliberalism by de Soto was not only utilized by officials in the United States; other neoliberal economists endorsed de Soto due to his origins from the developing world as well, with Mitchell stating that his background "transformed de Soto into a very useful asset for the neoliberal movement". President of the Atlas Network, Alex Chaufen, said that de Soto was often discussed among the neoliberal community, stating "During the years I spent with Antony [Fisher] at Atlas, I couldn't recall any conversation, any speech about think tanks, any fundraising letter where he did not mention Hernando".
As de Soto began to work with the government of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in the Philippines in 2004, investigative journalism website Bulatlat described de Soto's work as "rich people's reformism", writing "The secret to de Soto's and ILD's popularity among political, economic and developmental elites ultimately lies in their unashamed conservatism, defense of the status quo and promise of capitalist wealth for the world's poor and exploited. ... Elites get to keep the property they value so much and can continue exploiting and oppressing while the poor – and historically exploited and oppressed – are diverted from systemic struggles by the chimera of becoming wealthy entrepreneurs themselves". In his Planet of Slums, Mike Davis argues that de Soto, who Davis calls "the global guru of neo-liberal populism", is essentially promoting what the statist left in South America and India has always promotedindividual land titling. Davis argues that titling is the incorporation into the formal economy of cities, which benefits more wealthy squatters but is disastrous for poorer squatters, and especially tenants who simply cannot afford incorporation into the fully commodified formal economy.
Property rights
De Soto's works on property rights has voiced diverse views on the effect of the titling of land. The findings at the conclusion of his land title program under Alberto Fujimori found that providing land titles did not provide poor Peruvians with greater access to credit. De Soto has been criticized for methodological and analytical reasons, while some activists have accused him of just wanting to be a representative figure of the prioritizing property rights movement. Some state that his theory does not offer anything new compared to traditional land reform. His emphasis on title formalization as the only reason behind economic growth in the United States has been subject to criticism. Property formalization in the United States may have happened as a result of different reasons including establishment of law and order, increased state control, greater institutional integration, increased economic efficiency, increased tax revenue, and greater equality.
Reception from scholars
Empirical studies by Argentine economists Sebastian Galiani and Ernesto Schargrodsky found a modest relationship between titling and credit market access (contradicting de Soto's research), but have also pointed out that families with titles "substantially increased housing investment, reduced household size, and improved the education of their children relative to the control group". In a 2012 book by Yale University political science methodologist Thad Dunning, he argues that Galiani and Schargrodsky's studies provide "highly credible" claims because the studies rely on true randomization, whereas De Soto's study did not (and is thus vulnerable to confounding variables).
"De Soto’s proposal is not wealth transfer, but wealth legalization. The poor of the world already possess trillions in assets now. De Soto is not distributing capital to anyone. By making them liquid, everyone’s capital pool grows dramatically". While analysing Schaefer's arguments, Roy writes, "de Soto’s ideas are seductive precisely because they only guarantee the latter, but in doing so promise the former". Robert J. Samuelson has argued against what he sees as de Soto's "single bullet" approach and has argued for a greater emphasis on culture and how local conditions affect people's perceptions of their opportunities.
In the Journal of Economic Literature, Christopher Woodruff of the University of California, San Diego criticized de Soto for overestimating the amount of wealth that land titling now informally owned property could unlock, and argues that "de Soto's own experience in Peru suggests that land titling by itself is not likely to have much effect. Titling must be followed by a series of politically challenging steps. Improving the efficiency of judicial systems, rewriting bankruptcy codes, restructuring financial market regulations, and similar reforms will involve much more difficult choices by policymakers."
Reception from governmental officials
The argument for private and often individualist property regime comes under the question of societal legitimacy, may not be justified even if de Soto eyes bringing a unified system in a state or unification with the global economy.
His work has also received praise from two United Nations secretaries general Kofi Annan – "Hernando de Soto is absolutely right, that we need to rethink how we capture economic growth and development" – and Javier Pérez de Cuéllar – "A crucial contribution. A new proposal for change that is valid for the whole world." UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter, has questioned the insistence on titling as a means to protect security of tenure based on the risk that titling will undermine customary forms of tenure and insufficiently protect the rights of land users that depend on the commons, as well as the fear that titling schemes may lead to further reconcentration of land ownership, unless strong support is provided to smallholders.
A study commissioned by DFID, an agency of the U.K. government, further summarized many of the complications arising from implementing de Soto's policy recommendations when insufficient attention is paid to the local social context.
Reception from activists
Grassroots controlled and directed shack dwellers movements like Abahlali baseMjondolo in South Africa and the Homeless Workers' Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto – MTST) in Brazil have strenuously argued against individual titling and for communal and democratic systems of collective land tenure because this offers protection to the poorest and prevents 'downward raiding' in which richer people displace squatters once their neighborhoods are formalized.
Publications
Neoliberal politicians and organizations promoted de Soto's publications, with their endorsements and awards making his books bestsellers. Since the publication of The Mystery of Capital in 2000 and subsequent translations, his ideas have become increasingly influential in the field of development economics. Scholars have disputed that there is a significant relationship between land titles and credit market access.
In the World Development journal, a 1990 article by R. G. Rossini and J. J. Thomas of the London School of Economics questioned the statistical basis of de Soto's claims about the size of the informal economy in his first book The Other Path. The ILD responded in the same journal that Rossini and Thomas’ observations "neither [addressed] the central theme of the book, nor [did it address] the main body of quantitative evidence displayed to substantiate the importance of economic and legal barriers that give rise to informal activities. Instead, [they focused] exclusively on four empirical estimates that the book [mentioned] only in passing".
On January 31, 2012, de Soto and his publisher were fined by the Peruvian intellectual property rights organization INDECOPI for excluding the names of co-authors Enrique Ghersi and Mario Ghibellini in newer editions of his 1986 book The Other Path.
Relationship with elites
An article by Madeleine Bunting for The Guardian (UK) claimed that de Soto's suggestions would in some circumstances cause more harm than benefit, and referred to The Mystery of Capital as "an elaborate smokescreen" used to obscure the issue of the power of the globalized elite. She cited de Soto's employment history as evidence of his bias in favor of the powerful. Reporter John Gravois also criticized de Soto for his ties to power circles, exemplified by his attendance at the Davos World Economic Forum. In response, de Soto told Gravois that this proximity to power would help de Soto educate the elites about poverty. Ivan Osorio of the Competitive Enterprise Institute has argued against Gravois's allegations, claiming that Gravois has misinterpreted many of de Soto's recommendations.
Awards and accolades
Time magazine chose De Soto as one of the five leading Latin American innovators of the century in its special May 1999 issue "Leaders of the New Millennium", and included him among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2004. De Soto was also listed as one of the 15 innovators "who will reinvent your future" according to Forbes magazine's 85th anniversary edition. In January 2000, Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit, the German development magazine, described de Soto as one of the most important development theoreticians. In October 2005, over 20,000 readers of Prospect magazine of the UK and Foreign Policy magazine of the U.S. ranked him as number 13 on the joint survey of the world's Top 100 Public Intellectuals Poll. In October 2016, de Soto was honored with the Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Prize, awarded by the William & Mary Law School during the 13th Annual Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Conference, in recognition of his tireless advocacy of property rights reform as a tool to alleviate global poverty. Hernando de Soto is honorary co-chair for the World Justice Project.
Among the prizes he has received are:
1990
The Fisher Prize from the Atlas Network
1995
The Freedom Prize (Switzerland)
2002
The Goldwater Award (USA)
Adam Smith Award from the Association of Private Enterprise Education (USA)
The CARE Canada Award for Outstanding Development Thinking (Canada)
2003
Received the Downey Fellowship at Yale University
The Democracy Hall of Fame International Award from the National Graduate University (USA)
2004
The Templeton Freedom Prize (USA)
The Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty (USA)
The Royal Decoration of the Most Admirable Order of the Direkgunabhorn, 5th Class, (Thailand)
2005
An honorary Doctor of Letters from the University of Buckingham (United Kingdom),
The Americas Award (USA)
Was named the Most Outstanding of 2004 for Economic Development at Home and Abroad by the Peruvian National Assembly of Rectors
The Prize of Deutsche Stiftung Eigentum for exceptional contributions to the theory of property rights
The 2004 IPAE Award by the Peruvian Institute of Business Administration
The Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award 2005 (USA) in tribute to his outstanding accomplishments
The BearingPoint, Forbes magazine's seventh Compass Award for Strategic Direction
Was named as a "Fellow of the Class of 1930" by Dartmouth College.
2006
The 2006 Bradley Prize for outstanding achievement by the Bradley Foundation.
The 2006 Innovation Award (Social and Economic Innovation) from The Economist magazine (December 2, 2006) for the promotion of property rights and economic development.
2007
The Poder BCG Business Awards 2007, granted by Poder Magazine and the Boston Consulting Group, for the "Best Anti-Poverty Initiative"
The anthology Die Zwölf Wichtigsten Ökonomen der Welt (The World's Twelve Most Influential Economists, 2007), included a profile of de Soto among a list that begins with Adam Smith and includes such recent winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics as Joseph Stiglitz and Amartya Sen.
The 2007 Humanitarian Award in recognition of his work to help poor people participate in the market economy.
2009
Honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society of Trinity College, Dublin for having excelled in public life and made a worthy contribution to society.
The inaugural Hernando de Soto Award for Democracy awarded by the Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) in recognition of his extraordinary achievements in furthering economic freedom in Peru and throughout the developing world.
2010
The Hayek Medal for his theories on liberal development policy ("market economy from below") and for the appropriate implementation of his concepts by two Peruvian presidents.
The Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic (Council of Ministers) in recognition of his contribution toward the betterment of humankind and having worked for the future of the earth through his commitment.
2016
The 2016 Brigham–Kanner Property Rights Prize from William & Mary Law School during a ceremony in The Hague, Netherlands, in October 2016.
Publications
Books
De Soto has published two books about economic development: The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World in 1986 in Spanish (with a new edition in 2002 titled The Other Path, The Economic Answer to Terrorism) and in 2000, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (). Both books have been international bestsellers, translated into some 30 languages.
The original Spanish-language title of The Other Path is El Otro Sendero, an allusion to de Soto's alternative proposals for development in Peru, countering the attempts of the "Shining Path" ("Sendero Luminoso") to win the support of Peru's poor. Based on five years worth of ILD research into the causes of massive informality and legal exclusion in Peru, the book was also a direct intellectual challenge to the Shining Path, offering to the poor of Peru not the violent overthrow of the system but "the other path" out of poverty, through legal reform. In response, the Senderistas added de Soto to their assassination list. In July 1992, the terrorists sent a second car bomb into ILD headquarters in Lima, killing 3 and wounding 19.
In addition, he has written, with Francis Cheneval, Swiss Human Rights Book Volume 1: Realizing Property Rights, published in 2006 – a collection of papers presented at an international symposium in Switzerland in 2006 on the urgency of property rights in impoverished countries for small business owners, women, and other vulnerable groups, such as the poor and political refugees. The book includes a paper on the ILD's work in Tanzania delivered by Hernando de Soto.
De Soto, Hernando. The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. Harpercollins, 1989.
De Soto, Hernando. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. Basic Books, 2000.
De Soto, Hernando. The Other Path: The Economic Answer to Terrorism. Basic Books, 2002.
De Soto, Hernando and Francis Cheneval. Swiss Human Rights Book Volume 1: Realizing Property Rights, 2006.
Smith, Barry et al. (eds.). The Mystery of Capital and the Construction of Social Reality, Chicago: Open Court, 2008.
See also
Contributions to liberal theory
Crony capitalism
Dependency theory
Documentality
Liberalism
Mercantilism
Milton Friedman
The Other Path: The Economic Answer to Terrorism
References
External links
Institute for Liberty and Democracy official website.
"Slumdogs vs. Millionaires", Newsweek's Barrett Sheridan interviews Hernando de Soto
The Great Issues Forum , video of Naomi Klein, Joseph Stiglitz, and Hernando de Soto discussing the financial crisis
"Mapping the Invisible", speech by Hernando de Soto at the 2009 ESRI International User Conference
The Munk Debate on Foreign Aid, 2009. Stephen Lewis and Paul Collier against Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto and Dambisa Moyo, a Zambian-born critic of foreign aid.
Afternoon of Conversation: Andrea Mitchell, Madeleine Albright, Hernando De Soto, video of conversation
The Rule of Law – an interview with Hernando de Soto By Gustavo Wensjoe 2008
Transcript of an interview for the PBS documentary Commanding Heights.
A highly critical review in the British newspaper The Guardian
An essay by Robert Samuelson in Foreign Affairs, arguing that de Soto underestimates the importance of culture
The Power of the Poor – Documentary about de Soto's work by Free to Choose Media
1941 births
Living people
Peruvian expatriates in Switzerland
Peruvian people of Basque descent
Peruvian people of Spanish descent
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
Development economists
Peruvian economists
People from Arequipa
Peruvian male writers
Winners of The Economist innovation awards
International School of Geneva alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Grigoriev
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Nikolai Grigoriev
|
Nikalai (Nikolay) Dmitrievich Grigoriev () was a Russian chess player and a composer of endgame studies. He was born on 14 August 1895 in Moscow, and he died there in 1938.
His father, was a professional musician in the Bolshoi Theatre orchestra. At the relatively late age of eighteen, Grigoriev joined the Moscow chess club and played in the Moscow tournament of 1915. There, one of his opponents was the future world champion Alexander Alekhine against whom he lost but later maintained friendly relations.
In 1917, he was drafted into the Imperial Russian army in the First World War and was sent to the front. He was wounded and returned severely ill.
In early October 1937, Grigoriev returned from a trip to the Far East and Siberia, where he gave lectures and played. The NKVD militia on the train arrested him. Grigoriev was frail; he lost consciousness immediately after the use of force, and his throat began to constantly bleed. After an interrogation, the interrogators had to wash down the room. An unexpected illness then confined him to bed. Severe complications required immediate surgery. The patient was severely weakened and died of lung cancer.
Playing career
Grigoriev was Moscow Champion four times: in 1921, 1922, 1923–24 and 1929. His playing career spanned from 1910 to 1929. He lost games to Alexander Alekhine (1915 and 1919) and Mikhail Botvinnik (1927); both would later become chess world champions.
In the First Soviet Chess Championship (Moscow 4–24 October 1920) Grigoriev took 5-7th place (8 wins, 6 losses, and only one draw), despite undertaking extensive and difficult organizational duties including finding scare food rations for the participants.
Before his departure from Russia in 1921, Alekhine played a match with Grigoriev of 7 games resulting in 2 wins and 5 draws in favour of Alekhine. Analyzing the match, Levenfish said: "In some of the games only exceptional ingenuity saved Alekhine from destruction."
Grigoriev competed in various internal Soviet tournaments. His tournament victories included: the Third Chess Championship of the Trade Unions 1928 and he divided the 1-2nd places with Peter Romanovsky in the international Workers' Congress in Leningrad.
Grigoriev became better known, however, as a chess organizer and educationalist, chess journalist and problemist.
Composing career
Grigoriev composed more than 300 endgame studies. He is especially noted for his prolific output of pawn endgames with only kings and pawns on the board, where he had no equal. In 1935, the French magazine La Stratégie organized a tourney for endgame studies with two pawns against one, and Grigoriev ran away with ten of the twelve awards.
Example study 1
In Diagram 1, White wins as follows:
1.d4 Kg5
2.Kf7 Kf5
3.d5 Ke5
4.e4
Now Black can choose which of his three pawns he wishes to promote to a queen, but he loses no matter what.
4...a5
5.Ke7 a4
6.d6 a3
7.d7 a2
8.d8=Q a1=Q
9.Qh8+ wins the queen by a skewer.
If Black queens the b-pawn instead, the queen on b1 is captured after 9.Qd6+ Kxe4 10.Qg6+. If Black tries to get a queen on h1, it's gone after 9.Qd6+ Kxe4 10.Qc6+.
Example study 2
In Diagram 2, White wins a pawn race through a beautiful repetitive maneuver:
1.f4
Threatens to queen on move 5 with check, after which the queen can stop Black's pawn if it advances to d2. Black's best defense is to try to chase the White pawn with his king.
1...Kb4
2.h4 d5
The Black king cannot catch the h-pawn, so now Black must counterattack by advancing his d-pawn. Now if White plays 3.h5, Black will queen on d1 with check. So...
3.f5 Kc5
4.h5 d4
And the pattern repeats itself again:
5.f6 Kd6
6.h6 d3
7.f7 Ke7
8.h7 d2
Now, finally, White provides the coup de grace:
9. f8=Q+ Kxf8
10. h8=Q+ Ke7
11. Qd4 and White wins.
References
External links
Another problem by Grigoriev on ChessCafe.com:
1895 births
1938 deaths
Sportspeople from Moscow
Chess composers
Russian chess players
Russian chess writers
20th-century chess players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus%20Johnson%20%28basketball%29
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Gus Johnson (basketball)
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Gus Johnson Jr. (December 13, 1938 – April 29, 1987) was an American professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). A , forward–center, he spent nine seasons with the Baltimore Bullets, and his final season was split between the Phoenix Suns and the Indiana Pacers of the American Basketball Association (ABA).
One of the first forwards to frequently play above the rim, Johnson combined an unusual blend of strength, jumping ability, and speed; he was one of the first dunk shot artists in the NBA. His nickname "Honeycomb" was given to him by his college coach. He had a gold star set into one of his front teeth and shattered three backboards during his career.
As a member of the Baltimore Bullets, Johnson was voted to the All-Rookie Team for 1963–64, averaging over 17 points and twelve rebounds per game. He played in five NBA All-Star Games, was named to four All-NBA Second Teams, and was twice named to the All-NBA Defense First Team. His number 25 jersey was retired by the Baltimore Bullets franchise. With the Pacers, he was a member of the 1973 ABA championship team.
Johnson was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010.
Early life
Born in Akron, Ohio, Johnson was one of six children. As a teenager, Johnson frequented bars and pool halls.
"Despite my ways," Johnson recalled for an article in Sports Illustrated, "I never got into any real bad trouble in Akron. I just drifted around. Nothing mattered except basketball and the Bible. I used to read the Bible all the time. I still do. I'm real big on Samson. He's helped me a lot, I suppose. He stimulates me."
Johnson attended Akron Central High School, where he was an all-state player, and did reasonably well in the classroom. Among his teammates was Nate Thurmond, a future hall of fame center. Despite Johnson's clear talent and athletic ability, he had just a few college athletic scholarship offers, which was fairly common for black high school athletes in the late 1950s.
College career
Johnson had enrolled at hometown Akron, but he left before basketball started and joined a nearby Amateur Athletic Union club. While playing for the AAU Cleveland Pipers of the National Industrial Basketball League in 1960, he was spotted by a former teammate of first-year Idaho head coach Joe Cipriano.
Johnson accepted Idaho's scholarship offer; he played a year at Boise Junior College to get his grades up as a sophomore, and averaged 30 points and 20 rebounds a game for the Broncos. Johnson then transferred up north to the University of Idaho in Moscow in 1962. The Vandals had a .500 season at 13–13 the previous season, and the addition of Johnson made an immediate impact as they won their first five games and were 12–2 through January. Idaho was actually undefeated through January with Johnson playing: due to NCAA rules (junior college transfer originally enrolled at a four-year school) at the time, he was allowed to play regular season games only, not tournaments. The Vandals went 1–2 without him at the Far West Classic in late December in Portland, and the victory was a one-pointer over WSU. A week earlier with Johnson, the Vandals routed the Cougars by 37 points in Moscow.
Johnson became known as "Honeycomb," a nickname Cipriano gave him because of his sweet play. As an experienced junior, he averaged 19.0 points and 20.3 rebounds per game during the 1962–63 season, leading independent Idaho to a 20–6 record, their best in 36 years. With Johnson and leading scorer Chuck White, the Vandals were at their best in their main rivalries, 4–0 versus Oregon, 4–1 versus Palouse neighbor Washington State, and 1–1 against Washington. Idaho's primary nemesis was Seattle University, led by guard Eddie Miles, who won all three of its games with the Vandals. Idaho lost its only game with Final Four-bound Oregon State at the Far West without Johnson, but won all three with Gonzaga, for a 9–3 record against its four former PCC foes and a collective 12–6 against the six Northwest rivals. Attendance at the Memorial Gym was consistently over-capacity, with an estimated 3,800 for home games in the cramped facility. Johnson and center Paul Silas of Creighton waged a season-long battle to lead the NCAA in rebounding. Silas claimed this by averaging 20.6 per game, 0.3 per game more than Johnson's average. Johnson also set the UI record with 31 rebounds in a game against Oregon. The Ducks' head coach Steve Belko, a former Vandal, called Johnson a "6' 6" Bill Russell," and "the best ball player one of my teams has ever played against..."
Despite their 20–6 () record, the Vandals were not invited to the post-season. The 1963 NCAA tournament included only 25 teams: Oregon State and Seattle U. were selected from the Northwest. The 1963 NIT invited only twelve teams, with none from the Mountain or Pacific time zones. If the Vandals had been invited, Johnson again would not have been eligible to participate.
During his time at Idaho, Johnson's standing high jump ability led the Corner Club, a local sports bar, to establish "The Nail" challenge. Anyone who could match Johnson's leap from a standing start to touch a nail hammered above the ground would win free drinks.
Johnson turned professional after his only season at Idaho, and Cipriano moved on to coach at Nebraska. Without Johnson (and White), the Vandals fell to 7–19 in 1963–64 and were 4–6 in the new Big Sky Conference, fifth place in the six-team league. They had a dismal 3–14 record through January and lost every game against their Northwest rivals, a collective 0–10 vs UW, WSU, UO, OSU, Seattle U., and Gonzaga.
Following his professional career, Johnson returned to Moscow to help commemorate the first basketball game in the newly enclosed Kibbie Dome, held on January 21, 1976. He participated in a pre-game alumni contest between former players of Idaho and Washington State.
Professional career
Baltimore Bullets (1963–1972)
Johnson got a somewhat late start as an NBA player, as he turned age 25 in December of his rookie season. He was selected tenth overall in the 1963 NBA draft, taken in the second round by the Chicago Zephyrs, who were in the process of moving to Baltimore to become the Baltimore Bullets for the 1963–64 season.
Johnson was an immediate starter under Coach Slick Leonard and averaged 17.3 points and 13.6 rebounds per game. Johnson finished as the runner-up for the Rookie of the Year honors to Jerry Lucas of the Cincinnati Royals; Lucas went on to a hall of fame career with the Royals and New York Knicks. Lucas and Johnson had faced off against each other during high school in Ohio, and when the NBA All-Rookie Team was selected, Lucas, Johnson, and his former high school teammate Nate Thurmond were the top three stars of the team.
During their college years, Johnson and Thurmond had been overshadowed by Lucas, who drew recognition from the press as a star with the national champion Ohio State and the U.S. Olympic basketball team (1964). However, being considered just second-best in comparison with Lucas during college was a powerful motivating factor for Johnson when they both moved on to the NBA.
Playing with Baltimore under Coach Leonard, the young starting five, consisting of center Walt Bellamy, forwards Terry Dischinger and Johnson and guards Rod Thorn and Kevin Loughery were nicknamed the "kiddie corps."
Said Slick Leonard about a young Johnson, "I could see Gussie developing into one of the great defensive forwards of all time."
Johnson was both an outstanding inside scorer and an exciting open-court player for the Bullets, from the start. During his early years with the Bullets, an expansion team, regularly finished in last place not only in the Eastern Division, but in the entire NBA. However, with good first and second-round draft choices every year, the Bullets gradually grew to be a better team, adding these players – who all made the NBA All-Rookie Team: Johnson, Rod Thorn, Wali Jones, Jack Marin, Earl Monroe, and finally, the keystone of a championship team, Wes Unseld, who became both the Rookie-of-the-Year and the NBA Most Valuable Player for 1968–69. That same year, the Bullets won the NBA Eastern Division for their very first time.
Johnson was among the most effective two-way players of his time. His scoring moves around the basket were comparable to those of his peers Elgin Baylor and Connie Hawkins. Yet, however effective as Johnson was a post-up player, with his medium-range jump shot, and on the fast break, he was even more effective as a very sticky defender and a rugged rebounder throughout his time in the NBA. Indeed, he was one of the select few players who was quick enough to be paired against backcourt great Oscar Robertson, yet strong enough to hold his own against the taller forwards of the NBA in the front line.
Despite some nagging problems with his knees, Johnson was a member of the NBA All-Star Team five times. During his NBA career, Johnson averaged 17.1 points and 12.7 rebounds per game. He also scored 25 points in 25 minutes in the 1965 NBA All-Star Game.
Gus Johnson had his best years with the Bullets from 1968–71, including the watershed basketball year of 1968–69. While the Bullets improved, Johnson received more recognition from the press and the spectators for his outstanding play at forward. He was voted onto the All-NBA second-team during this time span. During the 1968–69 season, the Bullets achieved their best regular-season record, but were quickly swept out of the playoffs by the Knicks, largely because Johnson was sidelined during the playoff series with an injury.
After fading to third place in the Eastern Division in 1969–70, Johnson played a key role in Baltimore’s unexpected run to the Finals the following season by averaging 13 points and 10.4 rebounds per playoff game. First, the Bullets beat the Philadelphia 76ers in a grueling seven game semifinals series, then they upset the top-seeded and defending champion New York Knicks four games to three in the Eastern Conference Finals, and advanced to the NBA Finals. But injuries had decimated the team, and the Bullets were swept in four straight by the Milwaukee Bucks, led by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Robertson, and Bobby Dandridge.
Injuries kept Johnson on the bench for most of 1971–72, limiting him to 39 games and 6 points per game. That season would be his last with the team. The next season, the Bullets traded for Elvin Hayes and drafted Kevin Porter, making Johnson expendable. On April 10, 1972 Johnson was traded to the Phoenix Suns for a 2nd round draft pick (Tom Patterson).
In nine seasons with Baltimore, Johnson averaged 17.5 points, 12.9 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 35.2 minutes in 560 games.
Phoenix Suns (1972)
After being traded to the Phoenix Suns following the season in April 1972, Johnson played 21 games before being waived on December 1. He averaged 7.8 points and 6.5 rebounds in 19.9 minutes under head coaches Butch van Breda Kolff (fired after seven games) and Jerry Colangelo, Johnson's former Baltimore teammate.
Indiana Pacers (1972–1973)
The Indiana Pacers, then of the American Basketball Association (ABA), picked up Johnson after he was recruited to the Pacers by his former Baltimore Coach, Hall of Fame inductee Slick Leonard. He played his first game with the Pacers on December 16, 1972, and became a steadying veteran influence on the young team, which went on to win the 1973 ABA championship.
"It doesn't hurt to have some veterans around, and Gus was great for team chemistry," Leonard said of adding Johnson to the Pacers.
Playing in 50 games with the Pacers, and reunited with his former Coach Slick Leonard, Johnson averaged 6.0 points and 4.9 rebounds, playing alongside 22 year-old future Hall of Famer George McGinnis, Hall of Famer Mel Daniels, Hall of Famer Roger Brown, Freddie Lewis, Donnie Freeman, Darnell Hillman and Billy Keller.
"Gus came to us at the end of his career when he had lost a lot of his physical abilities, but he really wanted a shot at making a run at a championship," recalled Darnell Hillman of Johnson's influence on the Pacers. "And his coming to the team made us that much more solid. He was a great, great individual. The locker room was where he was really an asset. He always knew the right things to say and he could read people. He knew who would be a little bit off or down and he could just bring you right back into focus and send you out on the floor. He was also very instrumental in being like an assistant coach to Slick on the bench. Sometimes when Slick didn't go to the assistant coach, he'd ask Gus."
In the ABA playoffs, Johnson and the Pacers defeated the Denver Rockets and Ralph Simpson 4-1 and the Utah Stars with Hall of Famer Zelmo Beaty and ironman Ron Boone 4-2 to advance to the ABA Finals against the Kentucky Colonels with Hall of Famers Artis Gilmore, Dan Issel and Louie Dampier.
In the 1973 ABA Finals, the Pacers defeated the Colonels 4-3 to capture the ABA championship, with Johnson playing 13 minutes and grabbing 6 rebounds in the decisive game seven, an 88-81 Pacers victory at Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky. It was Johnson's final career game. Overall, Johnson averaged 2.7 points and 4.0 rebounds in the Finals off the bench.
Injuries limited Johnson's pro basketball career to 10 seasons.
Death
Shortly before his death from inoperable brain cancer, his no. 25 was retired by the Washington Bullets on his 48th birthday.
A month later he was also honored by the two college programs he played for, Boise State and Idaho, during a conference basketball game between the two teams on January 17, 1987. A crowd of 12,225 at the BSU Pavilion in Boise set a Big Sky attendance record for a regular season game, and the visiting Vandals overcame an eight-point deficit in the second half to win by ten. That month in a ceremony in Akron, his No. 43 was retired by Idaho, the first basketball number retired in school history.
Before his death and reflecting on his career, Johnson had expressed that his greatest fear was that he would die and his daughters "don't even know what their daddy did."
Johnson died less than four months later at Akron City Hospital on April 29, 1987, at the age of 48, and is buried at Mount Peace Cemetery in Akron. He was survived by his four daughters.
Accolades
Teammate Earl Monroe said of Gus Johnson – "Gus was ahead of his time, flying through the air for slam dunks, breaking backboards and throwing full-court passes behind his back. He was spectacular, but he also did the nitty gritty jobs, defense and rebounding. With all the guys in the Hall of Fame, Gus deserves to be there already."
"I first saw Gus on television...I had never seen a player dominate a game so. Gus was the Dr. J of his time and anyone that ever had the privilege to see him play will never forget what a great basketball player Gus Johnson was." – Abe Pollin – Former Owner of the Washington Bullets/Wizards Franchise.
"Gus Johnson was one of the greatest players I ever played with or against," teammate Wes Unseld said. "He was a ferocious defender and rebounder, and as a young player, I was completely in awe of his ability. He was truly a star ahead of his time."
"Gus was probably one of the roughest players I have ever played against. He was not a dirty player. He was one of the most tenacious
competitors ever to play the game." - Dave DeBusschere.
“If he played today, ol’ Gussie would be a human highlight film,” said Slick” Leonard of Johnson. “That’s what people remember the most. But there was a lot more to his game than the spectacular dunks. He was special. He could play, man.”
Honors
Johnson was inducted into the Ohio Basketball Hall of Fame in 2007.
In 2007, Johnson was inducted into the University of Idaho Hall of Fame.
In 2010, Johnson was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.
Johnson's # 43 was retired by the University of Idaho as Johnson was honored during a game between Idaho and his other college, Boise State, in January 1987.
Johnson's #25 was retired by the Washington Bullets on his birthday, December 13, 1986, months before his death.
Inducted in Boise State University Athletic Hall of Fame in 1987.
NBA/ABA career statistics
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Baltimore
| 78 || – || 36.5 || .430 || – || .658 || 13.6 || 2.2 || – || – || 17.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Baltimore
| 76 || – || 38.1 || .418 || – || .676 || 13.0 || 3.6 || – || – || 18.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Baltimore
| 41 || – || 31.3 || .413 || – || .736 || 13.3 || 2.8 || – || – || 16.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Baltimore
| 73 || – || 36.0 || .450 || – || .708 || 11.7 || 2.7 || – || – || 20.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Baltimore
| 60 || – || 37.9 || .467 || – || .667 || 13.0 || 2.7 || – || – || 19.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Baltimore
| 49 || – || 34.1 || .459 || – || .717 || 11.6 || 2.0 || – || – || 17.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Baltimore
| 78 || – || 37.4 || .451 || – || .724 || 13.9 || 3.4 || – || – || 17.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Baltimore
| 66 || – || 38.5 || .453 || – || .738 || 17.1 || 2.9 || – || – || 18.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Baltimore
| 39 || – || 17.1 || .383 || – || .683 || 5.8 || 1.3 || – || – || 6.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Phoenix
| 21 || – || 19.9 || .381 || – || .694 || 6.5 || 1.5 || – || – || 7.8
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana (ABA)
| 50 || – || 15.1 || .441 || .190 || .738 || 4.9 || 1.2 || – || – || 6.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 631 || – || 33.1 || .440 || .190 || .700 || 12.1 || 2.5 || – || – || 16.2
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|All-Star
| 5 || 0 || 19.8 || .429 || – || .760 || 7.0 || 1.2 || – || – || 13.4
Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1965
| style="text-align:left;”|Baltimore
| 10 || – || 37.7 || .358 || – || .739 || 11.1 || 3.4 || – || – || 15.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1966
| style="text-align:left;”|Baltimore
| 1 || – || 8.0 || .250 || – || – || .0 || .0 || – || – || 2.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1970
| style="text-align:left;”|Baltimore
| 7 || – || 42.6 || .459 || – || .794 || 11.4 || 1.3 || – || – || 18.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1971
| style="text-align:left;”|Baltimore
| 11 || – || 33.2 || .422 || – || .745 || 10.4 || 2.7 || – || – || 13.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1972
| style="text-align:left;”|Baltimore
| 5 || – || 15.4 || .300 || – || 1.000 || 5.0 || .6 || – || – || 4.0
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|1973†
| style="text-align:left;”|Indiana (ABA)
| 17 || – || 10.8 || .254 || .000 || .750 || 4.1 || .9 || – || – || 2.5
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 51 || – || 25.7 || .380 || .000 || .759 || 7.8 || 1.8 || – || – || 9.7
References
External links
NBA.com – statistics – Gus Johnson
NBA.com – Washington Wizards – history – Gus Johnson #25
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame – Gus Johnson – inducted in 2010
1938 births
1987 deaths
African-American sports announcers
African-American sports journalists
African-American basketball players
American men's basketball players
Baltimore Bullets (1963–1973) draft picks
Baltimore Bullets (1963–1973) players
Basketball players from Akron, Ohio
Boise State Broncos men's basketball players
Centers (basketball)
Deaths from brain tumor
Deaths from cancer in Ohio
Neurological disease deaths in Ohio
Idaho Vandals men's basketball players
Indiana Pacers players
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
Phoenix Suns players
Power forwards (basketball)
Small forwards
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American men
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Kendon
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Adam Kendon
|
Adam Kendon (born in London, son of Frank Kendon) was one of the world's foremost authorities on the topic of gesture. He initially focused on sign systems in Papua New Guinea and Australian Aboriginal sign languages, before developing a general framework for understanding gestures with the same kind of rigorous semiotic analysis as has been previously applied to spoken language.
Educated at University of Cambridge and Oxford Universities in biology and experimental psychology, his thesis topic—communication conduct in face-to-face interaction—spelled out the interests he would pursue in subsequent decades. He is noted for his study of gesture and sign languages and how these relate to spoken language.
He was a founding editor of the journal GESTURE (published by John Benjamins of Amsterdam), along with Cornelia Müller, in 2000. He was the sole editor from 2010 to April 2017, when he was replaced by Sotaro Kita. In his role as editor of GESTURE he had been an Ex Officio member of the board of the International Society for Gesture Studies.
See also
Nonverbal communication
References
1934 births
Living people
Scientists from London
Linguists from England
British semioticians
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36229976
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t%20Open%20the%20Door%21
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Don't Open the Door!
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Don't Open the Door!, also known as Don't Hang Up, is a 1974 American horror film, directed by S. F. Brownrigg and starring Susan Bracken, Larry O'Dwyer, and Gene Ross. Its plot follows a young woman who returns to her hometown to care for her ailing grandmother, where she is tormented by disturbing phone calls from a deranged maniac.
Filmed in Jefferson, Texas in 1973, Don't Open the Door! was originally released regionally in Texas under the title Don't Hang Up in May 1974. It was subsequently acquired by Capital Films Corporation, who re-released it in 1979.
Plot
In 1962 in Allerton, Texas, young Amanda Post awakens in the middle of the night to her mother, Rita's, dying screams, as she is stabbed to death by an unseen assailant. Amanda is confronted by the killer upon finding her mother's corpse in bed, but the murderer lets Amanda go.
Thirteen years later, Amanda receives a phone call notifying her that her grandmother Harriet is on her deathbed. She returns to Allerton for the first time since her mother's murder, arriving at her grandmother's large home. There, she is met by Dr. Crawther, as well as Judge Stemple and museum owner Claude Kern, the latter of whom is hoping to acquire Amanda's grandmother's historical home after her death. Amanda wishes to have her grandmother admitted to a hospital, but Dr. Crawther explains to do so would go against her grandmother's wishes. That afternoon, in private conversation with Claude, Stemple alludes to knowing that Claude murdered Amanda's mother years prior. Later that evening, after Amanda receives several anonymous lewd phone calls, she has her doctor friend Nick come to examine her grandmother. Nick suspects that the medication Crawther administered her grandmother has kept her sedated. While Amanda sleeps, she is awoken by the feeling of someone touching her, but Nick dismisses it as a bad dream.
At his invitation, Amanda goes to visit Claude at the local historical society museum, where he shows her a mannequin he has styled to appear as her mother. Angered and disturbed, Amanda storms out of the museum. It soon becomes clear to Amanda that Claude and Stemple are vying for her grandmother's home after Stemple offers Amanda a lump sum for it, which she angrily denies. Stemple is persistent, telling her he will return that night after she reconsiders. Meanwhile, Crawther is summoned to meet Stemple at the historical society. Upon arriving, he is bludgeoned to death by Claude, who is cross-dressed as one of the doll-like mannequins on display in the museum.
After, Claude—who, unbeknownst to Amanda, has been responsible for the anonymous calls—phones Amanda's grandmother's house again. He makes disturbing threats during the call and alludes to her mother's murder. Shortly after, Amanda is met outside by Annie, a local woman who made the original call summoning Amanda back to Allerton. The phone rings again, and Amanda rushes back inside to receive the call; this time, Claude demands that Amanda masturbate while on the line, while he caresses a doll. Amanda soon hangs up, and calls Nick at the hospital for help, but he tells her is busy and urges her to go to sleep. Shortly after, Amanda unknowingly drinks from drugged a glass of water. As Amanda loses consciousness, Stemple returns to the house, but is bludgeoned by Claude, hiding in the home's foyer.
Amanda awakens some time later, and finds what she presumes to be Nick sleeping in the guest bedroom, only to find it is a mannequin. She also discovers a photo of Crawther's bloodied corpse pinned on the wall in the kitchen. When Amanda attempts to use the phone, she is met by Claude on the line, who continues to make threats and comment on her clothing. Amanda realizes the call is coming from in the house. Moments later, she is confronted by Stemple, who has also regained consciousness; she assumes him responsible until the phone rings again. Stemple goes upstairs to investigate, but is stabbed to death. Nick subsequently arrives, and finds Amanda in a paranoid state. He chases her into the attic, where she pushes him over a bannister to his death. In a daze, she returns downstairs, where the phone rings again. Amanda, driven mad, laughs hysterically.
Cast
Susan Bracken - Amanda Post
Larry O'Dwyer - Claude Kearn
Gene Ross - Judge George Stemple
Jim Harrell - Dr. Crawther
Hugh Feagin - Nick Caprese
Annabelle Weenick - Annie
Rhea MacAdams - Harriet Post
Production
Development
The film was one of two features director S. F. Brownrigg made with executive producer Martin Jurow, who had produced Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961). The cast consisted largely of Dallas-based actors and crew members, aside from star Susan Bracken, the daughter of comedian Eddie Bracken.
It had the working title Season for Murder.
Filming
The film was shot on location in Jefferson, Texas, in the late summer of 1973. The historic House of the Seasons in Jefferson served as the primary filming location.
Release
Executive producer Martin Jurow attended the film's premiere in Paris, Texas on May 3, 1974. Former professional football player Langdon Viracola reissued the film in 1979 through his Capital Films Corporation, and gave himself a producer's credit on press material.
Critical response
AllMovie's review was favorable, writing "Don't Open the Door! isn't after the sheer overkill of [The Forgotten]. Instead, a festering creepiness is sustained throughout".
See also
List of American films of 1974
References
Sources
External links
1974 films
1974 horror films
American films
1970s slasher films
American slasher films
Cross-dressing in film
Films set in Texas
Films shot in Texas
Mannequins in films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dad%20Made%20Dirty%20Movies
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Dad Made Dirty Movies
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Dad Made Dirty Movies is a 2011 Bulgarian-German documentary film by Jordan Todorov following Stephen C. Apostolof's life and career. The film premiered at Visions du Réel International Film Festival in April 2011 and consists of archive footage as well as interviews with Apostolof's family, friends and associates.
The film also includes never before seen archive footage from making of Orgy of the Dead - Apostolof's most well known film. The title Dad Made Dirty Movies comes from a quote by Polly Apostolof, one of Apostolof's daughters.
Synopsis
Dad Made Dirty Movies chronicles Stephen C. Apostolof's rise, from the story of his escape as a refugee from the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, to producer and director of sexploitation films in the 1960s and 1970s, his turbulent relationship with infamous Ed Wood and his downfall in the late 1970s with advent of hardcore pornography.
Production
The documentary is produced by Bulgarian company AGITPROP in association with Filmtank (Hamburg), ZDF and Arte. Pre-production phase took about five years. Principal photography began in New York City in December 2009, and continued in California, Nevada and Arizona in May, 2010.
Dad Made Dirty Movies features interviews with Apostolof's children and his third wife Shelley, stars from his films, cult filmmakers, film critics and film historians. The film uses first-person unreliable narrator based on authentic interviews with Apostolof, drawing heavily on his peculiar manner of speaking full of colloquialisms, puns and self irony.
Release
The film showed at the Franco-German television Arte on 17 February 2011 and had its official premiere on 10 April 2011 at Visions du Réel International Film Festival. In all, Dad Made Dirty Movies was an official selection of over thirty international film festivals including Transilvania International Film Festival, Planet Doc Review Festival, Sydney Underground Film Festival, Kansas International Film Festival, Trieste Film Festival, Mumbai International Film Festival etc.
The film often played as a double bill along with Orgy of the Dead - Apostolof's most popular film. Dad Made Dirty Movies was also aired on various TV channels as Arte, SBS One (Australia), Canvas (Belgium), Yle Teema (Finland) and it is going to be released on DVD in 2012 by Mindjazz Pictures (Germany). Dad Made Dirty Movies aired on HBO Central Europe in October 2012.
Critical reception
The film received favorable reviews by critics. Boyd Van Hoeij of Variety called it a "shoo-in for midnight screenings," going on to describe its tone as "generally upbeat, funny and interesting, with a good eye and ear for the times." Other reviewers also played up the zeitgeist angle of the film, including Screen Daily'''s Mark Adams who said that Dad Made Dirty Movies "does a great job in capturing the feel of the era," adding that "fans of cult exploitation films of the late 1960s and early 1970s will relish this engagingly balanced delve into the work of Stephen C. Apostolof." Tim Elliott of The Age wrote that "Stephen C. Apostolof's life is one of the great postwar American stories, a rollicking tale of rebellion, adventure and female breasts" concluding that "this zesty tribute explores Apostolof's life with suitable scepticism and humour."
Cast
(in order of appearance)
Susan Apostolof as Herself
Polly Apostolof as Herself
Steve Apostolof as Himself
Christopher D. Apostolof as Himself
Shelley Apostolof as Herself
Harvey Shane as Himself
Greg Goodsell as Himself
Rudolph Grey as Himself
Ted V. Mikels as Himself
Nadejda Klein as Herself
David Ward as Himself
Ed Wood as Himself (archive footage)
Kathleen O'Hara as Herself (archive footage)
The Amazing Criswell as Himself (archive footage)
Tor Johnson as Himself (archive footage)
Marsha Jordan as Herself (archive footage)
James E. Myers as Himself (archive footage)
Rene Bond as Herself (archive footage)
Pat Barrington as Herself (archive footage)
Billy Graham as Himself (archive footage)
Lyndon Johnson as Himself (archive footage)
David F. Friedman as Himself (archive footage)
Patricia J. Rudl as Herself (archive footage)
Tim Burton as Himself (archive footage)
Johnny Depp as Himself (archive footage)
Kate Moss as Herself (archive footage)
Lisa Marie as Herself (archive footage)
Martin Landau as Himself (archive footage)
Sarah Jessica Parker as Herself (archive footage)
Movies referenced
A list of movies referenced within Dad Made Dirty Movies.Journey to Freedom, 1957Orgy of the Dead, 1965Suburbia Confidential, 1966The Bachelor's Dreams, 1967College Girls, 1968Motel Confidential, 1969Lady Godiva Rides, 1969The Divorcee, 1969Class Reunion, 1972The Snow Bunnies, 1972The Beach Bunnies, 1976Hot Ice, 1978Love Is a Four Letter Word, 1966Plan 9 from Outer Space, 1958Glen or Glenda, 1953The Trip, 1967American Fever, 1979Record City, 1978Midwest Holiday, 1952In the Suburbs, 1957Topkapi, 1964[[Tom Jones (1963 film)|Tom Jones]], 1963Deep Throat, 1972The Devil in Miss Jones, 1973The Green Slime, 1968Heaven with a Gun, 1969Ed Wood'', 1994
Awards
3rd Bulgarian Film Academy Awards 2012
Best Television Documentary
Sofia International Film Festival 2012
The Young Jury Award for Best Documentary Film
Nominations
Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival 2011
Silver Eye Award for Best Mid-length Documentary Film
The London Archive Film Festival 2014
FOCAL Award for Best Use of Footage in a Feature Length Documentary
References
External links
Official trailer at Vimeo
"Variety" review of Dad Made Dirty Movies
"Screen Daily" review of Dad Made Dirty Movies
Bulgarian films
2011 films
2011 documentary films
German films
Bulgarian documentary films
English-language films
Documentary films about film directors and producers
Documentary films about American pornography
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215895
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20hip%20hop
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Christian hip hop
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Christian hip hop (originally gospel rap, also known as Christian rap, gospel hip hop or holy hip hop) is a subgenre of contemporary Christian music and hip hop music. It emerged from urban contemporary music and Christian media in the United States during the 1980s.
Christian hip hop music first emerged on record in 1982 with a track entitled "Jesus Christ (The Gospel Beat)" by Queens, New York artist McSweet. The first full-length, Christian hip hop album, Bible Break, by Oklahoma artist Stephen Wiley, was released in 1985 with the title track becoming a hit on Christian radio in 1986. Other early Christian hip recording artists from the mid-1980s included P.I.D. (Preachas in Disguise), who recorded to funky rock rhythms, as well as JC & the Boys and Michael Peace. During the 1990s and 2000s, rapper KJ-52 rose to prominence in the field.
Christian rock band DC Talk blended hip-hop and rock, and were successful in mainstream Christian music. All three band members have had successful independent careers, Michael Tait and Kevin Max Smith in Christian pop, and TobyMac as a Christian rapper and label owner. Along with Lecrae, NF, KB & Emcee N.I.C.E. who have emerged recently on the mainstream rap scene along with American popular music figure Kanye West. Outside of the United States, there are Christian rap scenes in the UK, Australia, Brazil, Mexico and Canada. Asian, Black, and Latino rappers are becoming a major part of the genre, and this success is expanding the appeal of both Christian hip hop and Christian EDM within general hip hop and broader popular music.
History and notable examples
The first commercially released and distributed gospel hip hop record was MC Pete Harrison of Queens, New York. Under the recording name McSweet, he released The Gospel Beat: Jesus-Christ (1982), written and arranged by Harrison and produced by Mac Sulliver on Lection Records of PolyGram. The first notable full album released was Stephen Wiley's Bible Break (1985), written by Wiley and produced by Mike Barnes on Brentwood Records. In the same year, David Guzman founded JC & The Boyz. Some of America's premiere Christian rappers, such as: Michael Peace (one of Christian rap's first solo artists), SFC, Dynamic Twins, MC Peace and T-Bone came out of this crew. A more commercially successful group known as P.I.D. (Preachers in Disguise) released five recordings.
Jon Gibson (or J.G.) is also considered a pioneer of Christian pop rap, with his first rap solo being "Ain't It Pretty" (1985). CCM's first rap hit by a blue-eyed soul singer and/or duo, "The Wall" was later released on Gibson's successful album Change of Heart (1988), and featured MC Hammer (previously as the Holy Ghost Boys). Other tracks included the hit "Love Come Down" and "In Too Deep" from Jesus Loves Ya (1990). Gibson also collaborated with MC Peace on "Enough is Enough" (1990), "Happy to Know Jesus" and "You Are the One" (1992).
Other rap groups emerged in the late 1980s, including dc Talk, E.T.W. (End Time Warriors) and S.F.C. (Soldiers for Christ). ETW was led by producer/artist Mike Hill who went on to pastor one of the largest inner city youth groups in the country out of Tulsa Oklahoma. S.F.C. was led by Chris Cooper who originally rapped as Super C (short for Super Chris / Super Christian) and later became Sup the Chemist and then finally Soup the Chemist. Christian emcee Danny "D-Boy" Rodriguez was another well-known early Gospel rap artist, but was murdered in 1990 in Texas. Prior to his death, he helped launch the career of his sister, Genie Rodriguez-Lopez, known as MC GeGee - one of the first female Christian rap artists, by collaborating on her first album I'm for Real. She would go on to release a second album in 1991, titled And Now the Mission Continues.
The trend of rap artists blending faith and rap continued in the 1990s, with D.O.C. (Disciples of Christ) who emerged from Oklahoma as well as the Gospel Gangstaz from Compton and South Central Los Angeles. In 1991, JC Crew emerged featuring Maximillian (West Coast beat box champion) and T-Bone.
More Christian rap artists include Dynamic Twins, Freedom of Soul, IDOL King, Apocalypse, 12th Tribe, and Holy Alliance. 12th Tribe and Holy Alliance were produced by Scott Blackwell of MYX Records. S.F.C.'s (Sup, QP, DJ Dove) 1992 album Phase III was DJed and produced by DJ Dove, whose credits also include the Gang Affiliated, Gospel Gangstas' 1993 debut album. Around the same time as Phase III, Dynamic Twins (Robbie and Noel) came out with their 1993 album No Room To Breathe. Freedom of Soul (MC Peace, DJ Cartoon) followed with their second album, The Second Coming (Caught in a Land of Time was their first), also their last album as a group.
Gotee Records formed in 1994, co-founded by dc Talk member Toby McKeehan, better known as TobyMac, making it the first record label marketed explicitly for Christian hip hop and R&B that was backed by a major label. The label was among the first to market the Contemporary Christian music market through distribution at Christian bookstores and playing on Christian radio. This trend continued with other labels such as Tooth & Nail's Uprok Records and others that gave an outlet to hip hop artists who identified themselves as Christian and wanted a broader market. A number of artists and labels such as Reach Records, Cross Movement Records, Grapetree Records and Deepspace5 Records have purposely marketed to people outside of churches.
Additionally, many major gospel stars have joined the hip hop and rap genre. Kirk Franklin joined with the 1 Nation Crew in the album Kirk Franklin Presents 1NC. Most recently, Christian rap artists like Lecrae and his label-mates from Reach Records have been setting records with sales and award-winning albums.
Influence and style of artists
Although generally described to be Christian rappers, artists such as Lecrae, Andy Mineo, KB, Trip Lee, Tedashii, Social Club Misfits, NF, John Givez, Derek Minor and Propaganda describe themselves as hip hop artists who are expressing themselves, yet are openly Christian. Just like in Christian rock and other Christian music genres, some artists welcome being called Christian artists while others do not want to be labeled as "Christian music", as to not limit their music to the Christian music market.
The record label Ministers of the Underground was one of the few labels to showcase underground hip hop with the group, Secta 7. Members included: Apocalypse, Optixs, Blackseed, Lord Metatron, Righteous Knight, Kaoticgal (who later was known as Keturah Ariel), O.N.E., The Final Chapter, A.T.O.M. the Immortal and Stress. Ministers of the Underground had a small-time show on Christian television, but was taken off the networks when Christian television opted for more orthodox style programming. The Ministers of Underground hosted events at a series of venues under the name CRU VENTION, or the convention of Underground Hip Hop for Christ, until around the year 2001.
A few Christian rappers have emerged from Atlanta, including Remnant Militia and D.I.R.T. While many notable studios and artists share influence in holy hip hop, not one style dominates. Christian hip hop features all conventional hip hop styles, such as Midwest (Hostyle Gospel), West Coast (T-Bone), East Coast (BB Jay), Dirty South (Pettidee) and King Wes. Some, such as DC Talk, include a mixture of hip hop, rock and gospel music in their songs.
Christian hip hop is also embraced and performed in the United Kingdom, by Gospel rappers including: Jahaziel, Dwayne Tryumf, Guvna B, Triple O, Sammy G, Simply Andy, MpFree and Just C.
In the UK, Christian hip hop is often merged with a music style known as grime, which gives the music a different sound from American hip hop. Many agree that grime music originated in London's black community and is predominantly described as a secular genre. Although British, grime music has a strong Jamaican influence as many of the artists are of British-Caribbean heritage. The GL Live music event 2010, held in the United Kingdom, included a fusion of Christian rappers (both American and British) celebrate their faith together whilst demonstrating their own unique styles. The event was attended by Trip Lee and Tedashii, who performed several songs during the event including "Jesus Muzik" and "No Worries".
Reaction and acceptance
Industry
Christian music awards shows such as the GMA Dove Awards and Stellar Awards have added rap and hip hop categories. With the notable exceptions of tobyMac and his label Gotee Records, and Lecrae, no Christian rapper or hip-hop group has garnered the attention of the mainstream Christian music industry. The nominal sales of Christian rap labels have been almost exclusively to white church-going Christians. Christian rap exists almost exclusively underground.
Markets
There is no identifiable Christian hip hop market, as the majority of Christian hip hop has been underground, or marketed towards the mainstream Christian music scene.
In Australia, a multi-denominational group of Christian hip hop artists, led by Mistery from Brethren, have started a hip hop church, Krosswerdz. The church has been modeled on Crossover Church in Tampa, Florida.
A small Christian hip hop scene has also emerged in the UK.
Festivals
Rap Fest is an all-day, outdoor, evangelistic outreach concert which takes place every summer. 2011 marked the 18th year for this event held annually in South Bronx area of New York City.
Flavor Fest Urban Leadership Conference is held yearly at Crossover Church in Tampa, Florida, founded by Pastor Tommy Kyllonen, lead pastor of Crossover Church of Tampa.
Fire Fest International Ministries was founded by Charles Onley (a.k.a. King C) in conjunction with Terence A. Townsend, "Apostle T", founder of Save Our City Crusades and Conferences (SoCity) to reach the international community of holy hip hop with a message of encouragement, enrichment, education and unity. Fire Fest conducts artist retreats, artists/industry conferences and new artists showcases, and is a traveling music festival organized to encourage and enrich holy hip hop artists in their ministries, while giving them insight on navigating the music industry.
"God's House of Hip Hop 20/20 Summer Fest" featuring 75 Christian Hip Hop, Latin Christian Hip Hop & Gospel Hip Hop Music. in Los Angeles, California Founded by Emcee N.I.C.E. and Chantal Grayson of God's House of Hip Hop Radio. Although postponed to July 2021 due to the COVID-19 Corona Virus pandemic, 20/20 Summer Fest gained national attention securing one of Los Angeles's most premium venue's Banc of California Stadium.
Crossover
Holy hip hop has enjoyed some crossover acceptance as well. One of the early accepted artists were Disciples of Christ (D.O.C.).
One of the most notable mainstream reactions to Gospel rap was to KJ-52 (pronounced "five-two") and his single "Dear Slim", which was written to Eminem in an attempt to reach him with the message of Christ. The song became famous and controversial among Eminem fans when it was featured on the hit show Total Request Live. began to receive hate mail (including death threats) from Eminem's fans, though claimed that the song was not a "diss". This also led to the single being disparaged by VH1 as No. 26 on their "Top 40 Worst Moments in Hip Hop", an issue the artist addressed in "Washed Up". In contrast, the GRITS song "Ooh Ahh" received positive exposure on various TV Shows and movies, such as The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift and Big Momma's House 2. It was also featured as the theme song for the second season of MTV's hit show The Buried Life.
Christian symbols and themes have also been invoked by rap artists who do not consider themselves "Christian rappers", and do not claim to represent any particular set of religious beliefs. Examples include MC Hammer's No. 2 single "Pray"; Richie Rich and his first single "Don't Do It"; and many of Tupac's lyrics with his first posthumous record The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, including the image of Tupac nailed to a cross pinned him as a hip hop martyr. Recent hip hop artists include Jay-Z with Kingdom Come, DMX with "Walk With Me Now and You'll Fly With Me Later", Nas with God's Son and Kanye West with "Jesus Walks" as well as Jesus Is King. However, although these artists may profess to be Christians, they are not generally considered to be part of the Christian hip hop movement. Some Christians believe that hip hop culture in any form conflicts with biblical teachings, while others consider hip hop to be a way of reaching the youth and mainstream culture.
Mainstream and radio
On September 9, 2014, Lecrae released his album Anomaly, through Reach Records. The album achieved mainstream success as it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of over 88,000 copies in the United States. On October 6, 2017, Christian hip hop artist NF released his third studio album Perception, through Capitol CMG alongside NF's newly launched label NF Real Music LLC. Perception debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 55,000 album-equivalent units, including 38,000 pure album sales.
In 2019, Christian hip hop had a historic breakthrough in radio, when Los Angeles based radio station God's House of Hip Hop Radio (powered by Dash Radio and curated by CHH artist Emcee N.I.C.E.), became the first Christian hip hop station in history to win a Stellar Award (one of gospel music's most coveted trophies) at the 34th Annual Stellar Awards. The win signaled a shift not only in gospel but radio as a whole, with more artists outside of Lecrae such as Andy Mineo, Gawvi, Wande, Shepherd, 1K Phew, Swoope, Bizzle, Derek Minor and others receiving commercial notoriety in film, television and gaming.
The Stellar Awards did something unprecedented at its radio awards main show when it opened up with hip hop and featured performances with DJ Dwight Stone who won "Gospel Announcer of the Year", Miz Tiffany (first CHH female nominated for a Stellar Award), Emcee N.I.C.E. & Jor'Dan Armstrong.
Acceptance and themes
Various prominent mainstream hip hop artists who profess through some of their music to be Christians (including Kanye West, Nas, DMX and others), have incorporated Christian symbols and messages into their music and videos through images, lyrical content and overarching themes. The 2002 Nas hit song and music video "One Mic", featured obvious references to his Christianity in the song, including the chorus "Yo all I need is... One God to show me how to do things his Son did..." Kanye West's 2004 hit song and music video "Jesus Walks", has received a notable amount of attention for its Christian content. DMX incorporated prayers in many of his albums, and his 2006 song and music video "Lord Give Me a Sign", was highlighted by not only strong Christian lyrical content but actual scriptural quotes ("no weapon formed against me shall prosper and every tongue that rises up against me in judgment, Thou shall condemn") from the Holy Bible. Prominent Christian rapper Lecrae, whose 2014 album "Anomaly" reached number 1 on the Billboard 200 and received numerous other accolades, expresses an explicitly Christian message in the majority of his music. However, while generally categorized as a gospel or Christian rapper, he distances himself from the genre of gospel rap saying, "Christian is my faith not my genre".
The use of religious themes in music that is otherwise regarded as illicit has sparked controversy over the validity of the religious messages expressed through the music. Some Christian listeners hold that "rap music, because of what it inherently communicates, is incompatible with the Christian Gospel", and attack the use of Christian themes and symbols in mainstream music as being disingenuous. On the other hand, "since the mid-1990s Michael Eric Dyson and others have pointed to some cultural sensibilities shared by Christian churches and hip hop music; namely male privilege, middle-class biases, sexism, and homophobia." Some analysts believe that the suffering expressed through rap music manifests itself in a certain spirituality that can be compatible with mainstream religious messages, although it approaches religious ideas in a much less direct way than most forms of religious expression. "Just as the MC slides into notes and dances around beats, "spirit" is not attacked straight on; it is courageously approached from below, from the margins, from youth, from uncertainty, through the structures of capitalism and mainstream media." Some think that the use of mainstream religious symbols in predominantly African-American music has increased the extent to which that music has disseminated through predominantly white American culture.
The 2007 Holy Hip Hop Music Awards received a written endorsement letter from the mayor of Atlanta, acknowledging the event's support by the City of Atlanta, and recognizing its 7th year. However, EX Ministries and other churches contested the incorporation of secular hip hop culture into the Christian rap genre, holding that "Holy Hip-Hop" is still associated with the mainstream hip hop culture that they view as incompatible with Christianity's teachings. Whereas many Christians hold that holy hip hop can be used to evangelize, others disagree, arguing that the use of this style distorts the gospel message.
From December 2013 well into 2014, Scott Aniol and Christian hip hop artist Shai Linne had a lengthy exchange about Christian rap (rap being the core element of hip hop), with Dr. Aniol arguing that the style is sinful and inadequate for Christian messages, with Shai Linne responding that the musical messaging of hip hop is relative, being interpreted differently by people from different backgrounds.
Forms and subgenres
Catholic hip hop
In the early 2000s, rap artists of the Roman Catholic faith began emerging. Today, a number of active Catholic rappers and DJs are involved in what is known as the "Catholic hip hop scene". Fr. Stan Fortuna is the most notable in the scene.
Lutheran hip hop
Lutheran hip hop artists include Andy Pokel, who in 2017 launched the Here I Stand album based on the events of Reformation Day, as well as Flame, whose album Christ for You, focuses on Lutheran doctrines such as the sacramental union, the Lutheran teaching on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Flame named his album Christ for You as he wants his fans "to experience the joy and freedom that I’ve found in the sacraments." His track “Scattered Tulips” is a critique of Reformed Christianity's five points (TULIP). The release of Christ for You led the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod to declare that "Lutheran hip hop is a thing now!" The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has commissioned two rap videos—Kaunis Jeesus and Hoosianna.
Gospel rap in Brazil
In Brazil, gospel rap comes out of Pentecostal and Charismatic Evangelical Protestant movements, and emphasizes the message of the Gospel and salvation through faith over black politics and identity. Gospel rappers view their music as divinely ordained, and believe their lyrics are a manifestation of the Holy Spirit speaking through them. The Brazilian gospel rap movement sees itself as divinely favored over the fallen state of rap in the US and other parts of the world, and sees its origins in the Bronx which they see as similar to their own tough neighborhoods. This reflects the gospel rap movement's emphasis on neighborhood and seeking God and opportunities for their neighborhoods.
See also
List of Christian performers of hip hop and rap
Cupcakke
Rapzilla
God's House of Hip Hop Radio
References
External links
Rapzilla, a Christian Hip-Hop Magazine
Hip hop
Hip hop genres
African-American culture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters%20of%20Casualty
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Characters of Casualty
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Casualty is a British medical drama television series that premiered on 6 September 1986 on BBC1. The series was created by Jeremy Brock and Paul Unwin. It is set in the fictional Holby City Hospital, in the equally fictitious city of Holby, and features occasional crossovers of characters and plots with spin-off show Holby City. Casualty follows the professional and personal lives of the doctors, nurses, paramedics, hospital management and patients at Holby General. It features an ensemble cast of regular characters, and began with ten main characters in its first series, all but one – Charlie Fairhead (played by Derek Thompson) have since left the series. Many main characters have been written in and out of the series since. In addition, Casualty features guest stars each week, as well as recurring guests that take part in story arcs that span a portion of a series or multiple series.
Main characters
A
Matthew Afolami
Matthew Afolami, portrayed by Osi Okerafor, first appears in the thirty-fifth series, in an episode originally broadcast on 29 May 2021. The character and Okerafor's casting was announced on 20 May 2021, alongside that of Elinor Lawless in the role of Stevie Nash. Matthew is billed as an experienced locum registrar who has worked in "trouble spots" across the world. The character shares a backstory with established character Fenisha Khatri (Olivia D'Lima); she jilted him on their wedding day, something which is explored in his first episode through flashbacks. Loretta Preece, the show's series producer, praised the relationship between Okerafor and D'Lima. Writers used Matthew's introduction to create tension between Fenisha and her love interest, Ethan Hardy (George Rainsford). Okerafor expressed his joy at joining the cast and looked forward to playing Matthew's devotion to his patients, something which he liked. Preece praised Okerafor for his talent, describing him as "handsome and debonair, sensitive and steadfast, [and] passionate and unpredictable". She added that his "beautifully layered performance" would develop the character further than being a "classic romantic leading man".
Jez Andrews
Jez Andrews, played by Lloyd Everitt, made his first screen appearance on 12 March 2016. The character and Everitt's casting was announced on 29 January 2016, whilst further details were announced on 24 February 2016 with the casting of David Hide (Jason Durr) and Elle Gardner (Jaye Griffiths). Executive producer Oliver Kent described the three castings as "wonderful" and said their storylines would be "brilliantly vibrant, bold and gripping". Jez is characterised as a "young, ludicrously handsome and very openly bisexual" paramedic.
Kent teased the dynamic between Jez and his paramedic colleague, Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson), calling it "fun" and "unlike anything we've seen before". Tasha Hegarty of Digital Spy described Jez as "Iain's new partner in crime". It was announced that Jez would "fail to impress" Iain with his "cheeky banter and lax attitude" upon his arrival, and would struggle to replace Iain's former colleague, Dixie Dixon (Jane Hazlegrove). Kent also revealed that a "big" friendship would be established between Jez and Max Walker (Jamie Davis). Everitt had already filmed his first scenes when his casting was announced and revealed that his favourite thing to film had been a scene where he rescued a girl from falling from a cliff, "I actually felt it was a real life situation and that excited me." Of his casting, Everitt said, "I feel honoured to be joining such a successful show and look forward to bringing a different essence to a programme that's synonymous with British culture and television. It's actually the first programme I remember watching when I was a child at my Nan's house - there's a great beauty to that."
Jez arrived and tried flirting with Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing) until his colleague, Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson), revealed she was the department's clinical lead. Jez and Iain escorted Emilie Groome (Carol Royle) to a hospice, where she would spend her final days. They stop the ambulance during the journey whilst her sons and doctors, Ethan Hardy (George Rainsford) and Caleb Knight (Richard Winsor), treat her. Jez allows Cal to steal the ambulance so he can take Emilie to the seaside. Jez then spends the rest of the day trying to impress Iain with his banter whilst they search for a lift back to the hospital. Jez finally wins Iain over and they receive a lift back to the hospital. Jez installs a basketball hoop in the ambulance bay and befriends Max Walker (Jamie Davis), who often spends time playing basketball with Jez. Max and Robyn Miller (Amanda Henderson) then begin renting a room to Jez.
Jez went on a night out with Isaac Mayfield, after he had a row with boyfriend Dominic Copeland resulting in a one-night stand. This eventually leads to Mayfield physically, sexually and emotionally abusing Copeland in sister show Holby City, resulting in his dismissal. He later pursues Louise Tyler (Azuka Oforka) and, although she tells him she is uncomfortable knowing he has been with both men and women, he eventually wins her over and the two go on a date. He later expresses concerns to Iain that he thinks Louise expects too much after she invites him to an expensive restaurant. He bails on their date, wanting to avoid being embarrassed because he can't afford any of the food and hooks up with a guy. To his horror, Jez wakes up in the young man's bed and discovers that he is Elle's son. He is injured after falling from Elle's drainpipe in his attempt to hide from her. Her son later visits the hospital to give Jez his ID which he had left behind, leading Elle to find out about them sleeping together. Although angry at first, Elle eventually calms down and tells Jez to use the front door next time he wants to stay over.
When Roy Ellisson is brought into the ED following a fight, he abuses Jez in the ambulance for being black and "queer". Jez later reveals that he knows the man Roy was fighting with from bars in town. He tries to support Mickey Ellisson after discovering that he is gay and helps him apologize to the man his father beat up. He encourages Mickey to come out and provides reassurance when Roy rejects him. After his father dies, Mickey goes to see Jez at the ambulance station and the two share a kiss.
Jez and Mickey commence a relationship, keeping it a secret from Mickey's family. Mickey participates in a race-related assault on a shopkeeper and is injured during the getaway, landing him back in the ED. When Mickey is almost discovered, he racially insults Jez to demonstrate his loyalty to his brother. Grieving and seething with injustice, Ethan reveals Mickey's relationship to Scott. Scott goes to attack Jez, but Mickey shields him and says he made the wrong choice. Scott attacks them with a knife, and in the struggle is tossed over a second floor balcony, leaving him badly injured. Denise arrives and disowns Mickey, and Scott later dies.
The 'shot-in-one-take' episode "One" opens with Jez bravely dragging a Korean woman from a burning building. He finds out that her baby was left behind in the building, which leaves him devastated. This event completely shatters Jez's confidence and he begins to take sick days from work. He freezes up when a fire is started in his apartment and Robyn tries to pass him her baby. Because of the timing of the fire, it is concluded that Jez was targeted in the attack, and that Denise Ellisson was involved. This event is the last straw for Mickey who says he is going travelling and invites Jez to come with him so they can escape everything and start anew. Jez wonders what he has to lose at this point and considers joining him, but when he reacts quickly and saves Robin's baby from choking, he appears to be at peace with staying at Holby. After a talk with Iain he changes his mind and meets Mickey at the airport. The Holby staff later receive photographs of the couple relaxing in Mexico.
Linda Andrews
Linda Andrews, played by Christine Tremarco, made her debut appearance in the twentieth episode of the twenty-fourth series, broadcast on 16 January 2010. Linda was originally introduced to aid the departure of Jessica Harrison (Gillian Kearney), who she trained to be a nurse with. Linda told Jessica that she is moving to America and "almost flippant remarked" that Jessica join her, which she agreed to. Tremarco reprised the role as a regular cast member in 2011 and Linda returned to the hospital as a clinical nurse manager, but was later demoted to staff nurse. She was billed as a "fun-loving nurse" who is "determined to become more sensible." Tremarco said she was "delighted" to be invited back to the show, adding that it was "so exciting joining a long-running show" and how "everyone has given me such a warm welcome". To prepare for the role, Tremarco observed a real nurse, who "was incredibly helpful" because she is a "squeamish person". Tremarco described Linda as "a party girl" with an "attitude that she's young free and single". She added that she was "fun and outgoing", but had "a heart of gold" and would "do anything for anyone."
The show introduced Linda's family in 2012, beginning with her "recovering drug addict" sister Denise Andrews (Kate McEvoy) who hasn't had "any contact in years". Of Denise's introduction, producer Nikki Wilson said, "Denise suddenly arrives with two kids in tow, and leaves them with Linda. So party girl Linda finds herself responsible for two children - which will affect her working life in a big way." Wilson also teased a possible romance between Linda and Lenny Lyons (Steven Miller), noting that they have a "really sparky relationship". The character departed from the series in the thirty-fifth episode of the twenty-seventh series, broadcast on 11 May 2013. The exit had only been revealed through advanced spoilers beforehand.
Martin "Ash" Ashford
Martin "Ash" Ashford, played by Patrick Robinson, is introduced in the first episode of series 5, first broadcast on 7 September 1990. Ash left on 24 February 1996, but returned on 21 February 1998 for two episodes. It was announced on 3 February 2013, that Robinson has returned to Casualty and would make his first appearance on 9 February 2013. He would be filling the gap left since Michael French's departure as Nick Jordan. Speaking of his return, Robinson said; "It's fantastic to be back! Recreating a character that has moved on and changed so much is incredibly challenging and this feels like a totally new job. But to be back working with Derek Thompson, I feel like I've come home." Executive producer, Jonathan Young added; "We're thrilled to have Patrick back. Ash was a hugely popular character and reuniting him with Charlie will reignite a friendship that we hope will delight viewers old and new. With many years of nursing under his belt plus a stint working as a doctor in America, Ash brings a unique perspective to the ED that will challenge Zoe but charm the rest of the team." Robinson made his final appearance in the series in December 2014 and in the following month, it was explained that Ash had left. Robinson confirmed in March 2018 that it was not his decision to leave and that producers had decided not to renew his contract, which disappointed him. He told Tess Lamacraft of What's on TV that people approach him to ask what happened to Ash, since he did not receive an exit storyline.
Ash joined the hospital as a staff nurse and was promoted to senior staff nurse in series 7. When Lisa "Duffy" Duffin (Cathy Shipton) left the hospital, Ash became a charge nurse later on. He was suspended from the hospital when a racist thug that threatened him with a knife accuses him of assault, but was acquitted when Matt Hawley (Jason Merrells) admits he overheard the man threatening Ash. Ash continued his role of charge nurse until his departure. Ash returned to the ED in 2013 as a locum consultant, who was eventually given a permanent place within the hospital.
During his original stint in the ED, Ash had friendships with Kelly Liddle (Adie Allen) and Charlie Fairhead (Thompson). He is devastated when Kelly commits suicide and becomes Charlie's 'right-hand man'. When Ash returned to the ED in 2013, he renewed his friendship with Charlie, whilst also befriending clinical lead Zoe Hanna (Sunetra Sarker) and later, staff nurse Rita Freeman (Chloe Howman). Ash has also been involved in several relationships. He was shown to be living with his girlfriend, Nikki Wyatt, in series 7, but they separated when she had an abortion. Ash was later shown to have feelings for his new flatmate Mie Nishi-Kawa (Naoko Mori), but she left Holby before their relationship could develop. Ash married the hospital's PR officer Laura Milburn (Lizzy McInnerny) in the series 10 finale and they left Holby together following this. During his 1998 return, Ash confirmed he and Laura had a daughter and were separated.
His 2013 return brought him into conflict with Zoe upon his return, but they later became friends. He quickly made an impression on his colleagues when he attended a motorbike crash on the way to his first shift. Zoe left Ash in charge of the emergency department when she became ill and he took to the challenge well. Ash's daughter, Ella Ashford (Tahirah Sharif) was introduced in April 2013 when she was admitted into the ED. Ash is shown to deeply love Ella, despite her trouble-making attitude. He does later recognise Ella's faults and begins punishing her for her irresponsible actions. Ash later discovers that Ella had an affair with her maths teacher, resulting in his decision to have Ella stay with him permanently. Ella later steals ketamine from Ash's emergency medical equipment and when she shows no remorse for her actions, despite her boyfriend dying under the influence, Ash reports her to the police who arrested her.
Ash was assigned F2 doctor Lily Chao (Crystal Yu) as a mentee in August 2013 and becomes disgusted by her bedside manner. Ash warns Lily about her behaviour when she performs a life-threatening operation on a patient in cubicles. When a pregnant woman with down's syndrome is admitted, Lily and Ash are tasked with treating her. Lily becomes attached to the patient and performs another risky operation on her without permission. Ash is furious with her and informs her that her patient died when she had, in fact, gone to the maternity ward. When she discovers the truth, Lily files a formal complaint against Ash and despite persuasion from Zoe to rethink her decision, she decides to make the complaint. They later attend a meeting with the hospital's CEO Guy Self (John Michie) who decides that Lily should not have performed the operation without the permission of Ash or Charlie and Ash is given a written warning for his behaviour.
Ash becomes a support for Rita when her paedophile husband is admitted into the ED, resulting in her to begin excessive drinking. When he discovers Rita drinking at work, he sends her home but is left with the choice of telling her boss the truth. Ash (along with colleagues Lily, Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing), Tess Bateman (Suzanne Packer) and Ethan Hardy (George Rainsford)) are involved in a road collision, where Ash becomes trapped in the vehicle. He insists his colleagues are to be saved before himself and following that, paramedics Jeff Collier (Matt Bardock) and Kathleen "Dixie" Dixon (Jane Hazlegrove) attempt to rescue him from the vehicle. They discover metal stuck in his leg which Jeff resolves to pull out in order to stop Ash from bleeding out. This allows Dixie and firemen to retrieve out of the vehicle, but as they get to the ambulance, the vehicle explodes with Jeff inside. Jeff's death began affecting Ash, who develops survivor's guilt which has serious effects on his work. Dixie blames Ash for Jeff's death and after a series of arguments, Dixie tells Ash that he should have died in the explosion and not Jeff. Ash continues to react angrily when a Jehovah's Witness refuses to receive a blood transfusion and when two teenagers constantly put themselves in danger. Ash's boss, Connie, demands he attend counselling which he doesn't enjoy. The counsellor, Ben Harding (Mark Letheren), suggests that Jeff chose to save Ash because he believed Ash was worth saving prompting him to turn his life around and honour Jeff's wishes by correctly doing his job. He also talks to Dixie who apologises for blaming Ash. However, Ben's words cause Ash to become obsessed with saving lives to honour Jeff and is eventually convinced to take leave from work. Off-screen, Ash chooses to resign from his job in order to concentrate on Ella who had been released from prison.
Lloyd Asike
Lloyd Asike played by Michael Obiora is a staff nurse who first appeared on 20 August 2011, alongside Scarlett Conway (Madeleine Mantock). Lloyd and Scarlett's casting were revealed in an interview that Digital Spy published with executive producer, Oliver Kent on 6 July 2011. Lloyd left Casualty on 8 June 2013 after deciding to retrain as a doctor.
Upon his arrival, Lloyd was mentored by Jay Faldren (Ben Turner) and it slowly becomes clear that Lloyd has feelings for Scarlett and following the massive fire at the hospital, he admits his feelings to her and they begin a relationship. Their relationship ends abruptly when she hands herself in for throwing a brick at a police officer during the Holby Riots. His mum, Florence and sister, Shelia appear towards the end of series 26.
In an interview with Digital Spy in 2011, producer Oliver Kent announced the casting of Michael Obiora as Lloyd Asike. Obiora's casting was announced at the same time as Scarlett Conway (Madeleine Mantock). He said, "We're bringing in two new nurses at the start of the new series - Lloyd Asike and Scarlett Conway. We're very excited about the castings. Lloyd is played by the brilliant Michael Obiora, who viewers will probably know from Hotel Babylon, EastEnders and Grange Hill. He's phenomenal." In 2012, producer Nikki Harris spoke to Inside Soap about whether Lloyd was going to have a relationship with Scarlett. She said, "I couldn't possibly say yet - just keep watching! What's interesting about the pair of characters is the question of identity. Lloyd is from a very strong, cultural black background and is very rooted in his origins, whereas Scarlett was brought up in a white family. So we're really interested in exploring the two differences in identity between the two."
B
Mike Barratt
Mike Barratt, played by Clive Mantle, made his first appearance during the seventh series. Mike was a consultant, who formed a relationship with staff nurse Rachel Longworth (Jane Gurnett). He became a popular member of the cast and was branded a "heart-throb". Mantle left at the end of series eleven, but briefly returned during the following series. Of his decision to leave the show, Mantle said "I didn't want to see the audience always expecting him to be there and perhaps taking less notice of him. I've had a great time, but I'm frightened that, if I stick around too long, I'll end up unable to do anything else." The character later appeared in sister show Holby City between 1999 and 2001, as a consultant general surgeon. Mantle reprised his role for the 30th anniversary episode "Too Old for This Shift", which aired in August 2016.
Tess Bateman
Tess Bateman, played by Suzanne Packer, is a ward sister who first appeared on 13 September 2003. From her arrival until 2005, Tess was an emergency nurse practitioner and following that, she was promoted to clinical nurse manager for six years, until 2011. In May 2011, Tess resigned from her position and resumed the role of ward sister, but was later reinstated. Tess continued in the role until January 2015 when she resigned to help set up a new health centre as a secondment, returning as a ward sister shortly after. Packer chose to leave the role in 2015, with Tess departing on 22 August 2015. Tess left Holby to live in Leeds with her son and grandson. Packer reprised her role for the 30th anniversary episode "Too Old for This Shift", which aired in August 2016.
Connie Beauchamp
Constance "Connie" Beauchamp played by Amanda Mealing, originally appeared in Casualty's spin off show, Holby City, in the role of Cardiothoracic Consultant and Clinical Lead of Holby's Darwin Cardiothoracic Ward. Connie later went on to become Director of Surgery and medical director of Holby City Hospital. During this period, she appeared in the first two crossovers between Casualty and Holby City, featuring the casts of both shows, and made a guest appearance in the Casualty episode shown 9 September 2007. She departed from the show in its thirteenth series, resigning from her post. Her return was announced on 23 July 2013 and she arrived in Casualty on 29 March 2014.
Big Mac
Mackenzie "Big Mac" Chalker played by Charles Dale first appeared on 24 November 2007. He was a porter until October 2013, when he applied to become an emergency care assistant. However, he quit this role in November 2014 and applied to be a healthcare assistant instead. He hasn't changed his job role since. Dale's departure was announced on 7 June 2016, after eight and a half years on the show. Big Mac's exit airs on 11 June 2016 when he decides to leave Holby. Dale since revealed he would return for a cameo appearance in the show's thirtieth anniversary specials. Dale reprised the role for a single episode as part of the show's thirty-fifth anniversary in August 2021. He expressed his excitement at reuniting with his co-stars.
Big Mac is a veteran of the Falklands War of 1982, where many of his fellow soldiers were killed while he survived. This has led to him experiencing intense feelings of guilt. The BBC describe him as "overly sensitive" and "just a little bit grouchy". An episode of series 23 devoted to the character sees him assume a vigilante role on the city's Farmead Estate. Dale states that the episode causes Mac to realise: "it's time he stood up for himself and that he can't run from things that happened in the past all his life." Describing Mac's personality, Dale appraised that Mac is "deeply introverted" and struggles to accept that his colleagues actually like him. He explained that although Mac occasionally acts pompously, this approach is "a mask that he puts on to keep people at distance when he gets afraid or embarrassed". He expanded that Mac has: "been scared to go out and he's terrified of life. But because of people in the hospital he's slowly discovering it."
Mac has a budding friendship with Noel Garcia (Tony Marshall) and Louise Tyler (Azuka Oforka). When paramedic Dixie Dixon (Jane Hazlegrove) mentioned to Louise and Mac that they were looking for a new Emergency Care Assistant, Mac showed interest and Louise completed an application on Mac's behalf. Mac was given the job and spent a day training Max Walker (Jamie Davis) to be a porter in the ED. He has also supported paramedic Iain Dean through traumatic events.
In September 2012, Mac became the centre of a big storyline which saw him have a major heart attack. Mac survived the heart attack, and according to Dale, the storyline gave Mac "a new lease of life.". Later in March 2014, Mac was held hostage alongside Iain and attacked in the ambulance bay by one of Iain's army colleagues, Kenny Archer. Mac made a full recovery and returned to work. In October 2014, following the death Jeff Collier (Matt Bardock), Mac asks for a transfer back to the ED, where he becomes a healthcare assistant.
Noel was attacked in January 2016 and whilst the attack took place, Mac hid in a nearby toilet. Noel is left seriously injured, but recovers and is left under the impression that Mac fought the attacker off. Subsequently, Noel does various good gestures for Mac including buying Mac a new motorbike. Mac continues to live with the guilt of his cowardice, whilst the attacker Mercedes Christie (Hannah Spearritt) regularly visits Mac and blackmails him in return for drugs. The investigating officers discover the truth and Mac is publicly taken away for questioning, causing him to be remonstrated by several members of the ED staff. Noel discovers the truth and ends their friendship, moving out of their apartment. The two men bicker needlessly at work until Jack Diamond (Alistair Brammer) and Robyn Miller (Amanda Henderson) lock them in a room together. Mac explains that he panicked and now felt deeply ashamed about his actions. Noel forgives him and agrees to move back in.
Mac realises that Mercedes is a deeply troubled woman and is sympathetic towards her. When Mac loses his pain medication, he grows irritable and steals painkillers from a pharmacy order he is asked to make. Mercedes catches him doing so and steals the drugs for herself. When the pharmacy reports a stock inconsistency, the suspicion of theft is raised and Mac is unable to complete Mercedes' demands, causing him to feel trapped. He tearfully confesses everything to Noel, who promises to support him and scares Mercedes away from Mac, reminding her that she risks the custody of her child (Toby Murray). Mac is recommended to a support group, but he is too ashamed to attend and quickly re-offends, stealing a patient's tramadol tablets. Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson) discovers this and when Mac breaks down and explains everything to Charlie, he offers to hide the drugs. Charlie hides the drugs in his locker, but an investigation into the missing drugs begins. Elle Gardner (Jaye Griffiths) discovers the drugs and reports her findings to clinical nurse manager, Rita Freeman (Chloe Howman), under the impression they belonged to Charlie. Charlie keeps his promise and is suspended, leaving Mac feeling guilty and Elle ostracised from the staff. Noel informs Mac that he knows they were Mac's drugs and orders him to tell the truth, but he avoids doing so.
Mac has a terrible day which sees him treat a girl who he discovers is being abused by her stepfather. The stepfather plays the victim by claiming that the girl is harassing him. When the truth is revealed about the abuse, the stepfather drags the girl out the ED, but Mac steps in and bravely takes a beating in order to protect her. Mac then confesses that he stole drugs and when Rita informs him he will be suspended, Mac decides to resign. He then says goodbye to his colleagues and leaves. Before he leaves, he attends a NA meeting with Charlie, where he relays his story and thanks Charlie for what he did, before leaving Holby.
Sah Brockner
Sah Brockner, played by Arin Smethurst, first appeared on 9 October 2021. Sah is Casualtys first transgender and non-binary character and the character uses they/them pronouns. Producers described Sah as a cool person who does not want to be seen as vulnerable or trying too hard, but noted that they would meet their match in boss Jan Jennings (Di Botcher), who wants to get to truly know Sah. On the character, Deborah Sathe, senior executive producer, said: "We are delighted to welcome Arin to the Casualty family and launch our new paramedic Sah for the Saturday night audience. Sah will get themselves into all sorts of professional adventures whilst masking their own personal sorrow. In a world where our privacy is something to be treasured, will Sah be able to keep theirs?"
On their casting in the series, Smethurst said: "I am honoured to be joining the spectacular Casualty family as a shiny new paramedic. I'm so excited to portray this transgender, non-binary, salty but fiercely compassionate character and hope they are not only well-received, but also a source of awareness for those who have never met someone like me." The role marked Smethurst's first television role, who graduated from college a year prior to their casting. Writing in a piece for the Metro in Pride Month, Smethurst said that being cast as Sah was "incredibly validating" for them. They explained that prior to their casting, Sah had not been given a queer identity and that their casting in the role led to producers moulding the character around Smethurst's real-life identity. Since Sah was not initially wrote as a non-binary character prior to this, Smethurst found it affirming that Casualty producers were not just "ticking a diversity box". On scenes where Sah's identity is not respected in the show, Smethurst explained that it was important for these scenes to be transmitted. They felt that since queer people face discriminatory comments daily, it was important to portray the attitudes that they endure. Smethurst also revealed that an overwhelming amount of people had reached out to say they felt "seen, represented, emboldened, affirmed, comforted by Sah and their journey".
C
Rosa Cadenas
Rosa Cadenas, portrayed by Jacey Sallés, made her first appearance in the thirty-third series, in an episode originally broadcast on 27 July 2019. The character and Sallés' casting details were first announced on 31 May 2019. Rosa is billed as an "outspoken and confident" hospital porter from a Venezuelan background. Sallés described Rosa as "solitary", "fabulous [and] strong", and "a passionate, spirited lady, who's full of energy".
and explained that Rosa is not afraid to speak her mind and gets involved in situations that do not concern her. She is not afraid of the emergency department hierarchy and immediately introduces herself to clinical lead Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing). Sallés explained that Rosa believes that "if there's a job to be done, let's not sit on formalities." The actress confirmed that the character's backstory, including the reason she moved to the UK, would be explored during the series. Sallés was contracted with the drama until October 2019 and enjoyed working on the show, hoping that her contract would be extended.
Series producer Lucy Raffety told Elaine Reilly of What's on TV that Rosa would feature in an "interesting story" with established character David Hide (Jason Durr). It was later confirmed that Rosa is a love interest for David. When Rosa arrives, she irritates her colleagues and patients by giving her opinion when it is not wanted. David becomes easily frustrated by Rosa's behaviour and tries to reprimand her. Sallés explained that David is easily wound up, but Rosa understands when to stop. When she hears David speaking in his "bumbling" manner, Rosa is attracted to him. The actress liked Durr's comic timing in the scenes and found him amusing. Sallés and Durr would often include extra unscripted movements and other things to the scene for comedic purposes or to explore their characters further. The actress appreciated how producers would allow them to do this. Sallés explained that Rosa and David would eventually become close as he is drawn to her honesty, practicality, as well as how she "cuts to the chase [and] grounds him".
On Rosa's introduction, Reilly (What's on TV) believed that the character defied the traditional Casualty introduction of "their first day on the wards is a baptism of fire". Sue Haasler, writing for the Metro, liked Rosa and predicted that she would be "a wonderful character" that she would enjoy learning more about. Describing the character, she commented, "Rosa is feisty, strong and opinionated, but she has a really warm heart and sees through the masks that people put on."
Faith Cadogan
Faith Cadogan, portrayed by Kirsty Mitchell, made her first appearance in the thirty-fourth series, in an episode originally broadcast on 28 December 2019. The character was first previewed in a show trailer, released on 5 December 2019, and Mitchell confirmed her casting on Twitter, where she expressed her excitement at joining the cast. Faith is described as an "efficient" advanced clinical practitioner (ACP) who impresses clinical lead Dylan Keogh (William Beck). The character is later revealed to be the wife of established character Lev Malinovsky (Uriel Emil). Reviewing Faith's first episode, Sue Haasler of the Metro described the character as "brilliant – skilled, calm and knowledgeable and exactly what was needed on such a terrible day." Haasler later branded Faith "super-competent" and was surprised by the Faith and Lev pairing.
Alice Chantrey
Alice Chantrey, played by Sam Grey, made her first appearance on 1 April 2006. Alice joined the series as a receptionist and she later trained as a healthcare assistant. Grey chose to leave the series in 2010 and departed on 1 May 2010. It was announced on 16 August 2016 that Alice would guest appear in the show on 27 August 2016 for the show's thirtieth anniversary celebrations.
It was announced on 3 February 2006 that Grey had been cast in the role. She said of her casting: "I'm really excited to be working with such skilled and talented actors on Casualty. It's a great opportunity to learn more. At the moment my real nerves are helping me to play the part of Alice as she's an anxious character." Alice is described by the BBC as "cripplingly shy" and easily intimidated.
Alice is befriended by Sam Bateman, and develops a crush on senior house officer Guppy Sandhu. Alice goes as far as to pretend one of the porters is her boyfriend in an effort to draw his attention, however all this achieves is helping Sam realise he has feelings for her himself. When the department is threatened with closure, consultant Harry Harper opposes the move, and Clinical Manager Nathan Spencer persuades Alice to claim that he has sexually harassed her, in order to sabotage Harry's campaign. Realising she has been tricked, Alice drops her claim and expresses a wish to leave for the South American rain forest, but Sam persuades her to stay. Later in the series, Sam himself leaves to travel in Thailand. Alice kisses him before his departure, confessing her love for him.
Alice began a relationship with paramedic Curtis Cooper, which Grey described as "a bit of a slow burn", commenting: "They've been tiptoeing around each other for a while because they both have their own issues - Alice is a nervous character and very shy, while Curtis has a past, which he tries to keep back. Although they find it difficult to communicate they get on well and hit it off in the quirkiest way possible." She assessed that Alice was initially nervous of the relationship as: "She's very naive, quite like a little girl in many ways. She's never had a proper relationship and is still a virgin. Curtis knows all this about her and is very careful with her as a result." When Curtis is targeted by a local gang leader, Tony, he breaks up with Alice to protect her, as Tony threatens to kill her. When they later reunite, Alice is assaulted by Tony's girlfriend and admitted to the ED as a patient. She and Curtis become engaged, however on their wedding day, Alice is taken hostage at gunpoint on the hospital roof. Curtis tackles her assailant over the edge, and dies saving Alice. The Daily Mirror Jim Shelley criticized Alice's relationship with Curtis, deeming it "about as convincing as Stacey Slater's with Bradley, or Corrie Maria and Tyrone", lacking in plausibility as: "Alice had gone from being so virginal and meek she was practically mute to marrying a youth the police claimed used to be 'a serious player'."
Alice began to take a 'back-seat' role following the conclusion to her relationship with Curtis, appearing in few scenes per episode with minimal lines. Following the death of Adam Trueman's (Tristan Gemmill) son, he went on a downward spiral and had a one-night stand with Alice. He rejected her the following morning, devastating her. Alice remained concerned about Adam and having been hurt by Adam too many times, she gets a new job and decides to leave Holby City Hospital. Adam's ex-wife Jessica Harrison (Gillian Kearney) meets Alice before her departure, where Adam discovers them.
Lily Chao
Lily Chao, played by Crystal Yu, is a registrar who first appeared on 3 August 2013. Lily had been through several years training from her arrival until August 2015. The BBC have described Lily as an intelligent, logical, high-achiever who comes from a hard-working family that like to boast about their doctor daughter, but have never really told her they are proud of her. In 2014, series producer Erika Hossington spoke to Digital Spy about a series of standalone episodes the show would produce, revealing that the first standalone would feature Lily, "The first one is a murder mystery and the character it features is Lily. That's been written by Jeff Povey. It's a great episode and it's all set at night. The hospital is empty, so it feels like a very ghostly place and that really feeds into the story that we're telling. It's brilliant and it feels very different."
Lofty Chiltern
Ben "Lofty" Chiltern, played by Lee Mead, made his first appearance in the series twenty-eight episode "The Last Chance Saloon", broadcast on 1 March 2014. The character was introduced to fill the "youngish male nurse" gap left by Jamie Collier following actor Daniel Anthony's decision to leave. Mead had previously appeared on the show in its twenty-sixth series as a patient and found it an honour to be invited back. Lofty was originally a staff nurse but was promoted to senior staff nurse in 2016. The character was specifically written for Mead, which helped the writing team when writing for the character. Mead opted to take a sabbatical from the show in 2015. On-screen, while the character was left running the ED, agency nurse Diane Stuart (Catherine Skinner) died and consequently, Lofty left Holby. The character departed in the series thirty episode "High Tide", broadcast on 12 March 2016. It was announced in February 2017 that the character would be reintroduced to Casualty sister show, Holby City, working as a staff nurse on the fictional Keller ward.
Kirsty Clements
Kirsty Clements, portrayed by Lucy Gaskell, is a staff nurse who first appeared in the twenty-fourth series episode "Russian Endings", broadcast on 15 May 2010. Kirsty is billed as a brilliant nurse who provides "a breath of fresh air" and "a bucket full of attitude" to the ED. Her personalities helps her build friendships with her colleagues, notably Adam Trueman (Tristan Gemmill) who she shares a close bond with. Producers used the character to highlight the issue of domestic violence and introduced Kirsty's husband, Warren Clements (Stephen Lord), and daughter, Nita Clements (Holly Earl), for the storyline. Gaskell quit the role after a year of filming, with Kirsty's departure concluding her domestic abuse storyline. Producers decided to create a positive exit for the character and on-screen, Kirsty decides to leave Holby with Nita after she is motivated to create happier memories for herself. The character made her final appearance in the series 25 episode "When You're Smiling", broadcast on 30 July 2011.
Maggie Coldwell
Maggie started off her career in medicine as a nurse, before retraining to become a doctor. She is highly competent, although has been held back from progressing further up the career ladder as a result of a tendency to be too outspoken with hospital management, most notably clashing frequently with Nathan Spencer. She successfully applied for the role of consultant, before Nathan claimed there was no funding to pay her post.
It was revealed that when her husband, Steve, had been sentenced to jail, she had told her children that he had died. When they discovered the truth and he was subsequently released, she allowed them to travel abroad with him to Malaysia. Paramedic Josh Griffiths was her lodger before his departure, however she has a long running romantic interest in Josh's best friend Charlie Fairhead.
Maggie's daughter Joanne returned in January 2008, and Maggie was shocked to see that she was heavily pregnant. Maggie became a grandparent in February 2008, when Joanne gave birth to a baby girl called Lana. She now shares her house with Joanne, Lana, Toby and Ruth.
At the end of the 2008 series Maggie decided to leave Holby after the shock and stress of the coroners court, where she was framed by Marilyn. Maggie returned on 28 March 2009, in series 23 episode 31, for Kelsey Phillips' leaving party. She returned again for one episode in March 2015.
Jamie Collier
Jamie Collier, played by Daniel Anthony, made his debut appearance in the seventeenth episode of the twenty-seventh series, broadcast on 5 January 2013. Jamie was introduced as the nephew of Jeff Collier (Matt Bardock) and was created as one of four student nurses introduced to the show. A social media account was created for each character by the show and the four characters also featured in an online 'webisode' where they interviewed "each other about their final training placement and their fears of working in a busy Emergency Department" on their mobile phones. Anthony, Henderson, Devereux and Newman visited a real emergency department to prepare for the role where they were offered to observe "the majors or minors department". The BBC described Jamie as "sweet, charming, caring, warm and loyal". Jamie departed in the twenty-fourth episode of the twenty-eighth series, broadcast on 8 February 2014. The news had been announced by the show's executive producer Oliver Kent on 4 January 2014. Davood Ghadami, who guest starred as "gay Iranian asylum seeker" Ramin in 2013, was asked to reprise his role for Jamie's exit storyline. Kent commented that there was "a rather nice chemistry" between Jamie and Ramin and so the series chose to reintroduce the character for a "rather nice story." Anthony reprised his role in October 2014 for Bardock's exit from the series and returned in episode six of the twenty-ninth series, which broadcast on 11 October 2014.
Jeff Collier
Jeff Collier played by Matt Bardock, is a paramedic who first appeared on 10 February 2007. It was announced on 30 June 2014, that Jeff would be leaving later in the year after seven years on the show. Jeff left after being killed in an accident, where he saves the life of Martin Ashford (Patrick Robinson), on 4 October 2014. This led to the exit of Tamzin Bayle (Gemma Atkinson), the permanent return of Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson) and the guest appearance of Jamie Collier (Daniel Anthony).
Jeff becomes good friends with Dixie upon his arrival, and when she is told budgetary constraints mean one of her team must be transferred, Jeff volunteers to go. He returns several months later, following the departure of Cyd Pyke. He discovers that fellow paramedic Snezana Lalovic (Ivana Bašić) is stealing hospital equipment to help illegal Serbian immigrants, and reluctantly agrees to keep it a secret when she swears not to do it again.
In November 2009, Jeff was struck on the back of the head by Alistair MacCormack (Joe McFadden), who believed that Polly Emmerson (Sophia Di Martino), who he delusively regarded as his "girlfriend", was seeing Jeff. Alistair also thought that Jeff had got a restraining order against him, but it was really Polly, who had reported Alistair to the police. Jeff was admitted to the ED.
During a call to a college shooting, Jeff witnesses the death of a student that leaves him with post-traumatic stress and threatened his job. He was told that would either need to return at work during the week or have to leave his job. He got some help and returned to work.
Jeff's wife, Lucy, leaves him after finding love with another man. He sees his children very infrequently. In between part 1 and part 2 of the Holby Riots, Dixie & Jeff were in a red button special, "The Kids Aren't Alright", which sees Dixie encourage Jeff to speak to his children again. In need of a lodger, Jeff searches for someone to move in and when Dixie's house is burnt down, she moves in with Jeff. Dixie asks Jeff to marry her, to make her father proud. Her father is unaware that she is a lesbian but catches her kissing another woman and has a heart attack.
In series 27, his nephew, Jamie Collier (Daniel Anthony), joins the E.D as a student nurse and Jeff's father, Billy, dies shortly after Jamie's arrival. Jeff is a support to Dixie when her partner, Carol, dies of a brain injury. He becomes concerned for Jamie when he decides to leave Holby for Australia with new lover, Ramin but eventually decides to let him go.
In series 28, Jeff is left stunned when past and former paramedic Tamzin Bayle (Gemma Atkinson) returns. Jeff later volunteers at an activity obstacle course. He meets event organiser, Samantha Keelman (Michelle Collins), helping her when she is admitted after slipping from a rope on a different obstacles. They agree to go out on a date, Samantha is revealed to be married and stabs her husband accidentally when he finds her and Jeff in bed. She attempts to blame Jeff but her lies are discovered and she is arrested by the police. Tamzin later reveals that she had called off her wedding.
When his colleagues, Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing), Tess Bateman (Suzanne Packer), Martin Ashford (Patrick Robinson), Ethan Hardy (George Rainsford) and Lily Chao (Crystal Yu) are involved in a car crash, Jeff and Dixie arrive to help, successfully saving their colleagues. Meanwhile, Jeff tells his wife Dixie that he wants a divorce. In order to save Ash from bleeding out, he forcibly pulls out a piece of metal from his leg, allowing Dixie and the firemen to pull him out and carry him to the ambulance. Before Jeff can exit the vehicle, it explodes, killing him instantly as a horrified Ash and Dixie watch on.
Inside Soap described Jeff and Dixie as the 'dynamic duo'. In an interview with Inside Soap, producer Nikki Harris teased what was next for the two saying, "Dixie and Jeff were central to our opening episodes in Cardiff, as they really came under pressure with the car crash and the explosion that happened on the estate. And as we look at how the police interact with ED later on, the paramedics are going to be on the front line in terms of that, because they're sort of in between each side. So Jeff and Dixie are set to have key roles in those storylines when they play out on screen."
On 28 March 2014, it was announced Michelle Collins would join the cast as Samantha Keeler, the love interest of Jeff. It was revealed that as the romance with Jeff blossoms, a secret held by Samantha threatens to turn both of their worlds upside down. Casualty's executive producer Oliver Kent said: "We can't wait for everyone to meet Samantha and see where her story goes over the two months she's on screen. Michelle has been absolutely brilliant and her arrival is set to have a huge impact on one of the show's most loved characters."
On 30 June 2014, it was announced that Bardock would be leaving his role as Jeff after seven years in the role and that Jeff would depart on-screen in late 2014, after the conclusion of his new love interest storyline with Samantha Keeler. Executive producer, Oliver Kent spoke about Bardock's departure; "Matt Bardock has given us one of Casualty's all-time favourite characters and we are sad to see him go. Jeff Collier has been an iconic action hero for seven years and we have been so lucky to have had him on our team for so long. We wish him all the very best for the future." Bardock spoke about his exit from the programme on Twitter after receiving several messages from fans. He tweeted that he was overwhelmed with all the lovely comments and then thanked his fans for the 'love and support' for Jeff. He said it was a real 'gas' for seven years.
Leon Cook
Leon Cook, portrayed by Bobby Lockwood, made his first appearance in the thirty-fifth series. The character and Lockwood's casting details were announced on 16 December 2020. Leon is billed as a "handsome, charming, loveable" but irritating paramedic. Leon often struggles to "read the room", but cares deeply about other people's opinion of him. His constant enthusiasm can often cause him to annoy his friends and colleagues. Loretta Preece, the show's series producer, described the character as "himbo", comedic and "a natural with the public". She said that the character would be developed through his "demanding and emotional" experiences in his job. She told Sophie Dainty of Digital Spy that he is not "the sharpest tool in the paramedic kit bag" and would test his boss Jan Jenning (Di Botcher). Lockwood expressed his delight at joining the show and representing paramedics during a pandemic. Preece also expressed her excitement at the actor's casting, praising his comic timing and the positive impact he has had on the cast and crew. She believed that the audience would respond positively to the character.
Curtis Cooper
Curtis Cooper, played by Abdul Salis, made his debut appearance in the twenty-seventh episode of the twenty-second series, broadcast on 1 March 2008. Curtis was introduced as the show's "handsome new technician" who was billed as a "baby-faced", "charming churchgoer" who is "a sweet man at first", with a "charming exterior" that covers "a time-bomb ticking away". He was teased to have a "secret past" that "comes back to haunt him". Curtis formed a relationship with Alice Chantrey (Sam Grey), which hit turmoil when Curtis' past was explored. Grey described Curtis as "a reformed bad boy" with "a past". Curtis departed at the end of the twenty-third series, broadcast on 1 August 2009. Curtis was killed off and died as a result of his injuries after falling from the hospital roof. The Daily Mirror Jim Shelley criticized Alice's relationship with Curtis, deeming it "about as convincing as Stacey Slater's with Bradley, or Corrie Maria and Tyrone", lacking in plausibility as: "Alice had gone from being so virginal and meek she was practically mute to marrying a youth the police claimed used to be 'a serious player'."
Scarlett Conway
Scarlett Conway, played by Madeleine Mantock, made her debut appearance in the series twenty-six episode "Starting Out", broadcast on 20 August 2011. The character and Mantock's casting was announced on 6 July 2011, alongside that of Lloyd Asike (Michael Obiora). Scarlett was billed as a "terrified ingénue", "tentative" and recently qualified staff nurse. Scarlett arrives for her first shift in the ED, but is "horror struck" after witnessing a patient go into cardiac arrest. She later manages to prove herself when an anxious teenager is admitted to the ED. Series producer Oliver Kent expressed his delight at Mantock joining the cast, calling her "an exciting new talent who is already proving herself alongside the more experienced heavy-hitters in the Casualty cast." He also described Mantock as "incredible". Casualty is Mantock's first role after graduating from drama school. Mantock left the series in 2012, having appeared on the show for eleven months. Scarlett departed at the conclusion of the twenty-sixth series, broadcast on 22 July 2012.
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Gemma Dean
Gemma "Gem" Dean, played by Rebecca Ryan, made her first appearance in "Little Sister", an episode in series 31. The sister of Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson), she is introduced when she recognises Iain while he is working as a paramedic. She goes to prison following a car accident, but is later released. Iain gets her a job as a barista in the hospital. At first, she refuses to fill in the application form for the job, and short-changes customers; it is then revealed that she cannot read or write. Gemma later secures a job as a porter. She is in a relationship with F1 junior doctor Rash Masum (Neet Mohan). but ends the relationship after she moves abroad.
Toby De Silva
Toby De Silva, portrayed by Matthew Needham, made his first appearance on 8 September 2007. Toby is a doctor who has just graduated from medical school. As an only child whose parents are in the medical profession, Toby was pushed into medicine.
On his first day on the show, we saw his lack of confidence which earned him the nickname Dracula. After making lots of mistakes and messing up an injection on a patient in front of his mother, Professor Camille Windsor, he decided to resign. Adam Trueman decided to give Toby another chance to prove himself by giving him a tricky procedure to do. After completing the procedure successfully, he decided to stay.
Since then Toby became more and more confident at his job and at Christmas 2007, he kissed Maggie under the mistletoe for a pound. She offered him her spare room, which he accepted, becoming her lodger. On 2 February 2008, Toby and Abs Denham found Ruth had hanged herself in her room. Toby found it hard to cope being the only F2 around and only just managed to complete a complicated procedure to save a girl's life.
After Ruth's attempted suicide, Toby got drunk at a pub with Maggie's pregnant daughter, Joanne. When she went into labour, he was forced to deliver the baby himself. The birth was successful and Toby and Joanne have since become lovers. Toby took a job in Orthopaedics with Sean Anderson as his boss. He was furious to discover Maggie had expressed serious doubts about his ability to do the job.
In November 2008, Toby discovered Ruth had spent the night with new Clinical Lead Nick Jordan and told her that Jordan was using her for a night of sex, not the whirlwind romance she believed was happening. She refused to believe him, saying that he was only saying that as he'd always fancied her. Later on, Toby went for a drink with new medical counsellor, Ben Harding, to discuss his feelings about Ruth but she found him in bed with Ben later that night which was the start of many problems to come.
Toby withdrew his statement and after arguing with Ben, embarrassed himself at the Christmas party with drink in hand. He threw away his NHS id badge but then realised he needed it to get his belongings back. He saw it and jumped into a boat, trying to retrieve it, but his foot went through the wood. He nearly drowned but luckily Toby was rescued and taken to casualty. He told his father that he was gay and told Mr Jordan that he wanted to quit immediately rather than serve his notice. This plan was derailed, following a rush of patients following a train crash, Mr Jordan said he could quit at the end of the shift. Only Toby was able to deal with a young girl who was refusing treatment. Saying goodbye to Ruth, he tricked her telling there was a spider on her head which made her close her eyes. He took the opportunity to kiss her on the cheek before leaving. As he walked through the ED he received hugs and smiles from his co-workers. Outside, due to Toby's father, Ben met him and they walked out of the ED carpark with promises of coffee.
Toby made a brief reappearance at the end of episode 3 of series 24 when he is seen to openly kiss the medical counsellor, Ben Harding and then they both head into the pub to join the rest of the team from the just-finished shift. He is welcomed with open arms by his ex-colleagues and offers some friendly advice to the new F2 doctors.
Iain Dean
Iain Dean, played by Michael Stevenson, first appears in the red-button special "Under Fire", credited as Corporal Dean. The character is introduced as a former Army colleague of Sam Nicholls (Charlotte Salt) whom she had an affair with in Afghanistan. Iain then appears in an episode of Casualty during the twenty-sixth series. Producers reintroduced the character in series 28 as a student paramedic working with Dixie Dixon (Jane Hazlegrove) and Jeff Collier (Matt Bardock). He was involved in a love triangle with Sam and her partner, Tom Kent (Oliver Coleman). Following her departure, Iain's backstory is explored and it is revealed that he has post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stevenson was pleased with the story. He becomes involved in a hostage situation involving a distressed Army colleague and his paramedic colleague, Big Mac (Charles Dale). This leads to the character's departure from the series. Series producer Erika Hossington announced in August 2014 that Iain would be reintroduced as a regular character, following Bardock's exit. She wanted to explore Iain and Dixie's partnership following the death of Jeff. He returns in early series 29 for Jeff's funeral, before accepting a paramedic position.
Stevenson appears as Iain in a crossover two-part episode with Casualty spin-off series, Holby City, originally broadcast in March 2019. It was announced in May 2019 that Stevenson had concluded filming with the show and would leave the series for a break. The actor later revealed that it was not a break and a return had not been planned. Stevenson considered his decision for a while and wanted his character to leave at an appropriate point in his mental health story. He expressed his sadness and pride at leaving, but spoke of his pleasure at portraying Iain. He dubbed his experience at Casualty "unforgettable" and noted how he was proud of his character's mental health storyline. Simon Harper, the show's executive producer, praised Stevenson for his work on the show, particularly in the thirty-third series. He also stated that the character would be able to return. The character departs in early series 34 after joining the Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) team. For the story, producers asked Hazlegrove to reprise her role as Dixie. Stevenson was thrilled with the decision and enjoyed spending his final episodes with the actress.
The character's return to the series was announced on 17 December 2020, via a promotional Christmas video. Stevenson expressed his excitement at returning and stated how he missed the show. He looked forward to exploring new stories for Iain. Iain returns in the fourteenth episode of Casualty thirty-fifth series, originally broadcast on 10 April 2021.
Abs Denham
John "Abs" Denham, portrayed by James Redmond, made his first appearance on 4 October 2003. Redmond chose to leave the role in 2008, with Abs departing the show on 18 October 2008, after five years on-screen. It was announced on 16 August 2016 that Abs would guest appear in the show on 27 August 2016 for the show's thirtieth anniversary celebrations.
Abs' first day at work was particularly memorable. He discovered that an escaped psychiatric patient had stolen his identity and was posing as him within the Emergency Department. Although the impostor successfully fooled Clinical Nurse Manager Tess Bateman (Suzanne Packer), the matter was eventually sorted out and the genuine Abs was able to start doing his job.
Abs entered into a short lived marriage with Ellen Zitek (Georgina Bouzova), the half-sister of his love interest Nina Farr (Rebekah Gibbs). Ellen lied to him over the course of many months about the danger she faced in her home country, and Abs agreed to get married simply to help her get a visa. It eventually became clear however, that Ellen's motives had not been genuine, and she was acting simply out of malice toward Nina. She left for a short period, during which Abs reunited with Nina - however, they were soon harassed by a loan shark to whom Ellen owed £15,000. Abs struggled to keep up with the payments, and not only got beaten up but had items repossessed. However, after being beaten up himself, the loan shark was fatally injured and Abs was free of Ellen's debt. Immigration officials also informed him that they would not be investigating his marriage to Ellen any longer, leaving him free to enjoy his time with Nina.
Once Ellen returned, Abs demanded a divorce. However, she soon revealed she had cancer, and although both Abs and Nina supported her throughout, several months later she was killed in an unrelated incident, run down by a motorbike, leaving Abs a widower. His relationship with Nina disintegrated during this period, with him first reacting poorly to the revelation she had once had relationships with women and identified as bisexual. He then became jealous of her relationship with Greg Fallon (Kip Gamblin), and eventually Nina decided to leave Holby.
In a special Comic Relief episode written by Richard Curtis, Abs was participating in a sleep-a-thon and was taken hostage by Megan Roach's (Brenda Fricker) grandson who crashed his camper van. Abs was unhurt but for a minor cut on his head. He was shot on New Year's Eve 2007 while out at a night club with Kelsey Phillips (Janine Mellor) but he escaped with just a minor injury to his arm. In protest of Charlie Fairhead's (Derek Thompson) redundancy, he called an unofficial work-to-rule, but after a patient died as a result, he realised he'd taken things too far and called it off. In March 2008, Abs attended his brother's funeral. At the funeral, he was reunited with his old friend Stacey. However, when his friend's drunken behaviour ended in a violent punch-up, Abs was forced to talk to Stacey about the dangers of alcoholism. Later, he revealed to his mother that he wanted to open up a clinic to treat alcoholism.
Jack Diamond
Jack Diamond, played by Alistair Brammer, made his first appearance during the thirtieth series. Jack was a receptionist, who formed a friendship with receptionist Noel Garcia (Tony Marshall). The character was first previewed in the 2015 autumn trailer, which was released on 18 September 2015, where a receptionist character called Jack was revealed. Brammer's casting was announced by executive producer Oliver Kent in an interview with Radio Times, where he billed Jack as "flamboyant and outrageous and waspish". Brammer confirmed on Twitter that he was only contracted on the show for six months and he left after appearing in fifteen episodes.
Dixie Dixon
Kathleen "Dixie" Dixon played by Jane Hazlegrove, is an Operational Duty Officer and Paramedic who first appeared on 30 September 2006. Dixie temporarily left the show on 3 May 2014, when she was given three-month suspension for taking a patient out of hospital without permission. She returned on 30 August 2014, at the beginning of series 29. On 5 May 2015, Dixie made a guest appearance in Holby City on the AAU ward, where she reunites with Adrian "Fletch" Fletcher (Alex Walkinshaw) and helps him with his ongoing issues. It was announced in January 2016 that Hazlegrove had left her role of Dixie after almost 10 years with her final scenes airing on 30 January 2016.
She first appeared as a paramedic having transferred from another hospital alongside close friend, Cyd Pyke. When senior paramedic Josh Griffiths takes a six-month sabbatical to travel the world, Dixie becomes Operational Duty Officer. She forges a friendship with new recruit, Jeff Collier, to whom she admits she is a lesbian. Believing Cyd's life is in danger, following a venomous snake bite, Dixie confesses her love for her friend. When Cyd recovers, their friendship is strained by this and she transfers to another hospital. In series 23, Dixie accidentally runs a girl over whilst driving the ambulance. Dixie requires counselling after the accident. The victim's family burn her house down in revenge, and she moves in with Jeff. Dixie asks Jeff to marry her, to make her father proud as he is unaware she is a lesbian. Her father, who is on his deathbed, catches Dixie kissing another woman and has a heart attack.
In between part 1 and part 2 of the final two episodes of Series 26, Dixie and Jeff were in a red button special, "The Kids Aren't Alright", which saw Dixie encourage Jeff to speak to his children again. In 2013, following the prison riots, Dixie becomes romantically involved with Carol Walcott, the prison officer. They begin a relationship but Dixie later finishes it. Weeks later, they reunite but Dixie doesn't want to tell Jeff. Dixie drops Carol off at a meeting and promises her that she will tell Jeff. While Carol is at the meeting, she falls and hurts her arm and head. She does not tell anyone she has hurt her head though. She gets treated and Zoe Hanna and Tess Bateman pick up on their romance. While being taken up to x-ray, Carol collapses, begins to slur words and vomit. She is revealed to have had a serious brain injury. Dixie tells Jeff about Carol and he tells her that he will always be there for her. Dixie then comes into the ED to find Carol and Zoe informs Dixie that Carol died on the way up to theatre. Dixie is full of grief and in shock. She locks herself in her office but confides in Rita Freeman (Chloe Howman) and later Jeff.
In April 2014, a patient is admitted to the ED after becoming involved in a motorbike crash. Dixie bonds with the patient, who is later revealed to be called Leo Wren, and helps him when he discovers that he could have his leg amputated. He later begins to recover slowly. Upon discovering his mother is dying, Dixie sets out on a mission to reunite them before her death, despite knowing the consequences for this. Max Walker helps Leo escape the hospital to the camper van Dixie has borrowed from a patient. Lofty Chiltern goes with Dixie & Leo to collect his mum, Scarlet (Amanda Ryan) from the place she is staying. Her carer initially insists she would like to stay in her room and she confirms this when she appears. Despite what she originally decided, Scarlet later decides to go to the beach with Leo, Dixie & Lofty. Her carer also comes with them and is constantly worrying about her but Dixie tells him to relax and enjoy the beach. Scarlet goes waterskiing and then enjoys herself on the beach with Leo. They share memories and he is left devastated when they have to return to the hospital. On their journey back to the hospital, Leo starts to suffer pain and upon their arrival in the hospital, he is straight away sent to resus. Meanwhile, Lofty is told off by Charlie Fairhead and Tess but is let off because he swapped his shifts with Robyn Miller. Dixie, however, is told by Zoe that she will be sanctioned for her actions. The following week, Dixie is seen discussing her upcoming meeting which decides her future as a paramedic with Jeff, Max, Louise Tyler, Noel Garcia & Big Mac. Big Mac later suggests they role play the meeting to which Jeff thinks is stupid but Dixie likes the idea and they go through with it. While on her way to the meeting, she spots someone in need of help after they fell onto a metal spike. She leaves for her meeting as soon as Jeff and Big Mac arrive and is very late. The ambulance trust suspend Dixie for three months and everyone says goodbye to her in the pub later on.
Dixie returned on 30 August 2014 in the middle of Jeff's struggles with his girlfriend, Samantha Keelman (Michelle Collins) after her husband discovered that they were seeing each other. Following Samantha's arrest and departure, Jeff asks Dixie for a divorce, which he intends to do after they return to the ED following a car crash involving Connie, Ash, Tess, Ethan and Lily. After saving Ash's life, the car explodes immediately killing Jeff as a horrified Dixie watches on helplessly. She returns to the ED alone and tells everyone of Jeff's fate. Tamzin begs Dixie to go and get Jeff but failed, before breaking down in her arms. Dixie and Iain's working relationship encounters some problems; the two fall out after Iain repeatedly puts himself in harms way to save patients, which following Jeff's accident, Dixie finds unacceptable. Meanwhile, she continues in her efforts to adopt a baby. Unfortunately, the adoption committee adjudged that she was still mourning Jeff and thus had emotional difficulties, and her application was refused.
Dixie's latest storyline began airing October 2015, which saw her meet paramedic Jess Cranham (Kerry Bennett) whilst taking part in a HART training course. However, a new dimension was added to the storyline when Jess was later found down the bottom off a deep hole in the middle of woodlands. Her partner, Nikki Chisom (Anna Acton) is present along with Jess's daughter, Olivia (Grace Doherty), at the time of the incident, causing Dixie to become concerned for the welfare and safety of Jess and Olivia. Dixie is later reported by Jess after interfering in their relationship. Hossington revealed that Dixie would play a major role in a domestic abuse storyline, which will climax on 9 January 2016 where events take a dark and potentially deadly turn.
Inside Soap described Dixie and Jeff as the 'dynamic duo'. In an interview with Inside Soap, producer Nikki Harris teased what was next for the two saying, "Dixie and Jeff were central to our opening episodes in Cardiff, as they really came under pressure with the car crash and the explosion that happened on the estate. And as we look at how the police interact with ED later on, the paramedics are going to be on the front line in terms of that, because they're sort of in between each side. So Jeff and Dixie are set to have key roles in those storylines when they play out on screen." In 2014, series producer Erika Hossington spoke to Digital Spy about the future plans for Dixie, saying that she and Jeff would be at the focus before his departure, "The other main characters we'll be focusing on over the next few months are Jeff and Dixie. I know the fans are really keen to know whether Dixie returns from her suspension before Jeff leaves, and I can confirm that she does - it would have been a huge letdown to the audience if she hadn't!" Hossington continued to say that following Jeff's departure that Dixie would establish a partnership with Iain, "It's going to be fun establishing Iain's partnership with Dixie, and especially seeing how Dixie copes with the change after she and Jeff were such a strong team."
Lisa "Duffy" Duffin
Lisa "Duffy" Duffin, played by Cathy Shipton, is one of the show's original characters and is a senior ward sister and senior midwife. Shipton revealed in 2016 that upon receiving the job, she was "flying about, doing the job, learning and lines and trying not to bump into the furniture". Shipton revealed that "in the early days" of appearing on the show, many young children would recognise her in the supermarket because of her portrayal of Duffy. She also stated that a nurse working on the show told her that she became a nurse because of her portrayal of the character. Shipton remained on the show until December 1993, but returned for a guest appearance in February 1998. She reprised her role permanently in September 1998, but left the role for the second time in April 2003. Shipton made various guest appearances from September 2006.
On 24 August 2015, it was announced that Shipton had reprised her role of Duffy, nine years following her previous appearance. Duffy returned as part of a two-part storyline written and directed by Casualty co-creator Paul Unwin in September 2015. Shipton said she was "proud to be playing Duffy again" because Duffy "seems to have a real and lasting connection with the public." The show celebrated its thousandth episode in June 2016, which saw Shipton return for a further guest appearance. Duffy's appearance saw her reveal that she had left her husband and was working in Holby as an agency nurse. It was announced on 7 June 2016 that following a "positive" response to her 2015 guest appearance, Shipton would be returning as a regular cast member in August 2016. Shipton said that being asked back to the show was "a no-brainer" and it is "very exciting" to be part of the show's team. Duffy's storylines included being raped, her relationship and later marriage to Andrew Bower (William Gaminara; Philip Bretherton), an affair with Max Gallagher (Robert Gwilym) and her long-standing enduring friendship with Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson), to whom she is married.
In August 2017, Shipton was longlisted for Best Drama Star at the Inside Soap Awards, while Charlie and Duffy's wedding was shortlisted for Best Drama Storyline. Duffy and Charlie's partnership was nominated for Best Soap Couple at the 2018 Digital Spy Reader Awards; they came in tenth place with 3.8% of the total votes.
Madiha Durrani
Madiha "Mads" Durrani played by Hasina Haque, joined the cast of Casualty as a new nurse from Pakistan. She works in Resus and in CDU, has a very good friendship with Dr Yuki Reid. She made a New Year's resolution to make friends with all the staff; this soon ended in an uproar between Dr Winters and Staff Nurse Durrani. She was persuaded by Zoe to join the gang at the pub even though she is Muslim. 'Mads' has recently had feelings for Lenny and asked him on a date although she did not turn up. Lenny was disappointed but still continued flirting with her in the ED. As they are just about to kiss they get interrupted and later Mads leaves for her brother's wedding in Pakistan and Lenny is too late to wave her off. It is later revealed that she becomes engaged during the wedding.
In the episode on 21 May 2011, it is possible that she is kidnapped by a taxi driver after Lenny rejects 'Mads' outside a bar. When she was kidnapped, it was revealed a taxi driver either raped or attempted to rape her but later came to the hospital with wounds around his face. 'Mads' caused the wounds herself while trying to fight him off and that day, swore she would be loyal to her religion and wear the hijab (scarf) on her head. On the day, she wore her hijab for the first time, she met a woman that had brought in a patient. They soon became friends.
In one episode, her new friend had brought her daughter in as she was feeling sick. She treated her and saw her friend's husband, the taxi driver that tried to rape her. Lenny thinks that Ash should tell the police because he thinks that he was attacked and so Ash does. But when the police officer asks him what the attacker looked like, he said that it was a man. Mads then later tells Lenny about the attacker and how she got into that taxi outside the pub when Ash attacked her. Shocked, Lenny tries to console Mads when 2–3 days later an explosion at Holby Airport brings Mads and Ash face to face again. Ash was arrested for trying to flee the country on his brother's passport and assaulting Mads. Mads said that she was free and then takes her hijab (head scarf) off and says that just because she doesn't wear it doesn't mean she is not a Muslim and Lenny agrees. He then confesses his love for Mads, but she does not say anything. In series 26, she left to get married in Pakistan.
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Polly Emmerson
Pauline "Polly" Emmerson, portrayed by actress Sophia Di Martino from 2009 to 2011, is an ambulance technician. She's described by the BBC as: "a superhero; she wants to save the world. The only problem is Polly is young, idealistic and needs to learn that the world is a complicated place and not everyone wants to be healed." Di Martino had previously appeared in supporting roles in both Casualty and spin-off Holby City. She auditioned three times for the part, and had to cease studying for her Master's degree in Applied Theatre when cast. She commented on her casting: "I feel very lucky to be joining such a long-running and well-established drama. I'm looking forward to Polly bursting onto screens, and hope viewers find her as much fun as I do." Series producer Oliver Kent added: "Sophia is a brilliant actress and we're very excited that she's joining us. We can't wait for the audience to see her - they're going to love her." Di Martino describes Polly as "very optimistic. She sees the best in everyone. She's fun, opinionated, brave and sometimes gets a little bit too close to her patients." After the suicide of homeless man Alistair MacCormack, who was infatuated with Polly, Polly was suspended while a full inquiry into his death was undertaken, after evidence given against her by Alistair's best friend, Abe, who believed that Polly should lose something that she really loved - her job - as revenge.
Polly, despite Abe's threat, keeps her job. It's revealed that she is in love with Jay and has a short fling with him. He quickly ends it, as he wishes to only be friends and because he still has feelings for Ruth. She leaves in series 25 to become a counsellor after admitting that she would rather be helping those with psychological problems rather than physical. On her last day at Holby, she is accidentally stabbed by a former patient, Hannah Fleet, and isn't found until a long time after. Despite Nick Jordan's best efforts to save her, the time of death is announced. It later emerged that Polly spent a lot of time trying to help and mentor Karl, a troubled local teenager.
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Charlie Fairhead
Charlie Fairhead, played by Derek Thompson, is a senior charge nurse and the longest serving cast member of Casualty. He was the first character to appear on 6 September 1986, which was the first episode of the show, before making his first departure from the show in series 18, he later returned for thirty episodes in series 19 before making a permanent return in the following series. Thompson departed the programme in series 22, episode 17 before returning eleven episodes later. He has since remained in the show. Charlie has also appeared in occasional Holby City episodes from its debut in 1999 until 2012. He also appeared in an episode of HolbyBlue in 2007.
Jay Faldren
Jamshid "Jay" Faldren, portrayed by actor Ben Turner, first appeared on 25 October 2008 as a staff nurse. In his time on the show, Jay was involved in a relationship with Ruth Winters (Georgia Taylor) and developing a brain tumour. Turner and Taylor left their roles in October 2011 and on 10 December 2011, following the revelation that Ruth was pregnant and being involved in the blaze that ripped through the ED, they left Holby to begin a new life. Executive producer Oliver Kent revealed that Turner had filmed scenes to appear in the feature-length special celebrating thirty years of Casualty, "Too Old for This Shift", which airs on 27 August 2016.
Jay was described by the BBC as "a young Charlie Fairhead", that, "despite being a "prankster" and a "restless soul", was a brilliant nurse. Potentially, one of the best to ever step through the doors of ED." Jay believes he is "God's gift to women" and has three rules of romance: "never lie, never make a promise you can't keep, and always stay for breakfast." However, Jay then falls for doctor Ruth Winters, and "everything change[s]".
Turner had previously guest-starred in Casualty as a male rape victim, and believes that this role aided his casting as Jay, explaining: "They sort of had me in mind and because the last story I did on Casualty was quite strong in terms of storyline, they really liked it and when I auditioned they were in full praise of that previous episode." He visited a real hospital as research for the role, to gain an understanding of what the job is like for real-life medical staff.
Jay began a relationship with Ruth Winters, after meeting her alone at a bar in "True Lies". Although rejected, the doctor later asks him to be her "plus one" to the surgeons dinners. He accepted and they attended together, which made them become closer, and eventually starting a relationship. In series 24, they continued in their relationship, though kept it secret until episode five "Not Forgotten" in which Jay grew annoyed and gave her an ultimatum. She decided to go public with a kiss in front of her colleagues. Their relationship then ended when Ruth took an abortion pill behind his back. They got back together in the Christmas episode "Tidings Of Comfort and Joy" but quickly ended once more when Ruth came clean to Jay and told him that it was really an abortion and not a miscarriage. Episode 42 "Die and Let Live" saw Jay through one of his worst days, as he is told that the drugs trial he was part of for money could have landed him with the "crypto virus". The moment the blood test results put his mind at ease however, Nick Jordan delivers the bombshell that Ruth was marrying that very day. He ran through the streets of Holby to plead his undying love to her, but was too late, as she was already married. Single at the start of series 25. Ruth tells Jay that she is leaving the ED, so when Jeff tells Jay in episode three that Polly likes him, he kisses her. They started a relationship in episode eight although Polly claimed that they had already been in a "relationship" for a "couple of months". His nan, Maryam Shakiba, played by Souad Faress, appeared in series 25, episode ten "Hands On" in which she believes Jay is a doctor, so he manages to persuade Ruth to perform a job swap.
Adrian "Fletch" Fletcher
Adrian "Fletch" Fletcher played by Alex Walkinshaw, first appeared on 7 July 2012, in the role of a staff nurse. Fletch later went on to become a senior staff nurse. His storylines have included an affair with Tess Bateman (Suzanne Packer), the subsequent break up of his marriage to Natalie Fletcher (Claire Cage) and financial issues following a gambling spree. On 1 April 2014, it was announced that Walkinshaw had left the show and that he would be reprising the role in the show's spin-off series, Holby City. He departed Casualty on 29 June 2014, after following the conclusion of his affair storyline with Tess and arrived in Holby City in August 2014. On 28 June 2016, it was announced that Walkinshaw would make a guest appearance in Casualty to celebrate its thirtieth anniversary. Fletch appears on 27 August 2016 in the premiere of series 31.
Rita Freeman
Rita Freeman, played by Chloe Howman, first appears in the twenty-eighth series episode "Once There Was a Way Home – Part One", first broadcast on 10 August 2013. The character and Howman's casting details were announced on 6 August 2013. Rita is introduced as a staff nurse. Howman described the character as sympathetic, good with patients, fiery, candid and fun to be around. After three years in the role, Howman departed the show. The character departs in the series 30 episode "The Fear", first broadcast on 16 July 2016.
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Max Gallagher
Max Gallagher is a fictional character from the BBC medical drama Casualty, portrayed by actor Robert Gwilym. He appeared in the show from the first episode of its thirteenth series, broadcast on 5 September 1998, until series sixteen, episode 36, broadcast on 18 May 2002. His storylines involve dealing with his son, Frank (Tobias Menzies), who is a heroin addict and is murdered in series 14, and being suspended for supplying his partner's son with methadone, as a result of which he is ultimately forced to resign.
Noel Garcia
Noel Garcia, played by Tony Marshall, was a receptionist who first appeared on 5 January 2008. His storylines have included discovering his father had serious dementia, and friendships with Big Mac (Charles Dale) and Louise Tyler (Azuka Oforka). Noel lives with Big Mac, who is also his best friend. The BBC described him as "the practical joker of the bunch".
In series 27, Louise is introduced as another receptionist to help Noel, who tries befriending Louise to no avail. After Louise and Robyn Miller (Amanda Henderson) help Noel when he is made homeless, Louise and Noel become friends. Noel befriends the new porter, Max Walker (Jamie Davis). Noel and Louise support Big Mac after he is held hostage by Iain Dean's (Michael Stevenson) unstable army colleague, Kenny.
In August 2014, series producer Erika Hossington confirmed that Noel would be involved in a new storyline with Honey Wright (Chelsee Healey). She looked forward to the story as Noel had not been a focal point for "a long time". In the story, Honey reveals that she is Noel's daughter. Noel confides in Big Mac that he is not prepared to be a father, but builds a relationship with Honey. He is upset when Honey leaves, but delighted when she returns for a couple of months. Noel is later placed at the centre of a mugging, where he is attacked by Mercedes Christie (Hannah Spearritt).
Marshall appeared in Casualty spin-off series, Holby City, in March 2017 as part of Dominic Copeland's (David Ames) domestic abuse storyline. He informs Dom that his boyfriend, Isaac Mayfield (Marc Elliott), has been having sex with other men. Marshall appears again as Noel in a crossover two-part episode with Holby City, originally broadcast in March 2019.
Noel died of COVID-19 in the first episode of series 35, broadcast on 2 January 2021, after producers incorporated the real-world pandemic into the series narrative. He is the first soap character in the UK to die from COVID-19. Marshall reprised the role months later for the show's thirty-fifth anniversary episodes, set in 2016. The actor found his return to set "strange [...] but rewarding at the same time" and was pleased to explore "yet another important subject".
Elle Gardner
Elle Gardner, played by Jaye Griffiths, made her first screen appearance on 7 May 2016. The character and Gardner's casting was announced on 24 February 2016, alongside those of Jez Andrews (Lloyd Everitt) and David Hide (Jason Durr). Executive producer Oliver Kent described the three castings as "wonderful" and said their storylines would be "brilliantly vibrant, bold and gripping". Elle is characterised as a consultant who "struggles to juggle" her "chaotic" family with the "pressures" of her job as a consultant. She is billed as "a little out of practise", but when she uses her instincts, she acts "brilliantly", which wins her colleagues over. Griffiths said it was "great" to return to Cardiff, having filmed in the city for her 2015 role in Doctor Who. She went on to describe the cast and crew as "extremely welcoming" and promised "powerful storylines" for Elle. Griffiths appears as Elle in a crossover two-part episode with Casualty spin-off series, Holby City, originally broadcast in March 2019. On 4 May 2019, it was announced that Griffiths had left her role after three years in the role, and Elle would depart in the coming weeks.
On her first day, she ran over Vince Callaghan (Andrew Knott) and then alongside Zoe Hanna (Sunetra Sarker), treated Vince after being taken hostage and beaten up by Shelle Jones (Kelli Hollis). Elle also has a close relationship with Henrik, the hospital's CEO, and he also asks her to keep a close eye on the department and report anything negative. She also went to school with Jacob Masters (Charles Venn), but didn't hit it off well with Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing), Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson) or David. With Holby under intense media scrutiny, Elle finds some missing drugs in Charlie's locker and immediately reports them to Rita. Rita is obliged to inform Connie and Charlie is placed on immediate administrative leave, but since he is especially well-loved and trusted in the department Elle's decision draws the ire and mistrust of the whole staff, including even Jacob. She realises she has to work hard to regain their trust; in Casualty's 1000th episode, Elle does everything to save a pregnant woman who is reluctant to receive treatment having experienced a miscarriage. Her efforts are sadly in vain and the mother is lost, but afterwards several members of the team come to comfort her and accept her apologies. CEO Henrik Hanssen later promotes her to clinical lead.
After already drawing her ire by taking over her job, Elle finds herself relentlessly targeted by Connie after she discovers that Elle made a judgement call on the day of the helicopter accident that may well have worsened her daughter Grace's condition. Connie accuses her of incompetence, intimidates her and extracts complaints from patients, leading to a formal hearing. Grace sustains a serious neck injury at the hearing after excusing herself to the bathroom and smashing a mirror after seeing her reflection. Elle is first on the scene and reacts quickly to minimise the damage before paramedics arrive. When the hearing proceeds, Connie acknowledges her actions had been a result of grief and the charges against Elle are lifted. Elle herself feels unsuited to the role of Clinical Lead and wishes to focus on patients, so she tells Connie she can have her old job back.
Elle is furious at her son Kalen when she believes he has brought a girl back to their house, believing him to be too young to be having sex and adding that it sets a bad example for his brothers. She later finds out that Kalen actually slept with Jez after he hands her his ID at the hospital. She confronts Jez in the ED, angry that he has slept with her son. Although blindsided by her Kalen's coming out, she is supportive and reconciles with Jez, jokingly telling him to use the front door next time he wants to stay over rather than climbing the drainpipe.
Sebastian Grayling
Sebastian "Seb" Grayling, played by Rik Makarem, made his first appearance on 29 October 2016. Makarem's casting was announced on 31 August 2016, after he was seen in the show's Autumn trailer. Sebastian is a new F1 doctor, who will clash with Dylan Keogh (William Beck). Dylan initially offers to be Sebastian's placement mentor, but the pair do not get off to a good start when Sebastian almost hits Dylan's dog with his bike.
Seb's father, Archie Grayling, makes frequent visits to the ED as a surgical consultant. The father and son have a negative relationship; Seb is easily frustrated as his father walks in on him treating patients and criticises his work. Dylan, himself having been bullied by his own father, notices this and supports Seb. Dylan is strict and demands precision, consistency and assertiveness, but he is fair, and Seb tries hard to earn his respect. While treating a woman for a fall, her friend falls ill due to talking too much aspirin and dies, despite Seb's attempts to save her life. Seb blames himself, but Dylan assures him he did everything right and there was nothing more he could have done. Seb then gets drunk at the staff Christmas party and tracks Dylan down in his houseboat. He makes a move on Dylan, who rejects his advances. The next day, Seb tries to apologise, and they agree to continue as normal. While treating a young boy, Seb fails to check his abdomen which leads to complications; Dylan tells him that further inconsistencies will force him to fail Seb. Seb is hurt and angry and tells Elle that Dylan tried to kiss him on the houseboat instead of the other way around.
Seb composes a formal complaint about Dylan and tells the same lie to Louise, who gossips to the rest of the staff. They are unconvinced until they see a photo Max accidentally took of a shirtless Seb hugging Dylan. Elle is concerned once she sees the photo and shows Dylan. In front of the rest of the staff, Dylan confronts Seb. Seb repeats his claim that Dylan tried to kiss him. Dylan insults Seb over his insecurity and inexperience, ending up looking like the guilty one, leaving Elle no choice but to open a formal investigation. The next day, Seb has a patient in resus suddenly aggravate an injury and lose his pulse, which makes Seb freeze up completely. Dylan is looking on and has been asked to keep his distance, but instead he steps in and shakes Seb out of his panic, monitoring him through the cardiac massage and saving his patient. Seb rescinds his complaint and Dylan recommends him for a place at another hospital, believing Seb would benefit from being separated from his father.
Josh Griffiths
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Zoe Hanna
Zoe Hanna is played by Sunetra Sarker and first appeared on 29 December 2007. Zoe was initially a consultant in emergency medicine, but was promoted to a senior consultant in 2011. Zoe was made acting clinical lead in 2008, following the departure of Harry Harper, but the role is later given to Adam Trueman. Zoe was promoted to trauma lead in 2010 and when Nick Jordan went on leave in July 2012, she was made acting clinical lead. This was made a permanent role when Nick left in February 2013. Zoe began a relationship with the new porter Max soon after Max started as the hospital porter. Zoe stood down from Clinical Lead in June 2014 giving the role to Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing), and at the end of series 28 she handed in her resignation. She returned on 25 October 2014 along with Dylan Keogh. Soon after her return, she rekindled her romance with Max and he proposed to her. She was initially skeptical as she didn't think that she could give him what he wanted, as she couldn't have children, but he persuaded her that he wanted to marry her and they got engaged. On the night before their wedding she slept with another man who she had met during her hen party. She didn't tell Max until after the wedding, even giving him the man's watch which had been left on her bedside table to cover up her mistake. After marrying Max, Zoe has no choice but to admit her mistake to Max. Afterwards she flees onto Dylan's boathouse. However an explosion on the boathouse throws Zoe into the lake. She survives and back at the hospital kisses him and tells him she still loves him. He ends their relationship and later, in the pub, asks for a divorce. They remain separated to this day but continue to be "friends".
Ethan Hardy
Ethan Hardy, played by George Rainsford, first appeared on 11 January 2014 as a specialist registrar of Holby City Hospital.
Ethan and his brother, Caleb, were introduced alongside each other. The brothers and their castings were announced on 4 September 2013. It was announced that former Call the Midwife star, George Rainsford and that Richard Winsor would be playing Caleb. The BBC said of Ethan and Caleb, "He is studious witty whizz kid, who is the total opposite to his, pure adrenaline junkie, brother and both characters will have a big impact on the emergency department." Casualty's executive producer, Oliver Kent, said: "The arrival of Ethan and Caleb will instantly change the dynamic of the ED. Whilst very different characters, one thing they will have in common is an ability to charm, so expect sparks to fly. We can't wait to start filming and are thrilled to have George and Richard join the team." Rainsford appeared in an episode of Holby City as Ethan in June 2016.
Harry Harper
Harry Harper played by Simon MacCorkindale, first appeared on 8 June 2002, in the role of the emergency department's clinical lead and a consultant in emergency medicine. Harry's storylines have included developing an anti-depressant dependency, relationships with Ellen Zitek (Georgina Bouzova) who later dies and Selena Donovan (Liz Carling), beginning a new career as a member of parliament and returning to the department. MacCorkindale took a six-month hiatus from the show during 2007, with Harry departing in February and returning in August. When he learned he had terminal lung cancer, MacCorkindale chose to leave the series permanently. He returned from his hiatus to film his final scenes and his final appearance was in the series twenty-two episode ""To Serve and Protect"", broadcast on 8 March 2008.
Jessica Harrison
Jessica Harrison, played by actress Gillian Kearney, arrives in Casualty as an agency nurse but later becomes a Staff Nurse.
She had a one-night stand with Adam the night before her first shift and is shocked to realise that she will be working with him. They discuss having a relationship and she isn't keen but they eventually begin an affair, despite Jessica being married to Orthopaedic Consultant Sean Anderson and they have two children, Amelia and Lucas. Jessica ends the affair, feeling guilty that Lucas was injured while she was with Adam. She is shocked to discover Sean is having an affair too - with Zoe Hanna, and that she's expecting her third child. Unsure who is the father, she assumes it is Sean's, only telling Adam when she is admitted to the ED, following an accident at home. Unfortunately Sean guessed he might not be the baby's father on seeing Adam's reaction to Jessica's news. Devastated, he took Amelia and Lucas to Saudi Arabia for his new job as planned and told Jessica that she could only join them after she'd had an abortion but Jessica refuses, moving into a flat on the Farmead Estate after being evicted from the marital home.
Shortly after Harry's birth, he is rushed to the ED with breathing difficulties. Worried he might not live, Jessica tells Adam that he could be Harry's father and they reunite, naming their son Harry Adam Trueman. Desperate to see her other children, Jessica lies to Sean and his mother, Maureen, that Harry is Sean's son and receives her passport and a ticket to Saudi Arabia, as she knew he would. Despite Adam's anger, she takes Harry to Saudi Arabia but promises that they will return. Two weeks later, she returns with all three children.
Adam is initially furious but on calming down, asks her to divorce Sean, marry him and have a DNA test that confirms Adam is Harry's father. Jessica is furious with Adam when he calls Sean regarding Amelia and Lucas but agrees he can have access. She and Adam forgave each other and they decide to move in together and get engaged, planning to marry at the New Year. However, Jessica and Adam were not pleased to see Sean return to work at Holby City Hospital but accepted it. Sean tries making peace, realising he has behaved badly. Adam agrees to a fresh start but Jessica isn't as forgiving. Sean, however, has not given up hope of winning her back but is shocked by how much watching her with Adam and the children hurts.
On their wedding day, Adam is called back to the ED, following a minibus crash. They married in the hospital chapel and were returning to the venue to sign the papers but crashed en route. Adam's car sank into a lake with him, Jessica and Harry inside. All 3 were pulled from the water alive but Harry died. After 2 weeks in a coma, Jessica wakes up. However, she and Adam drift apart, and, feeling that she cannot stay with him and the memory of Harry, she and the children go to America with an old friend. Jessica returns to Holby at the end of "New Beginnings" after Alice calls her, worried about Adam's mental health. Initially Adam is hostile to her but after being sealed in the ED, worried about a possible anthrax scare, they reconcile. Back at Adam's house, Jessica seems happy to stay until she finds Harry's feeding spoon in a kitchen drawer. Unable to take any more, Adam insists Jessica make a decision about staying or leaving there and then.
In 2016, Kearney described filming the scenes in which Adam and Jessica's car submerged into a frozen lake as "the biggest thing" she has been involved in. She recalled that she had a "fear of water beforehand", before stating how "exciting" filming the scenes was because "it's so big budget and it's weird to see".
David Hide
David Hide, played by Jason Durr, made his first screen appearance on 30 April 2016 as a staff nurse. The character and Durr's casting was announced on 24 February 2016, alongside those of Jez Andrews (Lloyd Everitt) and Elle Gardner (Jaye Griffiths). Executive producer Oliver Kent described the three castings as "wonderful" and said their storylines would be "brilliantly vibrant, bold and gripping". David is characterised as a "shy, withdrawn, and socially awkward" nurse. He was billed as someone who "goes about their work efficiently and quietly", with another side to his personality that would "love to be able to unleashed", but comes "at a price". Durr said he felt "delighted and thrilled" to be joining the "iconic" show in its thirtieth year, and described David as "intriguing". Durr confessed that despite being in a medical drama, he had "a huge phobia of needles and blood" and was hoping his new role would overcome his "life long fear". Durr's wife revealed through Twitter that he had begun filming on 14 January 2016. In the build up to the announcement of his casting, Durr had been tweeting various pictures linking to hospitals including a nurse uniform and an ambulance. Durr appears as David in a crossover two-part episode with Casualty spin-off series, Holby City, originally broadcast in March 2019.
David was characterised as a "shy, thoughtful and withdrawn man who struggles with the social complexities of the world" by the BBC website. They described him as "a good and diligent nurse, who follows instructions well and goes about his job efficiently and quietly." They concluded that David would "love to be different" and "unleash the bold, confident side of his personality", but he is "too afraid of the consequences". Sarah Ellis of Inside Soap described David as "an oddball" with "a troubled past". David's family was introduced in September 2016, with Harry Collett and Lorraine Pilkington cast as David's son, Ollie, and former wife, Rosa, respectively. In an interview with Ellis, Durr described David's relationship with Ollie as "wonderful", adding that he "loves him more than anything else in the world". He explained that there has been distractions in David's life which have prevented him from seeing "as much as Ollie as he wants to." David's absence from Ollie's life have created issues, which Durr said needed to "be dealt with". Rosa disapproved of David and Ollie's relationship due to her dislike of David's past behaviour, which she revealed in the middle of the ED. Durr believed that David did not "feel great" about Rosa's outburst, but said that David "strives to deal with it" and "tries to be positive". Durr, Collett and Pilkington filmed a stunt which saw Ollie left trapped in a car engulfed in flames and Hide described the scenes as "a joy to do" because it forces David "to step up, which is difficult for him".
During his first shift, David managed to impress consultants Connie Beauchamp and Dylan Keogh (Amanda Mealing and William Beck), despite having previously concerned Dylan by his lack of speech. David dislikes people calling him 'Dave' and is frustrated when consultant Elle Gardner repeatedly does this, but charge nurse Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson) reassures him that she is only messing with him. David worked with Robyn Miller (Amanda Henderson) on various patients and begins to warm to her and so, he is devastated when he overhears Robyn saying how hard he is to work with. They worked together and brought a couple together, leading them to create a mortality café. David baked a cake for the café and he and Robyn launched it in their local pub. Robyn met Glen Thomas (Owain Arthur) and David discovers that Glen had been lying about having a wife and confronted him where Glen was forced to admith the truth to Robyn. David comforted Robyn and was shocked when Glen was admitted to the ED with a stage 4 brain tumour that he didn't want to tell Robyn about. However, David informed Robyn and they reunited.
After suppressing his emotions for so long with his bipolar medication, David comes off them, so that he can live his life. He quickly becomes manic, hallucinating a psychiatrist and impulsively buying a sports car, before taking Robyn for a drive in it. She goes into labour and David proceeds to try to deliver her baby in a graveyard, at night, while it is raining. The birth does not go to plan and as a result, Robyn's baby has serious medical complications in her early life. David is taken to a psychiatric ward, and once released rejoins the ED staff. He fixes his friendship with Robyn and continues working in the ED alongside his co-workers who are now aware of the extent of his manic episodes.
Archie Hudson
Archie Hudson, portrayed by Genesis Lynea, made her first appearance in the thirty-third series, in an episode originally broadcast on 23 March 2019. The character and Lynea's casting details were first announced on 7 March 2019. Plans to introduce new doctors to the show were announced on 15 August 2018. Archie is billed as an "bold, bolshy and extremely confident" doctor who clashes with clinical lead Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing). She is a specialty registrar in emergency medicine and begins a new job at the hospital's emergency department. Archie's backstory states that she was a whistleblower at her last hospital after her friend killed themselves as a result of "gross mismanagement". The character was introduced alongside registrar Will Noble (Jack Nolan), who was billed as not "fazed" by Archie's personality. Series producer Lucy Raffety dubbed the bond between Archie and Will as a "love-hate sibling-esque rivalry" and confirmed that although there would be no romantic feelings between the characters, they are "far more fond of each other than they'd let on".
Sue Haasler described the character as "blunt, outspoken and possibly a little over-confident" in an article for the Metro, but also observed that "underlying her hot-headedness is a real passion to make a difference". Sophie Dainty of Digital Spy thought the drama needed new characters and believed that Archie and Will could be "just what the doctor ordered". Elaine Reilly, reporting for What's on TV, liked Archie's introduction, calling it "action-packed", and opined that Lynea's "screen presence is stellar". She also noted that she was curious about the character's backstory.
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Jan Jenning
Jan Jenning, portrayed by Di Botcher, made her first appearance on 19 May 2018. The character and Botcher's casting details were first published in a TV Times interview with Lucy Raffety. Jan is a paramedic and operational duty manager, who takes control of the Holby Ambulance Service. Sophie Dainty of Digital Spy billed Jan as "bold, brash and bossy", which makes her clash with her colleagues, especially paramedics Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson) and Sam Nicholls (Charlotte Salt). Raffety joked that Jan would "read them the riot act and whip them into shape". Despite her assertive personality, Jan always protects the people on her team. Her backstory states that she is already friends with nurse Lisa "Duffy" Duffin (Cathy Shipton). On the character, Dainty commented, "Give this one a go, she'll grow on you."
Comfort Jones
Comfort Jones, played by Martina Laird, made her first appearance in the sixteenth series episode "Holding the Baby", broadcast on 15 September 2001. Comfort is a paramedic. She was married to fellow paramedic Finlay "Fin" Newton (Kwame Kwei-Armah) until his death. During her time in the show, she battled alcoholism and depression. She was stabbed twice, suffered a miscarriage and discovered Fin was a bigamist. Laird decided to leave the show in 2006 and filmed her final scenes in July. Of her decision to leave, she stated "It was a tough decision but we're always happy to take up new challenges. I'm very lucky to have had the opportunity to work with such wonderful people and play such a great character for five years." The character departed in the twenty-first series episode "It's Now or Never" on 18 November 2006. Laird reprised her role for a guest appearance in the 30th anniversary episode "Too Old for This Shift".
Nick Jordan
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Tom Kent
Tom Kent played by Oliver Coleman, is a Paediatrician who first appears on 7 January 2012 and last appears on 14 December 2013.
On 30 September 2011, it was announced that Oliver Coleman was joining Casualty as Tom Kent, a new pediatrician. Coleman's casting was announced the same time as Sam Nicholls (Charlotte Salt) his now off screen wife. The BBC said, "Oliver (28) takes the role of pediatric specialist doctor Tom Kent. Gentle, calm and a brilliant children's doctor, Tom finds his maturity at work doesn't always carry over into his private life." Series producer Nikki Wilson said of his casting: "Charlotte and Oliver are incredibly talented, much sought-after actors and we're delighted to welcome them to the new Casualty set in Cardiff. Both new characters are set to inject a shot of excitement into the emergency department and, as ever, both will have an air of intrigue about them."
In 2012, Casualty producer Nikki Wilson teased the characters upcoming storylines and introduction to the show saying, "Tom's a bit of a commitment-phobe, and we're currently working on his storylines to get to the bottom of why that is - there are some very interesting ideas! Tom is bringing a great new energy to the team of doctors - he's a bit of a gentle giant and is great with kids. In fact, the way he connects with children is set to be a key feature in the stories in which he'll be involved."
Tom becomes romantically involved with Sam Nicholls in series 27, where the couple end up kissing after a night out in the pub. Over time, their relationship grows closer, and Tom announces that he wants a committed relationship with her after he gets jealous when another doctor asks her out. A speech exclaiming his feelings towards her and a kiss in the middle of the E.D convinces her that she really loves him. Tom then struggled through a drug addiction due to panic attacks, but Sam helped him through it and he promised to stop taking the drugs. After a short row where Tom hit Sam by accident, Sam forgave him and the two made up, leaving the series 27 finale with a kiss. The couple have returned to their 'happy-in-love' stage, and their relationship grows ever closer. In series 28, Tom decides he wants to propose to Sam but his proposal plan was ruined by Robyn and Iain. Sam hastily proposes to Tom herself, to which he accepts. Sam and Tom marry and leave Holby together for an 'extended honeymoon' and fresh start.
Dylan Keogh
Dylan Keogh, played by William Beck, made his first appearance on 12 March 2011. Dylan is a Consultant in emergency medicine. He was married to fellow doctor Sam Nicholls (Charlotte Salt) and developed a friendship with Zoe Hanna (Sunetra Sarker). Dylan departed in 2012. On 16 August 2014, it was announced that Casualty were reintroducing a character from the past, but they initially kept the identity of this character a secret. It was later revealed that Beck had reprised his role and Dylan returned on 25 October 2014.
Fenisha Khatri
Fenisha Khatri, portrayed by Olivia D'Lima, made her first appearance in the twenty-fifth episode of the thirty-fourth series, first broadcast on 22 February 2020. Initially introduced as a love interest for Ethan Hardy (George Rainsford), Sue Haasler of Metro described her as "spirited, enthusiastic and brave". She later makes a connection with Will Noble (Jack Nolan), and falls pregnant.
Bea Kinsella
Bea Kinsella, portrayed by Michelle Fox, made her first appearance in the twenty-second episode of the thirty-second series, first broadcast on 3 February 2018. Bea is a foundation doctor in her first year of training. The character was announced on 7 September 2017, while Fox's casting was revealed on 3 October. Bea is billed as "gutsy and ambitious". Producer Lucy Raffety described Bea as initially, confident, sassy and feisty although this changes as she develops as a character. Fox began filming in October 2017. The character's backstory states that Bea's mother left her with her alcoholic father at a young age. Despite his addication, Bea has continued to support her father. Bea also forms a friendship with Alicia Munroe (Chelsea Halfpenny). Advanced spoilers for episode 44 of series 32, first broadcast on 4 August 2018, revealed that Bea would depart in the episode. Fox confirmed her departure from the series on Twitter after the episode's broadcast.
Marty Kirkby
Marty Kirkby, portrayed by Shaheen Jafargholi, made his first appearance on 17 November 2018. On 1 August 2018, Sophie Dainty of Digital Spy reported that Jafargholi had joined the show's cast. Producer Lucy Raffety billed Marty as a nurse with a "razor sharp wit" who would quickly learn that being a nurse in the emergency department (ED) requires more than "a cheeky wink and a clever one-liner". Marty will soon realise that the ED is more challenging than originally believed. Jafargholi relocated to Cardiff, where the show is filmed, for the role. He expressed his delight at joining the cast, describing it as "a whirlwind few weeks". Raffety also said how happy she was with Jafargholi's casting, commenting, "We are delighted that Shaheen is joining the cast of Casualty. He is a huge talent with such a warm screen presence and we know he will bring so much to the show." Jafargholi appears as Marty in a crossover two-part episode with Casualty spin-off series, Holby City, originally broadcast in March 2019. Holby City producer Jane Wallbank confirmed in August 2019 that Marty would appear in the show again for a story with Kian Madani (Ramin Karimloo), and he appeared in a series 22 episode, originally broadcast in January 2020.
Caleb Knight
Caleb "Cal" Knight played by Richard Winsor, first appeared on 18 January 2014. Caleb and his brother, Ethan Hardy, were introduced alongside each other. The brothers and their castings were announced on 4 September 2013. It was announced that former Call the Midwife star, George Rainsford would play Ethan and that Richard Winsor would be playing Caleb. The BBC said of Caleb and Ethan, "He is a pure adrenaline junkie, who is the total opposite to his,studious witty whizz kid brother and both characters will have a big impact on the emergency department." Casualty's executive producer, Oliver Kent, said: "The arrival of Ethan and Caleb will instantly change the dynamic of the ED. Whilst very different characters, one thing they will have in common is an ability to charm, so expect sparks to fly. We can't wait to start filming and are thrilled to have George and Richard join the team."
Jude Korcanik
Jude Korcanik, portrayed by Lisa Coleman, first appears in the ninth series episode "First Impressions", originally broadcast on 24 September 1994. Jude is a "straightforward, down-to-earth and compassionate" staff nurse. Her appearance consists of a dreadlocks hairstyle and multiple piercings. Coleman had her nose pierced for the role. Jude is an atheist and makes a point of not celebrating Christmas. Prior to joining Casualty, Coleman was squatting and living in housing cooperatives. She researched the NHS for the role and was shocked to learn about its struggles. The character was given a love interest in Matt Hawley (Jason Merrells) and following a one-night stand, Jude learns that she is pregnant. Coleman expected to receive a negative response from the story, but thought that she did not because the story promoted safe sex.
In 1997, Coleman quit the series after feeling worn down by the depressing stories on the show and at fear of being typecast. She told Emma Burns of the Daily Mirror that she was growing tired of the routine in her twelve-hour day filming for the show. Writers created a dramatic exit for the character and she is stabbed by a patient. The stabbing was made a cliffhanger and was watched by fourteen million viewers. After being found, medics fight to save her life in theatre. Jude recovers and in the following series, it is mentioned that she has married Matt in Crete. Jude departs in the eleventh series episode "Perfect Blue", originally broadcast on 22 February 1997, after appearing in ninety episodes. Fourteen million viewers watched Jude's stabbing and Burns thought it made "a harrowing end" to the character's tenure. In September 1998, Coleman was asked about a return to Casualty and did not rule out the possibility.
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Jade Lovall
Jade Lovall, portrayed by Gabriella Leon, made her first appearance on 3 November 2018. The character and Leon's casting details were announced on 15 August 2018 in an interview with producer Lucy Raffety. Jade is billed as a "workshy" student nurse who dislikes rules and detail. She is on her final work placement in the hospital's emergency department. Executive producer Simon Harper described the character as "chaotic, funny, bolshy and vulnerable". Leon called the character "a party girl" who is fun to be around. It was reported that working in the ED would "throw a stark light on the way [Jade] handles herself". Harper praised Leon's portrayl of the character and said that Jade would face a challenge learning and working in the ED.
Jade is introduced alongside Marty Kirkby (Shaheen Jafargholi), who is also a student nurse. Raffety told Sophie Dainty of Digital Spy that the two characters would impart "a whirlwind of life and fun into the ED", but would have a rivalry. Duncan Lindsay of the Metro confirmed the pair would become a new comedic partnership for the show. Harper enjoyed the relationship between Jade and Marty. Leon called the characters frenemies who "love to hate each other". Despite this, the actress opined that there is a "real genuine connection" between them.
For her portrayl of Jade, Leon was nominated for Best Soap Newcomer at the 2018 Digital Spy Reader Awards. She came in twelfth place with 1.9% of the total votes.
Lenny Lyons
Lenny Lyons played by Steven Miller, first appeared at the beginning of series 24, on 12 September 2009 - alongside Yuki Reid (Will Sharpe), May Phelps (Laura Aikman) and Heather Whitefield (Georgia Moffett). Miller left the show in 2012, with his departure broadcast on 8 June 2012. Miller reprised his role for the 30th anniversary episode "Too Old for This Shift", which aired on 27 August 2016.
He was tutored by Nick and appears insensitive and unsuited to working as a doctor, but harbours secrets about his past. He grew up in a children's home that his childhood friend, Davey, later torched.
Lenny always puts his foot in it, and is constantly dismissed from resus for inappropriate behaviour. He had a close friendship with Yuki and helped him become closer to his colleague, May. Lenny was a foster child. He never knew his father and rarely saw his mother, in series 25 episode 1, Lenny got a memo from his mother but chose to ignore it. Following a massive tragedy, he was appointed as the one who spoke to relatives, and realised it was time to see his mother but when he rang the number on the memo, he found out that it was from a staff member trying to inform him that his mother had died two weeks before in a hospice. He later began a relationship with Chrissie. However, it was later revealed that she was working undercover to get some information on Holby, following the recent College shootings.
In series 25 it is revealed that Lenny has a younger sister, Helen Lyons, who has Aplastic Anemia and needs a bone marrow transplant. Lenny showed that he has feelings for Nurse Durrani and invited her out on a date but she stood him up. He then started to ignore her but his feelings grew for her and they were about to kiss. He finds out that Nurse Durrani is going to Pakistan for her brother's wedding and is quite angry. At the end of the episode, he runs out to say goodbye to her but she has already gone and she isn't due back for three weeks. Lenny is also seen as upset that 'Mads' Durrani has become engaged at her brother's wedding. He attempts to stop her entering a taxi of which she declines and gets in and she is attacked by the driver for having a relationship with a European man.
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Sean Maddox
Sean Maddox, played by Gerald Kyd, made his debut appearance in the first episode of the thirteenth series, broadcast on 5 September 1998. Sean was initially billed as a "sexy junior doctor", who "is young and single and he enjoys flirting with patients and nurses alike." Sean later became a senior house officer. He formed a relationship with nurse Tina Seabrook (Claire Goose), but later had an affair with her best friend Chloe Hill (Jan Anderson), resulting in her pregnancy. Sean and Tina departed at the end of the fourteenth series. Kyd did not want to get "too comfortable" in his role and he also disliked playing the "heartthrob", as he felt it did not suit him. Kyd reprised his role in 2006 for the show's 20th anniversary and returned in episode five of the twenty-first series, which aired in October.
Lev Malinovsky
Lev Malinovsky, played by Uriel Emil, made his first appearance in episode 6 of series 34, broadcast on 28 September 2019. Lev is a paramedic for the Holby Ambulance Service, brought in as a replacement for Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson when he decided to leave the paramedic team. When Ruby Spark (Maddy Hill) sees a gang tattoo on his chest, he reveals that he previously was in a right wing gang in his home country, Russia. Faith Cadogan (Kirsty Mitchell) was later introduced to the series and revealed to be Lev's wife. Sue Haasler of the Metro branded Lev "super-competent" and was surprised by the Lev and Faith pairing.
Series producer Loretta Preece highlighted Lev's importance in Casualty, stating: "Lev has a huge story to come with many twists and turns running for at least a year ahead." In July 2020, it was announced that Lev's backstory would be explored. Digital Spy reported that "Viewers will be learning a whole lot more about enigmatic Lev, as the show begins to delve into his complex backstory", and that Lev would be "forced to confront his difficult past". They added that there would be a "rather big twist". Specific details surrounding the twist were kept secret until the airing of an episode broadcast on 18 July 2020, where it was revealed that Lev is attracted to men. Scenes featuring Maxim Samartsev as a young version of Lev showed that he had a childhood romance with a boy in Russia, and that he is possibly cheating on Faith with a man on a gay dating app. Digital Spy stated that Lev's storyline looked to be a "drama-filled" arc, and suggested it could be "one of the biggest stories of the year". Dan Laurie of the Daily Star noted viewers' shock at the twist.
Rash Masum
Rashid "Rash" Masum, played by Neet Mohan, made his first appearance in episode 11 of series 32, broadcast on 4 November 2017. Rash is a junior doctor undergoing his first year of the Foundation Programme. The character was first previewed in the show's Autumn 2017 trailer, while his casting was confirmed by Elaine Reilly of What's on TV. Producer Lucy Raffety billed Rash as "innocent, cautious and nice". Rash is mentored by nurse David Hide (Jason Durr) upon his arrival to the serial. In 2019, Mohan received his first National Television Awards nomination in the Newcomer category for his portrayal of Rash. Mohan appears as Rash in a crossover two-part episode with Casualty spin-off series, Holby City, originally broadcast in March 2019. Mohan took a break from the drama and Rash departs the show in series 33 to pursue his dream of travelling. The character returns in the opening episode of the following series. He returns for the funeral of his mother, but he decides to work instead.
Jacob Masters
Jacob Masters, played by Charles Venn, made his first screen appearance on 18 July 2015, a week later than originally planned. Upon Venn's casting in the show, executive producer Oliver Kent described Jacob as: "...As Jacob, his good looks, charm and wit will certainly cause a tidal wave of testosterone in the emergency department. He's going to ruffle a lot of feathers and, no doubt, set a few hearts racing...".
Jacob arrives when he brings his friend into the ED following her collapse into his garage roof. He immediately rubs members of staff up the wrong way, but manages to impress clinical lead Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing). She suggests that he speak to the clinical nurse manager Rita Freeman (Chloe Howman) about applying for a senior staff nurse position. He later begins work at the hospital and bumps into Louise Tyler (Azuka Oforka) who seemingly knows him. They reconciled and it is revealed they attended the same nursing school. When a hostage situation arises in the ED, Jacob is held at gunpoint along with Big Mac and Connie. Jacob manages to wrestle the gun from one of the terrorists, but when the police spring the operation he is shot in the arm, which causes major blood loss. He recovers but is enraged when he discovers the policeman who shot him would not be punished for his mistake since Jacob believes the decision to shoot him was racially motivated. Jacob uses his connections to have the name of the policeman in question sent to him, aware that knowing it would put his entire career in jeopardy. Connie reminds him of this and adds she believes that the shooting was an accident. After much deliberation, Jacob throws the letter away. After the departure of the Clinical Nurse Manager, Rita Freeman, Jacob takes her place. After the revelation that Elle Gardner's youngest son is his, he steps down to become a band five staff nurse- allowing ED veteran, Senior Charge Nurse Charlie Fairhead to take his place.
Robyn Miller
Robyn Miller played by Amanda Henderson, is a staff nurse, who first appeared on 5 January 2013. She was introduced as one of four new student nurses; the others being Jamie Collier, Aoife O'Reilly & Ally Hunter. Of the four, Robyn is the only character still present.
Robyn grew up knowing that she wanted to be a nurse. She's the oldest of four siblings and also volunteered to care for her beloved Nan as a teenager. People have always told Robyn that she's a 'born nurse'. As far as the "care" part of the job goes she's one of the best but she does worry about the academic side of the job – maths, chemistry and biology have never been her best subjects! Robyn is determinedly positive and extremely chatty. She makes friends easily and is able to charm patients and get them on side with her down to earth talkative charm. However, this can sometimes be her downfall as she loves a good gossip but isn't the best at keeping secrets!
When Robyn met her fellow student nurses, she instantly struck a bond with Jamie Collier and was devastated when he left. Robyn's stepbrother, Max Walker, was later introduced and he moved in with Robyn when his music career flopped. She managed to get him a job in the ED as a porter, replacing Big Mac.
Robyn was admitted in the ED as a patient when she went back home and found a man ironing a shirt he stole from Max's wardrobe. She began to chase him to the garden and over the fence where she jumped onto a rake, impaling her foot. The man, who told Robyn his name was Nigel, helped Robyn and called 999. He stayed with her as she was admitted in the ED but missed his interview at St James' Hospital. He had left his wallet behind when he left to try and save his potential job and Robyn saw that his name was actually Lofty Chiltern. He returned, after feeling too guilty, and when questioned remained adamant that his name was Nigel. Robyn told Rita Freeman (Chloe Howman) about him and her worries and she said that she would be happy to ring the police for her and advised that Robyn should let her do so. Robyn was about to until Ben came clean and told him about everything, including his name and the interview. She accepts his apology and offers him a room at her house, to which he gladly accepts. Robyn also manages to get him a job at the ED, replacing Jamie. This pleases him and Robyn gives him the nickname, Lofty, due to him living in the loft of her house. Robyn "mentors" him and shows him the ropes and they both work on the same cases often, until he settles in properly.
Robyn wins the respect of the new ED consultant, Connie Beauchamp when she arrives and Connie later gives Robyn a good report back for her trauma course.
Inspired by a recent case in the ED that she worked on with David Hide, the two decide to open a mortality café event in the local pub. There Robyn meets Glen, an apparently sweet, punny man who had recently lost his wife to cancer. After an awkward start, their relationship blossoms and Robyn is visibly elated. However, David notices something suspicious and discovers that there is no record of Glen's wife; it surmises he has fabricated the whole thing to win Robyn's pity. Robyn is incensed and declares her wish to never see him again.
Some time later, Glen is admitted to the ED with several physical injuries. When some test results show unusual signs, he admits that he has a cancerous tumour on his brain, which explains why he was so desperate to make a connection with Robyn. In light of this, Robyn forgives him. Though Glen has been told the cancer is terminal, Robyn vows to stick by him and encourages him to consider his options; she begins to take notes on his symptoms and develop diet plans.
They visit Paris together and have other plans in mind, but right when Robyn is about to ask for his hand in marriage, Glen discovers he has less time than he originally thought, and has a seizure that sends him back into the ED. Though she is deeply troubled by the news, she remains optimistic and encouraging. Glen starts to think that marrying her would be cruel, considering he would leave her a widow after mere months, and that he is undeserving of her, but after a conversation with Dylan of all people, he decides to marry her, asking Dylan to tell Robyn while he is being treated. However, Glen develops complications during a CT scan and gets stuck in a lift en route to neurology. Robyn accepts his proposal over the intercom, and they prepare to get married that very same day. In the midst of all of this, Robyn is visibly tired and suddenly faints. Dylan administers a blood test on her, suspecting anemia, but it turns out she is pregnant. This leaves Robyn happier about her situation, since it means she will always have part of Glen with her. Unaware of this, Glen asks for paper on which to write his wedding vows just before the ceremony. He instead writes a letter to Robyn containing the message that he must leave her. Robyn is walked down the aisle only for David to hand her the letter, leaving her completely heartbroken.
Alicia Munroe
Alicia Munroe, played by Chelsea Halfpenny, is a junior doctor who first appeared in the series 30 episode "Cradle to Grave", broadcast on 19 September 2015. Alicia is undergoing her second year of the Foundation Programme, specialising in emergency medicine. Alicia is billed as "bright and bubbly" and Halfpenny said that "she's got blonde and pink hair, so people expect her to be a bit ditzy, but she's not." The show highlighted the issue of workplace bullying when Alicia began facing constant criticism from her mentor, Lily Chao (Crystal Yu). The character departed the show after appearing in eight episodes in the series 30 episode "Avoidable Harm", broadcast on 14 November 2015.
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Stevie Nash
Stevie Nash, portrayed by Elinor Lawless, first appears in the thirty-sixth series, in an episode originally broadcast in 2021. The character and Lawless' casting details were announced on 20 May 2021, alongside that of Osi Okerafor in the role of Matthew Afolami. Steve is introduced as a consultant in emergency medicine during the show's thirty-fifth anniversary episodes. Lawless described her character as "a force to be reckoned with" and expressed her excitement at joining the cast. Loretta Preece, the show's series producer, billed Stevie as "charismatic, contemporary, compelling and on occasion very unsettling". She teased that the character's backstory would establish a new era for the serial. Describing Lawless' work, Preece stated, "Eli is an exceptional actress and a force of nature."
Elinor Lawless made her first appearance at Stevie Nash in August 2021 with a personal vendetta against Ethan Hardy - the man she blames for the death of her sister. Stevie is out for revenge on those who have wronged her and the story with Ethan saw Stevie consistently following Ethan around and passing judgements on his work. Upon discovering that nurse, Jade Lovall, partially blamed herself for the death of the sister of Stevie, she planted drugs in her locker which were discovered during a routine locker search. The show ended where Jade made the decision to leave Holby and move away with her Mother. Stevie then focused her attention on getting revenge on Ethan, making it clear that there were 'no more distractions' at the end of the episode. The revenge storyline reached a climax when both Stevie, armed with a pair of scissors, and Ethan headed up onto the hospital roof in search of a missing patient, which resulted in Ethan getting stabbed.
Sam Nicholls
Sam Nicholls, played by Charlotte Salt, is a Specialty Registrar in Emergency Medicine and a former major in the Royal Army Medical Corps. The character and Salt's casting details were announced on 30 September 2011. Salt's casting was announced the same time as Tom Kent (Oliver Coleman). Sam is billed as an "ambitious army medic" who is "fast-living, fearless and fiery". Sam also has a connection with another character. On Salt's casting, series producer Nikki Wilson commented, "Charlotte and Oliver are incredibly talented, much sought-after actors and we're delighted to welcome them to the new Casualty set in Cardiff. Both new characters are set to inject a shot of excitement into the emergency department and, as ever, both will have an air of intrigue about them." Sam makes her first appearance in the series 26 episode "Mea Culpa", first broadcast on 15 October 2011. Salt and Coleman decided to leave the series in 2013, departing in the series 28 episode "Away in a Manger", first broadcast on 14 December 2013.
In April 2017, it was confirmed that Salt has reprised her role, and would return to filming at the end of May. Producer Erika Hossington stated that Sam would return without Tom, but viewers would learn what has happened with him. Sam returns in the fifth episode of series 32, first broadcast on 23 September 2017. She returns as a new paramedic, which Salt liked as it meant she could be on-location more. Salt knew she did not want to be on the show long-term as her family is based in London and in the opening episode of series 33, Sam was killed off after receiving an injury during work. The actress was shocked to discover her character would die, but she was glad that her departure was kept hidden and felt it had a greater impact.
Will Noble
Will Noble, played by Jack Nolan, made his first appearance in the 29th episode of series 33. He is a registrar in paediatric emergency medicine who originally joined the department as a locum, but later applied for a full-time consultant position. Will became friends with Ethan Hardy (George Rainsford) in university. Upon arrival, Will treats a teenage boy, Toby, who has sustained a cut. Will notices his blood doesn't clot, and it's later revealed that Toby has leukaemia. As a surprise for Toby, Will organises all of his school friends to come to the hospital so that his patient doesn't miss out on his prom. Toby later asks Will to assist him to die. Will clashes with Archie Hudson (Genesis Lynea) continuously.
Connie offers Will another interview and decides to give him the offer of Consultant.
Later, after losing Toby, Will takes up Connie's offer of the position as a consultant in Emergency Medicine.
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Aoife O'Reilly
Aoife O'Reilly played by Gemma-Leah Devereux, was a student nurse, who first appeared on 5 January 2013. She was introduced as part of four new student nurses; herself, Robyn Miller (Amanda Henderson), Jamie Collier (Daniel Anthony) and Ally Hunter (Rebecca Newman). Aoife left on 27 April 2013, after it was revealed that Jamie and Robyn had been offered the permanent staff nurse roles.
Aoife was born in Dublin and is the middle child of nine children. She claims that she only became a nurse because she could never gain the qualifications of a doctor. The student nurses are given a mentor with Aoife's mentor being senior nurse, Adrian "Fletch" Fletcher (Alex Walkinshaw) A day later, Aoife is left upset when Ally resigns from her role after she realises she doesn't want to be a nurse. The relationship between Aoife and Fletch becomes a father, daughter relationship but Aoife begins to think that this will be much more. She reveals this to Fletch, who tells her where she stands. Aoife gets along well with Robyn and Jamie, even when the competition for the two permanent nurse roles heats up. She is interviewed by Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson) and Tess Bateman (Suzanne Packer) and it goes very successful, leaving Aoife and Fletch pleased. Despite this, Jamie and Robyn are offered the role and after saying goodbye to the team, Aoife returns to Dublin.
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May Phelps
May Phelps, played by Laura Aikman, is one of eight new Foundation House Officer Year 2 doctors joining the department at the start of series 24. Her father is Professor Eddie Lanchester, Holby City Hospital's Dean of Medicine, who offers to help her win the prestigious Fellowship award. He gave her the answers in an envelope. She pondered over what to do then threw them in a bin. However, she changed her mind and later retrieved them. Her tutor in the ED is Ruth. May left in episode 36 of series 24 after she broke a patient's neck and made Yuki believe he had done it. She later admitted to Nick that she broke the patient's neck and Yuki was innocent.
Kelsey Phillips
Kelsey Phillips, played by Janine Mellor, made her first appearance on 6 August 2005. Kelsey was a staff nurse. She is a happy go lucky girl with a penchant for gossip, matchmaking, and generally unintentionally causing trouble in the workplace. She is notoriously bad with her finances, and during series 21 was almost forced into prostitution after being threatened with eviction for falling behind on her rent. She quickly dropped the profession when her first client turned out to be Nathan Spencer. She then revealed to Selena Donovan that Nathan was her client. Then at Tess Bateman's party Stitch Lambert caused friction and Kelsey and Nathan bonded. Kelsey thanked Nathan for not exposing her as a prostitute. She also stood up to Stitch.
Kelsey and Alice Chantrey started internet dating and both got dates but it was revealed that Kelsey's date was Big Mac, of which she was unaware. Noel took her out clubbing before Big Mac arrived. Kelsey thought she had won the lottery, and made a resignation and bought a one way plane ticket to Thailand, but it turned out to be a practical joke by Jay. She decided to leave anyway, after an eventful night involving a mugging, and a quick kiss with Big Mac.
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Mason Reede
Mason Reede, portrayed by Victor Oshin, made his first appearance in the thirty-fourth series, in an episode originally broadcast on 24 August 2019. The character and Oshin's casting details were first announced on 14 August 2019. Mason is billed as an "over confident" F1 doctor who "sees himself as a high flier and someone who's going places". Mason struggles with his first shift and as a result, he has to prove himself to his colleagues in the emergency department (ED). Oshin expressed his delight at joining the cast and Simon Harper, the executive producer, revealed that the actor impressed the casting team in his first audition. He also praised him and his performance as Mason, commenting, "He's brilliant as Mason, layering the character with a deep vulnerability beneath the bravado of a junior Doctor." Harper also confirmed that the character would be a focus in the series as the drama explores the NHS at "critical breaking point". After Mason reports Rash Masum (Neet Mohan) to the clinical lead, Sophie Dainty of Digital Spy confirmed that he would cause trouble for another of his colleagues.
Sue Haasler, writing for the Metro, described the character as "tall, confident and cocky – but not in a good way", and thought he "has a massive amount to learn from the Casualty school of compassion". Dainty (Digital Spy) dubbed the character "abrupt [and] cocky" and observed that Mason had "absolutely no qualms in throwing his mentor Rash under the bus" in his first episode. On the character, she added, "But keep a close eye on this one, as all might not be as it seems."
Oshin's last episode was broadcast on 28 December 2019, when Mason was found dead in a store cupboard by Rash.
Yuki Reid
Yuki Reid, played by Will Sharpe, is an F2 Junior Doctor. He was one of eight new Foundation House Officer Year 2 doctors joining the department at the start of series 24. He had known May since the beginning of medical school and helped her out with work, secretly smitten with her. However, May leaves the series after she frames Yuki for breaking a patient's neck, causing her to become paralysed. This resulted in Yuki running away and ending up being admitted to hospital after sleeping rough. After the breakdown of Yuki and May's relationship, he became very close to fellow F2 Lenny. Yuki and the F2s spent the majority of the series competing for the JAFA award, but on the day of the award ceremony he finds out that Lenny has been guaranteed the award in return for keeping quiet about a botched medical trial. After the reveal, the JAFA is cancelled, but Mr Jordan brings both doctors back. In the same episode, 'What Tonight Means to Me - Part One', a series of flashbacks explained that Yuki's brother had cancer and died, explaining his real reason for becoming a doctor, rather than because of his relationship with May, as previously believed.
In terms of personality, whilst he is a young, intelligent and handsome man, Yuki has social anxiety, low confidence, low self-esteem, the tendency to obsess over detail and shyness. Still, he has shown that he can rise to the occasion when needed and his ability to diagnose patients is outstanding.
Megan Roach
Megan Roach, portrayed by actress Brenda Fricker, is one of the original characters of the series, making her first appearance in the first episode, "Gas", on 6 September 1986. Megan would remain as a major character until the conclusion of the fifth series in 1990 when the actress left the show. She made a one-off return in 1998 for the conclusion of the twelfth series and later would make further returns in 2007 and 2010 respectively. Megan killed herself with the aid of Charlie and Tess to end her suffering on 7 August 2010. Her return episode was voted as the third best Casualty episode ever by fans.
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Ruby Spark
Ruby Spark, portrayed by Maddy Hill, made her first appearance on 14 July 2018. Ruby is billed as an "incredibly conscientious" and "naïve" newly qualified paramedic, who despite knowing the rules of her job, has lots to learn about being a paramedic. Ruby clashes with paramedics Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson) and Sam Nicholls (Charlotte Salt), although producer Lucy Raffety stated that Ruby would learn from Iain and Sam. Raffety told Emma Bullimore of TV Times that Ruby's introduction builds to the show's thirty-third series, which she billed as the "Year of the Paramedic". She also said that seeing paramedic life from Ruby's perspective would be "heartwarming and heartbreaking". Hill began filming in February 2018. Hill expressed her delight at joining the cast and commented, "Ruby is like no one I've ever played before." Raffety also expressed her joy at Hill's casting and praised the actress. She hoped that Ruby would become a "massive hit" with the audience. Hill appears as Ruby in a crossover two-part episode with Casualty spin-off series, Holby City, originally broadcast in March 2019.
Nathan Spencer
Nathan Spencer, portrayed by actor Ben Price, was installed as the new corporate director of Holby city hospital NHS trust in 2005, and from the outset his unswaying mindset and failure to empathise with the human condition made him unpopular with his staff. His professional background was in banking, so his only concern was with meeting hospital targets and balancing the books. As a result, he would frequently clash with A&E consultant Harry Harper, even threatening to remove Harry from his post because he consistently refused to make any sort of (financial) compromise with patient care.
Nathan began his time at Casualty by stalking Selena Donovan. He was at one point jabbed with a needle which could possibly have been used by an HIV-positive patient. Nathan ordered a search of all clinical waste to find the needle and became more uptight than usual, with receptionist Alice Chantrey bearing the brunt of his anger. However, after being persuaded to take an HIV-test, Nathan was relieved to be given the all-clear. After starting a relationship with Selena, Nathan proposed marriage to her.
Displaying character traits of being a jobsworth and a stickler for the rules, Nathan took great pleasure in installing a large plasma TV screen in the middle of the department to enforce the "four-hour rule", a government directive in which 98% of all A&E patients must be seen, treated, and admitted/discharged within four hours of arrival. However, in blatant disregard of his own rules, on one occasion Nathan had his own mother admitted ahead of all those currently queued in the system. Harry Harper continued to clash with Nathan, so in another attempt to get rid of him, Nathan fabricated a charge of sexual harassment against him and persuaded Alice to make a complaint. Harry was suspended, but Alice became suspicious and withdrew her allegation when it threatened to devastate Harry's election campaign. Nathan was forced to confess all to Selena, who ended their engagement.
When Harry was unexpectedly elected as Holby's new MP (he stood for Parliament in a bid to save the Emergency Department from closure), Nathan installed wildcard Australian Theo "Stitch" Lambert as the new consultant. When he discovered Stitch in his office taking cocaine, he was convinced to keep quiet by the threat of the ridicule which would ensue if it was revealed Nathan had made such a poor staffing choice.
Later on in the series, Selena discovered she was pregnant with his baby. She informed Nathan that she had had an abortion, however later revealed to Harry that she had not actually done so. Nathan remained unaware of this until the last episode in the series, when Selena was shot dead. The team performed a Cesarean section on Selena, delivering her and Nathan a baby daughter, Angel. Angel later died in Nathan's arms after being diagnosed with a severe E. Coli infection in the NICU and he switched off her ventilator.
Nathan left the show in episode six of series 22. He was sacked for incompetence by Harry Harper, now having quit Westminster to return as the Emergency Department's consultant manager. Despite their previous working relationship Harry found the job difficult, knowing what Nathan had recently been through.
Patrick Spiller
Patrick Spiller, played by Ian Kelsey, made his first appearance in the series fourteen episode "Free Fall", broadcast on 11 December 1999. He was introduced as a specialist registrar in emergency medicine. The character was described as "Casualty bad boy" by Marion McMullen of the Coventry Telegraph, who deemed him "arrogant, brusque and bad-tempered". Kelsey described him as "very good" at his job, but that his bedside manner becomes worse as the series develops. Patrick's storylines have included attempts to advance his career and relationships with Holly Miles, Rachel James and Lara Stone. Of Patrick's relationship with Rachel, Kelsey said "Spiller and Rachel just fancy each other - it's all about sex." Kelsey chose to leave the series in 2001 and the character was killed off. Patrick departed the series in the series sixteen episode "Past, Present, Future", broadcast on 16 March 2002.
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Adam Trueman
Adam Trueman, portrayed by actor Tristan Gemmill, is a consultant in the emergency department.
In preparation for the role, Gemmill spent 8 hours shadowing a real consultant on an ED shift as research for the role. Describing his character, he assessed: "Adam is self-confident, witty and brash, an excellent doctor who cares deeply about his job. He presents a strong exterior to the world but perhaps has issues and vulnerabilities that suggest there is more to him than you might first expect."
Upon his arrival, Adam clashes with clinical lead Harry Harper (Simon MacCorkindale), however they come to appreciate one another more with time. On Harry's last day, he offers Adam his job but Adam refuses and Zoe Hanna (Sunetra Sarker) is given it instead. At a party, Adam meets Jessica Harrison (Gillian Kearney) and they have a one-night stand. He was shocked to find that she is the department's new nurse when he arrives at work the next morning. He and Jessica begin an affair, but she breaks up with him when her son Lucas is injured in a road accident while they are together.
At the beginning of series 23, following Jessica's discovery that her husband was also having an affair, Gemmill explained: "Adam is hopeful they will get together again but Jessica has a more realistic approach because obviously she doesn't want to abandon her children. She's having troubles with Sean, and she sort of more or less decides that actually 'no this is not going anywhere' and she has got to get over it, forgive Sean and move on with her life, which leaves Adam quite smacked in the face really. He has a bit of an unstable time of it." Gemmill added that: "Adam's state of mind is not helped by the arrival of Nick Jordan who comes into the department as Clinical Lead and has very definite ideas of how to run the place. Adam clashes with him almost straight away and they stay at loggerheads for some time."
Later in the series, Adam's brother, Alex, who was paralysed in an accident when they were children, begins to deteriorate from a resultant illness. Adam is devastated when his brother dies, and channels his anger towards Nick, who helped Alex sign an advance directive requesting not to be resuscitated. When Adam discovers Jessica's new son Harry could be his, the two renew their relationship. He is angry when she uses Harry as bait to get her other children, Lucas and Amelia, back from their father who has taken them to Saudi Arabia. They later reconcile, and Adam proposes. Although Jessica turns him down, they stay together, and a DNA test confirms Adam is Harry's father.
Jessica then later accepts Adam's proposal, and a wedding is being arranged for the New Year. Adam, Jessica and the three children are now all living together, with Adam taking an active role as father. Their New Year's Eve wedding is aborted when they are called back to the ED to deal with a major accident, and have to settle for a blessing in the hospital chapel. However, returning to the wedding venue to sign the legal papers, their car skids onto an icy lake and plunges in, ultimately leaving Jessica in a coma and Harry dead.
Jessica gradually recovers but she and Adam drift further apart, leading to her departure to America with an old school friend, Linda Andrews (Christine Tremarco) which leaves Adam devastated. He becomes increasingly reckless, having a one-night stand with young vulnerable HCA Alice Chantrey (Sam Grey) and inviting himself into a patient's house after work one night. Adam then begins a false relationship with the patient's mother, hoping to relive the paternal feelings he had for his own son, Harry, and Jessica's two other children. After this relationship disintegrates, Adam spirals further into depression.
Louise Tyler
Louise Tyler (originally Tilney) played by Azuka Oforka, is a staff nurse. She first appeared on 1 October 2011, appearing for four episodes as an ambulance dispatcher before returning as the new receptionist, drafted in to give Noel Garcia (Tony Marshall) more support following the Holby riots on 18 August 2012. Louise is extremely organised, very efficient and loves to be in control. According to the BBC Louise has no problem giving a dressing down to anyone she considers lazy, a time-waster, in the wrong, or simply in her way.
In her first episode, Louise fell out with the paramedic duty manager, Dixie Dixon (Jane Hazlegrove) and when she returned as a receptionist, it was shown that they had still fallen out but episodes later, Louise had to get details of a patient who was in resus however, she was scared of going in because of the blood. Dixie noticed this and helped her overcome this fear. Louise and Dixie then became friends. Louise became 'frenemies' with Big Mac (Charles Dale) and Noel and was often to be found in argument with them. She also helped Noel when he was left homeless and was support for Big Mac when he was held hostage by Iain's unstable army colleague, Kenny. In July 2015, it is revealed that Louise has history with new senior staff nurse Jacob Masters (Charles Venn), but asks that he does not reveal their past. It is later discovered that Louise was previously a nurse, but left the role. In August, original character Lisa "Duffy" Duffin (Cathy Shipton) makes a two-episode appearance, having previously appeared in the show for twelve years. Duffy inspires Louise to become a nurse again, a post she returns to. When Duffy returned to the ED full-time in August, it was revealed that Louise had been mentored by Duffy.
Oforka decided to leave her role as Louise in 2018 after appearing in the show for seven years. The character's exit was not announced beforehand and Louise leaves in episode 24 of the thirty-third series, originally broadcast on 16 February 2019, after a long-running storyline about an ongoing financial struggle. Oforka thanked fans for their support on social network Twitter and expressed her delight at working on the drama.
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Max Walker
Maximilian Lyndsey Gerald "Max" Walker played by Jamie Davis, first appeared on 5 October 2013 as the stepbrother of Robyn Miller before joining the Holby team on 16 November 2013 as a porter.
The character and casting was announced on 19 September 2013 alongside the announcement that Lee Mead would be joining that show as new nurse, Lofty Chiltern. It was announced that Davis would be playing a "very chilled and laid back" porter. The BBC have described Max as a sponge for information, that just doesn't know how to harness it all yet. They also said how he is too busy dreaming of having an extraordinary life to engage with his real one. The character was also given a Twitter account, like Robyn, Jamie Collier and Louise Tyler.
Max first arrives when himself and his friend are admitted into the ED. He is told by Robyn that he won't be able to play his guitar for at least 6 weeks. He asks her whether he can stay at her house to which she agrees. Robyn continues to tell Max that he needs to find a job and when he remains jobless after three weeks of staying with her, she finds him a job at the ED as a porter, replacing Big Mac.
Max also takes a shine to clinical lead, Zoe Hanna and they later sleep together. He also becomes friends with Jamie and when Jamie leaves for Australia, he becomes friends with his new housemate, Lofty.
Max has also pretended to be locum doctor, Cal Knight to win a girl round. When he arrived at work, he discovered that his one-night stand works at the hospital. She told him that she was the new consultant when really she had begun working at shop located there. She arrived at reception, asking for Cal but, fortunately, Max had filled Noel Garica in on what had happened and he covered for Max. When she discovered he was actually a porter called Max, she slapped him and told him she worked at the food shop and wasn't the new consultant before going off on a date with Noel.
Max is married to consultant Zoe Hanna after they moved in together in June. However, when Zoe revealed that she had slept with someone the night before their wedding, it left their relationship in tatters. After the accident at their wedding Zoe starts to try to talk to Max but each conversation is very brief and short, later on the series Max asks Zoe for a divorce as he still hasn't forgiven her. Max agrees to be friends with Zoe and tries to move on, but they later reconcile and leave the UK to build a new life together.
Ruth Winters
Ruth Winters (portrayed by actress Georgia Taylor from 2007 to 2011) is one of three new characters to join Casualty at the beginning of its twenty-second series. It was first announced on 18 July 2007 that Taylor had been cast in the role of Ruth. The BBC describe the character as "clever, hardworking and focused", stating that she has wanted to be a doctor since she was eight, and graduated top of her class - working hard at the expense of her personal life. Taylor herself has commented: "Ruth's very responsible and articulate, and seems pretty confident. But underneath it all, she's something of a troubled soul which hopefully we'll find out later on. She's very self-critical and won't allow herself to make any mistakes. But, for a junior doctor, the whole first year in a hospital is about making mistakes and learning from it. Ruth won't accept help from anyone; she thinks she knows it all."
During her first few months, Ruth misdiagnoses a patient with severe stomach pains, missing a ruptured ectopic pregnancy but blames a nurse so she can preserve her reputation. Ruth is shocked when her alcoholic father is admitted as a patient and reluctantly fakes a blood alcohol test so he will not be prosecuted for causing an accident but is devastated to realise he has manipulated her into this. Ruth goes on to give a patient the wrong medication and orders a nurse to remove another patient's neck brace, leaving them paralysed as a result. She lies about her culpability and accidentally gives a patient a morphine overdose. When a suicidal patient dies in her care, Ruth confesses her mother committed suicide when she was a child. When Ruth misdiagnoses yet another patient, resulting in his death, she hangs herself. She is in a coma for a month, but eventually recovers.
She becomes close to colleague Toby de Silva, and they have what Taylor describes as a "brother/sister relationship where they love each other but they can't stand each other." Ruth sleeps with new department head, Nick Jordan, only to be rejected by him the next morning. She goes on to begin a tentative relationship with nurse Jay Faldren. Series producer Oliver Kent commented on their pairing: "Ruth's never allowed romance into her life, but when she starts to get close to Jay, the possibility of happiness with another person suddenly presents itself to her. But the question is, will she allow herself? Or will his laddish ways get in the way? She's so obsessed with her career that she's always tempted to put that first." In series 24, the first episodes show that Ruth and Jay are continuing their relationship - keeping it from their colleagues for her benefit but this annoys Jay, giving her the ammunition to kiss him in public but, when they head home, Ruth realises she has missed some pills and worries she could be pregnant. Discovering that she is pregnant, she takes a pill to terminate the pregnancy without telling Jay. On her birthday, Jay gives her a necklace for their date at the surgeon's dinner. Ruth's happiness is short-lived when senior medic Sarah Evans warns her that Jay is bad news and that she'll think twice about recommending her for the surgical training post if she continues to see him. Feeling unwell, Ruth cancels their date, but is confronted by Jay at the dinner. As Ruth leaves, she collapses and is taken into casualty. Mortified to be treated by her colleagues, she swears Tess to secrecy over the abortion pill, despite knowing that Jay is panic-stricken. When her condition stabilises, Ruth admits that she was pregnant and she and Jay share a tender moment. When Sarah Evans tells Ruth that she must remain focused if she wants to work as a surgeon, Ruth dumps Jay for the sake of her career.
Later in the series, her brother Jonathan, visits and reveals that he has just been released from prison. Ruth is horrified to see Jonathan when he turns up, looking for her help, much to Jay's surprise, who didn't realise she had a brother. Jonathan swears that he has turned over a new leaf but she sees his track marks, refuses to believe he's changed. Later, a group of hard-drinking homeless men cause havoc when they steal bottles of alcohol-based hand sanitiser and take it to an hospital annexe to enjoy in private. Tragedy strikes when young security guard, Mick, desperate for Ruth's approval, confronts the homeless men but Jonathan is quick to get help. Ruth looks forward to celebrating Christmas with her brother when she notices an heirloom is missing from her flat and plunged into a world of stolen phones, heroin overdoses and male prostitution, Ruth realises that she's likely to face Christmas alone. Days after a lonely Christmas, Ruth and Jay are thrown together on a medical case and Ruth finally admits that she's lonely. Letting down her guard, she accepts Jay's comfort and the pair go home together. However, this is short lived, when Ruth admits that she terminated the pregnancy, leading to Jay dumping her. This leads to her to build the courage to admit she loves him but he walks away anyway.
Months later, Ruth has a big presentation that goes horribly wrong. When conference organiser and big name doctor Edward takes an interest in her, she's incredibly flattered and a little bit smitten. Ruth married Edward Thurlow, Clinical Director of Neurosurgery on 26 June 2010, making Jay too late when he pleads his undying love at the register office, leaving Ruth to reveal that she has already married. Despite marrying Edward, it is hinted that Ruth still has feelings for Jay and that he feels the same. However, Ruth's feelings are spurned when she discovers Jay is dating Polly. She makes an effort with her marriage only to be neglected and ignored by Edward. While waiting for Edward to return home from work, she discovers that Edward is having a gay affair. She confronts him and makes a deal with him. For the sake of their reputations, they will stay married given that he can be with any man (except his lover) and as long as he helps her career. This agreement seems to suit them both until Ruth realises that she still loves Jay. She tries to end the marriage but Edward says that he loves her and that she is enough for him which makes her reluctant to change the situation.
However, in series 25 episode 17, Edward's boyfriend begins working with Ruth in the Emergency Department. This is followed by Ruth's realisation that he is still seeing her husband. Later, Edward leaves Ruth for his boyfriend. Later in series 25 episode 21, Ruth is sectioned after trying to operate on someone in the on-call room. She is diagnosed with Bi-polar. In series 26, Ruth and Jay reunite and in episode 13 Ruth discovered she was pregnant. In series 26 episode 16, Ruth and Jay leave together.
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Ellen Zitek
Ellen Zitek, played by Georgina Bouzova made her first appearance in the series nineteen episode "Out With a Bang", broadcast on 18 September 2004. Bouzova was looking for work elsewhere from acting when producers offered her the role of Ellen. She said that it was "amazing" opportunity and took the role. The actress was contracted with the show for four months but this was later extended because the character became popular with viewers. Producers only ever envisioned Ellen as a "stand-in character" but she became a successful character on-screen. The actress quit the show and filmed her final scenes in the latter half of 2006. The character was killed off after a motor bike collided with her.
Recurring and guest characters
Denise Andrews
Denise Andrews played by Kate McEvoy, is the sister of Linda Andrews (Christine Tremarco), that first appeared on 21 January 2012 for one episode, before returning on 18 August 2012 for seven episodes. She departed on 6 October 2012.
Denise first appears looking for Linda in January 2012 with her daughter Britney (Devon Beigan) and Joe (Taylor Parry) on the run after Britney attacks a social worker. Denise leaves Britney and Joe in Linda's care and hands herself into the police for Britney's crime. Denise returns in August 2012, following her release from prison, hoping to get the cleaner's job in the ED. After getting the job, Denise spends most of her day winding Linda up until she decides to return to Liverpool with her children.
Ella Ashford
Ella Ashford played by Tahirah Sharif, is the daughter of Martin Ashford (Patrick Robinson), who first appeared on 4 May 2013. After Ella stole ketamine from Martin, he rung the police and Ella was arrested on 17 May 2014. This was Sharif's last appearance on the program.
Ella, then aged approximately 16 years, first appeared while on a night out with her friend. She is hit by a police car, while the driver (Danny Midwinter) is intoxicated with alcohol. His fellow officer (Connor McIntyre) takes the blame and says he hit Ella. Ella and her friend are later caught stealing from a corner shop, so she sprays an aerosol in the owner's eyes – and when they all end up in the ED, the girl manages to convince her dad she wasn't to blame, convincing Zoe Hanna (Sunetra Sarker) that Ash is far too soft on his daughter. Ella begins getting up to her old tricks again, masterminding an off-licence robbery that ends up with four youngsters in the ED – but Ash still refuses to accept his daughter is as troubled as everyone else believes. Zoe then becomes annoyed when Ella is once again admitted to the ED because the only reason she has been admitted is for being exceptionally drunk. Despite Ash standing by his daughter, he does eventually recognise Ella's faults. Ella is not seen again until she arrives in the ED for a work placement. Lily Chao (Crystal Yu) is put under control of her by Ash. Lily becomes frustrated by Ella and tells her to help nurses, Jamie Collier (Daniel Anthony) and Robyn Miller (Amanda Henderson). Jamie tells her to go and read some magazines in the staff lounge room but Lily finds her and tells her off. Ella then watches while Robyn assists a lady who is in panic because having a scan. Ella tells Robyn that if she was in the ED, having a scan like that she would want Robyn as her nurse too because she is so kind.
Ella is next seen on webchat with her friend, Millie. They end webchat and on her way to school, Millie's dad, Sacha's phone rings and it turns out to be Ella, who is secretly having an affair with him. Millie finds out and has an argument with Ella. Ash finds the girls arguing and demands an explanation. Ella reveals the truth and Millie falls out with her. Ash then tells Ella that he will speak to Laura and she will be living with him from now onwards. Ella attends a party at the house of Robyn, Max Walker (Jamie Davis) and Lofty Chiltern. She meets up with her friend, Jason who gives her drugs; Ella has an allergic reaction and has to be admitted to the ED. Ash later has Ella arrested after she stole a large amount of ketamine from his possession to take with her friends. One friend later dies from taking the ketamine. Ella is imprisoned for her crime and is released in January 2015.
Mike Bateman
Mike Bateman, portrayed by Louis Emerick, first appears in the series 18 episode "End of the Line - Part One". Emerick's casting and the concept of the character were announced on 17 June 2003, while further details about the character, including his name, were announced on 25 August 2003. Mike is introduced as the fireman husband of Tess Bateman (Suzanne Packer). Emerick and Packer previously portrayed a married couple on Brookside, and also worked together in the play Playboy of the West Indies in 1985. The actors were excited to work with each other again and Packer felt their history aided their on-screen connection. Emerick was initially contracted for four episodes. Mike's backstory states that he and Tess have been married for twenty years upon their introduction, and they share three children, including a son, Sam Bateman (Luke Bailey). Mike first appears when working at the scene of a double train crash. He is suspended for negligence surrounding his work on the crash. Emerick explained that Mike's job is "in jeopardy". Mike resigns from his job, causing the couple financial worry. Emerick called the story "fantastic" and said it was something the actors could "really get [their] teeth into". Emerick reprised the role in 2005 as part of a story exploring Sam's bipolar disorder. Mike is surprised to learn about Sam's illness and is annoyed that Tess did not tell him. They argue and he "storms off", before being involved in a car crash, leaving him critically injured. The actor returned again in 2006 for an episode where Mike asks Tess for a divorce.
Tamzin Bayle
Tamzin Bayle played by Gemma Atkinson is a paramedic who first appeared on 13 August 2011, alongside Omar Nasri (Dhaffer L'Abidine). Atkinson & L'Abidine's casting and characters was announced on 17 May 2011. They were written out seven episodes later on 1 October 2011. It was announced on 5 May 2012 that Atkinson would reprise her role as Tamzin at the beginning of series 27. Tamzin returned on 18 August 2012, but left again on 8 December 2012. Tamzin was shown in a trailer showing what was coming up on Casualty in summer 2014, indicating that she would be returning. Her return was confirmed by a cast list released by Radio Times for the episode dated 24 May 2014. Atkinson confirmed that she would be departing for the last time following Matt Bardock, who plays Tamzin's paramedic colleague Jeff Collier's departure and she leaves following his funeral, on 11 October 2014.
Upon her arrival, Tamzin immediately gets off on the wrong foot when she accidentally breaks fellow paramedic, Jeff Collier (Matt Bardock)'s beloved A-Team mug and the pair later put Jeff's nose out of joint when they steal their "shout". Following Omar's disagreement with Jeff about putting targets before patients, Omar is asked to leave. Tamzin decides to stick with Omar and they leave Holby City Hospital.
Less than a year later, Tamzin returns to the hospital after gaining further experience and deciding to try again at Holby. She is thrown into the deep end as she, Jeff and Dixie Dixon (Jane Hazlegrove) go to an accident at a music festival with doctors, Sam Nicholls (Charlotte Salt) and Tom Kent (Oliver Coleman). After some encouragement from Dixie, Tamzin asks Tom if he is single - which doesn't go unnoticed by Sam. Jeff and Tamzin later treat a small child called Lucy whose mother, Taylor, is struggling to cope. Consultant, Dylan Keogh (William Beck) becomes protective over Lucy and becomes angry with Taylor over her care. Tamzin steps in to defend Taylor, leaving Jeff wondering why. He later continues to become concerned over Tamzin when they attend to an injured lap dancer.
Following Dixie's three-month suspension she is called in to cover for her, to the shock of Jeff. After Jeff's relationship with Samantha ends, Tamzin reveals she has called off her engagement. He asks Dixie for a divorce, to which she complies. At the scene of a car crash, Jeff is killed in an explosion. Tamzin breaks down in Dixie's arms when she is told.
Tamzin is seen at Jeff's funeral and breaks down into Big Mac's arms during the service. After the service, she and Dixie share a heartfelt conversation where Dixie gives a jacket to Tamzin, before Tamzin reveals she can't stay at Holby. She then leaves and is replaced by Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson), who had previous worked in Holby and returned for the funeral.
Grace Beauchamp
Grace Beauchamp, portrayed by Emily Carey, first appears in the series 29 episode "Losing Grip". She is introduced in a semi-regular role as the teenage daughter of Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing). The character previously appeared with Connie in Casualty spin-off series, Holby City between 2007 and 2010. After a six-episode stint, Grace departs with her grandmother, Audrey Strachan (Frances Tomelty). The character returns in series 30, alongside her father, Sam Strachan (Tom Chambers), who also appeared in Holby City. Her return was confirmed in December 2015. She continues to appear in a recurring capacity across series 31 and following a short cameo appearance in the first episode of series 32, Carey confirmed she had left the serial. Writers used Grace's exit to develop new stories for Connie. The character's return was confirmed on 16 December 2020, via a promotional trailer. Upon her return, Grace's struggle at being in Holby is explored, and she becomes a love interest for paramedic Leon Cook (Bobby Lockwood). Loretta Preece, the show's series producer, told Sophie Dainty from Digital Spy that Grace returns "beautiful and forthright" with a hope to be "noticed and appreciated" by Connie. She added that the pair have a difficult relationship and "in many ways the apple doesn't fall very far from the tree". Preece also praised Carey and expressed her pleasure at having her in the cast. The character appears in series 35 for a seven-episode stint, departing as part of Mealing's exit from Casualty.
Grace arrives at Holby City Hospital's emergency department (ED) with Connie after being expelled from boarding school. They share a poor relationship due to Connie's work commitments, and consequently, Grace acts out and causes disruption in the ED. Audrey arrives after Grace's nanny quits. After someone contacts social services, Connie has a meeting to discuss her treatment of Grace. When Connie prioritises a demanding patient over time with Grace, she tells Connie that she wants to live with Audrey instead. While at the ED, Grace goes missing and panic arises that Rita Freeman's (Chloe Howman) estranged husband, Mark Richie (Joel Beckett), who is a paedophile, has abducted her. Grace is found safe and leaves with Audrey to live with Sam.
A year later, Connie learns that Grace is in the UK with Sam and his girlfriend, Emma Dufresne (Elizabeth Croft). When Emma is admitted to the ED, Grace gets to spend time with Connie. As they prepare to leave, Connie apologises to Grace for letting her go and asks her to stay. Grace walks in on Connie and Jacob Masters (Charles Venn) kissing and is furious; she gives Connie an ultimatum, threatening to return to America if she does not end the relationship; Connie break. At a school sports day, Connie helps Grace befriend Carmel Sims (Sydney Wade). Grace has a sleepover at Carmel's house, but when Carmel injures her leg on a trampoline, Grace runs home to get Connie, but finds her and Jacob together. She tells Connie that she hates her. At the ED, Connie and Jacob treat Carmel, learning that she is malnourished and self-harming. Upon hearing Carmel's mother, Steph Sims (Tonicha Lawrence), berating her daughter, Connie reports her to social services. Grace speaks with Connie and Jacob and gives her blessing to the relationship.
Connie and Grace leave the ED in the car, followed by a furious Steph; she drives recklessly and causes them to crash, plummeting off a cliff. They are thrown from the car and are found by Jacob and paramedics Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson) and Jez Andrews (Lloyd Everitt). Grace is airlifted to the ED, but en route, the helicopter collides with a drone, crashing into the department's entrance and worsening Grace's condition; she has a subdural haematoma which comatoses her. She later has a pseudoaneurysm and has to be operated on by Jac Naylor (Rosie Marcel) and Guy Self (John Michie). Despite initial hesitation, Connie agrees to the operation and Grace survives. Connie refuses to leave Grace's bedside and she slowly awakens from her coma, albeit withdrawn and nearly mute. She cannot walk and struggles to eat without assistance.
As Grace is discharged from hospital, Connie treats her friend Hugo Bonning (Billy Angel) and lies about Grace's whereabouts when he asks. However, when they bond, she takes Hugo to see Grace. Grace continues to recover through physical therapy and Connie's care, eventually walking with the aid of a crutch. Connie struggles with Grace's injures and convinces herself that there is a medical error in her case notes. She complains to the hospital board about Grace's treatment under Elle Gardner's (Jaye Griffiths) care, which results in a hearing. To aid her case, Connie takes Grace to the hearing and claims that she is critically ill. Grace struggles in the courtroom and goes to the toilets, where she smashes a mirror, before collapsing with a seizure. Elle finds Grace and saves her life. At the hospital, Grace is diagnosed with epilepsy and undergoes surgery, while Connie retracts her statement in thanks.
Grace does not talk to anyone following her operation. Sam asks for a psychologist to assess her, but they reveal it is not psychological and it is Grace's decision. Sam gives Grace a mobile tablet and she uses it to write that everything is Connie's fault, devastating her mother. On her birthday, Grace responds excitedly to her presents from Sam, but rejects gifts from Connie and tells her that she hates her. Grace has another seizure, so Sam decides that Grace should live with him. When Sam is unable to attend one of Grace's physiotherapy session, Connie attends instead. Grace later shows off her progress to the ED staff as she no longer needs aid in walking. When given the opportunity to move back in with Connie, Grace decides to stay with Sam, having witnessed Connie prioritise work over her again. Connie later visits Grace and Sam at home, but finds the house empty. She then learns that they have returned to America.
Mercedes Christie
Mercedes Christie, played by Hannah Spearritt, made her first screen appearance on 23 January 2016. She made her final appearance on 7 May 2016.
The character and Spearritt's casting was announced on 18 December 2015, with Mercedes described as "mysterious". Spearritt, who was most known as a singer in the pop band S Club 7, had previous acting experience in Primeval. Following the announcement, Spearritt wrote on social network, Twitter: "I'm so happy to say i've joined the BBC Casualty as Mercedes Christie...very excited! @BBCCasualty". Spearritt described Mercedes as "edgy and manipulative" and commented that she was "different" to her previous roles and "potentially a bit of a challenge". Spearritt revealed that after her audition for the role of Mercedes she was "all teary" and spent days in a "self-conflicted isolation", hoping she had won the part. For the role, Spearritt "grimed" herself up and bought several hair braids, nose rings, ear cuffs, "hippy-themed" earrings amongst other items. Spearritt also dyes her hair lilac weekly for continuity reasons. Spearritt described her first scenes as "pretty action-packed" and "fun" to film. She also praised the cast and crew for being "warm and welcoming".
Ciaran Coulson
Ciaran Coulson, portrayed by Rick Warden, first appears in the thirty-third series, in an episode originally broadcast on 1 June 2019. The character was first announced in the 25–31 May 2019 issue of Inside Soap, while Warden's casting was revealed later in the month. Warden expressed his joy at playing the role, saying that he is "having fun with Ciaran". Lucy Raffety, the show's series producer, praised Warden, calling him "phenomenal". Ciaran is a troubleshooter hired to improve the emergency department (ED) and was introduced as a rival for clinical lead Connie Beauchamp (Amanda Mealing). He is hired by Henrik Hanssen (Guy Henry), the hospital's chief executive officer, and is given permission to enforce changes without Connie's consent, infuriating her. Warden previously appeared in a recurring role on Casualty spin-off series Holby City in 2010, and starred opposite Mealing. The pair enjoyed working with each other again. Ciaran quickly clashes with many characters, including Connie and senior nurse Jacob Masters (Charles Venn). Ciaran is unimpressed when Jacob is late to work and confronts him, unaware of his background. Warden enjoyed filming the clashes between Ciaran and Jacob as Venn is much taller and stronger than him.
The character is billed as direct and someone who is quick to clash with others. Warden branded him "Napoleonic, arrogant and ruthless" and explained that although "his manner is abrasive", he is doing the job given to him. When Ciaran is wrong, he is able to admit fault, and is keen to help those who have been mistreated. Warden described him as "the hero of his own story" rather than a villain. Mealing called Ciaran "a real villain" and likened him to the male version of her character. Venn thought that Ciaran "wields his power in a very obnoxious manner and grates on a lot of people". He also described him as "raging, power hungry man" with a Napoleon complex. The character's backstory states that he has experience in management as well as trauma medicine in America.
Writers scripted Ciaran into Connie's prescription medication addiction story. Raffety explained that Ciaran's introduction would "[compound Connie's] feelings of inadequacy and anxiety". Warden thought that Ciaran "exacerbated" Connie's struggles, but would sympathise with her "to a point". Mealing noted that Ciaran's constant observations of her makes Connie feel "as though she has a target on her back". After Connie blames registrar Archie Hudson (Genesis Lynea) for her mistake in a medical procedure, Ciaran begins to suspect that Connie is at fault and consults Archie. They work together to bring down Connie. Warden explained that they develop "a relationship of convenience or politics" and become friends. While Connie is away, Ciaran moves into her office and when she returns, she is furious and demands he leave. Warden told Elaine Reilly of What's on TV that "the trouble is when someone as arrogant as Ciaran meets someone like Connie, they just can't be easily in the same space."
Ciaran is also incorporated into senior nurse Duffy's (Cathy Shipton) dementia story when he questions her capability. Warden pointed out that Ciaran is concerned about her living with dementia and having a senior position in the ED. Shipton told Alice Penwill of Inside Soap that Ciaran is a "box-ticker" and Duffy's dementia status is an issue. His concerns leads to Duffy resigning from her job. Duffy then begins a non-clinical role, but is involved in an incident with Connie, who blames her. Ciaran believes that Duffy is innocent, but needs her to be a witness against Connie. Warden thought that the scenes were "sensitive [and] nuanced".
At the conclusion of Connie's story, the character was written out of the series, departing in the final episode of series 33, in an episode originally broadcast on 10 August 2019. Connie falsifies prescriptions to make it seem that Ciaran is overprescribing medication. He attends a meeting with Hanssen, who informs him that his contract would not be renewed. On 12 March 2021, it was confirmed that Warden had reprised his role as Ciaran.
The character received a negative response from viewers, which Warden expected due to his characterisation. Despite this, the actor was also told by schoolchildren that Ciaran was "the best doctor in Casualty". Sue Haasler, writing for the Metro, described the character as "dreadful" and "an annoying little man". Reilly (What's on TV) dubbed Ciaran "Mr Mean" and said his introduction was "unforgettable". She added that he has "an abundance of wicked one-liners".
Ellisson family
The Ellisson family consists of Roy Ellisson, played by John Killoran, his wife Denise Ellisson, played by Lucy Benjamin, and their sons, Scott Ellisson, played by Will Austin, and Mickey Ellisson, played by Mitch Hewer. Roy and Denise appeared in one episode on 30 September 2015 and were reintroduced in 2017; Roy returned on 22 April 2017 and Denise returned on 29 April 2017. Upon Roy and Denise's reintroduction, Scott and Mickey were introduced and they debuted on 22 April 2017. Roy departed on 29 April 2017 and Scott and Denise departed on 22 July 2017, whereas Hewer joined the recurring guest cast.
Producer Erika Hossington praised the Ellissons' first episode, saying, "that was a really important episode for us because it examined race and that was something else that we wanted to bring into the frame this year in terms of the way the UK has gone." She revealed that the family would be reintroduced following positive fan response, which "can only mean bad things for the ED." Further details surrounding their return were announced on 16 March 2017, when it was announced that Hewer would be joining the show's recurring guest cast. Hewer commented, "I'm very excited for people to meet Mickey and for them to feel the difficulties that he endures in his life." The show's executive producer, Simon Harper, expressed his delight at Hewer joining the cast and explained, "we met Mickey's parents in 2015, but don't judge a book by its cover. Mickey isn't necessarily cut from the same cloth in his dealings with the Casualty regulars and there will be absolutely explosive consequences." The character of Scott and Austin's casting was also announced on 16 March 2017.
Alison Graham, writing for the Radio Times, branded the Ellisson family "Holby's tiny band of violently industrious fascists" and called Mickey "gormless" and a "dope", quipping he is "too dumb to draw breath". She also grew bored of the storyline featuring Ethan Hardy's (George Rainsford) revenge on Scott, commenting, "There are only so many shots of Ethan looking wan and tragic that any human being can stand." The critic later labelled Scott "the omnipresent Holby fascist" and noted that whenever a member of the family are admitted into the ED, the remaining members of the family "hover like moths at a barbecue".
Louis Fairhead
Louis Fairhead, played by Gregory Foreman, is Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson) and Baz Wilder's (Julia Watson) son. He was born during the eleventh series. In 2015, Foreman revealed that he had been abused in the streets due to Louis' behaviour towards his father. The actor stated, "A lot of people dislike Louis because they have such an affection for Charlie. They want him to be nice to his dad rather than put him down." Louis develops a heroin addiction.
Blake Gardner
Blake Gardner, played by Kai Thorne, is the son of Elle Gardner (Jaye Griffiths) and Jacob Masters (Charles Venn). He made his first appearance on 3 June 2017, where he was brought into the emergency department after being beaten up at school. Blake developed a crush on his father's coworker, Sam Nicholls (Charlotte Salt), and tried to kiss her. She pushed him away, and he left in embarrassment. In October 2018, Blake met his grandmother Omo, and helped her shopping. On the bus, she began hearing voices due to her schizophrenia, and she left Jacob on the bus.
Zsa Zsa Harper-Jenkinson
Zsa Zsa Harper-Jenkinson, portrayed by American actress Sharon Gless, will appear in the thirteenth episode of series 32. Zsa Zsa is a neurosurgeon and the former mentor of Dylan Keogh (William Beck). She is billed as "a maestro of surgery". Gless expressed her delight at appearing in one episode of Casualty and called Zsa Zsa a "wonderful character". Gless told Elaine Reilly of What's on TV that Zsa Zsa has a large soul and is humorous and "often inappropriate", which she liked. Alison Graham of Radio Times described Zsa Zsa as "acerbic, funny and a wee bit flirty". Producer Daf Llwelyn asked Gless to film an episode for the show, which Gless stated marked the "first time Casualty have flown an American over to play a role." The actress enjoyed the character and working on the serial. She expressed an interest in reprising the role if invited to. As Dylan's former mentor, Zsa Zsa trained him to become a surgeon, although they lost contact due to Dylan's "emotionally withdrawn" personality. So when Dylan calls her and asks that she perform surgery on terminally ill Glen Thomas (Owain Arthur), Zsa Zsa immediately arrives.
Oliver Hide
Oliver "Ollie" Hide, played by Harry Collett, first appeared on 24 September 2016. Oliver is the son of David Hide (Jason Durr) and Rosalene Hide (Lorraine Pilkington). Due to his parents initially being separated, Oliver lives with Rosalene, but later decides he wants to live with his father, David. Oliver stands on the edge of a bridge, not planning to jump in. When David finds him, he assumes Oliver is attempting suicide, so tries to talk him down. Oliver falls in, and David saves him.
On the 18th June 2022, in the episode Wednesday's Child, Ollie is involved in a school, where he and his friend Rob shot students in their school. Ollie is shot by Rob and dies of his injuries at the end of the episode, much to the disbelief of his parents.
Sally Hodge
Sally Hodge, played by Pam St. Clement, appeared on 27 August 2016. Sally appeared as a patient, treated by Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson) in the first episode of series 31, which celebrated the show's thirtieth anniversary.
Sally was admitted in the emergency department following a fall at her flat. She was treated by Lily Chao (Crystal Yu), Louise Tyler (Azuka Oforka) and Charlie, the latter of whom suspected she had fractured her hip. Sally was rude to the staff, especially Charlie. Lily performed an abdominal exam on Sally and requested more tests, before concluding she had a urinary tract infection. Lily later discovered that Sally actually had a lithopaedion. She tearfully admitted to Charlie that she became pregnant whilst a teenager and self-aborted her child, while telling people she had miscarried. Sally then praised Charlie, calling him a good man, before inadvertently revealing a surprise party planned in honour of Charlie. Lily later informed Charlie that Sally had been admitted to a ward.
The character and casting was announced on 2 August 2016, with EastEnders legend, St. Clement in the role of patient Sally Hodge. Sally was billed as a "grumpy, surly and crotchety" patient that "makes life hell" for charge nurse Charlie Fairhead (Thompson) because is "distrustful" of him. Of her working relationship with Thompson, St. Clement said that "with a bit of luck we absolutely clicked". St. Clement's character in EastEnders was considered tough, but St. Clement joked that "if Sally was walking down the same street as Pat Butcher, Pat would neatly sidestep on to the opposite pavement." She described Sally as "unfortunate woman" due to her "emotional baggage" and therefore, she does not "come over as being very nice". St. Clement added that Sally is a "nice, complicated character to play" and that it was "a privilege to play a guest role within this incredible episode". Executive producer, Oliver Kent announced his "delight" at St. Clement's casting, stating that is "fantastic" to place "two TV greats" in one episode. He described the scenes that St. Clement and Thompson share as "a truly brilliant moment in the episode". Elaine Reilly of What's on TV included Sally's arrival in an article stating six things she could not "wait to see" in the anniversary special, hoping that "demanding" Sally would be Charlie's "worst patient yet". Justin Harp of Digital Spy described Sally as "a true badass". Duncan Lindsey of Metro.co.uk described Sally as "difficult to please".
Upon looking at the Twitter response to St. Clement's appearance, Radio Times said that fans "enjoyed" her appearance on the show. Sharon Marshall, writing for Mirror.co.uk, described St. Clement's appearance as "gorgeous" and said it reminded her what an "awful" decision it was to kill her EastEnders character Pat.
Samantha Kellman
Samantha Kellman (originally Keeler) played by Michelle Collins, first appeared on 5 July 2014 as a patient and the new love interest for Jeff Collier (Matt Bardock). Collins made her last appearance as Samantha on 30 August 2014.
Collins has previously appeared in Casualty as Camille Lewis, the mother of a patient, Simone (Jayne Wisener), in series 25 for four episodes.
The character of Samantha and her casting was announced on 27 March 2014. It was announced she would joining in a guest stint and her first scenes would air in July. It was revealed that Samantha will end up in hospital after being injured while trying to help rescue a competitive father, who has a heart attack after a running race with his son and the character will also be a new love interest for paramedic Jeff, who treats her at the scene. The BBC said that as the romance with Jeff blossoms, a secret held by Samantha threatens to turn both of their worlds upside down.
Speaking about the part, Collins said: "I got offered the guest role in Casualty very soon after finishing Corrie. I jumped at the chance of playing a character so different so quickly - it was exciting to be stepping into something new. Playing Stella was great fun but it was thrilling to have a challenge of an entirely different role. Londoner Samantha is nothing like Stella - I dyed my hair to leave Stella behind which fitted in well with the role. I'm pleased to be involved in another hit drama TV show so soon, even if it's just for a short while. Since leaving Corrie it's been great to get my teeth into different characters and I'm looking forward to new opportunities which have been coming my way." Casualty's executive producer Oliver Kent added: "We can't wait for everyone to meet Samantha and see where her story goes over the two months she's on screen. Michelle has been absolutely brilliant and her arrival is set to have a huge impact on one of the show's most loved characters."
Val Kildare
Valentine "Val" Kildare, played by accredited actor Gary Lucy, appeared in the tenth episode of series 29, which was originally broadcast on 15 November 2014. The episode was the first of three standalone episodes the show aired during the twenty-ninth series.
The casting was announced on 2 July 2014 that former EastEnders and Hollyoaks star, Gary Lucy, would be appearing in one of three upcoming standalone episodes that would air in November. Radio Times described the character as "a loveable rogue, born charmer and conman who exists very much on the wrong side of the tracks" and revealed that the episode, featuring Lucy, would revolve around a murder mystery. The show's series producer, Erika Hossington, announced that established character Lily Chao (Crystal Yu) would be the main character in the first standalone episode and that the episode would air on 1 November 2014, written by Jeff Povey. Hossington continued to talk about the episode's setting, "It's a great episode and it's all set at night. The hospital is empty, so it feels like a very ghostly place and that really feeds into the story that we're telling. It's brilliant and it feels very different." The character was not announced until the episode's cast list was revealed.
Yu revealed that herself and Amanda Henderson (who plays Robyn Miller) were very "giggly" whilst filming with Lucy, but she described him as a "wonderful" actor. Lucy also commented on his casting, stating: "I'm so pleased to be part of this fantastic stand-alone episode of Casualty. It's a well-written and directed piece with a strong set of regular characters. I had huge fun playing a different character in the longest running hospital drama. Tune in to watch the mystery unfold!" Spoiler pictures were released on 13 November that showed Lucy's scenes as Val. It was revealed that Val would be suspected of murder by Lily.
What's on TV described Val as "dodgy", "eye candy", "smooth-talking", and "shifty", while Digital Spy described him as "mysterious".
Luka Malinovsky
Luka Malinovsky, played by Tom Mulheron, made his first appearance in episode 20 of series 34, broadcast on 18 January 2020. Luka is the son of Lev Malinovsky (Uriel Emil) and Faith Cadogan (Kirsty Mitchell), who is diagnosed with a cancerous brain tumour that is close to his brain stem. He is booked in for a surgery performed by Zsa Zsa Harper-Jenkinson (Sharon Gless), but the surgery has to be cancelled due to Zsa Zsa finding more tumour in his brain.
Eddie McAllister
Eddie McAllister, played by Joe Gaminara, made his first appearance in episode 28 of series 32, broadcast on 17 March 2018. Eddie is an F1 doctor, who is billed as "ambitious" and "confident". Eddie happily allows others to be blamed for his mistakes, which happens to F1 doctor, Bea Kinsella (Michelle Fox). Eddie and Bea compete for a work placement on a "prestigious" course. He returns in episode 33, broadcast on 28 April 2018, as a regular character. Sophie Dainty of Digital Spy described Eddie as "a competitive, cocky posh boy – willing to do whatever it takes to climb the career ladder" and suggested that he could have a "darker side".
On 9 May 2018, it was announced that Eddie's first storyline would see him rape Alicia after a night of drinking with their colleagues. The storyline begins in May and continues for six weeks. Producers spoke with Rape Crisis England and Wales about the storyline and sought their guidance before developing the scripts for the episodes. Katie Russell, a spokesperson for Rape Crisis, explained that Eddie and Alicia's storyline explores the issue of consent "responsibly and carefully" and hoped that it could raise awareness for the issue. Simon Harper, the show's executive producer, thought it was important to portray a "tough, contemporary" storyline and praised the show's work on the story.
Ffion Morgan
Ffion Morgan, played by Stirling Gallacher, made her first appearance in episode 38 of series 34, broadcast on 18 July 2020. Ffion is a police officer, and the wife of Jan Jenning (Di Botcher). Gallacher's casting was announced on 3 February 2020. Gallacher expressed her excitement to appear in Casualty, and executive producer Simon Harper commented that he was "excited" to explore Ffion's character and to have Gallacher portraying her. He added that Ffion would be involved in "pretty turbulent" storylines. Originally set to make her debut in late spring, Ffion first appeared in July due to Casualty not being transmitted for over a month due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Violette Spark
Violette Spark, portrayed by Kelly Gough, first appears in the sixteenth episode of series thirty-four, originally broadcast on 21 December 2019. The character and Gough's casting were announced on 26 November 2019. Violette is introduced as the estranged sister of paramedic Ruby Spark (Maddy Hill), who she shares "a rocky past" with. The character is introduced as part of the show's Christmas episodes, and her story was previewed in a trailer released on 6 December 2019. Violette is a heroin addict and growing up, Ruby watched her become addicted. Violette arrives pregnant, shocking Ruby, and soon gives birth to a daughter, Harmony, who becomes ill. Scared, Violette flees, leaving Ruby to care for Harmony. After overdosing, Violette is found by Ruby and agrees to receive treatment for her addiction. A show insider explained that Ruby believes that Harmony will be "enough to make Violette realise that she had to kick the habit for good". After leaving rehab, Violette moves in with Ruby and her housemate, Robyn Miller (Amanda Henderson), to raise Harmony.
Violette's addiction story was developed when she relapses. After seeing her ex-boyfriend Arlo Forrest (William Bliss), she accepts some drugs from him. When she awakens later, she ejects Arlo from the house and realises that Harmony is unwell. When Robyn informs Ruby that one of their neighbours saw Arlo leaving the house, Ruby calls Violette, suspicious that she has relapsed. Violette initially denies the claims, but becomes panicked about "listless and unresponsive" Harmony. Ruby demands that Violette brings Harmony to the hospital, but she refuses as she worries about being deemed "an unfit mother" by Social Services. Paediatric consultant Will Noble (Jack Nolan) speaks to Violette over the phone and suspects that Harmony has meningitis, which needs immediate treatment. Ruby then races to get Harmony to the hospital. Following her relapse, Violette returns to rehab but struggles with her physical and mental health. She tells Ruby about her back pain, but she dismisses it as withdrawal. Violette has a large aortic aneurysm and goes into cardiac arrest. Despite attempts to save her, Violette dies. This marks Gough's departure from the series and she makes her final appearance in the twenty-fifth episode of series thirty-four, originally broadcast on 22 February 2020.
Ammar Kalia of The Guardian included Violette's death in his television highlights for 22 February 2020. David Brown from the Radio Times called the twist "some rather grim drama". Tasha Hegarty from Digital Spy called the episode "emotionally-charged" and thought Violette's death created a "sad ending" to the story. A reporter from the Irish Mirror described her death as "harrowing" and "heartbreaking". The Metro Calli Kitson thought that Violette's death was one of many stories contributing to "an emotional few weeks in Casualty". Sue Haasler, writing for the Metro, opined that Violette's story is "a desperately sad story of a life ruined by addiction". Reflecting on Ruby and Violette's relationship, Haasler wrote, "Violette and Ruby's relationship has been shown to be loving but always fraught with distrust and blame on both sides."
Glen Thomas
Glen Thomas, played by Owain Arthur, made his first appearance during the thirtieth series on 4 June 2016. Glen was introduced as a love interest for nurse Robyn Miller (Amanda Henderson). They meet at a bereavement support group, where Glen claims his wife died of a brain tumour. However, Glen later reveals that he has a glioblastoma, a malignant brain tumour, and did not want Robyn to date him out of pity. But she wants to be with him and they continue their relationship. Producers worked with the Brain Tumour Charity on the storyline. Arthur departed the serial in the thirty-first series episode "Night of the Loving Dead"after he jilted a devastated Robyn at the altar convinced she would be better off without him, broadcast on 22 October 2016. The actor reprised the role in 2017 and Glen returns in the thirteenth episode of series 32, broadcast on 18 November 2017. Arthur departed the series again in the thirtieth episode of series 32, broadcast on 31 March. Glen's departures sees him die on the day of his wedding after discovering his cancer has returned and he only has days to live.
Henry Williams
Professor Henry Williams played by Tom Chadbon, first appeared on 13 September 2008, at the beginning of series 23. Henry is the hospital's Director of Critical Care and a consultant anaesthetist, who is in charge of the hospital's Emergency Department. He appointed Adam, though was quite sceptical about his ability to perform as the department's leader. Adam eventually stepped down as Lead Consultant and Clinical Lead in A&E as an Emergency Medicine Doctor and Physician.
Honey Wright
Honey Wright, portrayed by actress Chelsee Healey, first appears in the series twenty-nine episode "The Last Call", originally broadcast on 11 October 2014. The character and Healey's casting details were announced on 19 May 2014. The character is billed as a tea lady with "big hair and a big personality". Although she is based within the emergency department's (ED) coffee shop, Honey often travels around the ED with a tea trolley. Hossington liked this aspect of the character and compared her to Hayley Pearce in the documentary The Call Centre, saying that she "pops up everywhere". Writers created a secret for Honey upon her introduction, and she was revealed as the long-lost daughter of receptionist Noel Garcia (Tony Marshall). Producers paired Honey with registrar Ethan Hardy (George Rainsford), but the relationship is marred by Ethan's shyness and inference from Noel and Ethan's friend Lily Chao (Crystal Yu). Another story for the character involved her second job as a pole dancer. Healey had to pole dance for the scenes, which she initially found embarrassing. Honey leaves Holby to care for her grandmother, but returns five months later for a two-month stint. The stint focuses on Honey and Ethan's relationship and when they split, the character leaves Holby again. She makes her final appearance in the series thirty episode "Cradle to Grave", originally broadcast on 19 September 2015.
Amira Zafar
Amira Zafar, played by Poppy Jhakra, appeared on 27 August 2016. Amira appeared as a "tricky" agency nurse in the first episode of series 31, which celebrated the show's thirtieth anniversary. Jhakra revealed on 5 October 2016 that she had returned to filming for the show and would appear in episode 23 of series 31. She revealed two days later that she had finished filming. Despite Jhakra's statement, Amira appeared in episode 22, "You Are Your Only Limit". Jhakra revealed on 21 June 2017 that she would appear as Amira in Casualty spin-off series, Holby City. Amira appeared in the nineteenth series from the episode titled "The Coming Storm", broadcast on 10 October 2017.
Amira arrives for an agency shift, and is rude to Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson), infuriating him. Max Walker (Jamie Davis) attempts to flirt with Amira, but she rejects him. When she attempts to apologise to Charlie, Amira is asked to leave the ED, but as she leaves, a helicopter crashes in the department's entrance. She treats Kai Swift (Raif Clark), despite the department being closed to all patients. Kai confesses to responsibility for the crash and Amira encourages him to confess. She leaves at the end of the shift, having impressed Charlie with her devotion to her work. Amira later appears at the disciplinary hearing of consultant Elle Gardner (Jaye Griffiths) to provide a statement about the care of Grace Beauchamp (Emily Carey) on the day she worked in the ED.
See also
List of Casualty characters
References
General
Casualty character guide at BBC Online
Specific
External links
^
Lists of British television series characters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20rehabilitation
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Political rehabilitation
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Political rehabilitation is the process by which a disgraced member of a political party or a government is restored to public respectability and thus political acceptability. The term is usually applied to leaders or other prominent individuals who regain their prominence after a period in which they have no influence or standing, including deceased people who are vindicated posthumously. Historically, the concept is usually associated with Communist states and parties where, as a result of shifting political lines often as part of a power struggle, leading members of the Communist Party find themselves on the losing side of a political conflict and out of favour, often to the point of being denounced, imprisoned or even executed.
These individuals may be rehabilitated either as a result of capitulating to the dominant political line and renouncing their former beliefs or allegiances to disgraced leaders, or they may be rehabilitated as a result of a change in the political leadership of the party, either a change in personnel or a change in political line, so that the views or associations which caused the individual, or group of individuals, to fall into disgrace are viewed more sympathetically.
Well known figures who have been rehabilitated include Deng Xiaoping who fell into disgrace during the Cultural Revolution for being a "third roader" but was rehabilitated subsequently and became paramount leader of the People's Republic of China; and Russia's last Tsar, Nicholas II, and his family, who were all shot dead by Bolshevik revolutionaries in July, 1918, but were rehabilitated by the Russian Supreme Court on 1 October 2008.
China
Rehabilitation () was carried out at many stages in the History of the People's Republic of China, but most significantly after the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party that marked the Chinese economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping. Rehabilitation committees () considered appeals from both the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party as well as from petitions—often in the form of big-character posters—by ordinary citizens. Reformer Hu Yaobang led a series of rehabilitations from 1978 to 1981 of people persecuted by the Gang of Four during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976).
Soviet Union
In the context of the former Soviet Union, and the Post-Soviet states, rehabilitation (, transliterated in English as reabilitatsiya or academically rendered as reabilitacija) was the restoration of a person who was criminally prosecuted without due basis, to the state of acquittal.
Mass amnesty of the victims of Soviet repressions started after the death of Joseph Stalin. Initially, in 1953, this did not entail any form of exoneration. This release became coupled with rehabilitations after Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalinism in his 1956 speech On the Personality Cult and its Consequences. Several entire nationality groups that had been deported to Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia during population transfer were rehabilitated in the late 1950s.
Both the modern Russian Federation and Ukraine have enacted laws "On the Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repressions", which provide the basis for the continued post-Stalinist rehabilitation of victims.
See also
Self-criticism
References
Communist terminology
Political repression
Law of Russia
Law of Ukraine
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Soviet law
Soviet phraseology
De-Stalinization
History of the Soviet Union
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropinesterase
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Tropinesterase
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The enzyme tropinesterase (EC 3.1.1.10) catalyzes the reaction
atropine + H2O tropine + tropate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is atropine acylhydrolase. Other names in common use include tropine esterase, atropinase, and atropine esterase.
References
EC 3.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Declan%27s%20College
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St. Declan's College
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St. Declan's College is an all-boys, Catholic secondary school located in Cabra West, Dublin, Ireland. It was originally established by The Christian Brothers in 1960 with an initial enrollment of 75. It is now a public (state-funded) school under the management of the Edmund Rice Schools Trust.
Notable alumni
Sportspeople (footballers)
The Brogan family: Bernard Brogan (senior); Jim Brogan; Alan Brogan, born 1982; Bernard Brogan (junior), born 1984
Harry Kenny, born 1962
Owen Heary, born 1976
Richie Partridge, born 1980
Barry Cahill, born 1981
Paul Keegan, born 1984
Shane Supple, born 1987
Kevin Bonner
Senan Connell
Declan Lally
Kevin Nolan
Seán Bugler
Sportspeople (other)
Alan Nolan, hurler born 1985
Peadar Carton, hurler and footballer born 1986
Artists
Barry Ward (actor), stage and screen actor
Gavin James (singer), singer-songwriter and musician.
Politicians
Paschal Donohoe, born 1974
Broadcasters
Richie McCormack, born 1983
Gareth O'Callaghan, born 1961
References
See also
Education in the Republic of Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1960
Secondary schools in Dublin (city)
1960 establishments in Ireland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False%20start
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False start
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In sports, a false start is a disallowed start, usually due to a movement by a participant before (or in some cases after) being signaled or otherwise permitted by the rules to start. Depending on the sport and the event, a false start can result in a penalty against the athlete's or team's field position, a warning that a subsequent false start will result in disqualification, or immediate disqualification of the athlete from further competition.
False starts are common in racing sports (such as swimming, track, sprinting, and motor sports), where differences are made by fractions of a second and where anxiety to get the best start plays a role in the athletes' behavior.
A race that is started without a false start is referred to as a fair start or clean start.
In sports
Association Football (soccer)
Football games cannot be restarted unless certain conditions are met. For example, both teams need to be in their own half of the field for the start of the game or restarts from goals or half-time and free kicks require players to be a certain distance from the dead ball position. A referee may call the players back if one or more encroach into the wrong part of the field. There is generally no penalty for this type of encroachment, although if the referee considers it to be delaying the restart of the game they can award a yellow card. One famous example was during the 1974 World Cup when Brazil had a free kick near the Zaire penalty area was booted far away by Mwepu Ilunga before the restart. At a penalty kick, the restart is blown by the referee before the actual kick takes place. In this situation, "encroachment" may take place, where one or more players from either side go into the penalty area or penalty arc before the kick is done. The goalkeeper can also be called for this offence if one foot leaves the goal line before the kick. A variety of punishments exist depending on which sides were involved and the result of the kick, or the result may stand if one team defends the kick or scores it but their opposition infringed.
American and Canadian football
In American football and Canadian football, a false start is movement by an offensive player (other than the center) after he has taken a set position. For offensive linemen, this movement might be as minimal as a couple of centimeters, although the rule's intent is to prevent offensive players from unfairly drawing the defense offside. A false start brings a penalty. Unlike an offside penalty, where the play is run as usual, the play after a false start penalty immediately becomes dead. This is done to prevent a defensive player reacting to a false start from hitting the quarterback while he is going through the snap count, which would make the quarterback more susceptible to injury.
At the end of the 2005 NFL season, owners complained regarding false start penalties on players whose flinches have little effect upon the start of the play, such as wide receivers. In response, the NFL competition committee has said that they plan to inflict fewer false start penalties on players who line up behind the line of scrimmage.
Athletics (track and field)
In track and field sprints, the sport's governing body, the IAAF, has a rule that if the athlete moves within 0.1 seconds after the gun has fired the athlete has false-started. This figure is based on tests that show the human brain cannot hear and process the information from the start sound in under 0.10 seconds, even though a IAAF-commissioned study indicated in 2009 that top sprinters are able to sometimes react in 0.08 s. This rule is only applied at high-level meets where fully automated force or motion sensor devices are built into the starting blocks that are tied via computer with the starter's gun. In the vast majority of lower-level meets, false starts are determined visually by the officials.
If there is a false start, it is signalled by firing the starting gun twice, and the race is stopped. Since 2009, the offending athletes are immediately disqualified. Before 2003, an athlete making a false start would be allowed another start and would only be disqualified after a second false start. Between 2003 and 2009 (inclusive), if there was a single false start, then the whole field would be warned, and the original offender would be allowed a second start. If anyone made a false start on the second start, then they would be disqualified (even if they did not false start the first time).
An analysis of start times by sprinters at the 2008 Beijing Olympics demonstrated that male and female sprinters can achieve reaction times of 0.109 s and 0.121 s in one out of 1,000 starts. The same analysis showed fewer false starts among the women and it suggests that the apparent sex difference is caused by the use of the same starting block force threshold for males and females. The authors calculated that were the force threshold to be reduced by 22% for females, to take into account their lower rate of developing muscle strength, then males and females would exhibit similar reaction times and numbers of false starts.
Horse racing
In thoroughbred horse racing, a false start occurs when a horse breaks through the starting gates before they open. There is usually no penalty, and the horse is simply reloaded into the gate. In some events, a horse who breaks through the starting gates is disqualified. A notable example was the 2006 Preakness Stakes when Kentucky Derby winner Barbaro broke through the gate early; he was reloaded and the race was started properly. The 1993 Grand National was declared void because the recall flag to signal a false start was not unfurled, so that most jockeys continued to race.
Ice hockey
In ice hockey, a false start occurs when a team commits a faceoff violation. When this occurs, the player taking the face-off from the offending team is disqualified from the face-off and replaced by a teammate. A second faceoff violation by the same team results in a minor penalty.
Motorsports
In motor sports that have a standing start (e.g. Formula One), if there is a false start then the offender is subject to a time penalty and the race is normally not restarted. One notable exception was the 1999 European Grand Prix, where six drivers, including the top five qualifiers, jumped the start due to the starting lights malfunctioning. No driver was penalized and the race was restarted. In drag racing, if there is a false start, the driver who jumped worse is provisionally disqualified, pending the result of the run (if a worse violation occurs during the race, that offender instead is disqualified, and the false start is nullified, with that offender declared the winner. In motorsport with a rolling start (lane violations, passing the leader before the start), the penalty may be positions lost or a pass-through penalty.
Sailing
In sailing, the race committee decides at the preparatory signal (usually 4 minutes before the start) what the rules on false starting will be by display the P, I, Z or Black Flags.
A P Flag means any boat on the course side (OCS) of the start line at the starting signal must return, clear the start line and then restart. The I Flag means a boat which is OCS must round either end of the start line by coming back to the pre-start side and then restarting (the 'round the ends' rule). The Z Flag means a boat which is OCS in the minute leading up to the start or at the start itself is given a 20% scoring penalty. The Black Flag means a boat which is OCS in the minute leading up to the start or at the start itself is disqualified.
Failing to return to start correctly under the P or I Flag rules means the boat is scored O.C.S and receives points equivalent to disqualification.
Skiing/Biathlon
The sport's governing body, the FIS, prohibits any athlete from moving before the gun sounds or within 0.1 second after, since 2009. As in track and field, in biathlon or cross country skiing, any false start from any athlete(s) risks immediate disqualification.
Speed skating
According to the rules set by the ISU a false start occurs when one of more competitors are intentionally slow at taking their starting positions, or leave their starting positions before the shot is fired. The first false start by an athlete will be cautioned, and the next, immediate disqualification.
Swimming
In swimming, any swimmer who starts before the starting signal risks immediate disqualification. If a step-down command is given before the race starts, the swimmer is not disqualified.
A notable example during the 2008 Olympics occurred when Pang Jiaying was disqualified due to a false start. This allowed Libby Trickett to advance to the final round, in which she won a silver medal.
At the 2012 London Olympics, Chinese swimmer Sun Yang jumped into the water too early in the 1500m final, but was not judged to have false started because Sun Yang misunderstood 'stand please' as beeping sound by the article 101.1 0.3 D. A similar incident occurred in the women's 100m breaststroke final.
Triathlon
In the men's triathlon at the 2020 Summer Olympics, there was an improper start (commonly reported as a "false start") in the opening 1500m swim because a camera boat blocked some of the participants from entering the water, which NBC termed "bizarre".
References
Sports penalties
Terminology used in multiple sports
American football terminology
Sport of athletics terminology
Metaphors referring to sport
Ice hockey terminology
| 1 | 1 |
33376762
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack%20AS-6
|
Sack AS-6
|
The Sack AS-6 was a German prototype circular-winged aircraft built privately during the Second World War.
Design and development
In July 1938, local farmer Arthur Sack entered his AS-1 circular-winged model in the first Reich-Wide Contest for Motorized Flying Models, which was held at Leipzig. The model had poor flight characteristics and had to be hand launched. However, Ernst Udet showed interest in Sack's design, and encouraged him to continue his research into circular wing aircraft for possible use as an observation or attack aircraft.
Sack went on to built four additional models based on the AS-1, with each increasing in size, before building the full-sized prototype as the AS-6 V1. The AS-6 V1 was built in January 1944 by Mitteldeutsche Motorwerke, with final assembly at the Flugplatz-Werkstatt workshop located at the air base in Brandis, Germany. The aircraft was built with the landing gear, cockpit, and pilot seat from a Messerschmitt Bf 109B, and was powered by an Argus As 10C-3 engine from a Messerschmitt Bf 108 Taifun. The wing structure was made of plywood.
Operational history
Testing of the AS-6 V1 began in February 1944, with test pilot Rolf Baltabol in the cockpit. During taxi tests, it was found that the tail needed extensive modifications in order to handle the 240 hp of the As 10C-3 engine. Five flight attempts were conducted on the Brandis air base's 1,250 m (4,100 ft) runway, but the aircraft failed to achieve flight. Defects were found in the aircraft's control surfaces. On its fifth attempt, both brakes failed, resulting in structural damage to the aircraft.
The prototype was subsequently repaired and two more flight attempts were made, but once again it would not lift off. Sack blamed the problem of insufficient angle of attack, but Baltabol believed it to be lack of power, and suggested that the AS-6 be fitted with a 2,000 hp Daimler-Benz DB 605 engine from a Bf 109. Sack, convinced it was the angle of attack that was the problem, relocated the landing gear eight inches aft. This, too, was insufficient, and some sources claim that the landing gear was relocated a further 16 inches aft, but this is unlikely. The aircraft was reported to have been fitted with better brakes from a Junkers Ju 88 and have had further modifications to the tail. An additional 70 kg (154 lb) of metal ballast was added.
On April 16, 1944, the modified AS-6 V1 attempted another flight. The aircraft made a brief hop, but yet again it was unable to achieve flight. Another attempt was made with similar results, but during the short hop it was found that the torque from the As 10C-3 caused stability problems. One more attempt was made, but stability problems resulted in one of the landing gear legs collapsing. After this, Baltabol lost interest in the project, telling Sack that his AS-6 was dangerous and to stop flight testing until after wind tunnel testing and necessary modifications could be made. Sack subsequently went back to the drawing board and made further modifications to the aircraft.
In the summer of 1944, Jagdgeschwader 400 relocated to Brandis, flying the new Messerschmitt Me 163B Komet. Confident that the new Me 163 pilots were more experienced than the pilots previously available to him, Sack asked for a new test pilot for his modified AS-6. The aircraft, nicknamed Bussard (Buzzard) by the JG 400 pilots, made one final flight attempt, this time with Oberleutnant Franz Roszle at the controls. Once again, the aircraft made only a short hop, resulting in a collapsed landing gear leg. Roszle suggested that Sack send his design to Messerschmitt for proper development, but Sack refused. Nevertheless, Messerschmitt got word of Sack's aircraft and proposed to build an improved version, the AS-7, as the Me 600.
The AS-6 was damaged in a strafing run before Sack had a chance to make further improvements, and the aircraft was likely scrapped soon afterward. By the time US troops arrived at Brandis in April 1945, no traces of the AS-6 were left.
The Sack AS-6 is commonly associated with the Nazi UFOs conspiracy theory.
Variants
AS-1 through AS-5
Development models, each increasing in size.
AS-6 V1
Full-sized prototype, one built.
AS-7
Proposed enlarged version to be powered by a 2,000 hp DB 605 engine and armed with six MK 108 cannons mounted in the wings. None built.
Me 600
Proposed Messerschmitt production of the AS-7. Not built.
Specifications (AS-6 V1)
See also
References
1940s German experimental aircraft
Circular wing
Single-engined tractor aircraft
| 1 | 1 |
24292220
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaan%20K%C3%A4rner
|
Jaan Kärner
|
Jaan Kärner (27 May 1891, in Käo village, then Kirepi Parish (now Elva Parish), Kreis Dorpat – 3 April 1958 in Tartu) was an Estonian poet and writer. He is known especially for his nature poetry. Many of his poems were set to music by Estonian composers of choral music. Kärner also wrote numerous novels, plays, works of literary criticism, and scientific literature and historical treatises. He translated works from German and Russian, most notably the poems of Heinrich Heine into Estonian in 1934.
Life and work
Jaan Kärner was born the son of a farmer, Kaarel Kärner and his wife Liis Kärner (née Terav). He had one brother, Johannes, and five sisters: Anna Marie, Emilie, Pauline, Ida and Alma and two half-brothers Aleksander and August. He attended Uderna school from 1901 to 1906 (Rõngu). From 1910 Kärner worked in various magazines in Tallinn. 1911/12 and 1914 he studied at the City People's University "AL Schanjawski" in Moscow. From 1917 Kärner was also politically active (first in the Estonian Socialist Revolutionary Party, later in the Estonian Independent Socialist Workers' Party) and in 1919 became editor of the trade union newspaper Töö hääl (Labor Voice). In 1919 he was elected to the Estonian Constituent Assembly.
Beginning in the early 1920s, Kärner worked as a freelance writer. From 1927 to 1929 he worked as an editor at the magazine Looming, and from 1936 to 1938 as an editor for the magazine Tänapäev. A left-winger, he supported the 1940 Communist seizure of power in Estonia. During the German occupation of Estonia during World War II Kärner lived in the Soviet Union. With the re-incorporation of Estonia into the Soviet Union in 1944, he returned to his homeland and worked in publishing as an editor at various newspapers and magazines. In 1946, Kärner descended into insanity and died in 1958 in Tartu.
He had one son, Ülo Kärner (born 1915-1941), through the marriage of his first wife Ida Kärner (née Kull) and two daughters, Eha (1919-1976) and Elo (1925-1991), with his second wife Hilda Anna Luise Kärner (née Luberg).
Works (selection)
Poetry collections
Aja laulud (1921)
Lõikuskuu (1925)
Õitsev sügis (1926)
Inimene ristteel (1932)
Sõna-sütega (1936)
Käidud teedelt (1939)
Kodumaa käsk (1942)
Viha, ainult viha (1944)
Romantic verse
Bianka ja Ruth (1923)
Fiction
Naine vaesest maailmast (1930)
Soodoma kroonika (1934)
Tõusev rahvas (2 volumes, 1936/1937)
Pidu kestab (1938)
References
External links
1891 births
1958 deaths
People from Elva Parish
People from Kreis Dorpat
Estonian Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians
Estonian Independent Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Members of the Estonian Provincial Assembly
Members of the Estonian Constituent Assembly
20th-century Estonian poets
Estonian male poets
20th-century male writers
Looming (magazine) editors
| 0 | -1 |
26147285
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo%20Internacional%20de%20Santa%20Cruz%20do%20Sul
|
Autódromo Internacional de Santa Cruz do Sul
|
Autódromo Internacional de Santa Cruz do Sul is a motorsports circuit located in Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. It has been host to the Formula 3 Sudamericana, Fórmula Truck and Stock Car Brasil series.
Inaugurated on 12 June 2005, the track has received entries from almost all major categories of Brazil. It also hosted the Brazilian Formula Three Championship.
Lap records
The official fastest lap records at the Autódromo Internacional de Santa Cruz do Sul are listed as:
External links
Map and circuit history at RacingCircuits.info
References
Motorsport venues in Rio Grande do Sul
Sports venues in Rio Grande do Sul
| 1 | 1 |
1751958
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD%20Welsch
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Jiří Welsch
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Jiří Welsch () (born 27 January 1980) is a Czech former professional basketball player for BK Pardubice of the Czech Republic National Basketball League. He has also represented the senior Czech Republic national basketball team. Welsch has played in the National Basketball Association in the United States, having been drafted in 2002 by the Philadelphia 76ers.
Professional career
Early years
Welsch began his professional career as a teenager with BK JIP Pardubice of the Czech Republic League, where he played until 1998. He then signed with CSA Sparta Prague of the Czech Republic League for the 1998–99 season, and then he moved to Union Olimpija Ljubljana of the Slovenian League, where he played until 2002. He was named the Slovenian League Most Valuable Player following the 2001–02 season campaign.
NBA
Welsch was drafted by the NBA's Philadelphia 76ers with the 16th selection of the 2002 NBA draft, but he was immediately traded to the Golden State Warriors for a future first-round draft pick and a future first- or second-round draft pick. He spent one season with the Warriors, averaging 1.6 points per game, 0.8 rebounds per game, and 0.7 assists per game in 37 games in the 2002–03 season before he was traded to the Dallas Mavericks, along with Antawn Jamison, Chris Mills and Danny Fortson, in exchange for Evan Eschmeyer, Nick Van Exel, Avery Johnson, Popeye Jones and Antoine Rigaudeau on 18 August 2003. Without ever playing a game for them, Welsch, along with Mills, Raef LaFrentz and a lottery-protected 2004 NBA Draft pick, was traded by Dallas to the Boston Celtics on 20 October 2003 in exchange for Antoine Walker and Tony Delk. Welsch started 68 games for the Celtics in the 2003–04 season, averaging 9.2 points per game.
Welsch averaged 8.5 points, 3.2 rebounds, and 2.0 assists per game in 136 games played (100 of them starts) in 2003–04 and 2004–05, while playing with the Celtics. On 24 February 2005, Welsch was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers for a future 2007 first-round draft pick.
On 28 June 2005, Welsch was traded by the Cavs to the Milwaukee Bucks for a 2006 second-round draft pick.
Welsch's final NBA game was played in Game 5 of the 2006 Eastern Conference First Round on May 3rd, 2006 against the Detroit Pistons. The Bucks would lose the game 93 - 122 and drop the series to Detroit 4 - 1, with Welsch recording 2 points, 1 assist and 1 rebound.
Back to Europe
In August 2006, Welsch decided to leave the NBA, and he signed with the Spanish ACB league club Unicaja Málaga. After playing with Estudiantes Madrid, he signed a contract with Spirou Basket, of Belgium, in July 2011. In 2012, he signed with ČEZ Nymburk. He joined BK Pardubice in 2017.
National team career
Welsch has been a member of the senior Czech Republic national basketball team. He played at the following EuroBasket tournaments: the 1999 EuroBasket, the 2007 EuroBasket, the 2013 EuroBasket, the 2015 EuroBasket, and the 2017 EuroBasket.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| align="left" | 2002–03
| align="left" | Golden State
| 37 || 0 || 6.3 || .253 || .250 || .759 || .8 || .7 || .2 || .1 || 1.6
|-
| align="left" | 2003–04
| align="left" rowspan=2| Boston
| 81 || 68 || 26.9 || .428 || .381 || .743 || 3.7 || 2.3 || 1.2 || .1 || 9.2
|-
| align="left" | 2004–05
| 55 || 32 || 20.5 || .428 || .323 || .773 || 2.5 || 1.5 || .7 || .1 || 7.5
|-
| align="left" | 2004–05
| align="left" | Cleveland
| 16 || 0 || 12.0 || .235 || .182 || .714 || 1.8 || 1.2 || .3 || .0 || 2.9
|-
| align="left" | 2005–06
| align="left" | Milwaukee
| 58 || 2 || 14.9 || .387 || .286 || .747 || 1.9 || 1.1 || .6 || .0 || 4.3
Playoffs
|-
| align="left" | 2003–04
| align="left" | Boston
| 4 || 4 || 26.0 || .478 || .250 || 1.000 || 3.0 || 2.3 || .5 || .0 || 8.0
|-
| align="left" | 2005–06
| align="left" | Milwaukee
| 4 || 0 || 3.8 || .500 || .000 || .750 || .8 || .5 || .3 || .0 || 1.8
References
External links
Official Website
NBA.com Profile – Jiri Welsch
Euroleague.net Player Profile
FIBA Profile
FIBA Europe Profile
Spanish League Profile
1980 births
Living people
ABA League players
Baloncesto Málaga players
BK Pardubice players
Boston Celtics players
CB Estudiantes players
Basketball Nymburk players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Czech expatriate basketball people in Spain
Czech expatriate basketball people in the United States
Czech expatriate basketball people in Slovenia
Czech men's basketball players
Czech expatriate basketball people in Belgium
Golden State Warriors players
KK Olimpija players
Liga ACB players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Sportspeople from Pardubice
Philadelphia 76ers draft picks
Point guards
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Spirou Charleroi players
| 1 | 1 |
38979594
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Henderson%20%28priest%29
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James Henderson (priest)
|
James Henderson was Archdeacon of Northumberland from 1905 to 1917.
Born into a medical family in Berwick-upon-Tweed in September 1840 Henderson was educated at University College, Durham and ordained in 1863. After curacies in Newcastle and Hurworth-on-Tees he held incumbencies in Ancroft, Shadforth and Wallsend before his Archdeacon’s appointment.
Henderson died on 21 April 1935
References
1840 births
People from Berwick-upon-Tweed
Alumni of University College, Durham
Archdeacons of Northumberland
1935 deaths
| 1 | 1 |
35508054
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium-ion%20battery
|
Aluminium-ion battery
|
Aluminium-ion batteries are a class of rechargeable battery in which aluminium ions provide energy by flowing from the positive electrode of the battery, the anode, to the negative electrode, the cathode. When recharging, aluminium ions return to the negative electrode, and can exchange three electrons per ion. This means that insertion of one Al3+ is equivalent to three Li+ ions in conventional intercalation cathodes. Thus, since the ionic radii of Al3+ (0.54 Å) and Li+ (0.76 Å) are similar, significantly higher models of electrons and Al3+ ions can be accepted by the cathodes without much pulverization. The trivalent charge carrier, Al3+ is both the advantage and disadvantage of this battery. While transferring 3 units of charge by one ion significantly increases the energy storage capacity, the electrostatic intercalation of the host materials with a trivalent cation is too strong for well-defined electrochemical behaviour.
Rechargeable aluminium-based batteries offer the possibilities of low cost and low flammability, together with three-electron-redox properties leading to high capacity. The inertness of aluminum and the ease of handling in an ambient environment is expected to offer significant safety improvements for this kind of battery. In addition, aluminum possesses a higher volumetric capacity than Li, K, Mg, Na, Ca and Zn owing to its high density ( at 25 °C) and ability to exchange three electrons. This again means that the energy stored in aluminum-batteries on a per volume basis is higher than that in other metal-based batteries. Hence, aluminum-batteries are expected to be smaller in size. Al-ion batteries also have a higher number of charge-discharge cycles. Thus, Al-ion batteries have the potential to replace Li-ion batteries.
Design
Like all other batteries, the basic structure of aluminium-ion batteries includes two electrodes connected by an electrolyte, an ionically (but not electrically) conductive material acting as a medium for the flow of charge carriers. Unlike lithium-ion batteries, where the mobile ion is Li+, aluminum forms a complex with chloride in most electrolytes and generates an anionic mobile charge carrier, usually AlCl4− or Al2Cl7−.
The amount of energy or power that a battery can release is dependent on factors including the battery cell's voltage, capacity and chemical composition. A battery can maximize its energy output levels by:
Increasing chemical potential difference between the two electrodes
Reducing the mass of reactants
Preventing the electrolyte from being modified by the chemical reactions
Electrochemistry
Anode half reaction:
{Al} + {7AlCl4^-} <=> {4Al2Cl7^-} + {3e^-}
Cathode half reaction:
{2MnO2} + {Li+} + {e^-} <=> {LiMn2O4}
Combining the two half reactions yields the following reaction:
{Al} + {7AlCl4^-} + {6MnO2} + {3Li+} <=> {4Al2Cl7^-} + {3LiMn2O4}
Lithium-ion comparison
Aluminium-ion batteries are conceptually similar to lithium-ion batteries, but possess an aluminum anode instead of a lithium anode. While the theoretical voltage for aluminium-ion batteries is lower than lithium-ion batteries, 2.65 V and 4 V respectively, the theoretical energy density potential for aluminium-ion batteries is 1060 Wh/kg in comparison to lithium-ion's 406 Wh/kg limit.
Today's lithium ion batteries have high power density (fast discharge) and high energy density (hold a lot of charge). They can also develop dendrites, similar to splinters, that can short-circuit a battery and lead to a fire. Aluminum also transfers energy more efficiently. Inside a battery, atoms of the element — lithium or aluminum — give up some of their electrons, which flow through external wires to power a device. Because of their atomic structure, lithium ions can only provide one electron at a time; aluminum can give three at a time. Aluminium is also more abundant than lithium, lowering material costs.
Challenges
Aluminium-ion batteries have a relatively short shelf life. The combination of heat, rate of charge, and cycling can dramatically decrease energy capacity. One of the primary reasons for this short shelf life is the fracture of the traditional graphite anode, the Al ions being far larger than the Li ions used in conventional battery systems. When metal ion batteries are fully discharged, they can no longer be recharged. Ionic electrolytes, while improving safety and the long term stability of the devices by minimizing corrosion, are expensive to manufacture and purchase and may therefore be unsuited to the mass production of Al ion devices. In addition, current breakthroughs are only in limited laboratory settings, where a lot more work needs to be done on scaling up the production for use in commercial settings.
Research
Various research teams are experimenting with aluminium and other chemical compounds to produce the most efficient, long lasting, and safe battery.
Anode
Cornell University
In 2021, researchers announced a cell that used a 3D structured anode in which layers of aluminum accumulate evenly on interwoven carbon fibers. structure via covalent bonding as the battery is charged. The much thicker anode features much faster kinetics. The prototype operated for 10k cycles without signs of failure.
Electrolyte
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Around 2010, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) developed and patented a high energy density device, producing 1,060 watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg). ORNL used an ionic electrolyte, instead of the typical aqueous electrolyte which can produce hydrogen gas during operation and corrode the aluminium anode. The electrolyte was made of 3-ethyl-1-methylimidazolium chloride with excess aluminium trichloride. However, ionic electrolytes are less conductive, reducing power density. Reducing anode/cathode separation can offset the limited conductivity, but causes heating. ORNL devised a cathode made up of spinel manganese oxide further reducing corrosion.
Cathode
Stanford University
In April 2015 researchers at Stanford University claimed to have developed an aluminum-ion battery with a recharge time of about one minute (for an unspecified battery capacity). Their cell provides about 2 volts, 4 volts if connected in a series of two cells. The prototype lasted over 7,500 charge-discharge cycles with no loss of capacity.
The battery was made of an aluminum anode, liquid electrolyte, isolation foam, and a graphite cathode. During the charging process, AlCl4− ions intercalate among the graphene stacked layers. While discharging, AlCl4− ions rapidly de-intercalate through the graphite. The cell displayed high durability, withstanding more than 10,000 cycles without a capacity decay. The cell was stable, nontoxic, bendable and nonflammable.
In 2016, the lab tested these cells through collaborating with Taiwan's Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) to power a motorbike using an expensive electrolyte. In 2017, a urea-based electrolyte was tested that was about 1% of the cost of the 2015 model. The battery exhibits ~99.7% Coulombic efficiency and a rate capability of 100 mA/g at a cathode capacity of 73 mAh/g (1.4 C).
ALION Project
In June 2015, the High Specific Energy Aluminium-Ion Rechargeable Batteries for Decentralized Electricity Generation Sources (ALION) project was launched by a consortium of materials and component manufacturers and battery assemblers as a European Horizon 2020 project led by the LEITAT research institute. The project objective is to develop a prototype Al-ion battery that could be used for large-scale storage from decentralized sources. The project sought to achieve an energy density of 400 Wh/kg, a voltage of 48 volts and a charge-discharge life of 3000 cycles.
In May 2019, the project came to an end and published its final results. The project showed that the high power and cycling performance of Al-ion made it an appealing alternative. Proposed applications included lead–acid batteries in uninterruptible power supplies, telecommunications and grid energy storage. 3D printing of the battery packs allowed for large Al-ion cells developed, with voltages ranging from 6 to 72 volts.
Cornell University
In 2011 at Cornell University, a research team used the same electrolyte as ORNL, but used vanadium oxide nanowires for the cathode. Vanadium oxide displays an open crystal structure, allowing greater surface area for an aluminium structure and reduces the path between cathode and anode, maximizing energy output levels. The device produced a large output voltage during operation. However, the battery had a low coulombic efficiency.
University Of Maryland
In 2016, a University of Maryland team reported a rechargeable aluminium/sulfur battery that utilizes a sulfur/carbon composite as the cathode material. The chemistry is able to provide a theoretical energy density of 1340 Wh/kg. The team made a prototype cell that demonstrated energy density of 800 Wh/kg for over 20 cycles.
Anthraquinone
In 2019 researchers proposed using anthraquinone for the cathode in an aluminum ion battery.
Queensland University of Technology
In 2019 researchers from Queensland University of Technology developed cryptomelane based electrodes as cathode for Aluminum ion battery with an aqueous electrolyte.
Clemson University
In 2017, researchers at Clemson Nanomaterials Institute used a graphene electrode to intercalate tetrachloroaluminate (). The team constructed batteries with aluminum anodes, pristine or modified few-layer graphene cathodes, and an ionic liquid with AlCl3 salt as the electrolyte. They claimed that the battery can operate over 10,000 cycles with an energy density of 200 Wh/kg.
Zhejiang University Department of Polymer Science
In December 2017 a team, led by professor Gao Chao, from Department of Polymer Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University, announced the design of a battery using graphene films as cathode and metallic aluminium as anode.
The 3H3C (Trihigh Tricontinuous) design results in a graphene film cathode with excellent electrochemical properties. Liquid crystal graphene formed a highly oriented structure. High temperature annealing under pressure produced a high quality and high channelling graphene structure. Claimed properties:
Retained 91.7 percent of original capacity after 250k cycles.
1.1 second charge time.
Temperature range: -40 to 120 C.
Current capacity: 111 mAh/g, 400 A/g
Bendable and non-flammable.
Low energy density
See also
Aluminium-air battery
Comparison of battery types
List of battery types
Energy density
References
External links
Cathode materials for rechargeable aluminum batteries: current status and progress
Metal-ion batteries
Aluminium
| 0 | -1 |
3858702
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beuronese%20Congregation
|
Beuronese Congregation
|
The Beuronese Congregation, or Beuron Congregation, is a union of mostly German or German-speaking religious houses of both monks and nuns within the Benedictine Confederation. The congregation stands under the protection of Saint Martin of Tours.
History
The origin of the Beuron Congregation is Beuron Archabbey, founded in 1863, the first declarations of which in 1866 already had in view an expansion to a congregation. After a further foundation, that of Maredsous Abbey in Belgium, the first constitutions of the Beuronese Congregation were ratified in Rome in 1873. Further foundations outside Germany followed during the period of "cultural struggle" ("Kulturkampf"), when the community was driven out of Beuron. In 1876, they were given refuge in Erdington Abbey, Birmingham, England until after the First World War. After their return it was possible to found more monasteries inside Germany: Maria Laach Abbey (1893); Gerleve Abbey (1904); Neresheim Abbey (1920); Weingarten Abbey (1922); Neuburg Abbey (1926); and others. The last foundations were Tholey Abbey, resettled in 1949, and Nütschau Priory, a new foundation established by Gerleve Abbey in 1951.
The congregation also continued to be active outside Germany, in among other places Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Brazil and Japan; in 1906 the abbey of the Dormition (or Assumption) (now Hagia Maria Sion Abbey) in Jerusalem was founded. The foundations outside Germany and Austria later separated from the Beuronese Congregation, often for political reasons.
The congregation's first nunnery was St. Gabriel's Abbey, Bertholdstein, established in Prague in 1889, which relocated in 1920 to Bertholdstein in Styria. This was followed in 1893 by Maredret Abbey in Belgium, then in 1904 by St. Hildegard's Abbey, Eibingen and in 1924 St. Erentraud's Abbey, Kellenried. More recent foundations are Engelthal Abbey (1965) and Marienrode Priory (1988). Other nunneries were taken into the congregation as already existing communities.
To begin with the congregation was under the management of the Abbot of Beuron, who acted as its Archabbot. The General Chapter, which took place at lengthy intervals and was attended by the congregation's officiating abbots, served the purpose of promoting general agreement among the communities and the regulation of outstanding questions. It was a strongly centralised system: all houses of the congregation were obliged to follow the customs, daily routine, service times and forms prescribed by Beuron.
In 1936 the Archabbot system was replaced by that of the Presiding Abbot; the General Chapter, which as a rule assembles every six years, elects one of the officiating abbots of the congregation as Presiding Abbot until the time of the next chapter meeting. This makes the congregation more federalistic, and individual monasteries and nunneries are better able to develop an individual profile.
In 1984, in accordance with the Codex Iuris Canonici of 1983, the revised statutes of the congregation and the declarations for monasteries and nunneries were approved. The statutes identify as tasks of the congregation the furtherance of the observation of the rule in the member houses, mutual help and joint solutions to tasks and problems, as well as exchanges between monasteries and nunneries. The General Chapter, consisting of the heads of each religious house, as well as elected representatives, is to meet very six years. Since 2003 the representatives of women's communities have had full voting rights.
The Beuronese Congregation has consisted since 2004 of ten monasteries and ten nunneries.
Monasteries
St. Martin's Archabbey, Beuron
Abbey of Our Dear Lady, Seckau, Styria
Maria Laach Abbey
St. Martin's Abbey, Weingarten
St. Joseph's Abbey, Gerleve
Abbey of Saints Ulrich and Afra, Neresheim
Abbey of the "House of Grace of Maria at Grüssau", Wimpfen
St. Bartholomew's Abbey, Neuburg
St. Maurice's Abbey, Tholey
St. Ansgar's Priory, Nütschau
Nunneries
St. Hildegard's Abbey, Eibingen
Abbey of the Holy Cross, Herstelle
St. Erentraud's Abbey, Kellenried
St. Mary's Abbey, Engelthal
Abbey of the Holy Cross, Säben, South Tyrol, Italy
Abbey of Our Dear Lady, Varensell
St. Mary's Abbey, Fulda
Marienrode Priory
Priory of Our Lady, Åsebakken, Denmark
See also
Benedictine Confederation
External links
Website of the Beuron Congregation
Benedictine congregations
Religious organizations established in 1863
1863 establishments in Germany
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70733344
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwll-y-Pant%20railway%20station
|
Pwll-y-Pant railway station
|
Pwll-y-Pant railway station served the suburb of Pwll-y-Pant, in the historical county of Glamorgan, Wales, from 1871 to 1893 on the Rhymney Railway.
History
The station was opened on 1 April 1871 by the Rhymney Railway. It was known as Pwllypant in Bradshaw. It closed on 1 March 1893, being replaced by to the north.
References
Disused railway stations in Caerphilly County Borough
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1871
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1893
1871 establishments in Wales
Former Rhymney Railway stations
| 1 | 1 |
62726311
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADofra%20O%27Leary
|
Síofra O'Leary
|
Síofra O’Leary (born 20 September 1968) is an Irish lawyer and judge at the European Court of Human Rights.
Biography
O’Leary was born in Dublin where she completed a Bachelor of Civil Law, University College Dublin in 1989. She went on to study at the European University Institute in Florence, where she received her Ph.D. in European law in 1993. O'Leary then worked in research in the Universities of Cadiz and London before going on to become Assistant Director in the Center for European Law Studies at the University of Cambridge in 1996. O'Leary went on to become a Fellow at Emmanuel College there .
Starting 1996 for three years, O'Leary held the position of Référendaire (consultant) at the Court of Justice of the European Union in Luxembourg. She then became the "Chef de cabinet" from 2000 to 2004. During her time at the court of justice, O'Leary also worked as a visiting fellow at the University of Dublin from 1999 to 2004 and from 2003 she has been a visiting professor at the College of Europe in Bruges. Her lectures addressing practitioners, government agencies and academics on fundamental rights, EU law and European Court of Justice practice and procedure. She writes articles on fundamental rights, EU employment law, the free movement of persons and services and EU citizenship. O'Leary held various positions at the Court of Justice of the European Union until in April 2015 she was elected to replace Ann Power as Ireland's judge at the European Court of Human Rights. Her term began on 2 July 2015 and is expected to end on 1 July 2024. From 1 January 2020 O'Leary has been President of Section. On 15 November 2021 she was elected as the Court's vice presidentand on 19 September 2022 she was elected President of the court becoming the first woman to do so.
Bibliography
The Evolving Concept of Community Citizenship (Kluwer, 1996)
Employment Law at the European Court of Justice (Hart Publishing, 2001)
References and sources
1968 births
Living people
Lawyers from Dublin (city)
| 1 | 1 |
61618028
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mladen%20Banovi%C4%87
|
Mladen Banović
|
Mladen Banović is a Bosnian scientist specialised for transformers. He is a founder and editor-in-chief of the Transformers Magazine and director at Merit Services Int., a company specialized in R&D, and education/training on transformers.
He graduated in 1999 and obtained his doctorate in 2012 at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing of the University of Zagreb. He is an author of several scientific articles and works.
References
External links
Mladen Banović in Who is who in the Croatian science
Living people
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb alumni
Croatian scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
| 1 | 1 |
70890009
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%20railway%20station
|
Sy railway station
|
Sy railway station is a Belgian railway stop on Line 43 (Infrabel) (from Liège (Angleur) to Marloie), located in the village of Sy on the territory of the municipality of Ferrières, in the Walloon Region of the province of Liège.
It is a railway stop of the National Railway Company of Belgium (SNCB) served by Omnibus (L) and Rush hour (P) trains.
Geographical Location
Located at an altitude of 128 meters is located at Kilometric point (PK) 33.40 of the Angeleur to Marloie rail line, between Hamoir and Bomal.
History
The railway station was first put into service on October 31, 1891 by the Belgian State Railways along the rail line from Angeleur to Marloie (opened in 1866). It is located on a curve near the bridge over the Ourthe, near a tunnel. A guard house (that has since sold to a private individual), is the only former railway building on the site.
Between March 1915 and January 1917, travelers no longer had access to the Sy railway station, which was closed and then used only by German soldiers.
Passenger Services
Facilities
An unstaffed SNCB passenger stop, it has with two platforms with shelters and an automatic ticket vending machine.
Train Services
Sy is served by SNCB Omnibus (L) and Rush hour (P) trains.
References
Railway stations in Belgium
Railway stations in Liège Province
| 1 | 1 |
4592796
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun%20Taylor
|
Shaun Taylor
|
Shaun Taylor (born 26 February 1963) is an English former professional footballer who made more than 500 appearances in the Football League and Premier League, playing for Exeter City, Swindon Town and Bristol City.
Taylor was born in Plymouth. A hard-tackling no-nonsense defender, he played non-league football for clubs including Holsworthy FC, St Blazey and Bideford before moving to Exeter City in December 1986 at the age of 23. He captained Exeter to the Fourth Division championship in 1989–90, and played 200 league games for the club before moving to Swindon Town in July 1991 for a £200,000 fee. He was an ever-present as Swindon gained promotion to the Premier League in 1992–93, a season when he scored 13 goals including one in the play-off final, a high total for a defender, and played every game in their only season in the top flight. After a second relegation, he captained Swindon to the Second Division title, and became the first player to win the club's Player of the Year award three times. He played 259 games in all competitions for the club before joining Bristol City in September 1996 for £50,000.
After a further 105 league games for Bristol City, helping the club to promotion to Division One in 1998, Taylor retired as a player and joined the club's coaching staff. Released in May 2005, he moved to Conference National club Forest Green Rovers in June as assistant to manager Gary Owers; their contracts were terminated by mutual consent after a poor start to the 2006–07 season. In July 2009 Taylor rejoined Exeter City as youth coach. He then became Assistant manager at Exeter City's Devon rivals Torquay United until he was dismissed in May 2013
Taylor's younger brother Craig was also a professional footballer.
On 12 July 2013, Shaun was appointed Professional Development Coach with his hometown club Plymouth Argyle youth academy.
In January 2018 Shaun Taylor returned to Torquay United as their new Head of Academy Coaching.
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Plymouth
English footballers
Association football defenders
St Blazey A.F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Bideford A.F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. non-playing staff
Forest Green Rovers F.C. non-playing staff
Exeter City F.C. non-playing staff
Torquay United F.C. non-playing staff
Plymouth Argyle F.C. non-playing staff
Association football coaches
| 0 | -1 |
54246165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Oregon%20Trail%20%28series%29
|
The Oregon Trail (series)
|
The Oregon Trail is a series of educational computer games. The first game was originally developed by Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, and Paul Dillenberger in 1971 and produced by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC) in 1974. The original game was designed to teach 8th grade schoolchildren about the realities of 19th-century pioneer life on the Oregon Trail. The player assumes the role of a wagon leader guiding a party of settlers from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon's Willamette Valley via a covered wagon in 1848.
History
In 1971, Don Rawitsch, a senior at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, taught an 8th grade history class as a student teacher. He used HP Time-Shared BASIC running on a HP 2100 minicomputer to write a computer program to help teach the subject. Rawitsch recruited two friends and fellow student teachers, Paul Dillenberger and Bill Heinemann, to help.
These are the original core gameplay concepts which have endured in every subsequent version: initial supply purchase; occasional food hunting; occasional supply purchase at forts; inventory management of supplies; variable travel speed depending upon conditions; frequent misfortunes; and game over upon death or successfully reaching Oregon.
The game that would be later named The Oregon Trail debuted to Rawitsch's class on December 3, 1971. Although the minicomputer's teletype and paper tape terminals that predate display screens were awkward to children, the game was immediately popular, and he made it available to users of the minicomputer time-sharing network owned by Minneapolis Public Schools. When the next semester ended, Rawitsch printed out a copy of the source code and deleted it from the minicomputer.
MECC
In 1974, the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC), a state-funded organization that developed educational software for the classroom, hired Rawitsch. He uploaded the Oregon Trail game into the organization's time-sharing network by retyping it, copied from a printout of the 1971 BASIC code. Then he modified the frequency and details of the random events that occurred in the game, to more accurately reflect the accounts he had read in the historical diaries of people who had traveled the trail. In 1975, when his updates were finished, he made the game titled OREGON available to all the schools on the timeshare network. The game became one of the network's most popular programs, with thousands of players monthly.
Rawitsch published the source code of The Oregon Trail, written in BASIC 3.1 for the CDC Cyber 70/73-26, in Creative Computings May–June 1978 issue. That year MECC began encouraging schools to adopt the Apple II microcomputer. John Cook adapted the game for the Apple II, and it appeared on A.P.P.L.E.'s PDS Disk series No. 108. A further version called Oregon Trail 2 was adapted in June 1978 by J.P. O'Malley. The game was further released as part of MECC's Elementary series, on Elementary Volume 6 in 1980. The game was titled simply Oregon, and featured minimal graphics. It proved so popular that it was re-made under the same title, with substantially improved graphics and expanded gameplay, in 1985. The new version was also updated to more accurately reflect the real Oregon Trail, incorporating notable geographic landmarks as well as human non-player characters with whom the player can interact.
By 1995, The Oregon Trail comprised about one-third of MECC's $30 million in annual revenue. An updated version, Oregon Trail Deluxe, was released for DOS and Macintosh in 1992, as well as Windows in 1993 (under the title of simply The Oregon Trail Version 1.2) followed by Oregon Trail II in 1995, The Oregon Trail 3rd Edition in 1997, and 4th and 5th editions. , more than 65 million copies of The Oregon Trail have been sold.
Editions
Games in the series were released with varying titles.
Legacy
The game was popular among American elementary school students from the mid-1980s to the mid-2000s, as many computers came bundled with the game. MECC followed up on the success of The Oregon Trail with similar titles such as The Yukon Trail and The Amazon Trail. David H. Ahl published Westward Ho!, set on the Oregon Trail in 1848, as a type-in game in 1986.
The phrase "You have died of dysentery" has been popularized on T-shirts and other promotional merchandise. Another popular phrase from the game is "Here lies andy; peperony and chease," which is a player-generated epitaph featured on an in-game tombstone saved to a frequently bootlegged copy of the game disk, and likely a direct reference to a popular Tombstone pizza television commercial from the 1990s.
The game resurfaced in 2008 when Gameloft created an updated version for cell phones. A new release for the iPhone and iPod Touch is also available from Gameloft. The game went live in the iTunes App Store on March 11, 2009. On January 7, 2010, the Palm webOS version was released to the Palm App Catalog. On November 11, 2010, an Xbox Live version was released on Windows Phone 7.
The cell phone version of the game is similar to the original, but varies in that the player can choose one of three different wagons: A basic wagon, a prairie schooner or a Conestoga wagon. The player can also choose to become a banker, a carpenter, or a farmer, each of which has unique benefits. Unlike the computer version of the game, players in the iPhone and iPod Touch version do not need to buy guns and bullets. The game has received a major update, in which the player uses trading and crafting to upgrade their wagon, buy food, and cure ailments.
In 2011, the 1975 and 1978 BASIC source code versions of the game were reconstructed.
On February 2, 2011, a new version of the game was released on the social networking site Facebook. This version was removed from Facebook when Blue Fang Games closed. A new version of the game was also released for the Wii and 3DS that year, and received a negative critical response.
In 2012, a parody called Organ Trail was released by the Men Who Wear Many Hats for browsers, iOS, and Android, with the setting changed to human survivors fleeing a zombie apocalypse.
In 2012, the Willamette Heritage Center (WHC) and the Statesman Journal newspaper in Salem, Oregon created Oregon Trail Live as a live-action event. Teams competed through ten challenges on the grounds of the WHC. Challenges were based loosely on the game: hunting for game was done by shooting Nerf guns at college students wearing wigs and cloth antlers, while carrying of meat became pulling a 200-pound man up a hill in a child's red wagon while he recited historical meat facts and pointed out choice cuts. Independence, Missouri, was at one end of the grounds, and the Willamette Valley was at the other end. The WHC received the 2014 Outstanding Educator Award from the Oregon-California Trails Association for this event.
In 2013, a dark comedy entitled Oregon Trail: The Play! received its first professional production by New Orleans-based theatre company The NOLA Project, and was subsequently published in 2016 by Alligator Pear Publishing, LLC. The play closely parodies the game, following a westward-headed family as they stock up on provisions for their oxen-led wagons and do their best to survive river crossings, illnesses, hunting, highway robbery, and a host of other mid-nineteenth-century dilemmas. Audience members are asked to help provide food for the family in a mid-play Nerf shooting gallery.
In 2014, a parody musical called The Trail to Oregon! was made by the musical theater company StarKid Productions, with several references being made towards the game.
In 2015, a 5k fun run held in Oregon City (the end of the route of the Oregon Trail) was modeled after the game with choice points along the route.
In 2016, the game was parodied in an episode of Teen Titans Go! entitled "Oregon Trail" (Season 3, Episode 48).
Also in 2016, Pressman Toy Corporation released The Oregon Trail card game based on the video game.
The game was referenced on the May 15, 2020, edition of WWE Smackdown. On that episode Otis told both John Morrison and The Miz that his usual tag team partner Tucker couldn't make it to the tag team match that night, "because he got dysentery on The Oregon Trail."
References
External links
The Oregon Trail 1991 Macintosh edition emulated with PCE.js
Fiction set in 1848
Video games set in the 19th century
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 1971
Video games set in Missouri
Video games set in Oregon
Western (genre) video games
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50505431
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead%20Sara%20%28album%29
|
Dead Sara (album)
|
Dead Sara is the self-titled debut album by American rock band Dead Sara. It was released on April 10, 2012, by the band's own Pocket Kid Records and produced by Noah Shain. The album was critically acclaimed and reached number 16 on Billboards Heatseekers Albums chart. Its single "Weatherman" reached number 30 on the Mainstream Rock chart, 31 on Hot Rock Songs and 35 on Alternative Songs.
Background
"Weatherman" is the first song the current line-up of Dead Sara created, when Siouxsie Medley came up with the guitar riff in a rehearsal and Chris Null wrote the verses via a bassline.
"Sorry for It All" was previously released on the 2008 EP The Airport Sessions.
Promotion
On June 7, 2012, Dead Sara performed "Weatherman" and "Sorry for It All" on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.
The band toured extensively in support of the record, including partaking in the 2012 Vans Warped Tour before having to pull out after Medley fractured her ribs. They opened for The Used, Chevelle, Bush in 2012 and for Muse in 2013.
A music video for "Lemon Scent" was released in March 2013. Loudwire ranked it number 5 on their list of the 10 Best Rock Videos of the year.
Reception
Loudwire named Dead Sara number 3 on their list of the 10 Best Rock Albums of 2012 and "Weatherman" the best rock song of the year. Commenting on "Dear Love" for Loudwire, Liz Ramanand wrote that "Armstrong's vocal layers can go from giving you a warm hug to punching you in the face, and the pitch of her voice takes you on a rollercoaster ride you won't soon forget."
Steve Baltin of Rolling Stone wrote that by "Blending blues, hard rock and punk into a whirling energy, the album is a vehicle for both the band and Armstrong's diverse tastes."
Sputnikmusic's Irving Tan completed his review with "Dead Sara have created a record that people will be talking about for years to come."
Track listing
Personnel
Dead Sara
Emily Armstrong – lead vocals, guitars
Sean Friday – drums
Siouxsie Medley – guitars
Chris Null – bass
Production
Noah Shain – producer, engineer, mixing
Manuel Calderon – assistant engineer
Marco Ramirez – mastering
References
2012 debut albums
Dead Sara albums
| 1 | 1 |
43580525
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albula%20argentea
|
Albula argentea
|
Albula argentea, the silver sharpjaw bonefish, is a species of marine fish found in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. They grow up to .
Taxonomy and nomenclature
Bonefish were once believed to be a single species with a global distribution, but nine different species have since been identified. There are three identified species in the Atlantic and six in the Pacific.
Albula virgata (the longjaw bonefish) and Albula oligolepis (the smallscale bonefish) were formerly assigned to this species, but are now recognized as distinct.
References
Albuliformes
Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Taxa named by Johann Reinhold Forster
Fish described in 1801
| 1 | 1 |
21717500
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%20Aroha%20Keenan
|
Te Aroha Keenan
|
Te Aroha Keenan is a New Zealand former netball coach and member of the Silver Ferns in the 1980s. She later coached the Cook Islands national team at the 1999 Netball World Championships, as well as a multinational Team Pasifika in a test series against New Zealand, the New Zealand U21 team which won the 2005 World Youth Netball Championships, and as of 2008 was the New Zealand A coach.
Keenan was signed as the assistant coach for the Northern Mystics in the inaugural season of the ANZ Championship. After a lacklustre first season for the Mystics, she replaced Yvonne Willering as head coach for the 2009 season. During her coaching role, she took leave as Deputy Principal at Mt Albert Grammar School in Auckland. After two years as head coach for the Mystics, Keenan was not wanted in 2010, with rumors that she was asked to leave due to an over recruitment of outside players and a lack of ability to develop players within the region. She would return to teaching. She then got picked up by Team Northumbria in the Netball Superleague where her daughter Tuaine Keenan plays at Goal Keeper.
References
New Zealand netball coaches
New Zealand netball players
New Zealand international netball players
New Zealand Māori netball players
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Netball Superleague coaches
New Zealand expatriate netball people in England
ANZ Championship coaches
Northern Mystics coaches
| 0 | -1 |
49840488
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailee%20Steinfeld%20discography
|
Hailee Steinfeld discography
|
American actress and singer Hailee Steinfeld has released two extended plays, nineteen singles (including nine as a featured artist), three promotional singles and has made other album appearances. Steinfeld gained recognition for her music after performing "Flashlight" in Pitch Perfect 2 (2015).
Steinfeld's debut extended play, Haiz, was released on November 13, 2015, by Republic Records. The lead single, "Love Myself" was released on August 7, 2015, to positive reviews. The single found commercial success charting on the Billboard Pop Songs chart at number 27 (later peaking at 15), marking the highest debut for a solo female artist on the chart in 17 years, since the Natalie Imbruglia single "Torn" entered at number 26 in 1998. "Love Myself" also peaked at number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100. Haiz was re-released twice in 2016. With the first re-release, a new version of the song "Rock Bottom" (with American funk-pop band DNCE) was released as the second single and reached number 33 on the Billboard Pop Songs chart. With the second re-release, Steinfeld added "Starving" (with Grey and featuring Zedd); the song found commercial and critical success and reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Following 2016, Steinfeld made appearances on multiple soundtracks including "Capital Letters" from Fifty Shades Freed (2018), "Back to Life" from Bumblebee (2018) and "Afterlife" from Dickinson (2019). She also released a string of successful singles in 2017 which included "Most Girls" and "Let Me Go" reaching number 58 and 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 respectively. In 2019, Steinfeld featured on Drax Project's "Woke Up Late". In May 2020, Steinfeld released her second extended play, Half Written Story which received generally mixed reviews and was supported by the singles "Wrong Direction" and "I Love You's".
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Other appearances
Music videos
Notes
References
Pop music discographies
Discographies of American artists
Discography
| 1 | 1 |
42655556
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonas%20Koganas
|
Leonas Koganas
|
Moisiejus Leonas Koganas (February 20, 1894, Šiauliai – May 30, 1956, Vilnius) was a Lithuanian Jewish medical doctor specializing in lung diseases, particularly tuberculosis.
In 1919, he graduated from Moscow University. During World War I, he served as a doctor in the Red Army. In 1921–40 he worked as a physicians in Kaunas. He was one of the first to perform thoracocautery and practice tracheobronchoscopy in Lithuania. After the occupation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union in June 1940, he became Minister of Health in the short-lived People's Government of Lithuania (it was a new ministry; before, there was only the Health Department under the Ministry of Internal Affairs). He spent World War II working at various tuberculosis clinics in the interior of the Soviet Union (Mordovia, Kirghizia, Gorky Oblast, Moscow Oblast). After the war, he returned to Lithuania working in Vilnius as director (1945–46) and deputy director (1947–51) of the Tuberculosis Institute. He became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1947. In the wake of the Doctors' plot, Koganas was arrested in February 1953 and accused of communicating with other arrested doctors, preferring Western treatment methods, and giving poor medical care to various communist workers and activists.
References
1894 births
1956 deaths
People from Šiauliai
People from Kovno Governorate
Lithuanian Jews
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Lithuanian pulmonologists
Lithuanian collaborators with the Soviet Union (1940–41)
Soviet pulmonologists
Moscow State University alumni
| 1 | 1 |
21339037
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFND-FM
|
CFND-FM
|
CFND-FM is a French language community campus radio station that operates at 101.9 FM in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, Canada.
Owned by Amie du Quartier, the station received CRTC approval in 2007.
The radio station is based at the École Notre-Dame, a primary school in Saint-Jérôme. The station's format, as per its license, is 23 hours of music, plus a 60-minute daily spoken word program, often broadcast during the school's lunch hour. All lunch time radio shows are prepared and presented by the students from grade 5 and 6. During times that music is played, 65% of the selections are by francophone artists, with the formats varying between classic hits, blues, classical music and jazz. In addition, spoken word segments, comedy bits and documentaries produced by students is heard at various parts of the day.
References
External links
École Notre-Dame CFND 101,9 FM
Fnd
Fnd
Fnd
Fnd
Saint-Jérôme
Radio stations established in 2007
2007 establishments in Quebec
| 1 | 1 |
20537561
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20islands%20of%20Kuwait
|
List of islands of Kuwait
|
This is a list of islands of Kuwait. Kuwait has ten islands (including one former island). They are indicated on the NASA satellite image and listed in the table in order from north to south:
See also
Geography of Kuwait
List of islands
External links
map of maritime boundaries
Kuwait
Islands
| 1 | 1 |
5464444
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine%20B%C3%A4tzing-Lichtenth%C3%A4ler
|
Sabine Bätzing-Lichtenthäler
|
Sabine Bätzing-Lichtenthäler (born 13 February 1975) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who has been leading her party’s group in the State Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate since 2021. She is the first woman in this position.
Political career
Member of the German Bundestag, 2002–2014
Bätzing-Lichtenthäler was first elected to be a member of the Bundestag in the 2002 national elections, representing the constituency of Neuwied from 2002 to 2009 and being elected from the land list in 2009. From 2005 until 2009, she served as the German government's commissioner on drug-related issues in the Federal Ministry of Health. Between 2009 and 2013, she was a member of the Finance Committee and the Sports Committee..In addition to her committee assignments, Bätzing-Lichtenthäler was a member of the German-French Parliamentary Friendship Group and of the German-Swiss Parliamentary Friendship Group.
In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU together with the Bavarian CSU) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections, Bätzing was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on financial policy and the national budget, led by Wolfgang Schäuble and Olaf Scholz.
State Minister of Social Affairs, 2014–2021
From 2014 until 2021, Bätzing-Lichtenthäler served as State Minister of Social Affairs, Labour and Health in the government of Minister-President Malu Dreyer of Rhineland-Palatinate. As one of her state's representatives at the Bundesrat, she served on the Committee on Labour, Integration and Social Policy; the Committee on Health; and the Committee on Family and Senior Citizen Affairs.
Since the 2016 state elections, Bätzing-Lichtenthäler has been a member of the State Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate.
In the coalition talks following the 2017 federal elections, Bätzing-Lichtenthäler was part of the working group on social affairs, led by Karl-Josef Laumann, Barbara Stamm and Andrea Nahles.
Other activities
ZDF, Member of the Television Board (2005-2014)
German Red Cross (DRK), Member
German United Services Trade Union (ver.di), Member
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
People from Altenkirchen
Members of the Bundestag for Rhineland-Palatinate
Female members of the Bundestag
21st-century German women politicians
State ministers of Rhineland-Palatinate
Members of the Bundestag 2013–2017
Members of the Bundestag 2009–2013
Members of the Bundestag 2005–2009
Members of the Bundestag 2002–2005
Members of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany
| 1 | 1 |
8267152
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anja%20Kling
|
Anja Kling
|
Anja Kling (born 22 March 1970) is a German actress. She is the younger sister of actress Gerit Kling.
Selected filmography
(1989)
(1994, TV series)
From Hell to Hell (1997)
La piovra (1997–1998, TV series)
September (2003)
Traumschiff Surprise – Periode 1 (2004)
Where Is Fred? (2006)
Lilly the Witch: The Journey to Mandolan (2011)
Fünf Freunde (2012)
(2013, TV miniseries)
Le Wallenstein: Creature della notte (2016)
The Same Sky (2017)
Jenseits der Angst (2019, TV film)
The Freud (2020, netflix series)
Audiobooks
2009: Sally Koslow: Ich, Molly Marx, kürzlich verstorben'', publisher: der Hörverlag,
References
External links
Margarita Kling Agency Wilhelmshorst
Anja Kling at the German Dubbing Card Index
1970 births
Living people
German film actresses
German television actresses
German voice actresses
People from Potsdam
21st-century German actresses
| 0 | -1 |
396727
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Quebec
|
History of Quebec
|
Quebec was first called Canada between 1534 and 1763. It was the most developed colony of New France as well as New France's centre, responsible for a variety of dependencies (ex. Acadia, Plaisance, Louisiana, and the Pays d'en Haut). Common themes in Quebec's early history as Canada include the fur trade -because it was the main industry- as well as the exploration of North America, war against the English, and alliances or war with Native American groups.
Following the Seven Years' War, Quebec became a British colony in the British Empire. It was first known as the Province of Quebec (1763–1791), then as Lower Canada (1791–1841), and then as Canada East (1841–1867) as a result of the Lower Canada Rebellion. During this period, the inferior socio-economic status of francophones (because anglophones dominated the natural resources and industries of Quebec), the catholic church, resistance against cultural assimilation, and isolation from non English-speaking populations were important themes.
Quebec was confederated with Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick in 1867, beginning the Confederation of Canada. Important events that mark this period are the World Wars, the Grande Noirceur, the Quiet Revolution (which improved the socio-economic standing of French Canadians and secularized Quebec), and the emergence of the contemporary Quebec sovereignty movement.
These three large periods of Quebec's history are represented on its coat of arms with three fleur-de-lis, followed by a lion, and then three maple leaves.
History
Indigenous societies
Aboriginal settlements were located across the area of present-day Quebec before the arrival of Europeans. In the northernmost areas of the province, Inuit communities can be found. Other aboriginal communities belong to the following First Nations:
Abenakis
Algonquins
Atikamekw
Crees
Innu
Malecite
Mi'kmaq
Mohawks
Naskapi
Wendats
The aboriginal cultures of present-day Quebec are diverse, with their own languages, way of life, economies, and religious beliefs. Before contact with Europeans, they did not have a written language, and passed their history and other cultural knowledge along to each generation through oral tradition.
Today around three-quarters of Quebec's aboriginal populations lives in small communities scattered throughout the rural areas of the province, with some living on reserves.
Jacques Cartier sailed into the St. Lawrence River in 1534 and established an ill-fated colony near present-day Quebec City at the site of Stadacona, a village of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians. Linguists and archaeologists have determined these people were distinct from the Iroquoian nations encountered by later French and Europeans, such as the five nations of the Haudenosaunee. Their language was Laurentian, one of the Iroquoian family. By the late 16th century, they had disappeared from the St. Lawrence Valley.
Paleo-Indian Era (11,000–8000 BC)
Existing archaeological evidence attests to a human presence on the current territory of Quebec sometime around 10,000 BC.
Archaic era (8000–1500 BC)
The Paleoindian period was followed by the Archaic, a time when major changes occurred in the landscape and the settlement of the territory of Quebec. With the end of glaciation, the inhabitable territory increased in size and the environment (such as climate, vegetation, lakes and rivers) became increasingly stable. Migrations became rarer and moving around became a seasonal activity necessary for hunting, fishing or gathering.
The nomadic populations of the Archaic period were better established and were very familiar with the resources of their territories. They adapted to their surroundings and experienced a degree of population growth. Their diet and tools diversified. Aboriginal peoples used a greater variety of local material, developed new techniques, such as polishing stone, and devised increasingly specialized tools, such as knives, awls, fish hooks, and nets.
Woodland era (3000 BC–1500 AD)
Agriculture appeared experimentally toward the 8th century. It was only in the 14th century that it was fully mastered in the Saint Lawrence River valley. The Iroquoians cultivated corn, marrow, sunflowers, and beans.
European explorations
In the 14th century, the Byzantine Empire fell. For the Christian West, this made trade with the Far East, usually for things like spices and gold, more difficult because sea routes were now under the control of less cooperative Arab and Italian merchants. As such, in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Spanish and Portuguese, and then the English and French, began to search for a new sea route.
In 1508, only 16 years after the first voyage of Christopher Columbus, Thomas Auber, who was likely part of a fishing trip near Newfoundland, brought back a few Amerindians to France. This indicates that in the early 16th century, French navigators ventured in the gulf of the St. Lawrence, along with the Basques and the Spaniards who did the same.
Around 1522–1523, the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano persuaded King Francis I of France to commission an expedition to find a western route to Cathay (China). Therefore, King Francis I launched a maritime expedition in 1524, led by Giovanni da Verrazzano, to search for the Northwest Passage. Though this expedition was unsuccessful, it established the name "New France" for Northeastern North America.
Jacques Cartier's voyages
On June 24, 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier planted a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula and took possession of the territory in the name of King François I of France.
On his second voyage on May 26, 1535, Cartier sailed upriver to the St. Lawrence Iroquoian villages of Stadacona, near present-day Quebec City, and Hochelaga, near present-day Montreal. That year, Cartier decided to name the village and its surrounding territories Canada, because he had heard two young natives use the word kanata ("village" in Iroquois) to describe the location. 16th-century European cartographers would quickly adopt this name. Cartier also wrote that he thought he had discovered large amounts of diamonds and gold, but this ended up only being quartz and pyrite. Then, by following what he called the Great River, he traveled West to the Lachine Rapids. There, navigation proved too dangerous for Cartier to continue his journey towards the goal: China. Cartier and his sailors had no choice but to return to Stadaconé and winter there. In the end, Cartier returned to France and took about 10 Native Americans, including the St. Lawrence Iroquoians chief Donnacona, with him. In 1540, Donnacona told the legend of the Kingdom of Saguenay to the King of France. This inspired the king to order a third expedition, this time led by Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval and with the goal of finding the Kingdom of Saguenay. But, it was unsuccessful.
In 1541, Jean-François Roberval became lieutenant of New France and had the responsibility to build a new colony in America. It was Cartier who established the first French settlement on American soil, Charlesbourg Royal.
France was disappointed after the three voyages of Cartier and did not want to invest further large sums in an adventure with such uncertain outcome. A period of disinterest in the new world on behalf of the French authorities followed. Only at the very end of the 16th century interest in these northern territories was renewed.
Still, even during the time when France did not send official explorers, Breton and Basque fishermen came to the new territories to stock up on codfish and whale oil. Since they were forced to stay for a longer period of time, they started to trade their metal objects for fur provided by the indigenous people. This commerce became profitable and thus the interest in the territory was revived.
Fur commerce made a permanent residence in the country worthwhile. Good relations with the aboriginal providers were necessary. For some fishermen however, a seasonal presence was sufficient. Commercial companies were founded that tried to further the interest of the Crown in colonizing the territory. They demanded that France grant a monopoly to one single company. In return, this company would also take over the colonization of the French American territory. Thus, it would not cost the king much money to build the colony. On the other hand, other merchants wanted commerce to stay unregulated. This controversy was a big issue at the turn of the 17th century.
By the end of the 17th century, a census showed that around 10,000 French settlers were farming along the lower St. Lawrence Valley. By 1700, fewer than 20,000 people of French origin were settled in New France, extending from Newfoundland to the Mississippi, with the pattern of settlement following the networks of the cod fishery and fur trade, although most Quebec settlers were farmers.
New France (1534–1763)
Modern Quebec was part of the territory of New France, the general name for the North American possessions of France until 1763. At its largest extent, before the Treaty of Utrecht, this territory included several colonies, each with its own administration: Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, and Louisiana.
The borders of these colonies were not precisely defined, and were open on the western side, as the maps below show:
Around 1580, France became interested in America again, because the fur trade had become important in Europe. France returned to America looking for a specific animal: the beaver. As New France was full of beavers, it became a colonial-trading post where the main activity was the fur trade in the Pays-d'en-Haut. In 1600, Pierre de Chauvin de Tonnetuit founded the first permanent trading post in Tadoussac for expeditions carried out in the Domaine du Roy.
In 1603, Samuel de Champlain travelled to the Saint Lawrence River and, on Pointe Saint-Mathieu, established a defence pact with the Innu, Wolastoqiyik and Micmacs, that would be "a decisive factor in the maintenance of a French colonial enterprise in America despite an enormous numerical disadvantage vis-à-vis the British colonization in the South". Thus also began French military support to the Algonquian and Huron peoples in defence against Iroquois attacks and invasions. These Iroquois attacks would become known as the Beaver Wars and would last from the early 1600s to the early 1700s.
Colony of Canada (1608–1759)
Early years (1608–1663)
Quebec City was founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain. Some other towns were founded before, most famously Tadoussac in 1604 which still exists today, but Quebec was the first to be meant as a permanent settlement and not a simple trading post. Over time, it became a province of Canada and all of New France.
The first version of the town was a single large walled building, called the Habitation. A similar Habitation was established in Port Royal in 1605, in Acadia. This arrangement was made for protection against perceived threats from the indigenous people. The difficulty of supplying the city of Quebec from France and the lack of knowledge of the area meant that life was hard. A significant fraction of the population died of hunger and diseases during the first winter. However, agriculture soon expanded and a continuous flow of immigrants, mostly men in search of adventure, increased the population.
The settlement was built as a permanent fur trading outpost. First Nations traded their furs for many French goods such as metal objects, guns, alcohol, and clothing. In 1616, the Habitation du Québec became the first permanent establishment of the with the arrival of its two very first settlers: Louis Hébert and Marie Rollet.
The French quickly established trading posts throughout their territory, trading for fur with aboriginal hunters. The coureur des bois, who were freelance traders, explored much of the area themselves. They kept trade and communications flowing through a vast network along the rivers of the hinterland. They established fur trading forts on the Great Lakes (Étienne Brûlé 1615), Hudson Bay (Radisson and Groseilliers 1659–60), Ohio River and Mississippi River (La Salle 1682), as well as the Saskatchewan River and Missouri River (de la Verendrye 1734–1738). This network was inherited by the English and Scottish traders after the fall of the French Empire in Quebec, and many of the coureur des bois became voyageurs for the British.
In 1612, the Compagnie de Rouen received the royal mandate to manage the operations of New France and the fur trade. In 1621, they were replaced by the Compagnie de Montmorency. Then, in 1627, they were substituted by the Compagnie des Cent-Associés. Shortly after being appointed, the Compagnie des Cent-Associés introduced the Custom of Paris and the seigneurial system to New France. They also forbade settlement in New France by anyone other than Roman Catholics. The Catholic Church was given en seigneurie large and valuable tracts of land estimated at nearly 30% of all the lands granted by the French Crown in New France.
Because of war with England, the first two convoys of ships and settlers bound for the colony were waylaid near Gaspé by British privateers under the command of three French-Scottish Huguenot brothers, David, Louis and Thomas Kirke. Quebec was effectively cut off. In 1629, there was the surrender of Quebec, without battle, to English privateers led by David Kirke during the Anglo-French War. On 19 July 1629, with Quebec completely out of supplies and no hope of relief, Champlain surrendered Quebec to the Kirkes without a fight. Champlain and other colonists were taken to England, where they learned that peace had been agreed (in the 1629 Treaty of Suza) before Quebec's surrender, and the Kirkes were obliged to return their takings. However, they refused, and it was not until the 1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye that Quebec and all other captured French possessions in North America were returned to New France. Champlain was restored as de facto governor but died three years later.
In 1633, Cardinal Richelieu granted a charter to the Company of One Hundred Associates, which had been created by the Cardinal himself in 1627. This gave the company control over the booming fur trade and land rights across the territory in exchange for the company supporting and expanding settlement in New France (at the time encompassing Acadia, Quebec, Newfoundland, and Louisiana). Specific clauses in the charter included a requirement to bring 4000 settlers into New France over the next 15 years. The company largely ignored the settlement requirements of their charter and focused on the lucrative fur trade, only 300 settlers arriving before 1640. On the verge of bankruptcy, the company lost its fur trade monopoly in 1641 and was finally dissolved in 1662.
In 1634, Sieur de Laviolette founded Trois-Rivières at the mouth of the Saint-Maurice River. In 1642, Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve founded Ville-Marie (now Montreal) on Pointe-à-Callière. He chose to found Montreal on an island so that the settlement could be naturally protected against Iroquois invasions. Many heroes of New France come from this period, such as Dollard des Ormeaux, Guillaume Couture, Madeleine de Verchères and the Canadian Martyrs.
Royal province (1663–1760)
The establishment of the Conseil souverain, political restructuring which turned New France into a province of France, ended the period of company rule and marked a new beginning in the colonization effort.
In 1663, the Company of New France ceded Canada to the King, King Louis XIV, who officially made New France into a royal province of France. New France would now be a true colony administered by the Sovereign Council of New France from Québec, and which functioned off . A governor-general, assisted by the intendant of New France and the bishop of Québec, would go on to govern the colony of Canada (Montreal, Québec, Trois-Rivières and the Pays-d'en-Haut) and its administrative dependencies: Acadia, Louisiana and Plaisance.
The French settlers were mostly farmers and they were known as "Canadiens" or "Habitants". Though there was little immigration, the colony still grew because of the Habitants' high birth rates. In 1665, the Carignan-Salières regiment developed the string of fortifications known as the "Valley of Forts" to protect against Iroquois invasions. The Regiment brought along with them 1,200 new men from Dauphiné, Liguria, Piedmont and Savoy. To redress the severe imbalance between single men and women, and boost population growth, King Louis XIV sponsored the passage of approximately 800 young French women (known as les filles du roi) to the colony. In 1666, intendant Jean Talon organized the first census of the colony and counted 3,215 Habitants. Talon also enacted policies to diversify agriculture and encourage births, which, in 1672, had increased the population to 6,700 Canadiens.
In 1686, the Chevalier de Troyes and the Troupes de la Marine seized three northern forts the English had erected on the lands explored by Charles Albanel in 1671 near Hudson Bay. Similarly, in the south, Cavelier de La Salle took for France lands discovered by Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet in 1673 along the Mississippi River. As a result, the colony of New France's territory grew to extend from Hudson Bay all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, and would also encompass the Great Lakes.
In the early 1700s, Governor Callières concluded the Great Peace of Montreal, which not only confirmed the alliance between the Algonquian peoples and New France, but also definitively ended the Beaver Wars. In 1701, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville founded the district of Louisiana and made its administrative headquarter Biloxi. Its headquarter was later moved to Mobile, and then to New Orleans. In 1738, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, extended New France to Lake Winnipeg. In 1742, his voyageur sons, François and Louis-Joseph, crossed the Great Plains and discovered the Rocky Mountains.
From 1688 onwards, the fierce competition between the French Empire and British Empire to control North America's interior and monopolize the fur trade pitted New France and its Indigenous allies against the Iroquois and English -primarily in the Province of New York- in a series of four successive wars called the French and Indian Wars by Americans, and the Intercolonial wars in Quebec. The first three of these wars were King William's War (1688-1697), Queen Anne's War (1702-1713), and King George's War (1744-1748). Many notable battles and exchanges of land took place. In 1690, the Battle of Quebec became the first time Québec's defences were tested. In 1713, following the Peace of Utrecht, the Duke of Orléans ceded Acadia and Plaisance Bay to the Kingdom of Great Britain, but retained Île Saint-Jean, and Île-Royale (Cape Breton Island) where the Fortress of Louisbourg was subsequently erected. These losses were significant since Plaisance Bay was the primary communication route between New France and France, and Acadia contained 5,000 Acadians. In the siege of Louisbourg in 1745, the British were victorious, but returned the city to France after war concessions.
Catholic nuns
Outside the home, Canadian women had few domains which they controlled. An important exception came with Roman Catholic nuns. Stimulated by the influence in France of the popular religiosity of the Counter-Reformation, new orders for women began appearing in the seventeenth century and became a permanent feature of Quebec society.
The Ursuline Sisters arrived in Quebec City in 1639, and in Montreal in 1641. They spread as well to small towns. They had to overcome harsh conditions, uncertain funding, and unsympathetic authorities as they engaged in educational and nursing functions. They attracted endowments and became important landowners in Quebec. Marie de l'Incarnation (1599–1672) was the mother superior at Quebec, 1639–72.
During the 1759 Quebec Campaign of the Seven Years' War, Augustinian nun Marie-Joseph Legardeur de Repentigny, Sœur de la Visitation, managed the Hôpital Général in Quebec City and oversaw the care of hundreds of wounded soldiers from both the French and British forces. She wrote in after-action report on her work, noting, "The surrender of Quebec only increased our work. The British generals came to our hospital to assure us of their protection and at the same time made us responsible for their sick and wounded." The British officers stationed at the hospital reported on the cleanliness and high quality of the care provided. Most civilians deserted the city, leaving the Hôpital Général as a refugee centre for the poor who had nowhere to go. The nuns set up a mobile aid station that reached out to the cities refugees, distributing food and treating the sick and injured.
British conquest of New France (1754–1763)
In the middle of the 18th century, British North America had grown to be close to a full-fledged independent country, something they would actually become a few decades later, with more than 1 million inhabitants. Meanwhile, New France was still seen mostly as a cheap source of natural resources for the metropolis, and had only 60,000 inhabitants. Nevertheless, New France was territorially larger than the Thirteen Colonies, but had a population less than 1/10 the size. There was warfare along the borders, with the French supporting Indian raids into the American colonies.
The earliest battles of the French and Indian War occurred in 1754 and soon widened into the worldwide Seven Years' War. The territory of New France at that time included parts of present-day Upstate New York, and a series of battles were fought there. The French military enjoyed early successes in these frontier battles, gaining control over several strategic points in 1756 and 1757.
The British sent substantial military forces, while the Royal Navy controlled the Atlantic, preventing France from sending much help. In 1758 the British captured Louisbourg, gaining control over the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and also took control of key forts on the frontier in battles at Frontenac and Duquesne. In spite of the spectacular defeat of the supposed main British thrust in the Battle of Carillon (in which a banner was supposedly carried that inspired the modern flag of Quebec), the French military position was poor.
In the next phase of the war, begun in 1759, the British aimed directly at the heart of New France. General James Wolfe led a fleet of 49 ships holding 8,640 British troops to the fortress of Quebec. They disembarked on Île d'Orléans and on the south shore of the river; the French forces under Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, Marquis de Saint-Veran, held the walled city and the north shore. Wolfe laid siege to the city for more than two months, exchanging cannon fire over the river, but neither side could break the siege. As neither side could expect resupply during the winter, Wolfe moved to force a battle. On 5 September 1759, after successfully convincing Montcalm he would attack by the Bay of Beauport east of the city, the British troops crossed close to Cap-Rouge, west of the city, and successfully climbed the steep Cape Diamond undetected. Montcalm, for disputed reasons, did not use the protection of the city walls and fought on open terrain, in what would be known as the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. The battle was short and bloody; both leaders died in battle, but the British easily won. (The Death of General Wolfe is a well-known 1770 painting by artist Benjamin West depicting the final moments of Wolfe.)
Now in possession of the main city and capital, and further isolating the inner cities of Trois-Rivières and Montreal from France, the rest of the campaign was only a matter of slowly taking control of the land. While the French had a tactical victory in the Battle of Sainte-Foy outside Quebec in 1760, an attempt to lay siege to the city ended in defeat the following month when British ships arrived and forced the French besiegers to retreat. An attempt to resupply the French military was further dashed in the naval Battle of Restigouche, and Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial, New France's last Royal governor, surrendered Montreal on 8 September 1760. Because the Seven Years' War was still ongoing in Europe, the British put the region under a British military regime between 1760 and 1763.
Britain's success in the war forced France to cede all of Canada to the British at the Treaty of Paris. The Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763 by King George III of Great Britain set out the terms of government for the newly captured territory, as well as defining the geographic boundaries of the territory.
The rupture from France would provoke a transformation within the descendants of the Canadiens that would eventually result in the birth of a new nation whose development and culture would be founded upon, among other things, ancestral foundations anchored in Northeastern America. What British Commissioner John George Lambton (Lord Durham) would describe in his 1839 report would be the kind of relationship that would reign between the "Two Solitudes" of Canada for a long time: "I found two nations at war within one state; I found a struggle, not of principles, but of races". Incoming British immigrants would find that Canadiens were as full of national pride as they were, and while these newcomers would see the American territories as a vast ground for colonization and speculation, the Canadiens would regard Quebec as the heritage of their own race - not as a country to colonize, but as a country already colonized.
British North America (1760–1867)
Royal Proclamation (1763–1774)
British rule under Royal Governor James Murray was benign, with the French Canadians guaranteed their traditional rights and customs. The British Royal Proclamation of 1763 united three Quebec districts into the Province of Quebec. It was the British who were the first to use the name "Quebec" to refer to a territory beyond Quebec City. The British tolerated the Catholic Church, and protected the traditional social and economic structure of Quebec. The people responded with one of the highest birth rates ever recorded, 65 births per thousand per year Much French law was retained inside a system of British courts, all under the command of the British governor. The goal was to satisfy the Francophile settlers, albeit to the annoyance of British merchants.
Quebec Act (1774)
With unrest growing in the colonies to the south, which would one day grow into the American Revolution, the British were worried that the Canadiens might also support the growing rebellion. At the time, Canadiens formed the vast majority of the population of the Province of Quebec. To secure the allegiance of Canadiens to the British crown, Governor James Murray and later Governor Guy Carleton promoted the need for accommodations. This eventually resulted in enactment of the Quebec Act of 1774. The Quebec Act was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain setting procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec. Among other components, this act restored the use of the French civil law for private matters while maintaining the use of the English common law for public administration (including criminal prosecution), replaced the oath of allegiance so that it no longer made reference to the Protestant faith, and guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith. The purpose of this Act was to secure the allegiance of the French Canadians with unrest growing in the American colonies to the south.
American Revolutionary War
When the American Revolutionary War broke out in early 1775, Quebec became a target for American forces, that sought to liberate the French population there from British rule. In September 1775 the Continental Army began a two-pronged invasion, with one army capturing Montreal while another traveled through the wilderness of what is now Maine toward Quebec City. The two armies joined forces, but were defeated in the Battle of Quebec, in which the American General Richard Montgomery was slain. The Americans were driven back into New York by the arrival of a large army of British troops and German auxiliaries ("Hessians") in June 1776.
Before and during the American occupation of the province, there was a significant propaganda war in which both the Americans and the British sought to gain the population's support. The Americans succeeded in raising two regiments in Quebec, led by James Livingston and Moses Hazen, one of which served throughout the war. Hazen's 2nd Canadian Regiment served in the Philadelphia campaign and also at the Siege of Yorktown, and included Edward Antill, a New Yorker living in Quebec City (who actually led the regiment at Yorktown as Hazen had been promoted to brigadier general), Clément Gosselin, Germain Dionne, and many others. Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil, a Quebecker, was with the French Navy in the Battle of the Chesapeake that prevented the British Navy from reaching Yorktown, Virginia.
After General John Burgoyne's failed 1777 campaign for control of the Hudson River, Quebec was used as a base for raiding operations into the northern parts of the United States until the end of the war. When the war ended, large numbers of Loyalists fled the United States. Many were resettled into parts of the province that bordered on Lake Ontario. These settlers eventually sought to separate themselves administratively from the French-speaking Quebec population, which occurred in 1791.
Constitutional Act (1791–1840)
The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided Quebec into Upper Canada (the part of present-day Ontario south of Lake Nipissing plus the current Ontario shoreline of Georgian Bay and Lake Superior) and Lower Canada (the southern part of present-day Quebec). Newly arrived English-speaking Loyalist refugees had refused to adopt the Quebec seigneurial system of land tenure, or the French civil law system, giving the British reason to separate the English-speaking settlements from the French-speaking territory as administrative jurisdictions. Upper Canada's first capital was Newark (present-day Niagara-on-the-Lake); in 1796, it was moved to York (now Toronto).
The new constitution, primarily passed to answer the demands of the Loyalists, created a unique situation in Lower Canada. The Legislative Assembly, the only elected body in the colonial government, was continually at odds with the Legislative and Executive branches appointed by the governor. When, in the early 19th century, the Parti canadien rose as a nationalist, liberal and reformist party, a long political struggle started between the majority of the elected representatives of Lower Canada and the colonial government. The majority of the elected representatives in the assembly were members of the francophone professional class: "lawyers, notaries, doctors, innkeepers or small merchants", who comprised 77.4% of the assembly from 1792 to 1836.
By 1809, the government of Newfoundland was no longer willing to supervise the coasts of Labrador. To solve this issue, and as a result of lobbying in London, the British government assigned the coasts of Labrador to the colony of Newfoundland. The inland border between the jurisdiction of Lower Canada and Newfoundland was not well-defined.
In 1813, Beauport-native Charles-Michel de Salaberry became a hero by leading the Canadian troops to victory at the Battle of Chateauguay, during the War of 1812. In this battle, 300 Voltigeurs and 22 Amerindians successfully pushed back a force of 7000 Americans. This loss caused the Americans to abandon the Saint Lawrence Campaign, their major strategic effort to conquer Canada. In 1831, more than 50,000 people immigrated to Quebec. The next year brought 52,000 individuals and with them the Asiatic cholera, and within five months 4,200 deaths resulted.
Gradually, the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, who represented the people, came more and more into conflict with the superior authority of the Crown and its appointed representatives. Starting in 1791, the government of Lower Canada was criticized and contested by the Parti canadien. In 1834, the Parti canadien presented its 92 resolutions, a series of political demands which expressed a genuine loss of confidence in the British monarchy. London refused to consider these and, in response, submitted . Discontentment intensified throughout the public meetings of 1837, sometimes being led by tribunes like Louis-Joseph Papineau. Despite opposition from ecclesiastics, for example Jean-Jacques Lartigue, the Rebellion of the Patriotes began in 1837. Key goals for the rebels were to have responsible government and, for many, to terminate prejudicial dominance of the English minority over the French majority. Louis-Joseph Papineau was instrumental in acting as a leadership figure for the rebels, yet his ideological views were ambiguous concerning the relative importance of seigneurial landowners, the Roman Catholic Church, and the francophone bourgeoisie. Under his influence, the first rebellion of 1837 was directed at the seigneurs and the clergy as much as the anglophone governor. The 1837 rebellion resulted in a declaration of martial law, and suspension of Canada's Constitution. To centralize authority under the Crown, John Lambton, Lord Durham was named governor of all of British North America.
In 1837, Louis-Joseph Papineau and Robert Nelson led residents of Lower Canada to form an armed resistance group called the Patriotes in order to seek an end to the unilateral control of the British governors. They made a Declaration of Independence in 1838, guaranteeing human rights and equality for all citizens without discrimination. Their actions resulted in rebellions in both Lower and Upper Canada. The Patriotes forces were victorious in their first battle, the Battle of Saint-Denis, because the British army was unprepared. However, the Patriotes were unorganized and badly equipped, leading to their loss against the British army in their second battle, the Battle of Saint-Charles, and their defeat in their final battle, the Battle of Saint-Eustache. Following the British's defeat of the Patriotes, the Catholic clergy recovered their moral authority among the people and preached for the cohesion and development of the nation in the fields of education, health and civil society.
Martial law and Special Council (1838–1840)
The second rebellion in 1838 was to have more far-reaching consequences. In 1838, Lord Durham arrived in Canada as High Commissioner. Although skirmishes with British troops were relatively minor during the second rebellion of 1838, the Crown dealt forcefully in punishing the rebels. 850 of them were arrested; 12 were eventually hanged, and 58 were transported to Australian penal colonies.
In 1839, Lord Durham was called upon by the Crown to deliver a Report on the Affairs of British North America as a result of the rebellions. The Special Council that governed the colony from 1838 to 1841 enacted many reforms with the aim of improving economic and bureaucratic affairs, such as land ownership and the establishment of new schools. These institutional reforms ultimately became the foundation of "responsible government" in the colony.
Many American colonists who remained loyal to England left the 13 Atlantic colonies before American independence for Canada, with many settling in communities in southern Quebec. In the 19th century, Quebec experienced several waves of immigration, principally from England, Scotland and Ireland. At the turn of the 20th century, immigrants to Quebec came mainly from Ireland, but large numbers of immigrants arrived from Germany and other areas of western Europe.
Union Act
Lord Durham recommended that Upper Canada and Lower Canada be united, in order to make the francophone population of Lower Canada a minority within the united territory and weaken its influence. Durham expressed his objectives in plain terms. His recommendation was followed; the new seat of government was located in Montreal, with the former Upper Canada being referred to as "Canada West" and the former Lower Canada being referred to as "Canada East". The Act of Union 1840 formed the Province of Canada. Rebellion continued sporadically, and in 1849, the burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal led to the relocation of the seat of government to Toronto. Historian François-Xavier Garneau, like other Canada East francophones during the 1840s, had deep concerns about the united entity and the place of the francophones within it.
This union, unsurprisingly, was the main source of political instability until 1867. The differences between the two cultural groups of the Province of Canada made it impossible to govern without forming coalition governments. Furthermore, despite their population gap, both Canada East and Canada West obtained an identical number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, which created representation problems. In the beginning, Canada East was under-represented because of its superior population size. Over time, however, massive immigration from the British Isles to Canada West occurred, which increased its population. Since the two regions continued to have equal representation in the Parliament, this meant that it was now Canada West that was under-represented. The representation issues were frequently called into question by debates on "Representation by Population", or "Rep by Pop". When Canada West was under-represented, the issue became a rallying cry for the Canada West Reformers and Clear Grits, led by George Brown.
In 1844, the capital of the Province of Canada was moved from Kingston to Montreal.
In this period, the Loyalists and immigrants from the British Isles decided to no longer refer to themselves as English or British, and instead appropriated the term "Canadian", referring to Canada, their place of residence. The "Old Canadians" responded to this appropriation of identity by henceforth identifying with their ethnic community, under the name "French Canadian". As such, the terms French Canadian and English Canadian were born. French Canadian writers began to reflect on the survival of their own. François-Xavier Garneau wrote an influential national epic, and wrote to Lord Elgin: "I have undertaken this work with the aim of re-establishing the truth so often disfigured, and of repelling the attacks and insults which my compatriots have been and still are the daily target of, from men who would like to oppress and exploit them all at every opportunity. I thought the best way to achieve this was to simply expose their story". His and other written works allowed French Canadians to preserve their collective consciousness and to protect themselves from assimilation, much like works like Evangeline had done for Acadians.
Political unrest came to a head in 1849, when English Canadian rioters set fire to the Parliament Building in Montreal following the enactment of the Rebellion Losses Bill, a law that compensated French Canadians whose properties were destroyed during the rebellions of 1837–1838. This bill, resulting from the Baldwin-La Fontaine coalition and Lord Elgin's advice, was a very important one as it established the notion of responsible government. In 1854, the seigneurial system was abolished, the Grand Trunk Railway was built and the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty was implemented. In 1866, the Civil Code of Lower Canada was adopted. Then, the long period of political impasse that was the Province of Canada came to a close as the Macdonald-Cartier coalition began to reform the political system.
Grande Hémorragie
In the 1820s and 1830s, rapid demographic growth made access to land in Lower Canada increasingly difficult for young people. Crop failures and political repression in 1838-1839 placed an additional strain on the agricultural sector in the southern part of the colony. Only slowly did French Canadian farmers adapt to competition and new economic realities. According to some contemporary observers, their farming methods were outdated. About this time the textile industry in New England experienced a boom. With living conditions so harsh, and work very hard to find even in the largest city, Montreal, emigration seemed the only option for many. As the first wave moved out in the 1850s, word of mouth soon began to move larger crowds by the late 1870s. Mill owners hired these French immigrants to staff their mills more cheaply than American and Irish-born workers, who were themselves displaced.
When the first wave of emigrants left Quebec, the local government did not pay much attention as the numbers were relatively small. However, when the emigration began to increase and the provincial economy was going through a depression, leaders of the province attempted to halt the emigration. Though a small group of intellectuals believed French-Canadian culture could be recreated or maintained on U.S. soil, many more elites warned against emigration; they argued that cultural and moral perdition would occur south of the border. Instead they proposed domestic colonization in Quebec and the development of the St. Lawrence River valley's periphery. Nevertheless, more than 200,000 left between 1879 and 1901.
Canada (1867–present)
In the decades immediately before Canadian Confederation in 1867, French-speaking Quebeckers, known at that time as Canadiens, remained a majority within Canada East. Estimates of their proportion of the population between 1851 and 1861 are 75% of the total population, with around 20% of the remaining population largely composed of English-speaking citizens of British or Irish descent. From 1871 to 1931, the relative size of the French-speaking population stayed much the same, rising to a peak of 80.2% of Quebec's population in 1881. The proportion of citizens of British descent declined slightly in contrast, from a peak of 20.4% of the population in 1871, to 15% by 1931. Other minorities made up the remainder of the population of the province.
After several years of negotiations, in 1867 the British Parliament passed the British North America Acts, by which the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia joined to form the Dominion of Canada. Canada East became the Province of Quebec. Canada remained self-governing locally, but the British continued to control its external affairs.
After having fought as a Patriote at the Battle of Saint-Denis in 1837, George-Étienne Cartier joined the ranks of the Fathers of Confederation and submitted the 72 resolutions of the Quebec Conference of 1864 approved for the establishment of a federated state -Quebec- whose territory was to be limited to the region which corresponded to the historic heart of the French Canadian nation and where French Canadians would most likely retain majority status. In the future, Quebec as a political entity would act as a form of protection against cultural assimilation and would serve as a vehicle for the national affirmation of the French-Canadian collective to the face of a Canadian state that would, over time, become dominated by Anglo-American culture. Despite this, the objectives of the new federal political regime were going to serve as great obstacles to the assertion of Quebec and the political power given to the provinces would be restricted. Quebec, economically weakened, would have to face political competition from Ottawa, the capital of the strongly centralizing federal state. On July 15, 1867, Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau became Quebec's first Premier.
Growth of Montreal
Urban expansion characterized Montreal around the time of Confederation, as rural French Canadians moved to the city to find work. Immigrants flocked to Montreal, Canada's largest city at the time, and so did many people from other parts of Canada. Major business and financial institutions were established in Montreal, including the headquarters of several national banks and corporations. Prominent businessmen included brewer and politician John Molson Jr., jeweller Henry Birks, and insurer James Bell Forsyth. Montreal's population grew rapidly, from around 9000 in 1800, to 23,000 in 1825, and 58,000 in 1852. By 1911, the population was over 528,000. The City of Montreal annexed many neighbouring communities, expanding its territory fivefold between 1876 and 1918. As Montreal was the financial center of Canada during this era, it was the first Canadian city to implement new innovations, like electricity, streetcars and radio.
Influence of the Catholic institutions
Many aspects of life for French-speaking Quebeckers remained dominated by the Catholic Church in the decades following 1867. The Church operated many of the institutions of the province, including most French-language schools, hospitals, and charitable organizations. The leader of the Catholic Church in Quebec was the Bishop of Montreal, and from 1840 to 1876 this was Ignace Bourget, an opponent of liberalism. Bourget eventually succeeded in gaining more influence than the liberal, reformist Institut Canadien. At his most extreme, Bourget went so far as to deny a Church burial to Joseph Guibord, a member of the Institut, in 1874. A court decision forced Bourget to allow Guibord to be buried in a Catholic cemetery, but Bourget deconsecrated the burial plot of ground, and Guibord was buried under army protection. The conservative approach of the Catholic Church was the major force in Quebec society until the reforms of the Quiet Revolution during the 1960s. In 1876, Pierre-Alexis Tremblay was defeated in a federal by-election because of pressure from the Church on voters, but succeeded in getting his loss annulled with the help of a new federal law. He quickly lost the subsequent election. In 1877, the Pope sent representatives to force the Quebecois Church to minimize its interventions in the electoral process.
Catholic women started dozens of independent religious orders, funded in part by dowries provided by the parents of young nuns. The orders specialized in charitable works, including hospitals, orphanages, homes for unwed mothers, and schools. In the first half of the twentieth century, about 2-3% of Quebec's young women became nuns; there were 6,600 in 1901 and 26,000 in 1941. In Quebec in 1917, 32 different teaching orders operated 586 boarding schools for girls. At that time there was no public education for girls in Quebec beyond elementary school. The first hospital was founded in 1701. In 1936, the nuns of Quebec operated 150 institutions, with 30,000 beds to care for the long-term sick, the homeless, and orphans. Between 1870 and 1950, thousands of young girls were sent to Quebec City, to the reform school (1870–1921) and the industrial school (1884–1950) of the Hospice St-Charles, both operated by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd.
Politics
The 1885 execution in Saskatchewan of Métis rebel leader Louis Riel resulted in protests in Quebec, as the French Canadians thought they were being deliberately persecuted for their religion and language. Honoré Mercier became the outspoken leader of the protest movement. The federal Cabinet members of the Quebec Conservative Party had reluctantly supported Prime minister Macdonald's decision in favour of execution. Support for Conservatives eroded.
Seizing the opportunity to build a coalition of his Liberals and dissident Conservatives, Mercier revived the "Parti National" name for the 1886 Quebec provincial election, and won a majority of seats. However, the coalition consisted of mostly Liberals and only a few Conservatives, so the "Liberal" name was soon reinstituted. The Conservatives, reduced to a minority in the Legislative Assembly, clung to power for a few more months. Mercier became Premier of Quebec in 1887. Seeing provincial autonomy as the political expression of Quebec nationalism, he collaborated with Ontario premier Oliver Mowat to roll back federal centralism.
With his strong nationalist stance, Mercier was very much a precursor of later nationalist premiers in future decades who confronted the federal government and tried to win more power for Quebec. He promoted contacts with francophones in other parts of North America outside of Quebec including Western Canada and New England. Those francophones had not yet been assimilated into the English-Canadian or American culture to the extent they would be in the future. Mercier promoted reform, economic development, Catholicism, and the French language. He won popularity but also made enemies. He was returned to the legislature as the Member for the district of Bonaventure and his party won the 1890 election with an increased majority. He was defeated in 1892.
Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier
In 1896, Wilfrid Laurier became the first French Canadian to become Prime Minister of Canada. Educated in both French and English, Laurier remained in office as Prime Minister until October 1911. Laurier had several notable political achievements in Quebec, among them winning Quebec votes for the Liberal Party, against the desires of the powerful Catholic clergy.
In 1899, Henri Bourassa was outspoken against the British government's request for Canada to send a militia to fight for Britain in the Second Boer War. Laurier's compromise was to send a volunteer force, but the seeds were sown for future conscription protests during the world wars. Bourassa challenged, unsuccessfully, the proposal to build warships to help protect the empire. He led the opposition to mandatory conscription during World War I, arguing that Canada's interests were not at stake. He opposed Catholic bishops who defended military support of Britain and its allies.
Boundaries
As more provinces joined Canadian Confederation, there was a pressing need to formalize provincial boundaries. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament enacted the Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898, which gave Quebec a part of Rupert's Land, which the Canada had bought from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1870. This Act expanded the boundaries of Quebec northward. In 1912, the Canadian Parliament enacted the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912, which gave Quebec another part of Rupert's Land: the District of Ungava. This extended the borders of Quebec northward all the way to the Hudson Strait.
Population migration also characterized life in late 19th century Quebec. In the late 19th century, overpopulation in the Saint Lawrence Valley led many Quebeckers to immigrate to the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region, the Laurentides, and New England, providing a link with that region that continues to this day. In 1909, the government passed a law obligating wood and pulp to be transformed in Quebec. This helped slow the Grande Hémorragie by allowing Quebec to export its finished products to the US instead of its labour force. Clerico-nationalists eventually started to fall out of favour in the federal elections of 1911.
In 1927, the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council drew a clear border between northeast Quebec and south Labrador. However, the Quebec government did not recognize the ruling of this council, resulting in a boundary dispute. The Quebec-Labrador boundary dispute is still ongoing today, leading some to comment that Quebec's borders are the most imprecise in the Americas.
First World War
When World War I broke out, Canada was automatically involved as a Dominion. Many English Canadians voluntarily enlisted to fight. Unlike English Canadians, who felt a connection to the British Empire, French Canadians felt no connection to anyone in Europe. Furthermore, Canada was not threatened by the enemy, who was an ocean away and uninterested in conquering Canada. So, French Canadians saw no reason to fight. Nevertheless, a few French Canadians did enlist in the 22nd Battalion - precursor to the Royal 22e Regiment. By late 1916, the horrific number of casualties were beginning to cause reinforcement problems. After enormous difficulty in the federal government, because virtually every French-speaking MP opposed conscription while almost all the English-speaking MPs supported it, the Military Service Act became law on August 29, 1917. French Canadians protested in what is now called the Conscription Crisis of 1917. The conscription protests grew so much that they eventually led to the of 1918.
Great Depression
The worldwide Great Depression that began in 1929 hit Quebec hard, as exports, prices, profits and wages plunged and unemployment soared to 30%, and even higher in lumbering and mining districts. Politically there was a move to the right, as Quebec's leaders noted that across the globe the failures attributed to capitalism and democracy had led to the spread of socialism, totalitarianism, and Civil War. The Spanish Civil War in particular alarmed devout Catholics, who demanded that Canada keep out representatives of the anti-Catholic Loyalist government of Spain. There was a wave of clericalism and Quebec nationalism that represented a conservative reaction of a traditional society which feared social change as a threat to its survival.
With so many men unemployed or on lower wages, it was a major challenge for housewives to cope with the shortages of money and resources. Often they updated strategies their mothers used when they were growing up in poor families. Cheap foods were used, such as soups, beans and noodles. They purchased the cheapest cuts of meat—sometimes even horse meat—and recycled the Sunday roast into sandwiches and soups. They sewed and patched clothing, traded with their neighbors for outgrown items, and kept the house colder. New furniture and appliances were postponed until better days. These strategies, Baillargeon finds, show that women's domestic labour—cooking, cleaning, budgeting, shopping, childcare—was essential to the economic maintenance of the family and offered room for economies. Most of her informants also worked outside the home, or took boarders, did laundry for trade or cash, and did sewing for neighbors in exchange for something they could offer. Extended families used mutual aid—extra food, spare rooms, repair-work, cash loans—to help cousins and in-laws. Half the devout Catholics defied Church teachings and used contraception to postpone births—the number of births nationwide fell from 250,000 in 1930 to about 228,000 and did not recover until 1940.
The populist poet Emile Coderre (1893–1970), writing as "Jean Narrache" gave voice to the poor people of Montreal as they struggled for survival during the Great Depression. Writing in the language of the street, Narrache adopted the persona of a man living in poverty who reflects on the ironies attending the meagerness of social assistance, the role of class, the pretensions of the commercial elite, and the counterfeit philanthropy of the rich.
There was political alienation as more and more voters complained of the indifference and incompetence of both the national leadership of Prime Minister Bennett and the Conservative party, as well as the provincial leadership of Liberal Premier Louis-Alexandre Taschereau. Many of the discontented gravitated toward the ultramontane nationalists especially Henri Bourassa, editor of Le Devoir, and the highly traditional Catholic writer Lionel Groulx, editor of L'action canadienne-française. Building on this disenchantment, Maurice Duplessis led the new Union nationale party to victory in 1936 with 58% of the vote and became premier.
Second World War
Prosperity returned with the Second World War, as demand soared for the province's manpower, raw materials and manufactures. 140,000 young men, both Francophone and Anglophone, rushed to enlist, although English was the dominant language in all the services and essential for promotion.
Duplessis expected to ride antiwar sentiment to victory when he called an election in the fall of 1939. He miscalculated as the Liberals scored a landslide, with 70 seats to only 14 for the Union nationale.
Canadian leaders managed to avoid the depths of the conscription crisis that had soured relations between Anglophones and Francophones during the First World War. During the Conscription Crisis of 1944 Quebecers protested the conscription. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King tried, but did not succeed in, avoiding full conscription in Canada, and it became a reality in the final months of World War II. However, the end of the war also meant the end of the crisis. MacKenzie King succeeded in portraying himself as "a moderate", and at the same time "limited the ethnic bitterness" that had marked the 1917 conscription crisis.
Maurice Duplessis
Duplessis returned as premier in the 1944 election, and held power without serious opposition for the next fifteen years, until his death, winning elections in 1948, 1952 and 1956. He became known simply as le Chef ("the boss"). He championed rural areas, provincial rights, and anti-Communism, and opposed the trade unions, modernizers and intellectuals. He worked well with the powerful Anglo businessmen who controlled most of the economy. A highly controversial figure even today, Duplessis and his Union Nationale party dominated the province. Duplessis' years in power have been ridiculed as the La Grande Noirceur ("Great Darkness") by his opponents. The Duplessis years were ones of close church-state relations. Quebec society remained culturally insular during this period, in contrast to the modernizing influences sweeping through the rest of North America. Traditional Catholic morality and Church doctrine defined many aspects of daily life, highlighting traditionalism. For example, most schools and hospitals were Church-controlled. Births outside marriage were rare, abortion was illegal, and divorce was not fully legalized in Quebec until 1968. In recent years, many people in Quebec have spoken out about exploitation by Church and government institutions during the Duplessis years, such as the tragedy of the Duplessis Orphans.
Agitation for reform came from liberal Quebeckers during the Duplessis years, although such provocative attitudes were often frowned upon and marginalized. In 1948, a collective of artists calling themselves Les Automatistes published , meaning "total refusal". The pamphlet was an attempt to start a new vision of Quebec. It has been described as "an anti-religious and anti-establishment manifesto and one of the most influential social and artistic documents in modern Quebec history". It would have a lasting impact, influencing the supporters of Quebec's Quiet Revolution during the 1960s.
Other signs of frustration with the status quo appeared with the bitter Asbestos Strike of 1949. It led to a greater appreciation of labour and social-democratic issues in Quebec.
In fall of 1950 Rivière-du-Loup was the site of a nuclear accident. A USAF B-50 was returning a nuclear bomb to the USA. The bomb was released due to engine troubles, and then was destroyed in a non-nuclear detonation before it hit the ground. The explosion scattered nearly 100 pounds (45 kg) of uranium (U-238).
Quiet Revolution (1960–1980)
During the 1960s, the Quiet Revolution ushered in an array of socio-political transformations, from secularism and the welfare state to a specifically Québécois national identity. The baby boom generation embraced the changes that liberalized social attitudes in the province.
The 1960s were largely a time of optimism in Quebec. Expo 67 marked Montreal's pinnacle as Canada's largest and most important city and prompted the construction of what is now Parc Jean Drapeau and the Montreal Metro. In 1962, the mayor of Montreal, Jean Drapeau (the man who later was behind Expo 67 and the '76 Olympics projects) instigated the construction of the Metro (subway). The first phase of the subway was completed in 1966. These mega-projects came in the same era as Canada's Confederation centennial celebrations in 1967, when a wave of patriotism swept through most of Canada.
In 1960, the Liberal Party of Quebec was brought to power with a two-seat majority, having campaigned with the slogan "" ("Its time for things to change"). This new Jean Lesage government had the "team of thunder": René Lévesque, Paul Gérin-Lajoie, Georges-Émile Lapalme and Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain. This government made many reforms in the fields of social policy, education, health and economic development. It also created the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, Labour Code, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Education, Office québécois de la langue française, Régie des rentes and Société générale de financement.
The Quiet Revolution was particularly characterized by the 1962 Liberal Party's slogan "" ("Masters in our own house"), which, to the Anglo-American conglomerates that dominated the economy and natural resources of Quebec, announced a collective will for freedom of the French-Canadian people.
During the Quiet Revolution, the government of Quebec invested heavily in the province's industries. A large component of this was nationalizing some predominant industries into state run business, for example Hydro-Québec, in an attempt to modernize the economy and to encourage the development of francophone businesses. It was during this period that the government established the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, the Régie des rentes and the Société générale de financement to promote the development of the industries in Quebec. In 1961, the Conseil d’orientation économique was established to promote economic growth of the regions of Quebec, growth which was once heavily funded by the Government of Canada.
Confrontations between the lower clergy and the laity began. As a result, state institutions began to deliver services without the assistance of the church, and many parts of civil society began to be more secular. During the Second Vatican Council, the reform of Quebec's institutions was overseen and supported by the Holy See. In 1963, Pope John XXIII proclaimed the encyclical , establishing human rights. In 1964, the confirmed that the laity had a particular role in the "management of ".
In 1965, the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism wrote a preliminary report underlining Quebec's distinct character, and promoted open federalism, a political attitude guaranteeing Quebec to a minimum amount of consideration. To favour Quebec during its Quiet Revolution, Canada, through Lester B. Pearson, adopted a policy of open federalism. In 1966, the Union Nationale was re-elected and continued on with major reforms.
The upheavals of the 1960s were also a time of conflict for some in Quebec. The emergence of extremist nationalist violence marked a dark chapter in the province's history, when in 1963, the first bombs of the Front de libération du Québec were detonated in Montreal. A major recognition of Quebec's cultural importance came in 1964 when, under authority granted by the Government of Canada, the Province of Quebec signed its first international agreement in Paris. The same year, during an official visit by the Queen, the police were required to maintain order during a demonstration by members of the Quebec separatist movement.
Militant activity came to a head in 1970 with the October Crisis, which led to Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoking the War Measures Act. In addition, the Quebec Ombudsman Louis Marceau was instructed to hear complaints of detainees and the Quebec government agreed to pay damages to any person unjustly arrested (only in Quebec). On February 3, 1971, John Turner, the Minister of Justice of Canada, reported that 497 persons had been arrested throughout Canada under the War Measures Act, of whom 435 had been released. The other 62 were charged, of whom 32 committed crimes of such seriousness that a Quebec Superior Court judge refused them bail. The crisis ended a few weeks after the death of Pierre Laporte at the hands of his captors. The fallout of the crisis marked the zenith and twilight of the FLQ which lost membership and public support.
Religion and culture
In the midst of the powerful and urban changes, cultural change took root as well. Quebec was greatly affected by the baby boom; between 1960 and 1970, more than 1.2 million Quebeckers reached the age of 14. As more young Québécois rejected Catholic teachings, they made life choices that were a complete change from tradition in the province. Cohabitation rates among young couples rose, as the institution of marriage gradually lost its obligatory status. Births outside of marriage began to rise, from 3.7 percent in 1961 to 10 percent in 1976, then 22 percent by 1984. As of 2015, 62.9% of births were outside of marriage.
Student protests at local universities erupted, mirroring the youth protests throughout the United States and Western Europe during the 1960s and early 1970s. Reforms included an expansion of post-secondary educational opportunities for both English- and French-speaking Quebeckers. In 1968, the Université du Québec à Montréal opened. Protests by English-speaking students led to the establishment of Concordia University in Montreal that same year. The Quiet Revolution combined declericalization with the Church reforms of Vatican II. There was a dramatic change in the role of nuns. Many left the convent while very few young women entered. The Provincial government took over the nuns' traditional role as provider of many of Quebec's educational and social services. Ex-nuns often continued the same roles in civilian dress, and men for the first time started entering the teaching profession.
With the Quiet Revolution, Quebeckers affirmed their identity, especially in the arts, culture and language. It was during the revolution that the government of Quebec formed the Ministry of Culture which focused mainly on defending the French language and culture. The transformation of Quebec was also marked by the adoption of the Law on the assurance-hospitalisation, guaranteeing universal health care through a tax-funded public delivery system. In 1964, Quebec had recognized the equality between men and women and allows all women to have jobs which were once exclusively for men.
Separatism
Quebec nationalism, by now popularly termed Quebec separatism, began to gain momentum in the late 1960s as a vocal minority began to push to bring the movement into the mainstream. In 1967, René Lévesque quit the Quebec Liberal Party and founded the Mouvement Souveraineté-Association.
During an official visit to Quebec as a guest of the government of Canada, in front of a huge crowd the President of France, Colonel Charles de Gaulle,who had been temporarily given the rank of general in WWII, undiplomatically declared from the balcony of the Montreal city hall; "Vive le Québec libre!" (Long live free Quebec!). The crowd cheered and applauded loudly. A public outcry erupted over such an unprecedented interference in the affairs of another nation, an act to which the Canadian federal government strongly took offence. De Gaulle abruptly cancelled his visit to Ottawa and went home.
Violence erupted in 1970 with the October Crisis, when Front de libération du Québec members kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross and Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte. Pierre Laporte was later found murdered. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau used the War Measures Act, which allowed anyone suspected of being involved with the terrorists to be held temporarily without charge. Not all reformists supported Quebec separatism, for example, the editors of the political journal Cité Libre.
Politics
The growth of Quebec's government bureaucracy and its perceived interventionism produced friction with the federal government, particularly since the federal government followed a policy of close centralization.
English-speaking Canada showed concern at the changes happening in Quebec society and the protests of the Québécois. In 1963, Canada's Prime Minister, Lester B. Pearson, asked the famous question, "What does Quebec want?" as he instituted a royal commission of enquiry into bilingualism and biculturalism to find an answer for this question, and to propose measures to satisfy the demands of the Québécois. French-speaking communities beyond Quebec were also pushing for increased linguistic and cultural accommodations; in 1965 the report of the Laurendeau-Dunton royal commission recommended making French an official language in the parliaments of Canada, the provincial assemblies of Ontario and New Brunswick, in federal tribunals and in all federal government administration of Canada.
The implementation of the proposed measures only increased the divide between English Canada and Quebec francophones. English Canadians considered the measures put in place to be unacceptable concessions to francophones, while francophones considered the measures an insufficient response to their aspirations.
Throughout these constant frictions between the federal government and the provincial government, the Quebec nationalist movement transformed itself into an independence movement. The Ralliement national (RN), led by Gilles Grégoire, and the Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale (RIN), led by Pierre Bourgault and Hubert Aquin, were founded in 1960 and quickly became political parties. In 1967, René Lévesque, who until then had been a leading figure in the Liberal Party of Quebec, quit the Liberals to found the Mouvement Souveraineté-Association (MSA).
In 1968, the separatist forces reorganized into a single political party, the Parti Québécois, under the leadership of René Lévesque. Separatist parties gained 8% of the popular vote in Quebec in 1966, 23% in 1970 and 30% in 1973. These results were not strong enough to result in a majority in Quebec's provincial assembly, but they showed the rapid development of a separatist ideology in Quebec.
1970–1980
Traditional values continued to be put into question, in particular at the moral and religious level. Every form of authority was questioned, and demonstrations by students and workers' unions were frequent. A noticeable, growing confidence was evident in Quebec, supported by economic and social successes. After a period of rapid change, Quebec paused to search for its path.
A period of fast economic growth was ending. Several factors contributed to the stagnation and even the reduction, in many cases, of the buying power of Québécois:
the gas price shocks of 1973–1974 and of 1979 generated price inflation and high interest rates;
economic growth shrank;
taxes increased to pay for government programs put in place during the period 1960–1975;
governments, struggling with spending and growing deficits, disengaged itself from some services that citizens now had to pay for out of their own pocket;
globalization of the economy put downward pressure on salaries.
Quebec's Premier Robert Bourassa unveiled plans for the James Bay Project in 1971. It expanded the capacity of Hydro-Québec by creating one of the largest hydro-electric projects in the world and eventually created a new understanding of the relationship between Quebec and the Cree Nation. Tensions with aboriginal groups were to re-emerge in the 1990s during the Oka Crisis Standoffs in Kanesatake and Kahnawake.
1980 referendum
In 1976, the separatist Parti Québécois under René Lévesque was elected, and formed the first separatist government of the province. The Parti Québécois promised in its campaign that it would not declare independence without obtaining a mandate through a referendum. The mandate of the Parti Québécois was to govern the province well, and not to bring about independence. The first years of the Parti Québécois government were very productive and the government passed progressive laws that were well accepted by the majority of the population, such as French language protection laws, a law on the financing of political parties, laws for compensating road accident victims, for protecting farm land, and many other social-democracy-type laws. Even opponents of the Parti Québécois occasionally acknowledged that the Party governed the province well.
On May 20, 1980, the first referendum was held on sovereignty-association, but was rejected by a majority of 60 percent (59.56% "No", 40.44% "Yes"). Polls showed that the overwhelming majority of anglophones and immigrants voted against, and that francophones were almost equally divided.
Constitution Act, 1982
Together with the Canada Act 1982, an Act of Parliament passed by the British Parliament severed virtually all remaining constitutional and legislative ties between the United Kingdom and Canada. The Act was signed by all the provinces except Quebec.
On the night of November 4, 1981, (widely known among Quebec sovereigntists as La nuit des longs couteaux and in the rest of Canada as the "Kitchen Accord") Federal Justice Minister Jean Chrétien met with all of the provincial premiers except René Lévesque to sign the document that would eventually become the new Canadian constitution. The next morning, they presented the "fait accompli" to Lévesque. Lévesque refused to sign the document and returned to Quebec. In 1982, Trudeau had the new constitution approved by the British Parliament, with Quebec's signature still missing (a situation that persists to this day). The Supreme Court of Canada confirmed Trudeau's assertion that every province's approval is not required to amend the constitution. Quebec is the only province not to have formally assented to the patriation of the Canadian constitution in 1982.
Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord
Between 1982 and 1992, the Quebec government's attitude changed to prioritize reforming the federation. The subsequent attempts at constitutional amendments by the Mulroney and Bourassa governments ended in failure with both the Meech Lake Accord of 1987 and the Charlottetown Accord of 1992, resulting in the creation of the Bloc Québécois.
1995 referendum
On October 30, 1995, a second referendum for Quebec sovereignty was rejected by a slim margin (50.58% "No", 49.42% "Yes"). Instrumental leaders of the Quebec separatist side were Lucien Bouchard and Quebec Premier Jacques Parizeau. Bouchard had left the senior ranks of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservative government to form Canada's first federal separatist party (the Bloc Québécois) in 1991 and had become the leader of the Opposition after the 1993 federal election. He campaigned heavily for the "Yes" side against Liberal Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, a major proponent of the federalist "No" side. Parizeau, a longtime separatist who had played an important role in the 1980 referendum, promised a referendum for sovereignty in his electoral campaign leading up to the 1994 provincial election, which had earned him a majority government in the province. In the aftermath of the referendum, he faced criticism when he blamed the loss of the referendum on "money and the ethnic vote" in his concession speech. Parizeau resigned as Premier and as leader of the Parti québécois the day after his controversial speech, claiming he had always planned to do so in the case of separatist defeat, and Bouchard left federal politics to replace him in January 1996.
Federalists accused the sovereigntist side of asking a vague, overcomplicated question on the ballot. Its English text read as follows:
Do you agree that Québec should become sovereign after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership within the scope of the bill respecting the future of Québec and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995?
2000–present
In 1998, following the Supreme Court of Canada's decision on the reference relating to the secession of Quebec, the Parliaments of Canada and Quebec defined the legal frameworks within which their respective governments would act in another referendum. On October 30, 2003, the National Assembly voted unanimously to affirm "that the people of Québec form a nation".
After winning the provincial election in 1998, Bouchard retired from politics in 2001. Bernard Landry was then appointed leader of the Parti Québécois and premier of Quebec. In 2003, Landry lost the election to the Quebec Liberal Party and Jean Charest. Landry stepped down as PQ leader in 2005, and in a crowded race for the party leadership, André Boisclair was elected to succeed him. He also resigned after the renewal of the Quebec Liberal Party's government in the 2007 general election and the Parti Québécois becoming the second opposition party, behind the Action Démocratique.
On November 27, 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a motion recognizing that the "Québécois form a nation within a united Canada." The motion was introduced in the House of Commons by the federal government.
Quebec elected Pauline Marois as its first female premier on September 4, 2012. Marois served as leader of the separatist Parti Québécois. The Parti Québécois was elected with a minority of seats in the province's legislative assembly, with remaining seats held by two federalist (non-separatist) parties. Shortly after the election, during a radio network interview in France, Marois stated that another referendum was not conceivable in the current circumstances, although she emphasized that she would support Quebec's interests.
During the 2011 Canadian federal elections, Quebec voters rejected the sovereignist Bloc Québécois in favour of the federalist and previously minor New Democratic Party (NDP). As the NDP's logo is orange, this event was called the "orange wave".
Marois called a provincial election for April 2014, during which her party was defeated by the Parti libéral du Québec (PLQ). The PLQ won by a large margin, securing a majority government. In the 2018 Quebec general election, the Coalition Avenir Québec defeated the Liberals, forming a majority government. François Legault is the current Premier.
In May 2017, floods spread across southern Quebec, with Montreal declaring a state of emergency. In 2018, the Coalition Avenir Québec, led by François Legault, won the provincial general elections. Between 2020 and 2021, Quebec took measures to protect itself against the COVID-19 pandemic.
Summary of Quebec's political transformations
Names in bold refer to provinces, others to sub-provincial levels of government; the first names listed are those areas mostly nearly corresponding to contemporary Quebec.
Canada, the core of New France (1608–1761): a French colony
Province of Quebec (1763–1791): a British colony
Lower Canada, one of the Canadas (1791–1841): a British colony
the Canada East portion of the Province of Canada (1841–1867): a British colony
Quebec (1867–present): a province of Canada
See also
Timeline of Quebec history
History of Montreal
List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec
General:
List of years in Canada
History of Canada
British Empire
List of French possessions and colonies
French colonial empire
References
Primary sources
Innis, Harold Adams, ed. Select documents in Canadian economic history, 1497-1783 (1929), French documents are not translated by Harold Adams Innis
; 707pp
Journals
Quebec History, large-scale encyclopedia
Quebec Studies
Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française
Further reading
Brunet, Michel. French Canada in the early decades of British rule (1981) online, 18pp; basic survey
Cook, Ramsay, ed. French-Canadian Nationalism: An Anthology (1969)
Coulombe; Pierre A. Language Rights in French Canada (1997)
Desbiens, Caroline. Power from the North: Territory, Identity, and the Culture of Hydroelectricity in Quebec (2014)
Dickinson, John A., and Brian Young. A Short History of Quebec ( McGill-Queen's Press 2000)
Dumont, Micheline et al. (The Clio Collective,) Québec Women: A History (1987)
Falardeau, Jean-C. and Mason Wade, eds; Canadian Dualism: Studies of French-English Relations (1960), bilingual
Fraser, Graham (2002). PQ: René Lévesque and the Parti Québécois in Power, Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press; 2nd edition, 434 pages
Fyson, Donald. "Between the Ancien Régime and Liberal Modernity: Law, Justice and State Formation in colonial Quebec, 1760–1867," History Compass 12#5 (2014) pp 412–432 DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12154
Gagnon, Alain-G., and Mary Beth Montcalm. Quebec Beyond the Quiet Revolution. Scarborough: Nelson, 1990.
Gagnon, Alain-G. ed. Quebec: State and Society (1984)
Heintzman, Ralph. "The political culture of Quebec, 1840–1960." Canadian Journal of Political Science 16#1 (1983): 3-60. in JSTOR
Jenkins, Kathleen. Montreal: Island City of the St Lawrence (1966), 559pp.
Lachapelle, Guy, et al. The Quebec Democracy: Structures, Processes and Policies. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1993.
Laforest, Guy. Trudeau and the End of a Canadian Dream (1995)
Langlois, Simon. Recent Social Trends in Quebec, 1960-1990 (1991)
Lewis, H. Harry. " Population of Quebec Province: Its Distribution and National Origins," Economic Geography (1940) 16#1 pp. 59-68 in JSTOR
Linteau, Paul-André, René Durocher, Jean-Claude Robert, and Robert Chodos. Quebec: A History 1867–1929 (1983) Quebec Since 1930 (1991), standard 2 vol textbook.
Linteau, Paul-André, and Peter McCambridge. The History of Montreal: The Story of Great North American City (2013)
MacDonald, L. Ian. From Bourassa to Bourassa: a Pivotal Decade [i.e. the years 1976-1984] in Canadian History. [S.l.]: Harvest House, 1984. 324 p., ill. with b&w port. photos. pbk
McRoberts, Kenneth. Quebec: Social Change and Political Crisis. (McClelland and Stewart, 1988)
Manning; Helen Taft. The Revolt of French Canada, 1800–1835: A Chapter of the History of the British Commonwealth (1962) online
Marshall, Bill, ed. France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History (3 Vol 2005)
Moogk, Peter. La Nouvelle France: The Making of French Canada a Cultural History (2000) to 1763
Ouellet, Fernand. Lower Canada 1791-1840 (1980) a major scholarly survey
Roberts, Leslie. Montreal: From Mission Colony to World City (Macmillan of Canada, 1969).
Saywell, John. The Rise of the Parti Québécois 1967–76 (1977)
Trofimenkoff, Susan Mann. Dream of Nation: a Social and Intellectual History of Quebec. Toronto: Gage, 1983. 344pp; second edition (2003) under the name of Susan Mann.
Vacante, Jeffery. "The Posthumous Lives of René Lévesque," Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes (2011) 45#2 pp 5–30 online,
Wade, Mason. The French Canadians 1760-1967 (2 vol. 2nd ed. 1975), standard history online
Weiss, Jonathan, and Jane Moss. French-Canadian Literature (1996)
Whitcomb, Dr. Ed. A Short History of Quebec''. Ottawa. From Sea To Sea Enterprises, 2012. 92 p. . 92 p.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20W.%20Woolworth%20Company
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F. W. Woolworth Company
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The F. W. Woolworth Company (often referred to as Woolworth's or simply Woolworth) was a retail company and one of the pioneers of the five-and-dime store. It was among the most successful American and international five-and-dime businesses, setting trends and creating the modern retail model that stores follow worldwide today.
The first Woolworth store was opened by Frank Winfield Woolworth on February 22, 1879, as "Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store" in Utica, New York. Though it initially appeared to be successful, the store soon failed. When Woolworth searched for a new location, a friend suggested Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Using the sign from the Utica store, Woolworth opened his first successful "Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store" on July 18, 1879, in Lancaster. He brought his brother, Charles Sumner Woolworth, into the business.
The two Woolworth brothers pioneered and developed merchandising, direct purchasing, sales, and customer service practices commonly used today. Despite its growing to be one of the largest retail chains in the world through most of the 20th century, increased competition led to its decline beginning in the 1980s, while its sporting goods division grew. The chain went out of business in July 1997, when the company decided to focus primarily on sporting goods and renamed itself Venator Group. By 2001, the company focused exclusively on the sporting goods market, changing its name to the current Foot Locker, Inc., changing its ticker symbol from its familiar Z in 2003 to its present ticker ().
Retail chains using the Woolworth name survived in Austria, Germany, Mexico and the United Kingdom as of early 2009. The similarly named Woolworths supermarkets in Australia and New Zealand are operated by Australia's largest retail company, Woolworths Group, a separate company with no historical links to the F. W. Woolworth Company or Foot Locker, Inc. However, Woolworths Limited did take their name from the original company, as it had not been registered or trademarked in Australia at the time. Similarly, in South Africa, Woolworths Holdings Limited operates a Marks & Spencer-like store and uses the Woolworth name, but has never had any connection with the American company. The property development company Woolworth Group in Cyprus began life as an offshoot of the British Woolworth's company, originally operating Woolworth's department stores in Cyprus. In 2003, these stores were rebranded Debenhams, but the commercial property arm of the business retained the Woolworth's name.
History
Origin
The F.W. Woolworth Co. had the first five-and-dime stores, which sold discounted general merchandise and fixed price, usually five or ten cents, undercutting the prices of other local merchants. Woolworth, as the stores popularly became known, was one of the first American retailers to put merchandise out for the shopping public to handle and select without the assistance of a sales clerk. Earlier retailers had kept all merchandise behind a counter and customers presented the clerk with a list of items they wished to buy.
After working in Augsbury and Moore dry goods store in Watertown, New York, Frank Winfield Woolworth obtained credit from his former boss, William Moore, along with some savings, to buy merchandise and open the "Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store" in Utica, New York, on February 22, 1879. The store failed and closed in May 1879, after Frank earned enough money to pay back William Moore. Frank soon made a second attempt, and opened his "Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store", using the same sign, on June 21, 1879, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Lancaster proved a success, and Frank never forgot the city for the rest of his life. Frank wanted to open a second store in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and so he asked his brother Charles Sumner "Sum" Woolworth to join him by managing it. The Harrisburg store opened as, "5¢ Woolworth Bro's Store" on July 19, 1879. After a falling-out with the landlord, that store moved to York, Pennsylvania, opening in March 1880. That store did not last long either, closing three months later. Frank searched for a larger, low-rent building. He found an ideal location in Scranton, Pennsylvania, at 125 Penn Avenue, and opened their "5¢ & 10¢ Woolworth Bro's Store" on November 6, 1880, with Sum as manager. The Scranton store is where Sum fully developed the brothers' "5¢ & 10¢" merchandising model. Sum spent a lot of time working the sales floor, talking with customers and employees. He often personally served customers. Sales grew steadily. By 1881, at Frank's suggestion, Sum bought out his brother's share of the Scranton store in two installments, in January 1881 and 1882. This made Sum the first Woolworth Bro's franchisee.
In 1884, confident enough to open another store, Sum partnered with his longtime friend Fred Morgan Kirby to open a store in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, a neighboring town to the west of Scranton. Fred had been working as the head of wholesale operations at Augsbury and Moore of Watertown, New York. Each man put up $600 to launch the Wilkes-Barre store called "Woolworth and Kirby". Fred managed the new store and, while sales were initially poor, the store soon caught on. By 1887 he used his profits to buy out Sum and expand the store under his name; Sum and Fred remained the best of friends. During this time, Frank was expanding with more stores. Sum's approach was different; he worked to perfect the look and feel of his Scranton store. It had mahogany counters with glass dividers and glass-fronted showcases. The store was brightly lit, new, and the wooden floor was polished to a lustrous shine. The layout was soon adopted by Frank for his F. W. Woolworth stores and became the standard as the two brothers persuaded family members and former co-workers from Moore's to join them in forming a "friendly rival syndicate" of five-and-ten-cent stores. Each of the syndicate chain's stores looked similar inside and out, but operated under its founder's name. Frank Woolworth provided much of the merchandise, encouraging the rivals to club together to maximize their inventory and purchasing power.
At the same time, using his preference to have someone he could trust, Frank brought in their cousin, Seymour H. Knox I, to open a store in Reading, Pennsylvania, under the name "Woolworth and Knox". Seymour had been managing a general store in Michigan.
Rise and expansion
By 1904, there were six chains of affiliated stores operating in the United States and Canada. Between 1905 and 1908, members of the Woolworth Syndicate followed Frank's lead to incorporate their businesses; Sum maintained that he did not need to incorporate his stores. In 1912, the syndicate agreed to a scheme crafted by Frank Woolworth: to join forces and incorporate as one corporate entity under the name "F. W. Woolworth Company" in a merger of all 596 stores. The stock flotation raised over $30 million for the five founders of the merged chains. They all swallowed their pride and accepted Frank's name above the door, with Frank as president of the new corporation. Sum Woolworth, Fred Kirby, Seymour Knox, Earle Charlton, and William Moore each became a director and vice-president. One of the "friendly rival" predecessor chains included several stores initially opened as Woolworth & Knox stores starting as early as September 20, 1884 as well as S. H. Knox & Co. 5 & 10 Cent Stores opened after an 1889 buyout by his cousin, Seymour H. Knox I. Knox's chain grew to 98 U.S. and 13 Canadian stores by the time of the corporate consolidation. Fred M. Kirby added 96 stores, Earle Charlton added 35, Charles Sumner Woolworth added 15, and William Moore added two.
Sum Woolworth continued to maintain his home base in Scranton. He was not the type to get embroiled in the politics, as executives of the different chains sought to establish themselves in the merger. As he did from the beginning, Sum concentrated on improving stores, particularly in his native Pennsylvania, and training up-and-coming managers. Those managers eventually dispersed across the entire company, setting the style and tone of Woolworth stores worldwide.
In 1900, Frank launched his first development plan in the city of his first success, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Rather than just enlarging his store on North Queen Street, he bought up properties along the street in an area which was not considered a "good" side of town. By keeping his plans quiet, Frank saw to it that real estate prices would not be inflated in that area. When he finished the real estate purchases, he announced his plan to build a building with five floors of offices above a large store. The roof had a garden and an open-air theater. The theater was a huge hit in town, and soon became the city's social center. This project was something of a dress rehearsal for his next venture.
In 1910, Frank Woolworth commissioned the design and construction of the Woolworth Building in New York City. A pioneering early skyscraper, it was designed by American architect Cass Gilbert, a graduate of the MIT architecture school. The building was paid for entirely in cash. It was completed in 1913 and was the tallest building in the world until 1930. It also served as the company’s headquarters until the F.W. Woolworth Company’s successor, the Venator Group (now Foot Locker), sold it in 1998.
Frank Woolworth, president of F. W. Woolworth, Corporation, died in 1919, in Glen Cove, New York. Sum's demeanor made him the perfect candidate to head the F. W. Woolworth Corporation after the death of his brother. He was non-confrontational, as everyone else positioned themselves in the company. The board of directors unanimously asked Sum to take on the presidency. With his infamous modesty he declined. He did, however, agree to take the new role of chairman. Company treasurer, Hubert Parson, took the presidency. Over the following 25 years, Sum saw four presidents come and go. He gave each one quiet-spoken advice and good counsel. As chairman, he facilitated debate and ensured issues were properly confronted and argued out by the board.
For many years the company did a strictly "five-and-ten cent" business, but in the spring of 1932 it added a 20-cent line of merchandise. On November 13, 1935, the company's directors decided to discontinue selling-price limits altogether.
The stores eventually incorporated lunch counters after the success of the counters in the first store in the UK in Liverpool that served as general gathering places, a precursor to the modern shopping mall food court. A Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina became the setting for the 1960 Greensboro sit-ins during the Civil Rights Movement.
The Woolworth's concept was widely copied, and five-and-ten-cent stores (also known as five-and-dime stores or dimestores) became a 20th-century fixture in American downtowns. They would serve as anchors for suburban shopping plazas and shopping malls in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Criticisms that five-and-dime stores drove local merchants out of business would repeat themselves in the early 21st century, when big-box discount stores became popular.
Diversification
In the 1960s, the five-and-dime concept evolved into the larger discount department store format. In 1962, Woolworth's founded a chain of large, single-floor discount stores called Woolco. Some of these stores were branded as Winfields, after the founder's middle name.
In that same year, Woolworth's competitors opened similar retail chains that sold merchandise at a discount: the S.S. Kresge Company opened Kmart, Dayton's opened Target, and Sam Walton opened his first Wal-Mart store.
The following year, in 1963, Woolworth expanded into the shoe store business with the purchase of Kinney Shoe Corporation, which eventually created the store that Woolworth would become — Foot Locker.
By Woolworth’s 100th anniversary in 1979, it had become the largest department store chain in the world, according to the Guinness Book of World Records.
During the 1980s, the company began expansion into many different specialty store formats, including Afterthoughts (which sold jewelry and other accessories for women), Northern Reflections (which sold cold-weather outerwear), Rx Place (later sold to Phar-Mor), and Champs Sports. By 1989, the company was pursuing an aggressive strategy of multiple specialty store formats targeted at enclosed shopping malls. The idea was that if a particular concept failed at a given mall, the company could quickly replace it with a different concept. The company aimed for ten stores in each of the country's major shopping malls, but this never came to pass as Woolworth never developed that many successful specialty store formats. Also attempted was a revision of the classic Woolworth store model into Woolworth Express, a small, mall-oriented variant which was dubbed "a specialty variety store'', stocked with everyday convenience items such as health and beauty aids, greeting cards, snack foods, cleaning supplies and school supplies (somewhat like the non-pharmacy, mall-based locations of CVS/pharmacy and other drug store chains).
Decline
The growth and expansion of the company contributed to its downfall. The Woolworth company moved away from its five-and-dime roots and placed less emphasis on its department store chain as it focused on its specialty stores. Still, the company was unable to compete with other chains that had eroded its market share. While it was a success in Canada, the Woolco chain closed in the United States in 1983. Europe's largest F. W. Woolworth store, in Manchester, England (one of two in the city centre), suffered a fire in May 1979. Despite the store being rebuilt even larger and up to the latest fire codes, the negative stories in the press and loss of lives in the fire sealed its fate; it finally closed in 1986. During the rebuilding and partly as a result of the bad press, the British operation was separated from the parent company as Woolworths plc. This proved fortuitous, as the brand subsequently lasted a full twelve years longer in the United Kingdom than it did in the United States. On October 15, 1993, Woolworth's embarked on a restructuring plan that included closing half of its 800-plus general merchandise stores in the United States and converting its Canadian stores to a closeout division named The Bargain! Shop. Woolco and Woolworth survived in Canada until 1994, when the company sold the majority of the Woolco stores to Wal-Mart. The Woolco stores that Wal-Mart did not purchase were either converted to The Bargain! Shop, sold to Zellers or closed permanently. Approximately 100 Woolworth stores in Canada were rebranded as The Bargain! Shop, and the remainder closed.
Transition
Amid the decline of the signature stores, Woolworth began focusing on the sale of athletic goods. On January 30, 1997, the company acquired the mail order catalog athletic retailer Eastbay.
On March 17, 1997, Wal-Mart replaced Woolworth's as a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Analysts at the time cited the lower prices of the large discount stores and the expansion of supermarket grocery stores – which had begun to stock merchandise also sold by five-and-dime stores – as contributors to Woolworth's decline in the late 20th century.
Venator
On July 17, 1997, Woolworth's closed its remaining department stores in the U.S. and changed its corporate name to Venator. In 1999, Venator moved from the Woolworth Building in New York City to offices on 34th Street.
Foot Locker
On October 20, 2001, the company changed names again; taking the name of its top retail performer and became Foot Locker, Inc., which Woolworth started in 1974. The corporate history of Woolworth is legally included in the history of Foot Locker, Inc., which is the legal continuation of Woolworth.
As part of celebrating F. W. Woolworth's centennial on the New York Stock Exchange on June 26, 2012, a news release featured 1912 Woolworth's store and a 2012 Foot Locker store.
Influence on popular culture
Woolworth was the pioneer of "five-and-dime"-style retailing.
In 1880, Woolworth first sold manufactured Christmas tree ornaments, which proved extremely popular.
In 1929, in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Sam Foster (founder of Foster Grant eyewear) sold sunglasses from his counter in Woolworth’s on the city's famous boardwalk, which became a great hit with the sunbathing public.
On February 1, 1960, four African-American students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (NC A&T) started the Greensboro sit-ins at a "whites only" lunch counter in the Greensboro, North Carolina store. (The store is now a museum.)
On February 27, 1960 in Nashville,Tennessee, an integrated student-led movement from nearby black colleges, including Fisk University, American Baptist College, and Tennessee A&I (now Tennessee State), drew more than 200 protestors to the lunch counters at Woolworth, Kress, McClellan, and Walgreen’s across the street, resulting in national media attention after the students’ nonviolent tactics were met with violent backlash from white citizens. Among the protestors arrested was future US Congressman John Lewis, who participated in the sit-in at the lunch counter at Woolworth. The building functioned as a diner, Woolworth's on Fifth, for several years after the original store's closing and is now being converted into an entertainment theater.
On May 28, 1963, 14 activists – including Tougaloo College chaplain, Reverend Ed King and professors John Salter Jr. and Lois Chaffee (who were white), and students Pearlena Lewis, Anne Moody (who later published Coming of Age in Mississippi), and Memphis Norman (who were black), and Joan Trumpauer (who was white) – protested Jim Crow segregation via a sit-in at Woolworth's "whites only" lunch counter in Jackson, Mississippi. Bill Minor, then the Mississippi correspondent covering civil rights events for the New Orleans Times-Picayune and who was there that day, says the Jackson Woolworth's sit-in was "the signature event of the protest movement in Jackson. The first one there was with real violence." The following year, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed into law.
In 1976, David Bowie memorably called his look, "a cross between Nijinsky and Woolworth’s."
On folk singer Nanci Griffith's 1988 live album, One Fair Summer Evening, the song "Love at the Five and Dime" includes an extended introduction that reminisces about Woolworth stores.
A memorable scene in the Coen brothers' 2000 film O Brother, Where Art Thou?, set in rural Mississippi in 1937, entails George Clooney's character being physically thrown out of an F.W. Woolworth Co. store and admonished by the manager, "And stay out o' the Woolsworth [sic]!"
A Woolworth's building still remains (albeit as an antique store) in Bakersfield, California, and includes a still-functioning diner.
The 2nd season of The Red Green Show featured a character named Murray Woolworth, played by Ed Sahely, who ran a variety store called Murray's Variety, where he always sold useless junk and faulty inventions and devices, enforced a strict "no return-no refunds-no exchange" policy, and was constantly scheming ways to cheat Lodge members out of their money as a result of his shady and unethical business practices.
Greensboro sit-in
On February 1, 1960, four black students sat down at a segregated lunch counter in a Greensboro, North Carolina, Woolworth's store. They were refused service, touching off six months of sit-ins and economic boycotts that became a landmark event in the civil rights movement. In 1993, an eight-foot section of the lunch counter was moved to the Smithsonian Institution and the store site now contains a civil rights museum,
which had its grand opening on Monday, February 1, 2010, the 50th anniversary of the beginning of the sit-ins.
Imitation sit-ins also occurred in other cities where there were segregated lunch counters at Woolworth's. In Roanoke, Virginia on August 27, 1960, two women and a boy "...sat at the lunch counter and ordered a slice of pie, a soda and a sundae, all under the watchful eyes of the biracial committee which had organized the event." The names of the three black customers were not reported at the time, and are now unknown. While the incident was uneventful, other sit-ins were completed, also without incident, at 17 other segregated lunch counters in Roanoke.
Presidents
Frank Winfield Woolworth (1852–1919) from founding to 1919
Hubert Templeton Parson 1919 to 1932
Byron D. Miller 1932 to 1935
Charles Deyo 1935 to 1946
Alfred Cornwell 1946 to 1954
James T. Leftwich 1954 to 1958
Robert C. Kirkwood 1958 to 1965
Lester A. Burcham 1965 to 1970
John S. Roberts 1970 to 1975
Edward F. Gibbons 1975 to 1978
W. Robert Harris 1978 to ?
Robert L. Jennings 1984 to 1987
Frederick E. Hennig 1987 to 1995
Jack Adams 1993–1994 (interim CEO for restructuring)
Roger N. Farah 1994 to 2000. Oversaw company's name change to Venator in 1997.
Matthew D. Serra 2001 to 2009. Oversaw company's name change to Foot Locker in 2001.
Kenneth C. Hicks, 2009 to 2014.
Richard A. Johnson, 2014–present.
In later years the chairman rather than the president was frequently the chief executive officer. Gibbons (1919–1982) succeeded Burcham (1913–1987) as chairman-CEO in 1978 and died in office, succeeded by vice chairman John W. Lynn (1921–2013) who was succeeded in 1986 by president (since 1983, replacing Richard L. Anderson (d. 2015)) Harold Sells. Farah joined the company as chairman and CEO in December 1994 and Hennig was replaced by Dale W. Hilpert as president in May 1995.
Non-American retail users of the Woolworth name
Former F.W. Woolworth subsidiaries
Currently in business
Deutsche Woolworth GmbH & Company OHG (founded in 1927), the German unit of F.W. Woolworth has operated independently since 1998; it owns the rights of the Woolworth trademark in continental Europe.
Woolworth Mexicana operates a chain of small variety stores in Mexico, sold in December 1997 to Control Dinamico S.A. by Foot Locker Inc and is now a subsidiary of Grupo Comercial Control, S.A. de C.V.
Defunct
Woolworth Canada was the Canadian unit of F.W. Woolworth founded in the 1920s and based in North York, Ontario. In addition to the Woolworth stores, other banners of Woolworth Canada included Woolco, The Bargain! Shop, Kinney, Foot Locker, Northern Reflections, Northern Getaway, Northern Traditions, Silk & Satin and Randy River. The division continued to be called Woolworth Canada even after the last stores under the Woolworth nameplate disappeared from Canada in 1994. Woolworth Canada was eventually renamed Venator Group Canada in 1998 and finally Foot Locker Canada in 2001.
Woolworths Group plc originally was the British unit of F.W. Woolworth's, but operated independently as a separate company from 1982, running stores in the UK, Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey. On November 26, 2008, Woolworth's Group plc announced that they were in too much debt to maintain their outgoing payments. The remaining British Woolworth's stores closed by January 6, 2009, with the loss of almost 30,000 jobs. Shop Direct Group purchased the UK Woolworths and operated it as an online entity until 2015.
Others
Woolworths Group is the largest retail corporation in Australia, operating a variety of supermarket and other retail chains in Australia and New Zealand. The name "Woolworths" was legally taken to capitalize on the F.W. Woolworth name since they did not do business in Australia, and had not registered the trademark there, but is in no other way connected to the U.S. or U.K. Woolworths.
Woolworths is an upmarket retail chain in South Africa selling goods of a comparable nature to Marks & Spencer stores in the United Kingdom. The South African company also operates stores in Bahrain, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Woolworth's on Prince William-Henry Street in Bridgetown, Barbados operates independently, having split from the British branch in 1982. It was established in the 1950s, stocking goods shipped from Britain.
See also
List of Woolworth buildings
F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
References
Further reading
Winkler, John K. Five and Ten--The Fabulous Life of F. W. Woolworth (1940)
1879 establishments in New York (state)
1997 disestablishments in New York (state)
Companies based in New York City
Defunct companies based in New York (state)
Defunct department stores based in New York City
Defunct discount stores of the United States
Defunct retail companies of Canada
Five and dimes
Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
History of Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Retail companies established in 1879
Retail companies disestablished in 1997
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empad%C3%A3o
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Empadão
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Empadão is a traditional Portuguese dish, also popular in Brazil. It is a preparation made on an oven that can contain red meat, chicken, tuna, codfish and seafood between layers of mashed potato, rice, bread or inside of wheat flour pasta, although the ground meat-mashed potatoes version is the more traditionally used, similar to the English Shepherd's pie.
The filling consists usually of a refogado of red ground/sliced meat or codfish with onion and garlic. Tomato, mushrooms, sweet corn, green peas and requeijão are also used. In one recipe, Empadão is made using only pão ralado (ground bread) and eggs as a filling which is then cooked on the oven like a pudding.
Olives are also used as a topping.
References
Portuguese cuisine
Brazilian cuisine
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24519551
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh%21%20Bonds%20Beyond%20Time
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Yu-Gi-Oh! Bonds Beyond Time
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is a Japanese 3-D animated science fantasy action film based on the Yu-Gi-Oh! series. It was produced to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the NAS-produced series, Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters, and features the main characters from the original Yu-Gi-Oh! anime series, Yu-Gi-Oh! GX and Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's.
It was released in Japanese theaters on January 23, 2010. An English-language version of the film was produced by 4Kids Entertainment. The digital cinema developer and distributor Cinedigm screened the film in selected stereoscopic 3D theaters in the United States. In the United Kingdom, Manga Entertainment released the film in selected stereoscopic 3D cinemas, and followed this with a Blu-ray 3D and DVD release. The film was also released in the United States on Blu-ray and DVD.
The film earned over in Japanese theaters, and also sold well on DVD, both in Japan and the United Kingdom. Film critics, however, criticized it for its limited scope of audience, claiming it was strictly marketed to children or fans of the series.
Plot
As Yusei Fudo ponders the state of New Domino City, Jack Atlas and Crow Hogan cheer him up with the idea of riding on their Duel Runners. As they ride, a mysterious Turbo Duelist called Paradox challenges Yusei to a duel. Yusei summons his Stardust Dragon but Paradox seals it inside a card and disappears with it. They later discover an article that shows a mysterious battle in the past of Venice, Italy that Yusei knows did not happen in history before. Compounding the situation, New Domino City is vanishing. As a result, the Crimson Dragon appears, giving Yusei's Duel Runner the ability to travel through time.
In the past, sometime after the GX era, Jaden Yuki is attacked by evil versions of stolen monster cards in Venice, Italy, including Stardust Dragon. As Paradox prepares to kill Jaden, Yusei and the Crimson Dragon arrive and protect him. Afterward, Paradox flees to an earlier point in time. Jaden tells Yusei that he was pursuing Paradox, who stole his friends' cards. Yusei explains to Jaden the situation, and they decide to work together. Jaden pulls out a computer and uses the Manjome foundation's database to pull up an article, which states that Paradox killed Pegasus, using Stardust and other famous dragons. Suddenly, Jaden's Neos card disappears like Stardust Dragon did, and this era starts to vanish as well. Yusei and Jaden travel back even further in time to try to prevent Pegasus's death. Years earlier, Maximillion Pegasus is holding a duel in Domino City, which Yugi Muto is attending with his maternal grandfather Solomon. Paradox uses his newly acquired monsters to attack the event, killing Pegasus, Yugi's grandfather, and several bystanders, but Yugi survives. Then, Yusei and Jaden arrive, and the Crimson Dragon transports them and Yugi 30 minutes back in time before Paradox's attack, in order to stop him, as Pegasus' premature death would drastically alter the course of history. After learning about Paradox's actions, Yugi decides to join them by letting the Pharaoh take over. Jaden notices his Neos is back and proclaims that right now, all their cards are safe from being destroyed by any alteration already done to time.
The trio then confronts Paradox, who reveals that he comes from a dystopian future far beyond Yusei's in which the world lies in ruins and nothingness, and claims that the only way to fix it is to eliminate Duel Monsters from history. However, the three heroes protest that by doing so, all the future events and people associated with Duel Monsters will be erased as well, and they challenge him to a duel. By combining the powers of their key monsters, the Pharaoh, Jaden, and Yusei defeat Paradox. After the duel, Yusei, Jaden, and Yugi say goodbye to each other and promise to meet again someday. The latter two return to their respective time periods. New Domino City returns to normal, and Yusei returns to his own time, optimistic for what the future holds.
Cast
Development and release
In July 2009, Yu-Gi-Oh! Bonds Beyond Time was first announced through Shueisha's magazines as a short film to be screened at the Jump Super Anime Tour to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters anime series. It was revealed in the November issue of V-Jump magazine, that the animation would be a 3-D film. The film's imagery, however, was originally produced in 2D, and then was converted to 3D by the company Qtec. The 3D effect is emphasized in scenes where computer graphics are used, such as in the scene when the Duel Runners and the cards appear.
The film's official website released a 65-second trailer in September 2009, and a 139-second trailer in December. On January 21, 2010, before the film's release, a guidebook titled Yu-Gi-Oh! 10th Anniversary Animation Book was publisher under Shueisha's V Jump Books line. It contains an interview with Kazuki Takahashi—the author of the original Yu-Gi-Oh! manga—and information about the film's story and characters and was accompanied by a poster of the film. The film was released in Japan on January 23, 2010; those who attended the premiere receiving a promotional Malefic Red Eyes Black Dragon card. The film received an encore screening in Japan which was held on February 20, 2011, which included ten extra minutes in 2D. Bonds Beyond Time was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on June 15, 2011 by a partnership between King Records, Marvelous Entertainment, and Pony Canyon.
Staff
Members of the staff from the different Yu-Gi-Oh television series were involved in the film production. Shin Yoshida, the film's screenwriter, worked on Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters, Yu-Gi-Oh! GX, and Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's. Masahiro Hikokubo did the composition of the duels for the film as he previously did for GX and 5D's. Kenichi Takeshita, the director of 5D's, went on directing Bonds Beyond Time. The same production companies for all the anime, Studio Gallop and Nihon Ad Systems, were involved in the film. The film's music was composed by Yutaka Minobe and the Wall 5 Project, both also responsible for 5D's songs. The main theme music of the film is "Makemagic" by Atsushi Tamura's band Jealkb.
English localization and release
During 4Kids Entertainment's quarterly conference call in March 2010, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Alfred Khan said they are "participating in a brand new Yu-Gi-Oh! 3D movie," implying that 4Kids would produce an English-language version of the film for a Western release. A 20-minute preview for the English version of the film was shown at San Diego Comic Con 2010, and an American release date in early 2011 in select 3-D theaters was announced. The film's debut in the United States occurred at an event in New York on February 23, 2011. It included demonstrations of Konami's Yu-Gi-Oh! trading card game, the anime's voice actors, a costume contest, and benefited the Make-A-Wish Foundation of Metro New York.
Cinedigm showed the film in selected American stereoscopic 3D theaters on February 26 and 27, 2011, and on March 5 and 6, 2011. The version shown in the U.S. features a recap consisting of an additional 10 minutes of animation, compared to the original Japanese release. Manga Entertainment holds the license to distribute the film in the United Kingdom. It was released in selected stereoscopic 3D cinemas on May 14 and 21, 2011, and the viewers gained a rare card for each ticket bought. The film was released on Blu-ray 3D and DVD on July 25, 2011; the release contains the English language and original Japanese versions. On July 15, 2014, it was released by New Video Group in North America on Blu-ray.
Like the TV series, the movie is heavily edited and localized to be strictly aimed at elementary school aged children in Western countries. The musical score is completely redone and all the sound effects are completely replaced with brand new American made sound effects and there are none of the original Japanese musical score and none of the original Japanese sound effects in the English dub. The cards are re-designed to the same format as the edited English dub of the TV series and any visible text that is in Japanese or English is erased or obscured due to FCC regulations like in the TV series's edited English dub.
Reception
Yu-Gi-Oh! Bonds Beyond Time debuted at number six in the Japanese box office charts, earning over in its first week from around 124 theaters. It grossed $2,017,928 in Japanese theatres, making it the 125th-highest-grossing film released in Japan in 2010. The DVD and Blu-ray releases of the film reached number two in the best-selling lists of their respective media. In the first week, the DVD edition has sold 5,488 copies, while 4,653 copies of Blu-ray has been sold in the same period. It was the film's UK distributor Manga Entertainment's second-best selling anime release of 2011. A representative of Manga Entertainment said, "I think [it was] because it was available in Asda and Morrisons, came with a free rare card and was stupidly cheap on [the] shelf". When it was broadcast by TV Tokyo in 2014, the film earned a 0.3 percent television viewership rating.
Andy Haley from UK Anime Network praised the English version and stated it is "arguably preferable even to the original Japanese audio". Haley praised the film "for keeping its focus and plot progression impeccable tight", which made it "an intense, non-stop experience". However, Haley said the film was created to increase the sale of cards; he commented it has "plot holes that even kids will see through as it serves only to bring its three characters together at one time and nothing more". Writing for The Guardian, Phelim O'Neill affirmed it has "a very limited style of animation" and that it may be exciting for children but for anyone over ten, "it'll be hard to see this as anything other than a shouty, tacky advert for things you'll never buy". Chris Homer of The Fandom Post praised the film's animation and the matching up of the three protagonists. He criticized it and stated the time travel and the antagonists motives are not well developed, "if at all about why he wants to get rid of what is basically a card game". Total Films Jamie Russell wrote it is difficult for a non-fan of the series to appreciate. Bridget Fox, writing for Neo, also said it is "not for non-fans" but that it is good entertainment with "its frenetic pace, the capable animation, and its refusal to overcomplicate matters".
References
External links
Official Japanese website
2nd Official English trailer & Official English website
2010 films
2010 anime films
2010 3D films
3D animated films
2010s Japanese-language films
2010s fantasy adventure films
Japanese-language films
2010s children's fantasy films
Animated science fantasy films
Crossover anime and manga
Japanese crossover films
Animated films based on animated series
Anime films based on manga
Gallop (studio)
Japanese 3D films
Animated films about time travel
Anime and manga about time travel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales%20That%20Witness%20Madness
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Tales That Witness Madness
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Tales That Witness Madness is a 1973 British horror film produced by Norman Priggen, directed by veteran horror director Freddie Francis, written by actress Jennifer Jayne.
The film was one of several in a series of anthology films made during the 1960s and 1970s which included Dr. Terror's House of Horrors (1965), Torture Garden (1967), The House That Dripped Blood (1970), Asylum (1972), Tales from the Crypt (1972), The Vault of Horror (1973) and From Beyond the Grave (1974). These portmanteau horror films were all produced by Amicus Productions. Tales That Witness Madness is sometimes mistaken for an Amicus production; however, it was actually produced by World Film Services.
Plot
In the Clinic link episodes, Dr. Tremayne (Donald Pleasence), a psychiatrist in a modern mental asylum, reveals to colleague Dr. Nicholas (Jack Hawkins) that he has solved four special cases. Tremayne explains the case histories of patients Paul, Timothy, Brian, and Auriol, presenting each in turn to Nicholas:
In Mr. Tiger, Paul (Russell Lewis) is the sensitive and introverted young son of constantly bickering parents Sam (Donald Houston) and Fay Patterson (Georgia Brown). Amid the unhappy domestic situation he befriends an "imaginary" tiger.
In Penny Farthing, antique store owner Timothy (Peter McEnery) stocks a strange portrait of "Uncle Albert" (Frank Forsyth) and a penny farthing bicycle he has inherited from his aunt. In a series of episodes, Uncle Albert compels Timothy to mount the bicycle, and he is transported to an earlier era where he courts Beatrice (Suzy Kendall), who was young Albert's love interest. These travels place Timothy's girlfriend Ann (also Suzy Kendall) in peril.
In Mel, Brian Thompson (Michael Jayston) brings home an old dead tree, which he lovingly calls Mel, mounting it in his modern home as a bizarre piece of found object art. He increasingly shows unusual attention to Mel, angering his jealous wife Bella (Joan Collins).
In Luau, an ambitious literary agent, Auriol Pageant (Kim Novak), lasciviously courts new client Kimo (Michael Petrovich); he shows more interest in her beautiful young daughter Ginny (Mary Tamm). Auriol plans a sumptuous luau for him; when the plans fall through, Kimo's associate Keoki (Leon Lissek) takes over. The luau, as organised by Keoki, is actually a ceremony to assure Kimo's dying mother Malia (Zohra Sehgal) passage to "heaven" by appeasing a Hawaiian god, and a requirement is that he consume the flesh of a virgin: Ginny.
In the Epilogue, Tremayne watches as manifestations of the patients' histories materialise. Nicholas cannot see the manifestations and has Tremayne declared insane, apparently for believing the patients' bizarre accounts. Nicholas enters the patient holding area, and is killed by "Mr. Tiger".
Cast
Segment "Clinic Link Episodes"
Jack Hawkins - Dr. Nicholas
Donald Pleasence - Dr. Tremayne
Charles Gray - Nicholas (segment "Clinic Link Episodes") (voice) (uncredited)
Segment "Mr. Tiger"
Georgia Brown - Fay
Donald Houston - Sam
Russell Lewis - Paul
David Wood - Tutor
Segment "Penny Farthing"
Suzy Kendall - Ann Beatrice
Peter McEnery - Timothy
Neil Kennedy - 1st Removal Man
Richard Connaught - 2nd Removal Man
Beth Morris - Polly
Frank Forsyth - Uncle Albert
Segment "Mel"
Joan Collins - Bella
Michael Jayston - Brian
Segment "Luau"
Kim Novak - Auriol
Michael Petrovitch - Kimo
Mary Tamm - Ginny
Lesley Nunnerley - Vera
Leon Lissek - Keoki
Zohra Sehgal - Malia (as Zohra Segal)
Production
Tales That Witness Madness was filmed at Shepperton Studios on 35 mm, with an aspect ratio of 1.85:1. It was the last film of Frank Forsyth, who appears as Uncle Albert. Jack Hawkins died shortly after his scenes were filmed. Hawkins had had his larynx removed in an operation in 1966, and here his voice was dubbed by Charles Gray in post-production.
(Cavett Binion, All Movie Guide) Tales That Witness Madness was Hawkins' final film appearance.
Kim Novak broke a four-year hiatus from films with her appearance in Tales. She replaced Rita Hayworth shortly after production started.
Evaluation
The Encyclopedia of Horror writes that the film "avoids farce and develops a nicely deadpan style of humour which is ably sustained by the excellent cast in which only Novak appears unable to hit the right note." Kim Newman in Nightmare Movies calls the film "unreleasable" but with no further elaboration; presumably he found it sub-par.
References
External links
Allmovie
https://rottentomatoes.com/m/tales_that_witness_madness at Rotten Tomatoes
1973 films
1973 horror films
British films
British comedy horror films
British anthology films
Films about cannibalism
1970s English-language films
British supernatural horror films
1970s comedy horror films
Films directed by Freddie Francis
British horror anthology films
1973 comedy films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle%20in%20Motown
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Miracle in Motown
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The Miracle in Motown was the final play of an American football game between the NFC North divisional rivals Green Bay Packers and Detroit Lions on Thursday, December 3, 2015. The game, which was broadcast on television nationally on Thursday Night Football, was played at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan during the 2015 NFL season. On the final play of regulation, with no time remaining on the game clock, Packers quarterback (QB) Aaron Rodgers threw a Hail Mary pass into the end-zone that was caught by tight end (TE) Richard Rodgers II for the game-winning touchdown. (The play only occurred after defensive end (DE) Devin Taylor was called for a controversial face mask on Rodgers, which resulted in one additional play.)
The play resulted in a dramatic 27–23 come-from-behind victory for the Packers, who had trailed 20–0 in the second half. The victory was the Packers' fourth-largest comeback in franchise history. It was also the start of a 3–game winning streak that would help the Packers clinch their seventh consecutive postseason berth. The Lions would end the season with a record of 7–9 and fail to reach the playoffs. The audio of Jim Nantz's call of the play at the end zone was featured in CBS's Eyeconic ad in 2019 during Super Bowl LIII and CBS Sports' ID in 2016.
Background
Before the game on December 3, 2015, the Green Bay Packers had struggled in their previous games, while the Detroit Lions had found their form since winning against the Packers on the road at Lambeau Field in Green Bay. The Packers had lost four of their last five games after a 6–0 start for the season and were in dire need of a change of fortune to reach the playoffs. Meanwhile, the Detroit Lions came to the game with a three-game winning streak, and they still had a chance to earn a playoff spot despite starting the season with a 1–7 record.
Eighteen days earlier, the Lions had ended a 24-year winless streak against the Packers in a road game by beating them 18–16 at Lambeau Field. If they had also defeated the Packers at their second meeting of the season, the Lions would have swept the season series with Green Bay for the first time since 1991.
Before the Packers started their comeback from the 20–0 deficit in the second half of the game, the Lions had snapped a 56-game streak during which the Packers had scored in the first half. Counting the previous game against the Chicago Bears and the greater part of the Lions game, the Packers went nearly 70 game-minutes without scoring a point.
Events of the play
With six seconds left on the game clock, Green Bay was on 3rd-and-10 at its own 21-yard line. After one forward pass and one backward pass, Packers tight end Richard Rodgers II lateraled the ball to quarterback Aaron Rodgers, who was quickly tackled at his 24-yard line by Detroit Lions defender Devin Taylor, with the game clock having gone to zero during the play. However, the official standing behind the play called a 15-yard penalty on Taylor for a face mask foul on the tackle, and so, because NFL rules state that a game cannot end on a defensive penalty, the Packers were given an untimed play at their own 39-yard line.
After the snap, all Packers receivers ran towards the end zone and Aaron Rodgers broke right, escaping the Detroit defenders before throwing a Hail Mary pass into the end zone. Tight end Richard Rodgers II, who was the last player to reach the end zone, leapt high in front of all defenders, caught the ball at full extension, and came down nearly unchallenged for the catch, resulting in the Packers winning 27–23 (the Packers chose to omit the extra-point attempt). According to a number of estimations, Aaron Rodgers's pass traveled before reaching the hands of Richard Rodgers II. The throw was also high enough to nearly hit the rafters at Ford Field. The comeback victory was the fourth-largest in franchise history.
Game box score
Players involved
Quarterback Aaron Rodgers and tight end Richard Rodgers II are not related, but both attended University of California, Berkeley and played for the California Golden Bears, graduating in 2005 and 2014, respectively.
The play was Aaron Rodgers's first ever completed Hail Mary pass of his career, just one day after his 32nd birthday.
The Packers tight end Richard Rodgers II is the son of Richard Rodgers Sr., who was involved in one of the most famous plays in American football, "The Play", that ended the game between Cal and Stanford in 1982. Richard Rodgers Sr. contended after the game that his son's role in the play rivaled his involvement in the famous play which he called and in which he threw two of the five laterals in 1982:
Penalty controversy
The face mask penalty against Detroit that led to the winning play by Green Bay generated controversy, since replays appeared to show Taylor not grabbing Rodgers's facemask. Dean Blandino, NFL Vice President of Officiating, responded to the call on Twitter moments after the game:
During a visit by NFL officials to a Lions training camp in 2016, Carl Cheffers, the official who threw the flag, was asked about the penalty; he said "I think it was an illegal tackle. Horse-collar, facemask, I think it was an illegal tackle. I’m very comfortable with it."
Naming the play
The nickname for the play, "Miracle in Motown", was first used by Jim Nantz during the nationally broadcast Thursday Night Football postgame show.
Broadcast calls of the final play
TV
Radio
Officials
Referee: Carl Cheffers (#51)
Umpire: Undrey Wash (#96)
Head Linesman: Kent Payne (#79)
Line Judge: Tim Podraza (#47)
Back Judge: Terrence Miles (#111)
Side Judge: Scott Novak (#1)
Field Judge: Brad Freeman (#88)
Records
Aaron Rodgers's pass is the longest game-winning Hail Mary play in NFL history.
The touchdown-throw distance of from the line of scrimmage is the most air-yards on a touchdown in the previous 10 NFL seasons, and it was the second-longest offensive game-winning touchdown on the final play of regulation in NFL history. It came short of Earl Morrall and Jim Gibbons combining for a game-winning play for the Detroit Lions in a 20–15 win over the Johnny Unitas-led Baltimore Colts in 1960.
Overcoming a 20-point deficit represented the fourth-biggest comeback win in Packers franchise history. It rates behind a 23-point deficit in a 35–23 win over the Los Angeles Rams in 1982, a 23-point deficit in a 37–36 win over the Dallas Cowboys in 2013 (with Matt Flynn as a QB) and a 21-point deficit in a 35–34 win over the New Orleans Saints in 1989. This 20-point deficit was later tied in 2018 when Rodgers and the Packers overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to beat the Chicago Bears 24–23.
Before the final game-winning play, the Green Bay Packers had gone the full 60 minutes of the game without leading.
The play was named the "Bridgestone Performance Play of the Year" at the 5th Annual NFL Honors ceremony the night before Super Bowl 50.
The play won the award for Best Play at the 2016 ESPY Awards.
See also
2015 Green Bay Packers season
Lions–Packers rivalry
List of Hail Mary passes in American football
References
External links
2015 National Football League season
National Football League games
Green Bay Packers
Detroit Lions
American football incidents
December 2015 sports events in the United States
2015 in sports in Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%20Heavyweight%20Championship
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Asia Heavyweight Championship
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The was a championship established and promoted by New Japan Pro-Wrestling. It was New Japan Pro-Wrestling's version of the All Asia Heavyweight Championship. Tiger Jeet Singh was the first and only champion, winning the title on July 29, 1976 in Osaka, Japan by defeating Seiji Sakaguchi. He successfully defended the title two times, against Seiji Sakaguchi on June 29, 1977 in Osaka and against Strong Kobayashi on July 21, 1977 in Sendai. The title was retired on April 23, 1981 due to an announcement of the IWGP, a new governing body, which would promote their own-branded championships.
Title history
References
New Japan Pro-Wrestling championships
Continental professional wrestling championships
Heavyweight wrestling championships
| 1 | 1 |
68668057
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeroy%20Anton
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Leeroy Anton
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Leeroy Anton Matesanz (born 4 May 1985) is a French former footballer.
Career statistics
Club
Notes
References
1985 births
Living people
French footballers
Association football midfielders
Belgian First Division B players
Singapore Premier League players
Olympique Lyonnais players
FC Rouen players
Lyon La Duchère players
Union Royale Namur Fosses-La-Ville players
Étoile FC players
French expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Spain
French expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate footballers in Singapore
French expatriate sportspeople in Singapore
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie%2C%20Marry%20Me
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Archie, Marry Me
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"Archie, Marry Me" is a song by Canadian indie pop band Alvvays. It was released on April 6, 2013, as the lead single from the band's eponymous debut album (2014). "Archie, Marry Me" examines modern romance and traditional marriage, and touches on themes of commitment and financial stability. It was written by vocalist and guitarist Molly Rankin with guitarist Alec O'Hanley as a critique of the standard societal expectation that one is to marry upon entering adulthood.
Rankin and O'Hanley were romantically linked, and had been collaborating for some time creatively. Then in their mid-twenties, they observed with derision friends quickly being wed. "Archie" was first developed during a period in which they lived on Prince Edward Island in a remote farmhouse. The song and accompanying album were produced by Chad VanGaalen, and recorded at his studio, Yoko Eno, in Calgary, Alberta. The song's lo-fi music video, filmed on a Super 8 camera, pictures Rankin at a wedding reception and sailing on the sea.
"Archie" was the first song the band released; it debuted digitally via the band's website before the band was signed to a label. It was later released on Royal Mountain Records, in their home country. In the U.S. and Europe, it was distributed through Polyvinyl and Transgressive Records, respectively. Though it did not chart, "Archie" was considered the band's breakthrough hit; it grew in popularity in the mid-2010s on streaming services. Critical reviews of the track were very positive, praising its bittersweet tone and lyrical content. It was ranked on several best-of lists in 2014, and has been called a "indie-pop classic."
Background
Alvvays emerged in the early 2010s as an outfit for singer-songwriter Molly Rankin. Rankin's father fronted the Celtic folk collective the Rankin Family, which enjoyed international success in the 1990s. She released an extended play, She, in 2010, with partner Alec O'Hanley assisting. As her writing style evolved, the duo shifted towards writing with a band in mind, and O'Hanley increased his involvement in songwriting. They recruited her childhood friend Kerri MacLellan as keyboardist, as well as bassist Brian Murphy, and drummer Phil McIssac. In 2012, they relocated to Toronto, and supported acts Peter Bjorn and John and The Joy Formidable on tours; they began road-testing certain songs, including "Archie", at these concerts.
The song—as well as Alvvays' self-titled debut LP—was recorded in March 2013 at Yoko Eno, a studio in Calgary, Alberta owned by musician Chad VanGaalen. The team sought out VanGaalen due to his work on the Women record Public Strain (2010). They utilized VanGaalen's guitars for added distortion and reverb. Rankin called the experience "colorful and engaging" in an interview, noting that VanGaalen was an interesting host and complimenting his percussive suggestions. Drums on the track were handled by Eric Hamelin, best-known for his work with Ghostkeeper. VanGaalen suggested that they devise a band name for the project, predicting Rankin would be subject to singer-songwriter connotations if not. The group created the monkier Alvvays, a play on the word always, which Rankin liked because of its sentimental quality. Holy Fuck's Graham Walsh assisted with tracking at his studio, Basketball4Life, while veteran engineer John Agnello served as mixer. The album and song were mixed at Agnello's Brooklyn space, Music Valve Studios. O'Hanley earnestly e-mailed Agnello, requesting his involvement, to which he agreed. The album was mastered by Greg Calbi and Steve Fallone at Sterling Sound.
Composition
"Archie" was written in the key of Db major, and follows a simple I-V-II-IV chord progression. The song begins with the faint noise of birds chirping, before O'Hanley and Rankin come in on guitar, strumming the chords that the song cycles repeatedly. This sequence has been described as "sparse and dreamy." The sounds were achieved on dual Fender guitars with slight distortion, "accentuating the top end of the guitars' frequency range." Hamelin subsequently initiates a "driving backbeat" on his kit, while the guitar work possesses a contemplative, jangly sound. The song carries a considerable amount of reverb, sonically. O'Hanley introduces a counter-melody to the vocal line on a Fender Jazzmaster, making heavy use of the tremolo bar. The song has been variously categorized under the genres indie pop, indie rock, twee pop, dream pop, guitar pop, and surf rock. The song's tone was frequently compared to the acts Camera Obscura, Belle and Sebastian, and Teenage Fanclub, which were all influences on the group.
Rankin wrote the song before Alvvays was formed. The song came at a period in which she had moved from Halifax, where she was attending school, to Prince Edward Island, and waitressed at a pub to make ends meet. She wrote the song at a rural farmhouse she lived in with O'Hanley for a year. The town had gone through its worst snowstorm in thirty years, and the home was engulfed in of snow. She remembered: "We had a snowmobile to get to the road, but we ended up burying the snowmobile. I guess we were inspired by it being so bleak". In an interview, Rankin detailed the track as "an open assessment on the idea of marriage." It criticizes the standard expectation to marry when one reaches adulthood. Rankin at this period was in her mid-twenties and observed that while many of her friends were engaged to be married, she was not and pursuing a different path. She went into detail about this expectation: "We [all] watch a lot of people 'grow up' and get mortgages and have big dumb weddings [...] In society it's sort of looked at as 'The Next Level'." She hoped to profile untypical types of love in the song, such as the dangerous type of partnership embodied by the criminal couple Bonnie and Clyde. The character Archie is fictitious. Rankin took the name for the character from Archie Rankin, her geologist/musician cousin formerly of the band Mardeen. "He's a very burly, curly-haired, super Scottish fisherman type. I think he was very perplexed about it," Rankin admitted. Some journalists took the title as a reference to Archie Comics, which Rankin confirmed was untrue.
Throughout the song, Rankin yearns for this partner's commitment. Each refrain begins with Rankin shouting "Hey" twice, before crooning the title. She paints a portrait of a lover burdened by financial pressure and unwilling to consider marriage: "You've expressed explicitly your contempt for matrimony / You've student loans to pay and will not risk the alimony." These lyrics have been interpreted as a reference to the increasing cost of student loan debt in North America at the time of the song's release. Rankin implores her beau to disregard his worries, and a proper ceremony, and simply unionize legally: "So honey take me by the hand and we can sign some papers / Forget the invitations, floral arrangements, and bread makers." Pitchfork writer Stuart Berman interpreted these verses as "[sounding] less like she's fighting for the love of her life than checking items off a list." In an interview, she described the song as "Just two kids without any direction, doing it on a whim in a courthouse, saying 'Who cares?' to everyone else who has all of their ducks in a row before settling down. It was the most romantic thing I could think of at the time." Mike Katzif of NPR interpreted Rankin's point of view as confrontation of her own "conflicting motives and outside expectations." Its lyrics have been considered tongue-in-cheek, while its subject matter has been characterized as melancholy or bittersweet.
Music video
The song's official music video, directed by Gavin Keen and Allison Johnston, was released on July 30, 2014. In the grainy, lo-fi video, the band employ driftwood and a wedding cake to spell out the song's title, which is also spelled in sign language. Rankin is then depicted in a wedding dress, walking with a groom amidst a cloud of confetti. It also features the band sailing on a boat, an aquarium, a freak show, and images of the seafront at Coney Island. The sailboat was borrowed from a friend's parents, and the seaside shots were filmed off the coast of the Toronto Islands.
For "Archie", the band initially shot with a full crew and professional high-definition digital equipment, but they concluded it did not feel like them. The group shot the final clip themselves using a Super 8 film camera, as they did in their video for "Adult Diversion" (2013). Halfway through filming, the camera battery was damaged by seawater. The group neutralized the battery fluid using vinegar and resumed filming.
Employing outdated technology to film a music video was not a new concept, and several other indie music videos of this era utilize the Super 8 specifically, including the clips for the Pains of Being Pure at Heart's "Everything with You" (2008), Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros' "Home" (2010), and Toro y Moi's "Still Sound" (2011). "The video is full of unstable handheld shots, discoloration, over-exposure, and dust marks, which further reinforce the appearance of the video as being homemade," observed editors Lori A. Burns and Stan Hawkins in their 2019 Handbook of Popular Music Video Analysis. Alex Hudson of Exclaim! described the clip: "[The band] don some nifty sweaters and neckerchiefs, while some psychedelically colour-tinted effects add to the wooziness of the proceedings." Robin Murray at Clash described the video as "wry, funny, and cute."
Release
"Archie, Marry Me" was initially self-released as an early demo. The song was uploaded to SoundCloud and shared via the band's official website/Tumblr on April 6, 2013. Likewise, early copies of the album were made on cassette for festival bookers and fans at concerts to pass around. The song wasn't an immediate hit, and it took months for it to attract attention. "Archie" made its way onto various indie mp3 blogs, as did their second single "Adult Diversion" (2013), which led to their signing to independent record label Royal Mountain Records in late 2013. In the United States and Europe, "Archie" was licensed to Polyvinyl and Transgressive Records, respectively. On April 24, 2014, Polyvinyl began promoting "Archie, Marry Me" in the lead-up to the album's release via digital download; later that year, they issued it as a 7" single, with "Adult Diverson" as its B-side, exclusively to mail-order subscribers. Both the aforementioned companies distributed promo CDs with those tracks in their countries, aiming for airplay on college radio stations. Altogether, the song did not chart commercially. Troy Reimink, writing for the Detroit Free Press, suggested that "in another era, [the song would be] inescapable on the radio."
"Archie" became popular online in mid-2014, finding an audience organically. It "lifted the Toronto quartet out of obscurity," and was considered the band's breakthrough hit. Spin Ilana Kaplan wrote that it "garnered the attention of both indie-rock and pop fans alike." Broadcaster Talia Schlanger said the song "turned the unknown band from Toronto into instant indie darlings." Its success was considered unusual in that it lacked hallmarks of young indie bands' success stories, such as a licensing it for placement on television. Its publicity was also credited to Stars singer Torquil Campbell, who, on the CBC Radio One show Q, proclaimed it as his song of the summer. AllMusic biographer Scott Kerr credits the album's "sensational" popularity to "Archie, Marry Me". It went viral on Spotify, and was a favorite of BBC Radio 6 Music, an alternative digital station.
Reception
Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork, in his review, likened its sound to Neil Young, and complimenting its commitment to a more contemporary union as "a new sort of forever [...] some ideas—some desires—have ways of sticking around." Chicago Tribune editorialist Josh Terry considered the song timeless, calling it "likable pop wrapped in a jangly, indie rock package." He considered it similar to indie fore-bearers Teenage Fanclub or My Bloody Valentine, but thematically akin to "the lovelorn innocence of the Beatles." Spins Ilana Kaplan praised the song as "superlatively catchy," while Miles Bowe from Stereogum complimented its bittersweet tone and heavy guitars. Katzif of NPR abstractly compared its refrain to the feeling of summer, praising its "crisp guitars, [and] effervescent melodies," as well as its "deceptively more nuanced" lyrical content. Rolling Stone contributor Simon Vozick-Levinson extolled it as the "kind of song some acts spend careers trying to write."
The song has been covered by musician Ben Gibbard, best-known for his band Death Cab for Cutie, who considered it his favorite song of that year. The song was ranked among the best tracks of 2014 by Rolling Stone, NME, Pitchfork, and the Washington Post. Rolling Stone later placed it at number 28 on its list of the 100 Best Songs of the 2010s, and altogether among the best new songs of the 21st century. "Archie, Marry Me" has repeatedly been called a "indie-pop classic," and widely interpreted as a love song. Its satirical portrayal of marriage rather was lost on some listeners; Vozick-Levinson called it "one of the decade's most romantic songs at the same." For Rankin, this was a rather unintentional conclusion to reach, but she conceded that "I'm glad people can glean their own narrative from the song."
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Alvvays liner notes.
Alvvays
Molly Rankin guitar, vocals, songwriting
Alec O'Hanley guitar, vocals, songwriting, keyboards, drum machine, additional mixing
Brian Murphy bass guitar
Eric Hamelin drums
Production
Chad VanGaalen producer, recording engineer, programmer, tambourine, bongos
Graham Walsh additional tracking
Jeff McMurrich additional tracking
John Agnello mixing
Ian McGettigan additional mixing
Greg Calbi mastering engineer
Steve Fallone additional mastering
Notes
References
External links
2013 singles
2013 songs
Alvvays songs
Satirical songs
Songs about marriage
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico%20Young
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Nico Young
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Nico Young (born 27 July 2002) is an American distance runner competing as a sophomore for Northern Arizona University. He grew up in Camarillo, California and attended Newbury Park High School. He competed in the Olympics Trials in 2021.
Athletic Career
High School Career
Young ran for Newbury Park High School in Newbury Park, California. He broke the 3 mile American high school record at the 2019 Woodbridge Invitational, running a time of 13:39.7, and lowered the American high school indoor 3000m record (previously held by Drew Hunter), running a time of 7:56.91. At the 2019 Nike Cross Nationals, Young won the race and set the course record with a time of 14:52 and led Newbury Park to the team victory. Young was named the 2019-20 XC National Gatorade Player of the Year and the 2019-20 Track and Field National Gatorade Player of the Year.
Collegiate Career
During the 2020 cross country season, Young placed 4th place at the 2020 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships with a time of 29:58.3at the 10km distance, the highest a true freshman has placed since 2001. He set an American junior record in the 5000m at the 2021 Drake Relays with a time of 13:24.26. With this time he qualified for the 2021 U.S. Olympic Trials, where he ran 13:35.94 and finished 9th.
Later that year, Young placed only 11th at the 2021 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships with a time of 28:57.5, but he also would lower the American junior record in the indoor 5000m with a time of 13:22.59 at the BU Season Opener on December 4, 2021. The next year, Young placed 3rd in the 5000m and 7th in the 3000m at the 2022 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships.
Young ran 13:11.30 at the Sound Running Track Meet in San Juan Capistrano, which is the fastest 5000m ever run by an American teenager and the 3rd fastest outdoor 5000m in collegiate history.
Personal Achievements
High School Personal Bests
College Personal Bests
References
External links
Nico Young profile Milesplit.com
Nico Young profile Northern Arizona Lumberjacks track and field
Nico Young profile Northern Arizona Lumberjacks
2002 births
Living people
American male long-distance runners
People from Camarillo, California
Northern Arizona Lumberjacks men's track and field athletes
Northern Arizona Lumberjacks men's cross country runners
Track and field athletes from California
Gay sportsmen
LGBT sportspeople from the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20R.%20Gibson
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Henry R. Gibson
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Henry Richard Gibson (December 24, 1837 – May 25, 1938) was an American attorney and politician who represented Tennessee's 2nd district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1895 to 1905. He also served as a state chancery court judge, and was a delegate to Tennessee's 1870 constitutional convention. Outside politics he wrote and edited several books on federal and state law.
Early life
Gibson was born on Kent Island, Maryland, in Queen Anne's County, son of Woolman and Catherine (Carter) Gibson. He attended the common schools at Kent Island and at Bladensburg, Maryland. He graduated from Decker's Academy at Bladensburg in 1858 and from Hobart College at Geneva, New York, in 1862.
Gibson served in the commissary department of the Union Army from March 1863 to July 1865. He entered Albany Law School in New York in September 1865. He was admitted to the bar in December 1865 and commenced practice in Knoxville, Tennessee, in January 1866. He moved to Jacksboro, Tennessee, in Campbell County in October 1866, and was appointed commissioner of claims by Governor William G. Brownlow in 1868. He eventually formed a law partnership with Leonidas C. Houk.
In 1870, Gibson represented Anderson and Campbell counties at the state convention which created the present Tennessee State Constitution. He served on the convention's legislative committee. At the convention, he proposed a resolution calling on the state to ratify the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, but the resolution failed (Tennessee wouldn't ratify the amendment until 1997). He also presented a memorial calling for the creation of Loudon County.
Gibson was a member of the Tennessee Senate from 1871 to 1873, representing the fourth district (Claiborne, Grainger, Anderson and Campbell). He was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1875 to 1877, representing Union, Campbell and Scott counties.
Gibson returned to Knoxville in 1876, and founded the Knoxville Republican, a campaign newspaper, three years later. In 1882, he and a group of investors purchased the Knoxville Daily Chronicle from William Rule, and merged it with the Republican under the new name, Knoxville Republican-Chronicle (Rule would re-purchase this paper within a few years, however). Gibson served as a United States pension agent at Knoxville from June 22, 1883, until June 9, 1885. From 1886 to 1894, he was chancellor of the second chancery division of Tennessee. In 1891, he published a legal text, Gibson’s Suits in Chancery. Gibson worked as a professor of medical jurisprudence at the Tennessee Medical College from 1889 to 1906.
Congress
Gibson's law partner, Leonidas Houk, was elected to the 2nd district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1878, and served throughout the 1880s. During this period, Houk developed a political machine that largely controlled the state Republican Party, and established Republican dominance in the 1st and 2nd districts. Gibson, who remained a close confidant of Houk, was influential within the Houk machine, and was considered by many Houk's rightful successor following the congressman's sudden death in 1891. He lacked the organization to mount a campaign, however, and Houk's son, John Chiles Houk, was elected to the congressional seat.
In 1893, Gibson launched his campaign for the 2nd district seat. The younger Houk's popularity had declined when evidence surfaced that he had helped ensure the defeat of Houk machine rival Henry Clay Evans in the 3rd district. Historian Gordon McKinney described the contest between Gibson and Houk for the Republican nomination as "one of the dirtiest in East Tennessee history." Houk assailed Gibson's war record, and managed to have Gibson expelled from the Grand Army of the Republic (the GAR determined Gibson had been a civilian employee, not a soldier). Gibson accused Houk of frequently missing votes, including a key vote on a veterans' pensions bill, and argued that the silence of politicians like Houk on the tariff issue was to blame for the Panic of 1893. In the March primary, Gibson edged Houk, 14,072 votes to 13,119. Houk refused to drop out, and opposed Gibson as an independent in the general election, but again was defeated, 16,215 votes to 13,191 (the Democrats did not field a candidate).
Gibson supported protectionist measures, such as tariffs on imports, and generally supported prohibition. In January 1896, he introduced a bill that would have provided pensions for survivors of the steamboat Sultana disaster, though the bill was never passed. He voted for the declaration of war with Spain in April 1898. On June 14, 1898, he delivered a speech on the House floor calling for the annexation of Hawaii and the construction of the Nicaragua Canal.
During the intraparty fighting between Walter P. Brownlow and Henry Clay Evans for control of the state Republican Party, Gibson aligned himself with Brownlow. In 1902, Nathan W. Hale, who was supported by the Evans faction, challenged Gibson for the 2nd district's Republican nomination, but was defeated in the primary. Gibson did not seek reelection in 1904.
Later life
After his service as United States Representative, Gibson retired from public life and resided in Washington, D.C. He was engaged as a writer, as an author, and as a consulting editor of the American and English Encyclopedia of Law and Practice. In 1907, he published a 368-page epic poem, The Maid of Redenfayn. He published an expanded version of this poem in 1912 under the title, The Ban of Baldurbane. He was an associate reviser in 1918 of the Code of Tennessee, having helped edit the 1896 volume.
Gibson died on May 25, 1938 at the age of 100 in Washington. His remains were cremated and the ashes were spread around his hometown in Maryland, though a monument at Old Gray Cemetery in Knoxville bears his name.
At the time of his death, he was the last living person known to have been born in 1837, as the last Union general Aaron Daggett died 11 days prior.
Family
Gibson married Frances Reed on November 12, 1863. They had two daughters. Following her death in 1919, he married Lizzie (Beckerdite) Clark in 1920.
References
External links
The Maid of Redenfayn – Archive.org
The Ban of Baldurbane – Archive.org
1837 births
1938 deaths
People from Queen Anne's County, Maryland
People from Jacksboro, Tennessee
Politicians from Knoxville, Tennessee
Albany Law School alumni
American centenarians
Men centenarians
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Tennessee state senators
Medical jurisprudence
Tennessee state court judges
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
People from Bladensburg, Maryland
Washington, D.C., Republicans
Union Army soldiers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca%20Bertoni
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Luca Bertoni
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Luca Bertoni (born 19 June 1992) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Pro Patria.
Club career
Bertoni started his football career at Milan, playing in their youth team. On 11 July 2012, after finishing his youth formation with Milan, he joined Südtirol in a season-long loan, and made his senior debuts with the Prima Divisione side.
On 12 July 2013, Bertoni moved to Serie B side Carpi in a co-ownership deal with Milan. He made his division debut on 24 August, starting in a 0–1 loss at Ternana.
He returned in 2014 to the previous team Südtirol, in the Lega Pro.
On 18 July 2016, Bertoni completed a loan move to Albanian Superliga side Partizani Tirana. The club also had the option to make the move permanent at the end of the season. He was handed squad number 70, and made his competitive debut on 3 August in the returning leg of Champions League third qualifying round against Red Bull Salzburg, playing in the last two minutes in an eventual 2–0 away defeat (3–0 on aggregate). Bertoni made his first Albanian Superliga appearance in the opening league match on 7 September against Luftëtari Gjirokastër, playing full-90 minutes in a 1–0 win. Following the dismissal of Adolfo Sormani, Bertoni did not play in October, and on 25th, he terminated his contract with the club by mutual consent.
On 3 July 2018, Bertoni signed for Italian club Pro Patria in an undisclosed fee.
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
People from Vizzolo Predabissi
Footballers from Lombardy
Italian footballers
Association football midfielders
Serie B players
Serie C players
A.C. Milan players
F.C. Südtirol players
A.C. Carpi players
Aurora Pro Patria 1919 players
Kategoria Superiore players
FK Partizani Tirana players
Italian expatriate footballers
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Expatriate footballers in Albania
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan City of Milan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayara%20Magri%20%28dancer%29
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Mayara Magri (dancer)
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Mayara Magri is a Brazilian ballet dancer. She is a principal dancer at The Royal Ballet. Her promotion to principal dancer took effect in September 2021.
Early life and training
Magri was born and raised in Brazil. When she was eight, she received a scholarship to train at Petite Danse School in Rio de Janeiro. When she was sixteen, she won the Senior Age Division of the Youth America Grand Prix and the Prix de Lausanne Scholarship and Audience Prize in 2011. Though her teachers encouraged her to train in the United States, she chose to go to The Royal Ballet School in London. Magri, who was trained in the Vaganova method, had to adjust to British ballet.
Career
In 2012, at age 17, Magri was offered a contract to join the company. She was named First artist in 2015, Soloist in 2016, First Soloist in 2018 and Principal Dancer in 2021. She has danced roles such as Kitri in Don Quixote, Gamzatti in La Bayadere, Mitzi Caspar in Mayerling and Lescaut's Mistress in Manon. In June 2020, in the first series of performance since the Royal Opera House's closure due to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, which was broadcast online, Magri and Matthew Ball performed an extract from Christopher Wheeldon's Within the Golden Hour, after learning the pas de deux in five days.
Selected repertoire
Magri's repertoire with The Royal Ballet includes:
References
Living people
Brazilian ballerinas
People educated at the Royal Ballet School
1990s births
Principal dancers of The Royal Ballet
Brazilian expatriates in England
Prix de Lausanne winners
21st-century ballet dancers
21st-century Brazilian dancers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20C.%20Shanmugam
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A. C. Shanmugam
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A. C. Shanmugam is the founder and president of the New Justice Party, a political party of Tamil Nadu, India.
A C Shanmugam was born in a Tuluva Vellala (Agamudaya Mudaliar) family. He began his political career as an All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) politician, when in 1984, he won the Parliament Election with 52.93% of votes for AIADMK. Subsequently, he held the posts of MP and Member of the Legislative Assembly, before founding the New Justice Party. In 2014, as a BJP candidate, he came runner-up when he contested elections in Vellore Lok Sabha. Later, he returned to AIADMK.
He stood from the Vellore Lok Sabha constituency in 2019 on a Pudhiya Needhi Katchi ticket. He is also the founder and chancellor of Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Rajarajeswari Group of Institutions, and ACS group of institutions in Arani. He works for the upliftment of Mudaliyars. He is ardent fan of M. G. Ramachandran. Er. A.C.S. Arunkumar, son of Dr. Shanmugam is the youngest Pro Chancellor of the Deemed University. Life Member - Indian Society for Technical Education
Needhi Katchi
Needhi Katchi, formerly Puthiya Needhi Katchi (translation: New Justice Party), is a political party in Tamil Nadu, headed by A.C. Shanmugam, a former AIADMK member. The party was started just before the 2001 Tamil Nadu assembly election. The leader of the party claims to represent Mudaliars and Pillaimars castes significantly present from all over Tamilnadu. In September 2009, the party renamed itself as Needhi Katchi by dropping the pudhiya (lit. new) prefix.
As of 2022, the party is still led by A. C. Shanmugam, and continues to ally with larger parties.
References
Further reading
The Hindu - Floral tributes paid to MGR
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
India MPs 1984–1989
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election
People from Vellore district
Political parties in Tamil Nadu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat
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Meat
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Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted, farmed, and scavenged animals for meat since prehistoric times. The establishment of settlements in the Neolithic Revolution allowed the domestication of animals such as chickens, sheep, rabbits, pigs and cattle. This eventually led to their use in meat production on an industrial scale in slaughterhouses.
Meat is mainly composed of water, protein, and fat. It is edible raw, but is normally eaten after it has been cooked and seasoned or processed in a variety of ways. Unprocessed meat will spoil or rot within hours or days as a result of infection with, and decomposition by, bacteria and fungi.
Meat is important to the food industry and to economies and cultures around the world. There are nonetheless people who choose to not eat meat (vegetarians) or any animal products (vegans), for reasons such as taste preferences, ethics, environmental concerns, health concerns or religious dietary rules.
Terminology
The word meat comes from the Old English word , which referred to food in general. The term is related to in Danish, in Swedish and Norwegian, and in Icelandic and Faroese, which also mean 'food'. The word also exists in Old Frisian (and to a lesser extent, modern West Frisian) to denote important food, differentiating it from (sweets) and (animal feed).
Most often, meat refers to skeletal muscle and associated fat and other tissues, but it may also describe other edible tissues such as offal. Meat is sometimes also used in a more restrictive sense to mean the flesh of mammalian species (pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, etc.) raised and prepared for human consumption, to the exclusion of fish, other seafood, insects, poultry, or other animals.
In the context of food, meat can also refer to "the edible part of something as distinguished from its covering (such as a husk or shell)", for example, coconut meat.
In English, there are also specialized terms for the meat of particular animals. These terms originated with the Norman conquest of England in 1066: while the animals retained their English names, their meat as brought to the tables of the invaders was referred to them with the Norman French words for the respective animal. In time, these appellations came to be used by the entire population.
History
Hunting and farming
Paleontological evidence suggests that meat constituted a substantial proportion of the diet of the earliest humans. Early hunter-gatherers depended on the organized hunting of large animals such as bison and deer.
The domestication of animals, of which we have evidence dating back to the end of the last glacial period (c. 10,000 BCE), allowed the systematic production of meat and the breeding of animals with a view to improving meat production. Animals that are now principal sources of meat were domesticated in conjunction with the development of early civilizations:
Sheep, originating from western Asia, were domesticated with the help of dogs prior to the establishment of settled agriculture, likely as early as the 8th millennium BCE. Several breeds of sheep were established in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt by 3500–3000 BCE. Today, more than 200 sheep-breeds exist.
Cattle were domesticated in Mesopotamia after settled agriculture was established about 5000 BCE, and several breeds were established by 2500 BCE. Modern domesticated cattle fall into the groups Bos taurus (European cattle) and Bos taurus indicus (zebu), both descended from the now-extinct aurochs. The breeding of beef cattle, cattle optimized for meat production as opposed to animals best suited for work or dairy purposes, began in the middle of the 18th century.
Domestic pigs, which are descended from wild boars, are known to have existed about 2500 BCE in modern-day Hungary and in Troy; earlier pottery from Tell es-Sultan (Jericho) and Egypt depicts wild pigs. Pork sausages and hams were of great commercial importance in Greco-Roman times. Pigs continue to be bred intensively as they are being optimized to produce meat best suited for specific meat products.
Goats are among the earliest animals domesticated by humans. The most recent genetic analysis confirms the archaeological evidence that the wild bezoar ibex of the Zagros Mountains is the likely original ancestor of probably all domestic goats today. Neolithic farmers began to herd wild goats primarily for easy access to milk and meat, as well as to their dung, which was used as fuel; and their bones, hair, and sinew were used for clothing, building, and tools. The earliest remnants of domesticated goats dating 10,000 years Before Present are found in Ganj Dareh in Iran. Goat remains have been found at archaeological sites in Jericho, Choga Mami,<ref>Maisels, C.K. Near East: Archaeology in the 'Cradle of Civilization' The Near East: Archaeology in the Cradle of Civilization] Routledge, 1999; p.124</ref> Djeitun, and Çayönü, dating the domestication of goats in Western Asia at between 8,000 and 9,000 years ago. Studies of DNA evidence suggests 10,000 years ago as the domestication date.
Chicken were domesticated around 6000 BC in Southeast Asia, according to genomic analysis, and spread to China and India 2000–3000 years later. Archaeological evidence supports domestic chickens in Southeast Asia well before 6000 BC, China by 6000 BC and India by 2000 BC.
Other animals are or have been raised or hunted for their flesh. The type of meat consumed varies much between different cultures, changes over time, depending on factors such as tradition and the availability of the animals. The amount and kind of meat consumed also varies by income, both between countries and within a given country.
Deer are hunted for their meat (venison) in various regions.
Horses are commonly eaten in France, Italy, Germany and Japan, among other countries. Horses and other large mammals such as reindeer were hunted during the late Paleolithic in western Europe.
Dogs are consumed in China, South Korea and Vietnam. Dogs are also occasionally eaten in the Arctic regions. Historically, dog meat has been consumed in various parts of the world, such as Hawaii, Japan, Switzerland and Mexico.
Cats are consumed in Southern China, Peru and sometimes also in Northern Italy.
Guinea pigs are raised for their flesh in the Andes.
Whales and dolphins are hunted, partly for their flesh, in Japan, Alaska, Siberia, Canada, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and by two small communities in Indonesia.
Modern agriculture employs a number of techniques, such as progeny testing, to speed artificial selection by breeding animals to rapidly acquire the qualities desired by meat producers. For instance, in the wake of well-publicised health concerns associated with saturated fats in the 1980s, the fat content of United Kingdom beef, pork and lamb fell from 20–26 percent to 4–8 percent within a few decades, due to both selective breeding for leanness and changed methods of butchery. Methods of genetic engineering aimed at improving the meat production qualities of animals are now also becoming available.
Even though it is a very old industry, meat production continues to be shaped strongly by the evolving demands of customers. The trend towards selling meat in pre-packaged cuts has increased the demand for larger breeds of cattle, which are better suited to producing such cuts. Even more animals not previously exploited for their meat are now being farmed, especially the more agile and mobile species, whose muscles tend to be developed better than those of cattle, sheep or pigs. Examples are the various antelope species, the zebra, water buffalo and camel, as well as non-mammals, such as the crocodile, emu and ostrich. Another important trend in contemporary meat production is organic farming which, while providing no organoleptic benefit to meat so produced, meets an increasing demand for organic meat.
Culture
For most of human history, meat was a largely unquestioned part of the human diet. Only in the 20th century did it begin to become a topic of discourse and contention in society, politics and wider culture.
Consumption
Meat consumption varies worldwide, depending on cultural or religious preferences, as well as economic conditions. Vegetarians and vegans choose not to eat meat because of taste preferences, ethical, economic, environmental, religious, or health concerns that are associated with meat production and consumption.
According to the analysis of the FAO, the overall consumption for white meat between 1990 and 2009 has dramatically increased. Poultry meat has increased by 76.6% per kilo per capita and pig meat by 19.7%. Bovine meat has decreased from per capita in 1990 to per capita in 2009.
Overall, diets that include meat are the most common worldwide according to the results of a 2018 Ipsos MORI study of 16–64 years olds in 28 countries. Ipsos states “An omnivorous diet is the most common diet globally, with non-meat diets (which can include fish) followed by over a tenth of the global population.” Approximately 87% of people include meat in their diet in some frequency. 73% of meat eaters included it in their diet regularly and 14% consumed meat only occasionally or infrequently. Estimates of the non-meat diets were also broken down. About 3% of people followed vegan diets, where consumption of meat, eggs, and dairy are abstained from. About 5% of people followed vegetarian diets, where consumption of meat is abstained from, but egg and/or dairy consumption is not strictly restricted. About 3% of people followed pescetarian diets, where consumption of the meat of land animals is abstained from, fish meat and other seafood is consumed, and egg and/or dairy consumption may or may not be strictly restricted.
History
A bioarchaeological (specifically, isotopic analysis) study of early medieval England found, based on the funerary record, that high-meat protein diets were extremely rare, and that (contrary to previously held assumptions) elites did not consume more meat than non-elites, and men did not consume meat than women.LEGGETT, S., & LAMBERT, T. (2022). Food and Power in Early Medieval England: A lack of (isotopic) enrichment. Anglo-Saxon England, 1-33. doi:10.1017/S0263675122000072.
In the nineteenth century meat consumption in Britain was the highest in Europe, exceeded only by that in British colonies. In the 1830s consumption per head in Britain was about 75 pounds a year, rising to 130 pounds in 1912. In 1904 laborers were found to consume 87 pounds a year while aristocrats ate 300 pounds. There were estimated to be 43,000 meat purveyor establishments in Britain in 1910, with "possibly more money invested in the meat industry than in any other British business" except the finance industry. The USA was a meat importing country by 1926.
Truncated lifespan as a result of intensive breeding allowed more meat to be produced from fewer animals. The world cattle population was about 600 million in 1929, with 700 million sheep and goats and 300 million pigs. According to a study, the average lifespan of livestock pigs is ~2 years (7% of "maximum expected lifespan"). For dairy cattle the lifespan is ~5 years (27%).
Animal growth and development
Agricultural science has identified several factors bearing on the growth and development of meat in animals.
Genetics
Several economically important traits in meat animals are heritable to some degree (see the adjacent table) and can thus be selected for by animal breeding. In cattle, certain growth features are controlled by recessive genes which have not so far been controlled, complicating breeding. One such trait is dwarfism; another is the doppelender or "double muscling" condition, which causes muscle hypertrophy and thereby increases the animal's commercial value. Genetic analysis continues to reveal the genetic mechanisms that control numerous aspects of the endocrine system and, through it, meat growth and quality.
Genetic engineering techniques can shorten breeding programs significantly because they allow for the identification and isolation of genes coding for desired traits, and for the reincorporation of these genes into the animal genome. To enable such manipulation, research is ongoing () to map the entire genome of sheep, cattle and pigs. Some research has already seen commercial application. For instance, a recombinant bacterium has been developed which improves the digestion of grass in the rumen of cattle, and some specific features of muscle fibres have been genetically altered.
Experimental reproductive cloning of commercially important meat animals such as sheep, pig or cattle has been successful. Multiple asexual reproduction of animals bearing desirable traits is anticipated, although this is not yet practical on a commercial scale.
Environment
Heat regulation in livestock is of great economic significance, because mammals attempt to maintain a constant optimal body temperature. Low temperatures tend to prolong animal development and high temperatures tend to retard it. Depending on their size, body shape and insulation through tissue and fur, some animals have a relatively narrow zone of temperature tolerance and others (e.g. cattle) a broad one. Static magnetic fields, for reasons still unknown, also retard animal development.
Nutrition
The quality and quantity of usable meat depends on the animal's plane of nutrition, i.e., whether it is over- or underfed. Scientists disagree about how exactly the plane of nutrition influences carcass composition.
The composition of the diet, especially the amount of protein provided, is also an important factor regulating animal growth. Ruminants, which may digest cellulose, are better adapted to poor-quality diets, but their ruminal microorganisms degrade high-quality protein if supplied in excess. Because producing high-quality protein animal feed is expensive (see also Environmental impact below), several techniques are employed or experimented with to ensure maximum utilization of protein. These include the treatment of feed with formalin to protect amino acids during their passage through the rumen, the recycling of manure by feeding it back to cattle mixed with feed concentrates, or the partial conversion of petroleum hydrocarbons to protein through microbial action.
In plant feed, environmental factors influence the availability of crucial nutrients or micronutrients, a lack or excess of which can cause a great many ailments. In Australia, for instance, where the soil contains limited phosphate, cattle are being fed additional phosphate to increase the efficiency of beef production. Also in Australia, cattle and sheep in certain areas were often found losing their appetite and dying in the midst of rich pasture; this was at length found to be a result of cobalt deficiency in the soil. Plant toxins are also a risk to grazing animals; for instance, sodium fluoroacetate, found in some African and Australian plants, kills by disrupting the cellular metabolism. Certain man-made pollutants such as methylmercury and some pesticide residues present a particular hazard due to their tendency to bioaccumulate in meat, potentially poisoning consumers.
Animal welfare
Livestock animals have shown relatively high intelligence which may raise animal ethics rationale for safeguarding their well-being. Pigs in particular are considered by some to be the smartest known domesticated animal in the world (e.g. more intelligent than pet dogs) which not only experience pain but also have notable depths, levels and/or variety/diversity of emotions (including boredom), cognition, intelligence, and/or sentience. Complications include that without or reduced meat production, many livestock animals may never live (see also: natalism), and that their life (relative timespan of existence) is typically short – in the case of pigs ~7% of their "maximum expected lifespan".
Human intervention
Meat producers may seek to improve the fertility of female animals through the administration of gonadotrophic or ovulation-inducing hormones. In pig production, sow infertility is a common problem — possibly due to excessive fatness. No methods currently exist to augment the fertility of male animals. Artificial insemination is now routinely used to produce animals of the best possible genetic quality, and the efficiency of this method is improved through the administration of hormones that synchronize the ovulation cycles within groups of females.
Growth hormones, particularly anabolic agents such as steroids, are used in some countries to accelerate muscle growth in animals. This practice has given rise to the beef hormone controversy, an international trade dispute. It may also decrease the tenderness of meat, although research on this is inconclusive, and have other effects on the composition of the muscle flesh. Where castration is used to improve control over male animals, its side effects are also counteracted by the administration of hormones. Myostatin-based muscle hypertrophy has also been used.
Sedatives may be administered to animals to counteract stress factors and increase weight gain. The feeding of antibiotics to certain animals has been shown to improve growth rates also. This practice is particularly prevalent in the USA, but has been banned in the EU, partly because it causes antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic microorganisms.
Biochemical composition
Numerous aspects of the biochemical composition of meat vary in complex ways depending on the species, breed, sex, age, plane of nutrition, training and exercise of the animal, as well as on the anatomical location of the musculature involved. Even between animals of the same litter and sex there are considerable differences in such parameters as the percentage of intramuscular fat.
Main constituents
Adult mammalian muscle flesh consists of roughly 75 percent water, 19 percent protein, 2.5 percent intramuscular fat, 1.2 percent carbohydrates and 2.3 percent other soluble non-protein substances. These include nitrogenous compounds, such as amino acids, and inorganic substances such as minerals.
Muscle proteins are either soluble in water (sarcoplasmic proteins, about 11.5 percent of total muscle mass) or in concentrated salt solutions (myofibrillar proteins, about 5.5 percent of mass). There are several hundred sarcoplasmic proteins. Most of them – the glycolytic enzymes – are involved in the glycolytic pathway, i.e., the conversion of stored energy into muscle power. The two most abundant myofibrillar proteins, myosin and actin, are responsible for the muscle's overall structure. The remaining protein mass consists of connective tissue (collagen and elastin) as well as organelle tissue.
Fat in meat can be either adipose tissue, used by the animal to store energy and consisting of "true fats" (esters of glycerol with fatty acids), or intramuscular fat, which contains considerable quantities of phospholipids and of unsaponifiable constituents such as cholesterol.
Red and white
Meat can be broadly classified as "red" or "white" depending on the concentration of myoglobin in muscle fibre. When myoglobin is exposed to oxygen, reddish oxymyoglobin develops, making myoglobin-rich meat appear red. The redness of meat depends on species, animal age, and fibre type: Red meat contains more narrow muscle fibres that tend to operate over long periods without rest, while white meat contains more broad fibres that tend to work in short fast bursts.
Generally, the meat of adult mammals such as cows, sheep, and horses is considered red, while chicken and turkey breast meat is considered white.
Nutritional information
All muscle tissue is very high in protein, containing all of the essential amino acids, and in most cases is a good source of zinc, vitamin B12, selenium, phosphorus, niacin, vitamin B6, choline, riboflavin and iron. Several forms of meat are also high in vitamin K. Muscle tissue is very low in carbohydrates and does not contain dietary fiber. While taste quality may vary between meats, the proteins, vitamins, and minerals available from meats are generally consistent.
The fat content of meat can vary widely depending on the species and breed of animal, the way in which the animal was raised, including what it was fed, the anatomical part of the body, and the methods of butchering and cooking. Wild animals such as deer are typically leaner than farm animals, leading those concerned about fat content to choose game such as venison. Decades of breeding meat animals for fatness is being reversed by consumer demand for meat with less fat. The fatty deposits that exist with the muscle fibers in meats soften meat when it is cooked and improve the flavor through chemical changes initiated through heat that allow the protein and fat molecules to interact. The fat, when cooked with meat, also makes the meat seem juicier. The nutritional contribution of the fat is mainly calories as opposed to protein. As fat content rises, the meat's contribution to nutrition declines. In addition, there is cholesterol associated with fat surrounding the meat. The cholesterol is a lipid associated with the kind of saturated fat found in meat. The increase in meat consumption after 1960 is associated with, though not definitively the cause of, significant imbalances of fat and cholesterol in the human diet.
The table in this section compares the nutritional content of several types of meat. While each kind of meat has about the same content of protein and carbohydrates, there is a very wide range of fat content.
Production
Meat is produced by killing an animal and cutting flesh out of it. These procedures are called slaughter and butchery, respectively. There is ongoing research into producing meat in vitro; that is, outside of animals.
Transport
Upon reaching a predetermined age or weight, livestock are usually transported en masse to the slaughterhouse. Depending on its length and circumstances, this may exert stress and injuries on the animals, and some may die en route. Unnecessary stress in transport may adversely affect the quality of the meat. In particular, the muscles of stressed animals are low in water and glycogen, and their pH fails to attain acidic values, all of which results in poor meat quality. Consequently, and also due to campaigning by animal welfare groups, laws and industry practices in several countries tend to become more restrictive with respect to the duration and other circumstances of livestock transports.
Slaughter
Animals are usually slaughtered by being first stunned and then exsanguinated (bled out). Death results from the one or the other procedure, depending on the methods employed. Stunning can be effected through asphyxiating the animals with carbon dioxide, shooting them with a gun or a captive bolt pistol, or shocking them with electric current. In most forms of ritual slaughter, stunning is not allowed.
Draining as much blood as possible from the carcass is necessary because blood causes the meat to have an unappealing appearance and is a breeding ground for microorganisms. The exsanguination is accomplished by severing the carotid artery and the jugular vein in cattle and sheep, and the anterior vena cava in pigs.
The act of slaughtering animals for meat, or of raising or transporting animals for slaughter, may engender both psychological stress and physical trauma in the people involved. Additionally, slaughterhouse workers are exposed to noise of between 76 and 100 dB from the screams of animals being killed. 80 dB is the threshold at which the wearing of ear protection is recommended.
Dressing and cutting
After exsanguination, the carcass is dressed; that is, the head, feet, hide (except hogs and some veal), excess fat, viscera and offal are removed, leaving only bones and edible muscle. Cattle and pig carcases, but not those
of sheep, are then split in half along the mid ventral axis, and the carcase is cut into wholesale pieces. The dressing and cutting sequence, long a province of manual labor, is progressively being fully automated.
Conditioning
Under hygienic conditions and without other treatment, meat can be stored at above its freezing point (–1.5 °C) for about six weeks without spoilage, during which time it undergoes an aging process that increases its tenderness and flavor.
During the first day after death, glycolysis continues until the accumulation of lactic acid causes the pH to reach about 5.5. The remaining glycogen, about 18 g per kg, is believed to increase the water-holding capacity and tenderness of the flesh when cooked. Rigor mortis sets in a few hours after death as ATP is used up, causing actin and myosin to combine into rigid actomyosin and lowering the meat's water-holding capacity, causing it to lose water ("weep"). In muscles that enter rigor in a contracted position, actin and myosin filaments overlap and cross-bond, resulting in meat that is tough on cooking – hence again the need to prevent pre-slaughter stress in the animal.
Over time, the muscle proteins denature in varying degree, with the exception of the collagen and elastin of connective tissue, and rigor mortis resolves. Because of these changes, the meat is tender and pliable when cooked just after death or after the resolution of rigor, but tough when cooked during rigor. As the muscle pigment myoglobin denatures, its iron oxidates, which may cause a brown discoloration near the surface of the meat. Ongoing proteolysis also contributes to conditioning. Hypoxanthine, a breakdown product of ATP, contributes to the meat's flavor and odor, as do other products of the decomposition of muscle fat and protein.
Additives
When meat is industrially processed in preparation of consumption, it may be enriched with additives to protect or modify its flavor or color, to improve its tenderness, juiciness or cohesiveness, or to aid with its preservation. Meat additives include the following:
Salt is the most frequently used additive in meat processing. It imparts flavor but also inhibits microbial growth, extends the product's shelf life and helps emulsifying finely processed products, such as sausages. Ready-to-eat meat products normally contain about 1.5 to 2.5 percent salt. Salt water or similar substances may also be injected into poultry meat to improve the taste and increase the weight, in a process called plumping.
Nitrite is used in curing meat to stabilize the meat's color and flavor, and inhibits the growth of spore-forming microorganisms such as C. botulinum. The use of nitrite's precursor nitrate is now limited to a few products such as dry sausage, prosciutto or parma ham.
Phosphates used in meat processing are normally alkaline polyphosphates such as sodium tripolyphosphate. They are used to increase the water-binding and emulsifying ability of meat proteins, but also limit lipid oxidation and flavor loss, and reduce microbial growth.
Erythorbate or its equivalent ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is used to stabilize the color of cured meat.
Sweeteners such as sugar or corn syrup impart a sweet flavor, bind water and assist surface browning during cooking in the Maillard reaction.
Seasonings impart or modify flavor. They include spices or oleoresins extracted from them, herbs, vegetables and essential oils.
Flavorings such as monosodium glutamate impart or strengthen a particular flavor.
Tenderizers break down collagens to make the meat more palatable for consumption. They include proteolytic enzymes, acids, salt and phosphate.
Dedicated antimicrobials include lactic, citric and acetic acid, sodium diacetate, acidified sodium chloride or calcium sulfate, cetylpyridinium chloride, activated lactoferrin, sodium or potassium lactate, or bacteriocins such as nisin.
Antioxidants include a wide range of chemicals that limit lipid oxidation, which creates an undesirable "off flavor", in precooked meat products.
Acidifiers, most often lactic or citric acid, can impart a tangy or tart flavor note, extend shelf-life, tenderize fresh meat or help with protein denaturation and moisture release in dried meat. They substitute for the process of natural fermentation that acidifies some meat products such as hard salami or prosciutto.
Misidentification
With the rise of complex supply chains, including cold chains, in developed economies, the distance between the farmer or fisherman and customer has grown, increasing the possibility for intentional and unintentional misidentification of meat at various points in the supply chain.
In 2013, reports emerged across Europe that products labelled as containing beef actually contained horse meat. In February 2013 a study was published showing that about one-third of raw fish are misidentified across the United States.
Imitation
Various forms of imitation meat have been created for people who wish not to eat meat but still want to taste its flavor and texture. Meat imitates are typically some form of processed soybean (tofu, tempeh), but they can also be based on wheat gluten, pea protein isolate, or even fungi (quorn).
Environmental impact
Various environmental effects are associated with meat production. Among these are greenhouse gas emissions, fossil energy use, water use, water quality changes, and effects on grazed ecosystems.
The livestock sector may be the largest source of water pollution (due to animal wastes, fertilizers, pesticides), and it contributes to emergence of antibiotic resistance. It accounts for over 8% of global human water use. It is a significant driver of biodiversity loss and ecosystems, as it causes deforestation and requires large amounts of land for pasture and feed crops, ocean dead zones, land degradation, pollution, overfishing and climate change.
The occurrence, nature and significance of environmental effects varies among livestock production systems. Grazing of livestock can be beneficial for some wildlife species, but not for others. Targeted grazing of livestock is used as a food-producing alternative to herbicide use in some vegetation management.
Land use
Meat production is by far the biggest cause of land use, as it accounts for nearly 40% of the global land surface. Just in the contiguous United States, 34% of its land area () are used as pasture and rangeland, mostly feeding livestock, not counting of cropland (20%), some of which is used for producing feed for livestock. Roughly 75% of deforested land around the globe is used for livestock pasture. Deforestation from practices like slash-and-burn releases and removes the carbon sink of grown tropical forest ecosystems which substantially mitigate climate change. The land use is a major pressure on pressure on fertile soils which is important for global food security.
Climate change
The rising global consumption of carbon-intensive meat products has "exploded the global carbon footprint of agriculture," according to some top scientists. Meat production is responsible for 14.5% and possibly up to 51% of the world's anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.Goodland & Anhang (2009). Livestock and Climate Change: What if the key actors in climate change are cows, pigs and chickens? p.11 Retrieved from: http://www.worldwatch.org/files/pdf/Livestock%20and%20Climate%20Change.pdf Some nations show very different impacts to counterparts within the same group, with Brazil and Australia having emissions over 200% higher than the average of their respective income groups and driven by meat consumption.
According to the Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production report produced by United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) international panel for sustainable resource management, a worldwide transition in the direction of a meat and dairy free diet is indispensable if adverse global climate change were to be prevented. A 2019 report in The Lancet recommended that global meat (and sugar) consumption be reduced by 50 percent to mitigate climate change. Meat consumption in Western societies needs to be reduced by up to 90% according to a 2018 study published in Nature. The 2019 special report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change called for significantly reducing meat consumption, particularly in wealthy countries, in order to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
Biodiversity loss
Meat consumption is considered one of the primary contributors of the sixth mass extinction. A 2017 study by the World Wildlife Fund found that 60% of global biodiversity loss is attributable to meat-based diets, in particular from the vast scale of feed crop cultivation needed to rear tens of billions of farm animals for human consumption puts an enormous strain on natural resources resulting in a wide-scale loss of lands and species. Currently, livestock make up 60% of the biomass of all mammals on earth, followed by humans (36%) and wild mammals (4%). In November 2017, 15,364 world scientists signed a Warning to Humanity calling for, among other things, drastically diminishing our per capita consumption of meat and "dietary shifts towards mostly plant-based foods". The 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, released by IPBES, also recommended reductions in meat consumption in order to mitigate biodiversity loss. A 2021 Chatham House report asserted that a significant shift towards plant-based diets would free up the land to allow for the restoration of ecosystems and thriving biodiversity.
A July 2018 study in Science says that meat consumption is set to rise as the human population increases along with affluence, which will increase greenhouse gas emissions and further reduce biodiversity.
Reducing environmental impact
The environmental impact of meat production can be reduced by conversion of human-inedible residues of food crops. Manure from meat-producing livestock is used as fertilizer; it may be composted before application to food crops. Substitution of animal manures for synthetic fertilizers in crop production can be environmentally significant, as between 43 and 88 MJ of fossil fuel energy are used per kg of nitrogen in manufacture of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers.
Reducing meat consumption
The IPCC and many others, including scientific reviews of the literature and data on the topic, have concluded that meat production has to be reduced substantially for any sufficient mitigation of climate change and, at least initially, largely through shifts towards plant-based diets in cases (e.g. countries) where meat-consumption is high. A review names broad potential measures such as "restrictions or fiscal mechanisms". Personal Carbon Allowances that allow a certain amount of free meat consumption per person would be a form of restriction, meat taxes would be a type of fiscal mechanism. Meat can be replaced by, for example, high-protein iron-rich low-emission legumes and common fungi, but there are also dietary supplements (e.g. of vitamin B12 and zinc) and/or fortified foods, cultured meat (still under development), microbial foods, mycoprotein, meat substitutes, and other alternatives. Farms can be transitioned to meet new demands, workers can enter relevant job retraining programs, and land previously used for meat production can be rewilded.
Spoilage and preservation
The spoilage of meat occurs, if untreated, in a matter of hours or days and results in the meat becoming unappetizing, poisonous or infectious. Spoilage is caused by the practically unavoidable infection and subsequent decomposition of meat by bacteria and fungi, which are borne by the animal itself, by the people handling the meat, and by their implements. Meat can be kept edible for a much longer time – though not indefinitely – if proper hygiene is observed during production and processing, and if appropriate food safety, food preservation and food storage procedures are applied. Without the application of preservatives and stabilizers, the fats in meat may also begin to rapidly decompose after cooking or processing, leading to an objectionable taste known as warmed over flavor.
Methods of preparation
Fresh meat can be cooked for immediate consumption, or be processed, that is, treated for longer-term preservation and later consumption, possibly after further preparation. Fresh meat cuts or processed cuts may produce iridescence, commonly thought to be due to spoilage but actually caused by structural coloration and diffraction of the light. A common additive to processed meats for both preservation and the prevention of discoloration is sodium nitrite. This substance is a source of health concerns because it may form carcinogenic nitrosamines when heated.
Meat is prepared in many ways, as steaks, in stews, fondue, or as dried meat like beef jerky. It may be ground then formed into patties (as hamburgers or croquettes), loaves, or sausages, or used in loose form (as in "sloppy joe" or Bolognese sauce).
Some meat is cured by smoking, which is the process of flavoring, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to the smoke from burning or smoldering plant materials, most often wood. In Europe, alder is the traditional smoking wood, but oak is more often used now, and beech to a lesser extent. In North America, hickory, mesquite, oak, pecan, alder, maple, and fruit-tree woods are commonly used for smoking. Meat can also be cured by pickling, preserving in salt or brine (see salted meat and other curing methods). Other kinds of meat are marinated and barbecued, or simply boiled, roasted, or fried.
Meat is generally eaten cooked, but many recipes call for raw beef, veal or fish (tartare). Steak tartare is a meat dish made from finely chopped or minced raw beef or horse meat. Meat is often spiced or seasoned, particularly with meat products such as sausages. Meat dishes are usually described by their source (animal and part of body) and method of preparation (e.g., a beef rib).
Meat is a typical base for making sandwiches. Popular varieties of sandwich meat include ham, pork, salami and other sausages, and beef, such as steak, roast beef, corned beef, pepperoni, and pastrami. Meat can also be molded or pressed (common for products that include offal, such as haggis and scrapple) and canned.
Health
There is concern and debate regarding the potential association of meat, in particular red and processed meat, with a variety of health risks. A study of 400,000 subjects conducted by the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition and published in 2013 showed "a moderate positive association between processed meat consumption and mortality, in particular due to cardiovascular diseases, but also to cancer."
In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization (WHO) classified processed meat as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on "sufficient evidence in humans that the consumption of processed meat causes colorectal cancer." In the same year, the Agency classified red meat as probably (Group 2A) carcinogenic to humans.
The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans asked men and teenage boys to increase their consumption of vegetables or other underconsumed foods (fruits, whole grains, and dairy) while reducing intake of protein foods (meats, poultry, and eggs) that they currently overconsume.
Health authorities around the world recommend limiting consumption of unprocessed red meat (such as a beef steak) and also discourage consumption of processed meat (such as bacon). In 2021, a study of data on half a million U.K. citizens shows associations between high levels of meat intake with risks of some of 25 common conditions including ischaemic heart disease and diabetes as well as a lower risk of iron deficiency anaemia. Available under CC BY 4.0. A cohort study with over 130,000 participants published a few days later, also found that a higher intake of processed meat was associated with "a higher risk of mortality and major CVD". However, while some of the results did control for body mass index various other factors that were not controlled for may confound the associations and research of underlying mechanisms may be required for fully robust conclusions. Studies have however concluded that plant-based diets "rich in legumes, whole grains, and nuts with reduced red and processed meats" and low in overall meat consumption (except for fish) are associated with longer life expectancy, whereby a switch from a "typical Western diet" in adults can increase life expectancy by a decade.
Contamination
Various toxic compounds can contaminate meat, including heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticide residues, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs). Processed, smoked and cooked meat may contain carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Toxins may be introduced to meat as part of animal feed, as veterinary drug residues, or during processing and cooking. Often, these compounds can be metabolized in the body to form harmful by-products. Negative effects depend on the individual genome, diet, and history of the consumer. Any chemical's toxicity is also dependent on the dose and timing of exposure.
Cancer
There are concerns about a relationship between the consumption of meat, in particular processed and red meat, and increased cancer risk. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the World Health Organization (WHO), classified processed meat (e.g., bacon, ham, hot dogs, sausages) as, "carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence in humans that the consumption of processed meat causes colorectal cancer." IARC also classified red meat as "probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A), based on limited evidence that the consumption of red meat causes cancer in humans and strong mechanistic evidence supporting a carcinogenic effect."
Heart disease
The correlation of consumption to increased risk of heart disease is controversial. Some studies fail to find a link between red meat consumption and heart disease (although the same study found statistically significant correlation between the consumption of processed meat and coronary heart disease). A large cohort study of Seventh-Day Adventists in California found that the risk of heart disease is three times greater for 45-64-year-old men who eat meat daily, versus those who did not eat meat. This study compared adventists to the general population and not other Seventh Day Adventists who ate meat and did not specifically distinguish red and processed meat in its assessment.
A Harvard University study in 2010 involving over one million people who ate meat found that only processed meat had an adverse risk in relation to coronary heart disease. The study suggests that eating 50 g (less than 2 ounces) of processed meat per day increases risk of coronary heart disease by 42%, and diabetes by 19%. Equivalent levels of fat, including saturated fats, in unprocessed meat (even when eating twice as much per day) did not show any deleterious effects, leading the researchers to suggest that "differences in salt and preservatives, rather than fats, might explain the higher risk of heart disease and diabetes seen with processed meats, but not with unprocessed red meats."
A scientific review concluded that, except for poultry, at 50 g/day unprocessed red and processed meat appear to be risk factors for ischemic heart disease, increasing the risk by about 9 and 18 % respectively.
Obesity
Prospective analysis suggests that meat consumption is positively associated with weight gain in men and women. The National Cattlemen's Beef Association countered by stating that meat consumption may not be associated with fat gain. In response, the authors of the original study controlled for just abdominal fat across a sample of 91,214 people and found that even when controlling for calories and lifestyle factors, meat consumption is linked with obesity. Additional studies and reviews have confirmed the finding that greater meat consumption is positively linked with greater weight gain even when controlling for calories, and lifestyle factors.
Bacterial contamination
Bacterial contamination has been seen with meat products. A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that nearly half (47%) of the meat and poultry in U.S. grocery stores were contaminated with S. aureus, with more than half (52%) of those bacteria resistant to antibiotics. A 2018 investigation by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism and The Guardian found that around 15 percent of the US population suffers from foodborne illnesses every year. The investigation also highlighted unsanitary conditions in US-based meat plants, which included meat products covered in excrement and abscesses "filled with pus".
Infectious diseases
Meat production and trade substantially increases risks for infectious diseases, including of pandemics – "directly through increased contact with wild and farmed animals [(zoonosis)] or indirectly through its impact on the environment (e.g., biodiversity loss, water use, climate change)". For example, avian influenza from poultry meat production can be a threat to human health. Furthermore, the use of antibiotics in meat production contributes to antimicrobial resistance – which contributes to millions of deaths – and makes it harder to control infectious diseases.
Changes in consumer behavior
In response to changing prices as well as health concerns about saturated fat and cholesterol (see lipid hypothesis), consumers have altered their consumption of various meats. A USDA report points out that consumption of beef in the United States between 1970–1974 and 1990–1994 dropped by 21%, while consumption of chicken increased by 90%. During the same period of time, the price of chicken dropped by 14% relative to the price of beef. From 1995–1996, beef consumption increased due to higher supplies and lower prices.
Cooking
Meat can transmit certain diseases, but complete cooking and avoiding recontamination reduces this possibility.
Several studies published since 1990 indicate that cooking muscle meat creates heterocyclic amines (HCAs), which are thought to increase cancer risk in humans. Researchers at the National Cancer Institute published results of a study which found that human subjects who ate beef rare or medium-rare had less than one third the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate beef medium-well or well-done. While eating muscle meat raw may be the only way to avoid HCAs fully, the National Cancer Institute states that cooking meat below creates "negligible amounts" of HCAs. Also, microwaving meat before cooking may reduce HCAs by 90%.
Nitrosamines, present in processed and cooked foods, have been noted as being carcinogenic, being linked to colon cancer. Also, toxic compounds called PAHs, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, present in processed, smoked and cooked foods, are known to be carcinogenic.
Sociology
Meat is part of the human diet in most cultures, where it often has symbolic meaning and important social functions. Some people choose not to eat meat (vegetarianism) or any food made from animals (veganism). The reasons for not eating all or some meat may include ethical objections to killing animals for food, health concerns, environmental concerns or religious dietary laws.
Ethics
Ethical issues regarding the consumption of meat include objecting to the act of killing animals or to the agricultural practices used in meat production. Reasons for objecting to killing animals for consumption may include animal rights, environmental ethics, or an aversion to inflicting pain or harm on other sentient creatures. Some people, while not vegetarians, refuse to eat the flesh of certain animals (such as cows, pigs, cats, dogs, horses, or rabbits) due to cultural or religious traditions.
Some people eat only the flesh of animals that they believe have not been mistreated, and abstain from the flesh of animals raised in factory farms or else abstain from particular products, such as foie gras and veal.
Some techniques of intensive agriculture may be cruel to animals: foie gras is a food product made from the liver of ducks or geese that have been force fed corn to fatten the organ; veal is criticised because the veal calves may be highly restricted in movement, have unsuitable flooring, spend their entire lives indoors, experience prolonged deprivation (sensory, social, and exploratory), and be more susceptible to high amounts of stress and disease.
Religious traditions
The religion of Jainism has always opposed eating meat, and there are also schools of Buddhism and Hinduism that condemn the eating of meat.
Jewish dietary rules (Kashrut) allow certain (kosher) meat and forbid other (treif). The rules include prohibitions on the consumption of unclean animals (such as pork, shellfish including mollusca and crustacea, and most insects), and mixtures of meat and milk.
Similar rules apply in Islamic dietary laws: The Quran explicitly forbids meat from animals that die naturally, blood, the meat of swine (porcine animals, pigs), and animals dedicated to other than Allah (either undedicated or dedicated to idols) which are haram as opposed to halal.
Sikhism forbids meat of slowly slaughtered animals ("kutha") and prescribes killing animals with a single strike ("jhatka"), but some Sikh groups oppose eating any meat.
Psychology
Research in applied psychology has investigated practices of meat eating in relation to morality, emotions, cognition, and personality characteristics. Psychological research suggests meat eating is correlated with masculinity, support for social hierarchy, and reduced openness to experience. Research into the consumer psychology of meat is relevant both to meat industry marketing and to advocates of reduced meat consumption.
Gender
Unlike most other food, meat is not perceived as gender-neutral, and is particularly associated with men and masculinity. Sociological research, ranging from African tribal societies to contemporary barbecues, indicates that men are much more likely to participate in preparing meat than other food. This has been attributed to the influence of traditional male gender roles, in view of a "male familiarity with killing" (Goody) or roasting being more violent as opposed to boiling (Lévi-Strauss). By and large, at least in modern societies, men also tend to consume more meat than women, and men often prefer red meat whereas women tend to prefer chicken and fish.
Philosophy
The founders of Western philosophy disagreed about the ethics of eating meat. Plato's Republic has Socrates describe the ideal state as vegetarian. Pythagoras believed that humans and animals were equal and therefore disapproved of meat consumption, as did Plutarch, whereas Zeno and Epicurus were vegetarian but allowed meat-eating in their philosophy. Conversely, Aristotle's Politics'' assert that animals, as inferior beings, exist to serve humans, including as food. Augustine drew on Aristotle to argue that the universe's natural hierarchy allows humans to eat animals, and animals to eat plants. Enlightenment philosophers were likewise divided. Descartes wrote that animals are merely animated machines, and Kant considered them inferior beings for lack of discernment; means rather than ends. But Voltaire and Rousseau disagreed. The latter argued that meat-eating is a social rather than a natural act, because children are not interested in meat.
Later philosophers examined the changing practices of eating meat in the modern age as part of a process of detachment from animals as living beings. Norbert Elias, for instance, noted that in medieval times cooked animals were brought to the table whole, but that since the Renaissance only the edible parts are served, which are no longer recognizably part of an animal. Modern eaters, according to Noëlie Vialles, demand an "ellipsis" between meat and dead animals; for instance, calves' eyes are no longer considered a delicacy as in the Middle Ages, but provoke disgust. Even in the English language, distinctions emerged between animals and their meat, such as between cattle and beef, pigs and pork. Fernand Braudel wrote that since the European diet of the 15th and 16th century was particularly heavy in meat, European colonialism helped export meat-eating across the globe, as colonized peoples took up the culinary habits of their colonizers, which they associated with wealth and power.
See also
Alligator meat
Bushmeat
Carnism
Culinary name
Dog meat
Food industry
Food science
Gristle
List of domesticated meat animals
List of meat dishes
List of foods
Meat Atlas
Meat on the bone
Meat-free days
Mechanically separated meat
Mystery meat
Roadkill cuisine
Tendon
Cat meat
References
External links
American Meat Science Association website
Qualitionary – Legal Definitions – Meat
IARC Monographs Q&A
IARC Monographs Q&A on the carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat and processed meat.
Types of food
Meat industry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Rajasthan
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Culture of Rajasthan
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The culture of Rajasthan includes many artistic traditions that reflect the ancient Indian way of life. Rajasthan is also called "Land of Kings". It has many tourist attractions and good facilities for tourists. This historical state of India attracts tourists and vacationers with its rich culture, tradition, heritage, and monuments. It also has some wildlife sanctuaries and national parks.
More than 70% of Rajasthan is vegetarian, which makes it the most vegetarian state in India.
Music and dance
The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur and the Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition. Folk music is a vital part of Rajasthani culture. Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindar, Kachchigghori, Tejaji, parth dance are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis (often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, sarangi etc.) are also sung.
Kanhaiya Geet also sang in major areas of east rajasthani belt in the collectiong manner as a best source of entertainment in the rural areas.
Kathputli
Kathputli, a traditional string puppet performance native to Rajasthani, is a key feature of village fairs, religious festivals, and social gatherings in Rajasthan. Some scholars believe the art of Kathputli to be more than thousands of years old. Mentions of Kathputli have been found in Rajasthani folk tales, ballads, and even in folk songs. Similar rod-puppets can be also found in West Bengal.
It is believed that Kathputli began as a string marionette art invented by the tribal Rajasthani Bhat community 1500 years ago. Scholars believe that folk tales convey the lifestyle of ancient Rajasthani tribal people; Kathputli art may have originated from present day Nagaur and surrounding areas. Rajasthani kings and nobles encouraged the art of Kathputli; over the last 500 years, Kathputli was supported by a system of patronage through kings and well-off families. Kathputli lovers would support artists in return for the artists singing praises of the patrons’ ancestors. The Bhat community claim that their ancestors performed for royal families, receiving honour and prestige from the rulers of Rajasthan.
Arts and crafts
Rajasthan is famous for textiles, semi-precious stones, and handicrafts, as well as for its traditional and colorful art. Rajasthani furniture is known for its intricate carvings and bright colours. Block prints, tie and dye prints, Bagaru prints, Sanganer prints and Zari embroidery are major export products from Rajasthan. The blue pottery of Jaipur is particularly noted.
The Anokhi Museum of Hand Printing celebrates traditional woodblock printing on cloth.
Architecture
Rajasthan is famous for its many historical forts, temples, and palaces (havelis), all of which are important sources of tourism in the state.
Temple architecture
While there are many Gupta and post-Gupta era temples in Rajasthan, after the 7th century, the architecture evolved into a new form called the Gurjara-Pratihara Style. Some famous temples of this style are temples at Osian, the Kumbhshyama temple of Chittor, temples at Baroli, the Somesvara temple at Kiradu, the Harshnath temple in Sikar, and the Sahasra Bahu temple of Nagda.
From the 10th century to the 13th century, a new style of temple architecture was developed, known as the Solanki style or Maru-Gurjara style. The Samadhishwar temple at Chittor and the ruined temple at Chandravati are examples of this style.
This period was also golden period for Jain temples in Rajasthan. Some famous temples of this period are Dilwara Temples, Mirpur temple of Sirohi. There are also many Jain temples of this period in Pali district at Sewari, Nadol, Ghanerao etc.
From the 14th century and onwards, many new temples were built, including the Mahakaleshwar Temple Udaipur, the Jagdish Temple at Udaipur, the Eklingji Temple, the Jagat Shiromani Temple of Amer, and the Ranakpur Jain temple.
Forts of Rajasthan
Amer Fort, Amer, Jaipur
Bala Qila, Alwar
Barmer Fort, Barmer
Chittor Fort, Chittorgarh
Gagron Fort, Jhalawar
Gugor Fort, Baran
Jaigarh Fort, Jaipur
Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer
Jalore Fort, Jalore
Jhalawar Fort, Jhalawar
Juna Fort and Temple, Barmer
Junagarh Fort, Bikaner
Khandhar Fort, Sawai Madhopur
Khejarla Fort, Jodhpur
Khimsar Fort, Nagaur
Kumbhalgarh Fort, Rajsamand
Lohagarh Fort, Bharatpur
Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur
Nagaur Fort, Nagaur
Nahargarh Fort, Jaipur
Nahargarh Fort, Baran
Neemrana Fort Palace, Neemrana, Alwar
Ranthambore Fort, Sawai Madhopur
Bhangarh Fort, Alwar
Taragarh Fort, Ajmer
Taragarh Fort, Bundi
Shergarh Fort, Baran
Surajgarh Fort, Surajgarh
Palaces of Rajasthan
Alwar City Palace, Alwar
Amber Palace, Amer, Jaipur
Badal Mahal, Dungarpur
Dholpur Palace, Dholpur
Fateh Prakash Palace, Chittorgarh
Gajner Palace and Lake, Bikaner
Jag Mandir, Udaipur
Jagmandir Palace, Kota
City Palace, Jaipur
Jal Mahal, Jaipur
Juna Mahal, Dungarpur
Lake Palace, Udaipur
Lalgarh Palace and Museum, Bikaner
Laxmi Niwas Palace, Bikaner
Man Mahal, Pushkar
Mandir Palace, Jaisalmer
Monsoon Palace, Udaipur
Moti Doongri, Alwar
Moti Doongri, Jaipur
Moti Mahal, Jodhpur
Nathmal Ji Ki Haveli, Jaisalmer
Patwon Ki Haveli, Jaisalmer
Phool Mahal, Jodhpur
Raj Mandir, Banswara
Rampuria Haveli, Bikaner
Rana Kumbha Palace, Chittorgarh
Rani Padmini's Palace, Chittorgarh
Ranisar Padamsar, Jodhpur
Ratan Singh Palace, Chittorgarh
Salim Singh Ki Haveli, Jaisalmer
Sardar Samand Lake and Palace, Jodhpur
Sheesh Mahal, Jodhpur
Sisodia Rani Palace and Garden, Jaipur
Sukh Mahal, Bundi
Sunheri Kothi, Sawai Madhopur
Udai Bilas Palace, Dungarpur
City Palace, Udaipur
Umaid Bhawan Palace, Jodhpur
Religion
Rajasthan is home to all the major religions of India. Hindus account for 90% of the population; Muslims (7.10%), Sikhs (1.27%), Jains (1%) and Sindhis make up the remaining population.
Festivals
The main religious festivals are Deepawali, Holi, Gangaur, Teej, Gogaji, Makar Sankranti, and Janmashtami as the main religion is Hinduism.
Rajasthan's desert festival in Jaisalmer is celebrated once a year during winter. People of the desert dance and sing ballads of valour, romance and tragedy. There are fairs with snake charmers, puppeteers, acrobats and folk performers. Camels play a prominent role in this festival.
Religious syncretism
Rajasthan has more popular Hindu saints, many from the Bhakti era.
Rajasthani saints hail from all castes; Maharshi Naval Ram and Umaid lakshman
Maharaj were Bhangis, Karta Ram Maharaj was a Shudra, Sundardasa was a Vaish, and Meerabai and Ramdeoji were Rajputs. The backward caste Nayaks serve as the narrators or the devotional music (or "bhajan") for the Baba Ramdevji sect.
The most popular Hindu deities are Surya, Krishna and Rama.
Modern-day popular saints from Rajasthan have been Paramyogeshwar Sri Devpuriji of Kriya Yoga and Swami Satyananda the master of Kriya Yoga, Kundalini Yoga, Mantra Yoga and Laya yoga. Rajasthan had a massive movement to unite the Hindus and Muslims to worship God together. Saint Baba Ramdevji was adored by Muslims, equally that he was to Hindus.
Mostly Rajasthani people speak the Marwari language.
Saint Dadu Dayal was a popular figure who came from Gujarat to Rajasthan to preach the unity of Ram and Allah. Sant Rajjab was a saint born in Rajasthan who became a disciple of Dadu Dayal and spread the philosophy of unity amongst Hindu and Muslim worshipers of God.
Saint Kabir was another popular figure noted for bringing the Hindu and Muslim communities together, and stressing that God may have many forms (e.g. in the form of Rama or Allah.)
References
External links
Arts and Culture of Rajasthan at Government of Rajasthan
rajasthan current affairs
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Rain shadow
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A rain shadow is an area of significantly reduced rainfall behind a mountainous region, on the side facing away from prevailing winds, known as its leeward side.
Evaporated moisture from water bodies (such as oceans and large lakes) is carried by the prevailing onshore breezes towards the drier and hotter inland areas. When encountering elevated landforms, the moist air is driven upslope towards the peak, where it expands, cools, and its moisture condenses and starts to precipitate. If the landforms are tall and wide enough, most of the humidity will be lost to precipitation over the windward side (also known as the rainward side) before ever making it past the top. As the air descends the leeward side of the landforms, it is compressed and heated, producing foehn winds that absorb moisture downslope and cast a broad "shadow" of dry climate region behind the mountain crests. This climate typically takes the form of shrub–steppe, xeric shrublands or even deserts.
Description
The condition exists because warm moist air rises by orographic lifting to the top of a mountain range. As atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude, the air has expanded and adiabatically cooled to the point that the air reaches its adiabatic dew point (which is not the same as its constant pressure dew point commonly reported in weather forecasts). At the adiabatic dew point, moisture condenses onto the mountain and it precipitates on the top and windward sides of the mountain. The air descends on the leeward side, but due to the precipitation it has lost much of its moisture. Typically, descending air also gets warmer because of adiabatic compression (as with foehn winds) down the leeward side of the mountain, which increases the amount of moisture that it can absorb and creates an arid region.
Regions of notable rain shadow
There are regular patterns of prevailing winds found in bands round Earth's equatorial region. The zone designated the trade winds is the zone between about 30° N and 30° S, blowing predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere. The westerlies are the prevailing winds in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude, blowing predominantly from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere. Some of the strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes can come in the Roaring Forties between 30 and 50 degrees latitude.
Examples of notable rain shadowing include:
Africa
Northern Africa
The Sahara is made even drier because of two strong rain shadow effects caused by major mountain ranges (whose highest points can culminate to more than 4,000 meters high). To the northwest, the Atlas Mountains, covering the Mediterranean coast for Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia as well as to the southeast with the Ethiopian Highlands, located in Ethiopia around the Horn of Africa. On the windward side of the Atlas Mountains, the warm, moist winds blowing from the northwest off the Atlantic Ocean which contain a lot of water vapor are forced to rise, lift up and expand over the mountain range. This causes them to cool down, which causes an excess of moisture to condense into high clouds and results in heavy precipitation over the mountain range. This is known as orographic rainfall and after this process, the air is dry because it has lost most of its moisture over the Atlas Mountains. On the leeward side, the cold, dry air starts to descend and to sink and compress, making the winds warm up. This warming causes the moisture to evaporate, making clouds disappear. This prevents rainfall formation and creates desert conditions in the Sahara. The same phenomenon occurs in the Ethiopian Highlands, but this rain shadow effect is even more pronounced because this mountain range is larger, with the tropical Monsoon of South Asia coming from the Indian Ocean and from the Arabian Sea. These produce clouds and rainfall on the windward side of the mountains, but the leeward side stays rain shadowed and extremely dry. This second extreme rain shadow effect partially explains the extreme aridity of the eastern Sahara Desert, which is the driest and the sunniest place on the planet. Similar levels of aridity and dryness are only seen in the Atacama Desert, located in Chile and Peru.
Desert regions in the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Djibouti) such as the Danakil Desert are all influenced by the air heating and drying produced by rain shadow effect of the Ethiopian Highlands, too.
Southern Africa
The windward side of the island of Madagascar, which sees easterly on-shore winds, is wet tropical, while the western and southern sides of the island lie in the rain shadow of the central highlands and are home to thorn forests and deserts. The same is true for the island of Réunion. On Tristan da Cunha, Sandy Point on the east coast is warmer and drier than the rainy, windswept settlement of Edinburgh in the west.
In Western Cape Province, the Breede River Valley and the Karoo lie in the rain shadow of the Cape Fold Mountains and are arid; whereas the wettest parts of the Cape Mountains can receive , Worcester receives only around and is useful only for grazing.
Asia
Central and Northern Asia
The Himalaya and connecting ranges also contribute to arid conditions in Central Asia including Mongolia's Gobi desert, as well as the semi-arid steppes of Mongolia and north-central to north western China.
The Verkhoyansk Range in eastern Siberia is the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere, because the moist southeasterly winds from the Pacific Ocean lose their moisture over the coastal mountains well before reaching the Lena River valley, due to the intense Siberian High forming around the very cold continental air during the winter. One effect in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) is that, in Yakutsk, Verkhoyansk, and Oymyakon, the average temperature in the coldest month is below . These regions are synonymous with extreme cold.
Eastern Asia
The Ordos Desert is rain shadowed by mountain chains including the Kara-naryn-ula, the Sheitenula, and the Yin Mountains, which link on to the south end of the Great Khingan Mountains.
The central region of Myanmar is in the rain shadow of the Arakan Mountains and is almost semi-arid with only of rain, versus up to on the Rakhine State coast.
The plains around Tokyo, Japan - known as Kanto plain - in the winter months experiences significantly less precipitation than the rest of the country by virtue of surrounding mountain ranges, including the Japanese Alps, blocking prevailing northwesterly winds originating in Siberia.
Southern Asia
The eastern side of the Sahyadri ranges on the Deccan Plateau including: North Karnataka and Solapur, Beed, Osmanabad, the Vidharba Plateau and the eastern side of Kerala and western Tamil Nadu in India.
Gilgit and Chitral, Pakistan, are rainshadow areas.
The Thar Desert is bounded and rain shadowed by the Aravalli ranges to the southeast, the Himalaya to the northeast, and the Kirthar and Sulaiman ranges to the west.
Western Asia
The peaks of the Caucasus Mountains to the west and Hindukush and Pamir to the east rain shadow the Karakum and Kyzyl Kum deserts east of the Caspian Sea, as well as the semi-arid Kazakh Steppe.
The semi-arid Anatolian Plateau is rain shadowed by mountain chains, including the Pontic Mountains in the north and the Taurus Mountains in the south.
The High Peaks of Mount Lebanon rain-shadow the northern parts of the Beqaa Valley and Anti-Lebanon mountains.
The Judaean Desert, the Dead Sea and the western slopes of the Moab Mountains on the opposite (Jordanian) side are rain-shadowed by the Judaean Mountains.
The Dasht-i-Lut in Iran is in the rain shadow of the Elburz and Zagros Mountains and is one of the most lifeless areas on Earth.
The peaks of the Zagros mountains rain-shadow the northern half of the West Azerbaijan province in Iranian Azerbaijan (above Urmia), as manifested by the province's dry winters relative to those in the windward part of the region (i.e. Kurdistan Region and Hakkâri Province in Turkey).
Europe
Central Europe
The Plains of Limagne and Forez in the northern Massif Central, France are also relatively rainshadowed (mostly the plain of Limagne, shadowed by the Chaîne des Puys (up to 2000 mm of rain a year on the summits and below 600mm at Clermont-Ferrand, which is one of the driest places in the country).
The Piedmont wine region of northern Italy is rainshadowed by the mountains that surround it on nearly every side: Asti receives only 527 mm of precipitation per year, making it one of the driest places in mainland Italy.
Some valleys in the inner Alps are also strongly rainshadowed by the high surrounding mountains: the areas of Gap and Briançon in France, the district of Zernez in Switzerland.
The Kuyavia and the eastern part of the Greater Poland has an average rainfall of about 450 mm because of rainshadowing by the slopes of the Kashubian Switzerland, making it one of the driest places in the North European Plain.
Northern Europe
The Pennines of Northern England, the mountains of Wales , the Lake District and the Highlands of Scotland create a rain shadow that includes most of the eastern United Kingdom, due to the prevailing south-westerly winds. Manchester and Glasgow, for example, receive around double the rainfall of Sheffield and Edinburgh respectively (although there are no mountains between Edinburgh and Glasgow). The contrast is even stronger further north, where Aberdeen gets around a third of the rainfall of Fort William or Skye. In Devon, rainfall at Princetown on Dartmoor is almost three times the amount received 30 miles to the east at locations such as Exeter and Teignmouth. The Fens of East Anglia receive similar rainfall amounts to Seville.
The Scandinavian Mountains create a rain shadow for lowland areas east of the mountain chain and prevents the Oceanic climate from penetrating further east; thus Bergen and a place like Brekke in Sogn, west of the mountains, receive an annual precipitation of and , respectively, while Oslo receives only , and Skjåk, a municipality situated in a deep valley, receives only .
Southern Europe
The Cantabrian Mountains form a sharp divide between "Green Spain" to the north and the dry central plateau. The northern-facing slopes receive heavy rainfall from the Bay of Biscay, but the southern slopes are in rain shadow. The other most evident effect on the Iberian Peninsula occurs in the Almería, Murcia and Alicante areas, each with an average rainfall of 300 mm, which are the driest spots in Europe (see Cabo de Gata) mostly a result of the mountain range running through their western side, which blocks the westerlies.
The Norte Region in Portugal has extreme differences in precipitation with values surpassing in the Peneda-Gerês National Park to values close to in the Douro Valley. Despite being only apart, Chaves has less than half the precipitation of Montalegre.
The eastern part of the Pyrenean mountains in the south of France (Cerdagne).
The valley of the Vardar River and south from Skopje to Athens is in the rain shadow of the Prokletije and Pindus Mountains. On its windward side the Prokletije has the highest rainfall in Europe at around with small glaciers even at mean annual temperatures well above , but the leeward side receives as little as .
North America
On the largest scale, the entirety of the North American Interior Plains are shielded from the prevailing Westerlies carrying moist Pacific weather by the North American Cordillera. More pronounced effects are observed, however, in particular valley regions within the Cordillera, in the direct lee of specific mountain ranges. Most rainshadows in the western United States are due to the Sierra Nevada and Cascades.
Caribbean
On the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, the southwestern sides are in the rain shadow of the trade winds and can receive as little as per year as against over on the northeastern, windward sides and over over some highland areas.
Northern America
The deserts of the Basin and Range Province in the United States and Mexico, which includes the dry areas east of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington and the Great Basin, which covers almost all of Nevada and parts of Utah are rain shadowed. The Cascades also cause rain shadowed Columbia Basin area of Eastern Washington and valleys in British Columbia, Canada - most notably the Thompson and Nicola Valleys which can receive less than 10 inches of rain in parts, and the Okanagan Valley (particularly the south, nearest to the US border) which receives anywhere from 12-17 inches of rain annually.
The east slopes of the Coast Ranges in central and southern California also cut off the southern San Joaquin Valley from enough precipitation to ensure desert-like conditions in areas around Bakersfield.
San Jose, and adjacent cities are usually drier than the rest of the San Francisco Bay Area because of the rain shadow cast by the highest part of the Santa Cruz Mountains.
The Dungeness Valley around Sequim, Washington lies in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains. The area averages 10–15 inches of rain per year, less than half of the amount received in nearby Port Angeles and approximately 10% of that which falls in Forks on the western side of the mountains. To a lesser extent, this rain shadow extends to other parts of the eastern Olympic Peninsula, Whidbey Island, and parts of the San Juan Islands and southeastern Vancouver Island around Victoria, British Columbia.
The Mojave, Black Rock, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan deserts all are in regions which are rain shadowed.
The Owens Valley in the United States, behind the Sierra Nevada range in California.
Death Valley in the United States, behind both the Pacific Coast Ranges of California and the Sierra Nevada range, is the driest place in North America and one of the driest places on the planet. This is also due to its location well below sea level which tends to cause high pressure and dry conditions to dominate due to the greater weight of the atmosphere above.
The Colorado Front Range is limited to precipitation that crosses over the Continental Divide. While many locations west of the Divide may receive as much as of precipitation per year, some places on the eastern side, notably the cities of Denver and Pueblo, Colorado, typically receive only about 12 to 19 inches. Thus, the Continental Divide acts as a barrier for precipitation. This effect applies only to storms traveling west-to-east. When low pressure systems skirt the Rocky Mountains and approach from the south, they can generate high precipitation on the eastern side and little or none on the western slope.
The Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, wedged between the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians and the Blue Ridge Mountains and partially shielded from moisture from the west and southeast, is much drier than the very humid remainder of Virginia and the American Southeast.
Asheville, North Carolina sits in the rain shadow of the Balsam, Smoky, and Blue Ridge Mountains. While the mountains surrounding Asheville contain the Appalachian Temperate Rainforests, with areas receiving over an annual average precipitation of 100 inches, the city itself is the driest location in North Carolina, with an annual average precipitation of only 37 inches.
Ashcroft, British Columbia, the only true desert in Canada, sits in the rain shadow of the Coast Mountains of Canada.
Yellowknife, the capital and most populous city in the Northwest Territories of Canada, is located in the rain shadow of the mountain ranges to the west of the city.
Oceania
Australia
In New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Monaro is shielded by both the Snowy Mountains to the northwest and coastal ranges to the southeast. Consequently, parts of it are as dry as the wheat-growing lands of those states. For comparison, Cooma receives of rain annually, whereas Batlow, on the western side of the ranges, receives of precipitation. Furthermore, Australia's capital Canberra is also protected from the west by the Brindabellas which create a strong rain shadow in Canberra's valleys, where it receives an annual rainfall of , compared to Adjungbilly's . It is worth noting that, in the cool season, the Great Dividing Range also shields much of the southeast coast (i.e. Sydney, the Central Coast, the Hunter Valley, Illawarra, the South Coast) from south-westerly polar blasts that originate from the Southern Ocean.
In Queensland, the land west of Atherton Tableland in the Tablelands Region lies on a rain shadow and therefore would feature significantly lower annual rainfall averages than those in the Cairns Region. For comparison, Tully, which is on the eastern side of the tablelands, towards the coast, receives annual rainfall that exceeds , whereas Mareeba, which lies on the rain shadow of the Atherton Tableland, receives of rainfall annually.
In Tasmania, one of the states of Australia, the central Midlands region is in a strong rain shadow and receives only about a fifth as much rainfall as the highlands to the west.
In Victoria, the western side of Port Phillip Bay is in the rain shadow of the Otway Ranges. The area between Geelong and Werribee is the driest part of southern Victoria: the crest of the Otway Ranges receives of rain per year and has myrtle beech rainforests much further west than anywhere else, whilst the area around Little River receives as little as annually, which is as little as Nhill or Longreach and supports only grassland. Also in Victoria, Omeo is shielded by the surrounding Victorian alps, where it receives around of annual rain, whereas other places nearby exceed .
Western Australia's Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions are shielded by the Darling Range to the west: Mandurah, near the coast, receives about annually. Dwellingup, 40 km inland and in the heart of the ranges, receives over a year while Narrogin, further east, receives less than a year.
Pacific Islands
Hawaii also has rain shadows, with some areas being desert. Orographic lifting produces the world's second-highest annual precipitation record, 12.7 meters (500 inches), on the island of Kauai; the leeward side is understandably rain-shadowed. The entire island of Kahoolawe lies in the rain shadow of Maui's East Maui Volcano.
New Caledonia lies astride the Tropic of Capricorn, between 19° and 23° south latitude. The climate of the islands is tropical, and rainfall is brought by trade winds from the east. The western side of the Grande Terre lies in the rain shadow of the central mountains, and rainfall averages are significantly lower.
In the South Island of New Zealand is to be found one of the most remarkable rain shadows anywhere on Earth. The Southern Alps intercept moisture coming off the Tasman Sea, precipitating about 6,300 mm (250 in) to 8,900 mm (350 in) liquid water equivalent per year and creating large glaciers on the western side. To the east of the Southern Alps, scarcely 50 km (30 mi) from the snowy peaks, yearly rainfall drops to less than 760 mm (30 in) and some areas less than 380 mm (15 in). (see Nor'west arch for more on this subject).
South America
The Atacama Desert in Chile is the driest non-polar desert on Earth because it is blocked from moisture on both sides (the Andes Mountains to the east block moist Amazon basin air while the Chilean Coast Range stops the oceanic influence from coming in from the west).
Cuyo and Eastern Patagonia is rain shadowed from the prevailing westerly winds by the Andes range and is arid. The aridity of the lands next to eastern piedmont of the Andes decreases to the south due to a decrease in the height of the Andes with the consequence that the Patagonian Desert develop more fully at the Atlantic coast contributing to shaping the climatic pattern known as the Arid Diagonal. The Argentinian wine region of Cuyo and Northern Patagonia is almost completely dependent on irrigation, using water drawn from the many rivers that drain glacial ice from the Andes.
The Guajira Peninsula in northern Colombia is in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and despite its tropical latitude is almost arid, receiving almost no rainfall for seven to eight months of the year and being incapable of cultivation without irrigation.
See also
Lake-effect snow
Orographic precipitation
Wind shadow
References
External links
USA Today on rain shadows
Weather pages on rain shadows
Land surface effects on climate
Mountain meteorology
Hydrology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Hulsmans
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Kevin Hulsmans
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Kevin Hulsmans (born 11 April 1978 in Lommel) is a Belgian former professional road bicycle racer, who rode professionally between 2000 and 2015.
Major results
2000
1st Stage 9 Niedersachsen-Rundfahrt
2002
1st Stage 1 Circuit Franco-Belge (Omloop van het Houtland)
6th Omloop Het Volk
2007
5th Nationale Sluitingsprijs
7th Overall Three Days of De Panne
2009
5th Overall Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen
2011
9th Omloop der Kempen
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
Post-Retirement
Hulsmans played Italian cyclist Filippo Simeoni in the 2015 film The Program.
References
External links
Belgian male cyclists
1978 births
Living people
People from Lommel
Sportspeople from Limburg (Belgium)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovan%20Ni%C4%8Di%C4%87
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Radovan Ničić
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Radovan Ničić (; born 1971) was the first President of the Assembly of the Community and Municipalities of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija since 28 June 2008. He was also the de jure Mayor of Pristina (seat in Gračanica), elected during the 2008 Kosovan local elections.
References
1971 births
Living people
Serbian politicians
Mayors of Pristina
Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Care%20Bears%20Movie
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The Care Bears Movie
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The Care Bears Movie is a 1985 animated musical fantasy film and the second feature film from the Canadian animation studio Nelvana (after the 1983 film Rock & Rule). It is one of the first films based directly on a toy line (and the first based on Care Bears), it introduced the Care Bears characters and their companions the Care Bear Cousins. In the film, an orphanage owner (Mickey Rooney) tells a story about the Care Bears, who live in a cloud-filled land called Care-a-Lot. Traveling across Earth, the Bears help two lonely children named Kim and Jason, who lost their parents in a car accident, and also save a young magician's apprentice named Nicholas from an evil spirit's influence. Deep within a place called the Forest of Feelings, Kim, Jason, and their friends soon meet another group of creatures, the Care Bear Cousins.
American Greetings, the owners of the Care Bears characters, began development of a feature film adaptation in 1981. Later on, the card company chose Nelvana to produce it, granted them rights to the characters, and financed the film along with cereal manufacturer General Mills and television syndicator LBS Communications. Nelvana's founders served as producers, while fellow employee Arna Selznick directed the film. Production lasted eight months, with a production budget of at least $2 million, and took place in Canada, Taiwan, and South Korea. The voice cast included Mickey Rooney, Georgia Engel, Jackie Burroughs and Cree Summer. Two pop music stars, Carole King and John Sebastian, contributed several songs. Although major American film studios passed on the project, newly established independent distributor The Samuel Goldwyn Company acquired the distribution rights to the film and soon spent a record $24 million promoting it.
The film premiered on March 24, 1985, in Washington, D.C., and was released in North America on March 29, 1985. Another Nelvana work, Strawberry Shortcake Meets the Berrykins, played alongside the feature in theatres. The Care Bears Movie received mixed reviews from critics, who raised concern over its potential as a full-length advertisement for the title characters among other aspects. It went on to earn $23 million domestically; it was the highest-grossing Canadian film during 1985 (with C$1.845 million), it won a Golden Reel Award. With over $34 million in worldwide sales, it set a box-office record for Canadian and non-Disney animation, and has remained one of Goldwyn's largest-earning releases. The film's success saved Nelvana from closing and helped revive films aimed at children in the US market. It has since been cited as inspiring a spate of toy-based animated and live-action features. It was soon followed by two sequels, A New Generation (1986) and Adventure in Wonderland (1987); neither surpassed the original financially or critically. The Care Bears franchise continues and has included television series, specials, videos, and films.
Plot
The Cherrywoods are a middle-aged couple who run an orphanage. One night, Mr. Cherrywood tells the orphans a story about the Care Bears and Care-a-Lot, their home in the clouds. In the story, Friend Bear and Secret Bear travel down to Earth, looking for people to cheer up. On Earth, they meet Kim and Jason, two lonely orphaned children whose parents were killed in a car accident. Friend Bear and Secret Bear introduce themselves and remind the children of their ambitions, but neither of them are interested.
At an amusement park, Tenderheart Bear spots a mage's apprentice named Nicholas. While unloading a trunk of goods for his master, known as the "Great Fettucini", Nicholas finds an old book with a diary-style lock. When he unlocks it, an evil spirit appears as a woman's face, and brainwashes him. With his help, it lays waste to the park, and begins a quest to remove all caring from the world.
Back at Care-a-Lot, some of the other bears are working on their new invention: the Rainbow Rescue Beam, a portal that can send any bear to Earth and back. The two Care Bear cubs belonging to Grams Bear, Baby Hugs and Baby Tugs, interfere with it and bring forth a group of unexpected visitors: Friend Bear, Secret Bear, Kim, and Jason. The bears introduce themselves to the children, and give them a tour of their home. Tenderheart Bear returns just before a "cloudquake" caused by the spirit, which ruins Care-a-Lot. He informs the others of Nicholas' troubles on Earth. Using the Rainbow Rescue Beam, he sends Kim and Jason to the park, along with Friend Bear and Secret Bear. They end up in the Forest of Feelings when the portal malfunctions. From a nearby river, the rest of the bears begin searching for them aboard a cloud ship, leaving behind Good Luck Bear, Grumpy Bear, Grams Bear and the cubs in Care-a-Lot. Meanwhile, Nicholas is informed of Kim and Jason and the Care Bears, and summons a cloud-like evil spirit to capture them.
Within the Forest, the Bears and children are introduced to Brave Heart Lion and Playful Heart Monkey, two of the Care Bear Cousins. Later on, the other Bears aboard their ship discover more of the Cousins, among them Cozy Heart Penguin, Lotsa Heart Elephant, Swift Heart Rabbit, and Bright Heart Raccoon. During their stay, the evil spirit attacks them in several disguises: a cloud, tree, and eagle. After the Care Bears and their Cousins defeat it, they venture back to Earth to save Nicholas.
At the park, Nicholas obtains the ingredients for his "final spell" against the children and the Bears and Cousins, while Kim and Jason go into hiding. After he casts it, the Care Bears and company engage in a long battle. The bears unleash beams of bright light on him, forming their "Stare"; the Cousins help with their "Call" – Good Luck Bear and Grumpy Bear arriving in time to help after fixing the Rainbow Rescue Beam. As the Bears' and Cousins' strength drains away, Nicholas and the spirit briefly regain control. Kim and Jason arrive to reach out to him, and Nicholas finally realizes his misdeeds and shakes off the spirit's influence. He closes the book, which Jason then locks. Having saved himself, the park, and the world, Nicholas thanks the group. He reunites with Fettucini, while Tenderheart Bear inducts the Care Bear Cousins into the Care Bear Family. Kim and Jason find new parents who take them to one of Nicholas' shows.
As Mr. Cherrywood finishes his story, it is revealed that he is Nicholas. Tenderheart Bear, who has been listening from outside a window, smiles and returns to Care-a-Lot.
Voice cast
Production
Development
The Care Bears were created in 1981 by Those Characters from Cleveland (TCFC), a division of the Cleveland greeting card company American Greetings Corporation (AGC). That same year, the title characters made their debut on greeting cards by Elena Kucharik, while American Greetings began to develop a feature-length film using the characters. Kucharik, along with Linda Denham, Linda Edwards, Muriel Fahrion, Dave Polter, Tom Schneider, Ralph Shaffer, and Clark Wiley, created the original characters. Early in their tenure, the Bears appeared as toys from the Kenner company, and starred in two syndicated television specials from a Canadian animation studio, Atkinson Film-Arts of Ottawa: The Care Bears in the Land Without Feelings (1983) and The Care Bears Battle the Freeze Machine (1984).
Production of the first feature took place at another Canadian outlet, Toronto's Nelvana studio. This came in a period in the company's history which Nelvana co-founder Michael Hirsh refers to as its "dark years". At the time, Nelvana had just finished production of its first full-length film, 1983's Rock & Rule, which was produced using almost all of its resources (for around US$8 million), and failed to find proper distribution. The film put them on the verge of closing down. Soon after, the Nelvana team began doing work on television shows like Inspector Gadget (from DIC Entertainment), 20 Minute Workout (from Orion Television), and Mr. Microchip. During this period, they also made syndicated specials based on American Greetings properties: Strawberry Shortcake, The Get Along Gang, and Herself the Elf. "In some instances," noted Harvey Levin, vice-president of marketing and entertainment communications at TCFC, "their capabilities [on the Strawberry Shortcake specials] surpassed Disney quality." Various companies vied to produce a Care Bears feature, and Nelvana was the first to do so; Hirsh sought to seize the opportunity after hearing of its development. DIC Entertainment also expressed interest. Thanks to the Strawberry Shortcake specials and their experience on Rock & Rule, Nelvana acquired the rights to the characters and gained a contract from American Greetings to create the script. To convince the production partnership of TCFC and Kenner Toys, Hirsh held a competition inspired by Pepsi-Cola's "Pepsi Challenge" commercials of the time, in which he tested clips from Nelvana and other vying studios and checked the "animation quality, music, sound effects, and colour" of each. He then asked the producers to decide on the best demo, and Nelvana scored highest. Hirsh later recalled the words of his partners: "We know you've rigged this against everybody else because you've chosen the clips. But we like the approach."
Producers and crew
The Care Bears Movie was one of the first films to be based directly on an established toy line. It featured the ten original Bears, along with six additions to the line-up, and marked the media debut of the Care Bear Cousins. Produced for at least US$2 million, the film was financed by American Greetings, the owners of the Care Bears franchise; General Mills, the toys' distributor; and television syndicator LBS Communications. The Kenner company also took part in the production. Brought in under budget, The Care Bears Movie became Nelvana's second feature-length production, and was made over an eight-month period that lasted until February 1985. Michael Hirsh is quoted as saying in Daniel Stoffman's 2002 book, The Nelvana Story: "Nobody had ever made an animated movie for theatrical release for as little money and in as little time." In 2009 his partner, Clive A. Smith, told Canadian Business magazine: "I swear I grimaced at the thought of doing a Care Bears feature. But Michael [Hirsh] went out and actually brought that project in." Nelvana was responsible for the script, several special effects, including those for the "Care Bear Stare", and hired musicians and voice actors. With this project, Arna Selznick became the third of only four women ever to direct an animated feature; prior to this, she worked on several Nelvana productions, including Strawberry Shortcake and the Baby Without a Name. Nelvana's founders—Michael Hirsh, Patrick Loubert, and Clive A. Smith—participated as the main producers. The studio's roster included Charles Bonifacio, the director of animation, and supervising animator D. Brewster, who previously took part in the animation courses at Ontario's Sheridan College. Dale Schott, who served as a storyboard artist, remarked that "Nelvana had a lot to do with reviving the low-budget feature" with its efforts on The Care Bears Movie.
Four employees of the film's financiers served as executive producers: Louis Gioia Jr., president of Kenner's Marketing Services division; Jack Chojnacki, co-president of TCFC; Carole MacGillvray, who became president of General Mills' M.A.D. (Marketing and Design) division in February 1984; and Robert Unkel, LBS' senior vice-president of programming. A fifth producer, American Greetings staffer W. Ray Peterson, went uncredited. Three associate producers worked on the film: Paul Pressler, another employee at Kenner; John Bohach, who later became LBS' executive vice-president; and Harvey Levin. Lenora Hume, the director of photography on Rock & Rule, was the supervising producer.
Animation
Along with Inspector Gadget, The Care Bears Movie was Nelvana's first foray into animation outsourcing. Production took place at Nelvana's facilities, Taiwan's Wang Film Productions (Cuckoo's Nest Studio), and the newly established Hanho Heung-Up and Mihahn studios in South Korea. Delaney and Friends, a Vancouver-based outlet, did the uncredited work. Nelvana faced several problems with their Korean contractors, among them the language barrier between the Canadian crew and the overseas staff, and the unwieldy processes through which the film reels were shipped to the West. At one point, Loubert, Smith, and fellow staffer David Altman spent three days trying to persuade several unpaid animators to return important layout sketches. In exchange for the layouts, Nelvana gave them US$20,000 in Korean won. By then, the production was falling behind schedule, and an opening date was already set; Loubert sent half of the work to Taiwan (where Lenora Hume supervised), while the remainder stayed in Korea under Loubert's and Smith's watch.
Back in the Americas, Hirsh tried to promote the unfinished feature before its deadline; unable to get available footage, he instead managed to show potential marketers some Leica reels and a few moments of completed colour animation. According to him, it was the first time an animated "work in progress" was screened to exhibitors; this ploy has since been used by the Disney company, particularly in the case of Beauty and the Beast (at the 1991 New York Film Festival). "People loved the movie anyway," he said of this experiment. "I was told it was considered great salesmanship. It made [them] feel that they were part of the process because they were seeing unfinished work."
Music
The music for The Care Bears Movie was composed by Patricia Cullen. The soundtrack album was released in LP and cassette format by Kid Stuff Records in the United States, Six songs were performed by Carole King, John Sebastian, NRBQ, and the Tower of Power; actor Harry Dean Stanton had a guest appearance as Brave Heart Lion for the song "Home is in Your Heart". The songs were produced by Lou Adler and John Sebastian, with additional lyrics and music by Ken Stephenson, Walt Woodward, and David Bird; Nelvana crewmember Peter Hudecki prepared the song sequences.
Before The Care Bears Movie, Sebastian contributed to several other Nelvana specials, including The Devil and Daniel Mouse (1978). When asked to compose three tracks for the film, he learned about the characters since he was unfamiliar with the franchise. Despite his misgivings on the marketing aspects, Sebastian said in April 1985, "I think their central theme—being candid about your feelings, sharing your feelings—is a very positive message for children."
Adele Freedman of Toronto's The Globe and Mail wrote positively about the music in the film:
Other critics tended to differ. The Houston Chronicles Stephen Hunter found that "the film integrates its music into the story very clumsily. It's not merely that the numbers are forgettable—they are—it's that they're shoe-horned so obviously into the story that they don't amplify it, they stop it cold." Likewise, Michael Blowen of The Boston Globe said that "the uninspired songs ... add nothing to the banal plot."
Release
In 1984, before the film's completion, Carole MacGillvray offered The Care Bears Movie for consideration to major studios in the US Since they did not see the financial potential in a picture aimed strictly at children, they declined the offer. MacGillvray told Adweek magazine in April 1985, "I made several trips, and I was really disappointed. They kept telling me things like 'Animated movies won't sell' and 'Maybe we'd consider it if you were Disney,' but most just said, 'You're very nice, good-bye.' " When few takers were left, she took it to the Samuel Goldwyn Company. A newcomer in the independent market, it agreed to release the film. Comparing the title characters' appeal to Hollywood stars like Barbra Streisand and Robert Redford, founder Samuel Goldwyn Jr. remarked: "Having my [two] children, I know these bears are stars, too."
According to the 1985 edition of Guinness Film Facts and Feats, the Samuel Goldwyn Company spent up to US$24 million on the publicity budget for The Care Bears Movie, the largest at that time. The film's advertising budget was US$4 million; Variety reported that "the beneficiaries of [its] merchandising tie-ins have earmarked [the remaining] $20,000,000 to promo Care Bear products in step with the film's release". For the film's promotion, Goldwyn's staff partnered with Kenner Toys and the fast food chain Pizza Hut; there were also tie-ins on Trix cereal boxes. Parker Brothers published two tie-in books, Meet the Care Bear Cousins and Keep On Caring, shortly after the film's release; both were reissued in October 1985 by Children's Press.
The Goldwyn staff came up with two advertising strategies, which tested well with the company—one was aimed at the film's target audience of children as young as age five; another targeted grown-ups, parents, and older children. In the words of Cliff Hauser, the distributor's executive director of marketing, "We didn't want parents to think the movie was threatening. So the big debate was—although the formula for success in animated film is the triumph of good over evil—how can you do that in single-image ads?" Jeff Lipsky, vice-president of theatrical at Goldwyn, referred to the first one as "the cheery approach"; ads therein featured the Care Bears on clouds, and carried the tagline "A movie that'll make the whole family care-a-lot". Hauser said, "That's one that a mother can look at and know she can take the 2-year-old to it and not worry." The other campaign, which Lipsky called "more Disney-esque", featured an evil tree whose hands reached out to capture the Bears; its tagline, "What happens when the world stops caring?", was also seen on the official poster. Bingham Ray, Goldwyn's vice-president of distribution, was involved in the promotional efforts.
Around opening time, Hirsh predicted that The Care Bears Movie would be its decade's response to Pinocchio and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, both from Walt Disney Productions. Loubert added, "These characters say something important to children. Our challenge has been to create a very distinct character for each Care Bear. A lot of effort went into bringing out their individuality." Some time afterward, Hirsh conceded that parents had to come to the film, out of respect for the dark content within. "Frightening scenes," he said, "are a necessity for the reality of the hero and villain—just as it works in nursery rhymes. Kids work out their fears this way." TCFC's Jack Chojnacki offered this vindication in The Wall Street Journal: "We consider a film one of the many products we license. When we started the whole Care Bears project we knew the importance of bears in the market but that there was a void. There were no specific bears. In the movie marketplace there was a void for good family-fare films." And, in the words of Carole MacGillvray, "Toy recognition drives this movie."
North America
The Care Bears Movie premiered in Washington, D.C., on March 24, 1985, as part of a Special Olympics benefit; Georgia Engel, the voice of Love-a-lot Bear, attended this event. The film opened on March 29, 1985, in the United States and Canada, as Nelvana's first widely released feature. It became surprisingly successful at the North American box office, playing primarily at matinees and early evening showings. At the time, the North American film industry was bereft of children's and family fare; with The Care Bears Movie, Hirsh said, "There's such a large audience for a film that appeals primarily to 6-year-olds." He remarked later on, "What we've done [at Nelvana] is tailor the film to a pre-literate audience, the very young. It's interesting to see the audience. The kids are fixated on the screen. [It's] awesome to them." Clive A. Smith observed that some children came to showings with their Bears; long line-ups held back its audience in several cities. Among those attending the matinee screenings was John Waters, a filmmaker known for Pink Flamingos and Polyester. The film made an appearance at the USA Film Festival in Dallas, Texas, during its release.
When shown in theatres, the feature was immediately followed by Nelvana's TV special, Strawberry Shortcake Meets the Berrykins. It was directed by Laura Shepherd and produced by Nelvana's founders along with Lenora Hume. The story involves Strawberry Shortcake and a tiny group of creatures called the Berrykins as they work to clear their home of Strawberryland of the "world's favourite perfume", a pungent odour which was unleashed from a purple cloud. LBS Communications syndicated it on US television around the time of The Care Bears Movies theatrical tenure; a video release from Family Home Entertainment soon followed.
The Care Bears Movie ranked fourth at the North American box office on its first two weekends, grossing US$3.7 million and US$3.2 million respectively. It was screened in 1,003 venues during its first four weeks. After three months, it grossed about US$23 million in the United States, and placed 40th among 1985's major films; it brought in US$9,435,000 in rentals for the Goldwyn company. In Canada, the film was released by Astral Films and Criterion Pictures Corporation, and made C$1,845,000 by the end of 1985. It was the year's highest-grossing release in that market, followed by Disney's One Magic Christmas and a Quebec production called The Alley Cat (Le Matou).
Several months after The Care Bears Movie, Walt Disney Pictures released its animated feature The Black Cauldron. Costing US$25 million, it was the most expensive animated film of its time, but grossed less than Nelvana's production (US$21.3 million). As a result, The Care Bears Movies performance alarmed animators at the Disney Studios; Don Bluth, a former recruit, dismissed the "public taste" factor that it demonstrated. Another animator, Ron Clements, later reflected on this: "Everyone was kind of scared about the future of Disney animation. It wasn't a good time. It was really a terrible time." This sentiment was echoed in Waking Sleeping Beauty, Disney's 2010 documentary on the revival of its animation unit. While comparing The Black Cauldron with The Care Bears Movie, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution singled out the "putrid pastels" of Nelvana's production and commented that they "don't even deserve to be mentioned in the same review." Months afterward, a re-issue of Disney's One Hundred and One Dalmatians surpassed both The Care Bears Movie and The Black Cauldron, with over US$30 million in sales.
Sometime after the film's release, Children's Video Library (a division of Vestron Video) picked up the video rights to The Care Bears Movie for US$1.8 million. It was released in the United States on July 10, 1985, in VHS and Betamax formats. On August 10, 1985, it debuted in 26th place on Billboard's Top Videocassette Rentals chart. It ranked fourth on the first edition of the magazine's Top Kid Video chart (on October 5). It was tracked by Video Insiders children's chart (on August 30, 1985), as one of five toy-related titles on tape (along with two compilations of Hasbro's Transformers series; another with Hallmark Cards' Rainbow Brite; and the last with Strawberry Shortcake). By 1988, Vestron's edition sold over 140,000 copies. In 1990, Video Treasures reissued it on videocassette; on October 10, 1995, Hallmark Home Entertainment published another VHS edition as part of a six-title package from Goldwyn and Britain's Rank Organisation.
On September 5, 2000, MGM Home Entertainment re-released the film on VHS under the MGM Family Entertainment label; the DVD edition premiered on August 6, 2002, and was packaged with the 1978 British family film The Water Babies. In 2003, the film was inducted into the MGM Kids line. In honour of the Care Bears' 25th anniversary, another DVD edition of the film was released on March 20, 2007, with restored picture quality; it contained the franchise's second Atkinson Film-Arts special, The Care Bears Battle the Freeze Machine, as an extra. American Greetings launched an official anniversary website and a Dodge Grand Caravan giveaway as part of the proceedings. By 2007, home video sales of The Care Bears Movie totaled over five million units. It was later re-released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on DVD on March 5, 2013. To date, this is the only theatrical Care Bears movie from the 1980s that is known to be successfully reissued, outselling A New Generation, which hadn't been reissued after the 2003 DVD release.
The Care Bears Movie was scheduled to premiere on the US premium television network, Disney Channel, on June 28, 1986, but did so one month in advance. In September 1987, the film made its terrestrial broadcast premiere on the ABC network's Saturday morning schedule. It also aired on American Movie Classics on July 7, 1991, and on Showtime and The Movie Channel in the 2000s. The film aired on Starz Entertainment's Encore channel in September 2007, as part of its "Big '80s" Labour Day marathon, chronicling various releases from that decade. It was among the first films shown on Canada's Moviepix channel in October 1994.
International
Amid the US and Canadian success of The Care Bears Movie, Goldwyn took the film to the 38th edition of the Cannes Film Festival, where it was highly received; a group of costumed Care Bears strolled along the Croisette to promote the picture. Among its international distributors was Germany's Filmwelt, which released it on March 20, 1986, under the title Der Glücksbärchi Film. It sold 538,487 tickets in that territory, placing 47th among new releases, and grossed over DM4,013,000 (€2,051,600; US$2,868,000). The film was released on VHS in October 1986 by the local division of CBS/Fox Video, and aired on national broadcaster ARD during the 1988 Christmas season.
The Care Bears Movie was released in the United Kingdom by Miracle Films in August 1985, and did well in matinee-only engagements; a video edition from Vestron's local branch came out some months later. It was also released in Australia on December 12, 1985. In February 1986, the film was released by France's Artédis under the franchise name Les Bisounours; publishing rights were held by Hachette Livre. It opened on March 20, 1986, in the Netherlands as De Troetelbeertjes. On July 21, 1986, the Bermudez de Castro company opened the film in Madrid, Spain, as Los osos amorosos; it grossed over 23,728,000 Pts (€142,606; US$199,500) from 93,294 admissions. Among that country's Catalan speakers, it is known as Els Óssos Amorosos. The film was released in Czechoslovakia by Ústřední půjčovna filmů on December 1, 1988, as Starostliví medvídci. It was advertised in Italy as Orsetti del cuore, and in Poland as Opowieść o Troskliwych Misiach.
In Mexico, The Care Bears Movie was released on April 24, 1986, as Los ositos cariñositos. In Brazil, the film was promoted as As novas aventuras dos ursinhos carinhosos. Television airings occurred on Australia's Nine Network in 1987, and Malaysia's TV2 (in August 1993) and Disney Channel in April 2002.
Aftermath
As opposed to Rock & Rule (which Nelvana owned outright), the characters in The Care Bears Movie were the property of American Greetings, who paid Nelvana a service fee to work on the film. Nelvana, however, hardly received any profits from the production; this caused its founders to express regret about the situation. In The Nelvana Story, Patrick Loubert explained the catch-22 that they would face numerous times in the years to come: "We could have waived our fee and taken a big piece of the film. We were offered that deal. But if we had waived the fee, we couldn't have made the payroll. Once the picture was hugely successful, we thought we should have waived the fee. But we couldn't have." At the time of production, Nelvana had begun embarking on service work that other companies provided them, not only to help ease the debts the studio incurred after Rock & Rule, but also because it proved profitable in due time.
By 1989, The Care Bears Movie made over US$34 million worldwide, according to Maclean's magazine; this made it the highest-grossing animated feature film to come from Canada, and the highest grossing animated film of 1985. It also became the highest-grossing animated film not produced by the Disney company, surpassing the US$11 million of Atlantic Entertainment Group's 1983 release The Smurfs and the Magic Flute; Don Bluth's An American Tail (1986) and The Land Before Time (1988) later took over this position. As of 2015, that title is held by Illumination Entertainment's Minions (2015), with US$1.157 billion. The film virtually saved a fledgling Nelvana from going out of business, and was the company's highest-grossing venture. It is also among the highest-grossing releases from either incarnation of Samuel Goldwyn.
Reception
Critical analysis
The Care Bears Movie received mixed reviews. During its original release, The Care Bears Movie had varying degrees of success with critics. The New York Times' Richard Grenier wrote, "[The film] recalls vintage Walt Disney, both in substance and in the style of hand animation." Rick Lyman of Knight Ridder News Services said in his review: "Any movie—even an animated one—that has characters with names such as Funshine Bear, Love-a-lot Bear, and Lotsa Heart Elephant is obviously going to rank quite high on the cute meter. And this one sends the needle right off the chart. You've never seen such cuteness." Adele Freedman also gave it a positive review, commenting: "[It] has a lot going for it if you can tolerate the Bears." Edward Jones of Virginia's The Free Lance-Star praised it, but stated that "More comedy would have helped broaden [its] appeal to older youngsters." The Deseret News of Utah gave it three stars out of four (a "Good" grade) with this comment: "Sticky sweet, but a nice message."
Michael Blowen began his review of the film by stating that "[it] satisfies the primary obligation of a bedtime story—before it's half over the children will be fast asleep." He added that "this sugar-coated trifle could only satisfy the most ardent Care Bears fan", and that "the characters themselves lack definition". The Arkansas Democrat-Gazette said, "Who except a callous scrooge would carp about the fact that The Care Bears Movie espouses a psychopop philosophy of 'sharing our feelings' that seems drawn straight from the pages on one of those insufferable self-motivation tomes? No one, that's who." Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post wrote, "The best cartoons recognize the dark side of kids, their penchant for violence, their fearful fantasies. [This movie] just patronizes them. It even has a child chortling, 'Aren't parents great!' Well, they are and they aren't, and kids know that."
The animation in the film received mixed reviews as well. Adele Freedman praised the style and backgrounds, and called the special effects "stunning". Likewise, John Stanley wrote that "The style is cartoonish and cute" in his 1988 film guide, Revenge of the Creature Features. While complimenting it as "a harmless film diversion", Stephen Hunter said that "the movie has the lustrous, glossy look of the very best in children's book illustrations". "On the other hand," he added, "the producers obviously couldn't afford an expensive [multiplane] camera, the staple of the Disney product, and so the scenes have a depressing flatness to them. And the backgrounds, so brilliantly developed in Disney, tend to be blurry and hastily done." Jim Moorhead of Florida's The Evening Independent said, "[Nelvana's] animation is not the best. Far from it. Everything's in pastels, fine details are largely missing, mouth movements are minimal and the motions of the figures are scarcely better than some of those awful Saturday morning cartoons on TV." The staff at Variety magazine stated that the "style ... tends towards a primer reading level." Halliwell's Film Guide called it "sluggishly animated and narrated". As with the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, The New York Times Janet Maslin found that the quality paled in comparison to Disney features (in this case, 1940's Pinocchio).
The Los Angeles Times''' Charles Solomon (in his 1989 book Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation), and Michael Janusonis of Rhode Island's Providence Journal, faulted the plot. The Evening Independents Moorhead and Jim Davidson of the Pittsburgh Press noticed at least two parallel storylines in the film, one of which involved the magician Nicholas. The National Coalition on Television Violence counted at least 20 acts of violence throughout the picture.
Critics questioned its purpose as a feature-length advertisement for Care Bears merchandise; among them were Charles Solomon, Paul Attanasio, The Morning Call of Pennsylvania, and Bill Cosford of The Miami Herald. The Boca Raton News' Skip Sheffield commented, "I couldn't help being bothered by the blatant commercialism of this whole venture." The British magazine Films and Filming remarked: "The purpose of the film is presumably to sell more toys as it unashamedly pushes the message that without at least one Care Bear around life can be very lonely." Stoffman observed, "one of the youngest target audiences of any animated movie", as did the Halliwell's staff; film critic Leonard Maltin (in his Movie Guide); and Henry Herx (in his Family Guide to Movies on Video).
The 1986 International Film Guide called it "an elementary piece of animation lacking colour and character, with not much humour, quite lacking in charm, and indifferently scored". Maltin gave it two stars out of four in his Movie Guide; similarly, the Gale Group publication, VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever, gave it two bones out of four in its 1997 edition. According to Derek Owen of Time Out Film Guide, "Adults forced to accompany three-year-olds to the movie would have had a little moment of satisfaction when the time came to shovel the Care Bears toys out of the house into landfill sites."
The mixed reception carried on in the years ahead: in her 1995 book Inside Kidvid, Loretta MacAlpine said of the film and its subsequent follow-ups, "If you can hack the sugarcoated attitudes of this group of cuddly bears, more power to you! There's nothing insidious about the Care Bears, but their overbearing sweetness may not appeal to all viewers." She cautioned parents of the merchandising aspect behind the tapes. Dave Gathman of Illinois' Courier-News wrote in 1998, "One Care Bears Movie ... can give all G-rated entertainment a bad name." In 2003 the Erie Times-News acknowledged its financial success, but commented on its "lack of a creative title". Animation expert Jerry Beck wrote in his 2005 book, The Animated Movie Guide, "It's a simple, serviceable adventure with several standout sequences. ... There's no doubt about it, this is a children's film aimed at the under-seven crowd. But it's one of the better animated children's films produced during this period."
Common Sense Media gave this movie some average reviews, as the group stated "The Care Bears Movie was made for young kids, but this movie's plot has some dark scenes and parents will want to be close at hand to comfort young viewers."The Care Bears Movie holds a 43% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 7 reviews.
Allusions
In his Christian Science Monitor review, David Sterritt observed that The Care Bears Movie was mostly influenced by The Sorcerer's Apprentice, a 1797 poem by German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, along with "a trace of H. P. Lovecraft "that probably wasn't intended". He went on to say, "I also noticed a subtle sexism at work. Why must it be the little girl [Kim] who dreams of being a nurse and the little boy [Jason] of being a jet pilot—and not the other way around, to stimulate young imaginations instead of echoing past patterns?" Blowen wrote that the two children both get turned "from cynics to idealists". Joe Fox of Ontario's The Windsor Star, and Stephen Hunter, compared the Bears' home of Care-a-lot to King Arthur's mythical castle of Camelot; Blowen commented that in this place, "altruism is king". Hunter noted that "the celestial physics are left vague", concerning Kim and Jason's trip from Care-a-lot to the Forest of Feelings. Critics compared at least two aspects of the film to Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: the Spirit received similarities to the Magic Mirror and the Wicked Queen, but Charles Solomon felt that the Bears lacked the individual qualities of the Dwarfs. Solomon noted that in animated features of that era, villains such as the Spirit "lacked motivation—if the viewer accepts their evil intentions, it's only because he's been told to". According to Tom Ogden (in his 1997 book Wizards and Sorcerers: From Abracabadra to Zoroaster), the Bears' Stare against the Spirit serves as a kind of white magic. "Such a non-violent solution," wrote Bruce Bailey in The Montreal Gazette, "should sit well with peace lobbyists". According to a 2005 article in The Times of London, an Internet reviewer called The Care Bears Movie "a fine example of Christian socialism".
Accolades
At the 1985 Genie Awards in its native Canada, The Care Bears Movie won the Golden Reel Award for being the country's highest-grossing film of the year. Ron Cohen, president of the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television, presented the award to producers Hirsh, Loubert, and Smith. John Sebastian's "Nobody Cares Like a Bear" received a Genie nomination for Best Original Song; his performance was part of CBC's live telecast of the ceremony on March 20, 1986. The film received a Young Artist Award nomination for "Best Family Animation Series or Special", but lost to the CBS series The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show. During its 21st annual award ceremony on October 17, 1985, Nashville's performance rights organization SESAC honoured Woodward and Bird for their songwriting efforts.
Legacy
In the words of Jerry Beck, "[The Care Bears Movies] box-office gross signalled to Hollywood a renewed interest in animated features, albeit for children. This is something The Secret of NIMH tried to accomplish but failed to do." A plethora of children's and family film entertainment followed in its wake, such as Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird from Warner Bros., and a re-issue of Universal Studios' E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Atlantic Releasing joined this movement by establishing Clubhouse Pictures, which showed G-rated films during 1986. Nelvana's film helped to bring back matinee engagements to prominence across North America.
Mentioning The Care Bears Movie as "the most recent example", Charles Solomon brought up the subject of feature-length toy adaptations in an April 1985 interview on Los Angeles' KUSC-FM. He spoke to Warner Bros. animator Chuck Jones, who replied: "I feel that it's proper—after all, that's the way Alice in Wonderland was written: the dolls were all made first, then they made the picture about the dolls, right?" In July 1985, Sarah Stiansen of United Press International (UPI) called The Care Bears Movie "another licensing innovation for TCFC", following the department's previous endeavours. UPI's Vernon Scott (in 1985), and Bruce A. Austin (in his 1989 book Immediate Seating), observed how the merchandising arrived in advance of the film's release. In forthcoming years, several media adaptations based on established toy lines would follow a similar marketing tactic. Examples included films based on Hasbro's Transformers (in 1986 and 2007) and My Little Pony (in 1986, 2017, and A New Generation); features with Tonka's Gobots (Battle of the Rock Lords) and Pound Puppies (Legend of Big Paw); and a television series and feature with Hallmark's Rainbow Brite. The Care Bears Movie was parodied in "At the Movies", a 1991 episode of Nickelodeon and Klasky Csupo's animated series Rugrats. In that episode, the Pickles family goes to see The Land Without Smiles, starring the Dummi Bears .
Follow-ups
After the release of The Care Bears Movie, DIC Entertainment produced a syndicated 11-episode television series featuring the title characters. Another series, Nelvana's The Care Bears Family, premiered on ABC in the US and Canada's Global in September 1986, and was subsequently broadcast in 140 countries. Nelvana followed the first film with another two theatrical instalments, Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation (1986) and The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland (1987); neither made as much of a critical or commercial impact. A New Generation, released by Columbia Pictures, made over US$8.5 million in North America and US$12 million worldwide Adventure in Wonderland was self-financed by Nelvana and released by Cineplex Odeon Films, and grossed US$2.608 million domestically, with worldwide earnings of US$6 million; it barely recovered its costs. Because of this, Michael Hirsh later declared, "It was just one sequel too many." The Bears returned for one more animated production, Care Bears Nutcracker Suite'', which debuted on video and television in December 1988. The franchise's next feature film, 2004's Journey to Joke-a-lot, also premiered on video (via Lionsgate and Family Home Entertainment).
See also
Canadian films of the 1980s
List of Nelvana franchises
List of animated feature-length films
Notes
References
Specific
Works cited
External links
Official site at MGM
1980s adventure films
1980s American animated films
1980s fantasy adventure films
1985 independent films
1980s musical fantasy films
1985 films
1985 animated films
American children's animated adventure films
American children's animated fantasy films
American children's animated musical films
American fantasy adventure films
American independent films
American musical fantasy films
Animated films about animals
Animated films about orphans
Canadian animated feature films
Canadian animated fantasy films
Canadian children's fantasy films
Canadian fantasy adventure films
Canadian independent films
Care Bears films
1980s children's fantasy films
Films about bears
Films set in amusement parks
The Samuel Goldwyn Company films
Nelvana films
1985 directorial debut films
1980s children's animated films
1980s English-language films
English-language Canadian films
American-Canadian joint production
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil%20fuel%20exporters
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Fossil fuel exporters
|
Petroleum, natural gas, and coal are exported from various source countries to countries reliant on these fossil fuels.
Petroleum
Saudi Arabia is the largest exporter of crude petroleum in the world.
This is a list of countries by crude oil exports mostly based on The World Factbook:
Natural gas
This is a list of countries by natural gas exports mostly based on The World Factbook:
Coal
This is a list of countries by coal exports mostly based on US Energy Information Administration:
References
Energy-related lists
Fossil fuels
Export
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63126177
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Chan%20%28sport%20shooter%29
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Joseph Chan (sport shooter)
|
Joseph Robert Chan (born 17 June 1946) is a Papua New Guinean former sports shooter. He competed in the men's 50 metre rifle, prone event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
Papua New Guinean male sport shooters
Olympic shooters of Papua New Guinea
Shooters at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
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53929870
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petros%20Psychas
|
Petros Psychas
|
Petros Psychas (; born 28 August 1998) is a Cypriot footballer who currently plays as a forward for Apollon Limassol.
Club career
Psychas made his senior debut for Apollon against AC Omonia in May 2016, playing 90 minutes in a 2–1 victory. After a long spell out injured, he returned to the club's under 21 side in April 2017.
Career statistics
Club
Notes
References
External links
Profile at UEFA
1998 births
Living people
Cypriot footballers
Cyprus youth international footballers
Apollon Limassol FC players
Cypriot First Division players
Association football forwards
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5915666
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Rea
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Peggy Rea
|
Peggy Jane Rea (March 31, 1921 – February 5, 2011) was an American actress known for her many roles in television, often playing matronly characters.
Life and career
Before she became an actress, Rea left UCLA to attend business school. She landed a job as a production secretary at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in the 1940s. Later, she was an assistant to writer-musician Kay Thompson until Thompson dropped her in April 1948. Some of the points of discord apparently included Rea's insistence on staying at the Algonquin Hotel (rather than Essex House, where Thompson was staying), and disappearing, on at least one occasion, on the eve of their New York opening to see Born Yesterday on Broadway without telling Thompson. Although Thompson severed ties with Rea, the younger woman kept in touch with other members of Thompson's family, including Thompson's mother, brother and younger sister, with whom she enjoyed cordial relations. Rea quickly landed on her feet with a supporting role in the National Road Company production of Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire (as Eunice Hubbell, 1948–1949) starring Anthony Quinn.
She appeared in such television shows as I Love Lucy, The Wild Wild West, Hazel, Bonanza, Have Gun Will Travel, Gunsmoke, Sergeant Bilko, Ironside, Burke's Law, Marcus Welby, M.D., All In The Family, Maude, Hunter, The Odd Couple, Gidget, Busting Loose, MacGyver, and The Golden Girls.
She appeared in feature films, including Norman Lear's Cold Turkey and In Country.
Rea is probably best known for her role as Lulu Coltrane Hogg in The Dukes of Hazzard (1979). Throughout the series' nine-year run Rea appeared in 19 episodes as the wife of Hazzard County Commissioner Jefferson Davis Hogg (played by Sorrell Booke), aka Boss Hogg.
After portraying a landlady in an earlier episode of The Waltons, Rea permanently joined the cast in 1979 in the role of Rose Burton, a cousin of Olivia Walton, a surrogate parental figure replacing Ellen Corby (Grandma), Michael Learned (Olivia), and the following year, Ralph Waite (John).
Rea remained with the series until the spring of 1981 when her character of Rose was proposed to by her beau Stanley Perkins (played by William Schallert) shortly before the show's cancellation. Rea's character of Rose appeared in the Walton's Thanksgiving Reunion in 1993. Rea later appeared as a regular on the first season of Step By Step from 1991 to 1992 and Grace Under Fire during the 1990s.
Credits
Her recurring roles included:
Clubwoman and Nurse I Love Lucy (recurring various roles)
The Red Skelton Show 1966–1971
Peggy on Have Gun Will Travel (8 episodes)
Mrs. Roniger and other roles on Gunsmoke 1962–1971
Cousin Bertha on All in the Family
Martha Burkhorn on All in the Family
Rose Burton on The Waltons
Lulu Hogg on The Dukes of Hazzard 1979–1985
Ivy Baker on Step by Step 1991–1992
Jean Kelly on Grace Under Fire 1993–1998 (51 episodes)
Death
Rea died in Toluca Lake, California, aged 89, from complications of heart failure on February 5, 2011.
Filmography
References
External links
1921 births
2011 deaths
Actresses from Los Angeles
American film actresses
American television actresses
20th-century American actresses
Burials at Santa Barbara Cemetery
21st-century American women
The Waltons
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1010385
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama%20%28magazine%29
|
Panorama (magazine)
|
Panorama is a weekly Italian-language news magazine published in Italy and based in Milan.
History and overview
Panorama was founded in Milan in 1939. The magazine was temporarily closed by the Fascist rule in December 1940 due to the publication of the translated texts by Ada Prospero. It was relaunched by Italian publisher Arnoldo Mondadori in cooperation with the American Time Inc. group in Milan in October 1962.
The magazine came out biweekly in the initial period.
Ownership
The magazine is owned and published by Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, the largest Italian publishing house. The company is controlled by Fininvest, a financial holding company controlled by the family of Silvio Berlusconi, Italian prime minister until November 2011. Although American group Time-Life company also owned the magazine, later it left the magazine due to low circulation levels.
Circulation
Panorama had a circulation of 350,429 copies in 1984. The circulation of the magazine was 530,031 copies between September 1993 and August 1994. In 2000 it rose to 566,000 copies. The 2003 circulation of the weekly was 525,000 copies. Its circulation was 514,000 copies in 2004. It was the third best-selling news magazine in Italy in 2007 with a circulation of 479,297 copies. The circulation of the magazine was 511,349 copies in 2010. The magazine had a circulation of 303,422 copies in June 2013.
The magazine had a circulation of 80,318 copies and sold 47,425 copies in May 2021.
Management and staff
Maurizio Belpietro is the magazine's director, succeeding Giorgio Mulè and Pietro Calabrese. A former director of the magazine, Carlo Rossella, became a director of Medusa Film.
Contributors
Adolfo Battaglia, a veteran journalist and politician, is among the former contributors of Panorama.
The current contributors of Panorama include:
Maurizio Belpietro
Mario Giordano
Marcello Veneziani
Gianpaolo Pansa
Giacomo Amadori
Fausto Biloslavo
Vittorio Sgarbi
Lorenzo del Boca
Fabio Amendolara
Daniela Mattalia
Francesco Borgonovo
Giorgio Sturlese Tosi
Luca Sciortino
Carlo Puca
Luca Telese
Antonio Rossitto
Marco Morello
Guido Castellano
Francesco Canino
Guido Fontanelli
See also
List of magazines published in Italy
References
External links
1939 establishments in Italy
Italian-language magazines
News magazines published in Italy
Political magazines published in Italy
Weekly magazines published in Italy
Magazines established in 1939
Magazines published in Milan
Arnoldo Mondadori Editore
Biweekly magazines published in Italy
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70855324
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzigan
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Dzigan
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Dżigan, Dzigan, Dzygan, etc. is a Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Yefim Dzigan (1898–1981), Soviet actor, film director and screenwriter
Shimon Dzigan (1905–1980), Polish Jewish comedian
See also
, Russian rapper
Jewish surnames
| 1 | 1 |
46551413
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung%20Fu%20Style
|
Kung Fu Style
|
Kung Fu Style () is a 2015 Chinese animated action adventure comedy film directed by Xu Kerr. It was released on April 10, 2015.
Voice cast
Huang Ying
Cao Zhen
Zhang Anqi
Li Zhengxiang
Cheng Yuzhu
Hai Fang
Liu Bin
Hu Yi
Meng Xianglong
Ye Lu
Wei Siyun
Wang Jianxin
Zhan Jia
Reception
The film earned at the Chinese box office.
References
2015 action comedy films
2010s adventure comedy films
Animated action films
Animated adventure films
Animated comedy films
Chinese animated films
Chinese action adventure films
2015 animated films
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67361687
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20chancellors%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Illinois%20Springfield
|
List of chancellors of the University of Illinois Springfield
|
The chancellor of the University of Illinois Springfield is the principal administrative officer of the university and a member of the faculty of each of its colleges, schools, institutes and divisions. The chancellor is appointed by the Board of Trustees following nomination by the president of the University of Illinois System. The chancellor performs those duties that are assigned by the president and that are consistent with the actions of the Board of Trustees. The chancellor is assisted by vice-chancellors for academic affairs, administrative affairs, campus affairs, and research. Naomi B. Lynn served as the first chancellor in 1995, and there have been 5 chancellors in total. The current chancellor is Janet L. Gooch, who has held the position since July 1, 2022.
On February 28, 1995, Governor Jim Edgar signed a bill reorganizing higher education in Illinois, which in the process abolished the Board of Regents of Sangamon State University (SSU) and merged SSU with the University of Illinois System. On July 1, SSU officially became the University of Illinois Springfield. Naomi B. Lynn, the last president of SSU, continued as the new university's first chancellor.
List of chancellors
Timeline of chancellorships
See also
List of chancellors of the University of Illinois Chicago
List of chancellors of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
List of presidents of the University of Illinois system
Notes
References
Illinois, University of, Springfield
Illinois, University of, Springfield
University of Illinois at Springfield
| 1 | 1 |
39191003
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria%20Davis%20%28politician%29
|
Gloria Davis (politician)
|
Gloria Davis (born February 2, 1938) is a former American politician from New York.
Born in the Bronx, Davis went to Bronx Community College and Fordham University. She worked for the New York Supreme Court and the New York City Comptroller. Davis served in the New York State Assembly, as a Democrat from 1981 to 2003, sitting in the 184th, 185th, 186th, 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 193rd and 194th New York State Legislatures.
She was re-elected in November 2002, but resigned her seat in the 195th New York State Legislature a few days into the session in January 2003 after pleading guilty to bribery. She was sentenced to 90 days in jail and five years probation.
Notes
1938 births
Living people
Fordham University alumni
New York (state) Democrats
Women state legislators in New York (state)
Members of the New York State Assembly
American politicians convicted of bribery
New York (state) politicians convicted of crimes
New York (state) politicians convicted of corruption
Politicians from the Bronx
Bronx Community College alumni
21st-century American women
| 1 | 1 |
38505643
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20doubles
|
1991 French Open – Women's doubles
|
Jana Novotná and Helena Suková were the defending champions, but they participated in this tournament with different partners. Suková played alongside Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, but lost in the semifinals to Novotná and Gigi Fernández. Fernández and Novotná then won the title, defeating Larisa Neiland and Natasha Zvereva in the final 6–4, 6–0.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
Main Draw
1991 French Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Women's Doubles
French Open - Women's Doubles
French Open by year – Women's doubles
1991 in women's tennis
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41646898
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Nechaeva
|
Anna Nechaeva
|
Anna Vladimirovna Nechaeva (; born in 1976) is Russian soprano singer who was born in Saratov and used attend its Conservatory in 1996. Later she was offered to perform the role of Tatiana in Eugene Onegin at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory and by 2003 became a soloist at the Saint Petersburg Opera where she continued her original role as well as other title roles in Giacomo Puccini's Gianni Schicchi, Madama Butterfly, and Suor Angelica. From 2008 to 2011 she became a soloist at the Mikhaylovsky Theatre where she performed roles of Nedda in Pagliacci and Rachel in The Jews as well as the title roles of Rusalka and of course Tatiana in Eugene Onegin. In 2012, she made her first public appearance with Bolshoi Theatre where she sang in The Enchantress portraying Nastasya becoming soloist there the same year. After her debut, she performed such roles as Iolanta in an opera of the same name as well as Liu in Turandot and Yaroslavna in Prince Igor.
References
External links
Anna Nechaeva at the belcanto.ru
Living people
Russian sopranos
Musicians from Saratov
Saratov Conservatory alumni
21st-century Russian singers
21st-century Russian women singers
1976 births
| 1 | 1 |
16302798
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%20Must%20Be%20Magic
|
It Must Be Magic
|
It Must Be Magic is the fourth studio album by Teena Marie, released on May 14, 1981. It was her last album for Motown and the highest-selling of Marie's tenure with Motown. The album peaked at No. 2 on the US Black Albums chart and No. 23 on the Pop Albums chart.
Lead single "Square Biz" became her most commercially successful for the label - peaking at No. 3 on Billboard's Black Singles chart and No. 12 on Billboard's Club Play Singles, while performing moderately on Billboard's Pop Singles, peaking at No. 50, becoming her second single to chart on the Pop Singles chart. This was followed up by No. 30 US Black Singles success for the title track, featuring label mates The Temptations, and the Quiet storm classic "Portuguese Love".
Like Irons in the Fire, it was fully written and produced by Marie herself, and received a positive critical reception, earning the album a nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 1982 Grammy Awards.
In 2002, the album was re-released in a remastered and expanded CD edition containing three additional tracks (two of which were recorded during a live concert in Long Beach, California).
Track listing
All songs written by Teena Marie, except where noted.
"It Must Be Magic" – 6:07
"Revolution" – 4:27
"Where's California" – 5:24
"365" – 4:10
"Opus III (Does Anybody Care)" – 1:27
"Square Biz" (Marie, Allen McGrier) – 6:40
"The Ballad of Cradle Rob and Me" (Marie, Jill D. Jones) – 3:24
"Portuguese Love" – 7:17
"Yes Indeed" – 4:57
Bonus tracks - 2002 Expanded Edition
"Square Biz [Instrumental]" – 6:40 (expanded edition)
"Someday We'll All Be Free" (Donny Hathaway) – 1:57 (expanded edition - live recording)
"Déjà Vu" (Rick James) – 12:26 (expanded edition - live recording)
Personnel
Teena Marie - Lead and Backing Vocals, Synthesizer
Patrice Rushen, Scott Markus DeTurk, James S. Stewart Jr. - Keyboards
Allen McGrier, Oscar Alston, Charles A. Glenn Jr. - Bass
Tom McDermott, Josef Andre Parson - Guitar
Paul Hines - Drums
Bill Wolfer, Allen McGrier - Synthesizer
Lloyd Lindroth - Harp
Daniel LeMelle - Saxophone
Gerald Albright - Saxophone, Tenor Flute
John Ervin - Trombone, Flute
Eric Butler, Kenneth Scott - Trumpet
Cliff Ervin, Roy Poper - Piccolo Flute
Rick James, Diedra Joseph, Glenn Carl Leonard, Jackie Ruffin, Jill D. Jones, Melvin Franklin, Mickey Boyce Hearn, Otis Williams, Julia Waters, Maxine Waters, Pattie Brooks, Anthony Brockert, Christopher Anthony Boehme, Diedra Joseph, Dwayne Wedlan, Ginny Pallante, Grayland Taylor, Ray Townsend - Backing Vocals
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
Certifications
Later Samples
"Square Biz"
"Firm Biz" by The Firm from their self-titled album
"Crip Hop" by Tha Eastsidaz from the album Duces 'n Trayz: The Old Fashioned Way
"Love U So" by Mase from the album Harlem World
"Portuguese Love"
"Child of the Night" ft. Nate Dogg by Ludacris from The Red Light District
External links
Teena Marie-It Must Be Magic at Discogs
References
Teena Marie albums
1981 albums
Motown albums
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60922256
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martins%20Licis
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Martins Licis
|
Martins Licis (, ; born September 28, 1990) is a Latvian-American professional strongman, notable for winning the 2019 World's Strongest Man competition, the 2022 Arnold Strongman Classic, as well as the first Rogue Invitational Strongman competition.
Early life
Licis was born in Riga on September 28, 1990. He holds dual citizenship with Latvia and the United States, and speaks Latvian fluently. He represents the United States in competition, having moved there with his family at the age of four. He grew up in Amherst, Massachusetts. During summers, he visited his grandparents' farm in Latvia, where he was first introduced to stone lifting by his grandfather Imants Līcis, a sculptor who formerly competed in Olympic weightlifting.
In 2010, Licis moved to California together with his friend Mikel Monleon. Licis eventually found a job as a personal trainer in West Hollywood, and later found out about the Odd Haugen All-American Strength Classic. Through this, Haugen invited Licis to train at his gym, but only let him compete in the Strength Classic three years later in 2015.
Career
In 2015, Licis placed first in the Odd Haugen All-American Strength Classic. In 2016, Licis reached the World's Strongest Man finals for the first time and placed sixth. He placed fourth in the World’s Strongest Man finals in 2017 and 2018. Besides Strongman, Licis also competes in mas-wrestling, a variation of stick wrestling. He won gold in the 2016 MAS Wrestling Open World Championships in Columbus Ohio, beating out previous champion VIktor Kolibabchuk. Licis' first pro triumph came in 2017 at the Ultimate Strongman Summermania, winning the competition representing his home country Latvia.
In 2019, Licis came in second during the Arnold Strongman Classic, placing behind current and 3x champion Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson. In June later that year, however, he won his first World’s Strongest Man title, beating out defending champion Björnsson, who finished in third after suffering a torn plantar fascia in his left foot during the heats that significantly hampered him in the final. Licis also placed ahead of Mateusz Kieliszkowski who placed second, and 4 times World's Strongest Man winner Brian Shaw who placed sixth, still recovering his hamstring injury sustained in the Arnold Strongman Classic earlier in March of the same year. Licis dominated the final, finishing in the top three in all five disciplines, and winning two events outright.
On January 18, 2020, Licis won the Arnold Strongman Santa Monica Qualifier, beating out Brian Shaw by 1 point. This earned him a spot to compete in the Arnold Strongman Classic in Columbus, Ohio on March 8. At the Arnold Strongman Classic, Licis finished 3rd, behind the winner Björnsson and the second place Kieliszkowski.
Licis spent most of the 2020 and 2021 strongman season in recovery, with his ultimate comeback taking place in late October to the very first Rogue Invitational Strongman competition, which boasted the biggest prize purse in the history of strongman competition with four WSM champions competing. Licis beat Tom Stoltman and Oleksii Novikov to win the competition and a top prize of $133,685. The next day he set a new record in Thor's Hammer Lift by lifting a 136-kilogram (300-pound) hammer.
In March 2022, at the 2022 Arnold Strongman Classic, Licis performed consistently strongly in all five events, with first, second, or third finishes in all but one event. His win in the last event Stone-to-Shoulder for Reps secured him the title of the Arnold Strongman Classic for the first time, after finishing runner-up and third place in 2019 and 2020.
Media appearances
In May 2020, Licis appeared on Game On! as an obstacle, engaging contestants in a strength contest.
In August 2020, Licis appeared on an episode of To Tell The Truth with two other people all of them claiming to be the reigning World’s Strongest Man.
In March 2021, Licis appeared in a Geico commercial titled "Worlds Strongest Man Takes On The Recycling".
Personal records
Strongman
Deadlift – (2019 Arnold Strongman Classic)
Squat – (2022 Arnold Strongman Classic)
References
External links
Athlete profile at World's Strongest Man from
Profile on Ultimate Strongman
YouTube channel
Instagram profile
Twitch Channel
Facebook page
1990 births
American sportsmen
American strength athletes
Living people
Latvian emigrants to the United States
Sportspeople from Amherst, Massachusetts
Twitch (service) streamers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar%20national%20under-19%20football%20team
|
Gibraltar national under-19 football team
|
The Gibraltar national under-19 football team represents Gibraltar in football competitions at under-19 level and is controlled by the Gibraltar Football Association. It is a full member of FIFA and is therefore eligible to enter any FIFA-sanctioned tournaments. Gibraltar applied for full UEFA membership and was accepted by the UEFA Congress in May 2013 and can therefore compete in the UEFA European Under-19 Championship beginning with the 2014 edition of the tournament.
UEFA Acceptance
Since being accepted into UEFA in May 2013, they have played three competitive matches for the qualifying round of the 2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. They were drawn into Group 1 with Czech Republic, Cyprus and Croatia. Czech Republic were the hosts of the group and all three games were played in the Městský stadion in Ostrava.
They played their first competitive match on 17 October 2013 against Croatia which ended in a thumping 7-0 victory for the Croats. Two days later they played the Czech Republic which resulted in a 3-0 defeat for the Gibraltarians before being thumped 7-0 yet again although this time by Cyprus. The team went 3 years without scoring a goal from 2016, until 2019 when they played in an under-19 tournament hosted by Chinese Taipei. In the first game on 28 September 2019, a Julian Del Rio hat-trick saw Gibraltar under-19s achieve their first ever victory, against Hong Kong.
Recent results and fixtures
Players
Current squad
For the 2023 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification and finals, players born on or after 1 January 2004 are eligible. Players in bold have caps for the under-21 side.
The following players were called up for the following 2023 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification matches:
Match date: 21, 24 and 27 September 2022
Opposition: , and
Caps and goals correct as of: 27 September 2022, after the game against .
Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up within the past twelve months or withdrew from the current squad due to injury or suspension, and remain eligible.
INJ Withdrew from the squad due to an injury
PRE Preliminary squad
WD Withdrew for other reasons
Managerial history
Top Goalscorers
As of 27 September 2022
Players with an equal number of goals are ranked in order of average.
See also
Football in Gibraltar
Gibraltar Football Association
Notes
References
External links
Official site of the Gibraltar Football Association
UEFA Under-19 Profile
Unofficial website about Gibraltarian football, futsal and national team
European national under-19 association football teams
under-19
| 1 | 1 |
5115094
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Long
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Patrick Long
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Patrick Long (born July 28, 1981) is a professional racing driver, one of 18 Porsche factory racing drivers, and the only American to hold that distinction.
Racing career
Sports car racing
Following a successful career in karts and the open wheel ladder system, Thousand Oaks-born Long caught the eye of Red Bull, and was included in the inaugural Red Bull Formula 1 Driver Search. During that test, he came to the attention of Porsche, for whom he has driven — first as a Junior driver, then as a Factory driver, since 2003. Patrick has had notable success racing for Porsche, including class wins at all four sportscar "classics" - the 24 Hours of Le Mans (2005, 2007), the Rolex 24 At Daytona (2009), Petit Le Mans (2005, 2006, 2007) and the Mobil One 12 Hours of Sebring (2005). Patrick is a three-time American Le Mans Series driver's champion, winning the GT2/GT class in 2005, 2009 and 2010, and won the Pirelli World Challenge Driver's Championship in 2011 and 2017. Additionally, he was part of the driving trio that claimed the first international competition victory for the innovative Porsche 911 GT3 R Hybrid, in the 2010 1000 km of Zhuhai, China. From 2006 to 2008, Patrick drove for the legendary Penske Racing team in a Porsche RS Spyder, culminating in an LMP2 class victory and second place overall at the 2008 Petit Le Mans. In 2015, Patrick led the Dempsey-Proton team to success in the FIA World Endurance Championship, co-driving with Marco Seefried and Patrick Dempsey, notably scoring a 2nd-place finish at the 24 Hours of Le Mans and helping secure Dempsey's first professional racing victory in the GTE-AM class at Fuji, in Japan.
For 2016, he raced twin programs: again in the FIA WEC in #88 Abu Dhabi-Proton Racing Porsche 911 RSR with Khaled Al-Qubaisi and David Heinemeier Hansson, as well as a full-season attack on the Pirelli World Challenge with Wright Motorsports.
He has made two starts in the Australian V8 Supercar Series — in 2010 for Garry Rogers Motorsport Fujitsu Racing where he finished 4th and 11th in the dual races at the Gold Coast, and in 2011 for Walkinshaw Bundaberg Racing where he finished 5th and 17th in dual races.
NASCAR
Patrick has made starts in various NASCAR racing series, including one start in the Sprint Cup (Watkins Glen, 2012) where he finished 42nd due to brake issues, and one in Nationwide Series (2010, Road America) where he finished 14th after starting 6th leading two laps in a D'Hondt Humphrey Motorsports Toyota. Long also competed 5 races in K&N Pro Series East between 2009 and 2010, 4 races in ovals, where his best finish was 5th at Tri-County Motor Speedway but his most successful start came at road course: on June 6, 2009, Long was leading the K&N Pro Series' race at Watkins Glen on the last lap before being passed in the final turn. He also competed in NASCAR K&N Pro Series West just two weeks later, Long was in second place on the last lap of the K&N Pro Series West race at Infineon Raceway when he made contact with the leader (Joey Logano) who spun out. Although Long took the checkered flag first, he was stripped of the win by NASCAR due to contact and placed at the tail end of the lead lap. After the questionable penalty, Long finished 23rd after having started on the pole. Later that season he took a convincing first victory at Utah Motorsports Campus, in Salt Lake City. In 2010, Long won the NASCAR West event at Portland. He also was leading once again at Utah when a flat tire ended his day with three laps remaining. Long also competed in ovals, like Irwindale Speedway, Iowa Speedway and Phoenix in the West Series, between 2009 and 2010, but he finished 4th, 15th and 18th respectively. Long also attempted the 2012 race of K&N Pro Series West at Utah Motorsports Campus, but due to engine issues, he withdrew. Long also has one ARCA Racing Series start in 2009, where he took pole position and victory after led 46 of 67 laps at NJMP after a race long scrap with Parker Kligerman.
Personal life
His younger brother, Kevin "Spanky" Long, is a professional skateboarder.
Motorsports career results
24 Hours of Le Mans results
Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
Rolex Sports Car Series results
(key)
American Le Mans Series results
(key)
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results
(key)
* Season is still in progress.
Blancpain GT World Challenge America results
(key)
* Season is still in progress.
V8 Supercar results
+ Not Eligible for points
24 Hours Nürburgring results
Bathurst 12 Hour results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Sprint Cup Series
Nationwide Series
K&N Pro Series East
K&N Pro Series West
References
External links
Living people
1981 births
People from Thousand Oaks, California
Racing drivers from California
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
American Le Mans Series drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
Rolex Sports Car Series drivers
Porsche Supercup drivers
British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula Ford drivers
NASCAR drivers
Supercars Championship drivers
FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
Sportspeople from Ventura County, California
Porsche Carrera Cup GB drivers
Manor Motorsport drivers
Team Penske drivers
GT World Challenge America drivers
Porsche Motorsports drivers
Garry Rogers Motorsport drivers
Walker Racing drivers
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42473595
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen%20Badham
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Eileen Badham
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Eileen Anne Badham (born 2 November 1951) is a New Zealand former cricketer who played as an all-rounder, batting right-handed and bowling left-arm medium. She appeared in 3 Test matches and 13 One Day Internationals for New Zealand between 1976 and 1982. She also appearead in 6 matches for International XI at the 1973 World Cup. She played domestic cricket for North Shore.
References
External links
1951 births
Living people
People from Mangakino
New Zealand women cricketers
New Zealand women Test cricketers
New Zealand women One Day International cricketers
International XI women One Day International cricketers
North Shore women cricketers
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8421525
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwa%20District%2C%20Iyo
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Uwa District, Iyo
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was a district in Iyo Province (modern-day Ehime Prefecture), Japan.
History
866 - Uwa District divided into Uwa and Kita Districts.
On February 25, 1876, Okinoshima, Himejima, and Ugurujima Islands were sent to Hata District in Tosa Province
On December 16, 1878, The district was divided to create the Nishiuwa, Higashiuwa, Kitauwa, and Minamiuwa Districts. The Uwa District was thus dissolved.
Nishiuwa District – Active (The area once included the city of Yawatahama and parts of the cities of Seiyo and Ōzu)
Higashiuwa District – Dissolved on April 1, 2004 (The area once included the cities of Seiyo, Uwajima and Ōzu)
Kitauwa District – Active (The area once included the city of Uwajima (excluding some parts of the city))
Minamiuwa District – Active
References
Former districts of Ehime Prefecture
Iyo Province
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21457763
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier%20Soria
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Javier Soria
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Javier Soria (born 15 December 1974 in Lima) is a Peruvian former footballer who last played for Cobresol FBC.
Club career
Soria has played for a number of clubs in Peru, including Alianza Atlético and Sporting Cristal.
International career
Soria was selected for the Peru squad at Copa América 1999, but never made an appearance.
References
1974 births
Living people
People from Lima
Peruvian footballers
Sporting Cristal footballers
Cienciano footballers
Cobresol FBC footballers
Peruvian Primera División players
1999 Copa América players
Association football midfielders
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13407488
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny%20P%C3%A9rez
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Manny Pérez
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Manuel Pérez Batista (born May 5, 1969) is a Dominican American actor who has appeared in the television series Third Watch and in the film Washington Heights. He is the cousin of Pulitzer Prize-winning author Junot Diaz.
Life and career
Pérez was born in Baitoa, Santiago, Dominican Republic and currently lives in Washington Heights, Manhattan.
Pérez is one of 11 siblings. By the time Pérez finished high school he knew that he wanted to be an actor so he moved to New York City where he majored in drama at Marymount Manhattan College, graduating in 1992.
He studied at Ensemble Studio Theatre and is a member of the LAByrinth Theatre Company, in New York City.
Following his performance on the film Washington Heights (which he also co-wrote and produced), Pérez garnered praise from many critics.
The New York Times stated "Mr. Perez has charisma to burn." He won the 2002 Best Actor Award at The Milan International Film Festival in Italy for his performance in Washington Heights.
At the Santo Domingo Invita show he was honored as one of the most prominent Dominican actors in the United States.
In November 2007 Pérez was honored in the Dominican Film Festival held in Puerto Plata along with Dania Ramirez for his humanitarian work in the Dominican Republic. When Pérez received the award he said that his first pair of shoes were given to him at the age of 5 by his father and that he only wore them to go to Mass on Sundays. Pérez also said that when he first got to the United States he was really fat and that he didn't know why since he was poor and didn't eat well until his mother took him to the doctor where they found out that his stomach was full of hookworms that got into his body through his feet since he would always walk barefoot. Pérez donated 10,000 shoes to families who lost everything after Hurricane Noel swept across the Dominican Republic.
In 2012 he was elected by Luz García's Noche de Luz programme as a "Summer's Hot Body".
Filmography
Films and television series that Pérez has appeared in include:
See also
List of people from the Dominican Republic
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
Dominican Republic emigrants to the United States
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Actors from Providence, Rhode Island
People from Washington Heights, Manhattan
Dominican Republic male actors
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Male actors from Rhode Island
American male film actors
American male television actors
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38735467
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20Callboy
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Electric Callboy
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Electric Callboy (formerly known as Eskimo Callboy) is a German electronicore band formed in Castrop-Rauxel in 2010. They take a more relaxed approach to the genre, and are known for their comedic songs, live shows and videos.
History
The first self-titled EP was self-released in 2010 and was distributed via EMP. Later the band re-released the EP via their actual recording label Redfield Records. The band was a support act for groups like Bakkushan, Callejon, Ohrbooten, We Butter the Bread with Butter and Neaera.
At festivals, the group shared stage with acts like Casper, Distance in Embrace and Rantanplan. In 2011 they played at Traffic Jam Open Air and Mair1 Festival. Their debut album, Bury Me in Vegas was released on March 23, 2012 worldwide via Redfield Records. Between September 28 and September 30, 2012 the band toured in Japan on the Geki Rock Tour. After Geki Rock the group toured China and Russian Federation. In October and November 2012 Eskimo Callboy was a support act alongside the Electro duo WassBass (founded by Nico of K.I.Z) for Callejon on their Blitzkreuz Tour, which lead through Germany and Austria. At the last show of the tour, at Live Music Hall in Cologne on November 10, 2012, nine fans were injured after pieces of the ceiling fell down in the moshpit area. The concert was stopped and rescheduled for February 23, 2013, at E-Werk in Cologne. The band did not appear on the new date because they were touring alongside The Browning, Close to Home and Intohimo through Europe during that time.
On November 17, 2012, the band announced after a concert in Düsseldorf that they were parting ways with their drummer Michael Maletzki; he was replaced by David Friedrich. In April 2013 the band toured the United States for the first time alongside Kottonmouth Kings and Deuce. In August 2013 the band made an appearance at Wacken Open Air, as well as on the Geki Rock Tour in Japan. The band was nominated for the Up And Coming (best newcomer award) at the German Metal Hammer Awards, held in Berlin on September 13, 2013, which they won.
The band started recording their fourth album at Kohlekeller Studios together with producer Kristian Kohlmannslehner in autumn of 2013. The album, which is entitled We Are the Mess, was released on January 10, 2014 via Redfield Records and Warner Music Japan. The band played five release shows in Germany supported by Annisokay. We Are the Mess peaked in 8th place on Germany's official long-play charts and in 64th place in Austria. The band toured in Japan to promote their album. In March of that year, the band toured Europe supported by Iwrestledabearonce, Her Bright Skies and To the Rats and Wolves.
In August 2019, the band released a new single, Hurricane, for their upcoming fifth album. The new album, titled Rehab, was released on November 1, 2019. Following the release of Rehab, the band embarked on their Rehab European Tour 2019.
On February 12, 2020, the band announced through their social media appearances that the previous singer "Sushi" would be leaving the band. "Sushi" went on to start a new project called "Ghostkid".
On April 24, 2020, frontman Kevin Ratajczak announced on YouTube that the search for a new singer is over. After an application phase, a video followed on June 4, 2020, announcing that Nico Sallach (former lead singer of the band To the Rats and Wolves) would be the new lead singer of the band. On June 19, 2020, the band released the song "Hypa Hypa". On July 24, 2020, the band released the song "Hate/Love". On September 11, 2020, the band released an EP called MMXX.
On September 3, 2021, the band released the song "We Got the Moves". On December 3, 2021, the band released the song "Pump It". On December 6, 2021, the band announced via their Twitter account that they submitted their single "Pump It" into the German national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, but ultimately were not included in the final list of participants.
On December 22, 2021, the band announced through Instagram that they were removing old songs from all platforms due to offensive lyrics and that they were reconsidering the band's name. On March 9, 2022 they announced that they would be called Electric Callboy from now on. The band changed the word 'Eskimo' to 'Electric' because it can be seen as a derogatory name for the Inuit and Yupik people in Alaska. They subsequently re-released the artwork from their previous albums with their new name.
On April 8, 2022, the band released their first song under their new name, "Spaceman," featuring rapper, FiNCH. On April 15, 2022, Electric Callboy announced their new upcoming studio album, Tekkno, due to be released September 9, 2022, and featuring the previously released singles "We Got the Moves" and "Pump It" along with "Spaceman".
Musical style and influences
The band's musical style can be described as electronicore, metalcore, melodic metalcore, post-hardcore, comedy rock, dubstep, electro, and EDM. The musicians named bands like Asking Alexandria and Attack Attack! as their musical influences. Their singer stated that the musicians don't feel like being a part of the "hardcore music scene".
The lyrics deal with themes such as getting drunk, parties, and sex. The band call their music "Porno Metal" (English Porn Metal). In an interview with the German FUZE magazine, vocalist Sebastian Biesler meant that the lyrics only use clichés in a satirical way. In German Metal Hammer magazine, the reviewer gave the band a positive critique. He wrote, "this is why Eskimo Callboy is fun because they dismiss themselves and let ruling the fun".
Band members
Current members
Kevin Ratajczak – unclean vocals, keyboards, programming (2010–present)
Daniel "Danskimo" Haniß – lead guitar (2010–present)
Pascal Schillo – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2010–present)
Daniel Klossek – bass guitar, backing vocals (2010–present)
David-Karl Friedrich – drums (2012–present)
Nico Sallach – clean and unclean vocals (2020–present)
Former members
Michael "Micha" Malitzki – drums (2010–2012)
Sebastian "Sushi" Biesler – clean and unclean vocals (2010–2020)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Music videos
Awards and nominations
German Metal Hammer Awards
!
|-
| 2013
| "N/A"
| Up And Coming (best newcomer award)
|
|
Impericon Awards
!
|-
|2020
|Hypa Hypa
|Best Video
|
|
|-
|2021
|We Got the Moves
|Best Music Video
|
|
References
External links
Official Website (German, English)
Electric Callboy at MySpace
Electric Callboy at SoundCloud
Electric Callboy at YouTube
German metalcore musical groups
Musical groups established in 2010
Electronicore musical groups
Metalcore musical groups
2010 establishments in Germany
Name changes due to the George Floyd protests
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Puthisastra
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University of Puthisastra
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The University of Puthisastra (UP; ) is a private university in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. UP was recognised by the Royal Government of Cambodia under a sub-decree signed by Prime Minister Hun Sen on 15 November 2007. UP has also been awarded full accreditation, for its Foundation Year Course, by the Accreditation Committee of Cambodia (ACC).
UP celebrates more than a decade of excellence in health science and technology and aims to train and inspire the next generation of doctors, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, midwives, laboratory technicians, computer scientists and technology entrepreneurs. UP focuses on the health sciences and science and technology has eight departments (Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Nursing, Midwifery, Medical Laboratory, and ICT) and a Center for Health Counselling.
References
University of Puthisastra
External links
Universities in Cambodia
Education in Phnom Penh
Educational institutions established in 2007
2007 establishments in Cambodia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Ospina
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David Ospina
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David Ospina Ramírez (born 31 August 1988) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Saudi Professional League club Al Nassr and the Colombia national team.
Ospina began his career at Atlético Nacional, making his debut with the club in 2005. After achieving two domestic titles with Los Verdolagas, Ospina joined French side Nice. In 2014, he joined Arsenal on a four-year deal. During his time in London, Ospina won three trophies with the club: the FA Cup in 2015 and 2017, as well as the 2017 FA Community Shield. In 2018, Ospina was loaned out to Serie A club Napoli. The following year, Napoli permanently signed Ospina. In 2020, Ospina played a pivotal role in Napoli's conquering of the Coppa Italia. Following unsuccessful negotiations to renew his contract with Napoli, Ospina signed for SPL side Al-Nassr in 2022.
Ospina has represented his country at a full international level since 2007. At youth level, Ospina represented Colombia at the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship. Notably, he was part of the Colombia squads that won gold at the 2005 Bolivarian Games and the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games. Upon his senior debut against Uruguay, he became the youngest goalkeeper to make an appearance for Colombia. He has since earned 126 caps for his nation, making him his nation's most capped player of all time, appearing at four Copa Américas and two World Cups.
Club career
Atlético Nacional
Ospina began his professional career in Categoría Primera A club Atlético Nacional in 2005. Ospina played a total of 97 matches with the team, even being called to the national team. With the club, Ospina achieved three league titles. In mid-2008, Ospina was transferred to French club Nice.
Nice
After three seasons at Atlético Nacional, at the age of 19, he was transferred to Nice in France for an undisclosed fee, believed to be about €2 million. Ospina was reportedly signed to become the long-term replacement of Hugo Lloris, who had transferred to Lyon for €8.5 million. However, Ospina served as a substitute to Lionel Letizi for the first few months of his career, before breaking into the first team. Frédéric Antonetti, the manager of Nice who brought Ospina to the club, said, "He has everything you need to be a top goalkeeper. He's good in the air and he's good on the ground. He has that little extra something to be a champion. Hugo Lloris was an international-standard goalkeeper; so is David."
Four years into his career at Nice, Ospina publicly voiced his desire to leave the club. Nice coach Claude Puel signed promising young French goalkeeper Joris Delle, and announced Delle would be promoted into the first team, sharing the position with Ospina. In the summer of 2012, Turkish club Besiktas attempted to sign Ospina, however the move fell through.
After Ospina's performances at the 2014 World Cup and his rejection of a contract extension, he was linked to many European sides. Despite being heavily linked to Atlético Madrid, Puel announced that Ospina would depart the club to join English side Arsenal.
Arsenal
2014–15 season
On 27 July 2014, Arsenal had confirmed that Ospina had signed for the club on for an undisclosed fee, believed to be £3 million, on a four-year deal. Through the club's official Instagram account, Arsenal revealed that Ospina would wear the number 13 shirt for the club, last worn by loanee Emiliano Viviano. On 23 September 2014, Ospina made his debut for Arsenal in the League Cup match against Southampton, a 2–1 home defeat. He made his second Arsenal appearance on 1 October in their UEFA Champions League group stage match at home to Galatasaray, replacing Alexis Sánchez after starting goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny had been sent off for a professional foul on Burak Yılmaz. Ospina conceded the penalty, taken by its earner, but Arsenal won 4–1, making several vital saves in the process. In October, Ospina suffered a thigh injury that would keep him out effectively for the rest of the 2014 calendar year. Ospina resumed his cup duties in a 2–0 win against Hull City, but maintained his place for his full Premier League debut a week later, keeping a clean sheet in a 3–0 win against Stoke City. With first-choice goalkeeper Szczęsny punished for smoking in the dressing room after a game against Southampton, Ospina was made first choice in the league and went on to claim successive clean sheets against Manchester City and Aston Villa. He played every remaining league game until the end of the season, with the exception of FA Cup ties against Brighton & Hove Albion, Middlesbrough, Manchester United and Reading. Moreover, he was also an unused substitute in Arsenal's 4–0 win in the 2015 FA Cup Final against Aston Villa. However, Ospina's performances earned him a place on the FIFA Ballon d'Or longlist for the 2015 campaign.
2015–16 season
During the summer transfer window period, Ospina was linked to Beşiktaş and Everton after Arsenal had signed Chelsea goalkeeper Petr Čech, which effectively demoted Ospina to second-choice keeper. However, no deal materialised, as second-choice Wojciech Szczęsny was loaned to Roma for the season. Ospina made his first appearance of the season in a 2–1 away defeat against Dinamo Zagreb in the 2015–16 Champions League, and as the team's "cup goalkeeper", he made his first domestic appearance in a 2–1 League Cup win over London rivals Tottenham Hotspur. Ospina made another Champions League appearance, against Olympiacos, where his poor performances proved costly in a 3–2 home defeat, with the keeper conceding an own goal by dropping a corner from Kostas Fortounis into his own net'. Ospina would later be dropped from Champions League duties in place of Čech. Ospina suffered a shoulder injury during October's international break that saw him ruled out until November. He was then in contention to face Sunderland in the FA Cup in January, but a training injury saw Čech take his place.
2016–17 season
Ospina made his first start for Arsenal of the 2016–17 season in the club's opening game in the UEFA Champions League Group-stage against French champions Paris Saint Germain, producing a man-of-the-match performance as Arsenal drew 1–1; Ospina himself drew praise for many saves made during the game, mainly against striker Edinson Cavani. Ospina started in the FA cup final where he conceded 1 goal as Arsenal won 2–1.
2017–18 season
Ospina made his first appearance of the season in a 1–0 win over Doncaster Rovers in the Carabao Cup. He made his second start in a 3–1 UEFA Europa League win against FC Cologne, committing an error that led to the team going 1–0 down early on. After Arsenal suffered four straight defeats Ospina kept a clean sheet as the Gunners beat A.C. Milan 2–0 at the San Siro Stadium in the Europa League round of 16 on 8 March.
Napoli
Following the arrival of Bernd Leno, Ospina requested go on loan in order to gain more playing time. On 15 August, Serie A team Napoli agreed to a one-year loan deal with an option to buy following new signing Alex Meret's injury. On 17 March 2019, he suffered a serious head injury during a match against Udinese and later collapsed mid-game.
On 4 July 2019, Napoli permanently signed Ospina from Arsenal. He was initially used in a rotational role with Alex Meret, although he became the team's first choice goalkeeper under the club's manager Gennaro Gattuso, due to his superior ability with the ball at his feet. In the second leg of the Coppa Italia semi-finals against Inter Milan, Ospina committed an error on the opening goal, which allowed Inter's Christian Eriksen to score directly from a corner; however, he later played a decisive role in Napoli's progression to the 2020 Coppa Italia Final, producing several important saves, and also starting the play which led to Dries Mertens's record–breaking equalising goal with a long kick, which allowed Napoli to earn a 1–1 home draw and a 2–1 aggregate victory. He was suspended for the final against Juventus on 17 June, however; Meret started in his place, with Napoli winning 4–2 on penalties following a goalless draw.
Al Nassr
On 11 July 2022, Ospina joined Saudi Arabian club Al Nassr on a free transfer.
International career
Ospina had his first international experience representing Colombia's under-20 team. Ospina was called up for the first time in the national U-20 team for 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship. At only 16 years old, Ospina was the youngest member of the squad, however he did not play any game during the whole tournament. Ospina was called back for the 2007 South American U-20 Championship, where he played four games. However, Colombia failed to qualify for the World Cup, the last youth tournament he had the opportunity to play in.
Ospina made his debut for the senior team as a substitute in the 1–3 defeat against Uruguay. He played his first match in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Bolivia, becoming the youngest goalkeeper to play for the Colombian national team.
Ospina was selected as the main goalkeeper for Colombia throughout the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification competition. At the end of the qualifiers, Ospina conceded the fewest goals of the tournament.
At the 2014 World Cup, Ospina appeared in all of Colombia's matches and conceded four goals throughout the tournament.
In Colombia’s Copa America Centenario quarterfinal match against Peru, he saved Miguel Trauco’s penalty kick which helped Colombia advance to the semifinals.
In May 2018, he was named in Colombia’s preliminary 35 man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. Despite saving a penalty against Jordan Henderson in the Round of 16 penalty shoot-out against England, Colombia were eliminated 3–4 on penalties.
On 6 September 2019, Ospina played his 100th international match against Brazil, becoming the first Colombian goalkeeper to reach this milestone.
On 23 June 2021, Ospina made his 111th cap for Colombia in a 2–1 loss to hosts Brazil in the first round of the Copa América, equalling Carlos Valderrama as his nation's most capped player of all time. On 3 July, Ospina saved two spot-kicks as Colombia defeated Uruguay 4–2 on penalties following a 0–0 draw in the Copa América quarter-finals; he also made his 112th international appearances during the match, becoming the most capped player in Colombia's history outright.
Style of play
An agile, athletic, and acrobatic shot-stopper, Ospina is also known for his reflexes and his technical ability with his feet, as well as his distribution and ability to produce accurate throws, which allows him to play the ball out from the back and start attacks. Considered by pundits to be a promising goalkeeper in his youth, his former Nice manager, Frédéric Antonetti, once described him as an "international-standard goalkeeper," also stating: "He has everything you need to be a top goalkeeper. He's good in the air and he's good on the ground. He has that little extra something to be a champion. Hugo Lloris was an international-standard goalkeeper; so is David." He is also known for his reserved character and calm demeanour on the pitch. Although he was criticised in the media during his earlier career for being prone to rash errors, while his ability to command his area and decision-making about when to come off his line also came into question, he was able to improve in these areas as his career progressed due to his work-rate, in particular in his speed when rushing off his line and getting to ground to smother the ball – which makes him effective in one on one situations –, or when dealing with crosses; as such, he has been described by journalists as a "sweeper keeper," due to his playing style and ability to rush out of goal. However, despite his all-round improvement as he entered his prime, his tendency to commit errors has persisted, which has been a source of scrutiny from pundits. Standing at 1.83 m (6 ft), Ospina is not particularly tall for a goalkeeper; as such, his lack of height has occasionally limited him in the air at times, despite his bravery. He has also been accused of being inconsistent and unreliable in the media, despite his excellent and consistent performances at international level. Consequently, critical reception of Ospina has been divided; while his former Arsenal manager Wenger labelled him as the "best goalkeeper in the Premier League" in 2015, and as "a world-class goalkeeper" in 2016, Michael Cummings of Bleacher Report instead stated in 2015 that "Ospina is not a top-class goalkeeper," despite performing well for Arsenal since earning the starting role over Szczęsny earlier that year. Former Arsenal goalkeeper Bob Wilson instead described him as a "solid keeper" in 2018.
Personal life
Ospina was brother-in-law to fellow Colombian international footballer James Rodríguez, who married David's sister Daniela in 2011. However, they announced their separation in July 2017. Ospina has been married to Colombian model Jesica Sterling since 2012, and has one daughter named Dulce María and a son named Maximiliano.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Atlético Nacional
Categoría Primera A: 2005 Apertura, 2007 Apertura, 2007 Finalización
Arsenal
FA Cup: 2014–15, 2016–17
FA Community Shield: 2017
Napoli
Coppa Italia: 2019–20
Colombia U20
Central American and Caribbean Games: 2006
See also
List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Medellín
Colombian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Atlético Nacional footballers
OGC Nice players
Arsenal F.C. players
S.S.C. Napoli players
Al Nassr FC players
Categoría Primera A players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
Serie A players
Saudi Professional League players
Colombia under-20 international footballers
Colombia international footballers
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 Copa América players
Copa América Centenario players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2019 Copa América players
2021 Copa América players
FIFA Century Club
Colombian expatriate footballers
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in France
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in England
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate footballers in France
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Saudi Arabia
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Colombia
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in football
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
FA Cup Final players
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1546558
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne%20Jean-Baptiste
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Marianne Jean-Baptiste
|
Marianne Raigipcien Jean-Baptiste (born 26 April 1967) is an English actress. She is known for her role in the 1996 comedy-drama film Secrets & Lies, for which she received acclaim and earned nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Golden Globe and BAFTA Award in the same category. Baptiste is also known for her role as Vivian Johnson on the television series Without a Trace from 2002 to 2009, and has since starred in television shows such as Blindspot (2015–2016) and Homecoming (since 2018).
Early life
Jean-Baptiste was born in London to a mother from Antigua and a father from Saint Lucia, growing up in Peckham. She attended St Saviour’s and St Olave’s secondary school.
She was classically trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and performed at the Royal National Theatre. She was nominated for a 1994 Ian Charleson Award for her performance in William Shakespeare's Measure For Measure with theatre company Cheek by Jowl.
Career
Jean-Baptiste gained international acclaim for the Mike Leigh-directed social drama Secrets & Lies (1996), receiving both Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress nominations for her performance, becoming the first black British actress to be nominated for an Academy Award and the second black Briton to be nominated, succeeding Jaye Davidson. She had previously collaborated with Leigh onstage in It's a Great Big Shame (1993). She caused controversy when she accused the film industry of racism, noting that leading actors had been asked to attend the Cannes Film Festival, but despite her success, she was not invited.
A writer and composer, Jean-Baptiste recorded an album of blues songs and composed the musical score for Leigh's 1997 film Career Girls. In 1999, she performed in Paris in a French-language production by Peter Brook of The Suit (), a one-act play by Barney Simon and Mothobi Mutloatse, based on the short story by Can Themba. She was also acclaimed for her role as Doreen Lawrence in The Murder of Stephen Lawrence (1999).
Jean-Baptiste relocated for work reasons to the U.S. and lives in Los Angeles with her husband and two daughters. She honed her American accent and starred in the American television series Without a Trace as FBI agent Vivian Johnson. More recently, the actress has appeared in such films as Takers (2010), Secrets in the Walls (2010) and Harry's Law (2012). She played Detroit police chief Karen Dean in RoboCop (2014).
She was praised for her stage performance in the 2013 National Theatre production of James Baldwin's play The Amen Corner, directed by Rufus Norris.
As a friend of Angela Bassett, Jean-Baptiste attended Women's Image Network Awards and on Bassett's behalf picked up an award, reading Bassett's poetic acceptance speech for her winning role in the 2013 film Betty & Coretta.
Personal life
In 1997, Jean-Baptiste married Evan Williams. They have two daughters and currently reside in Los Angeles, California.
Filmography
Film
Television
Other projects, contributions
When Love Speaks (2002, EMI Classics) – "Sonnet 15" ("When I consider everything that grows...")
References
External links
1967 births
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Black British actresses
English expatriates in the United States
English film actresses
English people of Antigua and Barbuda descent
English people of Saint Lucian descent
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
English women film directors
Women television directors
Living people
Actresses from London
People from Camberwell
English Shakespearean actresses
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
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62559041
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEM%20Rio%20Major%202022
|
IEM Rio Major 2022
|
The Intel Extreme Masters Season XVII – Rio Major 2022, also known as IEM Rio Major 2022 or Rio 2022, is the upcoming eighteenth Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Major Championship. It will be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between October 31 and November 13, 2022.
Background
The Major was originally scheduled to take place from May 11 to May 24, 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Valve and ESL postponed the Major to November. Because Valve generally sponsors two Majors per year, the delayed Major was to have a 2,000,000 prize pool, making it the largest prize pool in CS:GO Major history. In September 2020, Valve and ESL announced that the Major was canceled because of continued complications from the COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil. In January 2021, Valve announced that PGL Major Stockholm 2021 would be the next Major instead.
On September 15, 2021, ESL published the 2022 ESL Pro Tour Road Map, announcing its intention to host a major in Rio. On January 25, 2022, Dexerto reported that ESL was planning to host the second major of 2022 in Rio de Janeiro. ESL announced the Intel Extreme Masters Rio Major 2022, on May 24, 2022.
The defending Major Champions are FaZe Clan, who won their first major championship at PGL Major Antwerp 2022.
Format
Map Pool
Dust II
Mirage
Inferno
Nuke
Ancient
Overpass
Vertigo
References
2022 first-person shooter tournaments
Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Majors
ESL One Counter-Strike competitions
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246747
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20salamander
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Giant salamander
|
The Cryptobranchidae are a family of fully aquatic salamanders commonly known as the giant salamanders. They include the largest living amphibians. The family is native to China, Japan, and the western United States. They constitute one of two living families within the Cryptobranchoidea, one of two main divisions of living salamanders, the other being the Asiatic salamanders belonging to the family Hynobiidae.
The largest species are in the genus Andrias, native to east Asia. The South China giant salamander (Andrias sligoi), can reach a length of . The Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) reaches up to in length, feeds at night on fish and crustaceans, and has been known to live for more than 50 years in captivity.
The hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) inhabits the eastern United States and is the only member of the genus Cryptobranchus.
Taxonomy
The family name is from the Ancient Greek krypto ("hidden"), and branch ("gill"), which refer to how the members absorb oxygen through capillaries of their side-frills, which function as gills.
Clade Pancryptobrancha (Cryptobranchidae + Ukrainurus)
Genus †Ukrainurus Ukraine, Miocene
†Ukrainurus hypsognathus
Genus †Chunerpeton? China, Middle Jurassic
†Chunerpeton tianyiensis
Family Cryptobranchidae
Genus Cryptobranchus (hellbenders)
†Cryptobranchus saskatchewanensis? Ravenscrag Formation, Canada, Paleocene
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (hellbender)
Genus Andrias (Asian giant salamanders; sometimes classified among the Cryptobranchus)
Andrias davidianus (Chinese giant salamander) – (Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) (may actually be a species complex of 5 different species)
Andrias sligoi (South China giant salamander)
Andrias japonicus (Japanese giant salamander) – ()
Andrias jiangxiensis (Jiangxi giant salamander)
†Andrias matthewi North America, Miocene
†Andrias scheuchzeri Europe, Oligocene-Pliocene
Genus †Eoscapherpeton Central Asia, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Campanian)
Genus †Aviturus Mongolia, Paleocene
†Aviturus exsecratus
Genus †Ulanurus Mongolia, Paleocene
†Ulanurus fractus
Genus †Zaissanurus Kazakhstan, Oligocene
†Zaissanurus beliajevae
Fossil record
Extant species in the family Cryptobranchidae are the modern-day members of a lineage that extends back tens millions of years. The oldest known fossils of cryptobranchoids are known from the Middle Jurassic of China. Chunerpeton from the Middle Jurassic of China has been suggested to represent the oldest known cryptobranchid. However, some studies have found it to be a more basal cryptobranchoid not more closely related to Cryptobranchidae than to Hynobiidae. The next oldest cryptobranchid is Eoscapherpeton, known from numerous Late Cretaceous deposits in Central Asia, which is suggested to represent a stem-group to modern cryptobranchids. Modern crown group representatives appear during the Paleocene.
As the fossil record for the Cryptobranchidae shows an Asian origin for the family, how these salamanders made it to the eastern US has been a point of scientific interest. Research has indicated a dispersal via land bridge, with waves of adaptive radiation seeming to have swept the Americas from north to south.
In 1726, the Swiss physician Johann Jakob Scheuchzer described a fossil as Homo diluvii testis (Latin: Evidence of a diluvian human), believing it to be the remains of a human being who drowned in the biblical flood. The Teylers Museum in Haarlem, Netherlands, bought the fossil in 1802, where it is still exhibited. In 1812, the fossil was examined by Georges Cuvier, who recognized that it was not human. After being identified as a salamander, it was renamed Salamandra scheuchzeri by Holl in 1831. The genus Andrias was coined six years later by Tschudi. In doing so, both the genus, Andrias (which means "image of man"), and the specific name, scheuchzeri, ended up honouring Scheuchzer and his beliefs. It and the extant A. davidianus cannot be mutually distinguished, and the latter, only described in 1871, is therefore sometimes considered a synonym of the former.
Description
Cryptobranchids are large salamanders, with large folds of skin along their flanks. These help increase the animals' surface area, allowing them to absorb more oxygen from the water. They have four toes on the fore limbs, and five on the hind limbs. They have paedomorphic traits, meaning their metamorphosis from the larval stage is incomplete, so the adults retain gill slits (although they also have lungs), and lack eyelids. They have a stout body with a heavy, laterally compressed tail. They have bad eyesight. They can reach a length of , though most are considerably smaller today.
Distribution and habitat
In Japan, their natural habitats are threatened by dam-building. Ramps and staircases have been added to some dams to allow them to move upstream to areas where they spawn.
Behavior
A Japanese giant salamander lived for 52 years in captivity.
Feeding
The Chinese giant salamander eats aquatic insects, fish, frogs, crabs, and shrimp. They hunt mainly at night. As they have poor eyesight, they use sensory nodes on their heads and bodies to detect minute changes in water pressure, enabling them to find their prey.
Reproduction
During mating season, the salamanders travel upstream, where the female lays two strings of over 200 eggs each. Lacking the stereotypical courtship behaviors found in other species, the male fertilizes the eggs externally by releasing his sperm onto them, and then guards them for at least three months, until they hatch. Tail fanning also occurs in order to increase the oxygen supply for the eggs. At this point, the larvae live off their noticeable stored fat until ready to hunt. Once ready, they hunt as a group rather than individually.
Scientists at Hiroshima City Asa Zoological Park in Japan have recently discovered the male salamander will spawn with more than one female in his den. Only large males can occupy and guard a den. They guard the den against other males and sexually inactive females. Those that are sexually active are welcomed. On occasion, the male "den master" will also allow a second male (smaller male salamanders, named "satellite males", who do not have their own den) into the den; the reason for this is unclear.
References
External links
BBC article with video on Giant salamanders from Japan
Cryptobranchid Interest Group
Tree of Life: Cryptobranchidae
Chinese Giant Salamander
Japanese Giant Salamander
Cryptobranchoidea
Extant Middle Jurassic first appearances
Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger
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9469780
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoona%20Rail%20Kings
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Altoona Rail Kings
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Altoona Rail Kings were a former Independent baseball team, playing their home games at Veterans Memorial Field in Altoona, Pennsylvania averaging nearly 1,200 fans per game. They played two seasons, 1996 in the North Atlantic League, and 1997 in the Heartland League. In 1996, the Rail Kings finished 36-42. In 1997, they finished 22-14 in the Northern Division's first half, and 14-22 in the second. The Rail Kings were a formidable opponent during their time in Altoona, finishing second and third place in their respective leagues. They did make the playoffs, losing in two straight games to the Anderson Lawmen.
When the Pittsburgh Pirates-affiliated AA franchise was awarded to Altoona, the Rail Kings relocated to Huntington, West Virginia, for the 1998 season. They retained the Rail King name but redesigned their logo to feature a crowned H rather than an A. The Kings remained in the Heartland League. The Huntington Rail Kings did not finish the 1998 season, closing due to poor attendance. The Altoona Curve arrived in Altoona in 1999. Today, the Rail Kings name lives on at Blair County Ballpark, where the best seats are designated "Rail King." The Rail Kings' mascot was R.K. Two other names considered for the team were used later by affiliated teams: the Spikes, now used by State College, and the Curve, used by the current AA team.
Players for the initial season included:
Jeff Andrews
Eric Burroughs
Mike Cacciotti
Peter Dallas
Howard Hill
Mark Hilyard
Anthony Iasparro
Karun Jackson
Farley Love
Travis Maxwell
Carlos Mirabal
Tim Mitchell
Paul Neatrour
Manny Perez
Billy Reed
Stanley Scales
Ray Schmittle
Anthony Sharer
John Smith
Doug Smyly
Tony Webster
Eric Yelding
Tommy Seasoltz (batboy)
Management included:
Owner/President: Eric Reichert
General Manager: Mike Richmond
Director of Media Relations: Dave Shannon
Director of Sales and Marketing: Shawn McIntire
Account Executive: Eddie Depp
Manager: Tommy Hearn
Coach: Michael Richmond
Athletic trainer:Bryant Musselman
References
Defunct independent baseball league teams
Altoona, Pennsylvania
1996 establishments in Pennsylvania
Sports clubs disestablished in 1996
1997 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Defunct baseball teams in Pennsylvania
Baseball teams established in 1996
Baseball teams disestablished in 1997
North Atlantic League teams
| 1 | 1 |
43428754
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sea%20of%20Trees
|
The Sea of Trees
|
The Sea of Trees is a 2015 American drama mystery film directed by Gus Van Sant and written by Chris Sparling. The film stars Matthew McConaughey, Ken Watanabe, Naomi Watts, Katie Aselton and Jordan Gavaris.
The film is about an American man who attempts suicide in Aokigahara, aka the "Japanese suicide forest," where he meets a Japanese man who is there for the same reason. Principal photography began on July 28, 2014, in Foxborough, Massachusetts; the production moved to Japan in September of the same year. It was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.
The film was released on August 26, 2016, by A24. It received negative reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing mere $825,577 on a $25 million budget.
Plot
Arthur Brennan, an adjunct physics professor, travels to Aokigahara ("The Suicide Forest") with a sealed package. Once there, he attempts to end his life via drug overdose but encounters a Japanese man named Takumi Nakamura. Takumi entered the forest two days prior and slit his wrists for being demoted at work, but soon realized he would miss his wife and daughter. Since then, he has tried to escape the dense sea of trees but cannot find the trail back. Arthur decides to help but the two end up disoriented and lost. To keep their minds occupied, they share details about their lives, including the names of Takumi's wife and daughter: "Kiiro" and "Fuyu."
Through flashbacks, it is revealed that Arthur lived in a crumbling marriage alongside his wife Joan, a real estate agent. Joan resented Arthur for his affair with Gabriella, his coworker, and always putting his needs before their own. Arthur despised Joan's alcoholism and constant need to demean him for earning less money than her. One night, Joan suffers a heavy nosebleed after a vicious argument. They go to the hospital, where she is diagnosed with a brain tumor. Joan and Arthur slowly rekindle their love for each other. After her surgery, they reminisce about trips to their lake house where Joan would spend hours walking amongst the orchids. He says he will take her there when she is fully recovered.
Joan is transported to a recovery hospital. Arthur follows behind the ambulance in his car while talking to her on the phone. He jokes about not knowing what her favorite color or season is. Before Joan can respond, a truck plows into the ambulance, killing her. At her funeral, Arthur tells the funeral director he did not really know her even after being married for years. The director replies he overheard one of Joan's sisters saying she mailed a copy of Joan's favorite book to Arthur's house.
Back in the present, Arthur and Takumi struggle to escape the forest. They survive falls, a flash flood, dehydration, and hypothermia over the course of a single night. Along the way, they encounter the bodies of others who succeeded in ending their lives. They take refuge in a tent with a corpse who brought emergency supplies with them. Sitting by a campfire, Arthur tells Takumi he is in the forest because of his guilt over how he and Joan treated each other.
The next morning, Arthur leaves an ill Takumi by the tent to try and find help. He promises Takumi he will come back for him. Arthur uses the walkie-talkie from the deceased camper and makes contact with the park rangers. He tries to help but is too weak to inform them that Takumi is still in the forest.
12 days later, Arthur is being evaluated by a hospital psychiatrist before his release. His plans are to return to the forest and find Takumi; the psychiatrist informs him that the rangers found the tent he spoke of but did not find anyone there. She also claims that there is no one by the name of Takumi Nakamura who has a wife and daughter with the names Takumi mentioned, and that the camera at the entrance to the park only shows Arthur entering the forest.
Arthur returns to the forest and finds the unopened package he left behind when he first found Takumi. Arthur locates the tent and coat he used to cover Takumi for warmth but finds a beautiful orchid in Takumi's place. He remembers Takumi describing the forest as a form of purgatory, where the spirits of your loved ones are closest during your darkest moments. He opens the package containing Joan's favorite book: a copy of Hansel and Gretel. Arthur realizes that Takumi was Joan's spirit and is helping him heal his guilt.
Arthur returns to the United States and brings the orchid with him. During office hours, Arthur's student Eric reveals that the names of Takumi's wife and daughter are not names but words that mean "yellow" and "winter." Arthur remembers the last conversation he had with his wife about her favorite color and season. He travels to the lake house and plants the orchid in Joan's garden.
Cast
Matthew McConaughey as Arthur Brennan, Joan’s husband
Ken Watanabe as Takumi Nakamura
Naomi Watts as Joan Brennan, Arthur’s wife
Katie Aselton as Gabriella Laforte, a woman who had an affair with Arthur.
Jordan Gavaris as Eric
Production
The project was first announced in December 2013. Matthew McConaughey joined the cast in February 2014 with Naomi Watts joining in May of that year The film's international distribution was sold to different companies at 2014 Cannes Film Festival, which includes Entertainment One to handle the rights for UK, Australia and New Zealand, and Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions to handle for Eastern Europe, Pan-Latin America and Scandinavia. On August 15, Katie Aselton joined the cast to play a woman who has an affair with McConaughey's character.
Filming
On May 15, 2014, McConaughey and director Van Sant talked about the upcoming film which was officially slated to start on July 15, Van Sant said, "My latest feelings is to try to shoot in Japan, if it's too difficult, we would probably go to the northwest in the States, where the land is very similar." The film's budget was set at $25 million with McConaughey receiving a $3.5 million salary.
The principal photography of the film began on July 28, 2014, in Foxborough, Massachusetts. The crews were filming deep in the woods in the Purgatory Chasm, Sutton, Massachusetts, where they were also using the recreation hall and chapel at Cocasset River Recreation Area, which they scheduled to rent again on August 14. Publicist Gregg Brilliant said, "The film makers looked at about half a dozen places around the country. The story takes place in Japan and the Northeast United States, and we chose Massachusetts. It's a beautiful location."
Shooting began in Massachusetts through September, after which filming moved to Japan. The filming wrapped-up on September 30, 2014, in Massachusetts and Japan, with post-production beginning in Los Angeles.
Release
The film had its world premiere at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival on May 16, 2015. Prior to, Roadside Attractions and Lionsgate acquired U.S distribution rights to the film. A24 later acquired distribution rights, after Roadside and Lionsgate dropped the film for unknown reasons. The film was released in a limited release and through video on demand on August 26, 2016.
Reception
The Sea of Trees was panned by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 17%, based on 52 reviews, with an average rating of 4.00/10. The consensus states, "Dull, maudlin, and fundamentally empty, The Sea of Trees extinguishes the contributions of a talented cast and marks a depressing low point in director Gus Van Sant's career." On Metacritic the film has a score of 23 out of 100 score, based on 18 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". At its May 2015 debut at the Cannes Film Festival, the film was met with harsh critical reception; it was loudly booed and laughed at by an audience of critics, with critic Scott Foundas calling it a film "for nobody." Some critics were more impressed by the film; Pete Hammond wrote "Their film deserves a better fate" and he praised its "pared sentimentality." While Hammond was also impressed with the "beautiful lush score", others found it "cloying" and "ever-present."
Critic Richard Mowe stated this audience reaction should "give the film’s creative team pause for reflection about exactly where they went so badly awry." Justin Chang, chief film critic for Variety, deemed the film "dramatically stillborn, commercially unpromising", though Chang did single out the film's aesthetic as noteworthy, stating "Cinematographer Kasper Tuxen works wonders with the forest’s softly diffused light by day, and makes exquisite use of a campfire to illuminate McConaughey’s and Watanabe’s faces at night." He also described co-star Naomi Watts as "solidly moving and sometimes awesomely passive-aggressive." Nonetheless, he concludes that the film is, "Almost impressive in the way it shifts from dreary two-hander to so-so survival thriller to terminal-illness weepie to M. Night Shyamalan/Nicholas Sparks-level spiritual hokum, this risibly long-winded drama is perhaps above all a profound cultural insult, milking the lush green scenery of Japan’s famous Aokigahara forest for all it’s worth, while giving co-lead Ken Watanabe little to do other than moan in agony, mutter cryptically, and generally try to act as though McConaughey’s every word isn’t boring him (pardon the expression) to death."
Further critical dissatisfaction with the film has been attributed to the fact that "the twists and turns of this narrative fail to ring true with too many implausibilities in the plotting to give any credibility" and with its "complete lack of narrative momentum, it all adds up to a film that's easily Van Sant's worst, and is a sad black mark on McConaughey's mostly excellent recent run. Ultimately, "Sea of Trees" feels like an entirely appropriate title: it makes you feel like you're drowning, and it's full of sap."
See also
The Forest
References
External links
2015 films
2010s mystery drama films
A24 (company) films
American mystery drama films
Films about suicide
Films directed by Gus Van Sant
Films set in Aokigahara
Films set in forests
Films set in Japan
Films set on islands
Films shot in Japan
Films shot in Massachusetts
2015 drama films
Japan in non-Japanese culture
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65048419
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Holland
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Jennifer Holland
|
Jennifer Holland (born November 9, 1987) is an American actress. She is best known for her work as Emilia Harcourt in the film The Suicide Squad and the television series Peacemaker. She also appeared as Ashley in American Pie Presents: The Book of Love.
Career
Holland moved to Los Angeles at the age of seventeen to pursue a career in acting. She has a background in gymnastics.
In 2008, Holland appeared in the short film Assorted Nightmares: Janitor, voicing the character Kate. In 2017, she starred as Becky Phillips in the limited series Sun Records. In 2021, she appeared in the superhero film The Suicide Squad as Emilia Harcourt. She reprised her role in the 2022 HBO Max television series Peacemaker.
Personal life
Holland began a relationship with writer/director James Gunn in 2015. They met through actor Michael Rosenbaum who was dating a friend of Holland's at the time and offered to set them up after Gunn saw a photo of her that Rosenbaum had. In February 2022, Holland and Gunn became engaged, and were married at the end of September 2022. Her mother is a nurse.
Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Level 26: Dark Revelations (2011), as Simone, in episode: "Cyber-bridge Five"
References
External links
1987 births
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Chicago
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
| 1 | 1 |
4532653
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakamura-ry%C5%AB
|
Nakamura-ryū
|
is a battō style created by Nakamura Taizaburō (1912–2003).
Nakamura Taizaburō
Nakamura Taizaburō (中村 泰三郎) was born in 1912 in Yamagata Prefecture. He resided in Tsurumi, Yokohama, where he presided over the International Iai-Battōdō Federation and taught battōdō for the Kakuseikai until his death in 2003.
Nakamura was awarded 10th dan hanshi battōdō by the International Martial Arts Federation, 7th dan kyoshi by the All Japan Kendō Federation, 8th dan hanshi, Jukendō and 8th dan hanshi, Tankendō. In 1973 he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure in recognition for his services in promoting the martial arts.
History
Nakamura developed battōdō while teaching kenjutsu in northern China. He was inspired by the idea that the eiji happō (the eight principles of writing kanji) could be applied to swordsmanship. He began to organize his understandings into a system of practical swordsmanship in which non-martial techniques were discarded (much like the practical Toyama-ryū of the early 20th century).
The system is based on Nakamura's studies whilst teaching Toyama-ryū: bringing the sword blade to a halt after a cut, parrying, progressing to the next combative posture using the sword's kinetic energy. It also makes use of what, through his researches, Nakamura found absent from many other schools of iaidō, kendō, and battōjutsu: the kesagiri, a cut he thought extremely useful.
The style
The cutting techniques of the Nakamura-ryū are effective in their simplicity: the thrust (either single- or double-handed), the downward vertical cut, left downward diagonal cut, right upward diagonal cut, right downward diagonal cut, left upward diagonal cut, left horizontal cut, and right horizontal cut. The eight cutting techniques are derived from the eiji happō.
Eight chiburi were then incorporated into the system. The basic chiburi used in both Toyama-ryū iaidō and Nakamura-ryū battōdō is actually an en garde position: the sword is snapped down, its point slightly elevated at knee level; from this position, one can maintain zanshin as well as convert easily to a thrust, should the need arise. Nakamura added seven more chiburi, notably from Ōmori-ryū and Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū kenjutsu.
The five kamae of kendō/iaidō were also incorporated into the style, to which were added the left-side versions of waki kamae and hasso kamae, and right jodan kamae, making eight kamae altogether.
Notes
Related links
International Batto-Do Federation (mostly in Japanese)
International Batto-Do Federation English site
All IBF Registered Overseas Dojo
Video clip of Nakamura-sensei performing tameshigiri
Another video clip of Nakamura-sensei performing tameshigiri
Japanese swordsmanship
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4525215
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20O%27Shaughnessy%20%28footballer%29
|
Steve O'Shaughnessy (footballer)
|
Stephen O'Shaughnessy (born 13 October 1967) is a Welsh former professional footballer who is manager of Airbus UK Broughton. As a player, he made more than 200 appearances in the Football League.
O'Shaughnessy or "Shaughssa" as he is affectionately known was born in Wrexham and started his career as an apprentice at Leeds United, before moving onto Bradford City, where he made one league appearance.
In 1988, O'Shaughnessy was signed by former Leeds United midfielder and manager Eddie Gray for Rochdale. In three seasons at Spotland, O'Shaughnessy enjoyed arguably the most successful spell in his career scoring 16 goals in 109 League appearances and reaching the 5th Round of the 1990 FA Cup . During this time, O'Shaughnessy earned the nickname the "Master Blaster" for his skill at taking long distance free-kicks.
In July 1991, O'Shaughnessy joined Exeter City for £10,000. After a disappointing three-game spell at St James Park under 1966 FIFA World Cup winner Alan Ball, which saw him sent off at Huddersfield Town, O'Shaughnessy joined Darlington in January 1992.
In 88 League appearances for the Quakers, Steve became team captain before being released at the end of the 1993–94 season, with his final Football League appearance coming on 7 May 1994 against Bury.
After this, Steve went to a roundabout of clubs, including Stalybridge Celtic and Buler Rangers in Hong Kong, before returning to play in the League of Wales.
In 153 League of Wales appearances, O'Shaughnessy played for Inter Cardiff, Barry Town, Holywell Town, Rhyl, Caernarfon Town, T.N.S. Llansantfraid, Bangor City, Oswestry Town and NEWI Cefn Druids.
In 1999, O'Shaughnessy was appointed player-manager of Oswestry Town.
On 27 September 2006, O'Shaughnessy was named as the new manager of Caernarfon Town.
In June 2008, O'Shaughnessy left Caernarfon Town and joined Connah's Quay Nomads as manager, but left the club after one season in charge.
After serving as assistant, he was appointed as manager of Airbus UK Broughton in November 2016.
References
1967 births
Living people
Welsh footballers
Association football midfielders
Association football central defenders
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Rhyl F.C. players
Bangor City F.C. players
Barry Town United F.C. players
The New Saints F.C. players
Hong Kong Rangers FC players
Cymru Premier players
Cymru Premier managers
English Football League players
Footballers from Wrexham
Hong Kong First Division League players
Caernarfon Town F.C. managers
Oswestry Town F.C. managers
Connah's Quay Nomads F.C. managers
Cefn Druids A.F.C. managers
Cefn Druids A.F.C. players
Oswestry Town F.C. players
Holywell Town F.C. players
Cardiff Metropolitan University F.C. players
Gresford Athletic F.C. players
Welsh football managers
Airbus UK Broughton F.C. managers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revati%20%28raga%29
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Revati (raga)
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Revati is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is an audava rāgam (or owdava rāgam, meaning pentatonic scale). It is a janya rāgam (derived scale), as it does not have all the seven swaras (musical notes).
In Hindustani music a raga that closely resembles Revati is Bairagi Bhairav. It is said to evoke Karuṇa rasa (pathos). This scale has also been used in chanting Vedas.
Arohanam- S R1 M1 P N1 S
Avarohanam- S N1 P M1 R1 S
Structure and Lakshana
Revati is a symmetric rāgam that does not contain gāndhāram or dhaivatam. It is a pentatonic scale (audava-audava ragam in Carnatic music classification – audava meaning 'of 5'). Its structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):
:
:
(notes used in this scale are shuddha rishabham, shuddha madhyamam, panchamam, kaisiki nishadham)
Revati is considered a janya rāgam of Ratnangi, the 2nd Melakarta rāgam, though it can be derived from other melakarta rāgams, Vanaspati, Hanumatodi, Natakapriya, Vakulabharanam or Chakravakam, by dropping both gāndhāram and dhaivatam.
Popular compositions
Revati rāgam lends itself for elaboration and exploration and has many compositions. Here are some popular kritis composed in Revati.
Jagannatha anatharakshaka by Subba Rao
Nanati baduku by Annamacharya
Dhavalagangeya Gangadhara By Vadiraja Tirtha
Rogaharane krupasagara, Siri Ramana, Venkatesha Stavaraja By Jagannatha Dasa
Mahadeva shiva shambho by Thanjavur Sankara Iyer
Bho shambho shiva shambho svayambho by Swami Dayananda Saraswati
navaratna bhushanalankrte by Kollegal R Subramanian
Vâni Vēna Pâni by Kalyani Varadarajan
Lalgudi Jayaraman has also composed a melodious Thillana in this rāgam.
Film Songs
Language:Tamil
Tamil Devotional Songs
Related rāgams
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.
In Japanese/Western music Revati corresponds to Insen scale
Graha bhedam
Revati's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields 2 other pentatonic rāgams, namely, Shivaranjani and Sunadavinodini. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. See Graha bhedam on Shivaranjani for more details and an illustration.
Scale similarities
Madhyamāvati is a rāgam which has the chathusruthi rishabham in place of the shuddha rishabham. Its structure is S R2 M1 P N2 S : S N2 P M1 R2 S
Notes
References
Janya ragas
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48296897
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9%20Lemonnier
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Hervé Lemonnier
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Hervé Lemonnier (born 9 January 1947 at Lisieux), in motorsport better known under his pseudonym "Knapick", is a French rallycross, rally and ice racing driver of the Andros Trophy series.
Biography
Lemonnier started his car racing career as a competitor in the 1966 Rallye Côte Fleurie. From 1969 on he began to hide his family name by entering competitions under the alias "Knapick". Being at the time a farm machinery dealer, he chose the brand of Knapick trailers for his pseudonym, to hide from his customers that he was one of these "crazy car racers" in his spare time. The businessman from Normandy later moved to Brittany to found a DAF Trucks dealership in Noyal-sur-Vilaine near the town of Rennes.
In 2016 Lemonnier celebrated his 50th year in car racing. Both his daughters, Marie-Laure Lemonnier-Peu (married to 2011 French Rallycross Champion Samuel Peu) and Anne-Sophie de Ganay (née Lemmonier), became successful rallycross and ice racing drivers too. Leading French rally driver Xavier Lemonnier is his nephew.
Results
Complete FIA World Rallycross Championship results
Supercar/RX1
a Loss of 15 championship points – stewards' decision
Complete Andros Trophy results
Elite class
External links
Why the pseudonym "Knapick"? (in French)
A list of Lemonnier's rallying results
Website of Lemonnier's DAF Trucks dealership (in French)
1947 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Rennes
French racing drivers
European Rallycross Championship drivers
World Rallycross Championship drivers
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44075861
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%20Dagerst%C3%A5l
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Filip Dagerstål
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Filip Dagerstål (born 1 February 1997) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder or centre-back for Ekstraklasa club Lech Poznań. He is also under contract with the Russian club FC Khimki, but the contract is suspended.
Club career
Dagerstål, a native of Norrköping began playing in IFK Norrköping at four years old. He spent the 2013 season at loan at IF Sylvia making his professional debut for them versus IF Limhamn Bunkeflo coming on in the last minute in a 2-1 victory. The following 2014 season he made his debut for IFK Norrköping, appearing twice in that years Allsvenskan. He scored his first goal for Norrköping during 2015 against Halmstad BK, and made five more appearances during IFK:s successful run for the Swedish championship in 2015. Dagerstål himself was however again loaned out to IF Sylvia during the conclusion of the season. During the following years he mainly came on as a substitute before stabilizing himself as a starter at the centre back position during the 2019 and 2020 season. Following the 2020 season and 132 league appearances for IFK he chose to not renew his contract, and instead pursue a career abroad.
On 23 January 2021, Dagerstål signed with Russian Premier League club FC Khimki. On 7 March 2022, FIFA introduced special regulations related to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Those regulations allow foreign players in Russia to unilaterally temporarily suspend their contracts with their Russian clubs until the end of the 2021–22 season and join clubs outside of Russia until that date. On 17 March 2022, Dagerstål used the new rule to return to IFK Norrköping until 30 June. On 5 July 2022, Dagerstål suspended his Khimki contract for the 2022–23 season under the same FIFA regulations that have been extended for a year. On 26 July 2022, Polish side Lech Poznań announced the signing of Dagerstål on a one-year contract.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
IFK Norrköping
Allsvenskan: 2015
Svenska Supercupen: 2015
References
External links
(archive)
1997 births
People from Norrköping
Living people
Swedish footballers
Sweden international footballers
Sweden under-21 international footballers
Sweden youth international footballers
Association football defenders
IF Sylvia players
IFK Norrköping players
FC Khimki players
Lech Poznań players
Division 2 (Swedish football) players
Ettan Fotboll players
Allsvenskan players
Russian Premier League players
Ekstraklasa players
Swedish expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Expatriate footballers in Poland
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Sportspeople from Östergötland County
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41455936
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Garden%20of%20Sinners%3A%20A%20Study%20in%20Murder%20%E2%80%93%20Part%202
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The Garden of Sinners: A Study in Murder – Part 2
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is a 2009 Japanese animated film produced by ufotable based on The Garden of Sinners novels by Kinoko Nasu. It is the seventh installment in the series, preceded by Oblivion Recording (2008) and followed by a sequel Future Gospel (2013). Chronologically, the events that occur in The Garden of Sinners: A Study in Murder – Part 2 are the eighth in the timeline of the series.
Plot
In February 1999, set after the sixth installment, Oblivion Recording, a new spate of ferocious murders, that share a disturbing resemblance to the string of homicides in 1995, began.
Set after Oblivion Recording, a new spate of ferocious murders has caught the eye of both Shiki and Daisuke, Mikiya’s cousin who investigated the murders before. Shiki wanders the back alleys of the business district, searching for the murderer and avoiding attacks by local thugs while Mikiya becomes more and more worried about her, beginning his own investigation that takes him down a path populated by drug pushers and prostitutes. The perpetrator, Lio Shirazumi, finds Shiki first but loses an arm in the resulting scuffle; retreating, he discovers Mikiya in his apartment which has become a madman’s shrine to Shiki. Mikiya tries to convince Lio that he can be saved but he refuses and leaves. Shiki is captured and tortured by Lio as she refuses to kill him, Mikiya arrives at the spot but fails to stop Lio and ends up injured. Shiki kills Lio as he told her that he killed Mikiya.
In flashbacks it is shown what happened to Mikiya and Shiki in the last part of the second installment A Study in Murder, Part 1 which led to her being hospitalized as shown in the fourth installment The Hollow Shrine.
Cast
Maaya Sakamoto as
Kenichi Suzumura as
Soichiro Hoshi as
Notes
1.This is a collective pseudonym for several ufotable directors.
References
External links
2009 anime films
2009 films
Anime composed by Yuki Kajiura
Japanese films
Japanese-language films
Kara no Kyōkai
Anime films based on light novels
Ufotable
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha%2C%20Pierre%20%26%20The%20Great%20Comet%20of%201812
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Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812
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Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 is a sung-through musical adaptation of a 70-page segment from Leo Tolstoy's 1869 novel War and Peace written by composer/lyricist Dave Malloy and directed by Rachel Chavkin. It is based on Part 8 of Tolstoy's novel, focusing on Natasha's affair with Anatole and Pierre's search for meaning in his life.
The musical originally ran at the Ars Nova in 2012, followed by 2013 stagings in both the Meatpacking District and the Theater District of Manhattan, a 2014 Spanish-language staging in Quito, Ecuador, and a 2015 remounting at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Great Comet premiered on Broadway in November 2016 at the Imperial Theatre, and closed in September 2017.
The original Off-Broadway production of the show had Dave Malloy playing Pierre Bezukhov. Once the show was taken to Broadway, Josh Groban made his Broadway debut in the role of Pierre.
The musical received positive reviews, particularly for Phillipa Soo, Denée Benton, and Josh Groban's leading performances, as well as for the production's score, direction, and scenic design. The show was nominated for 12 awards – the highest number of nominations in the season – for the 2017 Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Original Score, Best Book of a Musical, Best Actress in a Musical for Benton, Best Actor in a Musical for Groban, Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Lucas Steele, and Best Direction of a Musical for Chavkin. It won two awards: Best Scenic Design for Mimi Lien and Best Lighting Design in a Musical for Bradley King.
Synopsis
Act I
The musical begins in 1812, Moscow, Russia, by introducing the characters ("Prologue"). The audience is then introduced to Pierre Bezukhov, a depressed, unhappily married man ("Pierre"). He is a good friend of Andrey Bolkonsky, who is away fighting in the war. Andrey has recently become engaged to Natasha Rostova. Natasha and her cousin, Sonya Rostova, arrive in Moscow to visit Natasha’s godmother, Marya Dmitrievna, and wait for Andrey to come home ("Moscow"). Natasha is to meet her future in-laws, Andrey’s sister, the lonely Mary Bolkonskaya, and his father, the lunatic Old Prince Bolkonsky ("The Private and Intimate Life of the House"). However, their meeting ends in disaster, as Natasha finds Mary cold, Mary finds Natasha vain, and Bolkonsky behaves bizarrely ("Natasha & Bolkonskys"). Natasha leaves, missing Andrey more than ever ("No One Else").
The next night, Natasha watches an opera with Sonya and Marya. Natasha catches the eye of Anatole Kuragin, a notorious rogue ("The Opera"). Anatole visits Natasha in her box and leaves her with feelings she has never experienced before ("Natasha & Anatole").
Anatole arrives home after the opera and goes out drinking with his friend, Fedya Dolokhov, and Pierre. They are met by Hélène Bezukhova, the unfaithfully promiscuous wife of Pierre and shamelessly suggestive sister of Anatole. Anatole lusts for Natasha, although it is revealed he is already married. Hélène flirts with Dolokhov, who taunts Pierre by raising a toast to "married women and their lovers". A drunk Pierre finds Dolokhov's behavior insulting and challenges him to a duel. Pierre accidentally wounds Dolokhov and Dolokhov miraculously misses him. Before they all leave, Anatole asks Hélène to invite Natasha to a ball that evening and she agrees. ("The Duel"). They leave Pierre, who reflects on his near-death experience and realizes that despite wasting his life, he wishes to live ("Dust and Ashes").
The next morning, as Natasha is preparing for church, she is confused about her feelings from her interaction with Anatole at the opera and questions if she is spoiled of Andrey's love ("Sunday Morning"). Later that day, Hélène visits Natasha and invites her to the ball. Natasha eventually agrees to attend ("Charming").
That night at the ball, Natasha is met by Anatole, and they dance. Anatole professes his love to Natasha, who tries to tell him that she is already engaged. Ignoring this, Anatole kisses Natasha, leading her to fall in love with him in return ("The Ball").
Act II
Natasha is further torn between her feelings for both Andrey and Anatole ("Letters"). Sonya discovers letters between Natasha and Anatole and learns of their relationship. She confronts Natasha and desperately explains her distrust of Anatole, but Natasha bursts out in anger at her and leaves. Natasha writes to Mary and breaks off her engagement with Andrey ("Sonya & Natasha"). Alone, Sonya reflects on her love for her cousin and her determination to save her, even if she will lose her closest friend ("Sonya Alone").
That evening, Anatole and Dolokhov prepare for an elopement between Anatole and Natasha. Dolokhov attempts to change Anatole's mind, but is unsuccessful ("Preparations"). Balaga, their troika driver, arrives to take them to Natasha's house where they will retrieve her before departing ("Balaga"). When they arrive at Natasha's house, citizens of Moscow are there to bid their goodbyes to Anatole and Natasha, but are thwarted at the last moment by Marya. ("The Abduction").
Marya scolds Natasha, who reveals to her and Sonya that she broke off her engagement with Andrey and reaffirms her love for Anatole, whom she still believes is unmarried. Natasha screams at Marya and Sonya and bursts into tears as she waits all night for Anatole ("In My House"). Marya calls on Pierre in the middle of the night and explains the situation to him, begging him to handle the crisis, who tells Marya that Anatole is already married. ("A Call to Pierre"). Pierre, outraged, searches Moscow for Anatole while Marya and Sonya tell a grief-stricken Natasha that Anatole is already married, although she does not believe them. Pierre eventually finds Anatole at Hélène’s house ("Find Anatole"). Pierre orders Anatole to leave Moscow and he agrees ("Pierre & Anatole"). Natasha attempts to take her own life by poisoning herself with arsenic, but lives ("Natasha Very Ill").
The next day, Andrey returns home from the war and is disoriented about the refusal of marriage he received from Natasha, which he asks Pierre about. Pierre explains the scandal to him and pleads with him to be compassionate, but Andrey is unable to forgive Natasha and cold-heartedly tells Pierre that he will not ask for her hand in marriage again ("Pierre and Andrey"). Pierre visits a shattered Natasha and comforts her, giving her hope ("Pierre & Natasha"). After their meeting, Pierre experiences a moment of enlightenment as he watches the Great Comet of 1812 soar across the night sky ("The Great Comet of 1812").
Music
Malloy's original score (orchestrated by the composer) merges Russian folk and classical music with indie rock and EDM influences. The piece is described by the composer as an "electropop opera" and is through-composed, with just one line of spoken dialogue, in Pierre and Natasha's only scene together. On stage, nearly all of the actors play musical instruments augmenting the show's orchestra. Pierre plays the accordion briefly, and plays large sections of the score on the orchestra's piano.
The libretto contains many passages taken word-for-word from Aylmer and Louise Maude's 1922 translation of Tolstoy's novel.
Musical numbers
Act I
Act II
Note: An aria for Natasha, "Natasha Lost", was cut during the Broadway production but is included on the original cast recording between number 8 ("Natasha & Anatole") and number 9 ("The Duel"). "Dust and Ashes" was added for the Broadway production.
Productions
Off-Broadway
Ars Nova
The musical premiered on October 16, 2012, at Ars Nova. Directed by Rachel Chavkin the show was staged as an immersive production, with action happening around and among the audience. The set designed by Mimi Lien and lights by Bradley King transformed Ars Nova into a Russian supper club. The creative team was completed by Paloma Young as costume designer, Matt Hubbs as sound designer, and Dave Malloy as musical director. The cast included Malloy as Pierre, Phillipa Soo as Natasha, Lucas Steele as Anatole, Amber Gray as Hélène, Brittain Ashford as Sonya, Manik Choksi as Dolokhov, Gelsey Bell as Mary, Blake DeLong as Andrey/Prince Bolkonsky, Amelia Workman as Marya D. and Paul Pinto (who also served as associate music director) as Balaga. The show was the first production of Ars Nova to ever transfer to Broadway.
Kazino
On May 16, 2013, the show opened in the Meatpacking District at Kazino, a temporary structure designed as an opulent Russian club, where the immersive production was staged, again by the same creative team. The cast reprised their roles, except Choksi, now replaced by Ian Lassiter, and Workman, replaced by Grace McLean. David Abeles took over the role of Pierre on July 9, 2013. The show closed on September 1, 2013.
The show opened for a 14-week limited engagement in September 2013 at the Kazino and moved to the Theater District, with the final cast of the previous production: Choksi reprised the role of Dolokhov, Bell was replaced by Shaina Taub, and Pinto was replaced by Ashkon Davaran. On December 10, 2013, the two-disc cast recording was released. The show was extended and ran until March 2, 2014.
American Repertory Theater (A.R.T.)
The team behind the original production remounted the show at the American Repertory Theatre (A.R.T.) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with performances beginning December 1, 2015 to January 2016. Now expanded to a proscenium stage, the set put audience onstage, with unique seating options, with banquette and dining tables added. Scott Stangland took over the role of Pierre, Denée Benton starred as Natasha, Lilli Cooper as Hélène, Nicholas Belton as Andrey/Prince Bolkonsky and the rest of the cast reprised their roles.
Broadway
Imperial Theatre
The Broadway production at the Imperial Theatre began previews on October 18, 2016 and opened on November 14, 2016, starring Josh Groban as Pierre and Denée Benton as Natasha, both making their Broadway debuts, with choreography by Sam Pinkleton, sets by Mimi Lien, costumes by Paloma Young, lights by Bradley King, sound by Nicholas Pope and music direction by Or Matias. With sets similar to the A.R.T. remounting, the production took the proscenium stage, but removed almost 200 seats from the audience to accommodate the design. Again, the options of stage seats, in banquettes or dining tables, were available. The Broadway production cost about $14 million to stage, most of which was not recouped.
The Broadway production played its final performance on September 3, 2017, having played 32 previews and 336 performances.
International
The show had its international premiere in Quito, Ecuador in September 2014, in a Spanish-language production produced by Teatro Parapluie.
A Brazilian production opened in August 2018, in Portuguese, with Bruna Guerin as Natasha, André Frateschi as Pierre and Gabriel Leone as Anatole. The production won the Prêmio Reverência popular vote Award for "Best Musical."
A Japanese production, helmed by the entertainment company Toho, opened at the Tokyo Metropolitan Theatre on January 5, 2019 and ran through January 27, 2019. It starred Nogizaka46's Erika Ikuta as Natasha and Yoshio Inoue as Pierre.
The Korean production will be held starting from March 2021, until May 2021.
Variety also reports that productions in London and Korea are currently under discussion, with additional interest in China and the Philippines.
The Canadian premiere produced by Musical Stage Co. and Crow's Theatre was set to run from January 26 to February 14, 2021 at the Winter Garden Theatre in Toronto, but was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent shutdown of the theatrical industry.
Regional
Licensing rights for The Great Comet are available through Samuel French, Inc. Capital City Theatre of Madison, Wisconsin staged the production June 3-12, 2022. The West Coast premiere is slated for Fall of 2022 with the Shotgun Players in Berkeley, California. In March of 2022, Tantrum Theatre in Athens, OH will premiere the first east coast production post Broadway. This production is produced in tandem with Ohio University, of which Malloy is an alumni.
Characters
(Lines in quotations are lyrics from the opening song, "Prologue," which introduces the characters)
Original principal casts
Replacements
Pierre Bezukhov - Dave Malloy, Okieriete Onaodowan.
Sonya Rostova - Ingrid Michaelson.
Critical response
The piece was very well received by the New York press. Charles Isherwood in The New York Times called it "a vibrant, transporting new musical," and both Times theater critics included the show on their Best of the Year lists. The Times' classical critic, Anthony Tommasini, called it "a breathless, roughish and ravishing quasi-opera. This is a pastiche score of a cavalier sort. Mr. Malloy lifts styles with such abandon, making willful shifts – from punk riffs to agitated Broadway ballads, mock-pompous recitative to gritty Russian folk songs or drinking choruses with klezmer clarinets – that you lose track of what is being appropriated and really don't care." Time Out New York gave the piece five out of five stars, and also included it on both critics' Best of lists, stating "this is theater like no other in New York. It grounds you and transports you at once, and leaves you beaming with pleasure.”
Controversy
Josh Groban played his final performance on July 2. Okieriete Onaodowan assumed the role of Pierre on July 11; he was originally supposed to begin performances on July 3, but needed more time to prepare. Onaodowan's performance was well received, but the show continued to struggle financially with the departure of Groban. The producers attempted to bring in Broadway legend Mandy Patinkin to boost ticket sales and prevent the show from closing. On July 26, 2017, a day before the official announcement, the website Broadway Black broke the news that Patinkin was set to replace Okieriete Onaodowan as Pierre for three weeks, cutting Onoadowan's run short by a couple of weeks due to Patinkin's busy schedule.
Many fans and actors were angered by this casting decision, as Patinkin was an older, white actor replacing Onaodowan. A Twitter campaign was begun by Rafael Casal, a friend of Onaodowan who coined the hashtag #makeroomforoak. The controversy led to Patinkin withdrawing from the show two days later and Dave Malloy assumed the role of Pierre for the remainder of the running. The show closed a little over a month later, on September 3, 2017, citing this controversy and the declining ticket sales.
Awards and nominations
Original Off-Broadway production
Sources: TheaterMania Internet Off-Broadway DatabaseVillage Voice
Original Cambridge production
Original Broadway production
Recordings
On December 10, 2013 Ghostlight Records released a two-disc original cast album of the entire score. Later, another disc containing highlights from the show was released.
The original Broadway cast recording was released on May 19, 2017 on Reprise Records. It went on to chart at number 87 on the Billboard 200 chart, number 26 on the Top Album Sales chart, and number 23 on the Digital Albums chart.
Book
On November 22, 2016 the book Natasha, Pierre, and the Great Comet of 1812: The Journey of a New Musical to Broadway was released. The book, edited and compiled by Steven Suskin, includes interviews with many of the original cast members, as well as the annotated script and photos of both the Kazino and Broadway casts. The book also includes a CD with five songs from the show: three from the original cast recording, and two featuring Josh Groban and a 25 piece orchestra.
Notes
References
External links
Internet Off-Broadway Database
Internet Broadway Database
Working in the Theatre Episode on Adaptation
2012 musicals
Adaptations of works by Leo Tolstoy
Broadway musicals
Musicals based on novels
Off-Broadway musicals
Plays set in the 19th century
Plays set in the Russian Empire
Rock operas
Sung-through musicals
War and Peace
Musicals by Dave Malloy
Tony Award-winning musicals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena%20Zengel
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Helena Zengel
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Helena Zengel (; born June 10, 2008) is a German actress. She is best known for her roles in the films System Crasher (2019) and News of the World (2020)
Life and career
Zengel was born and raised in Berlin, Germany, and began her acting career at the age of five in a music video for the Berlin Alternative rock band Abby. Her first main role in a film, at the age of eight, was in a drama film, Die Tochter (The Daughter), which was shown at the Berlinale 2017. She also had small parts in two episodes of a German TV series, Die Spezialisten – Im Namen der Opfer.
In the drama film System Crasher, written and directed by Nora Fingscheidt, which premiered in February 2019 at the Berlinale, Zengel plays the leading role of "Benni", an aggressive and traumatised nine-year old. In April 2020 she won the German Film Prize for Best Actress.
After System Crasher won a number of international awards, Zengel was cast by Universal Pictures to play a leading role in the American Western film News of the World, directed by the British film director Paul Greengrass. In this adaptation of the 2016 novel of the same name by Canadian-American writer Paulette Jiles, Zengel stars as a 10-year-old German orphan named Johanna Leonberger, alongside Tom Hanks as Captain Jefferson Kyle Kidd. For her performance, Zengel received nominations for a Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.
In 2021, Zengel appeared as Nina in "A Christmas Number One" alongside Freida Pinto and Iwan Rheon, a heartfelt romantic comedy about a young woman trying to save her uncle from himself before she succumbs to a terminal illness. The film was directed by Chris Cottam and written by Robert Chandler, Keiron Self and Giles New, and features performances by the fictitious artists, 5 Together, Scurve and Ranelle Spear.
Filmography
Film and television
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Helena Zengel German film database with photos
Helena.Zengel.Official Instagram account
Youtube Interview 2020 Q&A in English
2008 births
Living people
German child actresses
21st-century German actresses
German film actresses
German television actresses
Actresses from Berlin
Best Actress German Film Award winners
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29471340
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Christmas
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Arthur Christmas
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Arthur Christmas is a 2011 computer-animated Christmas science fantasy comedy film directed by Sarah Smith and co-directed by Barry Cook. Featuring the voices of James McAvoy, Hugh Laurie, Bill Nighy, Jim Broadbent, Imelda Staunton, and Ashley Jensen, the film is a co-production between Sony Pictures Animation and Aardman Animations. It is also Aardman's second entirely computer-animated feature film after 2006’s Flushed Away.
Set on Christmas Eve, the film centres on Arthur Claus, the clumsy but well-meaning son of Santa Claus, who discovers that his father's high-tech ship has failed to deliver one girl's present. Accompanied only by his free-spirited and reckless grandfather, an enthusiastic young Christmas elf obsessed with wrapping gifts for children, and a team of reindeer, he embarks on a mission to deliver the girl's present personally.
Arthur Christmas was released on November 11, 2011 in the United Kingdom, and on November 23, 2011 in the United States. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and earned $147 million at the box office.
Plot
Instead of a single individual, Santa Claus is a hereditary title belonging to gift-givers that has been carried on for many generations. The current Santa, Malcolm Claus, is heading his 70th mission, but his role has largely been reduced to that of a figurehead. Although the traditional sleigh and reindeer were used in the past, they have now been replaced by the S-1, a high-tech vessel operated by hundreds of elves that use advanced equipment and military precision to deliver presents to children. The complex Christmas operations are micromanaged from a North Pole-based Mission Control by Malcolm's eldest son, Steve, who expects to be handed down the role of Santa following his father’s retirement. Meanwhile, Malcolm's younger son, Arthur, answers letters sent from children to Santa and is frequently mocked by the elves and looked down on by his family for his clumsiness.
During one of the delivery operations in Poland, a toy is accidentally activated, waking a child and nearly revealing Santa. A tense escape operation ensues, during which an elf aboard the S-1 leans on a button, causing a present to fall from the supply line and go unnoticed. Another elf named Bryony Shelfley later finds the missed present—a wrapped bicycle for a young girl named Gwen living in Trelew, Cornwall, whose letter Arthur had personally responded to. Arthur is heartbroken to hear a child’s been missed and urges his father and brother to use the S-1 and deliver the final present but Steve argues that one missed present out of billions is an acceptable error, citing this year's Christmas as the most successful in history. Malcolm's cynical elderly father and predecessor, Grandsanta, whisks Arthur away to deliver it in EVE, the original wooden sleigh that is pulled by the descendants of the flying reindeer. Bryony is revealed to have stowed away and joins the pair, but they get lost on three different continents, lose several of their reindeer and encounter many obstacles, ultimately being mistaken for aliens and causing an international military incident.
Arthur is shocked and hurt to learn that Grandsanta only agreed to go on the trip to boost his own ego, Malcolm is indifferent to the missing present, and Steve refuses to help them because he believes Arthur's efforts could undermine his attempts to become the next Santa.
Finally, stranded on an island in Cuba, Arthur becomes disillusioned with his family and nearly gives up. However, he realizes that so long as the gift is delivered one way or another, the "Santa" Arthur and Gwen look up to exists in the hearts of children. Reinvigorated, Arthur manages to get the sleigh back and the trio sets off for England. Meanwhile, the elves grow increasingly alarmed at rumors of the neglected delivery and the Clauses' indifference, sending them into a panic. In response, Malcolm tricks his wife Margaret into believing Steve gave them permission to use the S-1 to deliver Gwen’s gift, only for a furious Steve to confront his father onboard and a dejected Malcolm recognises his inability to properly lead. Steve drives the S-1 and delivers a superior present, only to realise that Malcolm had accidentally set the address to the wrong child, revealing Steve’s inability to connect with children.
Arthur’s group reach England but lose the remaining reindeer. Furthermore, a Predator drone scrambled by Chief De Silva of UNFITA intercepts and opens fire on the sleigh, believing it to be an alien spacecraft. Grandsanta sacrifices EVE, while Arthur and Bryony parachute to the ground.
All paths descend on Gwen’s house before she awakens, only to have everyone but Arthur quarrel about who gets to actually place the gift. Noticing that Arthur was the only one who genuinely cared about Gwen’s happiness, the elder Clauses collectively realize that he is the sole worthy successor. As a result, Steve recognises his own shortcomings, forfeits his birthright and acknowledges his brother's worthiness to take up the mantle, with Malcolm admitting he’s truly proud of both his sons. Gwen glimpses a snow-bearded Arthur in a wind-buffeted sweater just before he vanishes up into the S-1.
In a postscript, Malcolm goes into a happy retirement with Margaret - where he also becomes Grandsanta's much-desired new companion - and plays Arthur's board game with him for many happy hours. Meanwhile, Steve finds true contentment as the chief operating officer of the North Pole. Bryony is promoted to Vice-President of Wrapping, Pacific Division. The high-tech S-1 is rechristened EVIE in honor of Grandsanta's old sleigh and refitted to be pulled by a team of five thousand reindeer led by the original eight, all of whom have returned home safely. And at the helm, Arthur happily guides the entire enterprise as Santa Claus XXI.
Voice cast
James McAvoy as Arthur Claus, the clumsy but good-natured younger son of Malcolm and Margaret who works in the mail room.
Hugh Laurie as Steven Claus, Malcolm and Margaret's elder son and Arthur's incredibly capable, business oriented, but cynical, older brother.
Bill Nighy as Grandsanta, the 136-year-old grumpy but fun-loving grandfather of Steve and Arthur, a staunchly traditional former Santa who dislikes the modern world. A post-retirement joyriding incident which led to him almost causing a War caused the family to ban him from flying. He comes out of retirement to help Arthur save Christmas, though his unfamiliarity with the modern world leads them into trouble. He was Malcolm's predecessor and the 19th Santa, serving from 1902 to 1941.
Jim Broadbent as Malcolm Claus, the affable but ineffective man in charge at the North Pole. He is Grandsanta's son, Margaret's husband, and Steve's and Arthur's father. He has held the title of Santa since 1941 and is the 20th to serve in that role.
Imelda Staunton as Margaret Claus, Malcolm's dedicated and talented wife, and mother of Steve and Arthur.
Ashley Jensen as Bryony Shelfley, Wrapping Division Grade 3, the Scottish-accented enthusiastic Christmas Elf from the Giftwrap Battalion who ends up tagging along with Arthur and Grandsanta.
Marc Wootton as Peter, Steve's obsequious assistant Christmas Elf.
Laura Linney as North Pole Computer
Eva Longoria as Chief De Silva, the head of UNFITA (United Northern Federal International Treaty Alliance).
Ramona Marquez as Gwen Hines, the girl who lives in a Cornish village of Trelew with her mom and stepfather and whose present Arthur must deliver.
Michael Palin as Ernie Clicker, the elderly elf and former head of Polar communications for 46 missions during Grand-Santa's time as Santa Claus. He is brought out of retirement to help Steven track Grandsanta's old-fashioned sleigh.
Jerry Lambert as N.O.R.A.D.
Ryan Patrick Donahoe as Pedro
Lead elves are voiced by Sanjeev Bhaskar, Robbie Coltrane, Joan Cusack, Rhys Darby, Jane Horrocks, Iain McKee, Andy Serkis, and Dominic West.
Elves are voiced by Pete Jack, Sarah Smith, Rich Fulcher, Kris Pearn, Kevin Cecil, Stewart Lee, Peter Baynham, Danny John-Jules, Adam Tandy, Bronagh Gallagher, Alan Short, Kevin Eldon, Seamus Malone, Cody Cameron and Emma Kennedy.
Production
Arthur Christmas was first announced in 2007, under the name Operation Rudolph. It was the first film made by Aardman in partnership with Sony Pictures Entertainment and its subsidiaries, after they parted ways with DreamWorks Animation.
Aardman spent 18 months on pre-production on the story and design in the UK before relocating to Sony's Culver City, US, for another 18 months of production. On 27 April 2009, it was reported that production had begun with Aardman and Sony Pictures Imageworks working together on animation.
Release
The film was released on 11 November 2011 in the United Kingdom and on 23 November 2011 in the United States. The music video for Justin Bieber's song Santa Claus is Coming to Town, which plays over the end credits, was exclusively shown in theatres before the film.
Home media
Arthur Christmas was released on DVD, Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on 6 November 2012, in the US, and 19 November 2012 in the UK.
Reception
Critical response
Arthur Christmas holds an approval rating of on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews, with an average score of . The consensus reads, "Aardman Animations broadens their humor a bit for Arthur Christmas, a clever and earnest holiday film with surprising emotional strength." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 32 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
John Anderson of Newsday praised the film as "not only funny and fresh, but . . . a new way of tackling the whole yuletide paradigm: Santa as a high-tech hereditary monarchy." Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post described it as "unexpectedly fresh, despite the familiar-sounding premise". Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times wrote that "the plot may be a little too cluttered for the toddler crowd to follow, but the next age group up should be amused, and the script by Peter Baynham and Sarah Smith has plenty of sly jokes for grown-ups." Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald stated that "the movie fails utterly at coming up with a story that merits all the eye candy."
Box office
Arthur Christmas has earned $46,462,469 in North America, $33,334,089 in the UK, and $67,622,914 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $147,419,472.
In the United Kingdom the film opened in second place with a £2.5 million weekend gross, behind Immortals. It topped the box office in its fourth week, by which time the cumulative gross was £11.5 million. The film returned to the top of the box office on week seven, during Christmas week, grossing £2.05 million and a total of £19.7 million.
In the United States and Canada the film earned $2.4 million on its opening day and $1.8 million on Thanksgiving Day. It would go on to gross $12.1 million over the three-day weekend and $16.3 million over the five-day period. This was on par with studio expectations. The film went on to gross nearly $50 million domestically against a $100 million budget.
Accolades
Music
Arthur Christmas: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the film of the same name. It was composed and produced by Harry Gregson-Williams, who had previously composed the score for Chicken Run (2000) and Flushed Away (2006), and released on 14 November 2011 by Sony Classical. Originally, Michael Giacchino and Adam Cohen were going to compose the score.
Track listing
Video game
An iOS video game titled Arthur Christmas: Elf Run was released in the United Kingdom on 9 November 2011, on iTunes App Store. On 18 November 2011, the game was released worldwide on the iOS and Android platform. Released as a free and a premium version, the game allows players to play as delivery elves, who must quickly and quietly deliver gifts to children. Another iOS app based on the film is Arthur Christmas Movie Storybook, which was released on 30 November 2011.
See also
List of Christmas films
Santa Claus in film
References
External links
2011 films
English-language films
2011 3D films
2011 animated films
2011 computer-animated films
2010s American animated films
2010s Christmas films
2010s Christmas comedy-drama films
2010s fantasy comedy-drama films
Aardman Animations films
American children's animated comedy films
American children's animated fantasy films
American Christmas comedy-drama films
American computer-animated films
American fantasy comedy-drama films
Animated Christmas films
Animated comedy films
British children's animated films
British children's comedy films
British children's fantasy films
British Christmas comedy-drama films
British computer-animated films
British films
2010s children's fantasy films
Columbia Pictures animated films
Columbia Pictures films
Films about security and surveillance
Films about technology
Films directed by Barry Cook
Films produced by Peter Lord
Films scored by Harry Gregson-Williams
Films set in Africa
Films set in the Arctic
Films set in the Atlantic Ocean
Films set in Brussels
Films set in Cuba
Films set in Cornwall
Films set in Denmark
Animated films set in France
Films set in Germany
Films set in Idaho
Films set in Mexico
Films set in Spain
Films set in Toronto
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films set in the White House
Santa Claus in film
Films with screenplays by Peter Baynham
Sony Pictures Animation films
3D animated films
Annie Award winners
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